Postoperative Sore Throat in the Pediatric Population.
Postoperative Sore Throat in the Pediatric Population.
Endotracheal tubes (ETT) and laryngeal mask airways (LMA) are devices used to help breathing
 whilst patients are asleep for surgery. Children may have a more satisfying experience if the
 rate of of post operative sore throat (POST) and hoarseness (PH) could be reduced. The
 incidence of POST and PH may be as high as 42% in children undergoing anesthesia. ETTs and
 LMAs require inflation of a cuff after insertion to obtain a seal to a patient's airway for
 them to be effective. It is recommended that cuff pressures are checked after insertion and
 inflation with a pressure checking device but this does not occur in all routine anesthetic
 practice. Overinflation of these cuffs may cause damage to the airway by exerting pressure on
 surrounding structures. Studies have shown both children and adults to have increased risk of
 POST with higher LMA pressure. The number of times it takes to successfully insert a LMA has
 also been associated with POST as has female gender and older age.

 Similarly to LMAs, multiple insertion attempts of ETT insertion, female gender and a larger
 size are more likely to cause POST and PH.

 Although patients with uncuffed have a higher incidence of POST than those with a cuffed ETT,
 when using cuffed tubes ETT, POST occurs more often as cuff pressure increases and should
 therefore be routinely measured.

 The location of a patient's sore throat may vary. It may be intermittent or constant, or
 described as difficulty in swallowing, painful swallowing or hoarse voice and may there may
 be difference locations within the throat. In the current literature there is no one
 definition of what constitutes a sore throat or how or when it should be measured.

 The hypothesis is that occurrence and severity of POST could be determined by various factors
 other than the pressure of the cuff alone. In particular, the pressure of cuff, the duration
 of anesthesia, the airway manipulations, could all be factors determining the occurrence of
 postoperative sore throat.

 Based on the above hypothesis, Investigators planed to perform a prospective cohort study.

 Aims: to determine the occurrence and severity of post-anaesthesia sore throat in children
 undergoing surgical procedures with LMA or ETT placement.

 If clear factors are demonstrated for POST and PH in pediatric population then measures can
 be taken to reduce them and thereby improve outcome and patient satisfaction.
The study is a prospective, descriptive study, involving patient interview and objective data
 collected as part of routine anesthetic care. No intervention will take place. Once
 identified from a theatre list, patients/parents will be approached preoperatively and
 consent taken to participate. If inclusion criteria are met and consent gained the
 preoperative questionnaire will be completed to obtain information regarding pain, nausea,
 sore throat, itching, thirst and hunger. Each symptom will be graded none, mild, moderate,
 severe. Intraoperative data will be collected after surgery whilst the child is in the
 recovery room. This is objective data obtained from the anesthetic chart. Prior to discharge
 to the ward the child will undergo a second interview answering the same questions as he/she
 did preoperatively (a further 1-2 minutes). Any child who has a sore throat in the recovery
 room will then be followed up 2 hours later on the ward with a further questionnaire. This
 will include questions about the location of the sore throat, severity and voice changes
 (5-10 mins). This will be the end of the participants input.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Child age 5 or over

 -  General anaesthesia with LMA or ETT

 -  Children undergoing general, orthopaedic, urology, renal or plastic surgery

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Other types of surgery

 -  Patients aged less than 5 years

 -  Patients affected by a significant cognitive delay

 -  Patients planned for anaesthesia with airway devices different from ETT and LMA