A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Histamine Dihydrochloride for Migraine Prophylaxis
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Histamine Dihydrochloride for Migraine Prophylaxis
This is a prospective multi-center, randomized, double-blind, two treatment period,
 placebo-controlled study in subjects with migraine headache requiring prophylactic treatment.
 The patients will be randomized to receive either histamine dihydrochloride sc or placebo
 (matching vehicle only) sc for 16 weeks. The safety and efficacy outcome measures will be
 assessed at selected dosing segments during the 16 week treatment phase and 4 weeks (week
 20), 8 weeks (week 24) after the last Injection.
BACKGROUND Migraine headaches affect more than 28 million persons in the United States
 (Foundation). Approximately 25% of women and 9% of men experience migraine headaches
 (Rasmussen BK, 1991) (Lipton RB, 1993) (Ramadan NM, 2002). Individuals with migraine
 headaches lose an average of 4 to 6 working days each year resulting in a total annual loss
 nationwide of 64 to 150 million workdays. It is estimated that the direct and indirect cost
 of migraines is nearly $17 billion (Hu XH, 1999) (RK., 1999). Headache is responsible for
 approximately 2% of all visits to emergency departments (Goldstein JN, 2006).

 Migraine headaches are typically described as recurring, unilateral headache with untreated
 attacks lasting from 4 to 72 hours. The international headache Society Classification of
 Headaches list the following diagnostic requirements for migraine headache: at least two of
 the following features: your lateral location, throbbing character, worsening pain with
 routine activity, and moderate to severe intensity and at least one of the following
 features: nausea and/or vomiting and photophobia and phonophobia (Society, 1988).

 TREATMENT There is no cure for migraine headaches. The treatments for migraine headaches are
 typically divided into non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments. The non-pharmacologic
 treatments are designed to target those actions and behaviors known to trigger migraine
 headaches. The non-pharmacologic treatments include: regular sleep patterns, regular
 exercise, and the avoidance of known triggers. Triggers for migraine headaches can include:
 red wine, aged cheeses, exposure to chemical odors i.e. perfumes and cleaners. Non-
 pharmacologic therapies also include relaxation training, biofeedback, cognitive - behavioral
 therapy, hypnosis, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, cervical manipulation, and
 hyperbaric oxygen.

 The pharmacologic treatments for migraine headaches are typically divided into abortive
 therapies and prophylactic therapies. The abortive therapies are usually divided into
 nonspecific medications used to treat migraines: analgesics/NSAIDS (acetaminophen, aspirin,
 ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, ketorolac), and narcotic analgesics (meperidine and butorphanol),
 adjunctive therapy (metoclopramide, prochlorperazine). Migraine specific abortive therapies
 include ergotamine derivatives (ergotamine, caffeine plus ergotamine, dihydroergotamine) and
 the Triptans (Sumatriptan, Naratriptan, Rizatriptan, and Zolmitriptan) (Aukerman, 2002).
 Unlike the abortive therapies, which are taken to treat an existing headache, prophylactic
 therapies are taken (usually daily) to reduce the frequency and intensity of migraine
 headaches. Prophylatic, or preventive medications are generally divided into the first-line
 agents and second-line agents. First-line therapies for migraine prophylaxis in adults
 include propranolol (Inderal), timolol (Blocadren), amitriptyline, divalproex (Depakote),
 sodium valproate, and topiramate (Topamax) (Modi & Lowder, 2006). Agents that could be used
 as second-line therapy for migraine prophylaxis in adults (listed by evidence of
 effectiveness) include gabapentin (Neurontin), naproxen (Naprosyn) or naproxen sodium
 (Anaprox), timed-release dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE-45), candesartan (Atacand),
 lisinopril (Zestril), atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Toprol XL), nadolol (Corgard),
 fluoxetine (Prozac), verapamil (Calan), magnesium, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), coenzyme Q10,
 hormone therapy (estradiol topical gel [Estrogel]), and botulinum toxin type A (Botox)
 injections (Modi & Lowder, 2006).

 PATHOGENESIS OF MIGRAINE Despite extensive research in the area of migraine headaches, the
 precise pathogenesis of migraine remains unknown. The list of potential candidates for the
 pathogenesis of migraines is extensive. For many years the excepted pathogenesis of migraine
 headaches was that they were due to extracerebral vasodilation. This theory proposes that the
 auras associated with migraine headache were due to an initial vasoconstriction which is
 followed by a vasodilatation of extracerebral vessels which resulted in the pain of a
 migraine headache. Others (Blau, 1984) have proposed that migraine is a primary neurological
 disturbance with secondary vasomotor changes. Migraine is likely a multi-genic condition with
 a complex pathophysiology in which both central and peripheral components of trigeminal pain
 pathway play a role in the signs and symptoms. In the past two decades the trigeminal
 vascular system (TVS) has been proposed as a possible component of migraine attacks. Nitric
 oxide has also been proposed as a potential mechanism for migraines, supported by the
 production of typical migraine headaches in migraneurs treated with nitroglycerin (NTG).
 5-hydroooxytryptamine (5-HT) has been implicated in migraine pathophysiology. The role for
 5-HT metabolism in migraine is supported by a low central 5-HT disposition associated with
 increase in 5-HT release during an attack (Panconesi, 2008). Weir and Cader (2011) have
 proposed that channelopaties may play a role in migraine headaches, especially those with a
 genetic association. Cortical spreading depression has been implicated as a cause for
 migraine aura (Weir 2011). The Neurogenic inflammation (NI) theory proposes that,
 vasodilation and plasma protein extravasation in tissue receiving trigeminal innervation
 occurs when vasoactive peptides are released from nerve endings (Buzzi, 2005). Burstein, et
 al., 2011 has proposed that peripheral sensitization is a major contributor to
 hypersensitivity in many painful syndromes including migraine headaches. In this state
 primary afferent nociceptive neurons exhibit increased responsiveness to external stimuli at
 the original site of inflammation or injury. A large number of chemical mediators produced at
 a site of inflammation or tissue injury can promote excitation and sensitization of
 nociceptors. These chemical mediators include bradykinin, histamine, serotonin (5-HT), and
 prostaglandins. Cytokines (interleukins 1, 6 and 8 [IL-1, IL-6, IL-8] and tumor necrosis
 factor alpha [TNF-alpha]) are inflammatory mediators known to promote peripheral
 sensitization (Burstein, et al., 2011). Central sensitization which occurs in two distinct
 phases, the initiation phase and the maintenance phase may play a role in migraine headache.
 This sensitization is mediated by the excitatory amino acid glutamate and neuropeptides such
 as substance P and neurotrophic factors. The enhanced neuronal excitability in central
 sensitization involves the phosphorylation of intracellular and extracellular kinases and the
 enhanced production of cyclooxygenase. The list of chemical mediators involved in the
 pathogenesis of migraine is extensive. The scientific investigations required to elucidate
 the exact mechanisms responsible for migraine headaches continues as an important part of
 ongoing clinical trials.

 GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND MIGRAINE The relationship between migraine headaches and hunger is an
 accepted and well documented phenomenon. Missing meals can precipitate or trigger a migraine
 in susceptible individuals. Shaw et al., 1977 showed that migraine patients had impaired
 tolerance to glucose during migraine attacks compared with control studies. There was an
 elevation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels during the migraine attacks. Growth hormone
 and cortisol were elevated and insulin was depressed during attacks. Patients with migraine
 have impaired insulin sensitivity (Rainero, et al., 2005). During the oral glucose tolerance
 test (OGTT), glucose plasma concentrations were significantly higher in migraineurs than in
 controls. Insulin sensitivity (measured by ISI-stumvoll and OGIS-180 indexes) was
 significantly altered in migraine. Cavestro et al. (2007) reported that headache patients had
 elevated blood glucose levels when compared to controls. They also documented that insulin
 levels were elevated in migraineurs when compared to control patients and other headache
 patients. Additional studies are needed to explore the role of impaired glucose metabolism in
 migraine including the role that glucose metabolism may play in the development of new
 therapies for migraine.

 ROLE OF HISTAMINE IN MIGRAINE In 2003, Gazerani, et al. demonstrated a correlation between
 migraine, histamine, and immunoglobulin E. Serum samples were collected (for histamine levels
 and Immunoglobulin E levels) from 70 patients (18 - 58 years) with migraine during an attack
 and during remission and from 45 healthy volunteers. The migraine patients were divided into
 two groups according to their history of allergies (60% having a history of allergies and 40%
 without a history of allergies). Plasma histamine levels were significantly elevated (P ≤
 0.0001) in patients with migraine both during symptom-free periods (Error! Reference source
 not found.) and during migraine events (Error! Reference source not found.) when compared to
 the control group.

 -  RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF STUDY DRUG IN THE TREATMENT OF STUDY DISEASE In 1991, Guerrero,
 et al. carried out an initial study that provided evidence for the beneficial effects of
 histamine in migraine prophylaxis (Millan-Guerrero RO, 1999). Their data showed that
 subcutaneous administration of low doses (1-10 ng) of histamine induced significant
 relief from migraine symptoms, with no secondary effects. The possible mechanisms of
 histamine migraine prophylaxis, can be explained by histamine control of mast cells; the
 antidromic stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings induces the release of substance P
 and other neuromodulatory peptides, which in turn stimulate the release of histamine
 from mast cells. In meningeal blood vessels, activation of H1-receptors by histamine,
 results in vasodilatation and plasma protein extravasation, causing neurogenic
 inflammation (Akerman S, 2002). Krabbe and Olesen (Krabbe AA, 1980) and Lassen et al.
 (Lassen LH, 1995) showed that on migrainous subjects, intravenous administration of
 relatively high doses of histamine (0.5 mg/kg per minute for 20 min) caused an immediate
 headache during the infusion, followed by a delayed migraine attack which was abolished
 by pre-treatment with the H1-R antagonist, mepyramine. However, degranulation of mast
 cells and neuropeptide release from C fiber endings are inhibited by the histamine at
 low-concentration interaction with H3-receptors (H3-R), and probably reflects a local
 feedback circuit between C-fiber nerve endings and mast cells, which control neurogenic
 inflammation (Dimitriadou V, 1994) (Arrang J-M, 1983) (Arrang J-M G. M.-C., 1987)
 (Placeholder21). Guerrero, et al. proposed that the administration of low doses of
 histamine, to achieve and maintain low-circulating concentrations, may lead to a
 selective interaction of histamine with H3-R. Histamine could constitute a new
 therapeutic drug in migraine prophylaxis that acts by limiting the excessive
 inflammatory response involved in migraine pathophysiology.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Patients of any race, 18 to 65 years of age inclusive.

 2. Patients with a history of migraine (with or without aura) according to the Headache
 Classification Committee of the IHS. Migraine attacks have to have had an onset before
 age 50 and have to have been present for at least 12 months.

 3. Patients with 4-20 qualified migraine attacks per month over the past three months
 prior to Screening, as well as during the four weeks of the Baseline Phase will be
 eligible for entry into this study. The interval between two qualified migraine
 attacks should be at least 24 hours to be counted as distinct migraine attacks. A
 qualified migraine attack without aura is defined as a headache that lasts 4-72 hours
 (if untreated or unsuccessfully treated) or if successfully treated. This attack has
 at least two of the following characteristics: unilateral location, pulsating quality,
 moderate or severe intensity that inhibits or prohibits daily activities or
 aggravation by routine physical activities such as walking up stairs. In addition, at
 least one of the following symptoms must be present during the headache: nausea,
 vomiting, or photophobia and phonophobia. A qualified migraine attack with aura must
 fulfill the same criteria as the headache attack, plus have an associated aura as
 defined by the Migraine Criteria of the Headache Classification Committee of the
 International Headache Society. An aura alone that requires acute migraine treatment
 will also be considered a migraine attack.

 4. Male and female patients will be eligible for enrollment. Females should be either of
 non-childbearing potential by reason of surgery, radiation, menopause (one year post
 onset), or of childbearing potential and practicing a medically acceptable method of
 contraception (eg, abstinence, a barrier method plus spermicide, or IUD) for at least
 one month before study randomization and for two months after the end of the study,
 and have a negative serum B-hCG at Screening. Pregnant and/or lactating females are
 excluded. Those women using hormonal contraceptives must also be using an additional
 approved method of contraception (eg, a barrier method plus spermicide, or IUD)
 starting with the Baseline Phase and continuing throughout the entire study period.

 5. Patients who are willing to participate and have provided written informed consent
 prior to being exposed to any study-related procedures.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Patients with chronic daily headaches as defined by more than 20 headache days per
 month on average during the three months prior to Screening,

 2. Patients with cluster headaches and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, and other
 primary headaches (except tension-type headache) and secondary headaches (defined
 according to the Headache Classification Committee of the IHS 2004),

 3. Patients with a history of being non-responsive to more than two classes of adequately
 conducted, prophylactic migraine treatments (e.g., beta blockers, calcium channel
 blockers, tricyclics, MAOIs, valproate (divalproex), topiramate, gabapentin),

 4. Patients who use the following medications as described:

 -  Use of marketed triptans for 12 days or greater per month on average,

 -  Use of ergot-containing medications for 12 days or greater per month on average,

 -  Use of NSAIDs, acetaminophen, or isometheptene-containing agents for 15 days or
 greater per month on average,

 -  Use of opioids for 12 days or greater per month on average, ￼ - Use of any two or
 more of the above medications for 15 days or greater per month on average,

 5. Patients with clinically significant neurological illness, other than migraine, that,
 in the opinion of the Investigators, may have the potential of altering pain
 perception or reporting,

 6. Patients with a history of or currently having major psychiatric disorders including
 schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, or bipolar disorder,

 7. Patients with elevations of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and
 aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >= 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN),

 8. Patients with evidence of significant active hematological disease; White blood cell
 (WBC) count cannot be <= 2500/μL or an absolute neutrophil count <= 1000/μL.

 9. Patients with clinically significant ECG abnormality, including prolonged QTc
 (Fridericia correction) defined as >= 450 msec for males and >= 470 msec for females,

 10. Patients with clinically significant active hepatic disease, cardiovascular,
 metabolic, respiratory, renal, endocrinological, gastrointestinal diseases, and
 bacterial or viral infections within 30 days prior to Screening or during the Baseline
 Phase,

 11. Pregnant or lactating females

 12. History of transmeridian travel (across >3 time zones) or shift work (defined as
 permanent night shift or rotating day/night shift work) within the past 2 weeks or
 anticipates needing to travel (across >3 time zones) at any time during the study.