Endotoxin and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Non-Smokers and Current Smokers Including Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Endotoxin and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Non-Smokers and Current Smokers Including Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
The primary aim of this study is to investigate the effects of inhaled lipopolysaccharide
 endotoxin (LPS) on bronchial and alveolar exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and NO metabolites and
 other inflammatory markers and mediators in exhaled breath condensate, induced sputum, nasal
 lavage and mouthwash fluid in healthy non-smokers and current smokers, including patients
 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Healthy non-smokers: normal spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]
 more than or equal to 90% predicted) and normal exhaled NO (between 8 and 24 ppb; flow
 50 ml/s)

 -  0: At risk (current or ex-smokers): normal spirometry, with or without chronic
 symptoms (cough, sputum production)

 -  I-II: Mild-moderate COPD

 -  FEV1 reversibility of < 15% after inhaled beta2-agonists

 -  FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 70% predicted

 -  FEV1 between greater than or equal to 50% and less than 80%

 -  With or without chronic symptoms (cough, sputum production)

 -  Able to comprehend and grant a written informed consent

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Concomitant use or pre-treatment within the last 4 weeks with oral steroids

 -  Respiratory infection within 4 weeks prior to entry into the trial

 -  Females who are pregnant or lactating

 -  History of current or past drug or alcohol abuse