The Effect of Carvedilol VS Endoscopic Therapy in Primary Prophylaxis of High-risk Esophageal Gastric Variceal Bleeding
The Effect of Carvedilol VS Endoscopic Therapy in Primary Prophylaxis of High-risk Esophageal Gastric Variceal Bleeding
To compare the efficacy and safety of Carvedilol and endoscopic therapy in Primary
 Prophylaxis of High-risk Esophageal Gastric Variceal Bleeding.
The study is a randomized controlled trial. Patients randomly enter into two treatment
 groups: 1)the Carvedilol group and 2)the endoscopy group. Treatment allocation is by block
 randomization, with an two-to-one ratio for Carvedilol and endoscopy. The results are
 concealed in opaque envelopes. The dose of Carvedilol is titrated according to systolic
 arterial blood pressure (ABPsys) and heart rate (HR). Doses are increased every 7 days until
 ABPsys is not less than 95 mm Hg and HR is not less than 55 bpm. Carvedilol is started at a
 dose of 6.25 mg/d, and titrated to a maximum dose of 12.5 mg/d. Patients receiving endoscopic
 therapy every 4 weeks until eradication of varices. Patients will come for clinic visit every
 6 months, receiving laboratory tests and endoscopic examinations, and events of primary and
 secondary outcomes will be analyzed.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  the presence of severe esophageal and gastric varices at upper gastrointestinal
 endoscopy without a previous haemorrhage

 -  a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis based on histology, clinical or imaging manifestation

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  age greater than 80 years old or younger than 18 years old

 -  non-cirrhotic portal hypertension

 -  contraindications to NSBB including bronchospasm, severe bradycardia, severe heart
 failure, acute pulmonary edema, atrioventricular block and so on

 -  ABPsys less than 95 mmHg or HR less than 50 bpm

 -  prior treatment for prevention of bleeding from EGV

 -  presence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or other severe infections

 -  presence of hepatorenal syndrome

 -  uncontrolled hepatic encephalopathy

 -  presence of refractory ascites

 -  pregnancy

 -  presence of portosystemic shunt or portal cavernous transformation

 -  refusal to participate in the study