Adaptive Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Therapy In Patients With Thyroid Cancer
Adaptive Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Therapy In Patients With Thyroid Cancer
Participants will have been diagnosed with advanced progressive thyroid cancer and are about
 to start treatment with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI).

 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of tyrosine kinase
 inhibitor therapy (Lenvatinib or Sorafenib for differentiated thyroid cancer [which includes
 papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, and poorly differentiated thyroid
 cancer]; and Cabozantinib or Vandetanib for medullary thyroid cancer) through adaptive
 (intermittent) versus conventional (continuous) regimen.
Population: Patients with advanced progressive 131I-refractory DTC or MTC will be enrolled to
 this study. Forty-five patients responding to TKI therapy (defined as 50% drop in tumor
 marker level within the first two months of treatment) will be randomized to receive TKI
 therapy either through adaptive (intermittent) or conventional (continuous) regimen.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  All histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of thyroid cancer, other than
 anaplastic or stromal-cell derived cancers.

 -  Participants with differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC) must have negative
 thyroglobulin antibodies.

 -  Measurable disease meeting the following criteria and confirmed by central
 radiographic review:

 -  At least 1 lesion of ≥ 1.0 centimeter (cm) in the longest diameter for a non-
 lymph node or ≥ 1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node which is
 serially measurable according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
 (RECIST) 1.1 using computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI).
 If there is only one target lesion and it is a non-lymph node, it should have a
 longest diameter of ≥ 1.5 cm.

 -  Lesions that have had external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or locoregional therapies
 such as radiofrequency (RF) ablation must show evidence of progressive disease
 (substantial size increase of ≥ 20%) within 12 months to be deemed a target
 lesion.

 -  Participants must show evidence of disease progression comparing (a) scan in screening
 and (b) historical scan obtained within 12 months prior to signing informed consent,
 according to RECIST 1.1 assessed and confirmed by central radiographic review of CT
 and/or MRI scans.

 -  Participants with DTC must not be eligible for possible curative surgery and must be
 radioiodine (RAI)-refractory / resistant as defined by at least one of the following:

 -  One or more measurable lesions that do not demonstrate iodine uptake on any
 radioiodine scan

 -  One or more measurable lesions that has progressed by RECIST 1.1 within 12 months
 of RAI therapy, despite demonstration of radioiodine avidity at the time of that
 treatment by pre- or post-treatment scanning.

 -  Disease progression in a patient that has received a cumulative activity of RAI
 of ≥ 550 millicuries (mCi) (22 gigabecquerels), with the last RAI dose
 administered at least 6 months prior to study entry.

 -  Otherwise deemed not a candidate for further RAI therapy by a multidisciplinary
 tumor board within 60 days of enrollment.

 -  Participants with DTC must be receiving thyroxine suppression therapy and thyroid
 stimulating hormone (TSH) should not be elevated (TSH should be ≤ 0.1 mU/L).

 -  "Measurable" tumor marker (non-stimulated thyroglobulin >10 ng/mL or CEA>10 ng/ML in
 patients with DTC; or serum basal calcitonin >10 pg/mL in patients with MTC)

 -  Participants may have received prior multi-kinase targeted therapy except the TKI used
 in this trial. For example, patients getting Lenvatinib on this study may have been
 previously treated with Sorafenib, Vandetanib, Sunitinib, Pazopanib, etc. Each of the
 TKI targeted agents will be counted individually, regardless of the duration of its
 administration.

 -  Participants with known brain metastases who have completed whole brain radiotherapy,
 stereotactic radiosurgery or complete surgical resection, will be eligible if they
 have remained clinically stable, asymptomatic for 30 days.

 -  All chemotherapy or radiation related toxicities must have resolved to < Grade 2
 severity per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v 5.0), except
 alopecia infertility, anemia (see separate criteria) and any toxicities deemed
 irreversible by the treating physician.

 -  Participants must have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status
 of 0 - 2.

 -  Adequately controlled blood pressure (BP) with or without antihypertensive
 medications, defined as BP ≤ 150/90 mm Hg at screening and no change in
 antihypertensive medications within 1 week prior to Cycle 1/Day 1

 -  Adequate renal function defined as calculated creatinine clearance ≥ 30 mL/min (using
 Cockcroft/Gault formula)

 -  Adequate bone marrow function

 -  Adequate liver function

 -  Males or females age ≥ 18 years at the time of informed consent

 -  Females must not be breastfeeding or pregnant at Screening or Baseline.

 -  Males and females must follow all contraception guidelines as outlined in the protocol
 guidelines.

 -  Voluntary agreement to provide written informed consent and the willingness and
 ability to comply with all aspects of the protocol

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Participants who have received any anticancer treatment (including Chinese herbal
 medicine specified for the treatment of tumor) within 21 days or any investigational
 agent within 30 days prior to the first dose of study drug. This does not apply to the
 use of TSH-suppressive thyroid hormone therapy.

 -  Major surgery within 21 days prior to the first dose of study drug.

 -  Palliative radiation therapy within 14 days prior to the first dose of study drug.

 -  Participants having > 30 mg/mL urine protein on urine dipstick testing (Participants
 with urine protein < 1 g/24 hour (h) will be eligible).

 -  Gastrointestinal malabsorption or any other condition that in the opinion of the
 investigator might affect the absorption of Lenvatinib, Sorafenib, Cabozantinib, or
 Vandetanib.

 -  Significant cardiovascular impairment: history of (a) congestive heart failure greater
 than New York Heart association (NYHA) Class II, (b) unstable angina, (c) myocardial
 infarction, (d) stroke, or (e) cardiac arrhythmia associated with impairment within 6
 months of the first dose of study drug.

 -  Bleeding or thrombotic disorders (Treatment with low molecular weight heparin is
 allowed).

 -  Radiographic evidence of major blood vessel invasion/infiltration.

 -  Active hemoptysis (bright red blood of at least 0.5 teaspoon) within 21 days prior to
 the first dose of study drug.

 -  Active infection (any infection requiring systemic treatment).

 -  Active malignancy (except for DTC/MTC or definitively treated basal or squamous cell
 carcinoma of the skin, or carcinoma in-situ of the cervix or bladder) within the past
 24 months.

 -  Known intolerance to any of the study drugs (or any of the excipients).

 -  Any medical or other condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, would
 preclude participation in a clinical trial.

 -  Females who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

 -  Participants who are taking prohibited medications outlined in protocol documentation.