Fiber Intake Among Children in Relation to Milk Type, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Iron Status: a Cross-sectional Study
Fiber Intake Among Children in Relation to Milk Type, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Iron Status: a Cross-sectional Study
Fiber as part of the plants can be provided through eating grains, fruits and vegetables. As
 source of fiber, exclusively breastfed infants do not need additional dietary fiber because
 breast-milk provides oligosaccharides to maintain the bulk for normal gastrointestinal
 movements together with gut probiotics. However, after the period of six months of exclusive
 breastfeeding, then complementary foods are the initial sources of fiber of children aged
 6-59 months diet, e.g. cereals, fruits and legumes should then be introduced. However,
 investigators should consider on the effect of plant foods as a non-haem iron food source
 that is less bioavailable for iron absorption. There are other dietary factors that inhibit
 iron bioavailability, i.e. phytates in grains and rice, vegetables protein, calcium and
 phosphorus in cow's milk and cheese. iron deficiency is remained common globally, especially
 for children age 6-24 month in which it can developing into a severe condition, i.e. iron
 deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency as well as anemia is closely related to delay child growth
 and development, negatively associated with height-for-age, and anemia are at risk for poorer
 cognitive, motor, social-emotional, and neurophysiologic development in the short- and
 long-term outcome. The aim of this study is to see the association between fiber intake from
 different type of milk consumption sources and dietary habits to gastrointestinal health,
 anemia and growth status among children aged 6-36 months.
This study is an observational cross-sectional study to get fiber intake profile among
 children aged 6-36 months in relation to cow's and non-cow's milk consumption,
 gastrointestinal symptoms, hemoglobin value and nutritional status. The participants in this
 study are children aged 6-36 months who are recruited from selected Puskesmas (Health Care
 Center) in Jakarta and Bandung after provided with informed consent from children's parents.
 To get proportion of low fiber intake with a degree of reliability 95% and significance level
 of 5%, then 400 subjects is needed as a minimal sample size in this study.

 The children's parents will be interviewed about socio-demographic characteristics of the
 subjects, gastrointestinal symptoms during the past two weeks using VAS (Visual Analogue
 Scale) on frequency of bowel movements in a week, parents's education, family income, and
 child's food intake. The children's weight and height will be measured and blood sample will
 be taken.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Children aged 6-36 months who are recruited from selected Puskesmas (Health Care
 Center) in Jakarta and Bandung after provided with informed consent from their parents

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Children who are seriously ill and/or need special medication