Cell Free DNA and Its Integrity Using ALU Sequences as a Biomarker for Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Cell Free DNA and Its Integrity Using ALU Sequences as a Biomarker for Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and is the leading cause of
 death from cancer among women globally. Mammography is the standard method for early
 detection of BC in many countries, with over 1.3 million annually new diagnosed cases.In
 Egypt, breast cancer is the most common cancer in females accounting for 38.8% of all female
 cancers.
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and is the leading cause of
 death from cancer among women globally. Mammography is the standard method for early
 detection of BC in many countries, with over 1.3 million annually new diagnosed cases.In
 Egypt, breast cancer is the most common cancer in females accounting for 38.8% of all female
 cancers. Whereas radiological screening programs have been successfully applied in detecting
 breast cancer in earlier stages, no valuable blood biomarkers have been yet identified for
 that purpose. However, false-positive recall rates vary according to age, breast density, and
 postmenopausal hormonal therapy, among other. For women with dense breasts, the accuracy of
 mammography is decreased. Circulating serum marker for monitoring of BC have been in
 development for several decades. Conventional tumor markers, such as cancer antigen 15-3
 (CA15-3), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)), and circulating tumor cell count (CTC), are
 clinically available, however, their usefulness is mostly limited to patients with advanced
 and metastatic BC (MBC). Hence, there is a need for developing new biomarkers which can be
 used as valuable tools in identifying high risk patients, to predict disease prognosis and
 thus have an impact in patient management.Cell free DNA (cfDNA) are short fragments of
 nucleic acids present in the circulation. Multiple studies also have indicated elevated
 levels of cf DNA in breast cancer. The ALU(Arthrobacter luteus) sequences were chosen, as
 they are the most abundant and active repeated elements in the human genome, typically 300
 nucleotides in length, accounting for more than 10% of the genome. DNA integrity was
 calculated as the ratio of (ALU247/ALU115). As the annealing sites of ALU115 are within the
 ALU247 annealing sites, thus the ratio of ALU247 to ALU115 is termed as DNA integrity. It
 characterizes the fragmentation pattern of circulating cell free DNA. The DNA integrity is
 "1" if template DNA is not truncated and "0" if DNA is completely truncated to fragments
 smaller than 247 bp (base pair). Thus it has been assessed for its diagnostic and prognostic
 potential role in breast cancer patients
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  All patients enrolled before initiation of any treatment.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Any other malignant or benign tumors.

 -  Active inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.

 -  Renal or liver diseases.