Mind-body Treatments for Chronic Back Pain
Mind-body Treatments for Chronic Back Pain
Participants with chronic back pain will complete an online prescreen. They will then be
 randomized to one of two different studies: a placebo vs. waitlist study or a psychotherapy
 vs. waitlist study, with randomization stratified on pain intensity, age, gender, and opioid
 use. Participants will then complete an in-person eligibility session, and eligible
 participants will be scheduled for the baseline assessment session. Following the baseline
 assessment session, participants will then be randomized to the treatment group or the
 waitlist group (with a ratio of 2:1 treatment:waitlist), using a computer-generated random
 sequence.

 This scheme will result in three equally sized groups-placebo, psychotherapy, and waitlist-as
 the investigators will collapse data from the waitlist arms in the two studies for analyses.
 The investigators do not use a standard three-way randomization because the investigators do
 not want placebo participants to think they are in a control condition. Thus, the
 investigators constrain participant's expectations to either injection vs. waitlist or to
 psychotherapy vs. waitlist.

 The placebo treatment is a subcutaneous injection of saline into the back. Participants will
 know that the treatment is a placebo, i.e., it is an "open label" placebo. Psychotherapy (8
 sessions) will be supervised by Alan Gordon and Howard Schubiner.

 Functional MRI brain imaging, self-reported clinical outcomes, and behavioral measures will
 be collected pre- and post-treatment. A brief follow-up survey will be sent at months 1, 2,
 3, 6, and 12 after the final assessment session. These will provide longer term data about
 the trajectory and durability of patient improvement.

 Additionally, a group of healthy controls, with no history of back pain, will complete the
 baseline assessment. They will serve as a comparison group to probe whether the patterns of
 observed brain activity is specific to CBP patients.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Participants aged 21 to 70 with CBP will be enrolled.

 -  CBP will be defined according to the criteria established by a recent NIH task force
 (Deyo et al., 2014). Pain duration must be at least 3 months, with back pain being an
 ongoing problem for at least half the days of the last 6 months. That is, patients can
 meet criteria by either reporting pain every day for the past 3 months, or by
 reporting pain on half or more of the days for the past 6+ months. This will be
 determined by asking patients: (1) How long has back pain has been an ongoing problem
 for you? (2) How often has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you over the past
 6 months? A response of greater than 3 months to question 1 and a response of ''at
 least half the days in the past 6 months'' to question 2 would define CBP.

 -  Patients must rate pain intensity at 40/100 or greater on the Brief Pain
 Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), in keeping with inclusion criteria from previous CBP
 trials (Baliki et al., 2012; Cherkin et al., 2016; Hashmi et al., 2013; Seminowicz et
 al., 2011).

 -  Back pain must be elicited by our back pain device (see below).

 -  Participants must also be comfortable and able to communicate via email or text
 message, as several study measures are collected in this manner (see below).

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Back pain associated with compensation or litigation issues as determined by
 self-report within the past year.

 -  Leg pain is greater than back pain. This suggests neuropathic pain, which may be less
 responsive to placebo or psychotherapy.

 -  Difficulty participating for technical/logistical issues (e.g., unable to get to
 assessment sessions).

 -  Self-reported diagnoses of schizophrenia, multiple personality disorder, or
 dissociative identity disorder.

 -  Self-reported use of intravenous drugs, due to concerns about infections and subject
 compliance with experimental protocols.

 -  Inability to undergo MRI as determined by MRI safety screen (e.g., pregnancy, metal in
 body, claustrophobia, using the standard screen conducted by the MRI imaging
 facility).

 -  Hypersensitive or hyposensitive to pressure pain: unable to tolerate 7kg/cm2
 stimulation or reporting no pain for 4kg/cm2 stimulation; see further details below.

 -  Current regular use of an immunosuppressant drug, such as steroids. Such drugs
 interfere with immunoassay results.

 -  Self-reported history of metastasizing cancers-cancer of the breast, thyroid, lung,
 kidney, prostate or blood cancers.

 -  Self-reported history of stroke, brain surgery, or brain tumor.

 -  Self-reported diagnosis of a specific inflammatory disorder: rheumatoid arthritis,
 polymyalgia rheumatica, scleroderma, Lupus, or polymyositis.

 -  Unexplained, unintended weight loss of 20 lbs. or more in the past year.

 -  Cauda Equina syndrome, as screened for by self-reported inability to control bowel or
 bladder function.