Intranasal Ketorolac Versus Intravenous Ketorolac for Treatment of Migraine Headaches in Children
Intranasal Ketorolac Versus Intravenous Ketorolac for Treatment of Migraine Headaches in Children
Ketorolac is an evidence-based, first-line acute migraine therapy that is commonly used in
 the pediatric population; however, it is typically administered by the intravenous (IV) or
 intramuscular (IM) routes, both of which require a painful and distressing needle stick to
 administer.

 The intranasal (IN) route is a painless and effective way of administering analgesics,
 including ketorolac: IN ketorolac has been shown to be an effective analgesic in adults for
 painful conditions, including acute migraine headaches. However, IN ketorolac has been
 understudied in children, and it is not known how effective it is compared to IV ketorolac,
 which is currently the most common way of administering ketorolac to children. If IN
 ketorolac is shown to be no less effective than IV ketorolac, IN ketorolac may be a viable
 and painless alternative to effectively treat acute migraine headaches in children.

 Therefore, our primary aim is to demonstrate that IN ketorolac is non-inferior to IV
 ketorolac for reducing pain in children with acute migraine headaches.
Primary Aim: Determine whether intranasal (IN) ketorolac is non-inferior to intravenous (IV)
 ketorolac for reducing pain in children with acute migraine headaches. We hypothesize that IN
 ketorolac is non-inferior to IV ketorolac in reducing acute migraine headache pain by a
 minimum clinically significant difference within 60 minutes of administration.

 Secondary Aim: Determine whether the time to achieve a clinically significant reduction in
 pain after receiving IN ketorolac is non-inferior to IV ketorolac. We hypothesize that IN
 ketorolac is non-inferior to IV ketorolac in the time it takes to achieve a clinically
 significant reduction in pain.

 We will conduct a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, non-inferiority, parallel 1:1
 clinical trial of eligible children in a single urban pediatric ED. We will block randomize
 patients to receive either 1 mg/kg IN ketorolac and an IV placebo (study group A), or 0.5
 mg/kg IV ketorolac and an IN placebo (study group B).

 We will assess the patient's pain at baseline, and then at 10 minutes, 30 minutes and 60
 minutes after administration of the study drug. The patient will then be assessed at 2 hours
 and 24 hours after study drug administration for outcomes related to efficacy, function, and
 safety.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Present to the emergency department with a migraine headache as defined by the
 modified Irma criteria. The modified Irma criteria are as follows: Headache episodes
 of 1-168 hours (7 days) presenting with at least 3 of the following 6 criteria:
 moderate to severe episode of impaired daily activities; focal localization of
 headache; pulsatile description; nausea or vomiting or abdominal pain; photophobia or
 phonophobia or avoidance of light and noise; symptoms increasing with activity or
 resolving by rest.

 -  Headache severity of moderate to severe pain (i.e. at least 4/10 on the Faces Pain
 Scale - Revised)

 -  Requiring IV fluids and any IV medication (for example: ketorolac, metoclopramide,
 prochlorperazine, ondansetron) as part of their headache treatment, as per their
 treating attending physician

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Contraindication to receiving ketorolac

 -  Receipt of an NSAID within six hours of study drug administration

 -  Presence of an intranasal obstruction that cannot be readily cleared

 -  Inability to speak English or Spanish

 -  Unable to complete self-report measures of pain or questionnaires

 -  Critical illness

 -  Frequent use of drugs for headache (i.e. regular intake of analgesics for acute
 headaches on more than 10 days per month).