Attention and Visual Perception
Attention and Visual Perception
The NIMH is conducting studies aimed at gaining a better understanding of the areas of the
 brain that are involved in different types of mental processes. This study will focus on
 brain regions involved in visual perception and attention.

 Healthy normal volunteers and people who have had a stroke or undergone neurosurgery may be
 eligible for this study. Candidates must be 18 years of age or older, They must not have a
 history of a psychiatric disorder, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, or neurological
 disease other than stroke or the previous neurosurgery.

 Participants undergo the following tests and procedures during four or more visits to the NIH
 Clinical Center:

 -  Physical and neurological examinations and depression rating scale.

 -  Cognitive testing: Subjects complete written tests, sit at a computer and make decisions
 about what they are shown by pressing keys, or answer questions from a test examiner.

 -  Behavioral training: Subjects practice performing a cognitive task that involves looking
 at and making decisions about visual images that appear on a computer screen.

 -  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Subjects undergo MRI scanning while they perform the
 task they previously practiced. The MRI scanner is a metal cylinder surrounded by a
 strong magnetic field. During the procedure, subjects lie still for up to 10 minutes at
 a time on a table that can slide in and out of the cylinder. The entire MRI scanning
 session takes about one hour. There are multiple scans which each can take up to 10
 minutes. They may be asked to return for one or two additional scanning sessions.

 During the behavioral training or MRI scanning, special pieces of equipment that monitor eye
 movements may be used.

 Some subjects may be asked to return to NIH for an additional visit to participate in a
 magnetoencephalographic scan. This test uses several sensors applied to the scalp to measure
 very small changes in magnetic fields. This is another way to measure brain activity.
Attention is required for most, if not all, perceptual processes. There is a converging body
 of evidence from single-cell recording studies in monkeys and neuroimaging, behavioral, and
 clinical studies in humans showing that the processing of attended information is enhanced
 relative to the processing of unattended information.

 What is the source of this attentional modulation? Because neuroimaging studies have
 demonstrated that multiple cortical regions are recruited during tasks involving selective
 attention, it has proven difficult thus far to determine the differential contributions of
 each region. A central goal of the proposed research is to characterize the contributions of
 prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex and test the hypothesis that these regions exert
 top-down modulatory influences over visual processing areas. Specifically, we wish to
 investigate the interaction between areas involved in attentional control and visual areas
 modulated by attention.

 We propose to study patients with focal lesions and normal volunteers while they perform
 tasks requiring attention. Subjects will participate, first, in a series of behavioral
 studies involving selective attention; the relative performance of different patient groups
 and neurologically normal volunteers will be compared. Subjects will also be studied while
 performing similar tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We hypothesize
 that selective attention will be heavily impaired by lesions of key prefrontal (e.g.,
 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and key parietal (e.g., superior parietal lobule) sites. We
 also expect that brain imaging data will show decreased activation in visual regions
 ipsilateral to the focal lesions in prefrontal and parietal cortex, thus providing evidence
 that prefrontal and parietal cortex are sources of top-down modulation. Although other
 research groups have compared the behavior of patients with various focal lesions or have
 performed fMRI studies of visual attention in neurologically normal patients, we are unaware
 of any concerted effort to perform fMRI in patients with focal lesions in order to
 functionally isolate the contributions of individual cortical regions that serve as critical
 nodes in the attentional network.
-  INCLUSION CRITERIA:

 ALL SUBJECTS -

 All subjects will be volunteers and be 18 years of age or older.

 PATIENTS -

 Subjects with unilateral or bilateral lesions of prefrontal or parietal cortex will be
 selected for participation in the behavioral and brain-imaging studies described within
 this protocol.

 Control subjects with unilateral or bilateral lesions of temporal cortex will also be
 studied.

 Finally, patients with amygdala lesions will also be studied to test the specific
 hypothesis outlined in Experiment 4.

 In order to obtain a sufficient number of focal lesion patients representative of different
 brain regions, patients with different etiologies will be studied, provided the damage is
 circumscribed.

 The main etiologies that we will consider are stroke, lobectomy, and tumor.

 We will restrict groups to include patients with the same etiology, lesion location, and
 lesion volume. Lesion location will consider the two hemispheres separately.

 Patients who also have non-amygdala subcortical lesions will be grouped separately from
 patients with cortical-only lesions.

 Our goal is to not group patients with more focal brain lesions compromising a single
 region (e.g., middle frontal gyrus) with patients with more massive damage (e.g., large
 extents of superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyrus).

 Focal lesion patients will not be excluded on the basis of medication.

 NORMAL VOLUNTEERS -

 Neurologically normal, age-matched volunteers will be recruited from the local community
 through normal Clinical Center channels.

 EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

 The following criteria will be used to exclude patients or healthy volunteers from
 participation in this study:

 -  Patients with language impairments that prevent them from understanding our tasks or
 follow instructions will be excluded.

 -  Patients with a WAIS-R Full-Scale IQ of less than 75 will be excluded.

 -  Patients with severe cognitive dysfunction as assessed by the neuropsychological
 tests.

 -  Subjects with moderate or severe depression as assessed by the Beck Depression
 Inventory (scores greater than 18).

 -  Patients who cannot perform control tasks to the same level of performance as the
 control subjects will be excluded.

 -  Subjects with contraindication to MRI scanning will be excluded from any testing which
 involves the use of MRI. These contraindications include subjects with the following
 devices or conditions: a) central nervous system aneurysm clips; b) implanted neural
 stimulator; c) implanted cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator; d) cochlear implant; e)
 ocular foreign body (e.g., metal shavings); f) insulin pump; g) metal shrapnel or
 bullet; h) any implanted device that is incompatible with MRI.

 -  Subjects with a history of any neurological or psychiatric disorder not related to the
 focal lesion (e.g., epilepsy, schizophrenia, etc.)

 -  Subjects with any previous head injuries not related to the focal lesion.

 -  Subjects with a history of drug or alcohol abuse or addiction (determined by a
 qualified neurologist/psychiatrist).

 -  Subjects with conditions that preclude entry into the scanner (e.g., morbid obesity,
 claustrophobia, etc.) will not be included in brain imaging studies.

 -  Female subjects of child-bearing age will be excluded from brain imaging studies if
 they are pregnant or refuse to undergo a urine pregnancy test.

 -  Subjects with visual, auditory, motor, or language problems that would prohibit them
 from being able to properly perform the visual attention tasks, to understand
 instructions, indicate their responses, or to communicate with the experimenter via an
 intercom system.

 -  Subjects who have undergone radiation treatment or chemotherapy during a one-year
 period prior to the experiment.