Diagnosis of Gastritis, H. Pylori Infection and Atrophic Gastritis in Dyspeptic Patients
Diagnosis of Gastritis, H. Pylori Infection and Atrophic Gastritis in Dyspeptic Patients
Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide (1). Upper
 endoscopy is necessary to detect neoplastic macroscopic features at an early stage, but
 subtle abnormalities in the gastric mucosa are often missed or misdiagnosed (1). Helicobacter
 pylori (Hp) is involved in the pathogenesis of gastric diseases, such as, peptic ulcers,
 gastric lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Therefore, the necessity to recognize malignant gastric
 lesions at an early stage is imperative.
Previous I-SCAN™ technology uses white light as illumination light and digital
 post-processing of the reflection afterwards creates images yielding the virtual
 chromoendoscopic image. Emission of white light alone causes a potential limitation for the
 current I-SCAN™ technology to obtain high-quality images of microvascular patterns on the
 mucosal surface compared to narrow band imaging (NBI) with optical magnification.

 Pentax Medical (HOYA, Tokyo, Japan) developed the Optical Enhancement™ (OE) System, which
 combines bandwidth-limited light with an endoscopy video system. The OE System combines
 digital signal processing with optical filters that limit the spectral characteristics of the
 illuminating light, connecting the peaks of the hemoglobin absorption spectrum (415 nm, 540
 nm, and 570 nm) to create a continuous wavelength spectrum. This system has two modes that
 use different filters to optimize the visualization of specific features. Mode 1 is designed
 to improve visualization of microvessels with enough light. Mode 2 is designed to improve
 contrast of white-light observation by bringing the color tone of the overall image closer to
 that of natural color (white color tone) with more light than Mode 1 filter.

 In addition, high definition optical magnification endoscopes have been developed and can
 combine high-definition imaging with optical magnification to produce detailed images with
 magnification of up to 136×. This imaging technique facilitates the evaluation of the
 superficial vascular aspects of the mucosa, enabling the identification of early signs of
 inflammation or lesions not previously seen with conventional endoscopy.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  above 18 years of age

 -  agreed to participate in the study

 -  patients with dyspepsia in accordance with Rome criteria

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  those taking NSAIDS, PPIs or antibiotics three weeks prior invitation

 -  severe uncontrolled coagulopathy

 -  prior history of gastric surgery

 -  those pregnant or nursing females