Dynamics of Muscle Mitochondria in Type 2 Diabetes (DYNAMMO T2D)
Dynamics of Muscle Mitochondria in Type 2 Diabetes (DYNAMMO T2D)
Insulin promotes the clearance of sugars from the blood into skeletal muscle and fat cells
 for use as energy; it also promotes storage of excess nutrients as fat. Type 2 diabetes
 occurs when the cells of the body become resistant to the effects of insulin, and this causes
 high blood sugar and contributes to a build-up of fat in muscle, pancreas, liver, and the
 heart. Understanding how insulin resistance occurs will pave the way for new therapies aimed
 at preventing and treating type 2 diabetes.

 Mitochondria are cellular structures that are responsible for turning nutrients from food,
 into the energy that our cells run on. As a result, mitochondria are known as "the powerhouse
 of the cell." Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can move within a cell to the areas
 where they are needed, and can fuse together to form large, string-like, tubular networks or
 divide into small spherical structures. The name of this process is "mitochondrial dynamics"
 and the process keeps the cells healthy. However, when more food is consumed compared to the
 amount of energy burned, mitochondria may become overloaded and dysfunctional resulting in a
 leak of partially metabolized nutrients that can interfere with the ability of insulin to
 communicate within the cell. This may be a way for the cells to prevent further uptake of
 nutrients until the current supply has been exhausted. However, long term overload of the
 mitochondria may cause blood sugar levels to rise and lead to the development of type 2
 diabetes.

 This study will provide information about the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics,
 insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
The traditional view of mitochondria as isolated, spherical, energy producing organelles is
 undergoing a revolutionary transformation. Emerging data show that mitochondria form a
 dynamic networked reticulum that is regulated by cycles of fission and fusion. The discovery
 of a number of proteins that regulate these activities has led to important advances in
 understanding human disease. Data show that activation of dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), a
 protein that controls mitochondrial fission, is reduced following exercise in prediabetes,
 and the decrease is linked to increased insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation. The proposed
 research will test the hypothesis that mitochondrial dynamics is a key mechanism of insulin
 resistance in type 2 diabetes. Translational first-in-man studies will use an acute lipid
 challenge to investigate the physiological significance of altered skeletal muscle
 mitochondrial dynamics on insulin sensitivity in humans. The experimental approach harnesses
 innovative molecular and cellular tools, interfaced with physiologically significant human
 studies to obtain meaningful data on insulin resistance, and has the potential to generate
 insights that will lead to new diabetes therapies for future generations.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Healthy

 -  Sedentary

 -  Normal glucose tolerance

 -  BMI <25 kg/m2