Sorafenib in Treating Young Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Solid Tumors or Leukemia
Sorafenib in Treating Young Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Solid Tumors or Leukemia
This phase I/II trial is studying the side effects and best dose of sorafenib in treating
 young patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors or leukemia. Sorafenib may stop the
 growth of cancer cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth and by blocking
 blood flow to the cancer.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

 I. Determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase II dose of sorafenib in
 pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors.

 II. Determine whether pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia can tolerate
 the MTD of sorafenib for solid tumors.

 III. Determine the tolerability, active N-oxide metabolite, pharmacodynamics, and activity of
 sorafenib a the MTD in a subset of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and FLT3-ITD
 mutation.

 IV. Determine the toxicities of this drug in these patients. V. Determine the
 pharmacokinetics of this drug in these patients.

 SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

 I. Determine, preliminarily, the antitumor activity of this drug within the confines of a
 phase I trial.

 II. Assess the biologic effect of sorafenib on circulating endothelial cells (CEC),
 circulating CEC precursors (CECP), VEGF, and VEGF-2 in peripheral blood.

 III. Assess the gene expression, proteomic profile, and ERK phosphorylation in blasts of
 patients with refractory leukemia treated with this regimen.

 IV. Assess the effect of sorafenib on solid tumor vascularity and tumor blood flow using
 dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DEMRI) in patients with measurable soft tissue tumors.

 V. Analyze tumor samples and leukemic blasts for the presence of ras, raf, or FLT3
 (leukemias) mutations.

 VI. Analyze the plasma inhibitory activity for FLT3 phosphorylation in peripheral blood of
 patients with AML and FLT3-ITD mutation.

 VII. Determine the tolerability, pharmacokinetics of sorafenib and sorafenib?s active N-oxide
 metabolite, pharmacodynamics, and activity of sorafenib administered at the MTD for
 refractory leukemias in a subset of patients with AML and FLT3-ITD mutation.

 VIII. Analyze the plasma inhibitory activity for FLT3 phosphorylation in peripheral blood
 samples obtained at the time of PK studies in patients with FLT3-ITD mutation AML.

 OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to
 diagnosis (malignant solid tumor vs leukemia).

 STRATUM I(REFRACTORY SOLID TUMOR PATIENTS): Patients receive oral sorafenib twice daily on
 days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 24 courses in the absence of disease
 progression or unacceptable toxicity. Cohorts of 3-6 patients receive escalating doses of
 sorafenib until the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) is determined. The MTD is defined as the
 dose preceding that at which 2 of 3 or 2 of 6 patients experience dose-limiting toxicity
 (DLT). Once the MTD is determined, up to 6 additional patients under 12 years of age may be
 treated at the MTD. The MTD dose level is also expanded to enroll up to 6 patients with
 refractory leukemia.

 STRATUM II (REFRACTORY LEUKEMIA PATIENTS): A cohort of 3-6 patients with leukemia receives
 treatment as in stratum 1 at the MTD determined in stratum 1. If 2 of 3 or 2 of 6 patients
 experience a DLT at the solid tumor MTD, sorafenib is reduced by one dose level. The leukemia
 MTD is defined as the dose at which < 1/3 of patients experience DLT during course 1 of
 treatment.

 STRATUM III (ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND FLT3-ITD MUTATION PATIENTS): Patients receive
 sorafenib as in stratum 1 at the MTD determined in stratum 2. Patients undergo blood sample
 collection for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (in leukemia blasts only), circulating
 endothelial cells (CEC), circulating CEC precursors (CECP), VEGF and VEGF-2 , gene
 expression, proteomic profile, ERK phosphorylation, and FLT3 phosphorylation activity. Tumor
 tissue samples may also be analyzed for the presence of ras, raf, or FLT3.

 After completion of study treatment, patients are followed periodically.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Diagnosis of 1 of the following:

 -  Histologically confirmed malignant solid tumor at original diagnosis or relapse

 -  Measurable or evaluable disease by CT scan or MRI

 -  Histologically confirmed leukemia, including 1 of the following:

 -  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

 -  Greater than 25% blasts in the bone marrow (M3 bone marrow)

 -  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

 -  Greater than 25% blasts in the bone marrow (M3 bone marrow)

 -  AML and FLT3-ITD mutation

 -  Patients must have ? 5% blasts in the bone marrow

 -  Active extramedullary disease (except leptomeningeal disease) allowed

 -  Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) meeting the following criteria:

 -  Peripheral blood monocytosis > 1,000/mm^3

 -  Blasts (including promonocytes) are < 20% of the WBCs in the blood and
 of the nucleated bone marrow cells

 -  No Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) or BCR/ABL fusion gene

 -  Has ? 2 of the following additional diagnostic criteria:

 -  Hemoglobin F increased for age

 -  Immature granulocytes in the peripheral blood

 -  WBC > 10,000/mm^3

 -  Clonal chromosomal abnormality (e.g., may be monosomy 7)

 -  Sargramostim (GM-CSF) hypersensitivity of myeloid progenitors in
 vitro

 -  Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis

 -  Greater than 25% blasts in the bone marrow (M3 bone marrow)

 -  Patients with Ph-positive CML must be refractory to imatinib mesylate

 -  Relapsed or refractory disease

 -  Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) must be refractory to treatment
 with tretinoin and arsenic trioxide

 -  Standard curative therapies or therapies proven to prolong survival with an acceptable
 quality of life do not exist

 -  Active extramedullary disease, except active leptomeningeal leukemia, allowed

 -  No brain tumors or known brain metastases

 -  Karnofsky performance status (PS) 50-100% (for patients > 10 years of age)

 -  Lansky PS 50-100% (for patients ? 10 years of age)

 -  Patients with solid tumors must have adequate bone marrow function, as defined by the
 following:

 -  Absolute neutrophil count ? 1,000/mm^3

 -  Platelet count ? 75,000/mm^3 (transfusion independent)

 -  Hemoglobin ? 8.0 g/dL (red blood cell [RBC] transfusions allowed)

 -  Patients with leukemia may have abnormal blood counts but must meet the following
 criteria:

 -  Platelet count ? 20,000/mm^3 (platelet transfusions allowed)

 -  Hemoglobin ? 8.0 g/L (RBC transfusions allowed)

 -  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia and FLT3-ITD mutation

 -  Platelet count ? 20,000/mm^3

 -  Lipase and amylase normal

 -  Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate ? 70 mL/min OR
 creatinine normal based on age as follows:

 -  No greater than 0.8 mg/dL (for patients 5 years of age and under)

 -  No greater than 1.0 mg/dL (for patients 6-10 years of age)

 -  No greater than 1.2 mg/dL (for patients 11-15 years of age)

 -  No greater than 1.5 mg/dL (for patients over 15 years of age)

 -  Patients with solid tumors must meet the following criteria:

 -  Bilirubin normal for age

 -  ALT normal for age (for the purpose of this study, the upper limit of normal
 [ULN] for ALT is 45 ?/L)

 -  Serum albumin ? 2 g/dL

 -  Patients with leukemia must meet the following criteria:

 -  Bilirubin (sum of conjugated + unconjugated) ? 1.5 times ULN for age

 -  ALT ? 5.0 times ULN for age (? 225 ?/L) (for the purpose of this study, the ULN
 for ALT is 45 ?/L)

 -  Serum albumin ? 2 g/dL

 -  Albumin ? 2 g/dL

 -  PT, PTT, and INR normal (for patients on prophylactic anticoagulation)

 -  No evidence of dyspnea at rest

 -  No exercise intolerance

 -  Pulse oximetry >94% on room air, if there is clinical indication for determination

 -  Diastolic blood pressure ? the 95th percentile for age and gender (height included for
 AML and FLT3-ITD mutation patients)

 -  Not pregnant or nursing

 -  Negative pregnancy test

 -  Fertile patients must use effective contraception

 -  No uncontrolled infection

 -  Able to swallow tablets

 -  No evidence of bleeding diathesis

 -  No other medical condition or situation that would preclude study compliance

 -  No known Gilbert syndrome

 -  Fully recovered from prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy (for patients
 with solid tumors)

 -  Recovered from the non-hematologic toxic effects of all prior therapy (for patients
 with leukemia)

 -  Recovered from acute non-hematologic toxic effects of all prior anti-cancer
 chemotherapy (for patients with AML and FLT3-ITD mutation)

 -  At least 7 days since prior hematopoietic growth factors

 -  At least 7 days since prior biologic agents

 -  At least 2 weeks since prior local palliative radiotherapy (small port)

 -  At least 3 months since prior total-body irradiation, craniospinal radiotherapy, or
 radiation to ? 50% of the pelvis

 -  At least 6 weeks since other prior substantial bone marrow radiation (e.g., skull,
 spine, pelvis, ribs)

 -  At least 3 months since prior stem cell transplantation or rescue (for patients with
 solid tumors)

 -  No evidence of active graft-vs-host disease

 -  At least 3 months since prior myeloablative therapy followed by bone marrow or stem
 cell transplantation (for patients with leukemia)

 -  At least 3 weeks since prior myelosuppressive chemotherapy (6 weeks for nitrosoureas)
 (for patients with solid tumors)

 -  At least 24 hours since prior nitrosoureas (for patients with AML and FLT3-ITD
 mutation)

 -  At least 2 weeks since prior chemotherapy (for patients with leukemia)

 -  At least 3 weeks since prior monoclonal antibody therapy

 -  No prior sorafenib

 -  No other concurrent investigational drugs

 -  No other concurrent anticancer agents or therapies, including chemotherapy,
 radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or biologic therapy

 -  Concurrent maintenance-like chemotherapy for patients with AML and FLT3-ITD
 mutation allowed

 -  No concurrent administration of any of the following:

 -  Cytochrome P450 enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (e.g., phenytoin,
 carbamazepine, or phenobarbital)

 -  Rifampin

 -  Grapefruit juice

 -  Hypericum perforatum (St. John wort)

 -  No concurrent therapeutic anticoagulation

 -  Concurrent prophylactic anticoagulation (e.g., low-dose warfarin) of venous or
 arterial access devices allowed provided the requirements for PT, INR, or PTT are
 met