The Effect of Dairy and Non-dairy Alternatives on Satiety and Post-meal Glycemia in Healthy Young Adults
The Effect of Dairy and Non-dairy Alternatives on Satiety and Post-meal Glycemia in Healthy Young Adults
This study investigates the effects of commercially-available dairy (1% cow's milk and yogurt
 beverage) and non-dairy alternatives (almond and soy beverages) on satiety and post-meal
 blood glucose. Each participant will receive every treatment in this crossover design study.
Regular consumption of dairy is associated with better body composition and lower incidences
 of type 2 diabetes and obesity. This may be due to dairy's ability to increase satiety and
 decrease post-prandial glycemia. However, most clinical studies have only investigated
 isolated dairy proteins (whey and casein) and the effects of whole dairy products remains
 unclear. Additionally, as non-dairy alternatives are becoming more popular there is interest
 to see if they can elicit similar benefits as dairy. Therefore, this study will test the
 effects of commercially-available dairy and non-dairy beverages when consumed with cereal at
 breakfast time.

 Thirty healthy young males and females (20-30 years, BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2) will be recruited
 for the randomized, unblinded, crossover study. Participants will fast overnight, and at
 baseline will consume 250 mL of 1% milk, soy beverage, almond beverage, yogurt beverage, or
 water with 54 g of Cheerios cereal. At 0 (baseline), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 minutes
 (pre-meal period) 140, and 170 minutes (post-meal period) blood will be collected for glucose
 analysis and subjective appetite ratings completed. Insulin will be analyzed every 30 minutes
 and for the last two timepoints. Between 120-140 minutes, an ad libitum lunch will be
 provided to assess food intake.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Healthy BMI (20.0 - 24.9 kg/m2)

 -  Females with regular monthly menstrual cycles

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Diabetes

 -  Fasting blood glucose higher than 5.8 mmol/L

 -  Pregnancy

 -  Medications

 -  Smoking

 -  Lactose intolerance or allergies to milk, soy, or almonds

 -  Elite athletes

 -  Those trying to lose or gain weight

 -  Breakfast skippers and those on an energy-restricted diet

 -  Score equal to or higher than 11 on Eating Habits Questionnaire