Whole Body Vibration Therapy in Children With Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Whole Body Vibration Therapy in Children With Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are one of the common physical disabilities in childhood. For
 SMA, progressive muscle weakness and early fatigue hamper the mobility of the sufferers.
 Osteopenia is common for this population group due to poor bone growth and muscle disuse. As
 a result, non-traumatic related fractures and bone pain are common. Recently, whole body
 vibration therapy (WBVT) has been proven to improve bone health and muscle function in
 healthy adults and post-menopausal women. Among the limited studies on the WBVT for children
 with muscular dystrophies, promising results have been shown on gross motor function,
 balance, and muscle strength and the WBVT appears to be safe for children with SMA.

 The present pilot study is designed to investigate if WBVT is safe and feasible for
 individuals with SMA and if WBVT can improve muscle function, functional abilities, postural
 control and bone mineral density in children with SMA. Convenience samples of 10 individuals
 with SMA type III will be recruited. The participants will receive the WBVT of 25 Hertz and a
 peak-to-peak amplitude of 4mm for a session of about 18 minutes, 3 days per week for 4 weeks.
 Assessment will be performed at the baseline and the completion of the intervention to
 examine the muscle function, functional abilities, postural control and bone mineral density
 of the participants.

 It is anticipated that the outcomes of this pilot study for SMA may show if this intervention
 is safe, feasible and beneficial for children with SMA type III regarding to muscle function,
 functional abilities, postural control and bone mineral content and if there may be any
 related practical issues of this intervention to this population group. The outcomes also
 provide research evidence to clinicians if this intervention should be recommended to
 individuals of similar problems.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an X-chromosome-linked disorder, in which there is a loss of
 motor neurons from the anterior horn of the spinal cord due to a deletion of the SMN1 gene.
 SMA is usually classified under 4 categories, based on the onset time and severity of the
 conditions. Type I SMA is the most severe category, when the boy is diagnosed before 6 months
 old and has severe muscle weakness, causing them to have poor head control and unable to sit
 independently. Boys with type II SMA are diagnosed between 6 to 18 months of age and able to
 sit independently but cannot stand or walk without any assistance. SMA type III is diagnosed
 between 18 months to 30 years of age and the boys can stand and walk independently but still
 with variable degrees of muscle weakness. Some would lose ambulation in their early adulthood
 and require wheelchair mobility. Type IV SMA is the mildest form with an adult onset, normal
 mobility and longevity. However, they also experience mild muscle weakness throughout their
 life. This muscle weakness would lead to early loss of ambulation, reduced pulmonary function
 and complications due to immobilisation such as osteoporosis. Early fatality is not uncommon.

 Osteopenia due to disuse is, in fact, common in children with physical disabilities. In a
 study of 69 children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy (CP), it was shown that the
 distal femur and lumbar spine areal bone mineral density (BMD) z-scores appeared to worsen
 with time, which may reflect the possibility of poor bone growth velocity in individuals with
 CP. Fracture and bone pain are the major complications of osteopenia in CP and the majority
 of non-traumatic fractures occur in the femur and humerus. Other factors that may contribute
 to osteopenia in physical disabilities include pubertal delay, vitamin D deficiency, dietary
 calcium deficiency, under-nutrition and low body weight, corticosteroids or anticonvulsants.
 Despite of minimising these factors, osteopenia appears to persist.

 Limited studies have been done to examine the bone health in children with SMA but more in
 children with Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD), which have similar clinical presentations
 although with different pathologies. A study on 41 boys with DMD, bone density in the
 proximal femur was significantly decreased even in the ambulatory boys (mean z-score -1.6)
 and progressing rapidly to a level of 4 standard deviations below the norm when compared with
 normal boys. Forty-four percent of the boys had an episode of fracture, mostly in the lower
 limbs.

 Recently whole body vibration therapy (WBVT) has been preliminarily shown as a simple and
 effective technique to increase bone mass, muscle mass and strength. In general, the user
 stands in a static position such as standing or performs some dynamic movements on a device
 providing vibrations from a few Hz to 50 Hz (Hertz, Hz represents the number of complete up
 and down movement cycle per second). It has been hypothesised that the vibrations stimulate
 the muscle spindles and alpha-motor neurons, eliciting a muscle contraction. The latter would
 increase the muscle mass and in turn, increase the bone mass. It has also been postulated
 that direct effect by mechanical deformation of bones and increased fluid flow in the
 canalicular spaces and stimulation of the osteocytes may contribute increase in bone mass
 with the vibration therapy. Increase in oxygen consumption, body temperature and skin blood
 flow (erythema) have also been demonstrated. As WBVT does not elicit a significant
 cardiovascular response, it appears to be safe to be used in children with various medical
 conditions.

 In a systematic review on 22 studies (including 7 studies on CP and 2 on DMD) for the effect
 of WBVT on body composition and physical fitness in children and adolescents with
 disabilities, the authors concluded that WBVT appeared to improve bone mass and muscle
 strength in this population group. However, heterogeneity of the studies was noticed,
 including great variations in the treatment protocols and lacking of a control group and
 hence, no recommended minimal dosage of WBVT can be concluded. Since this review, two more
 randomised controlled trials (RCT) were published on children with CP. In one recent study,
 30 children with spastic diplegia CP of GMFCS levels I to II were randomised into a treatment
 group (WBVT with traditional physiotherapy) and a control group (physiotherapy only). The
 treatment group received 3 lots of 3 minutes on and 3 minutes off vibration (12 to 18 Hz), 2
 to 5 times per week for 3 months. Significant improvement in knee extensor strength and
 standing stability was reported in the treatment group. In another study in 2013, 27 children
 with spastic diplegia or hemiplegia CP of GMFCS levels I to III were randomised to a
 treatment group or control group and then crossed over after 4 weeks. The treatment group
 performed specific trunk exercise on the vibration platform (35 Hz), 5 to 10 minute per
 session, 2 to 4 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Significant improvement was found in gait
 speed, muscle thickness of the abdominal muscle and number of sit-ups done 1 minute. A visual
 improvement was also shown in sitting and standing postures.

 Although it has been shown that high frequency low amplitude vibration seemed to be a safe
 rehabilitation in mice with muscular dystrophy, intensive strengthening exercises, which may
 induce more damage to the muscle fibres for children with DMD or SMA as clinically indicated
 with a raised serum creatine kinase (SCK) level, remain as a concern. Hence current studies
 on this population group targeted to examine the safety of this intervention. Three studies
 on children with DMD and 1 on DMD and SMA using WBVT were found. In general, it appears that
 WBVT seems to be safe for children with DMD or SMA. Although there might be a raised SCK
 level, the level would gradually reduce to the baseline level, or if not, there was no
 clinical sign or symptom for muscle damage. A promising result was also shown in improving
 bone mineral density in children with DMD. However, due to the overall small number of
 studies and sample sizes, there is no definite conclusion if WBVT is effective in improving
 the bone density and muscle strength for this population group yet.

 Based on current research evidence, it has been suggested that 10 to 20 minutes per session,
 at least 3 times per week for minimum 26 weeks with frequency between 25 to 35 Hz and a peak
 to peak amplitude less than 4 mm may be an appropriate protocol targeting to improve bone
 mass and muscle strength of children and adolescents with disabilities. Studies of rigorous
 research designs and homogeneous participants are required to investigate if this recommended
 dosage of WBVT can improve children with disabling conditions.

 Methodology This feasibility study aims to examine the safety of the WBVT on children with
 type III SMA. Children with type III SMA are targeted as they have adequate independence
 living in the community but still experience early fatigue during normal level of exercises
 due to the nature of their condition. They are at high risk of suffering from complications
 due to compromised mobility such as osteopenia, early loss of ambulation when compared with
 their healthy peers.

 The WBVT will be performed on the GalileoTM Med L Plus (Novotech Medical GmbH) with the study
 participants standing with both knees flexed at least 20 degrees. The vibration frequency and
 duration will be increased over 5 days to the maximum of 3 minutes of 24 to 25 Hz with a peak
 to peak amplitude of 4mm. The participants will undergo the WBVT 1 session per day, 3 days
 per week for 4 weeks. The whole WBVT session will last 18 minutes with 9 minutes of
 vibration.

 Participants:

 10 children with type III SMA aged from 6 to 18 years will be recruited. The age range is
 extended aiming to increase the number of recruitment due to the rarity of the condition. All
 participants will continue their usual intervention regime, if any, during the study period.

 Recruitment:

 Children and families will be identified by their paediatrician at the neuromuscular clinic
 at the Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital in Hong Kong. Participants and/or their
 parents/guardians will be asked if they are interested to participate in this study and their
 contact details (name and contact telephone number) will be passed onto the PI. PI will
 contact the families by telephone.

 Power analysis:

 There is no previous study specifically conducted for this group of children and adolescents
 and hence no data is available for the power calculation. Most importantly, the aim of this
 study is to examine the safety and feasibility of the WBVT for this group of clients.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Diagnosis of type III spinal muscular atrophy

 -  Be able to stand on the vibration platform with or without support

 -  Be able to undertake clinical examination and DXA evaluation

 -  Informed consent by the participant's parent/ guardian

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  There is a history of fracture within 8 weeks of enrolment of the present study and
 acute thrombosis, muscle or tendon inflammation, renal stones, discopathy or arthritis
 as reported by their parent/ guardian.

 -  There is a history of using any of the following medications, regardless of dose, for
 at least 1 month, within 3 months of enrolment into the present study: anabolic
 agents, or growth hormone.