Immediate Effects of Ankle Mobilization on Dorsiflexion Range of Motion in Women With Patellofemoral Pain.
Immediate Effects of Ankle Mobilization on Dorsiflexion Range of Motion in Women With Patellofemoral Pain.
Anterior Knee Pain or Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) is one of the most common disorders that
 affecting knee in the physically active population, being a condition that typically presents
 as diffuse knee pain in the anterior region and retro- or peri-patellar area, mainly in
 activities that increase compression force in patellofemoral joint, such as squatting,
 running, stair ascent and descent. The overall prevalence of PFP has been reported as between
 15-45% of the population, and its incidence is higher among women. The literature cites as
 etiology of PFP the ocorrence of dysfunctions in the local (knee), proximal (trunk, pelvis
 and hip complex) and distal (ankle and foot regions) factores. Actually, there is a lack of
 studies that investigate the interventions influences on distal factors in outcomes clinical
 in persons with PFP. Thus, the aim of this study is analyze the effect of ankle mobilization
 techiniques in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion closed kinetic chain in women with
 patellofemoral pain and with dorsoflexion restriction.
The sample of this study will be formed by 117 lower limbs of women with PFP who have ankle
 dorsoflexion restriction, divided into three groups. Each group will contain 39 lower limbs
 and receive an ankle mobilization technique with a specific sense of mobilization. The group
 nominated GAP will receive an mobilization technique with slip sense from anterior to
 posterior. The group nominated GPA will receive an mobilization technique with slip sense
 from posterior to anterior. The group nominated GPA-AP will receive an mobilization technique
 with slip sense both from posterior to anterior and from anterior to posterior.

 Each group will receive a single intervention, which will consist of four sets of five
 repetitions of the ankle mobilization technique (according to the specific slip direction of
 each group), with rest time between series of one minute. In the group GPA-AP, to
 standardized the sequence of mobilization, the first two sets will be performed with slip
 sense from anterior to posterior, and the last two sets will be performede with slip sense
 from posterior to anterior. There will be randomisation allocation of individuals in the
 groups and because of the nature of the interventions only the evaluator may be blind.

 The Kolmogorov - Smirnov test is used to verify the data distribution normality. The
 characterization of the participants is performed by means of descriptive statistical
 analysis. Parametric or non-parametric tests will be used according to the data distribution
 normality for comparison between groups at baseline. The evaluator blinding will be tested
 using the chi -square test by comparing the randomization code with the evaluator opinion.
 The difference between the groups and their respective confidence intervals will be
 calculated by linear mixed models using interaction term of "time versus group".
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Presence of localized pain in the anterior region of the knee and / or around the
 patella, reproduced with at least two of the following activities: climbing /
 descending stairs, crouching, kneeling, long sitting, isometric contraction of the
 quadriceps, running and jump.

 -  Existence of a report of pain for at least three months, beginning incidental and
 unrelated to some traumatic event in the knee.

 -  Pain with intensity of at least three points in the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of
 pain in the last week.

 -  Limitation of the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion measured by the Lunge Test in the
 lower limb with Patellofemoral Pain.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  History of surgery in the lumbar spine, hip, knee and / or ankle;

 -  History of fractures in the lumbar spine, hip, knee and / or ankle;

 -  History of patellar dislocation;

 -  Presence of edema in the knee joint;

 -  Presence of meniscal injury;

 -  Injury of cruciate ligament and / or collateral ligaments;

 -  Presence of tendonopathy in the patellar tendon, tendons of the goose and / or band
 leg tibial ilium;

 -  Presence of Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome or Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndromes.

 -  Presence of pain in the lumbar spine and / or hip.