Examination of the Efficacy of Preventive Antibiotic Treatment During the Puerperium Among Pregnant Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Examination of the Efficacy of Preventive Antibiotic Treatment During the Puerperium Among Pregnant Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infection during pregnancy. Asymptomatic
 bacteriuria is the most common infection, in up to 8% of the population. Symptomatic
 infection may cause cystitis or cause pyelonephritis.

 Among pregnant women with recurrent bacteriuria, preventive antibiotic treatment has been
 found to be efficacious in reducing the bacteriuria rate and the complications.

 the changes of the urinary tract which appear during pregnancy usually resolve up to 3 months
 post-partum.

 The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of preventive antibiotic treatment
 during the puerperium.
During pregnancy functional modifications in the urinary tract influence the function of the
 urinary tract system. Those changes raise the risk of urinary tract infections. The most
 common bacterial infections during pregnancy are urinary tract infections. Actually,
 asymptomatic bacteriuria is the most common infection in up to 8% of the population.
 Symptomatic infection may cause cystitis or include the renal calyces and parenchyma and
 cause pyelonephritis. There are few common protocols for bacteriuria treatment. The
 recurrence rate after treatment is 30%. Preventive treatment with nitrofurantoin has been
 demonstrated to be effective, although there is a small risk to acute respiratory distress
 which resolved with cessation of the treatment. Renal infection is the most common serious
 infection during pregnancy. Complication of renal infection can lead to ARDS or urosepsis.
 Renal infection usually develops during the second trimester and has been related to prim
 parity and young women.

 About 20% of women will deteriorate to renal insufficiency. 30-40% of cases will be followed
 with recurrent bacteriuria later on, for this reason, a preventive treatment is recommended
 until delivery. In previous studies the preventive treatment reduced the bacteriuria rate
 from 38% to 8%.

 After delivery, the morphological changes including edema, bladder hyperemia and a raise in
 the urinary volume, pass away up to 3 months post partum. There is only slight information
 regarding the rate of bacteriuria during puerperium, most of the information relates to the
 early puerperium period. In addition, the consequences of such infection are unknown.

 The aim of this study is to estimate the efficacy of preventive antibiotic treatment during
 the puerperium.

 Objectives

 1. To estimate the rate of bacteriuria and other urinary tract infections during the
 puerperium among women that had recurrent UTIs or pyelonephritis during pregnancy

 2. To evaluate the efficacy of preventive treatment during the puerperium Hypothesis: The
 pregnancy modifications which cause more urinary tract infections during pregnancy,
 exist also during the puerperium, and can cause complications Study design Prospective,
 randomized, open label Study population: Pregnant women with two or more episodes of
 bacteriuria or one episode of pyelonephritis.

 Study period From after delivery to 6 weeks after delivery The study size has been determined
 according to a reduction in the bacteriuria rate following preventive treatment from 38% to
 8%. Basing on that fact, each group has to include 37 women, to get a 80% power with α=0.05.

 Study protocol: women will be randomized at recruitment. Demographic and obstetrical data
 will be collected. The women in the treatment group will receive a prophylactic treatment
 after delivery for 6 weeks. If the woman breastfeeds, the treatment will be fitted to the
 situation. Urine culture will be collected in the morning following recruitment, 3 and 6
 weeks post delivery. Details regarding bacteriuria, urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis
 and admissions for related complications will be collected.

 The study was approved by the local Helsinki committee.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Pregnant women with two or more episodes of bacteriuria or one episode of
 pyelonephritis during pregnancy.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Women with malformations of the urinary tract

 -  women with risk factors to urinary tract infections, for example DIABETES MELLITUS,
 REFLUX.

 -  Women with urinary tract infection caused by resistant bacteria (to conventional
 treatment)