Empirical Antibiotics in Acute Inflammatory Gallbladder Disease
Empirical Antibiotics in Acute Inflammatory Gallbladder Disease
In this study, the investigators compared the surgical outcomes according to the type of
 antibiotics before surgery in patients who did not have evidence of systemic infection during
 acute cholecystitis.

 The primary purpose of the study was to determine the type of preoperative antibiotics in
 patients who were scheduled for cholecystectomy, because of the mild (grade I) or moderate
 (grade 2) acute inflammatory gallbladder disease without gallbladder perforation. The
 investigators compared the incidence of postoperative complications according to the types of
 preoperative antibiotics(the first-generation vs second-generation cephalosporin).

 The secondary purpose of the study was to confirm the clinical efficacy of first-generation
 cephalosporins following the use of empirical antibiotics. And the investigators compare with
 postoperative pain, postoperative hospital stay, re-hospitalization, and need for additional
 treatment. In addition, the investigators compare the postoperative complications, such as
 atelectasis and postoperative ileus.
1. Background In the case of acute cholecystitis, in which acute inflammation was
 manifested in patients with gallstones and was accompanied by pain and fever,
 cholecystectomy through surgery was the standard treatment, and the use of empirical
 antibiotics to treat inflammation and prevent exacerbation until surgery was performed
 It was essential. However, as to which antibiotics were used as empirical antibiotics
 before cholecystectomy among various types of antibiotics, a variety of first-generation
 cephalosporins or second-generation cephalosporins had been selected and used depending
 on the existing practice or a physician's supervision. There was insufficient objective
 research and rationale for the selection of these empirical antibiotics. In addition,
 the use of high-grade antibiotics that are not required (eg, second-generation
 cephalosporins) might lead to prolonged hospital stays, wasted medical resources,
 increased medical expenses, and the occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In
 fact, the second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics had a price that was about two to
 four times higher depending on the product than the first-generation cephalosporin
 antibiotics. Therefore, in the use of empirical antibiotics before surgery for acute
 inflammatory gallbladder disease, if the same anti-inflammatory effect and postoperative
 results could be obtained with the first-generation cephalosporin antibiotics, there was
 no need to use expensive high-grade antibiotics required as empirical antibiotics before
 surgery. Moreover, side effects which could caused by high-grade antibiotics would be
 prevented.

 Therefore, in this study, the investigators tried to determine the effective and
 rational type of empirical antibiotics through random comparison experiments of two
 groups of patients according to the type of empirical antibiotics used in laparoscopic
 surgery in patients with acute cholecystitis without evidence of systemic infection. In
 addition, a double-blind prospective randomized control study comparing the
 first-generation and second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics commonly used in
 practice in clinical practice had not been published in Korea, and its clinical
 usefulness was expected to be great.

 2. Code name of clinical trial drug or medical device or generic name of main ingredient,
 raw material drug (raw material in case of medical device) and its quantity, formulation
 (form / structure / number in case of medical device), etc.

 1. Test drug ; Cefazolin inj., 1 g, Cefazolin sodium, white crystal, vial injection with
 crystalline powder or lump

 2. control drug ; Shincef inj., 750mg, Cefuroxime sodium, colorless transparent vial
 injection with light yellow powder

 3. Target disease Acute cholecystitis without evidence of gallbladder perforation among mild
 (Grade I) and severe (Grade II) classification of acute cholecystitis according to Tokyo
 guidelines

 4. Subject selection criteria, exclusion criteria, number of target subjects and their
 rationale <Inclusion criteria>

 1. among patients with mild acute cholecystitis (grade I by Tokyo guidelines) or moderate
 acute cholecystitis without evidence of gallbladder perforation(grade II)

 2. cholecystitis with a thickness of 4 mm or more on gallbladder in preoperative imaging

 3. Gallbladder with surrounding organs due to gallbladder inflammation

 4. Patients over 19 years of age <Exclusion criteria>

 1) patients with elective gallbladder surgery (chronic cholecystitis) 2) gallbladder disease
 not inflammatory disease (GB cancer, GB polyp) 3) pregnant women, patients under 18 years of
 age, over 70 years of age 4) patients with simultaneous surgery due to other organ diseases
 5) immunosuppressed patients; liver transplant patients, kidney transplant patients, acquired
 immunodeficiency syndrome patients 6) patients with hemorrhagic tendency, or with hematologic
 diseases 7) Patients who underwent percutaneous cholecystectomy (PTGBD) 8) Patients with
 acute cholecystitis who had gallbladder perforation, grade II or III by Tokyo guidelines 9)
 Drain tube is required during surgery (eg. if delayed biliary leakage was concerned, hepatic
 duct injury was suspected or cystic duct ligation was incomplete during operation.)
 <Calculation and basis of the number of target subjects> In the previous studies, infectious
 complications after laparoscopic surgery for acute inflammatory gallbladder disease have been
 reported as 18.5%. The investigators designed a non-inferiority test (non-inferiority limit
 of 13%) assuming postoperative infectious complication of 18.5% confidence level of 95%, and
 assigned 167 to each group considering the dropout rate of 10%

 5. Random allocation schedule and operation Randomization was performed using block
 randomization without stratification, and a block size of 2, 4 or 6 was applied to complete
 the randomization table to maintain unpredictability, which was the basic principle of
 randomization. .

 Assignment bags with random assignment numbers and assigned groups were made of opaque
 material so that they could be blinded and remain sealed until random assignment was
 performed for each subject.

 The person in charge of the clinical trial or the person in charge of the clinical trial
 finally checked the exclusion criteria and, if it was a suitable subject, a random number was
 assigned and stored in the allocation bag. Thereafter, the management pharmacist receives the
 assignment bag with the assignment number, releases the seal of the assignment bag, and
 prescribes antibiotics according to the administration group assigned to the subject
 according to each random assignment number. Afterwards, the managed pharmacist brought the
 antibiotics according to the newly developed drug code for the clinical trial in accordance
 with the [Medical Clinical Trial Management Standards (related to Article 30, Paragraph 1)],
 and then administered to the patient. The management pharmacist should record the release
 information (release date and releaser) immediately after the release of the assignment bag
 which the random assignment enveloped, when it had already been released once, it could not
 reassign the randomization code to other subjects even if the subject withdraws consent.

 6. Clinical trial period clinical trial approval date-2021-04-30

 7. Clinical trial method (administration / dosage, administration / use method,
 administration / use period, combination therapy, etc.)

 1. Research Design Prospective randomized controlled trial in two groups

 2. Describe what treatment is performed for the experimental group / control group A.
 Clinical trial flow

 1. Before the patient's surgery, hematology, blood chemistry, blood coagulation, urine,
 Chest X-ray, EKG, and Abdomen CT were performed in accordance with current clinical
 practice guidelines.

 2. Select the patient group that met the diagnostic criteria according to the test results
 above.

 3. Select a random patient group to determine the type of empirical antibiotic to use
 before surgery

 4. For each selected group, intravenous antibiotics (Cefazolin inj., 1 g, Cefazolin sodium
 versus. Shincef inj., 750 mg, Cefuroxime sodium) were used as before and during surgery.

 - The clinical trial manager or the clinical trial manager finally checked the criteria
 for selection exclusion and, if it was a suitable subject, a random number was assigned
 and stored in the allocation bag. Thereafter, the management pharmacist received the
 assignment bag with the assignment number, released the seal of the assignment bag, and
 prescribed antibiotics according to the administration group assigned to the subject
 according to each random assignment number. Afterwards, the managed pharmacist brought
 the antibiotics according to the newly developed drug code for the clinical trial in
 accordance with the [Medical Clinical Trial Management Standards (related to Article 30,
 Paragraph 1)], and then administered to the patient.

 5. After surgery, both groups were discharged through the same recovery process after
 surgery.

 6. On the 1st day after surgery, hematology, blood chemistry, urine, blood clotting, and
 chest x-rays were performed. (Inspection and treatment were performed according to the
 current clinical pathway of gallbladder surgery)

 7. If there are no specifics, a fluid diet was performed starting from lunch on the first
 day after surgery.

 8. If there were no specifics, patient would be discharged on the second day after surgery.

 9. Stability and effectiveness were monitored during hospitalization and after discharge.

 B. Method of operation

 1. Surgery was started under general anesthesia

 2. A trocar of 10 mm was placed on the navel, 5 mm under the blade, and 5 mm trocar was
 placed on the right upper abdomen.

 3. Pneumoperitoneum was performed using CO2 gas in the abdominal cavity.

 -  Double pressure through CO2 gas was maintained at 12mmHg / and 2L / min.

 4. Dissection started from Calot's triangle and the operation was performed by retrograde
 cholecystectomy.

 -  The cystic duct was ligated with a 10mm clip and the cystic artery was ligated with
 a 10mm clip as well.

 -  If the cystic duct was unstablely ligated, ligation was performed through an
 endoloop.

 -  After ligation, the gallbladder was dissected from the liver.

 5. Washed the surgical site.

 6. The excised gallbladder was placed in a laparoscopic pocket and extracted through the
 umbilicus.

 7. The trocar was removed, the skin was sutured, and the operation was completed. C.
 Discharge Principle

 1. When hematologically stable and vital signs were stable

 2. When the patient's condition was stable by proceeding to the normal diet

 8. characteristics of observational and clinical test <Observation test>

 1) Medical history investigation Before entering the clinical trial, checked the following
 items through interviews, chart and questions about the subject's background (demographic
 information), medical history, etc., and recorded them in the record.

 1. Background investigation: Subject's initials, date of birth, sex, feasibility of
 pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation

 2. medical history

 3. History history: History of other diseases 2) Physical examination, vital signs
 examination Investigators checked whether the body organs were normal or abnormal
 through medical examination and examination and any significant findings found during
 the examination should be recorded in the physical examination column of the record
 sheet, and confirmed to be suitable for participation in the study.

 After surgery, the pain level was measured by questioning the patient himself using the VAS
 score, and the amount of analgesics (injection drugs; tramadol and oral drugs; ircodon)
 administered after surgery to the patient was recorded through medication records.

 3) Clinical examination

 It was performed during the hospitalization after decision to perform cholecystectomy. Blood
 sampling for the subjects was performed aseptically. Investigators recorded the test results,
 determined whether they were normal or abnormal, and record the opinions of researchers
 regarding abnormal values. Clinical tests included :

 1. Hematology tests: Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Platelet, WBC & Differential
 count, ESR

 2. Blood coagulation test: PT INR, aPTT, BT

 3. Blood chemistry test: SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, γ-GTP, bilirubin
 (total / direct), fasting plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride,
 calcium, phosphorus, magnesium , total protein, albumin, uric acid, CPK, LDH, free fatty
 acid, CRP, HbA1c, CRP

 4. Urine test: Color, specific gravity, pH, Leucocytes, Nitrite, Protein, Glucose, Ketone,
 Urobilinogen, Bilirubin, Microscopy (RBC, WBC) 4) Imaging medical examination

 1. Before surgery, chest X-ray and electrocardiography were performed to evaluate whether
 surgery was possible.

 2. Imaging studies such as CT, Sonogram, and MRCP were conducted. 5) Postoperative hospital
 stay The day after surgery, hematology, blood chemistry, urine, blood clotting, Chest
 x-ray.

 6) Check for infection.

 -  Surgical site infection

 1. Confirmation at every patient visit. Troca insertion site was defined as
 superficial surgical site infection if there was redness, heat sensation and
 abscess.

 2. If there was fluid retention and abscess around the surgical site in the abdominal
 cavity, it was defined as deep surgical site infection.

 -  Distant infection

 -  Respiratory, urinary system infections and bacteremia or lymphangitis 7) Check for
 leakage of bile.

 -  Groups who had drainage catheter would be checked through the drainage pattern. In the
 group without drainage catheter, after surgery, if there is epigastric pain,
 indigestion, fever, and jaundice, a selective medical imaging test (CT, sonogram, MRCP)
 was performed.

 8) Surgery time, bleeding amount were described. 9) Postoperative complications (things
 other than those described above) were described.

 9. Predicted side effects and precautions

 1) Side effects that might occur in the experimental group (the first-generation
 cephalosporin use group)

 -  Wound infections and deep infections : Since antibiotics were used, the possibility was
 very low.

 -  Side effects of antibiotics (allergic reaction) 2) Side effects that could be occurred
 in the control group (2nd generation cephalosporin use group)

 -  Extension of the period of stay

 -  Increased hospitalization costs

 -  Increase of multi-drug resistant bacteria

 -  Side effects of antibiotics (allergic reaction) (In the event of side effects, medical
 judgment was used to actively select a therapeutic method.)

 10. Stop or drop the test Dosing and testing should be discontinued if any of the
 following occurs, and the reasons for discontinuation and findings should be recorded.

 1. After surgery, when a side effect that was life-threatening, the investigator
 determined that it was necessary to stop

 2. When the patient refused or withdrew consent after starting the test

 3. If the patient was inadequate after starting the test

 4. After the start of the test, if patient had received treatment that might affect
 the course of treatment, such as other combination drugs and herbal treatments,
 without the permission of the test manager

 5. After the start of the test, it was judged that it was impossible to conduct
 inspection or investigation due to the circumstances

 6. After surgery, when surgery was required due to a disease of another organ not
 related to gallbladder surgery.

 11. Statistical analysis

 1. Analysis of validity variables A. Analysis of primary efficacy variables.

 -  During the postoperative hospital stay, the incidence of wound infection and
 deep infection rates in the group using the first-generation cephalosporin and
 the second-generation cephalosporin as an empirical antibiotic before surgery
 was determined by the student's t-test or according to the satisfaction of the
 normal distribution assumption. Test using wilcoxn's rank sum test, and
 present the descriptive statistics (average, standard deviation, median,
 minimum, and maximum). Also, the difference in the incidence of infection
 between the two groups (test group-control group) was presented as the mean
 and 95% confidence interval, and if it was less than the non-inferiority limit
 of 13%, the group using the first-generation cephalosporin antibiotics was the
 second-generation cephalosporin. It was not inferior to the group using
 antibiotics. That was, it would decide that it was not inferior.

 B. Complications after surgery.

 -  Complications will be defined and analyzed through researchers' experience and
 review of existing literature.

 -  Fever after surgery: Fever of 37.5 ° C or more that lasts at least 48
 hours after surgery.

 -  Surgical site infection: In case of seroma, hematoma, or abscess in
 the surgical incision.

 -  Surgery wound wound: When the wound was opened and opened. ④
 Coming, vomiting after surgery: If patient needed to use
 antiemetic after 24 hours of surgery, or if patient had vomited
 even once.

 -  Sustained shoulder pain after surgery: If patient
 complained of a stiff shoulder until the outpatient
 follow-up examination (one week after discharge).

 ⑥ Bleeding after surgery: When the patient's vital signs
 change or there was a decrease in Hb 2.0 or higher on the
 hemoglobin test the day after surgery.

 ⑦ Abscess in the abdominal cavity after surgery: When an
 abscess in the abdominal cavity was confirmed by image
 examination (ultrasound, CT, etc.) accompanied by fever
 and pain in the physical examination.

 ⑧ Persistent bowel obstruction: If the meal could not be
 started even after 2 days of surgery.

 2. Analysis of secondary efficacy variables In the case of categorical variables for
 the length of stay, surgical time, and complication data obtained as secondary
 endpoints, n (%) was presented, and the ratio difference between the two groups was
 tested using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. In addition, for continuous
 variables, the mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum values were
 presented, and the normality test was performed to test with Student's t-test for
 normal distribution, and for the non-normal distribution, Wilcoxon rank-sum test
 The difference between the two groups would be tested. All statistical analysis
 would use SPSS version 21.0, and it would be judged that it was statistically
 significant below the significance level of 0.05.

 3. Analysis target group

 1. intention to treat analysis group Randomization would be performed only if the
 selection criteria described above were met, and all randomized subjects would be
 included in statistical analysis.

 2. per protocol analysis group The Per protocol analysis group was defined as a
 patient who had undergone randomization and had undergone chest imaging the next
 day after surgery, and whose pain had been assessed.

 4) How to deal with missing values This study was a prospective study, and it was
 expected that there would be no missing values of the main or secondary endpoints during
 the experiment. However, if a missing value occurred, the missing value was substituted
 with the average value.

 5) How to deal with compliance Since the intervention applied to this study was an
 intervention performed during surgery while the patient had general anesthesia, there
 would be no difference in treatment compliance. In addition, postoperative thoracic
 imaging and pain assessment were also included in the clinical pathway for laparoscopic
 cholecystectomy, so there was no difference in treatment compliance.

 12. Safety evaluation of side effects and reporting method In the event of adverse
 reactions and adverse reactions after surgery, trained the subject to report to the
 researcher, checked and recorded the occurrence of adverse reactions at each visit,
 symptoms, appearance time, duration, severity of adverse reactions, and causal
 relationship with the test drug Record in the report. In the event of a serious adverse
 event or unexpected problem, the responsible researcher should report it to the clinical
 trial.

 13. Compensation Protocol of victim Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was a safe operation
 with a very low risk of surgery. Also, there are basically no additional risks
 accompanying the study. Antibiotics were drugs that had been used before, so there are
 no additional complications beyond the known complications. If patient got injury or
 illness by participating in this study, medical treatment would be provided. In order to
 receive medical treatment related to the clinical symptoms or signs, investigators would
 make a quick diagnosis and receive treatment when needed through consultation.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. among patients with mild acute cholecystitis (grade I by Tokyo guidelines) or moderate
 acute cholecystitis without evidence of gallbladder perforation(grade II)

 2. cholecystitis with a thickness of 4 mm or more on gallbladder in preoperative imaging

 3. Gallbladder with surrounding organs due to gallbladder inflammation

 4. Patients over 19 years of age, under 70 years of age

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. patients with elective gallbladder surgery (chronic cholecystitis)

 2. gallbladder disease not inflammatory disease (GB cancer, GB polyp)

 3. pregnant women, patients under 18 years of age, over 70 years of age

 4. patients with simultaneous surgery due to other organ diseases

 5. immunosuppressed patients; liver transplant patients, kidney transplant patients,
 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients

 6. patients with hemorrhagic tendency, or with hematologic diseases

 7. Patients who underwent percutaneous cholecystectomy (PTGBD)

 8. Patients with acute cholecystitis who had gallbladder perforation, grade II or III by
 Tokyo guidelines