Safety and Initial Effectiveness of Transcranial MR Guided Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Safety and Initial Effectiveness of Transcranial MR Guided Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Safety and Effectiveness in ExAblate Neuro treatment of medication-refractory tremor in
 subjects with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
The goal of this prospective, single-arm, multi-site, feasibility study is to develop data to
 evaluate the safety and effectiveness of unilateral focused ultrasound thalamotomy using this
 ExAblate Transcranial System in the treatment of medication-refractory tremor resulting from
 idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

 The Indications for Use claim for this system is: treatment of medication-refractory tremor
 in subjects with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Men and women, age 30 years and older

 2. Subjects who are able and willing to give informed consent and able to attend all
 study visits through 3 Months

 3. Subjects with a diagnosis of idiopathic PD as confirmed from clinical history and
 examination by a movement disorder neurologist at the site

 4. All subjects included in this study will have a TD/PIGD ratio > 1.15 in the medicated
 [ON] state as calculated from the UPDRS formula as described by S, et. al., [74].

 Note: Ratios for TD/PIGD that are greater than or equal to 1.15 are defined as TDPD.
 PIGD includes those with a ratio of less than or equal to 0.9. Scores of greater than
 0.9 and less than 1.15 are considered a mixed subtype.

 5. Subject demonstrates a resting tremor severity score of greater than or equal to 3 in
 the hand/arm as measured by the medicated (ON) MDS-UPDRS question 3.17 or a
 postural/action tremor greater than or equal to a 2 for question 3.15 or 3.16.

 6. Significant disability due to PD tremor despite medical treatment (CRST score of 2 or
 above in any one of the items 16-23 from the Disability subsection of the CRST:
 [speaking, feeding other than liquids, bringing liquids to mouth, hygiene, dressing,
 writing, working, and social activities])

 7. Tremor remains disabling when medical therapy is optimal or not tolerated for the
 treatment of other cardinal signs of PD (bradykinesia, rigidity, etc), as determined
 by a movement disorders neurologist at the site

 8. Subjects should be on a stable dose of all PD medications for 30 days prior to study
 entry.

 9. The thalamus must be apparent on MRI such that targeting of the Vim nucleus can be
 performed indirectly by measurement from a line connecting the anterior and posterior
 commissures of the brain.

 10. Subject is able to communicate sensations during the ExAblate Transcranial procedure.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Subjects with unstable cardiac status including:

 1. Unstable angina pectoris on medication

 2. Subjects with documented myocardial infarction within six months of protocol
 entry

 3. Significant congestive heart failure defined with ejection fraction < 40

 4. Subjects with unstable ventricular arrhythmias

 5. Subjects with atrial arrhythmias that are not rate-controlled

 2. Subjects exhibiting any behavior(s) consistent with ethanol or substance abuse as
 defined by the criteria outlined in the DSM-IV as manifested by one (or more) of the
 following occurring within the preceding 12 month period:

 1. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations
 at work, school, or home (such as repeated absences or poor work performance
 related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions
 from school; or neglect of children or household).

 2. Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (such
 as driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)

 3. Recurrent substance-related legal problems (such as arrests for substance related
 disorderly conduct)

 4. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or
 interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (for
 example, arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication and physical
 fights).

 3. Severe hypertension (diastolic BP > 100 on medication)

 4. Subjects with standard contraindications for MR imaging such as non-MRI compatible
 implanted metallic devices including cardiac pacemakers, size limitations, etc.

 5. Significant claustrophobia that cannot be managed with mild medication.

 6. Current medical condition resulting in abnormal bleeding and/or coagulopathy

 7. Patient with severely impaired renal function with estimated glomerular filtration
 rate <30 mL/min/1.73m2 (or per local standards should that be more restrictive) and/or
 who is on dialysis;

 8. Receiving anticoagulant (e.g. warfarin) or antiplatelet (e.g. aspirin) therapy within
 one week of focused ultrasound procedure or drugs known to increase risk or hemorrhage
 (e.g. Avastin) within one month of focused ultrasound procedure

 9. Subjects with risk factors for intraoperative or postoperative bleeding as indicated
 by: platelet count less than 100,000 per cubic millimeter, a documented clinical
 coagulopathy, or INR coagulation studies exceeding the institution's laboratory
 standard

 10. History of intracranial hemorrhage

 11. History of multiple strokes, or a stroke within past 6 months

 12. Subject who weigh more than the upper weight limit of the table or subjects who will
 not fit into the MR scanner

 13. Subjects who are not able or willing to tolerate the required prolonged stationary
 supine position during treatment.

 14. Are participating or have participated in another clinical trial in the last 30 days

 15. Subjects unable to communicate with the investigator and staff.

 16. Presence of central neurodegenerative disease, including but not limited to
 Parkinson-plus syndromes, suspected on neurological examination. These include:
 multisystem atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, dementia
 with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer's disease.

 17. Any suspicion that Parkinsonian symptoms are a side effect from neuroleptic
 medications.

 18. Presence of significant cognitive impairment as determined with a score ≤ 24 on the
 Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE)

 19. Unstable psychiatric disease, defined as active uncontrolled depressive symptoms,
 psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, or suicidal ideation. Subjects with stable,
 chronic anxiety or depressive disorders may be included provided their medications
 have been stable for at least 60 days prior to study entry and if deemed appropriately
 managed by the site neuropsychologist

 20. Subjects with significant depression as determined following a comprehensive
 assessment by a neuropsychologist. Significant depression is being defined
 quantitatively as a score of greater than 14 on the Beck Depression Inventory.

 21. Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity as determined by the neuropsychologist

 22. Subjects with a history of seizures within the past year

 23. Subjects with brain tumors

 24. Subjects with intracranial aneurysms requiring treatment or arterial venous
 malformations (AVMs) requiring treatment.

 25. Any illness that in the investigator's opinion preclude participation in this study.

 26. Pregnancy or lactation.

 27. Subjects who have had deep brain stimulation or a prior stereotactic ablation of the
 basal ganglia

 28. Subjects with remarkable atrophy and poor healing capacity of the scalp (> 30% of the
 skull area traversed by the sonication pathway) will be excluded from this study

 29. Subjects who have an Overall Skull Density Ratio of 0.30 (±0.05) or less as calculated
 from the screening CT.

 -  It should be noted that for those candidates whose SDR ratio score is within the
 standard deviation, full technical assessment should be performed and reviewed by
 study investigator with the support of the sponsor.