Morphine in Acute Abdominal Pain
Morphine in Acute Abdominal Pain
The investigators primary outcome measure was the clinically important change in diagnostic
 accuracy and physical examination in the morphine vs. placebo group. After follow up
 information was obtained and patients data were recorded on the SPSS data chart, two blinded
 coauthors (general surgeon and emergency physician) determined the clinically important
 diagnostic accuracy and change in physical examination. They firstly defined clinically
 important diagnostic errors, as any disagreement between the preliminary and final diagnosis
 that might be expected to have adverse effect on the patient's general status. If coauthors
 decided an instance of diagnostic error as clinically important, this was coded "diagnostic
 discordance" for statistical analysis. While the preliminary diagnosis was determined as
 accurate or not different from the final diagnosis, this was coded "diagnostic accuracy" for
 statistical analysis. Secondary outcome measures included the need for rescue drugs at 30
 minutes, the presence of at least one adverse event, demographic features and final diagnosis
 of the patients.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Elderly (65 years or older) patients with non-traumatic UAP of less than 48 hours'
 duration were included in the study. Participants were required to have a UAP and
 report either "mild" or greater pain intensity on a four-point verbal rating scale
 (VRS) or at least 20 mm on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS).

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Exclusion criteria included known allergy or contraindication to morphine, or any
 opioid analgesic

 -  Hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm-Hg)

 -  Use of any analgesic within 6 hours before ED presentation

 -  Patients refused to participate to the study

 -  Incooperated to the VAS

 -  Isolated flank pain or previous study enrollment

 -  Patients with known renal, pulmonary, cardiac or hepatic failure were also excluded.