NUC in Preventing HBV Reactivation in HCV/HBV Co-infected Patients Receiving DAA for CHC
NUC in Preventing HBV Reactivation in HCV/HBV Co-infected Patients Receiving DAA for CHC
HBV reactivation is common in HCV/HBV coinfected patients receiving DAA therapy for chronic
 hepatitis C. How to prevent HBV reactivation remains unclear. In this trial, we aim to
 investigate whether prophylactic nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) at the start of DAA could
 prevent HBV reactivation or not. And whether prolonged NUC prophylaxis (24 weeks) would be
 better than 12-week prophylaxis. This will be a three-arm, open-label, randomized, active
 controlled, study. Totally, 60 HBV/HCV co-infected treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced
 patients without decompensated liver cirrhosis will be included in this study. Group 1
 patients (n=20) will receive 12-week ETV from the start of DAA therapy. Group 2 patients
 (n=20) will receive 24-week ETV from the start of DAA till 12 weeks after end of DAA. Group 3
 patients (n=20) will not receive ETV during the period of DAA and will serve as controls. The
 rate of HBV reactivation and clinical reactivation will be compared among 3 groups of
 patients. Expected outcomes: The rate of HBV reactivation and clinical reactivation will be
 lower in the ETV prophylaxis group, and will be the lowest in the group receiving 24-week ETV
 prophylaxis.
We will determine the incidence of virologic and clinical reactivation of HBV during DAA
 treatment for CHC, in two prophylactic groups versus control group. We will also examine
 whether extending the duration of prophylactic NUC would be more beneficial than the 3-month
 prophylaxis regimen.

 Patients with the following criteria will be enrolled: age ≥20 years; anti-HCV positive and
 HCV RNA >1000 IU/ml; any HCV genotype; all received 12 weeks of DAA treatment; treatment
 naïve or experienced of pegylated interferon/ribavirin; concurrent HBV infection which is
 defined by positive HBsAg for at least 6 months. Patients with the following criteria will be
 excluded: history of treatment regimen that included any kind of direct antiviral agents;
 presence of other etiology of chronic hepatitis including HIV, autoimmune hepatitis, NASH,
 etc; uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (Hba1c >8.5); current evidence or suspicion of
 malignancy; severe cardiovascular or other severe comorbid diseases; autoimmune disorders;
 presence of liver cirrhosis clinically or pathologically; any one of following hematology or
 biochemical or clinical abnormalities: AST/ALT >10x ULN, Albumin <3.5g/dL, Bilirubin
 >2.5mg/dL, eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2, prothrombin time prolongation >4 sec or INR >1.7, platelet
 count <100 x 103 uL, and history or presence of ascites or hepatic encephalopathy;
 child-bearing age women without the willing to contraceptive control; and pregnant women or
 lactating women.

 Briefly, 60 HCV/HBV coinfected patients will be enrolled and randomized to receive 12-week
 DAA regimen for reimbursed for the the treatment of patients with CHC in Taiwan.

 Entecavir (0.5mg; ETV) 1 # daily will be used in the prophylactic group. Group 1 patients
 (n=20) will receive 12-week ETV from the start of DAA therapy. Group 2 patients (n=20) will
 receive 24-week ETV from the start of DAA till 12 weeks after end of DAA. Group 3 patients
 (n=20) will not receive ETV during the period of DAA and serve as controls. The rate of HBV
 reactivation and clinical reactivation will be compared among 3 groups of patients.

 The primary endpoint will be the incidence of virologic and clinical reactivation of HBV
 during DAA treatment for CHC. Secondary objectives include the rate of HBV virologic and
 clinical reactivation between 12-week versus 24-week entecavir (ETV) prophylaxis during and
 after DAA treatment; the profiles of serum HBV DNA/qHBsAg during and after DAA treatment; and
 sustained virological response at post-DAA treatment 12 weeks (SVR12).

 The data will be expressed as percentages for category variables and as mean +- standard
 deviation for continuous variables. Category variables will be evaluated by Chi-square test
 or Fisher exact test. Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test will be applied for comparison
 of the continuous variables. Multivariate analysis will be used to identify factors that are
 associated with HBV reactivation. A p value less than 0.05 is considered to be significant.
Inclusion criteria

 1. Age ≥20 years;

 2. Anti-HCV positive and HCV RNA >1000 IU/ml;

 3. Any HCV genotype; all received 12 weeks of DAA treatment.

 4. Treatment naïve or experienced of pegylated interferon/ribavirin;

 5. Concurrent HBV infection which is defined by positive HBsAg for at least 6 months.

 Exclusion criteria

 1. History of treatment regimen that included any kind of direct antiviral agents;

 2. Presence of other etiology of chronic hepatitis including HIV, autoimmune hepatitis,
 NASH, etc;

 3. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (Hba1c >8.5);

 4. Current evidence or suspicion of malignancy;

 5. Severe cardiovascular or other severe comorbid diseases;

 6. Autoimmune disorders;

 7. Presence of liver cirrhosis clinically or pathologically;

 8. Any one of following hematology or biochemical or clinical abnormalities:

 AST/ALT >10x ULN, Albumin <3.5g/dL, Bilirubin >2.5mg/dL, eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2,
 prothrombin time prolongation >4 sec or INR >1.7, platelet count <100 x 103 uL, and
 history or presence of ascites or hepatic encephalopathy.

 9. Child-bearing age women without the willing to contraceptive control; pregnant women
 or lactating women.