DSS's Role in Evaluating the Diagnosis and Treatment System of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
DSS's Role in Evaluating the Diagnosis and Treatment System of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Background: Acute ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are a kind of diseases
 with high incidence, rapid progression, poor prognosis and high mortality and disability rate
 of the circulatory system, mainly including acute myocardial infarction, acute ischemic
 stroke and acute limb ischemia, which place a heavy burden on individuals, families and
 society due to their severe prognosis and high medical costs. At present, the diagnosis and
 treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases mainly focus on single
 organ diagnosis and treatment of target organs, lacking of indicators to comprehensively
 evaluate the body's pathophysiology. As ischemic disease of the circulatory system, ischemic
 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have common pathophysiological basis such as
 ischemia, hypoxia and inflammation. These common pathophysiological basis suggests that
 different acute ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases can be monitored and
 evaluated from an integrated perspective, it suggests the possibility of comprehensive
 diagnosis, evaluation and treatment guidance. At present, the "circulatory integration"
 therapy represented by the combined treatment of heart and brain has achieved certain
 results, but there is no corresponding evaluation system to provide accurate guidance.
 Therefore, with the concept of "circulation integration", it is an urgent problem to find the
 common indicators of the circulation system and construct the hierarchical diagnosis and
 subsequent evaluation system of acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular integration. The
 development of efficient and comprehensive stratified diagnosis and prognosis evaluation
 system is of great significance in clinical, market and social aspects.

 At the early stage of the efforts our team, it was found that Dan Shen Su-(±)-3,
 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DSS) could be detected in the plasma and urine of patients with
 acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke through metabolomics. It has been proved that
 it can be generated by the transformation of dihydroxyphenylalanine by proteus mirabilis, and
 its structure is consistent with the water-soluble component of salvia miltiorrhiza, which is
 related to the body's states of ischemia, hypoxia and inflammation. The findings provide a
 material basis for the "circulatory integration" assessment of acute ischemic cardiovascular
 and cerebrovascular diseases.

 Objectives: This study aims at acute ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,
 with the concept of "circulatory integration", to build a hierarchical diagnosis and
 prognosis evaluation system with DSS as the core, in order to improve the diagnosis rate and
 cure rate, improve the prognosis and reduce mortality of ischemic cardiovascular diseases.

 Methods: The project included 500 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 300 patients
 with acute ischemic stroke, 300 patients with acute lower limb ischemia, and 200 healthy
 controls in the Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, Peoples R
 China. Plasma and urine were collected during the disease process. Various relevant clinical
 indicators including DSS level were included, COX model was applied to analyze the influence
 of multiple factors on the prognosis of the above diseases, and the indicators were screened
 and the integrated stratified diagnosis and prognosis evaluation system of acute ischemic
 cardio-cerebrovascular system with DSS as the core were established. The newly established
 integrated stratified diagnosis and prognosis assessment system was used to evaluate 200
 patients with each of the three diseases, and the sensitivity and specificity of the new
 assessment system were tested. And a simple, rapid and accurate method for detecting DSS was
 developed.
The experiments as follows:

 Experiment 1. Observe the dynamic changes of DSS level in acute ischemic cardiovascular and
 cerebrovascular diseases of different severity.

 1. Research object Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) group: 500 patients with AMI; Acute
 ischemic stroke group: 300 patients with acute ischemic stroke; Acute lower limb
 ischemia group: 300 subjects with acute lower limb ischemia; Control group: 200 healthy
 volunteers were included as controls. All the subjects were from the first and second
 affiliated hospitals of the Xi'an Jiaotong University and the Shaanxi Provincial
 People's Hospital;

 2. Collecting indicators Peripheral blood and morning urine were collected from the
 patients and the volunteers after admission on the first, second, third and seventh days
 for DSS detection. The investigators collected several demographics, clinical and
 analytical parameters. Age, gender, height and weight were recorded, and body mass index
 (kg/m2) was calculated. Blood pressure (BP) was measured three times or more by a nurse
 while patients were seated after 5 min of rest. Several parameters, including myocardial
 enzyme, serum uric acid, total cholesterol, total triglycerides low density
 lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, estimated glomerular
 filtration rate and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured. The patient was
 included in all the clinical data after admission and as the admission diagnosis,
 including: medical history (including risk factors), physical examination, laboratory
 examination, imaging examination, nursing report, records of interventional operation
 and all the indicators of in-hospital examination.

 3. Analyze the regularity curve of DSS level in disease DSS levels of blood and urine were
 detected by gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the disease progression of
 patients with AMI, acute ischemic stroke and acute lower limb ischemia, the difference
 of DSS production was analyzed, and the regular curve of the dynamic change process of
 ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was plotted based on the normal
 control group.

 Experiment 2. To establish an assessment system of "circulatory integration" for acute
 ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with DSS as the core.

 1. The Clinical outcomes on follow up Adverse events (survival outcome) were observed and
 recorded in the hospital and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge. Major adverse
 events mainly include disease recurrence, cardiac death and all-cause death. The time of
 recurrence, complication or death, type of complication and cause of death were recorded
 in detail.

 2. Establish a diagnosis and treatment evaluation system Blood and urine DSS levels were
 measured by GC-MS. COX regression model analysis, including DSS level, basic
 information, risk factors, symptoms, physical examination, laboratory tests, image
 examination and electrocardiogram, assess the influence of various factors on major
 adverse events in patients with acute ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular
 diseases and the prognosis of three diseases. Moreover, these indicators were used to
 build a scoring system, and analyze its correlation with prognosis.

 Experiment 3. To verify the "circulatory integration" diagnosis and treatment evaluation
 system of acute ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with DSS as the core

 1. Research Object AMI group: 200 patients with AMI; Acute ischemic stroke group: 200
 patients with acute ischemic stroke; Acute lower limb ischemia group: 200 subjects with
 acute lower limb ischemia; All these subjects were from the first and second affiliated
 hospitals of the Xi'an Jiaotong University and the Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital;

 2. Collecting Indicators Peripheral blood and morning urine were collected and measured.

 3. Follow up and record the outcome The major adverse events were observed and recorded in
 the same way as in the above-mentioned experiment.

 4. Verify the diagnosis and treatment evaluation system The newly established "circulatory
 integration" diagnosis and treatment evaluation system of acute ischemic cardiovascular
 and cerebrovascular diseases with DSS as the core was used to predict the prognosis of
 the newly included 600 patients with acute ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular
 diseases. This paper analyzes the specificity and sensitivity of the newly built
 "circular integration" diagnosis and treatment evaluation system through its disease
 evaluation and actual adverse events.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  AMI patients:

 -  Patients with age between 18 to 75.

 -  Patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction less than 12
 hours.

 -  Without taking DSS and dihydroxyphenylalanine-containing drugs at least one week
 before admission.

 -  Acute ischemic stroke patients:

 -  Patients with age between 18 to 75.

 -  Patients with acute ischemic stroke less than 12 hours.

 -  National institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores ranged from 4 to 20.

 -  Without taking DSS and dihydroxyphenylalanine-containing drugs at least one week
 before admission.

 -  Acute lower limb ischemia patients:

 -  Patients with age between 18 to 75.

 -  Patients with typical " 6P " symptom within 14 days: pain, pulselessness, pallor,
 paresthesia, paralysis and poikilothermia.

 -  The magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography of the lower extremity artery
 showed that there was ischemia in the lower extremity.

 -  Without taking DSS and dihydroxyphenylalanine-containing drugs at least one week
 before admission.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  • Patients with history of cardiogenic shock or cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

 -  Woman during pregnancy or lactation or anyone with mental disorder.

 -  A self-identified history of stroke, renal failure, severe arrhythmia or
 malignant tumor.

 -  Previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery.