Asymmetrical Gait Training After Pediatric Stroke
Asymmetrical Gait Training After Pediatric Stroke
The purposes of this pilot research study are 1. To begin to test if two different types of
 physical therapy might have different results in children and adolescents who have had a
 prior stroke, and 2. To determine if either type of physical therapy causes changes in the
 brain signals that control leg muscles. All participants will receive physical therapy 3
 times per week for 8 weeks. Half of the participants will receive typical physical therapy,
 such as walking practice, muscle strengthening, and balance training. Half of the
 participants will receive asymmetrical gait training physical therapy, which uses new
 technology to train each leg differently during walking practice. After enrolling,
 participants will be randomly assigned to the type of therapy. Measurements will be taken
 before, during, and after the 8 weeks of physical therapy. These include walking tests to
 measure symmetry, walking speed and daily step activity, and brain tests to measure the
 strength of the signals from the brain to the leg muscles. One blood test is also taken to
 identify if certain genetic factors affect how each child responds to the physical therapy.
Effective rehabilitation after acquired brain injury is essential for reducing the impact of
 the leading cause of pediatric disability in the United States. Neuroplastic changes in
 response to physical therapy are likely different in children compared to adults because
 children are continuing to experience developmental brain maturation while also experiencing
 the neural changes associated with injury and rehabilitation. The interaction between these
 two processes is poorly understood but presumably critical for maximizing long term outcomes.
 Using biomarkers to measure and predict rehabilitation-induced changes will improve
 rehabilitation prognosis and will facilitate the development of rehabilitation interventions
 that optimize neuroplastic potential in children. The objectives of this pilot study are to
 investigate the motor and neural responses to two different rehabilitation programs in
 children and adolescents with chronic hemiplegia from prior stroke. Participants will be
 randomly assigned to receive conventional physical therapy or an asymmetrical gait training
 program. Conventional physical therapy will include activities such as gait and balance
 training and muscle strengthening. The asymmetrical gait training program uses new technology
 to train each leg at a different speed during walking practice. Measurements of motor and
 neural function will occur at five timepoints before, during and after treatment. Motor
 function measures will include gait symmetry ratios, walking speed, community step activity,
 and participant and caregiver ratings on self-identified walking goals. Neural measures will
 include motor response characteristics of muscle contractions elicited in two lower extremity
 muscles by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the injured cortex. We will also establish a
 genetic database to identify the presence or absence of two genetic variants [Apolipoprotein
 E (ApoE Є4) and val66met Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) polymorphisms] associated
 with decreased potential for neuroplasticity for planning future investigations. The results
 will be used to inform the design of larger studies evaluating physical therapy treatments
 that maximize the capacity of the child's brain to change after neurological injury and
 identifying predictors of rehabilitation-induced neuroplasticity in children.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Between 5-17 years of age

 2. History of unilateral supratentorial arterial ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke

 3. Onset of stroke at least 6 months before study enrollment

 4. Ability to walk at least 20 feet without the use of an assistive device

 5. At least a 5 second difference in single leg stance time between left and right sides

 6. The ability to return to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) for the
 proposed training and testing sessions

 7. Parental/guardian permission (informed consent) and if appropriate, child assent

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Intracranial metallic or magnetic object or implanted electrical pacing device

 2. Treatment with botulinum toxin injections to the more affected ankle plantarflexors in
 the past 3 months

 3. Cognitive impairment that would prevent completion of the required training and
 testing activities

 4. Parents/guardians or participants who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not
 adhere with study schedules or procedures