Study of a Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Device for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Study of a Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Device for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
This trial will test the safety and efficacy of a rTMS device for the treatment of major
 depressive disorder (MDD). It is hypothesized that rTMS will have an antidepressant effect.

 It is a 10-week, randomized, sham-controlled, multicenter trial in outpatients recruited in
 both academic and private research centers. It is comprised of three major phases: pre-study
 screening, acute treatment, and post-treatment taper. Eligible patients will be randomized to
 one of two rTMS treatment groups. One group will receive active rTMS treatment and one will
 receive an inactive, or sham, treatment. Each treatment takes about 45 minutes and is done on
 an outpatient basis. All trial related medical care is provided at no cost to the
 participant.
This trial will test the safety and efficacy of a rTMS device for the treatment of major
 depressive disorder.

 Major depression is one of the most prevalent and profoundly debilitating diseases worldwide.
 In a recent report, it is estimated that by the year 2020, depression will be second only to
 heart disease in magnitude of disease burden as determined by disability-adjusted life years.

 Despite major advances in the treatment of depression in the last three decades, further
 improvements are needed. For instance, with respect to antidepressant pharmacotherapy, only
 1/3 of patients are estimated to have a nearly full resolution of their clinical symptoms
 with their first medication trial. Indeed, partial remission or lack of response to treatment
 is experienced by the majority of patients. Even with serial trials of antidepressant
 medication, at least 10 to 15% of patients with major depression are estimated to experience
 limited benefit and remain chronically depressed with significant psychosocial morbidity.
 Some patients cannot tolerate the dosage and duration of antidepressant treatments required
 for treatment trials to be considered adequate. In such patients, intolerance of somatic
 treatments for major depression leads to chronicity and impaired function, and likely hinders
 long-term compliance with treatments. For many patients with treatment resistant depression
 (TRD), more complex regimens of polypharmacotherapy, or the use of electroconvulsive therapy
 (ECT) are the only currently available treatment options.

 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising alternative to treatments
 such as ECT or pharmacotherapy for patients presenting with MDD. An rTMS procedure is
 non-invasive, does not require anesthesia, and may be delivered in an appropriately staffed
 outpatient setting.

 By creating a time-varying magnetic field that is unimpeded by the scalp and skull, TMS can
 focally and painlessly stimulate the cortex of awake individuals. Through the principle of
 magnetic induction, the localized pulsed magnetic field generated in the coil at the surface
 of the head induces an electrical current that depolarizes underlying superficial neurons. It
 is widely thought that rTMS produces its behavioral effects solely through the induction of
 current flow in cortex.

 Several factors have driven the investigation of rTMS for the treatment of MDD. Early reports
 of changes in mood in normal participants, the non-invasive nature of rTMS, the favorable
 side effect profile compared to ECT, and the non-response of a number of MDD patients to
 pharmacotherapy and/or ECT, all have likely played a role. Since the initial studies, there
 has continued to be high interest in rTMS as an antidepressant treatment. Multiple trials
 have been conducted from researchers in diverse environments around the world. However, until
 now, there have been no rigorously conducted large, multicenter rTMS clinical trials in the
 treatment of patients with MDD. Because the published research has largely been conducted in
 single centers, the sample sizes in these antidepressant trials have been small. However, the
 majority of more than 20 reports have found modest to large antidepressant effects that
 increase over the trial period. By design, this trial will provide more robust information
 regarding the antidepressant effect of rTMS in the adult population of MDD patients.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Primary diagnosis by DSM-IV criteria for Major Depressive Episode, single or recurrent
 episode as confirmed by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID-IV),
 with the additional stipulation of a duration for this episode of greater than or
 equal to 4 weeks and CGI-S greater than or equal to 4

 -  Duration of current episode of depression less than 3 years (the definition of an
 episode is demarcated by a period of greater than or equal to 2 months when the
 patient did not meet full criteria for the DSM-IV definition of major depressive
 episode);

 -  Total HAM-D17 score of greater than or equal to 20 and Item 1 score greater than or
 equal to 2 at screening visit;

 -  Medication resistance to at least two different antidepressant treatments, defined as
 resistance to a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 4 antidepressant drug trials of adequate
 dose and duration in the current episode with adequate dose and duration defined as
 minimum level 3 on the Antidepressant Treatment History Form (ATHF); or, if patient
 has not received a sufficient number of antidepressant treatments to assess their
 medication resistance in the current episode, then the patient must meet level 3
 medication resistance by ATHF criteria to at least 1 and no more than 4 drug trials in
 a previous episode.

 -  Patients who have not completed antidepressant trials of adequate dose and duration
 due to intolerance to therapy may be included if they have demonstrated intolerance to
 greater than or equal to 4 anti-depressant medications in the current or a previous
 episode, and did not meet ATHF criteria for a single adequate treatment trial in the
 current episode.

 -  Capable and willing to provide informed consent

 -  Signed HIPAA authorization

 -  Able to adhere with the treatment schedule, and withdrawal of ongoing pharmacotherapy

 -  If currently taking antidepressant pharmacotherapy, must be clinically appropriate to
 discontinue treatment with those agents.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Investigators, site personnel directly affiliated with this study, and their immediate
 families (immediate family is defined as a spouse, parent, child or sibling, whether
 by birth or legal adoption);

 -  Individuals diagnosed by the Investigator with the following conditions (current
 unless otherwise stated):

 -  Depression secondary to a general medical condition, or substance-induced;

 -  Seasonal pattern of depression as defined by DSM-IV

 -  History of substance abuse or dependence within the past year (except nicotine
 and caffeine)

 -  Any psychotic disorder (lifetime), including schizoaffective disorder, or major
 depression with psychotic features in this or previous episodes

 -  Bipolar disorder

 -  Eating disorder (current or within the past year)

 -  Obsessive compulsive disorder (lifetime)

 -  Post-traumatic stress disorder (current or within the past year)

 -  An Axis II Personality Disorder, which in the judgment of the Investigator may hinder
 the patient in completing the procedures required by the study protocol.

 -  Individuals with a clinically defined neurological disorder or insult including, but
 not limited to:

 -  Any condition likely to be associated with increased intracranial pressure

 -  Space occupying brain lesion

 -  Any history of seizure EXCEPT those therapeutically induced by ECT

 -  History of cerebrovascular accident

 -  Transient ischemic attack within two years

 -  Cerebral aneurysm

 -  Dementia

 -  Mini Mental Status Exam score of less than or equal to 24

 -  Parkinson's disease

 -  Huntington's chorea

 -  Multiple sclerosis

 -  Increased risk of seizure for any reason, including prior diagnosis of increased
 intracranial pressure (such as after large infarctions or trauma), or history of
 significant head trauma with loss of consciousness for greater than or equal to 5
 minutes

 -  A true positive response to any question on the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
 Adult Safety Screen questionnaire

 -  Inability to locate and quantify a motor threshold as defined in the protocol

 -  ECT treatment within 3 months prior to the screening visit

 -  Failure to respond to ECT treatment (i.e., consistent with ATHF level 2 or higher) in
 this or any previous episode

 -  History of treatment with rTMS therapy for any disorder

 -  History of treatment with Vagus Nerve Stimulation

 -  Use of any investigational drug within 4 weeks of the randomization visit

 -  Use of fluoxetine within 6 weeks of the randomization visit

 -  Use of an MAOI within 2 weeks of the randomization visit

 -  Use of any medication(s) listed on the Excluded Medication List within 1 week of the
 randomization visit

 -  Significant acute suicide risk, defined as follows:

 -  Suicide attempt within the previous 6 months that required medical treatment; or

 -  Greater than or equal to 2 suicide attempts in the past 12 months; or

 -  Has a clear-cut plan for suicide and states that he/she cannot guarantee that
 he/she will call his/her regular psychiatrist or the Investigator if the impulse
 to implement the plan becomes substantial during the study; or

 -  In the Investigator's opinion, is likely to attempt suicide within the next 6
 months.

 -  Cardiac pacemakers, implanted medication pumps, intracardiac lines, or acute, unstable
 cardiac disease;

 -  Intracranial implant (e.g., aneurysm clips, shunts, stimulators, cochlear implants, or
 electrodes) or any other metal object within or near the head, excluding the mouth,
 that cannot be safely removed

 -  Known or suspected pregnancy

 -  If participating in psychotherapy, must have been in stable treatment for at least 3
 months prior to entry into the study, with no anticipation of change in the frequency
 of therapeutic sessions, or the therapeutic focus over the duration of the rTMS trial

 -  Positive urine drug screen. (A positive urine drug screen at screening may be repeated
 once prior to randomization)

 -  Clinically significant laboratory abnormality, in the opinion of the Investigator

 -  Women who are breast-feeding

 -  Women of child-bearing potential not using a medically accepted form of contraception
 when engaging in sexual intercourse.