Treat-to-target Trial of Basal Insulin in Post-transplant Hyperglycemia
Treat-to-target Trial of Basal Insulin in Post-transplant Hyperglycemia
Treat-to-target trial of basal Insulin in Post-transplant hyperglycemia (TIP): efficacy and
 safety of a novel protocol in renal transplant recipients receiving a tacrolimus-based
 immunosuppression

 DESCRIPTION:

 A prospective, randomized safety and efficacy study of long-acting insulin (Insulatard®) as
 therapy against post-transplant hyperglycemia in renal transplant recipients

 OBJECTIVES:

 Primary Objective:

 To demonstrate superiority of long-acting insulin (Insulatard®) against post-transplant
 hyperglycemia, in comparison to conventional treatment, and as evaluated by HbA1c

 Secondary Objectives:

 -  To assess the average post-transplant glucose levels in renal transplant patients under
 conventional blood-glucose lowering therapy during a period of at least 14 days after
 transplantation by measuring the capillary blood glucose levels four times daily in both
 groups of patients (fasting, before lunch, before supper, after supper)

 -  To detect the number of post-transplant patients who - without any history of
 pre-transplant diabetes - develop at least one episode of post-transplant hyperglycemia
 (> 140 mg/dl before supper)

 -  To detect the average number of hyperglycemic episodes in post-transplant patients with
 at least one episode of post-transplant hyperglycemia and without any history of
 diabetes

 -  To assess the amount of (long-acting) insulin (in IU) needed in order to obtain a target
 capillary blood glucose level in the range of 110 mg/dl to 120 mg/dl before supper in
 post-transplant patients with incidence of hyperglycemia

 -  To assess the safety of long-acting insulin in controlling post-transplant hyperglycemia
 (especially with regards to episodes of hypoglycemia (glucose-level < 60 mg/dl)

 -  To assess the prevalence of post-transplant diabetes, as diagnosed by an abnormal oral
 glucose tolerance on days 90, 180 and 360 after transplantation, in the group of
 patients which has been treated with long-acting insulin, in comparison to patients who
 received conventional treatment

 -  To assess the morbidity (hospitalization, infections, subsequent episodes of surgery,
 requirement of non-immunosuppressive, non- blood glucose lowering medication) in the
 group of patients with long-acting insulin for hyperglycemia, in comparison to patients
 randomized into the group receiving conventional treatment

 -  To assess the renal outcome (creatinine levels, rejections) in the group of patients
 which is foreseen to be treated with long-acting insulin for hyperglycemia, in
 comparison to patients randomized into the group receiving conventional treatment
DESIGN / PHASE:

 Prospective, single-center, randomized, parallel group, controlled, phase II study.

 STUDY PLANNED DURATION:

 First patient First visit 1Q 2009 Last patient First visit 4Q 2009 Last patient Last visit 4Q
 2010

 CENTERS:

 Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University
 of Vienna, Austria, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of
 Vienna, Austria

 PATIENTS / GROUPS:

 50 patients in 2 groups 25 patients per group Randomization ratio 1:1, no stratification

 Capillary blood glucose will be measured four times daily: before breakfast (7:30 am), before
 lunch (12 pm), before supper (5:30 pm) and after supper (9 pm) in both groups by the nursing
 personnel/academic investigators. In group No.1 (study arm A), patients will be treated with
 long-acting insulin (Insulatard) as soon as the glucose-level before supper surpasses 140
 mg/dl. The normoglycemic goal in this group will be from 110 to 120 mg/dl.

 In group No.2 (study arm B), the glucose levels will be recorded, but the treatment will be
 left up to the ward, which is relying on conventional morning glucose measurements. For
 safety, any glucose levels >180 mg/dl will be reported, and all measures taken by the ward
 will be recorded. As there are no available guidelines however concerning the so called
 "conventional" blood glucose-lowering therapy in renal transplant patients, especially during
 this very early post-transplant phase, the following suggestions will be brought to the
 attention of the ward in order to standardize the treatment of the patients in study arm B:
 1. Treatment in this group should be initiated if the fasting glucose level surpasses the
 renal glucose threshold, i.e. 180 mg/dl. 2. As the proposed life-style modifications for the
 treatment of NODAT1 are not feasible during this very early post-transplant phase, the basis
 of the conventional therapy will be proposed to be sulfonyl urea drugs (i.e. Gliclazide -
 Diamicron®, 30 mg, not more than three times daily). 3. Short-acting insulin will be strongly
 recommended to be used for corrections of capillary blood glucose levels above 250 mg/dl.

 EFFICACY ENDPOINTS:

 Primary:

 - HbA1c levels

 Secondary:

 -  capillary blood glucose profile in patients treated with long-acting insulin and in the
 control group, as evaluated by the daily measurements

 -  number of patients and overall number of days with hyperglycemia > 140 mg/dl (in each
 group)

 -  number of patients and overall number of days with hyperglycemia > 200 mg/dl (in each
 group)

 -  number of patients and overall number of days with hypoglycemia < 60 mg/dl in each group

 -  number of patients with abnormal glucose tolerance on days 90, 180 and 360 after
 transplantation

 TOLERABILITY / SAFETY ENDPOINTS:

 - Number of incidences of symptomatic hypoglycemia, confirmed by capillary blood glucose
 levels < 60 mg/dl

 PHARMACOKINETIC / PHARMACODYNAMIC ENDPOINTS:

 Doses of (long-acting) insulin

 STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY:

 Primary Endpoint:

 HbA1c (rel %)

 Null and alternative hypotheses:

 H0 Treatment of hyperglycemia > 140 mg/dl before supper with long-acting insulin in renal
 transplant recipients for a period of at least 14 days after transplantation is equal to
 conventional treatment in reducing the HbA1c (measured on day 90 after transplantation).

 H1: Treatment of hyperglycemia > 140 mg/dl before supper with long-acting insulin in renal
 transplant recipients for a period of at least 14 days after transplantation is superior to
 conventional treatment in reducing the HbA1c (measured on day 90 after transplantation).

 Type-I and -II errors - power:

 α=0.05 ß=0.2

 Statistical methodology:

 One-sided t-test of HbA1c on day 90 after transplantation, one-sided t-test of number of days
 with hyperglycemia > 140 mg/dl before supper, comparison of capillary blood glucose levels by
 ANOVA

 Sample size calculation:

 Based on a two-sided testing and an expected standard deviation of HbA1c of 10%, an α=0.05
 and a ß=0.2, a sample size of 25 patients per group was determined.

 Main analysis set:

 Per-protocol (efficacy) and intention to treat (ITT) for safety

 Other endpoints:

 descriptive statistics
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  renal transplantation (deceased or living donor)

 -  eligibility for the standard immunosuppression of our center, consisting of
 tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil or mycophenolic acid, dexamethasone/prednisone
 triple therapy

 -  informed consent of the patient

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes

 -  allergy against long-acting insulin