Accomplices of Insulin Resistance in Prehypertension: Aldosterone?
Accomplices of Insulin Resistance in Prehypertension: Aldosterone?
The purposes of the study are to evaluate the relative contributions of insulin resistance
 and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to blood pressure (BP) in subjects with
 prehypertension. This is a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric and BP measurements will be
 performed in 50 prehypertensive subjects. The subjects will receive a 75-g oral glucose
 tolerance test and a postural stimulation test for the measurements of insulin resistance,
 plasma rennin concentration and aldosterone level. Log (ISI0,120), an insulin sensitivity
 index from the oral glucose tolerance test, will be calculated. Statistical analyses will be
 performed to compare the degree to which aldosterone and Log (ISI0,120) predicted systolic
 and diastolic BP in these prehypertensive subjects.
Background: Prehypertension, a new category of blood pressure (BP) classification introduced
 by The Seven Report of the Joint National Commission (JNC-7) on High BP for individuals with
 systolic BP in the range of 120-139 mmHg or diastolic BP between 80-89 mmHg, is a strong
 predictor for the development of hypertension. Insulin resistance (IR) is reported to be
 associated with prehypertension. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
 is a major player in IR and elevation of high BP.

 Aim: The purposes of the study are to evaluate the interactions of IR-RAA and their relative
 contributions to BP in subjects with prehypertension.

 Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: Anthropometric and BP measurements will be
 performed in 50 prehypertensive subjects. The subjects will receive a 75-g oral glucose
 tolerance test (OGTT) and a postural stimulation test for the measurements of IR, plasma
 rennin concentration (PRC) and aldosterone level. The study participants will be divided into
 three subgroups by tertiles of Log (ISI0,120), an insulin sensitivity index from the OGTT.
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be applied to compare the differences in clinical
 characteristics among the three groups. Univariate analyses of general linear models will be
 used to compare the differences in PRC, aldosterone, and aldosterone/rennin ratio (ARR) in
 postural stimulation tests among the three subgroups, showing effects of confounding
 variables including age, sex, BMI and physical inactivity scores. Repeated-measures ANOVA
 will be used to assess the differences in post-challenge PRC, aldosterone, and ARR responses
 in the OGTT with or without adjustments of the above covariates. Pearson and partial
 correlation procedures will be used to test the correlations of PRC, aldosterone, ARR with
 insulin sensitivity and BP. Multiple linear regression models will be used in an attempt to
 compare the degree to which aldosterone (or ARR) and Log (ISI0,120) predicted systolic and
 diastolic BP in these prehypertensive subjects.

 Expected results and contributions: We hope the study can explore the contribution of the
 IR-RAA interactions to BP in subjects with prehypertension.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Men or women aged 20 - 70 years old.

 2. Subjects with prehypertension,; that is, individuals with systolic blood pressure (BP)
 in the range of 120-139 mmHg or diastolic BP between 80-89 mmHg.

 3. Willing to participate by signing an informed consent.

 4. Willing to undergo two clinical tests at two separate visits.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Patients with known history of type 2 diabetes or fasting plasma glucose greater than
 126 mg/dL.

 2. Patients with known history of hypertension.

 3. History of major renal, liver, heart, blood and neurological disease.

 4. History of alcoholism or drug abuse.

 5. Women who are pregnant.

 6. Current or concomitant illness that would interfere with the subject's ability to
 perform the study or that would confound the study results, judged by the
 investigation physicians.

 7. Any concomitant BP-lowering, anti-lipid, and glucose-modification agents within 2
 weeks of the study, and oral contraceptives and estrogen therapy within 8 weeks of the
 study.

 8. Difficult venous access.