Cause, Development, and Progression of Stiff-Person Syndrome
Cause, Development, and Progression of Stiff-Person Syndrome
This study will explore the role of various immune factors involved in producing the disease
 symptoms in stiff-person syndrome (SPS) and follow disease progression in patients. SPS is a
 progressive disease in which unexpected noises, touches or stressful events set off muscle
 spasms and stiffness. It is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body produces
 antibodies that attack certain healthy tissues. A better understanding of the disease may
 help researchers design new therapies.

 Patients of any age with SPS may be eligible for this study, except those who:

 -  Lack of serum anti-GAD antibodies

 -  Have very advanced disease that precludes traveling

 -  Have severe cardiovascular, renal, or other end-organ-disease states

 Candidates will be screened with a medical history and physical and neurological examinations
 to confirm the diagnosis of SPS.

 After screening, those enrolled in the study will be followed at the NIH Clinical Center
 every 6 months for 2 years (months 6, 12, 18, and 24) to have the following tests and
 procedures:

 -  Physical and neurological examinations and review of symptoms (every visit)

 -  Blood draw for routine tests and for research studies (every visit)

 -  Stiffness assessment (every visit) - Patients are asked a series of questions about
 their stiffness, which physicians rate according to the number of stiff areas (e.g.,
 0-no stiff areas; 1-stiffness of the lower trunk; 2-stiffness of the upper trunk, etc.).

 -  Lymphapheresis (at the beginning of the study and at 12 months) - This is a procedure
 for collecting large quantities of white blood cells. A needle is placed in a vein in
 the arm. Blood flows from the vein through a plastic tube (catheter) into a machine that
 spins the blood, separating it into its components. The white blood cells (lymphocytes)
 are removed, and the rest of the blood-plasma, red cells and platelets-is returned to
 the body through a second needle placed in the other arm.

 -  Electrophysiologic studies - These studies include electromyography and nerve conduction
 testing. For electromyography, a small needle is inserted into a few muscles and the
 patient is asked to relax or to contract the muscles. The electrical activity of the
 muscle cells is recorded and analyzed by a computer. For nerve conduction testing,
 nerves are stimulated through small wire electrodes attached to the skin, and the
 response is recorded and analyzed.

 -  Lumbar puncture (at the beginning of the study and at 12 months) - This procedure is
 done to examine the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the brain and spinal cord.
 After a local anesthetic is administered, a needle is inserted in the space between the
 bones in the lower back where the CSF circulates below the spinal cord. About 2
 tablespoons of fluid is collected through the needle.
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by stiffness
 of the trunk or limb muscles and frequent muscle spasms induced by unexpected visual,
 auditory, or somatosensory stimuli. It is an incapacitating disorder that leads to recurrent
 falls and impaired ambulation. The cause of the disease is unknown but an autoimmune
 pathogenesis is implicated based on its association with other autoimmune diseases and
 auto-antibodies, specific HLA haplotypes and high titer antibodies against GAD, the
 rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of GABA. Understanding the autoimmune mechanisms of
 SPS is fundamental to refine the diagnostic criteria and develop specific therapies. The
 goals of this study are: a) define the natural history of SPS in a homogeneous cohort of
 patients, b) explore a pathogenetic link between SPS and viral infections based on the known
 peptide homology between GAD and certain viruses and c) establish GAD-specific T-cell clones
 and search for candidate antigenic epitopes using synthetic peptide libraries. Collected
 clinical data will be used to delineate the rate of disease progression and the frequency of
 association with other autoimmune illnesses, auto-antibodies, or malignancies. It is
 anticipated that the knowledge acquired from the study will help us understand the mechanism
 of the disease and design antigen-specific therapeutic strategies. This is an investigative
 study intended to define the natural history and pathogenesis of SPS. No new therapy will be
 provided except of standard care.
-  INCLUSION CRITERIA:

 All patients who fulfill the recently revised clinical criteria for SPS.

 EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

 Lack of anti-GAD antibodies in the serum;

 Very advanced disease state that precludes traveling;

 Severe cardiovascular, renal, or other end-organ-disease states.