Assessment of Peritoneal Immune Response in Patients With Severe Intra-abdominal Sepsis Managed With Laparostomy and Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC)
Assessment of Peritoneal Immune Response in Patients With Severe Intra-abdominal Sepsis Managed With Laparostomy and Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC)
Protocol Synopsis

 Protocol title: Assessment of peritoneal immune response in patients with severe
 intra-abdominal sepsis managed by laparostomy and VAC

 Purpose: Assessment of peritoneal immune response in patients with severe intra-abdominal
 sepsis

 Design: Prospective, single-center study

 Patient Population: Male or female adults (>18 years) with severe intra-abdominal sepsis

 No. of Subjects: 60 patients divided into two groups, 30 patients with severe intra-operative
 sepsis and 30 patients without sepsis scheduled to undergo major abdominal operations (middle
 line incision>15cm). The study is estimated up to 2 year to enroll

 Duration of Follow-up: Follow-up will be performed daily while hospitalized, until patient
 discharged or deceased.

 Endpoints:

 1. To measure the peritoneal cytokines levels in patients with severe intra-abdominal
 sepsis.

 2. To correlate the cytokines levels in the abdominal cavity and the serum plasma.

 3. To correlate cytokines response in serum plasma and peritoneal fluid with mortality and
 morbidity.

 4. To compare cytokines results in serum plasma and peritoneal fluid between patients with
 severe intra-abdominal sepsis and patients undergoing major laparotomy without sepsis.

 5. To assess the microbial load in the abdominal cavity in patients with severe sepsis.

 6. To assess the biofilm formation in VAC polyurethane sponge.
Principal Investigator Statement: ……………………………………………… 1 Protocol Synopsis:
 ……………………………………………………………… 2 Table of Content: ………………………………………………………………. .4 1.0 Introduction:
 ……………………………………………………………. 5 2.0 Techniques descriptions: ……………………………..………………… 6 3.0
 Objectives: ……………………………..…………………………………7 4.0 Design and study population: …………………………………………… 7
 5.0 Study procedure: ……………………………..………………………… 8 6.0 Complications and adverse events:
 …………………………………… 15 7.0 Statistical analysis: ……………………………..……………………… 15 8.0 Data monitoring
 plan: ……………………………..………………… 16 9.0 Data confidentiality: ……………………………..…………………… 16 10.0
 Funding: ……………………………..………………………………… 16 11.0 Ethics: ……………………………..…………………………………… 16 12.0
 Informed consent: ……….……………………………..………………. 17 13.0 References: ……………………………………..……………………… 18

 1.0 INTRODUCTION

 Severe abdominal sepsis is defined as sepsis plus organ dysfunction caused by a condition
 deriving from the peritoneal cavity [1]. The essentials of the management of patients with
 severe sepsis remain unchanged and can be divided broadly into sepsis control, antimicrobial
 therapy and hemodynamic stabilization [2]. Infection control mainly involves surgical
 exploration and temporary or permanent resolution of the septic agent [3]. Open abdomen
 treatment remains one of the most valid approaches of patients with severe abdominal sepsis
 [4]. Open abdomen management is mandated to avoid abdominal compartment syndrome, in cases
 with inability to re-approximate the abdominal fascia regardless to viscera oedema and
 intra-abdominal pressure and in cases with unclear or inadequate source control [5]. Topical
 negative pressure with the abdominal vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device has been
 introduced, providing a new option to manage an open abdomen [6-8].

 Cytokines are a group of proteins produced by a variety of cells playing an active role in
 the immune system. Sepsis syndrome seems to result from overwhelming systemic inflammation
 which is caused by excessive release of cytokines into systemic circulation [9]. During the
 last decade many clinical studies assess the cytokines concentration in serum plasma in
 patients with SIRS and sepsis [10-13]. Despite the board study and analysis of cytokines
 response in serum plasma, literature is poor about peritoneum immune response in
 intra-abdominal sepsis [14-15], whereas the majority of these studies concerned patients with
 elective surgery [16-18].

 This protocol is designed to assess the cytokines levels in the peritoneal cavity in severe
 intra-abdominal sepsis and to compare these levels with the corresponding values in serum
 plasma. Additionally, the cytokines values in serum plasma and peritoneum are compared
 between patients with and without sepsis that underwent major elective laparotomy (middle
 line incision >15cm). Moreover, cytokines levels are correlated to morbidity and mortality.

 2.0 STUDY PROTOCOL In all patients that the origin of sepsis confirmed pre-operative as
 abdominal, laparotomy will be required. After incision and confirmation of intra-abdominal
 sepsis, involving the whole peritoneal cavity, peritoneal fluid will be sampled for
 microbiology culture and cytokines assessment. The appropriate source control interventions
 will be made and peritoneal lavage will be performed using sterile isotonic sodium chloride
 solution. At the end of operation a decision for open abdomen will be made by the surgeon,
 based on the severity of sepsis. If laparostomy will be decided, temporary abdominal closure
 will be performed with the Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) system plus the dynamic sutures
 [19].

 After a two-day application of the VAC, the previous existing dressing will be removed.
 Peritoneal fluid samples and blood samples will be obtained for cytokines assessment. The
 abdominal cavity will carefully be rinsed with saline solution and the various abdominal
 spaces will be inspected for any collections. Additionally, peritoneal fluid sample will be
 obtained for culture and quantitive analysis. Sequentially, the VAC dressing application will
 be performed based on previously described protocol [19]. Patients will return to the
 operating room for sequential fascial closure and replacement of the sponge and sutures every
 2 days until the final open abdomen closure. Peritoneal fluid and blood serum samples will be
 obtained in every VAC change until the permanent abdominal closure or patient's decease. A
 piece of polyurethane sponge of VAC system will be sent to microbiology department for
 detection of biofilm formation.

 3.0 OBJECTIVES

 1. To assess the cytokines in peritoneal fluid in patients with severe intra-abdominal
 sepsis.

 2. To compare the serum plasma cytokines values in patients with severe intra-abdominal
 sepsis with the corresponding values in the peritoneal fluid.

 3. To compare the cytokines values in serum plasma and peritoneal fluid between patients
 with severe intra-abdominal sepsis and patients without sepsis underwent major elective
 laparotomy.

 4. To evaluate parameters influencing successful, primary abdominal closure, morbidity and
 mortality.

 5. To assess the microbial load in the abdominal cavity in patients with severe sepsis.

 6. To assess the biofilm formation in VAC polyurethane sponge.

 4.0 DESIGN AND STUDY POPULATION The study is designed as a prospective single center study.
 Any patient with sepsis suspected pre-operative to be from abdominal origin that will be
 needed laparotomy and postoperative laparostomy will be assessed.

 Control group will be constituted with patients without sepsis that will be underwent major
 elective laparotomy.

 4.1 Inclusion Criteria

 1. Patient > 18 years old

 2. 30 patients with severe abdominal sepsis in order to form the study group and 30
 patients without sepsis undergoing major elective surgery (middle line incision >15cm)
 to form the control group.

 3. Patient or relatives signs and dates a written informed consent form (ICF) and indicates
 an understanding of the study procedures

 4.2 Exclusion Criteria

 1. Patient's Manheim Peritonitis Score < 29

 2. Patient's pre-operative SOFA score < 6

 3. The use of other temporary abdominal closure system

 4. Decease before the first VAC dressing change

 5. Patient is participating in another clinical trial which may affect this study's
 outcomes

 6. Patients with immune deficiency

 7. Documented seropositivity for human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS)

 8. Patient receiving steroids treatment for other medical condition

 9. Patient receiving chronic anti-inflammatory treatment

 10. Patient receiving anti- TNF treatment

 11. Pre-existing parechymal liver disease ( Cirrhosis - Child-Pugh C)

 12. Pregnancy

 4.3 Duration of the study The study will be conducted until 30 patients of each group are
 treated. It is estimated that it will take up to 2 year to enroll the patients.

 5.0 STUDY GROUP PROCEDURES

 5.1 Pre-Surgery

 The following pre-surgery information will be recorded:

 1. Demographic information including: Date of birth (age), gender, ethnicity

 2. Pre-operative duration of sepsis - symptoms

 3. Co-morbidities

 4. BMI

 5. ASA score

 6. SOFA score

 7. APACHEII score

 8. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP)

 9. Preoperative labs (WBC, Ht, Hb, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, Glu, Ure, Cre, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg++, TP,
 Alb, ALP, γ-GT, Amylase)

 10. Coagulation (Fibrinogen, PT, aPTT, INR)

 11. CRP, PCT, Lectin Binding Protein (LBP)

 12. Ischemia Modulated Albumine (IMA)

 13. Pre-operative Diagnosis

 14. Medications

 15. Current and past history of surgical and medical comorbidities

 16. Measurement in blood serum plasma sample: IL 1α, IL 1β, IL6, IL8, IL12, IL 10, IL 18,
 INF-γ, TNF-α, PGF-B, PAF, FGF-β, C5q, C3q, ICAM-I (CD54).

 17. Measurement in blood serum plasma sample: fractalkine, CCL6.

 5.2 Intra-operative

 The surgeon will perform laparotomy and intra-operative sepsis source control. Peritoneal
 fluid sample will be obtained for culture. Assessment of intra-peritoneal sepsis will be
 performed and decision for open abdomen management will be made. At the end of the surgery,
 peritoneal and blood samples will be obtained for cytokines measurement. The following
 intraoperative variables will be recorded for all patients:

 1. Surgery date

 2. Operation

 3. Manheim Peritonitis Score (MPS)

 4. Peritonitis classification (a. fecal peritonitis b. purulent peritonitis, c. necrotizing
 Pancreatitis, d. postoperative peritonitis, e. necrotizing fasciitis)

 5. Procedure relative comments

 6. Technical complications

 7. Duration of surgery

 8. Difficulty of the operation (1=very difficult to 5=very easy)

 9. Peritoneal fluid culture

 10. Blood serum sample (at closure): (WBC, Ht, Hb, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, Glu, Ure, Cre, K+, Na+,
 Ca2+, Mg++, TP, Alb, ALP, γ-GT, Amylase, Fibrinogen, PT, aPTT, INR, CRP, PCT, LBP)

 11. Blood serum sample (at closure): IL 1α, IL 1β, IL6, IL8, IL12, IL 10, IL 18, INF-γ,
 TNF-α, PGF-B, PAF, FGF-β, C5q, C3q, ICAM-I (CD54), spectalkine, CCL6.

 12. Peritoneal sample (at closure): IL 1α, IL 1β, IL8, IL12, IL 10, IL 18, INF-γ, TNF-α,
 PGF-B, PAF, FGF-β, C5q, C3q, ICAM-I (CD54), spectalkine, CCL6.

 5.3 Admission at Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

 1. SOFA Score

 2. APACHEII Score

 3. Blood serum sample: (WBC, Ht, Hb, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, Glu, Ure, Cre, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg++,
 TP, Alb, ALP, γ-GT, Amylase, Fibrinogen, PT, aPTT, INR, CRP, PCT, LBP)

 5.4 Postoperative follow-up

 Follow-up evaluation will be performed in every VAC dressing changes while hospitalized in
 ICU until laparostomy final closure or patient decease. The following information will be
 recorded for all patients in every change:

 1. Assessment of peritoneal cavity

 2. Sofa score

 3. Peritoneal fluid culture

 4. blood serum sample (at change): (WBC, Ht, Hb, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, Glu, Ure, Cre, K+, Na+,
 Ca2+, Mg++, TP, Alb, ALP, γ-GT, Amylase, Fibrinogen, PT, aPTT, INR, CRP, PCT, LBP)

 5. blood serum sample (at change): IL 1α, IL 1β, IL6, IL8, IL12, IL 10, IL 18, INF-γ,
 TNF-α, PGF-B, PAF, FGF-β, C5q, C3q, ICAM-I (CD54), spectalkine, CCL6.

 6. Peritoneal sample (at change): IL 1α, IL 1β, IL6, IL8, IL12, IL 10, IL 18, INF-γ, TNF-α,
 PGF-B, PAF, FGF-β, C5q, C3q, ICAM-I (CD54), spectalkine, CCL6.

 7. Re- operations:

 8. Date of re-operation:

 9. Re-procedure description :

 10. Date of permanent abdominal wall closure:

 11. Successful primary abdominal closure: YES NO

 12. Type of closure:

 13. Duration of open abdomen:

 14. Number of VAC dressing changes:

 15. Death: YES NO

 16. Date of death:

 17. Duration of ICU stay:

 18. Date of ICU discharge:

 19. Duration of hospitalization:

 20. Date of discharge:

 21. Final patient outcome:

 22. Comments

 5.5 Blood and peritoneal fluid sampling protocol Blood sample will draw from an indwelling
 arterial line (10ml) in every VAC dressing change. Aspiration of 5 ml of peritoneal fluid
 from the Douglas space will be carried out with a syringe prior the lavage. Blood samples
 allow clotting in glass tubes in room temperature. Peritoneal sample collect in glass tubes.
 Both blood and peritoneal samples will be centrifuged and the resulting serum will be stored
 at -70o until processing.

 5.6 Bacteriological sampling and cultures At initial explorative laparotomy an aspiration of
 5 ml of fluid from the Douglas space will be carried out with a syringe. The sample will be
 emptied into a rubber membrane-sealed sterile glass tube and will be transported immediately
 to the laboratory, where it will be directly processed. The same process will be repeated at
 each change of dressings. Moreover, in every VAC dressing change a piece of the polyurethane
 sponge will be sent in the microbiology department for detection of biofilm formation.

 5.7 Antimicrobic prophylactic regime According to the Greek national guidelines for the
 antimicrobic therapy, a second generation cephalosporin (750 mg) combined with metronidazole
 (500 mg) will be empirically used against community acquired peritonitis, 30 minutes prior to
 induction of anaesthesia. Against postoperative peritonitis, piperacillin-tazobactam (4.5 g)
 will be employed. The antibiotic schema will be later adjusted according to the peritoneal
 fluid culture.

 5.8 Control group Thirty patients without sepsis scheduled for major elective surgery will
 constitute the control group. Blood sample and peritoneal fluid sample will be obtained at
 the end of operation before abdominal closure. Subsequently, blood samples will be obtained
 at first and third postoperative day for serum plasma cytokines assessment.

 Inclusion criteria:

 1. Patient is over 18 years old

 2. Patient or relatives signs and dates a written informed consent form (ICF) and indicates
 an understanding of the study procedures

 Exclusion criteria:

 1. Patient is participating in another clinical trial which may affect this study's
 outcomes

 2. Patients with immune deficiency

 3. Documented seropositivity for human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS)

 4. Patient receiving steroids treatment for other medical condition

 5. Pre-existing parechymal liver disease ( Cirrhosis - Child-Pugh C)

 6. Pregnancy

 6.0 COMPLICATIONS AND ADVERSE EVENTS The coordinator is required to notify the Ethics
 Committee according to regulations and requirements.

 Serious Adverse Events include:

 1. Death regardless of cause

 2. Any-life-threatening event

 3. Any re-hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization

 4. Any event that results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity to the
 patient.

 7.0 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The objective of this study is: a) to assess the peritoneal immune
 response in patients with severe intra-abdominal sepsis, b) to compare the serum plasma
 cytokines values in patients with severe intra-abdominal sepsis with the corresponding values
 in the peritoneal fluid and c) to compare the cytokines values in serum plasma and peritoneal
 fluid between patients with severe intra-abdominal sepsis and patients without sepsis
 underwent major elective laparotomy.

 Statistical analysis included description of these pre-operative intraoperative and
 postoperative outcomes, and indication of patient characteristics associated with these
 outcomes.

 In order to efficiently compare the results in patients with severe intra-abdominal sepsis, a
 control group without sepsis underwent major abdominal surgery was employed (Group A=sepsis
 and Group B=elective surgery).

 Since the study does not have pre-specified hypotheses all statistical analyses are
 exploratory and interpretation of results should be within this context.

 8.0 DATA MONITORING PLAN The coordinator will monitor all data accrual. Furthermore, the
 coordinator will review the progress of the clinical trial including safety data and ensure
 as possible that it is conducted, recorded and reported in accordance with the protocol, good
 clinical practice and the applicable regulatory requirements.

 9.0 DATA CONFIDENTIALITY Each patient ill be identified by his/her initials and a unique
 patient identification number. Source data will be stored with source documents. Only
 personnel responsible for collecting data and transcribing it into the case report forms will
 have access to the data. Records will remain on site in secure areas.

 10.0 FUNDING No additional funding for the execution of the present protocol is necessary.
 The investigators are willing to execute the present study without any additional
 reimbursement.

 11.0 ETHICS Prior to study institution review board (IRB) approval should be obtained. Any
 changes in the study protocol, informed consent forms, or investigator must be re-approved by
 the IRB. All patients enrolled in the study will provide their consent prior to entering the
 study. An informed consent form shall be signed and dated by the patient. The investigator
 will retain the forms as part of the study records.

 This study will be executed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, in agreement with
 the guidelines for conducting a clinical investigation in accordance with the principles of
 ICH GCP outlined in the E6 document. By signing the present protocol, participants in the
 study commit themselves to carry it out in accordance with local legal requirements.

 12.0 INFORMED CONSENT

 All eligible patients or the closest relatives should have the capacity to provide an
 informed consent.

 The above described inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to ensure the entry of the
 appropriate population of patients to this study and will be approved by the local IRB.
 Screening for these criteria will be conducted by the coordinator.

 Eligible patients or the closest relatives will be educated about the research proposal by a
 study investigator. To determine whether the patient or the relatives has understood the
 issues, he/she will be asked to describe what the research entails and whether they have any
 questions. All questions will be addressed prior to enrolment. The patient or his legal
 representative can refuse participation in the study at any time.

 A written informed consent form will be generated. For each patient, a case report form (CRF)
 will be completed, providing general medical information and history.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Patient > 18 years old

 2. 30 patients with severe abdominal sepsis in order to form the study group and 30
 patients without sepsis undergoing major elective surgery (middle line incision >15cm)
 to form the control group.

 3. Patient or relatives signs and dates a written informed consent form (ICF) and
 indicates an understanding of the study procedures

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Patient's Manheim Peritonitis Score < 29

 2. Patient's pre-operative SOFA score < 6

 3. The use of other temporary abdominal closure system

 4. Decease before the first VAC dressing change

 5. Patient is participating in another clinical trial which may affect this study's
 outcomes

 6. Patients with immune deficiency

 7. Documented seropositivity for human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS)

 8. Patient receiving steroids treatment for other medical condition

 9. Patient receiving chronic anti-inflammatory treatment

 10. Patient receiving anti- TNF treatment

 11. Pre-existing parechymal liver disease ( Cirrhosis - Child-Pugh C)

 12. Pregnancy