Fructose-induced Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis in Adolescents With Obesity
Fructose-induced Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis in Adolescents With Obesity
In the U.S., dietary fructose has increased in parallel with the increase in obesity and may
 promote the development of diabetes and other chronic diseases. The largest source of dietary
 fructose is sweetened beverages that are consumed by adolescents more than any other age
 group.

 This protocol will compare the rates of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), a process in the
 liver that changes sugar into fat, in two groups of obese adolescents - one with prediabetes
 and the other, metabolically healthy. Blood will be sampled before and hourly for 3 hours
 after the consumption of a fructose-containing beverage. We hypothesize that the pre-diabetic
 group will show greater DNL in response to fructose. This would support other evidence that
 increased fructose-induced hepatic DNL is an early mechanism linking dietary sugar to the
 adverse metabolic sequelae of obesity, including diabetes, fatty liver, dyslipidemia and
 coronary disease.
Hypothesis: Hepatic DNL in response to the ingestion of fructose:glucose 1:1 is significantly
 greater in adolescents with obesity and prediabetes compared to adolescents with obesity who
 are metabolically healthy.

 Thirty obese adolescents, ages 12-21 years, will be recruited to each of two groups: 1)
 prediabetes (n=15) and 2) metabolically healthy (n=15). An attempt will be made to achieve
 similar age, sex and BMI distributions in the two groups.

 Visit 1- Screening: Eligible subjects will be enrolled after Informed consent/assent are
 obtained by a physician investigator. The medical history will be reviewed and a physical
 exam performed, including an assessment of pubertal status. Blood will be sampled after at
 least a 12 hour fast (except water) for complete blood count, serum glutamate pyruvate,
 glucose, HbA1C, and lipid panel, if not previously documented in the medical record within
 three months of the screening visit. These tests may be done without fasting, but if the
 glucose or lipid results are not normal, these two tests must be repeated after fasting.

 Visit 2 - Sugar Challenge Test with Blood Sampling: Within three months of the screening
 visit, eligible participants will return after at least a 12 hour fast (except water).
 General health, family history and recent diet will be reviewed. The height, weight, waist
 circumference at the umbilicus, and blood pressure will be recorded. A urine sample will be
 obtained for microalbuminuria. After placement of an intravenous catheter and withdrawal of
 the baseline blood samples, participants will drink a sweet beverage prepared by a dietician
 (fructose:glucose 1:1, 3g/kg, in water). Blood sampling will continue every hour for three
 hours( ~12 mL per time point).

 Percent body fat will be measured by bioimpedance. The percent body fat will be calculated by
 computer software with prediction equations validated in the pediatric and adult age ranges.

 Plasma samples will be obtained at 4 time points (0, 1, 2 and 3 hours), the fatty acid
 composition of plasma very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL TG), including
 %palmitate (16:0), will be measured. A lipid panel and VLDL triglycerides and apolipoprotein
 B levels will also be measured at each time point. Other assays to be performed include
 insulin and and glucose, HbA1C and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP, a marker of
 inflammation). The urine sample will be assayed for microalbuminuria (albumin/creatinine >30
 mg/g).

 An interim analysis of the primary endpoint (increase in VLDL TG %16:0) will be performed in
 the first three subjects of each group to determine whether the dose of sugar and sampling
 duration of 3 hours are sufficient to produce a measurable increase in VLDL TG %16:0.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Age: 12-21 years old.

 2. BMI percentile >95th and <140th percentile of the 95th, maximum weight 110 kg.

 3. Group 1: HbA1C <5.7% and no history of fasting hyperglycemia (glucose greater or equal
 to100 mg/dL and/or HbA1C greater or equal to 5.7%), sustained hypertension (>95th
 percentile) or abnormal lipids (LDL cholesterol <130 mg/dL, TG <130 mg/dL, HDL-C >40
 mg/dL).

 Group 2: HbA1C greater or equal to 5.7 to 6.49%

 4. Pubertal or post- pubertal stage (pre-pubertal excluded).

 5. Willing and able to stop fish oil, fiber supplement, other non-prescribed
 vitamins/supplements for 1 week prior to study visit.

 6. Willing to not drink alcohol for at least 48 hours before the study visit.

 7. Willing to refrain from vigorous exercise the day before the study visit.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Diabetes (fasting blood glucose greater or equal to126 mg/dL, and/or HbA1C >6.5%
 and/or history of a 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) >200 mg/dL).

 2. Triglycerides >500 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol >160 mg/dL.

 3. Medications affecting lipid or glucose metabolism, including hormonal contraceptives.

 4. Liver disease or intestinal dysfunction. Serum glutamate oxaloacetate and/or serum
 glutamate pyruvate < 2x upper limit normal is permitted if there is no diagnosis of
 liver disease by a gastroenterologist.

 5. Weight loss >10% in past 6 months.

 6. Cigarette smoking.

 7. Alcohol or drug abuse.

 8. Systemic illness, including polycystic ovary disease and acute infections within two
 weeks of study visits.

 9. Anemia.

 10. Pregnancy or breast feeding.

 11. Psychiatric illness.

 12. Extreme diet or level of physical activity.

 13. Fructose intolerance.

 14. Implanted electronic devices (bioimpedance measurement).

 15. Any other condition, which in the opinion of the principal investigator, should
 prohibit participation in the study.