Amyloid and Glucose PET Imaging in Alzheimer and Vascular Cognitive Impairment Patients With Significant White Matter Disease
Amyloid and Glucose PET Imaging in Alzheimer and Vascular Cognitive Impairment Patients With Significant White Matter Disease
The prevalence of both Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and stroke doubles each decade over 65 years
 old. Both are major causes of dementia, currently estimated to affect 46 million people
 worldwide. The current costs globally are $818 billion. Additionally, in population studies
 elders over 65 years, "covert" cerebral small vessel disease appears on MRI scans as silent
 lacunar infarcts in 25% as Microbleeds in 10%, and as focal or diffuse 'incidental' white
 matter disease (WMD) in 95%. WMD is extensive in 20%, with a clinical threshold effect around
 10cc2. Small vessel disease is even more common in dementia, often coexisting with AD and
 independently contributing to cognitive decline and progression to dementia. Longitudinal
 imaging using cerebral amyloid labeling opens a new opportunity to understand the
 additive/interactive effects of small vessel disease and AD.

 The design of this study includes recruitment of two cohorts, including Mild Cognitive
 Impairment (MCI) and/or early Alzheimer Disease subjects from memory clinics and subjects
 with strokes/TIA from stroke prevention clinics. Inclusion criteria include the presence of
 moderate/extensive white matter disease, eg. Fazekas score of 2 (with confluent
 peri-ventricular hyperintensities) or Fazekas score of 3, as determined by previous MR or CT,
 > 60 years of age, Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) scores ≥ 20. Subjects will undergo 3T
 structural MRI (including T1, PD/T2, FLAIR, GRE, DTI, ASL, and resting state fMRI), glucose
 PET, amyloid PET (using AV-45 florbetapir) and neuropsychological testing, as well as blood
 sampling. Repeat MR and PET/CT imaging and neuropsychological testing will be conducted at 24
 months. The follow up assessments can also be completed at either year 1 or year 3 or Year 4
 depending on the availability of study participants. The imaging portion is designed to
 closely parallel the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) in order to benefit
 from the availability of both cognitively normal controls (NC), MCI and Alzheimer's disease
 subjects with minimal WMD.
This study will be a multi-center trial to be conducted in centers across Canada and
 approximately 80 patients will be enrolled. Participants will be recruited from both stroke
 prevention (N=40) and memory clinics (N=40). For comparison, we will access the
 publically-available data using a very similar protocol being collected from normal controls
 (N=250), MCI (N=250 early MCI, N=150 late MCI) and AD patients (N=150) without significant
 white matter disease, who are participating in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging
 Initiative (ADNI-GO and ADNI 2, N=800), to choose representative samples for comparison to
 those with scores ≤ 1 who represent the non-white matter disease group.

 Three imaging modalities will be used with each participant. 3 Telsa MRI scans will be
 acquired, using an ADNI based protocol, except for the addition of a PD/T2 interleved
 sequence. Participants will also undergo 18-fluoro PET with the AVID-45 ligand and
 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET using the ADNI protocols.

 The primary objectives are to characterize at baseline and 2-year follow-up in patients with
 significant Periventricular White Matter Hyperintensities (pvWMH), presenting as transient
 cerebrovascular events or memory problems, patterns of: 1. Uptake of amyloid on Florbetapir
 F-18 PET/CT 2. Glucose uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT 3. Volumetric measures of brain structure on
 MRI imaging 4. Performance on standard neuropsychological assessments, activities of daily
 living and gait speed.

 Secondary objectives are to: 1. Compare the relationship between amyloid brain uptake, pvWMH
 volumes, and cognitive scores in patients with significant pvWMH and a control group of
 individuals that are cognitively normal, MCI or AD, with mild pvWMH, identified from the ADNI
 database. 2. Examine the relationship between amyloid uptake, ApoE e4 genotype, and
 structural MRI volumes in patients with a high burden of pvWMH. 3. Evaluate the utility of
 baseline brain amyloid to predict cognitive decline and increases in pvWMH volume at 2 years
 follow up. 4. Evaluate the safety of a single intravenous dose of Florbetapir F 18 Injection
 (370 MBq +/- 10%) in subjects with significant pvWMH.
Eligible subjects must meet the following criteria before they are enrolled into the study:

 1. Patients with early AD or amnestic, non-amnestic single or multi-domain MCI who have
 confluent pvWMH; recruited from memory clinics. Or Patients who have had a minor
 stroke (e.g. subcortical lacunar infarct ≤1.5cm) or a TIA with confluent pvWMH;
 recruited from stroke prevention clinics.

 2. Age ≥ 60

 3. Patients who have provided written informed consent

 4. Patients with greater than 8 years of education

 5. Patients with an expected survival of greater than 2 years

 6. Patients that are sufficient fluency in French or English for cognitive testing

 7. Patients with a Mini-Mental State Exam score of (MMSE) ≥ 20

 8. Patients with pvWMH score on CT or MRI of ≥2 on the periventricular Fazekas scale 31
 NOTE: Fazekas 2 patients can be included if they have bilateral posterior or anterior
 periventricular caps extending only 10mm from the ventricle (i.e. halfway into the
 surrounding white matter vs extending out to most of the surrounding white matter
 required for Fazekas 3)

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Subject meeting any one of the following criteria are not eligible for the the study:

 2. Patients with cortical or non-lacunar infarct on imaging

 3. Patients with persisting hemiparesis after a motor stroke, leg strength <4/5 on the
 Medical Research Council (MRC) scale; significant cerebellar ataxia

 4. Patients with contraindications to 3T MRI

 5. Patients with major psychiatric disorder during the preceding 5 years

 6. History of substance abuse within the past 2 years

 7. Serious/chronic systemic or neurological illness (other than AD) such as Parkinson's
 disease, multi-infarct dementia, Huntington's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus,
 brain tumor, progressive supranuclear palsy, seizure disorder, subdural hematoma,
 multiple sclerosis, or history of significant head trauma followed by persistent
 neurologic deficits or known structural brain abnormalities

 8. Pain or sleep disorder that could interfere with testing

 9. Claustrophobia

 10. Patients that have received radiation therapy to the head or neck or have been in
 another research study involving radiation

 11. Patients who are unable or unwilling to comply with protocol requirements or deemed by
 the investigator to be unfit for the study.