The Effects of a High Protein Breakfast on Appetite and Sleep in Young Adults
The Effects of a High Protein Breakfast on Appetite and Sleep in Young Adults
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of breakfast skipping (SKIP) vs. the
 consumption of a high protein solid (HP-S) breakfast vs. the consumption of a high protein
 beverage (HP-B) breakfast on daily appetite control, food cravings, food intake, and sleep
 quality in young adults.
Young adults will consume the following breakfasts (in randomized order) for 7 days/pattern:
 350kcal HP breakfasts (30g protein) in solid or beverage form or will skip breakfast. During
 the breakfast treatment periods, the participants will be provided with isocaloric breakfast
 meals containing 34% protein (30g protein), 40% CHO, and 26% fat. The participants will
 consume these meals each day throughout each of the 7 day testing periods. During the
 breakfast skipping treatment period, the participants will skip breakfast every morning with
 nothing to eat or drink (besides water) until 12:00 pm. During the acclimation days (i.e.,
 days 1-6), participants will eat their breakfasts at home or work or simply skip the morning
 meal. An actigraph (to assess key indices of sleep) will be continuously worn and sleep
 diaries will be completed for all 7 testing days. During the afternoon of Day 3, the
 participant will arrive at the University of Missouri-Physical Activity and Wellness Center
 (MU-PAW) and fitted with a Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) measure glycemic control over the
 next 3 days. On day 6, the participant will complete hourly appetite questionnaires, consume
 a standardized dinner meal, and complete a salivary sample prior to sleep onset (sleep
 related hormones). On the 7th day of each pattern, the participants will report to the MU-PAW
 in the morning to complete the respective testing day. The participants will begin the
 testing day by either skipping breakfast or consuming their respective breakfast meal. Blood
 samples, salivary samples, and assessments of perceived appetite will be collected/completed
 at specific times throughout the day. Prior to lunch, a brain scan will be completed using
 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify bain activation patterns in response
 to food pictures. Following the fMRI, the participants will be provided with an a
 standardized lunch. The participants will then complete the remainder of the testing day. An
 ad libitum food buffet will be provided for the participants to consume after their departure
 at home throughout the remainder of the day. . They will continue to wear the actigraph and
 eat/drink from the ad libitum packout cooler until going to bed that evening. Lastly,
 participants will complete a salivary sample and sleep diary immediately before bed. Between
 days 8-10, the participants will return all testing day equipment and the packout cooler,
 including all empty wrappers and any uneaten foods. A 3-7 day washout period will occur
 between patterns in which the participant will return to their habitual (i.e. pre-study)
 breakfast behaviors. Study outcomes include morning, mid-day, afternoon, and evening
 appetite, satiety, pleasure, perceived energy/sleepiness, hormonal responses (plasma glucose,
 insulin, ghrelin, PYY, melatonin, and cortisol concentrations), sleep indices (i.e total
 sleep time, sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality), brain activation patterns, evening
 energy intake, and daily energy intake.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  age 20-32y

 -  BMI 22-30kg/m2

 -  non-smoker, non-user of tobacco products

 -  generally healthy (as assessed by Medical History Questionnaire)

 -  right-handed (fMRI requirement)

 -  not pregnant or lactating in the past 6 months

 -  not clinically diagnosed with and eating disorder

 -  no metabolic, hormonal, and/or neural conditions/diseases/medications that influence
 metabolism or food intake

 -  no known bleeding disorders

 -  not currently or previously (In the past 6 months) on a weight loss or other special
 diet

 -  no weight loss/gain (>10lbs) in the past 6 months

 -  normal cognitive restraint, as assessed by a score of <4 on the Three Factors Eating
 Habits Questionnaire (TFEQ)

 -  rating of ≥ 5 illustrating a minimum of "neither like nor dislike" on a 9-point
 hedonic scale rating for the study breakfasts

 -  not clinically diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea or insomnia and does not
 participate in shiftwork

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  The potential participants will be excluded if they do not meet the inclusion
 criteria.