Effect of Tool Design on Hand Pain in Dental Practitioners
Effect of Tool Design on Hand Pain in Dental Practitioners
Dentists and dental hygienists experience elevated rates of musculoskeletal disorders, such
 as carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis, primarily due to the high pinch force required for
 dental scaling. There is evidence that a lighter and larger diameter tool can significantly
 reduce the pinch force. This randomized controlled study will determine if dentists or dental
 hygienists who use such a tool report less hand and arm pain compared to those who continue
 to use the conventional tool design.
This is a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a new dental tool handle
 design on hand and arm symptoms among dentists and dental hygienists who perform dental
 scaling. This will be a 4 month intervention in the practitioner's workplace. The study may
 identify a tool handle design that reduces the risk for developing upper extremity
 occupational musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome) among dentists and
 dental hygienists.

 The specific aims of the project are to determine whether hand/wrist, forearm/elbow and
 shoulder symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue, paresthesias) and hand function are less severe among
 dentists and dental hygienists who use a new dental tool in comparison to those who use a
 more conventional tool for performing scaling. One hundred twenty (120) subjects will be
 randomized to use one of 2 handle designs for a 4 month period and during this time will
 perform their usual dental scaling work with the new tools. The effects on outcome measures
 will be adjusted for potential covariates (e.g., age, gender, hours scaling per week, etc.).
 The primary null hypothesis is: there is no difference in change in pain severity between
 subjects who use a new tool in comparison to those who use a conventional tool.

 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

 In this study, 120 participating dentists and dental hygienists will be randomized to receive
 one of 2 scaling tools and will use the tools for 3 months while performing their usual
 dental scaling work. Randomization will be at the level of the clinic to avoid participant
 contamination. Participants will complete a weekly questionnaire to assess symptom severity.
 The data analysis will use an intention-to-treat approach and will control for important
 covariates.

 Interventions Based on the pilot data, the investigators have selected 2 tool handle designs
 that are similar to conventional tools but have features that exploit the differences
 identified in our preliminary data. The dependent measures of pinch force and muscle activity
 were most sensitive to diameter, followed by weight, followed by shape. The tool
 characteristics selected for this proposal are based on the data from the laboratory studies
 presented in the Preliminary Studies section and the Appendix (Dong et al., JADA, 2006; Dong
 et al., Appl Ergo, 2007). The tool parameters were selected to provide the greatest
 difference in peak pinch force, yet be as close as possible to the look and feel of a
 conventional instrument. Half of the participants will be provided with Tool 1 and half with
 Tool 2. Tool 1 is the closest to a conventional tool in diameter and weight while Tool 2 has
 a larger diameter and is lighter. The differences and similarities between Tools 1 and 2 are
 listed below.

 Tool 1 Tool 2 Color black black Material steel Dacron Surface texture medium diamond medium
 diamond Diameter 7.5 mm 10.8 mm Weight 20 g 12 g Shape round round

 The investigators expect participants to apply less force with Tool 2 than Tool 1 and,
 therefore, decrease their risk for hand pain and disorders.

 Subjects

 Dentists and dental hygienists (N=120) will be recruited from community and private clinics
 in the Bay Area.

 Recruitment

 Dentists will be recruited at county dental society meetings and through mailings to their
 clinic (mailing list provided by the CDA and The Zenith). Dental hygienists will be recruited
 through mailings to their homes or places of work (mailing list provided by regional dental
 hygiene association) or at informational meetings at their regional dental hygiene meetings
 or at dental clinics.

 At recruitment meetings, potential participants will be handed the consent form and the
 study. The inclusion criteria will be explained by one of the co-investigators and questions
 will be answered. Potential participants will complete a brief, anonymous survey to indicate
 whether they are eligible and whether or not they are interested in participating. If they
 are interested and eligible in participating, they will sign the consent form and be enrolled
 in the study.

 Mailings will include a description of the study, the consent form and a participation
 postcard. The postcard will have 3 check boxes: (1) yes I am interested in participating,
 please call me, (2) I have more questions about the study, please call me, or (3) I am not
 interested in participating, please do not contact me again. Those who agree to participate
 will be instructed to sign the consent form and return it.

 Baseline Questionnaire

 Participants will be mailed a 30 minute baseline questionnaire to collect the following
 demographic information and covariates: recent or current symptoms of an MSD; occupational
 history; current job information (e.g., hours per clinic per week, hours scaling per week,
 glove type used); medical history including previous musculoskeletal injury or illness, pain
 medication usage, systemic diseases related to MSDs; tobacco use; personal demographics; and
 psychosocial factors. The investigators plan to use the standardized Job Content
 Questionnaire to measure job control, psychological demands, job strain, social support, and
 job satisfaction (Karasek et al., 1998; Rempel et al. 2006).

 End-of-Week Questionnaire: Pre-intervention

 They will also begin completing a weekly, 5 minute, end-of-week questionnaire (see appendix)
 which assesses work hours for the week, number of hours scaling for the week, medication use
 for pain, hand function, and acute injury events to the upper extremities (e.g., laceration,
 bruise) during the week (If an elevated pain score is due to an acute traumatic event, the
 symptom score for that week will be excluded from the analysis). Three body regions (1) the
 right hand/wrist, (2) right elbow/forearm and (3) the right shoulder (or left if the subject
 performs scaling with the left hand), will be assessed for the worst pain during the
 preceding 7 days using a 0 to 10 point scale (0=no pain; 10=unbearable pain) (Gerr et al.
 2002).

 Randomization and intervention

 The dental office that the participant works in will be randomized to either Tool 1 or Tool
 2. A computer generated random number sequence will be used. All participants at the same
 dental office will use the same tool to avoid contamination.

 After completing the end-of-week questionnaire for four weeks the participant will receive
 the new set of 8 assigned dental tools and will be instructed on their use, tip replacement,
 tip sharpening and sterilization. If there is more than one participant at an office, the
 tools for each participant will be separately labeled with color tape to identify the owner.

 End-of-Week Questionnaire: Post-intervention

 The same end-of-week questionnaire will be administered for the next 3 months. However, the
 questionnaire will contain an additional question which asks what percent of time they used
 the new tools when scaling. This question will allow us to determine if the assigned tools
 are being used.

 Data Analysis and Sample Size Calculations

 The analysis will follow an intention-to-treat approach. For the analysis of the effect of
 intervention on pain in the three body regions, the primary outcome measure will be the pain
 score change (difference between the mean post-intervention pain level, collected during the
 last 4 weeks of their participation in the study, minus the mean pre-intervention pain
 level). Because the analysis uses an intention to treat approach, if the subject drops out of
 the study early, the investigators will use the pain data from the 4 weeks prior to the drop
 out point to estimate the mean post-intervention pain score. Therefore, the investigators
 collect weekly symptoms data throughout the intervention period. The subjects studied are in
 relatively stable occupational settings, so the investigators do not anticipate that many
 subjects will leave early. Ultimately, if there is a change in pain scores after the
 intervention, all of the weekly data will be used graphically to explore the time course of
 change. Missing weekly pain scores will be imputed by the mean of the scores just prior to
 and following the missing data.

 General linear models will be used to calculate the beta-coefficient and 95 percent
 confidence intervals for the intervention for each of the two body regions. The mean
 pre-intervention pain score will be forced into all models to reduce regression to the mean.
 The other possible covariates (e.g., gender, age, occupation, hours per week of scaling,
 psychosocial factors, etc.) will each be examined, one at a time, in multivariate models
 which include the pre-intervention pain score. They will be included in the final models only
 if they are modestly (p<0.2) related to both the dependent variable (e.g., pain score change)
 and intervention group. The investigators expect effective randomization so it is likely that
 few potential covariates will be included in the final model. The potential problem with the
 unequal gender distribution between occupational groups will be addressed by also testing the
 effect of a new single variable with 4 categories (male dentists, female dentists, male
 hygienists, female hygienists) on the model. The analysis of the hand function data will be
 similar to the analysis of pain.

 The sample size calculations are based on the estimated mean hand pain score of 2.9 (SD 1.6;
 scale of 0-10) (based on values collected from subjects in the preliminary studies). For type
 I error of 5%, the investigators would need a total of 82 subjects (41 each group) to have
 80% power to detect a mean pain score change difference of 1.0 (33% difference in pain score
 change). Covariates in the final model will increase the required sample size. To account for
 covariates and dropouts the investigators will recruit a total of 120 subjects.

 The selection of a difference of 1.0 for pain score change is based on the affects from the
 expected difference of 27 to 40% in pinch force. Unfortunately, the investigators do not have
 good dose-response data linking reduction in a risk factor level, such as pinch force, to a
 reduction in pain levels. If the dose-response relationship is linear, the investigators
 might expect a similar reduction in pain intensity. In 3 prior RCT intervention studies,
 although the interventions were different than in this proposal, the investigators observed
 such effect levels. The studies were among engineers, customer service, garment workers with
 study durations of 6, 12 and 4 months. The observed effects on upper extremity pain scores
 were 41% (1.2/2.9), 28% (0.7/2.3), 42% (1.0/2.4) (Tittranonda et al., 1999; Rempel et al.,
 2006; Rempel et al., 2007).
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  dentists and dental hygienists from the San Francisco Bay Area

 -  dental practitioners who perform more than 10 hours of dental hygiene work per week

 -  dental practitioners who have been performing dental hygiene work for more than 1 year

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  not currently under a physician's care for treatment of an upper extremity disorder