Sacro-iliac Joint Arthrodesis or Non-operative Care for Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain. A Randomized Study.
Sacro-iliac Joint Arthrodesis or Non-operative Care for Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain. A Randomized Study.
Background: Pelvic pain is common during pregnancy and usually subsides after delivery. Some
 women, however, experience severe and long-standing pelvic pain, judged to emanate from the
 Sacro-iliac joints (SI-joints). Radiological correlates are absent and there are diverging
 opinions regarding the value of different clinical testing procedures and the use of
 anaesthetic blocks to reveal SI-joint origin of the pain. In case of slight or moderate pain
 the situation may be solved by the use of analgetics and physical therapy, but in case of
 severe pain the situation might end up in a discussion whether surgery with arthrodesis of
 the SI joint might be of value. To our knowledge, however, the results from surgical
 treatment has not been compared with non-surgical treatment in a randomized study.

 Aim: The investigators´ hypothesis is that

 1. there exists a specific identifiable subgroup of patients within the chronic low back
 pain (CLBP) group in whom the pain emanates from the sacro-iliac (SI) joints, and that

 2. patients in this subgroup may be selected based on thorough symptom analysis, and

 3. that arthrodesis of the actual joint/s may reduce the pelvic pain. Methods: A RCT with
 parallel group design with pre- and post-treatment data. Inclusion of women 18-55 years
 old with pronounced pelvic pain for at least 2 years and having tried ordinary physical
 therapy without improvement and being on sick leave at least 50 percent. Operation by
 posterior approach with bone transplantation between the iliac bone and the sacrum,
 using microsurgical technique. Patients in both groups, the surgical (S) and
 non-surgical (NS) were all treated by formal physiotherapy at a five days stay at the
 Clinic and instructed to continue their training at home according to the lines given at
 the Clinic.

 Outcome: The primary outcome was perceived pelvic pain according to the assessments on the
 validated Balanced Inventory for Spinal Disorders questionnaire (BIS) and on a Visual
 Analogue Scale (VAS) before treatment and at follow-up one year after treatment. The
 perceived change in pain was also assessed on a transitional scale in the follow-up version
 of the BIS.

 Secondary patient reported outcome measures (PROM) were pain related functions assessed on
 the Oswestry Disability Index questionnaire (ODI), the BIS and the Roland-Morris
 questionnaire. Health related quality of life was assessed by using the Short-Form 36 (SF-36)
 and Euro-Quol (EQ-5D) questionnaires.
Study description

 1. a. Title Sacro-iliac joint arthrodesis or non-operative care for treatment of chronic
 pelvic pain.

 A randomized study.

 Introduction Background and objectives

 2. a. Pelvic pain is common during pregnancy and usually subsides after delivery. Some
 women, however, experience severe and long-standing pelvic pain, judged to emanate from
 the SI-joints. Radiological correlates are absent and there are diverging opinions
 regarding the value of different clinical testing procedures and the use of anaesthetic
 blocks to reveal SI-joint origin of the pain. In case of slight or moderate pain the
 situation may be solved by the use of analgetics and physical therapy, but in case of
 severe pain the situation might end up in a discussion whether surgery with arthrodesis
 of the SI joint might be of value.

 To our knowledge, however, the results from surgical treatment has not been compared with
 non-surgical treatment in a randomized study.

 2 b. The investigators´ hypothesis is that

 1. there exists a specific identifiable subgroup of patients within the chronic low back
 pain (CLBP) group in whom the pain emanates from the sacro-iliac (SI) joints, and that

 2. patients in this subgroup may be selected based on thorough symptom analysis, and

 3. that arthrodesis of the actual joint/s may reduce the pelvic pain.

 3 a. A RCT with parallel group design with pre- and post-treatment data. 3 b. No changes
 were made after trial commencement.

 Participant 4 a. Inclusion criteria Women 18-55 years old with pronounced pelvic pain
 for at least 2 years and having tried ordinary physical therapy without improvement and
 being on sick leave at least 50 percent.

 4 b. Eligible outpatients at the Clinic of Spinal Surgery, Strängnäs, Sweden, were
 informed about the study and those who consented to participate were included. The other
 women received ordinary treatment. Data were collected at the Clinic of Spinal Surgery,
 Strängnäs, Sweden.

 Interventions 5. A percutaneous mechanical provocation test was developed to obtain
 information regarding the possible pain origin in the SI joints. Injections with saline
 or local anaesthetics blind for the patients were performed against the posterior
 aspects of the SI joints, not intra-articular, to analyse the pain response at needle
 contact with the joint capsule, the pain reaction during injection and also the pain
 situation during the first hour after injection.

 Operation was performed by posterior approach with bone transplantation between the
 iliac bone and the sacrum, using microsurgical technique. Internal fixation was used.

 Patients in both groups, the surgical (S) and non-surgical (NS) were all treated by
 formal physiotherapy at a five days stay at the Clinic and instructed to continue their
 training at home according to the lines given at the Clinic.

 6 a. The primary outcome was perceived pelvic pain according to the assessments on the
 validated Balanced Inventory for Spinal Disorders questionnaire (BIS) and on a VAS
 before treatment and at follow-up one year after treatment. The perceived change in pain
 was also assessed on a transitional scale in the follow-up version of the BIS.

 Secondary patient reported outcome measures (PROM) were pain related functions assessed
 on the Oswestry Disability Index questionnaire (ODI), the BIS and the Roland-Morris
 questionnaire.

 Health related quality of life was assessed by using the SF-36 and EQ-5D questionnaires.

 6 b. No changes in the trial were made during the study.

 Sample size The sample size estimation was performed before study start by the
 statistician (ES). It was based on our previous experience of improvements in 55-60 % of
 the patients undergoing SI-joint arthrodesis compared to 10 % following physiotherapy.
 Assuming similar results of improvements a total sample size of 34 (17 + 17) will detect
 such a difference with the statistical power of 80 % (p < 0.05) when using statistical
 methods designed for change in rating scale assessments.

 7b. No interim analysis was performed.

 Randomization 8 a and b. A randomization scheme balanced for surgery /non-surgery
 patients was performed by using random permuted blocks in order to reduce
 predictability. A set of closed envelopes in numbered order with the message "operate"
 or "do not operate" was delivered to the Clinic by the statistician (ES) not involved in
 the treatment of the patients.

 Allocation concealment mechanism 9. The patients were consecutively included in the
 study according to the randomization envelopes.

 Implementation 10. A statistician not involved in the treatment of the patients
 generated the random allocation sequence. The surgeon enrolled the participants and a
 research nurse at the Clinic performed the practical assignment, i.e. opened the closed
 envelopes in consecutive order.

 Blinding 11 a. In accordance with the treatment alternatives the participants and the
 care givers could not be blinded to group assignment.

 11 b. Patients in both groups, the surgical and non-surgical, received equal treatment
 with formal physiotherapy. Besides, the patients in the surgical group were operated
 with arthrodesis.

 Statistical methods 12 a and b. The patients reported outcome variables (PROMs) were
 assessed on rating scales that generate ordered categorical data. Characteristic
 features are the ordered structure with lack of information regarding size and
 inter-categorical distances. Non-parametric rank-based statistical methods that take
 account of these limited mathematical properties of ordered categorical data are used
 for description and analysis. Frequency distribution, proportions, bar charts, median
 and quartiles are used for statistical descriptions. Statistical analysis of difference
 in outcomes assessed by transitional scales in the BIS by the two groups of patients was
 performed by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Statistical evaluation of change in the
 paired assessments made before treatment and on the follow-up occasion was made by
 Svensson´s methods for paired ordinal data that provides measures of systematic change
 in common for the group and additional measure of individual variability. The measures
 and the 95% confidence intervals of systematic change in position (RP), and in
 concentration (RC), and the measure of additional individual variability (RV) will be
 calculated as well as the differences in these measures between the two treatment
 groups. This statistical approach has been found to have a high power of detecting
 differences in small samples.

 Results 13. All patients in both groups received the allocated treatment and all
 patients in both groups were also seen at follow-up.

 Recruitment 14 a. Recruitment started October 22, 2008 and ended when the last patient
 was included in the study November 19, 2011.

 The follow-up took place from October 27, 2009 to November 19, 2012. 14 b. The trial was
 performed as planned but stopped after 3 years when 19 patients were included because of
 difficulties in recruiting eligible patients within reasonable time.

 16. The analyses will be carried out on the complete groups of 9 patients in the Surgery
 group and 10 patients in the NonSurgery group.

 17 a and b. The analyses are ongoing.

 Ancillary analysis 18. None.

 Harms 19. Will be reported when the analyses are completed.

 Comment Limitation 20. There was a small sample size because of difficulties in
 recruiting eligible patients, but a good research team and the choice of appropriate
 statistical analysis shows the power of this study.

 Generalizability 21. Provided that the patients being selected according to the same
 criteria as in the present study and the surgery being performed in the same way our
 results may be generalizable.

 22. During the last few years a remarkable increase is seen in the number of articles
 published concerning arthrodesis in case of presumed SI-joint pain, this due to the use
 of minimal invasive techniques. This increase in SI-joint surgery, however, is not a
 result of a better pre-operative evaluation of the patients. To our knowledge our study
 is the first RCT.

 Other information Registration 23. The study protocol was approved by the Regional
 Ethics Committee, Stockholm, (reference number 2008/289-31/3). In accordance with the
 Declaration of Helsinki, all patients were thoroughly informed concerning all parts of
 the study, both verbally and in written text, and gave their written informed consent.

 24. Then full trial protocol can be accessed via Bo Nyström, Clinic of Spinal Surgery,
 Strängnäs, Sweden, present address Regementsgatan 20 B, 64533 Strängnäs, Sweden.

 25. The study had no funding support.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Women 18-55 years old with pronounced pelvic pain for at least 2 years.

 2. Have tried ordinary physical therapy without improvement.

 3. Being on sick leave at least 50 percent.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 Previous pelvic surgery.