Dates as a Functional Food for Autism
Dates as a Functional Food for Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental disability that includes deficits
 in social communication and social interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of
 behavior, interests, or activities.

 The current treatment approaches for the management of autism are expensive, showing unwanted
 adverse effects; alter the genetic and metabolic pathways. Many studies referred to the
 importance of probiotics, minerals and antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of
 accompanied eating and feeding problems. Meanwhile, there are still controversial results
 about the effectiveness of dietary interventions for ASD like the gluten-free/casein-free
 diet and the ketogenic diet.

 Dates have been documented in the Holy Quran and proved in modern scientific literature to
 act as potent antioxidants and as an anti-inflammatory, provide a suitable alternative
 therapy in various diseases cure.

 The medicinal therapeutic value of date fruits as nutritional probiotic and its implications
 in controlling autism through the anti-oxidant effect will be evaluated. Moreover, at which
 dose Dates fruit can exert its effect and whether this effect is sustained or not will be
 also evaluated. Besides, Dates' effect on cognitive, neurological parameters, eating
 behaviors, and gastrointestinal symptoms and anthropometric measures will be evaluated. A
 non-randomized clinical study on 120 diagnosed autistic children aged 3-12 years in Cairo
 will be conducted. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups (each with
 40 children) receiving one of three regimens; the first group will receive 3 Dates per day
 for 3 months and the second group will receive 5 Dates per day for 3 months and the third
 group will receive nothing. All groups will receive nutrition guidance, behavioral
 modification, and stimulation sessions. Stools and blood samples will be collected before the
 study, after 12 weeks of the intervention and then 12 weeks after completion of the
 intervention. Evaluating Dates' ability to decrease the oxidative stress will be done through
 comparing blood levels of three oxidative markers; Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione
 peroxidase (GPX1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in children with autism for the three
 proposed regimen. The impact of the Dates fruit consumption on the microbiota of the autistic
 children both the pathogenic bacteria and probiotics will be done through traditional stool
 analysis and Real-time PCR before and after interventions.
ASD is progressively increasing; the rate of autism was 3.4 per 1,000 for children aged 3 to
 10 years in the 1990s. Meanwhile, in 2006, the prevalence estimates are in the range of 6.5
 to 6.6 per 1,000 and recently 1 in 160 children have ASD. Though classified as a
 neurodevelopmental condition, ASD is often associated with multiple medical comorbidities and
 gastrointestinal (GI) problems. GI disorders occurred in around 90 % of ASD children with
 suggested possible role of the GI microflora in the severity of symptoms in autistic
 children.

 Children with ASD frequently have food selectivity, which may have an effect on
 gastrointestinal symptoms. The gut flora of autistic children is altered compared to healthy
 children and they have multiple nutritional deficiencies. The microbiota that resides in the
 gut was claimed to be the cause behind the neurodevelopmental disorders occurring among the
 autistic children.

 Due to the frequent occurrence of gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with ASD, the use
 of probiotics may be an indication for adjuvant therapy. Probiotics ''are living
 nonpathogenic microorganisms, when administered in adequate amounts exert their beneficial
 effects resulting in modulation of the immune and inflammatory response. The supplementation
 of probiotic bacteria to autistic children can lead to changes in the microbiota and it
 considers a useful new therapeutic tool to normalize gut microbiota, restore the function of
 the epithelial barrier resulting in reliving of the gastrointestinal system disorders, reduce
 inflammation, and potentially improve the behavioral symptoms in autistic children.

 Furthermore, children with autism have deficient antioxidant defense Mechanisms. They are
 vulnerable to oxidative stress which is detected by elevated lipid peroxidation, especially
 at younger children. Oxidative stress may play a role in the development and clinical
 manifestations of autism resulting in loss of acquired language skills in autism. Meguid and
 coworkers highlighted that autistic children might benefit from antioxidant supplementation
 coupled with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Early assessment and intervention of antioxidant
 status may decrease the oxidative stress before inducing more irreversible brain damage.

 In Islam, herbs and its constituents have important value in diet and treatment of various
 types of diseases. The Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) used various herbs and
 recommended various medicinal plants for the cure of various diseases.

 Dates and their constituents show a role in disease prevention through anti-oxidant,
 anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial activity. Dates are considered a staple food item in the
 Middle East and North Africa and are also imported in Europe, the UK, and the USA.

 Dates contain relatively high levels of polyphenols and insoluble fiber. It has shown that
 whole date fruit, and polyphenols extracted from them selectively stimulates Bifidobacterium
 spp. and Bacteroides, along with the total bacterial counts in fecal batch culture models,
 increasing small chain fatty acid (SCFA) production concurrently. In addition, promising
 changes in DNA damage were observed through the anti-proliferative actions of both polyphenol
 extracts and whole date extracts.

 Antioxidant activity of Dates is recognized due to the wide range of phenolic compounds
 present in Dates including p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids, flavonoids, and
 procyanidins.

 Dates fruit is considered as a rich source of minerals and sugars; its various constituents
 like phytochemicals, carotenoids, steroids, and flavonoids are screened for numerous
 medicine. Rahmani and his colleagues illustrate all the therapeutic functions of the Dates.

 Keeping all information in hands about Dates' therapeutic effect in the management of the
 disease via its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory effect and for the sake of autistic children,
 It is worthy to point and essential to evaluate Dates as a good remedy for autistic children
 because it is inexpensive and easy to access.

 Objectives:

 The overall objective is to discover functional food that is effective to control the
 comorbidities accompanied by autism development and to limit its progression. This food
 should be safe, inexpensive and affordable, easy to access without any complications.

 The medicinal therapeutic value of Dates fruit as nutritional prebiotic and its implications
 in controlling autism through anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects will be evaluated.

 Specific Objectives

 The aim of this interventional study is to:

 1. Evaluate Dates' effect on cognitive development

 2. Evaluate Dates' effect on neurological parameters and severity of autism

 3. Evaluate Dates' effect on eating behaviors and diet quality

 4. Evaluate Dates' effect on gastrointestinal symptoms and the microbiota

 5. Evaluate Dates' ability to decrease the oxidative stress before inducing more
 irreversible brain damage (through comparing levels of three oxidative markers;
 Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in
 children with autism for the three proposed regimen).

 6. Evaluate at which dose Dates fruit can exert its effect as a new therapeutic regimen and
 its persistence over time

 Phases of the study and tools:

 This study will be conducted as three phases that will be done in a simultaneous way:

 The first phase will include patient recruitment and baseline assessment before Dates fruit
 intake:

 1. Applying the confirmatory diagnostic tools for autistic patients aged 3 -12 years.
 (Children with suspected ASD could be then assessed according to either Diagnostic and
 statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition. (DSM-V) criteria, and CARS.

 An autism screening tool must meet all three primary areas defined by the DSM-V description
 for the autistic disorder to qualify for a positive rating from First Signs:

 A. A total of six (or more) items from (1), (2), and (3), with at least two from (1), and one
 each from (2) and (3):

 1. Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the
 following:

 1. Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors, such as eye-to-eye
 gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction

 2. Failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to the developmental level

 3. A lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with
 other people (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of
 interest)

 4. Lack of social or emotional reciprocity

 2. Qualitative impairments in communication, as manifested by at least one of the
 following:

 1. Delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by
 an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture
 or mime)

 2. In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to initiate
 or sustain a conversation with others

 3. Stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language

 4. Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play

 3. Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
 as manifested by at least one of the following:

 1. Encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of
 interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus

 2. Apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals

 3. Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or
 twisting or complex whole-body movements)

 4. Persistent pre-co-occupation with parts of objects B. Delays or abnormal
 functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset prior to age 3
 years: (1) social interaction, (2) language as used in social communication, or (3)
 symbolic or imaginative play.

 The Instruments of the investigation will also include socio-demographic assessment
 questionnaire including suggested history of risk factors (Demographics, Medication
 exposure, Medical conditions, Pesticides, Diet, Home environmental exposures,
 Health behaviors/lifestyle, Mental condition/history/symptoms, Vaccine history,
 Personal product use, Anthropometrics, Medical procedures, Occupational history. In
 addition, the questionnaire will focus on socioeconomic indicators as well as
 prenatal and perinatal and neonatal risk factors such as the timing of conception,
 weight gain during pregnancy, parental age, and inter-pregnancy interval.

 2. Assessment of the sociodemographic characteristics through detailed history
 taking, pregnancy history, peri-natal history, and other risk factors

 3. Neurological assessment through thorough clinical examination

 4. Assessing functional gastrointestinal behavior disorders (FGID): Assessing
 changes in the GI symptoms which may be constipation, diarrhea, gaseousness,
 bloating, gastroesophageal reflux, abdominal pain, and vomiting but constipation is
 the more common and the most reported GI symptoms

 5. Detailed nutritional and dietary assessment with anthropometric measurements
 Anthropometric measurements

 1. Weight (in kg): by Body fat analyzer

 2. Height (in cm): using Stadiometer

 3. BMI (weight/Height2 in meter):calculated

 4. Waist circumference (in cm): measuring tapes

 5. Hip circumference (in cm): measuring tapes

 6. Waist / Hip ratio: calculated

 7. measuring body composition analyzer (Bioelectrical impedance) for autistic
 children aged seven years and older (measure fat mass, fat-free mass, fat %,
 water content, Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

 6. Behavioral Assessment; the interview questions will cover eight content areas:

 1. The subject's background, including family, education, previous diagnoses, and
 medications

 2. Overview of the subject's behavior

 3. Early development and developmental milestones

 4. Language acquisition and loss of language or other skills

 5. Current functioning in regard to language and communication

 6. Social development and play

 7. Interests and behaviors

 8. Clinically relevant behaviors, such as aggression, self-injury, and possible
 epileptic features

 Mental Development, Psychomotor Development and Behavior Rating will be assessed by
 using the "Bailey Scales of Infant and Toddler Development", the cognitive,
 language, and motor abilities will be assessed; as well as social-emotional and
 adaptive behavior. Mental and psychomotor developmental quotients and mental age
 will be scored as well as the behavioral profile. The Bailey Screening Test is an
 Observation Checklist for 5 domains of development (cognitive, language, motor,
 social-emotional, & adaptive behavior).

 The questionnaire will be directed for the mothers of all confirmed cases with ASD
 enrolled in the study

 Second phase Intervention phase

 Special emphasis will be directed towards focusing on treating accompanied
 neurological manifestations Third phase: during this phase, the outcome of the
 intervention on the stool microbiota and on the serum antioxidant markers will be
 evaluated twice; once after completing the intervention and 3 months later.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Is not allergic to Dates (tested initially by one piece of Dates)

 -  Agrees to the intake of Dates fruits for at least 3 months

 -  Not participating in another study

 -  Signed the consent to participate in the study

 -  Caregiver consent was obtained for all the studied cases.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  All subjects with other causes of mental sub-normality and/or delayed language

 -  Refuses intake of Dates

 -  Participating in another study

 -  Refused to sign the consent to participate in the study

 -  Patients who consumed probiotics and/or Dates for at least 4 weeks prior to the trial
 and/or antibiotics or laxatives for 6 months prior to the start.