Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin in Plasma and Urine
Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin in Plasma and Urine
Antibiotics like enrofloxacin are widely used in animal farming to treat and prevent
 bacterial infections. A previous study in poultry farms has shown that yardmen show
 significant concentrations of administered antibiotics in their urine. It is currently
 unclear how poultry yardmen are exposed to the administered antibiotics. The objective of
 this exemplarily study is to obtain information on the pharmacokinetics of the different
 uptake routes (oral, inhaled or dermal).
Study subjects will be exposed to enrofloxacin at a concentration level representative for
 occupational exposure of yardmen at poultry farms.

 As three uptake-routes, oral, inhalation and dermal, are conceivable all three cases will be
 investigated. After administration blood and urine samples will be analysed for enrofloxacin
 and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin at several time points. The objective of this
 exemplarily study is to obtain information on the pharmacokinetics of the different uptake
 routes. If different exposure routes are characterized by different pharmacokinetics, such
 studies can be used to obtain a better understanding of general routes of exposure in
 occupational environments. On the basis of the results mitigation strategies can be
 developed, reducing the risk of exposure.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Volunteers who are overtly healthy as determined by medical evaluation including
 medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests (including a normal
 coagulation profile), ECGs, vital signs and spirometry.

 -  Normal spirometry FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second)≥80% of
 predicted, FEV1/Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) ratio ≥70%) at screening

 -  Non-smokers for at least one year and with a smoking history of less than 5 pack-years
 [number of pack years = (number of cigarettes per day/20) x number of years smoked].

 -  Body weight of ≥50 kg and a body mass index BMI (body mass index) of 20 to 24.9 kg/m2

 -  Height 170 to 195 cm

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Significant history of or current cardiovascular, respiratory (eg asthma, chronic
 obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), bronchiectasis, active Tuberculosis [TB]),
 hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, hematological, autoimmune or neurological
 disorders capable of significantly altering the absorption, metabolism, or elimination
 of drugs; constituting a risk when taking the study treatment; or interfering with the
 interpretation of data.

 -  Skin lesions in the area used for the dermal application such as dermographism,
 dermatitis or eczema.

 -  Use of prescription or non-prescription drugs (except paracetamol), including
 vitamins, herbal and dietary supplements (including St John's Wort) within 7 days or 5
 half-lives (whichever is longer) before the first dose of study medication, unless, in
 the opinion of the investigator, the medication will not interfere with the study
 procedures or compromise participant safety.

 -  History of sensitivity to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or any other fluoroquinolones,
 or a history of drug or other allergy that, in the opinion of the investigator,
 contraindicates their participation.

 -  Where participation in the study would result in donation of blood or blood products
 in excess of 500 mL within 3 months.

 -  The participant has participated in a clinical trial and has received an
 investigational product within the following time period before the first dosing day
 in the current study: 30 days, 5 half-lives or twice the duration of the biological
 effect of the investigational product (whichever is longer)

 -  Regular use of known drugs of abuse or a positive drugs of abuse test at screening,
 positive cotinine test at screening

 -  History of regular alcohol consumption within 6 months of the study defined as an
 average weekly intake of >21 units for males or >14 units for females. One unit is
 equivalent to 8 g of alcohol: a half-pint (~240 mL) of beer, 1 glass (125 mL) of wine
 or 1 (25 mL) measure of spirits.

 -  Upper or lower respiratory tract infection 4 weeks prior to screening