Local Versus Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SYNTHESIS)
Local Versus Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SYNTHESIS)
The purpose of this study is to determine whether intra-arterial rt-PA within 6 hours from an
 ischemic stroke onset, compared with intravenous infusion of the same drug within 3 hours,
 increases the proportion of independent survivors at 3 months.
"Stroke is a major cause of death and severe disability.The only effective, available
 therapy, within few hours of stroke onset, is rt-PA, a thrombolytic agent. Preliminary
 experience but not from properly conducted randomized trials indicates that intra-arterial
 treatment might be more effective than intravenous therapy for some vascular lesions.
 Intravenous application has not been tested directly against intra-arterial treatment and we
 do not known the relative clinical effectiveness with these two routes of administration.
 Eligible patients will be randomized to receive either IV rt-PA (0.9mg/kg; max 90 mg), 10% of
 which would be infused over 1 minute, and the remainder over 60 min, or IA rt-PA within the
 thrombus by means of microcatheter. In patients allocated to IA rt-PA the angiogram is
 performed as soon as possible within 6 hours of stroke onset; IV heparin has to be initiated
 (2000 U bolus followed by 500 U7hr infusion) and rt-PA is delivered at a rate of about 90
 mg/hr for maximum one hour at the dose needed for recanalization up to 0.9 mg/Kg (max 90 mg).
 Antithrombotics and anticoagulants are disallowed during the first 24 hours (except heparin
 used during the angiogram). After 24 hrs, all patients will be considered for long-term
 antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Follow-up will take place at 7 days, discharge, or
 transfer, whichever is first; and again at 3 months. 4 centers are currently authorized for
 the start-up phase; 15 centers in Italy have applied for an expansion phase of the study
 (SYNTHESIS EXPANSION), with financial support from Italian National Agency for Drugs
 (AIFA).The two phases of the study will be analysed separately and will be considered in a
 pooled analysis.
Inclusion criteria:

 -  Sudden focal neurological deficit attributable to a stroke

 -  Clearly defined time of onset, allowing initiation of intravenous treatment within 3
 hours of symptoms onset and intra-arterial treatment within 6 hour of symptoms onset.

 -  Age between 18 and 80 years

 Exclusion criteria:

 -  Disability preceding stroke consistent with a modified Rankin scale score of 2-4 (see
 glossary for Rankin scale)

 -  Coma at onset

 -  Severe stroke as assessed clinically (e.g. NIHSS>25)

 -  Rapidly improving neurological deficit or minor symptoms

 -  Seizure at onset of stroke

 -  Clinical presentation suggestive of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (even of CT scan is
 normal) or condition after subarachnoid hemorrhage from aneurysm

 -  Previous history of or suspected intracranial hemorrhage

 -  Previous history of central nervous system damage (i.e. neoplasm, aneurysm,
 intracranial or spinal surgery)

 -  Septic embolism, bacterial endocarditis, pericarditis

 -  Acute pancreatitis

 -  Arterial puncture at a non compressible site (e.g. subclavian or jugular vein
 puncture) or traumatic external heart massage or obstetrical delivery within the
 previous 10 days

 -  Another stroke or serious head trauma within the preceding 3 months

 -  Major surgery or significant trauma in past 3 month

 -  Urinary tract hemorrhage within the previous 21 days

 -  Documented ulcerative gastrointestinal disease during the last 3 months, esophageal
 varices, arterial-aneurysm, arterial/venous malformations • Neoplasm with increased
 bleeding risk

 -  Severe liver disease, including hepatic failure, cirrhosis, portal hypertension
 (esophageal varices) and active hepatitis

 -  Current therapy with intravenous or subcutaneous heparin or oral anticoagulants (e.g.
 warfarin sodium) to rise the clotting time

 -  Known hereditary or acquired hemorrhagic diathesis, baseline INR greater than 1.5,
 aPTT more than 1.5 times normal, or baseline platelet count less than 100,000 per
 cubic millimeter

 -  Baseline blood glucose concentrations below 50 mg per deciliter (2.75 mm/L) or above
 400 mg per deciliter

 -  Hemorrhagic retinopathy, e.g. in diabetes (vision disturbances may indicate
 hemorrhagic retinopathy)

 -  Any history of prior stroke and concomitant diabetes

 -  Prior stroke within the last 3 months

 -  Known contrast sensitivity

 -  Severe uncontrolled hypertension defined by a blood pressure ≥ 185 mmHg systolic or
 diastolic ≥ 110 mm Hg in 3 separate occasions at least 10 minutes apart or requiring
 continuous IV therapy

 -  Prognosis very poor regardless of therapy; likely to be dead within months.

 -  Unlikely to be available for follow-up (e.g., no fixed home address, visitor from
 overseas).Any other condition which local investigators feels would pose a significant
 hazard in terms of risk/benefit to the patient, or if therapies are impracticable.

 Computed tomographic (CT) scan exclusion criteria

 -  Intracranial tumors except small meningioma

 -  Hemorrhage of any degree

 -  Acute infarction (since this may be an indicator that the time of onset is uncorrected