Controlled Randomized Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Therapy Versus Resection (CoRaVNStiR)
Controlled Randomized Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Therapy Versus Resection (CoRaVNStiR)
Background: There are a variety of treatment options for medically refractory medial temporal
 lobe epilepsy. Evidence from randomized trials indicates vagus nerve stimulation therapy can
 be used as a proven therapy for medically refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Resective
 surgery is one of the most commonly used methods to treat medically refractory medial
 temporal lobe epilepsy. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of vagus nerve
 stimulation therapy and resective surgery in the treatment of the medically refractory medial
 temporal lobe epilepsy.

 Methods/Design: In this article, we report the design and protocol of a randomized controlled
 trial to treat medically refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy with vagus nerve
 stimulation therapy or resective surgery. In total, 40 patients aged 12 to 60 years with
 medically refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy will be assessed. There are two treatment
 groups. These patients are randomly assigned to be in one of the following two treatment
 groups, i.e. 1) undergo temporal lobe resection group, 2) receive vagus nerve stimulation
 therapy group. The primary outcome is to assess whether vagus nerve stimulation produces a
 reduction in mean monthly seizure frequency that is comparable to resection at 3 months, 6
 months, 9 months and 12 months of follow-up. The secondary outcomes include the
 neuropsychological, seizure severity, seizure type, quality of life, mood assessment,
 operative and postoperative complications and long-term side effects, compared to resection.

 Discussion: The result of this trial will assess the efficacy of using vagus nerve
 stimulation therapy or resective surgery to treat medically refractory medial temporal lobe
 epilepsy, and to determine a better therapy for treating medically refractory medial temporal
 lobe epilepsy.
Published data suggest that patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who continue to experience
 seizures after trials of two or three antiepileptic drugs are unlikely to become seizure-free
 with further attempts at resection. Such patients may experience poor quality of life and
 functional outcomes from continuing seizures and the adverse effects associated with further
 attempts at resection. Vagus nerve stimulation is a minimally invasive treatment for epilepsy
 with well-established effectiveness as an adjunctive treatment for partial seizures
 refractory to resection, but there are no vagus nerve stimulation is a minimally invasive
 treatment for epilepsy with well-established effectiveness as an adjunctive treatment for
 partial seizures refractory to resection, but there are no controlled randomized clinical
 trials comparing the effectiveness of Vagus Nerve Stimulation therapy with resection in such
 patients.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Presurgical candidates with pharmacoresistant partial seizures despite optimal medical
 treatment and history of medically refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy

 -  Age above 12 years, below 60 years

 -  Average of 2 partial seizures per month during a baseline of 2 months

 -  Recording of seizures must have been done in a prospective manner using standard
 seizure diaries

 -  Video-EEG characteristics showing temporal lobe seizure onset (left-sided or
 right-sided seizure onset) in at least one recorded habitual seizure

 -  Presence of a structural abnormality in the medial temporal lobe, suggestive of
 hippocampal sclerosis as evidenced by optimum MRI

 -  Women of child-bearing age will be required to use a reliable method of contraception
 during the study duration,

 -  Patient must be able to provide reliable seizure counts using seizure diaries and to
 complete the evaluations specified in the study procedures flow chart

 -  Patient must provide written informed consent, or legal guardian must give written
 permission and the minor provide written assent.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Extratemporal epilepsy; multifocal epilepsy; evidence of bilateral medial medically
 refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy

 -  MRI evidence of potentially epileptogenic lesions outside the medial temporal lobe
 such as dysplasias, tumours or cavernomas

 -  Prior resective intracranial surgery

 -  Patients who are candidates for invasive video-EEG recording or have previously been
 investigated with invasive video-EEG recording

 -  Patients who previously underwent any other type of neurostimulation for treating
 epilepsy

 -  Patients who unable to fill in questionnaires and comply with protocol requirements

 -  Progressive neurological or medical conditions

 -  Medical or psychiatric conditions precluding surgery or compliance

 -  Patients taking antidepressant medication

 -  Pregnancy at study onset

 -  Previous (within the last 3 months), ongoing or planned participation in other
 treatment study protocols for epilepsy

 -  Contraindication for intracranial surgery

 -  Contraindication for Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy

 -  Patient has had a bilateral or left cervical vagotomy, currently uses, or is expected
 to use during the study, short-wave diathermy, microwave diathermy, or therapeutic
 ultrasound diathermy,

 -  A VNS Therapy System implant would (in the investigator's judgment) pose an
 unacceptable surgical or medical risk for the patient

 -  Patient is expected to require full body magnetic resonance imaging during the
 clinical study

 -  Patient has had a previous VNS Therapy System implant.