Sunitinib Malate in Treating Patients With Thyroid Cancer That Did Not Respond to Iodine I 131 and Cannot Be Removed by Surgery
Sunitinib Malate in Treating Patients With Thyroid Cancer That Did Not Respond to Iodine I 131 and Cannot Be Removed by Surgery
This phase II trial studies how well sunitinib malate works in treating patients with thyroid
 cancer that did not respond to iodine I 131 (radioactive iodine) and cannot be removed by
 surgery. Sunitinib malate may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes
 needed for cell growth and by blocking blood flow to the tumor.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

 I. Determine the response rate of single agent sunitinib (sunitinib malate) in patients with
 iodine refractory, unresectable well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) who have evidence
 of disease progression within 6 months of study enrollment.

 II. Determine the response rate of single agent sunitinib in patients with medullary thyroid
 cancer (MTC) who have evidence of disease progression within 6 months of study enrollment.

 III. Determine the toxicity, duration of response, progression free survival, and overall
 survival in patients with WDTC or MTC treated with single agent sunitinib.

 IV. Determine whether the presence of ret proto-oncogene (RET) gene rearrangements in
 patients with WDTC or RET mutations in patients with MTC predict response to sunitinib.

 V. Determine whether therapy with sunitinib affects phosphorylation of downstream RET
 effector, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (ERK), in WDTC and MTC tissue.

 VI. Determine whether specific germ-line polymorphisms in the RET gene are associated with
 favorable outcome in patients with WDTC treated with sunitinib.

 OUTLINE: Patients are assigned to 1 of 2 cohorts according to type of thyroid cancer
 (medullary vs well-differentiated).

 Patients receive sunitinib malate orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-28. Cycles repeat
 every 6 weeks in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

 After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up periodically for up to 2 years.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed papillary, follicular, or
 Hurthle cell carcinoma (cohort A) or medullary thyroid carcinoma (cohort B); their
 disease must have progressed despite treatment with iodine-131 therapy or they are not
 candidates for iodine-131 therapy and their disease cannot be completely removed by
 surgery; all patients with WDTC are expected to be on thyroxine suppression therapy

 -  Patients must have radiographically or biochemically measurable disease;
 radiographically measurable disease is defined as at least one lesion that can be
 accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as >=
 20 mm with conventional techniques or as >= 10 mm with spiral computed tomography (CT)
 scan; biochemically measurable disease is defined as an elevated thyroglobulin (WDTC
 patients) or calcitonin (MTC patients)

 -  Patients must have evidence of disease progression (objective growth of existing
 tumors or rising thyroglobulin or calcitonin levels) within the last 6 months

 -  Patients cannot have received prior receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors; patients
 cannot have received more than one prior chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease;
 patients cannot have received prior external beam radiation to the measured tumor
 constituting the target lesion(s)

 -  Life expectancy of greater than 12 weeks

 -  Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2 (Karnofsky >= 60%)

 -  Leukocytes >= 3,000/mcL

 -  Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL

 -  Platelets >= 100,000/mcL

 -  Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL

 -  Serum calcium =< 12.0 mg/dL

 -  Total serum bilirubin within normal institutional limits

 -  Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
 [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT])
 =< 2.5 X institutional upper limit of normal OR =< 5 X institutional upper limit of
 normal if patient has liver metastases

 -  Creatinine within normal institutional limits OR creatinine clearance >= 60
 mL/min/1.73 m^2 for patients with creatinine levels above institutional normal

 -  Patients must have corrected QT interval (QTc) < 500 msec

 -  The following groups of patients are eligible provided they have New York Heart
 Association class II (NYHA) cardiac function on baseline echocardiogram
 (ECHO)/multigated acquisition scan (MUGA):

 -  Those with a history of class II heart failure who are asymptomatic on treatment

 -  Those with prior anthracycline exposure

 -  Those who have received central thoracic radiation that included the heart in the
 radiotherapy port

 -  The effects of sunitinib on the developing human fetus at the recommended therapeutic
 dose are unknown; for this reason and because antiangiogenic agents are known to be
 teratogenic, women of childbearing potential and men must agree to use adequate
 contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study
 entry and for the duration of study participation; all women of childbearing potential
 must have a negative pregnancy test prior to receiving sunitinib; should a woman
 become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she
 should inform her treating physician immediately

 -  Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients who have had chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 4 weeks (6 weeks for
 nitrosoureas or mitomycin C) prior to entering the study or those who have not
 recovered from adverse events due to agents administered more than 4 weeks earlier; at
 least 4 weeks must have elapsed since any major surgery

 -  Patients may not be receiving any other investigational agents

 -  Patients who have received prior treatment with any other antiangiogenic agent (e.g.,
 bevacizumab, sorafenib, pazopanib, AZD2171, PTK787, vascular endothelial growth factor
 [VEGF] Trap, etc.)

 -  History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic
 composition to sunitinib

 -  Patients with QTc prolongation (defined as a QTc interval equal to or greater than 500
 msec), serious ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular fibrillation or ventricular
 tachycardia greater than or equal to 3 beats in a row) or other significant
 electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities are excluded

 -  Patients with poorly controlled hypertension (systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or
 higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher) are ineligible

 -  Patients who require use of therapeutic doses of coumarin-derivative anticoagulants
 such as warfarin are excluded, although doses of up to 2 mg daily are permitted for
 prophylaxis of thrombosis; Note: Low molecular weight heparin is permitted provided
 the patient's prothrombin time (PT) international normalized ratio (INR) is =< 1.5

 -  Patients with any condition (e.g., gastrointestinal tract disease resulting in an
 inability to take oral medication or a requirement for intravenous [IV] alimentation,
 prior surgical procedures affecting absorption, or active peptic ulcer disease) that
 impairs their ability to swallow and retain sunitinib tablets are excluded

 -  Patients with any of the following conditions are excluded:

 -  Serious or non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture

 -  History of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra-abdominal
 abscess within 28 days of treatment

 -  Any history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischemic attack within
 12 months prior to study entry

 -  History of myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, stable/unstable angina,
 symptomatic congestive heart failure, or coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft
 or stenting within 12 months prior to study entry

 -  History of pulmonary embolism within the past 12 months

 -  Class III or IV heart failure as defined by the NYHA functional classification
 system

 -  Because sunitinib is metabolized primarily by the CYP3A4 liver enzyme, the eligibility
 of patients taking medications that are potent inducers or inhibitors of that enzyme
 will be determined following a review of their case by the principal investigator;
 every effort should be made to switch patients taking such agents or substances to
 other medications, particularly patients with gliomas or brain metastases who are
 taking enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant agents

 -  Patients with known brain metastases should be excluded because of their poor
 prognosis and because they often develop progressive neurologic dysfunction that would
 confound the evaluation of neurologic and other adverse events; N.B.: Patients with
 brain metastases with stable neurologic status following local therapy (surgery or
 radiation) for at least 8 weeks from definitive therapy and without neurologic
 dysfunction that would confound the evaluation of neurologic and other adverse events
 are eligible for participation; patients cannot be receiving enzyme inducing
 anti-convulsants including carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin

 -  Patients with uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing
 or active infections or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit
 compliance with study requirements are ineligible

 -  Pregnant women are excluded from this study because sunitinib is an antiangiogenic
 agent with the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects; because there is an
 unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to
 treatment of the mother with sunitinib, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the
 mother is treated with sunitinib malate

 -  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients on combination antiretroviral
 therapy are ineligible because of the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with
 sunitinib; in addition, these patients are at increased risk of lethal infections when
 treated with marrow-suppressive therapy; appropriate studies will be undertaken in
 patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy when indicated

 -  Patients with conditions classified as NYHA III or IV per the New York Heart
 Association classifications