Randomized Controlled Trial of Pyridoxine for Tardive Dyskinesia
Randomized Controlled Trial of Pyridoxine for Tardive Dyskinesia
Purpose: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a involuntary movement disorder that can occur following
 long term treatment with antipsychotic medications and for which few treatment options exist.
 This study will test the efficacy of pyridoxine (also known as vitamin B6) for TD. This will
 be an 8 week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial measuring the effect of
 pyridoxine 400 mg/day on the severity of involuntary muscle movements in people who meet
 Schooler-Kane criteria for TD.

 Participants: Approximately 50 subjects will be recruited from the UNC Schizophrenia
 Treatment and Evaluation Program (STEP) and other local psychiatric clinics.

 Procedures (methods): Symptoms of TD will be assessed using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement
 Scale (AIMS). Pharmacological Intervention: All participants who meet entry criteria will be
 randomized to one of two treatment groups: pyridoxine or placebo.
Overview of Procedures: All procedures will be conducted at either the University of North
 Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, or at the North Carolina Psychiatric Research Center
 (NCPRC), a specialized program of the University of North Carolina Center for Excellence in
 Community Mental Health, in Raleigh.

 Screening: During the initial clinic visit and after providing written informed consent,
 prospective subjects' psychiatric and medical histories will be reviewed, physical exams
 conducted, demographics and vital signs obtained, and blood and urine collected. The
 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V, the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS),
 and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) will be used to evaluate
 psychopathology. Involuntary muscle movements will be assessed using the Abnormal Involuntary
 Movement Scale (AIMS). The AIMS exam will be video recorded. Other neurological side effects
 of antipsychotic medications will be assessed using the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) and
 Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS).

 The baseline visit will be scheduled within 28 days of the screening visit. Vital signs and
 weight will be measured. A blood test to measure baseline pyridoxine level will be collected.
 A battery of assessments will be administered including the Clinical Global
 Impressions-Severity (CGI-S), the Alcohol Use Scale, Substance Use Scale, Brief Psychiatric
 Rating Scale (BPRS), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), AIMS (video recorded),
 BARS, and SAS.

 At the completion of the baseline visit, subjects who continue to meet study inclusion
 criteria will be randomized to one of two treatment groups (pyridoxine or placebo). Subjects
 assigned to the pyridoxine group will receive 200 mg per day for one week and then 400 mg per
 day, as tolerated, for the remainder of the study. Subjects assigned to the placebo group
 will receive matching placebo capsules.

 After study enrollment, subjects will be scheduled for Week 1 and Week 2 study visits. The
 purpose of these visits will be to assess medication management (i.e., adverse events/side
 effects, adherence), collect vital signs, assess current psychiatric status, and assess
 neurological symptoms using the AIMS (video recorded), BARS, and SAS. The CGI-S will be
 performed at both Week 1 and Week 2, however, the C-SSRS will be completed at Week 2 only.

 Study visit at Week 4 and end-of-study visit at Week 8 will be similar to Week 2, with the
 addition of the BPRS, Substance Use Scale and Alcohol Use Questionnaire. A blood test to
 measure pyridoxine levels will also be collected during these visits. Study drug is
 discontinued at the Week 8 visit.

 A follow-up visit at Week 10, two weeks after stopping the treatment, will consist of
 assessing for adverse events/side effects, collecting vital signs, administrating the CGI-S
 and C-SSRS, and performing the AIMS (video recorded), BARS, and SAS. The follow-up visit will
 help determine whether the potential benefits of pyridoxine for TD may continue after
 treatment is discontinued.

 Vital signs, adverse events, and side effects will be obtained at all in-person study visits.
 Blood collection and laboratory testing will be done at Screening, Baseline, Week 4, and Week
 8 .
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Meet Schooler - Kane criteria for TD (at least one muscle group is rated at "moderate"
 severity or at least two muscle groups are rated at "mild" severity).

 -  Subjects must have > or equal to 3 months of antipsychotic exposure.

 -  Other causes of involuntary movements have been ruled out.

 -  Psychiatrically stable as defined by outpatient status for > or equal to 2 months.

 -  No change in dopamine antagonist agent or dose for > or equal to 2 months or change in
 other prescribed medications for > or equal to 1 month prior to enrollment

 -  Patients must be 18-80 years of age.

 -  Patients must demonstrate adequate decisional capacity to make a choice about
 participating in this research study and must provide written informed consent to
 participate.

 -  Women who can become pregnant must be using an adequate method of contraception to
 avoid pregnancy throughout the study. Acceptable methods include oral, injectable or
 implanted contraceptives, intrauterine devices or barrier methods such as condoms,
 diaphragm and spermicides. Women who can become pregnant must have a negative serum
 beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) pregnancy test at the Screening Visit.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Inpatient status

 -  Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score > or equal to 6.

 -  Evidence of any medical condition(s) that could confound the presence of TD.

 -  Currently taking more than 2 antipsychotic medications.

 -  Currently taking levodopa.

 -  Current or prior treatment with valbenazine or deutetrabenazine within the past 3
 months.

 -  Current or prior treatment with pyridoxine within the past 3 months.

 -  Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

 -  Alcohol use disorder as determined by the SCID within the past month.

 -  Substance use disorder (except caffeine and nicotine) as determined by the SCID within
 the past month.

 -  No serious and unstable medical condition(s) in the judgment of the investigator.

 -  DSM-V diagnosis of intellectual disability, moderate or greater severity; or diagnosis
 of major neurocognitive disorder.