18F-Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Paget's Disease of Bone
18F-Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Paget's Disease of Bone
18 F-fluoride Positron emission tomography (PET) is able to demonstrate and quantify the
 metabolic activity locally in the skeleton (1). This technique should, therefore, also be
 able to demonstrate a dramatic decrease in the metabolic activity in localized monostotic
 Paget's disease lesions after therapy. In this condition, indeed, the usual biological
 markers may be unhelpful to assess the efficacy of therapy, because they are usually
 comprised in the normal range for single pagetic localizations, even before therapy (2). The
 main purpose of this trial is to assess the early and long term response of pagetic bone to
 bisphosphonate therapy.
I. Background of the subject:

 Paget's disease of bone is a condition characterized by a focal exuberant increase in bone
 remodeling, resulting in a number of important architectural abnormalities, potentially
 leading to bone deformity and bone fragility. This condition may be polyostotic or
 monostotic. Biological markers of bone remodeling, mainly alkaline phosphatase and markers of
 bone resorption such as urinary hydroxyproline, are commonly utilized to assess Paget's
 disease activity.

 However, a monostotic Paget's disease is most frequently accompanied by biological markers
 still in the normal range (1). Conventional 99mTc MDP bone scan is able to localize the
 lesion. However, the changes observed with this technique after therapy and when the disease
 recurs do not help much to guide the clinician (3). Indeed, there can be some improvement on
 the conventional bone scans whereas on the X-ray films, worsening of the pagetic lesions
 might simultaneously be observed (4). The recurrence of the condition could also be missed by
 conventional bone scans (4). Therefore, PET scan using 18 Fluoride should by its metabolic
 approach be able to demonstrate the local activity of Paget's disease, to assess the efficacy
 of active drugs and to evidence the local recurrence of the disease, better than the
 conventional existing techniques.

 II. Experimental approach and methods

 1. 20 patients suffering from a Paget's disease of bone (polyostotic: n = 6; monostotic: n
 = 14) will be studied prior to and after 1, 6, and 12 months of bisphosphonate therapy.
 The polyostotic cases will serve to the preliminary feasibility study. A localized
 Paget's disease will include isolated Pagetic lesions in bones of the face and or the
 skull, the spine and of the (lower or upper) limbs.

 2. Paget's disease confirmed by X rays will be quantified by biological parameters of bone
 remodeling: total alkaline phosphatase, bone specific alkaline phosphatase, serum
 C-telopeptide (CTX), urinary NTx corrected by creatinine in a morning spot urine after
 an overnight fast.

 3. Routine biological parameters such as creatinine, full blood count, serum calcium,
 phosphate and magnesium, as well as 25OH vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D and iPTH will
 also be performed at the start and after therapy. A total duration of 5 years should be
 considered for the completion of the whole study. 18 Fluoride will be produced by the
 cyclotron, localized in Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium).

 18F-fluoride is produced by the 18O(p,n) 18F nuclear reaction by bombarding an enriched
 H218O target with protons. 185 Mbq 18F will be injected.

 4. Scans will be performed on a Siemens ECAT HR+ PET scanner. This machine consists of 32
 rings of BGO (bismuth germanium oxide) detectors (40.5x43.9x30 mm size) yielding 63
 transverse slices (2.425 mm thickness) in a 16.2 cm axial FOV. In 2D mode, the
 resolution of the HR+ scanner is typically 5.4 mm and 5.0 mm FWHM at 10 cm in the
 transaxial and axial directions, respectively. A dynamic acquisition centered on pagetic
 bones will be performed over 60 minutes, starting immediately at tracer injection. Data
 will be reconstructed by filtered backprojection and iterative methods, with attenuation
 correction obtained from a transmission scan performed before tracer injection. Dynamic
 acquisition will allow us to modelize the tracer uptake and calculate the influx
 constants by means of multi-compartmental analysis. Kinetic modeling has been shown to
 better discriminate between normal, osteoporotic and Pagetic bones (Cook et al, SNM
 2001, Toronto) and we assume that small changes in bone metabolism during therapy will
 be more precisely assessed by kinetic modeling than by simple semi-quantitative indexes
 such as standardized uptake values (SUV). Nevertheless, we will prospectively compare
 different models and SUV measurements to further identify the most appropriate
 quantification method.

 Effective radiation dose equivalent is 0.027 mSv/Mbq 18F-fluoride. Target organ is the
 urinary bladder wall (due to the urinary excretion of the unbound fraction of the tracer)
 with an estimated radiation dose of 0.25 mGy/MBq.

 III. References

 1. Cook GJ, Lodge MA, Blake GM, Marsden PK, Fogelman I. Differences in skeletal kinetics
 between vertebral and humeral bone measured by 18 F-fluoride positron emission
 tomography in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 763-769.

 2. Kanis JA, Gray RES. Long-term follow-up observations on treatment in Paget's disease of
 bone. Clin Orthop 1987; 217: 99-125.

 3. Smith ML, Fogelman I, Ralston S et al. Correlation of skeletal uptake of
 99mTc-diphosphonate and alkaline phosphatase before and after oral diphosphonate therapy
 in Paget's disease. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 1984; 5: 167-170.

 4. Merrick MV, Merrick JM. Observations on the natural history of Paget's disease. Clin
 Radiol 1985; 36: 169-174.

 5. Vellenga CLJR, Pauwels EKJ, Bijvoet OLM et al. Scintigraphic aspects of the recurrence
 of treated Paget's disease of bone. J Nucl Med 1985; 54: 273-281.

 6. A. Nzeusseu Toukap, M. Lonneux, J. Installe, A. Bolle, G. Depresseux, J.P. Devogelaer.

 International Symposium of the National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease. St
 Catherine's college, 17-18 july 2003, Oxford, UK.

 18F-Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography : Preliminary assessment of therapy in Paget's
 Disease of Bone.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients with a monostotic form of PDB (as attested by plain X-rays and 99mTc MDP bone
 scintigraphy)

 -  Bone pain linked to Paget's disease itself

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Bisphosphonate therapy within the year prior to the study