Effects of Roflumilast in Hospitalized Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease( COPD) on Mortality and Re-hospitalization
Effects of Roflumilast in Hospitalized Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease( COPD) on Mortality and Re-hospitalization
Background: COPD exacerbations add considerably to patients' burden because they: (1) cause
 frequent hospital admissions and relapses or readmissions, (2) contribute directly to the
 death of many patients, either during hospitalization or shortly thereafter, (3) cause
 patients significant stress, prolonged physical discomfort, disability and dramatically
 reduced quality of life, (4) consume the majority of the resources available to manage this
 chronic condition, (5) frequently progress to a severe stage warranting hospitalization
 before any abortive treatment is instituted, and (6) may hasten the progressive loss of lung
 function, a steady decline that is a cardinal feature of COPD itself. Hence, investigations
 of new therapies to treat COPD patients who are hospitalized with a severe exacerbation are
 desperately needed.

 Objective: To test the feasibility of roflumilast to decrease all cause readmission and
 mortality 180 days after hospitalization for acute COPD exacerbation.

 Methods: Parallel-group, prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of
 roflumilast 500 ug daily vs. placebo in approximately 100 hospitalized AECOPD patients.
 Inclusion Criteria. Primary diagnosis of AECOPD; admission to the hospital <12 hours; patient
 age >40, < 80 years old; cigarette smoking > 10 pack-years. Exclusion Criteria. Prior
 diagnosis or high suspicion for asthma; pulmonary edema, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease
 or significant bronchiectasis; intubated and mechanically ventilated at the time of
 evaluation; active liver disease, or transaminase elevations (> 3xULN); history of heavy
 ethanol use; history of suicidal behavior ≤ 2 years or suicidal ideation ≤ 6 months prior to
 enrollment; pregnant or lactating females. Those on the following excluded medications: P450
 inducers and CYP3A4 inhibitors or dual inhibitors that inhibit both CYP3A4 and CYP1A2
 simultaneously
Background :Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) afflicts 24 million US residents and
 is the 3th leading cause of death in the United States. Each year, 150,000 patients die from
 COPD in the U.S. or about one patient every 4 minutes. Health care costs for COPD patients in
 the US is approximately $6.5 billion/ year, but its indirect costs probably double the costs
 of care when taking into account lost productivity and caretaker expenses. COPD exacerbations
 add considerably to that burden because they: (1) cause frequent hospital admissions and
 relapses or readmissions, (2) contribute directly to the death of many patients, either
 during hospitalization or shortly thereafter, (3) cause patients significant stress,
 prolonged physical discomfort, disability and dramatically reduced quality of life, (4)
 consume the majority of the resources available to manage this chronic condition, (5)
 frequently progress to a severe stage warranting hospitalization before any abortive
 treatment is instituted, and (6) may hasten the progressive loss of lung function, a steady
 decline that is a cardinal feature of COPD itself.

 Hospitalized exacerbations result in a profound impact on patient survival, function,
 symptoms and health status as well as costs. Re-hospitalization in COPD is frequent and
 associated with a particularly negative impact. Patients discharged from the hospital after a
 COPD exacerbation have a high mortality and are frequently readmitted with recurrent
 exacerbations. Although a number of pharmacologic and behavioral interventions have been used
 to decrease exacerbations in COPD, it is not clear that these same interventions are
 successful in reducing hospital admission rates or re-admission rates. Except for the use of
 noninvasive ventilation in patients that present in acute respiratory failure during COPD
 hospitalization, no new therapies have been discovered in the last 3 decades.

 A. Specific Aims: In this pilot proposal, we will test the feasibility of roflumilast to
 decrease all cause readmission and mortality 180 days after hospitalization for acute COPD
 exacerbation. We propose to conduct this study in 100 patients at three centers to assess the
 tolerance and treatment effect of roflumilast in order to power an appropriate definitive
 phase III multicenter trial.

 B. Study Design and Synopsis: Parallel-group, prospective, randomized, double blind,
 placebo-controlled trial of roflumilast 500 ug daily vs. placebo in approximately 100
 hospitalized AECOPD patients. Both groups will receive GOLD guideline-recommended care.

 Patients hospitalized with AECOPD will be eligible for enrollment ≤ 12 hours after admission.
 Demographics, blood tests, health related quality of life, comorbidity (Deyo-Charlson index),
 post bronchodilator spirometry, vital signs, dyspnea measured by MMRC, SaO2 and amount of
 inspired O2 to maintain SaO2> 90% at rest, serum fibrinogen levels, HBA1c, Biomarkers and
 Genetics will be obtained after enrollment and then patients will be randomized to standard
 AECOPD care plus roflumilast 500 ug daily vs. placebo. Patients will begin roflumilast or
 placebo < 12 hours of hospitalization for a total period of 180 days post enrollment. On
 discharge day (approximately day 3-4 after admission based on the recent COPD CRN zileuton
 study of hospitalized AECOPD), the measurements will be repeated as indicated (baseline
 measurements), with follow-up phone assessments at days 7, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 194 days post
 enrollment. An in-person clinical visit will be conducted at days 14 and 180 post
 randomization.

 Study will begin within 12 hours of patient's admission and last for 194 days. Baseline: Will
 occur within 12 hours of patient's admission to the hospital. Patients will have a medical
 history taken as well as smoking history. Patients will also be given a physical exam
 including vital signs. A spirometry test will also be performed. Women with the potential to
 become pregnant will be given a pregnancy test. Data will also be collected in regards to
 dyspnea scales, Deyo-Charlson index, and GOLD classification. Patients will complete a
 Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale to exclude patients with a history of suicidal
 behavior ≤ 2 years or suicidal ideation ≤ 6 months prior to enrollment Randomization:
 Patients will be randomized to one of two treatment groups. Randomization will be done using
 a randomized block design stratified by treatment center. One group will receive roflumilast
 500 mcg (Daliresp®) and the other will receive a placebo tablet. Patients will begin one of
 these treatment arms within 12 hours of hospitalization for a total period of 180 days post
 enrollment.

 Day of hospital discharge: A spirometry test will be performed and an adverse event
 assessment will be completed.

 Day 7: Phone Visit. Data collected includes: interim history, adverse events, vital status,
 and exacerbation history. During this telephone visit the study doctor or nurse coordinator
 will ask how the patient is feeling and if they have needed to visit the doctor or go to the
 emergency room or hospital since the last time they were contacted. They will be asked how
 well they are tolerating the study drug.

 Day 14: Clinic Visit. At this visit vital signs, C-SSRS test, interim history, adverse event
 assessment, vital status, and exacerbation history will be recorded. The following
 questionnaires will given: EQ-5D, the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the
 Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea score (MMRC).

 Days 30, 60, 90, & 120: Phone Visit. Data to be collected includes: interim history, adverse
 events assessments, vital status, and exacerbation history. During each of these telephone
 visits the study doctor or nurse coordinator will ask how the patient is feeling and if they
 have needed to visit the doctor or go to the emergency room or hospital since the last time
 they were contacted. They will be asked how well they are tolerating the study drug.

 Day 180: Clinic Visit. At this visit vital signs, C-SSRS test, interim history, adverse event
 assessment, vital status, and exacerbation history will be recorded. A spirometry test will
 be performed as well during this visit. The following questionnaires will given: EQ-5D, the
 St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the Modified Medical Research Council
 dyspnea score (MMRC).

 Day 194: Phone Visit. This phone call covers the wash out period for the study treatments.
 Data to be collected includes: interim history, adverse events assessments, vital status, and
 exacerbation history. During this telephone visits the study doctor or nurse coordinator will
 ask how the patient is feeling and if they have needed to visit the doctor or go to the
 emergency room or hospital since the last time they were contacted.

 All patients will receive standardized, optimized care for AECOPD. Nebulized albuterol (2.5
 mg in 0.5 ml, dilute to 3 ml NSS administered every 4-6 hours) and ipratropium bromide (0.5
 mg in 0.5 ml, diluted with 2.5 ml of saline administered every 6 hours) will be given. A
 14-day course of systemic steroids consisting of intravenous methylprednisolone 125 mg every
 6 hours for up to 72 hours, followed by once daily oral prednisone 60mg/day for days 4-7, 40
 mg prednisone days 8-11 and 20 mg prednisone days 12-14 will be provided. A 7-day course of
 antibiotics will be selected based on patient's medical allergy history and relevant culture
 data if available. Supplemental oxygen will be provided by route and dose to achieve maximum
 patient comfort and compliance to maintain a SaO2 > 92%. Noninvasive positive pressure
 ventilation will be utilized at the discretion of the treating physicians.

 Following oral administration, roflumilast is rapidly absorbed with a tmax of about 1 hour
 and an 80% bioavailability. Roflumilast is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 enzymes with
 N-oxide being the principal major metabolite. N-oxide has selectivity for the PDE4 isoenzyme
 and mainly accounts for roflumilast's in vivo bioactivity. No major interactions have been
 reported between roflumilast and other COPD medications.

 The present proposal is a pilot study designed to test the feasibility of a future project to
 be conducted in a multicenter trial in hospitalized patients. Determine the treatment effect
 of roflumilast as add-on therapy to decrease all cause readmission and mortality as a
 composite endpoint 180 days after randomization to roflumilast or matching placebo ≤ 12 hours
 after hospitalization for acute COPD exacerbation.

 The primary analysis for all study outcomes will be performed on an intention to treat basis.
 In the intention to treat approach, all subjects are analyzed in the group to which they were
 randomized, regardless of whether the assigned treatment was adhered to and regardless of
 whether there were any eligibility violations.

 Univariate descriptive statistics will be calculated for baseline parameters overall and by
 treatment group. For categorical outcomes, these will include the number percentage of
 subjects in each category. For continuous variables, these will include the mean and standard
 deviation for variables with approximately normal distributions and the median and 25th and
 75% percentiles for variables with skewed distributions.

 The primary outcome is time from randomization to a composite outcome of all cause
 re-hospitalization and all-cause mortality, whichever comes first. The primary analysis will
 be a log-ranked test and associated Kaplan-Meier plot, unadjusted for any covariates.
 Censoring will occur at the earliest date of any of the following occurrences, unless the
 subject has already experienced the primary outcome event:

 -  Lost to follow-up despite intensive efforts

 -  Subject or healthcare proxy withdrawal of consent

 -  180 days after randomization. 3. Analysis of secondary outcomes. Primary analysis of
 other time to event outcomes will be performed using unadjusted log rank tests that have
 associated Kaplan-Meier plots, similar to the primary analysis of the primary study
 outcome. Secondary analysis of these outcomes will use Cox regression to adjust for
 baseline subject factors (covariates) that are known to be associated with the outcome.

 The primary analyses of changes in continuous measures such as absolute and percent changes
 in spirometry and dyspnea scores, for example, will be analyzed using an analysis of
 covariance where change from baseline to a particular time period is the dependent variable.

 In this pilot proposal, the treatment effect of roflumilast vs. placebo to prolong the time
 to event of a combined endpoint of death or re-hospitalization will be assessed in an
 intention to treat manner. In a similar manner, the treatment effect of roflumilast vs.
 placebo to effect all of the secondary endpoints proposed to be measured in the pivotal phase
 III trial will also be measured (time to respiratory death or respiratory re-hospitalization
 during the 180 days post-randomization; rate of death or readmission at 30 days
 post-discharge; treatment failure; change in health status, change in FEV1, and dyspnea
 during the 180 days post-randomization; length of hospital stay during the index
 hospitalization; and the tolerance of roflumilast vs. placebo in hospitalized AECOPD).

 Because this is a pilot study the intent is to see if there is a signal that would justify a
 larger clinical trial. Therefore the significance level has been set to 0.1 and the power has
 been set at 0.7. A total of 100 patients will enter this two treatment parallel-design study.
 The probability is 70 percent that the study will detect a treatment difference at a two
 sided 10.0 percent significance level, if the true hazard ratio is 1.654. This is based on
 the assumption that the accrual period will be 36 months and the follow up period will be 6
 months and the median time to event is 8 months. The total number of events will be 73.
Inclusion Criteria:

 Primary diagnosis of AECOPD defined as acute increase in dyspnea, sputum volume, and/or
 sputum purulence without other identified cause; admission to the hospital <12 hours;
 patient age >40, < 80 years old; cigarette smoking > 10 pack-years; informed written
 consent.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 Prior diagnosis or high suspicion for asthma based on investigator judgment; pulmonary
 edema, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease or significant bronchiectasis based on
 admission chest x-ray; intubated and mechanically ventilated at the time of evaluation;
 active liver disease, or transaminase elevations (> 3xULN); history of alcoholism or heavy
 ethanol use; history of suicidal behavior ≤ 2 years or suicidal ideation ≤ 6 months prior
 to enrollment; pregnant or lactating females. Those on the following excluded medications:
 P450 inducers (e.g., rifampicin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin) and CYP3A4
 inhibitors or dual inhibitors that inhibit both CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 simultaneously (e.g.,
 erythromycin, ketoconazole, fluvoxamine, enoxacin, cimetidine.