Improving Outcomes in Patients With Kidney Disease Due to Diabetes
Improving Outcomes in Patients With Kidney Disease Due to Diabetes
Kidney disease affects about one out of three people with diabetes mellitus, a common medical
 problem. Treatment of kidney disease with medications that lower blood pressure can slow the
 kidney disease but there is no known cure. This study is designed to test the hypothesis that
 certain combination-based blood pressure lowering regimens (of FDA approved medications) are
 better than single agent-based regimens for lowering blood pressure and further slowing or
 preventing progression of this incurable disease
The long-range objective of this project is to prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy,
 the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In most patients diabetic nephropathy
 progresses inexorably to ESRD despite inhibition of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system
 with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor
 blockers (ARBs). The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) recruit a multiethnic cohort
 of 78 young adults (ages 20-40) with type 1 (n=36) or type 2 (n=36) diabetes and overt
 nephropathy (defined as a urine albumin/creatinine ratio > 300 mg albumin/g creatinine) and
 randomize in a double blind fashion to a control group consisting of ACEI-based therapy alone
 (ramipril 40 mg once daily) or one of two experimental groups: a) ACEI + ARB (ramipril 40 mg
 once daily plus losartan 100 mg once daily) or b) ACEI + mineralocorticoid receptor
 antagonist (MRA) (ramipril 40 mg once daily plus spironolactone 25 mg once daily); 2) conduct
 a 12-month prospective study to determine if proteinuria is reduced to a greater extent when
 either the ARB or MRA is added to ACEi-based therapy. This study is powered to detect a 30%
 greater reduction in 24-hour urine albumin/creatinine ratio in either experimental group
 versus control (alpha = 0.05, beta=0.10, repeated measures analysis of variance). Secondary
 endpoints to be examined include: (a) serum potassium and creatinine to assess safety, (b)
 TGF-beta, as a surrogate marker for ongoing renal injury, (c) plasma renin activity,
 angiotensin II and aldosterone levels and (d) plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition; and
 3) perform repeated ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to examine the renoprotective
 effect of the 3 different regimens at comparable 24-hour BP of < 125/75 mmHg. The
 deliverables include: 1) documentation of the safety of maximal dose combination therapy; 2)
 the feasibility of utilizing 24-hr ABPM to establish BP independent renoprotective effects of
 specific antihypertensive therapies; and 3) provide preliminary data for future large-scale
 studies to test efficacy and safety of combining ACEi with MRA therapy on renal outcomes.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Adult male and female subjects aged 20-65 of all ethnic backgrounds.

 -  Type I diabetes mellitus defined as sudden onset of insulin requiring diabetes prior
 to age 20 and at least 5 years duration

 -  Type 2 diabetes mellitus defined as onset > 20 years of age and treatment with oral
 hypoglycemic agent and/or insulin and increased C-peptide level.

 -  Seated SBP > 130 mmHg documented at one screening visit or treated SBP < 130 mmHg with
 a documented history of SBP > 130 mmHg on more than one previous occasion

 -  Proteinuria defined as a 24-hour urine albumin/creatinine ratio > 300 mg/g while on an
 ACE inhibitor with or without non-ARB, non-aldosterone antagonist treatment

 -  Ongoing treatment (> 3 months) with an ACE inhibitor or ARB with or without additional
 antihypertensive therapy (e.g. CCB, a-blocker, b-blocker, clonidine).

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  BMI > 45 kg/m2

 -  Baseline serum creatinine > 3.0 mg/dl in females and > 4.0 mg/dl in males or
 creatinine clearance <20 ml/min estimated by Cockcroft-Gault equation (based on age,
 fasting serum creatinine concentration and ideal body weight in kilograms).

 -  Secondary cause of kidney disease other than diabetic nephropathy

 -  Serum potassium concentration >5.5 mEq/L on ACE inhibitor therapy 7-10 days prior to
 randomization

 -  Poorly controlled diabetes, i.e. HgbA1C > 11 mg/dl 7-10 days prior to randomization

 -  History of allergy to iothalamate or history of renal failure due to contrast
 nephropathy

 -  Stroke or myocardial infarction within the preceding 12 months prior to randomization

 -  Coronary revascularization procedure within past 6 months

 -  Clinically apparent congestive heart failure defined as clinical signs of heart
 failure or an ejection fraction of < 40% (and/or depressed LV systolic function by
 echocardiogram).

 -  Terminal disease including cancer and AIDS

 -  Documented increase in serum creatinine > 50% of baseline within 3 months prior to the
 run-in period

 -  Renal disease known or in the opinion of the investigator caused by a condition other
 than diabetes

 -  Known adverse reaction to study medications including ACE inhibitors, ARB and
 spironolactone

 -  History of chronic or intermittent gross hematuria

 -  Spontaneous 24-hour urine sodium excretion rate exceeding 350 mEq/day

 -  AST or ALT greater than 2.5 the upper limit of normal for the laboratory

 -  Pregnancy

 -  History of autoimmune disease, connective tissue disease or multiple drug allergies

 -  Anticipated need for renal replacement therapy within 12 months Inclusion criteria for
 normal subjects

 -  Adult male and female subjects aged 20-65 of all ethnic backgrounds Exclusion criteria
 for normal subjects

 -  Chronic medical conditions, including but not limited to diabetes mellitus,
 hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and hyperlipidemia.

 -  Use of medications for antihypertensive

 -  Inability to follow study protocol for any reason