Ultrasound-Guided Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate
Ultrasound-Guided Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)
 affecting aging men. Medical therapy for BPH includes alpha adrenergic blockers and
 5α-reductase inhibitors. In men with moderate-severe LUTS due to BPH, surgical therapy should
 be considered for 1) those who failed medical therapy and/or 2) those with refractory urinary
 retention, renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI's),
 or bladder stones. The gold standard for the surgical therapy of BPH has been transurethral
 resection of the prostate (TURP). However, TURP is associated with significant comorbidities
 such as bleeding, prolonged catheterization, and absorptional hyponatremia. To minimize these
 problems associate with TURP, alternative minimally invasive treatment techniques have been
 developed. Two of the most commonly used treatment modalities include a photoselective laser
 vaporization of the prostate (GreenLight PVP) using the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP)
 laser and holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP). The major problem in all these
 minimally invasive treatment modalities is that they are generally associated with a higher
 retreatment rate. In addition, there is no intraoperative and objective measurement, other
 than a limited, transurethral visualization of the prostatic cavity, to assess the extent of
 the vaporization or enucleation.

 We propose to use the transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and a novel robot, the TRUS robot, to
 hold and manipulate the TRUS probe to monitor the extent of the vaporization or enucleation
 of the prostate gland intraoperatively. TRUS has been extensively used for the biopsy needle
 guidance during prostate biopsy. However, it has never been used during transurethral
 prostate procedure. The TRUS Robot has been used safely in the current clinical trial,
 NA_00027540, Ultrasound-Guided Navigation in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical
 Prostatectomy. We would like to study the feasibility and safety of using TRUS and the TRUS
 Robot to monitor the minimally invasive treatment of BPH, such as GreenLight PVP.
In the current pilot safety and feasibility (S&F) study for ultrasound-guided PVP (UG-PVP),
 we propose to use TRUS and the TRUS-Robot to record ultrasound images during PVP in 10
 patients. The PVP procedure will be conducted as usual, without using the ultrasound for
 guiding the intervention. TRUS images of the prostate gland and the intraprostatic cavity
 formed during the PVP procedure will be recorded. These will include three dimensional (3-D)
 images acquired at the beginning and end of the operation. In addition, real-time 2-D images
 will be recorded during the case. Recorded images will then be analyzed offline to observe
 the extent of the vaporization or enucleation of the prostate gland.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  patients between the ages of 40 and 85

 -  patients with BPH

 -  patients scheduled for PVP

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  patients with known prostate cancer

 -  patients with bleeding problems

 -  patients with previous rectal surgery

 -  patients with anal stenosis

 -  patients who cannot tolerate anesthesia or in whom anesthesia is considered high-risk

 -  patients with previous pelvic irradiation

 -  patients with penile implants

 -  patients with artificial urinary or rectal sphincters

 -  patients who are unwilling or unable to sign informed consent