Diagnostic Utility of MRI in Female Patients With Nipple Discharge: A Prospective Trial
Diagnostic Utility of MRI in Female Patients With Nipple Discharge: A Prospective Trial
The purpose of the proposed prospective study is to determine the diagnostic value of MRI for
 the evaluation of patients with pathologic nipple discharge. Breast surgeons will identify
 clinic patients with pathologic nipple discharge (unilateral and bloody or unilateral and
 clear) and refer them for breast MRI. When the clinical team notifies the study team that an
 MRI has been ordered for that purpose, the study team will consent patients to document the
 results and follow-up. The study team will not be obtaining MRI's on patients for research
 purposes only. The following data will be collected and analyzed: patient age,
 characteristics of the discharge (laterality, spontaneous versus expressed, duration of time,
 color, presence of blood), imaging workup and findings, BI-RADS final assessment categories,
 pathology results from core biopsy and/or surgical excision, and clinical and radiologic
 follow-up data during the two years after presentation. Participation in this study poses
 minimal risk to patients. Risks to the subjects include loss of confidentiality and
 unnecessary breast biopsy. The risks associated with MRI are minimal; however, since a
 gadolinium-based contrast agent will be administered for the MRI, patients with compromised
 renal function and patients who are pregnant will be excluded from the study.
Purpose of the Study:

 The purpose of this prospective study is to determine the diagnostic value of Magnetic
 Resonance Imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of patients with pathologic nipple discharge.

 Background & Significance:

 Nipple discharge, one of the most common reasons for referral to the breast imaging service,
 is often investigated by diagnostic mammography and sonography to evaluate for an underlying
 malignancy, the reported incidence of which ranges from 3 to 29%. If conventional imaging is
 negative, the patient may obtain further imaging with MRI, undergo ductography or ductoscopy,
 proceed to duct exploration and excision, or be observed. Findings on breast MRI, in addition
 to the patient's symptomatology (frequency and volume of discharge) and risk of breast
 cancer, are used to inform the decision about whether to pursue surgery or watchful waiting.

 Limited research suggests that MRI may have a role in the evaluation of patients with nipple
 discharge because of its ability to identify mammographically- and sonographically-occult
 disease and to guide surgical excision. Previous research has drawn conclusions from small
 retrospective patient cohorts, and there is relatively wide variability in the reported
 diagnostic utility of MRI. Consequently, duct exploration and excision remains the gold
 standard diagnostic approach. However, duct excision is an invasive procedure that can be
 technically challenging, especially if the affected duct cannot be localized or if the
 intraductal lesion is located far posteriorly in the breast, and can result in complications,
 such as interruption of the neurovascular supply to the nipple-areolar complex, cosmetic
 deformity, and breastfeeding limitations.

 Many women with nipple discharge and a negative conventional imaging workup undergo surgical
 excision, but few actually have underlying malignancy. MRI may be useful to improve patient
 selection in this setting; in particular, a high negative predictive value of MRI may obviate
 the need for invasive surgery in patients who do not require intervention for symptomatic
 relief. Our research group previously performed a retrospective study on this topic, which is
 currently under review for publication. The negative predictive value of MRI was found to be
 100%, but this study was significantly limited by selection bias; that is, only certain
 patients, at the discretion of the breast surgeon, underwent MRI as part of their workup.

 The purpose of the proposed prospective study is to determine the diagnostic value of MRI for
 the evaluation of patients with pathologic nipple discharge.

 Design & Procedures:

 Referral for breast MRI in patients with pathological nipple discharge has changed in recent
 years. Discussion with breast surgeons indicate that referral for breast MRI has become
 routine for patients who present with pathological nipple discharge when in the past,
 referral was at the discretion of the breast surgeon. For this study, patients with
 pathologic nipple discharge (unilateral and bloody or unilateral and clear) will be
 identified in either surgery clinic with presenting symptoms or in breast imaging clinic in
 one of 2 ways: 1) on the requisition under the "indication for exam" as specified by the
 referring clinician, or 2) by the technologist who asks routine questions to the patient.
 These patients will undergo conventional imaging with mammography and breast sonography
 first. If conventional imaging is negative or non-diagnostic, the patient will be seen in
 surgical clinic (Clinic 2-2 next door) and contrast-enhanced breast MRI will be ordered by
 the surgeon as part of clinical care. All patients will see a breast surgeon first before
 being approached for the study. Once a patient is identified as having a planned contrast
 MRI, they will be approached by a Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC) or resident/fellow
 participating in the study. Our experience, based on a prior retrospective nipple discharge
 study, has shown that approximately 100 patients per year are encountered at the breast
 imaging clinic for evaluation of nipple discharge. It is expected that approximately 75% will
 agree to participate in the study. This will yield a recruitment rate of 75 patients per
 year, hence the number specified in the study proposal. Bracco Diagnostics will provide seed
 funding for 2 years for an anticipated total of 150 patients.

 Data will only be acquired prospectively on patients who receive MRI's for clinical purposes
 (symptoms of pathological nipple discharge). When the clinical team notifies the study team
 that an MRI has been ordered for that purpose, the study team will consent the patients to
 document the results and follow-up. MRI's will not be obtained on patient's for research
 purposes only. For that reason, clinical guidelines for obtaining creatinine, pregnancy
 tests, etc will be followed.

 The following data will be collected and analyzed: patient age, characteristics of the
 discharge (laterality, spontaneous versus expressed, duration of time, color, presence of
 blood), imaging workup and findings, Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data Systems (BI-RADS)
 final assessment categories, pathology results from core biopsy and/or surgical excision, and
 clinical and radiologic follow-up data during the two years after presentation.

 Selection of Subjects:

 See above detailed paragraph.

 Inclusion criteria: female patients with unilateral and bloody nipple discharge OR unilateral
 and clear nipple discharge; clinical decision to have contrast enhanced MRI.

 Exclusion criteria: male gender, non-English speakers, age < 21 years, lack of capacity to
 give legally effective consent

 Note: It is highly unusual for lactating patients to present with pathologic discharge and
 therefore will likely not be identified for the study. There is a very small potential risk
 associated with absorption of contrast medium into the breast milk, but there is insufficient
 evidence to exclude women who are currently lactating from the study.

 Note: The costs of MRI will be covered by insurance. In the unlikely event that a patient's
 insurance denies coverage, the patient will be excluded from the study.

 Subject Recruitment & Compensation:

 The patient will be seen in surgical clinic (Clinic 2-2 next door) and contrast-enhanced
 breast MRI will be ordered by the surgeon. Potential subjects will be contacted and
 introduced to the study by the designated Clinical Research Coordinator or resident/fellow
 participating in the project.

 Recruitment will begin after approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and conclude
 after recruitment of approximately 150 subjects. No financial compensation to subjects will
 be provided.

 Consent Process:

 Please see Section 14 of the e-IRB submission form.

 Subject's Capacity to Give Legally Effective Consent:

 Subjects who do not have the capacity to give legally effective consent will not be included
 in this study.

 Study Interventions:

 Patients who choose to participate in this trial will have undergone mammography, breast
 sonography, and will be planning to have a contrast-enhanced breast MRI for evaluation of
 nipple discharge. The study interventions are collection of clinical data for research
 purposes.

 Risk/Benefit Assessment:

 Participation in this study poses minimal risk to patients. Risks to the subjects include
 loss of confidentiality.

 Loss of confidentiality is unlikely because the study data will be stored in the Principal
 Investigator's (PI's) office and a shared drive.

 There will not be any direct benefit to the subjects; however, this research may help improve
 the diagnostic workup of nipple discharge in future patients.

 Costs to the Subject:

 There is no cost to the subject as a result of this study. The costs of the MRI will be
 covered by insurance. No financial compensation will be provided.

 Data Analysis & Statistical Considerations:

 As discussed above, a high negative predictive value of MRI may obviate the need for invasive
 surgery in patients who do not require intervention for symptomatic relief. Based on a
 statistical consultation with Dr. Kingshuk Roy Choudhary, a negative predictive value of MRI
 of 95% with a margin of error of +/- 4.3% can be achieved if 100 subjects are recruited. The
 goal is to recruit approximately 150 subjects, with the expectation that some patients will
 not receive adequate two-year follow-up.

 The following data will be collected and analyzed: patient age, characteristics of the
 discharge (laterality, spontaneous versus expressed, duration of time, color, presence of
 blood), imaging workup and findings, BI-RADS final assessment categories, pathology results
 from core biopsy and/or surgical excision, and clinical and radiologic follow-up data during
 the two years after presentation.

 The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value
 (NPV) for MRI for the detection of malignancy will be calculated using standard formulas.
 MRIs classified as BI-RADS categories 4 and 5 will be considered "positive," while those
 classified as BI-RADS categories 1, 2, and 3 will be considered "negative." For purposes of
 the analysis, MRI will be considered to be "false positive" imaging if the biopsied and/or
 excised lesion does not reveal malignancy. MRI will be considered "false negative" imaging if
 there is no suspicious finding on imaging (BI-RADS 1, 2, or 3) but subsequent pathology
 reveals malignancy.

 13. Data & Safety Monitoring: Consent forms will be stored in the PI's office. Patient names
 and medical record numbers will be recorded in a database on a shared drive only accessible
 by study researchers. Once data collection is completed, these identifiers will be discarded.
 Only basic demographic information (age) will be retained.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  female patients with unilateral and bloody nipple discharge OR unilateral and clear
 nipple discharge

 -  clinical decision to have contrast enhanced MRI

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  male gender

 -  non-English speakers

 -  age < 21 years

 -  lack of capacity to give legally effective consent