Sevelamer, FGF-23 and Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Sevelamer, FGF-23 and Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction (ED) contribute to the development of
 cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sevelamer, a
 non-calcium based phosphate binder, has been shown to attenuate cardiovascular calcification
 in CKD patients while the exact mechanism has not been clarified.

 This study was designed to investigate the effect of short-term sevelamer treatment on both
 serum FGF23 levels concentrations and ED seen in CKD patients.

 The researchers investigated the relationship between plasma FGF23 levels and the forearm
 blood flow response to ischemia in the forearm in a sizable series of incident stage 3-4 CKD
 patients.
CKD stage 4 patients older than 18 years of age and willing to participate to the study were
 screened. Those who had serum phosphorus > 5.5 mg/dl were evaluated for the study. Patients
 with diabetes mellitus, history of coronary artery disease, smokers and those taking statins
 or renin-angiotensin blockers were excluded because of the effect of these factors on
 endothelial dysfunction. Of 192 screened patients 100 met the study criteria and were
 included in this study. Thirty-seven healthy subjects were studied as controls. The ethical
 committee of Gulhane School of Medicine approved the study and written informed consent was
 obtained from all patients.

 Study design:

 This was a randomized study conducted from 2008 through 2010 in Gulhane School of Medicine.
 The Outpatient Clinic of Department of Nephrology is a tertiary referral center. At
 admission, most patients were untreated (including phosphate binders) or treated only with
 antihypertensive agents. After the first evaluation, patients receiving phosphate binders
 (n=17) underwent a 2-week washout period. Patients who developed a phosphate level >5.5 mg/dl
 during this period were included in the study. Patients were randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio
 to receive sevelamer (Renagel capsule) or calcium acetate (Phos Ex tablet). The treatment
 phase was 8 weeks. During the study period serum calcium and phosphorus concentration were
 measured every 2 weeks and the dose of phosphate binders were titrated to achieve a serum
 phosphorus concentration < 5.5 mg/dl. The starting dose for sevelamer was 1-2 capsules (800
 mg) three times a day and for calcium acetate (1000 mg) 1 tablet three times a day. The
 medications were given with meal and the doses were increased as needed. Patients were not
 given calcitriol during the study period.

 Fasting blood samples were taken before and after the study to measure serum creatinine,
 serum albumin, hs-CRP, insulin, 25 (OH) Vit D, iPTH, lipid profile and serum FGF-23
 concentration. Additionally, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and Intima Media Thickness (IMT)
 were also evaluated before and after the study.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  CKD stage 4 patients

 -  Older than 18 years of age

 -  Non-diabetic

 -  Serum phosphorus > 5.5 mg/dl

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Diabetes mellitus

 -  History of coronary artery disease

 -  Smokers

 -  Taking statins or renin-angiotensin blockers