Non-inferiority of Pharmacological Prevention Alone Versus Pancreatic Stents to Prevent Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
Non-inferiority of Pharmacological Prevention Alone Versus Pancreatic Stents to Prevent Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is the most important complication of ERCP. The severity of this condition
 varies from mild to severe and can lead to prolonged hospitalization, surgical interventions,
 and even death. Several patient-related and procedure related factors have been identified
 that are associated with a higher risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. So far, several methods
 have been proposed to avoid pancreatitis in patients at higher risk of this complication.

 Several studies have shown that different drug therapies (indomethacin suppository, a
 sublingual nitrate tablet and the administration of intravenous Ringer's solution) each may
 reduce the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis. All these drug therapies are safe, cheap and
 easy to administer.

 Several other studies have shown that pancreatic duct stenting (placement of a plastic tube
 in the pancreatic duct) is an effective intervention in preventing and reducing the severity
 of post-ERCP pancreatitis, especially in high-risk groups. However, there are still a few
 drawbacks to consider with pancreatic duct stenting: there are some difficulties with
 insertion of a PD stent, it is associated with a need for radiological follow-up and/or
 repeat endoscopy for removal, higher cost and a small but important risk of complications
 (e.g. stent migration).

 Most of the clinical trials of pancreatic duct stenting were performed, before the results of
 trials of drug therapies were available. Moreover, no RCT (to the investigators knowledge)
 has compared the efficacy of pancreatic duct stenting in patients who already received a
 combination of drug therapies to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients. The
 purpose of this study is to determine the noninferiority of a combination of drug therapies
 in relation to pancreatic duct stenting to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk
 patients.
Inclusion Criteria:

 Patients at high risk of post-ERCP Pancreatitis undergoing ERCP are eligible to enter the
 study. At least one major or two minor criteria must be present for the patient to be
 considered at high risk for PEP:

 Major

 -  Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.

 -  History of previous PEP.

 -  Pancreatic injection.

 -  Precut sphincterotomy.

 -  Balloon sphincter dilation without sphincterotomy.

 -  Pancreatic guidewire passages > 1.

 Minor

 -  Female patients aged<60 years.

 -  Nondilated common bile duct (CBD).

 -  Normal serum bilirubin (<2mg/dl).

 -  Failure to clear bile duct stones.

 -  Failed cannulation.

 -  Difficult cannulation (Time to CBD cannulation more than 10 min or more than five
 attempts at cannulation).

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Age younger than 15 years.

 -  History of sphincterotomy.

 -  Surgically altered anatomy (Billroth II gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y anastomosis).

 -  Uncontrolled coagulopathy.

 -  Tumor of ampulla of Vater.

 -  Those undergoing routine biliary-stent exchange.

 -  Acute pancreatitis at the time of ERCP.

 -  Chronic pancreatitis.

 -  Regular NSAID use during preceding week.

 -  Unable to tolerate indomethacin (Creatinine level >1.4 mg/dL or active peptic ulcer
 disease).

 -  Unable to tolerate nitrates (closed-angle glaucoma).

 -  Unable to tolerate aggressive hydration (cardiac insufficiency: NYHA FC II or higher,
 renal insufficiency, electrolyte disturbances, clinical signs of fluid overload
 including peripheral or pulmonary edema, liver dysfunction with varix>F1, or
 respiratory insufficiency).

 -  Patients requiring pancreatic duct drainage: to bridge dominant strictures, bypass
 obstructing pancreatic duct stones, drain pseudocysts, seal duct disruptions,
 pancreatic head cancer with main PD obstruction, IPMN or Pancreas divisum.

 -  Known main pancreatic duct stricture toward the head of pancreas.

 -  Pregnancy or breastfeeding.

 -  Refusal to participate in the study.