Expectation and Response to Levodopa and Acupuncture in Parkinson's Disease
Expectation and Response to Levodopa and Acupuncture in Parkinson's Disease
To investigate how levodopa and acupuncture affect fatigue and muscle function in people who
 suffer from Parkinson's disease. Subjects may choose to participate in levodopa or
 acupuncture part, or both. Study procedures include an exercise protocol, transcranial
 magnetic stimulation (a non-invasive type of brain stimulation that cause small muscle
 twitch), a blood draw, and personality surveys.
Subjects will answer surveys, have their blood drawn, undergo TMS and perform an exercise.
 The TMS/exercise task will measure fatigue and muscle response. The surveys will describe
 personality and measure fatigue. The CTRC will do genotype studies on the blood to look for
 genetic differences. Each subject is eligible to receive both study treatment types (levodopa
 and acupuncture). Depending upon the study treatment type they choose, each subject will be
 randomly assigned to one of six possible subject groups:

 Ia. Full expectancy; levodopa: Subjects will be told that they are taking levodopa.

 Ib. Half expectancy; levodopa: Subjects will be told that they have 50% chance of receiving
 levodopa or placebo.

 Ic. No expectancy; levodopa: Subjects will be told that they are receiving placebo levodopa.

 IIa. Full expectancy; acupuncture: Subjects will be told that they are receiving real
 acupuncture.

 IIb. Half expectancy; acupuncture: Subjects will be told that they have 50% chance of
 receiving real or sham-acupuncture.

 IIc. No expectancy; acupuncture: Subjects will be told that they are receiving
 sham-acupuncture.

 Subjects will attend four visits for the levodopa part and/or three visits in the acupuncture
 part. On the first visit, subjects will answer questionnaires and have samples of their blood
 collected. On the other visits, subjects will undergo TMS while they perform a repetitive
 exercise task. Subjects will then either wait for 30 minutes or receive the investigative
 intervention that they have been randomly assigned for that particular visit, and then repeat
 the TMS/exercise task.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

 -  Able to withdraw Parkinson's disease medication for 12 hours prior to a study visit

 -  Must be currently using levodopa to qualify for the levodopa part of the study

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  History of seizures

 -  Presence of any metal in the body, including DBS stimulators, pacemakers, metal plates
 or pins

 -  Severe cognitive deficits or psychosis

 -  Evidence of any clinically unstable disease, such as cancer, HIV/AIDS; unstable heart
 condition or other conditions that might require hospitalization

 -  Evidence of another neurological disease, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic
 lateral sclerosis, or Huntington's disease