Evaluation of CEMIP in Pancreatic Cancer
Evaluation of CEMIP in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal diseases among all cancer types.

 The diagnosis of PC is usually based on radiology or invasive endoscopic techniques. Various
 types of tumor markers are used for diagnosing PC. The tumor markers carbohydrate antigen19-9
 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are the ones most closely tied to PC. These
 tests are more often used in people already diagnosed with pancreatic cancer to help tell if
 treatment is working or if the cancer is progressing .

 Cell migration inducing protein (CEMIP) has been reported to be associated with early
 detection, cancer cell migration, invasion, and poor prognosis.

 Aim of the work:

 -  To Estimate the level of CEMIP, CA19-9 and CEA in pancreatic cancer patients.

 -  To evaluate the clinical utility of serum CEMIP, CA19-9 and CEA in pancreatic cancer
 patients in comparison with healthy controls and their relation to cancer staging and
 histopathological types.

 -  To detect the correlation between CEMIP, CA-19-9 and CEA.
Pancreas is an important retroperitoneal organ with exocrine and endocrine functions.
 Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal diseases among all cancer types. It moved
 from the fourth to the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and
 is anticipated to become the second around 2020. It accounts for about 3% of all cancers in
 the United State and about 7% of all cancer deaths.

 The estimated number of PC cases in Egypt in 2013 was 2,226, and it is projected to increase
 and be 2,836 and 6,883 in 2020 and 2050 respectively. The overall age-adjusted PC mortality
 rate in Egypt was 1.47/100,000 population and analysis of the regional distribution showed
 significant variations in rates among provinces with Northern provinces having higher rates
 than Southern regions.

 The asymptomatic nature of early PC, the lack of sensitive and specific tools to diagnose
 early disease, and the lack of response to most forms of treatment all contribute to the high
 mortality rate of pancreatic cancer. This poor outcome could be largely due to the late
 diagnosis. The expression profiles of PC had been widely studied, revealing several molecular
 factors affecting various aspects of PC.

 Tumors of pancreas are divided into: Non-endocrine tumors which maybe benign or malignant and
 endocrine tumors.

 The diagnosis of PC is usually based on radiology [computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
 resonance imaging (MRI)] or invasive endoscopic techniques [ultrasound endoscopy-fine needle
 aspiration (EUS-FNA), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and explorative
 laparoscopy. Imaging diagnosis method is a normal method for clinical tumor diagnosis. But
 due to the various defects of the image device, it is usually to combine several kinds of
 technologies for diagnosis. Moreover because of the low sensitivity and specificity, the
 methods are often used in the diagnosis of high risk groups, rather than early detection.
 Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop new methods for early diagnosis of cancer.

 An ideal diagnostic method for PC should definitively distinguish malignant lesions from
 benign lesions, provide precise tumor staging, and detect early-stage disease and
 preneo-plastic conditions. There are many challenges in the early detection of PC, including
 its asymptomatic nature, the lack of a characteristic radiological manifestation and the
 absence of specific molecules in body fluid. Therefore, convenient and highly sensitive
 diagnostic tests for screening PC are probably more important than tests with good
 specificity but moderate sensitivity.

 Various types of tumor markers are used for diagnosing PC. The tumor markers carbohydrate
 antigen19-9(CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are the ones most closely tied toPC.
 But these proteins don't always go up when a person has pancreatic cancer, and even if they
 do, the cancer is often already advanced by the time this happens. Sometimes levels of these
 tumor markers can go up even when a person doesn't have pancreatic cancer. For these reasons,
 CA19-9 and CEA aren't used to screen for pancreatic cancer, although a doctor might still
 order these tests if a person has symptoms that might be from pancreatic cancer. These tests
 are more often used in people already diagnosed with pancreatic cancer to help tell if
 treatment is working or if the cancer is progressing.

 Although CA 19-9 is known as a pancreatic cancer biomarker, it is not commonly used for
 general screening, owing to its low sensitivity and specificity. In particular,
 false-negative results in the segment of the population with Lewis blood type A-B- and
 false-positive results in patients with obstructive jaundice limit the specificity of CA 19-9
 for PC. Therefore, development of novel diagnostic markers is required for the early
 detection of PC.

 CEMIP (KIAA1199), defined as cell migration inducing protein currently is located in
 chromosome 15q25.1, which appears in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It is a secreted protein
 (153KDa) rather than a transmembrane protein. Its mutation site was reported to cause hearing
 loss due to the folding change of protein structure, meanwhile the over-expression of CEMIP
 referred to dreadful invasion and uncontrolled proliferation of tumor with distant metastasis
 and limited survival opportunity of patients. Especially, over-expressed CEMIP also protected
 malignant tumor from strict microenvironment in hypoxia, low glucose and cracked barrier,
 leading to enhanced adaptability of tumor by stimulating the epidermal growth factor receptor
 (EGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) pathway. CEMIP plays an important role in
 cytokine pathway and its over-expression in tumors provide a novel target for individual
 therapy. Targeting CEMIP would thereby dysregulate the cytokine pathway which would in turn,
 decide the growth and death of the vicious tumor cells.

 Increased expression of CEMIP has been reported in various cancers including: breast,
 colorectal and gastric. Several studies have investigated the role of CEMIP in pancreatic
 cancer. It has been reported to be associated with early detection, cancer cell migration,
 invasion, and poor prognosis. Suh., 2016 suggested that CEMIP may be useful for detecting
 pancreatic cancer at an early stage, while Koga., 2017 demonstrated its association with
 prognosis in PC.

 Primary screening using circulating biomarkers followed by confir¬mative diagnosis based on
 imaging and patho¬logic results might be the future strategy for diagnosing PC.
Inclusion Criteria:

 Group 1:

 Includes all patients presented by pancreatic cancer with clinical, radiological,
 laboratory diagnosis and pathological diagnosis.

 Group 2:

 A: Healthy individual B: Individual with benign diseases such as benign
 hepatopancreatobiliary conditions as gall stones, obstructive calcular jaundice, chronic
 pancreatitis and benign gasrtrointestinal as ulcer and polyp.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients recently operated for pancreatic cancer.

 -  patients diagnosed to have another type of cancer (Breast, gastric or colorectal).

 -  High risk group of another type of cancer.

 -  Patients with disseminated cancer.