The Efficacy of L-cysteine in Prevention of Cluster Headache
The Efficacy of L-cysteine in Prevention of Cluster Headache
The purpose of this study is to validate the novel hypothesis that daily use of L-cysteine
 (Acetium® capsules) is an effective means to decrease the frequency of (or completely abort)
 the attacks of cluster headache.
Background: Cluster headache belongs to a group of idiopathic headache entities, the
 trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs), all of which involve short-lasting, unilateral,
 severe headache attacks and typical accompanying autonomic symptoms. The life-time prevalence
 of cluster headache for adults of all ages is around 125/100,000, or approximately 0.1%, with
 clear male dominance (4:1). Prophylactic treatment is an important part of the total
 management of cluster headache patients, having twofold goals: i) to reduce the frequency,
 painfulness, and/or duration of headache attacks, and ii) to increase the effectiveness of
 abortive therapy. During the past several decades, a large number of optional modalities have
 been tested as preventive measures of cluster headache. Not unexpectedly, the effects of any
 such preventive therapies are highly variable, and in many patients, the attack frequency is
 not under satisfactory control. Many of these drugs also have untoward side effects that
 offset their potential benefits.

 Recently, spontaneous case testimonials were received by Biohit Oyj from migraine patients
 (and one with cluster headache) reporting that our new medical device, Acetium™ capsule
 (containing 100mg l-cysteine, developed for inactivation of acetaldehyde in the stomach
 contents after alcohol intake), proved to be highly effective against their headache attacks.
 Their attacks disappeared almost immediately after onset of L-cysteine administration, all of
 them remaining in complete remission for several months up to several years.

 These spontaneous testimonials prompted us to formulate a novel study hypothesis that could
 possibly explain this dramatic effect of L-cysteine in prevention of headache attacks, to be
 tested in this RCT. This novel hypothesis is starting from the fact that, in cluster headache
 (a vascular-type of headache), swelling and dilatation of the blood vessels is necessary to
 provoke the attack.

 It is known that Nitric Oxide (NO) is the final trigger of vascular headache attack,
 operating through phosphorylated protein kinase G (PKG) and Ca2+ channels, slowing the influx
 of calcium into the cell, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. Histamine
 is a potent inducer of NO Synthase, making NO available locally on the vasculature, acting
 through endothelial H1-receptors. Histamine is synthesized from histidine in tissue mast
 cells, which are ubiquitous cells and their activation e.g. in the meninges has long been
 suspected to be involved in generating migraine headaches. Finally, one of the potent
 liberators of histamine from the mast cells is acetaldehyde, which, in turn, is effectively
 inactivated by L-cysteine (Acetium capsule). This led us to rational that by eliminating
 acetaldehyde in the stomach, L-cysteine could block (or reduce below the threshold levels)
 histamine liberation from the tissue mast cells and ECL cells in the stomach, thus arresting
 its multitude of functions, of which vasodilatation is critically involved in the cluster
 headache attack.

 Objective: To validate the novel hypothesis that daily use of L-cysteine (Acetium capsules,
 100mg twice a day) is an effective means to decrease the frequency of (or completely abort)
 the headache attacks in patients suffering from cluster headache.

 Study design: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled multi-centre trial comparing
 Acetium capsules (100mg L-cysteine, twice a day) and placebo in prevention of headache
 attacks during a 1-month trial period. In brief, a cohort of 60 (up to100) voluntary subjects
 (women and men, with periodic or chronic cluster headache) are invited through the Finnish
 Migraine Association (FMA). To be eligible for the study, the subjects should: i) have the
 frequency of typical attacks up to 5 per day; ii) age between 18 and 65 years; and iii) have
 a minimum of co-morbidity. There are no restrictions on duration since the diagnosis, or the
 age at the onset of cluster headache. They should discontinue other prophylactic medication
 prior to study entry. Before enrolment, all subjects are requested to sign a written consent.
 The study protocol will be subjected for approval by the Committee on Medical Research Ethics
 (HUS).

 Methods: The study setting is triple-blinded (participant-blind, investigator-blind,
 sponsor-blind). Placebo preparation with design and package identical to the test preparation
 will be used. Parallel group design instead of cross-over design is used. Randomization will
 be performed using a random number generator, with block size of 4, and stratified by gender.

 The treatment period in both study arms will be 1 month. The participants should use (but
 accurately report) their usual symptomatic or acute treatment, because not anticipated to
 interfere with the study medication. During the 1-month treatment period, participants will
 be evaluated at weekly intervals by the study coordinator.

 In addition to the baseline assessment of attack frequency, each subject will be requested to
 fill in a structured Questionnaire recoding their detailed headache history and other
 pertinent data on potential triggers. The headache diary is the main research tool used to
 monitor the efficacy of the test preparations, recording all predefined assessment measures
 (efficacy, tolerability and safety), and submitted to the study monitor on each FU visit.

 In statistical analysis, both conventional techniques (e.g. non-parametric paired-samples and
 non-paired samples t-test), and more sophisticated methods will be used. The latter include
 i) life-table methods like Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression, as well as
 ii) generalized linear models (GEE and panel Poisson) and as a new technique in cluster
 headache RCTs, a competing risks regression to model the natural outcomes of the headache
 during the intervention. This study (n=60; the most modest scenario) is adequately powered
 (Type II error 0.80, type I error 0.05) to detect a true difference in attack frequency
 between 15 attacks/week in the placebo and 13.1 attacks/week in the Acetium arm. Given that
 the study subjects are enrolled among patients with typically 1-3 attacks/day, i.e., 7-21 (up
 to 35) attacks per week, and assuming a 10% reduction by placebo, there figures seem
 reasonable estimates for these power calculations.

 Specific aims: The null hypothesis of the study implicates that l-cysteine is no better than
 placebo in prophylaxis of cluster headache during the 1-month intervention period. Rejection
 or not of the null hypothesis is based on comparison of the two arms for the primary study
 endpoint and (to lesser extent) for a series of secondary endpoints. The primary study
 endpoint (efficacy measure) is the number of attacks per week. Potentially useful secondary
 endpoints include: i) intensity of headache (4-tier nominal scale); ii) drug consumption for
 symptomatic or acute treatment; and iii) patients' preferences and satisfaction.

 Study execution and time table: Meanwhile the final protocol is under evaluation for ethical
 approval by HUS, preparatory measures have been taken by informing the FMA about the planned
 study and asking their co-operation in encouraging the interested migraine patients to
 contact the study coordinator. Given the preliminary interest shown by the FMA, we are
 optimistic that the required cohort of volunteers can be enrolled within a short time, most
 likely by the end of 2013. However, because the subjects with episodic cluster headache must
 be enrolled during their on-going cluster episodes that typically follow a seasonal pattern,
 the enrolment of the total cohort (even n=60) inevitably needs to be completed over several
 months (up to one year).

 Impact of the study: Given that L-cysteine is a natural (semi-essential) amino acid,
 converted to inert substance (MTCA) in the alimentary tract, it would comprise an ideal means
 to conduct prophylaxis of cluster headaches for years, without concern about the side effects
 that are inherent to many of the current treatment modalities. If the efficacy is proven in
 this formal RCT, the concept of using Acetium capsules in prophylactic treatment of cluster
 headache would represent a major step forward in a better clinical control of these
 frequently excruciating headaches.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  18-65 years male/female

 -  episodic and chronic cluster headache

 -  the subjects should report cluster headache attacks with the frequency from one every
 second day up to five per day. The individual attacks should last from 15 minutes to
 3h.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  patients who meet the International Classification of Headache Disorders II criteria
 for medication overuse

 -  patients who have taken anti-psychotics or anti-depressant medications during the
 previous 3 months

 -  patients who abuse alcohol or other drugs

 -  potentially fertile and sexually active women who do not practise contraception

 -  other acute or chronic pain disorders

 -  severe psychiatric disease

 -  infections

 -  malignancy

 -  short life expectancy

 -  cardiovascular disease

 -  cerebrovascular disease

 -  uncontrolled hypertension

 -  degenerative central nervous system diseases

 -  pregnant and lactating women

 -  regular users of Acetium capsules for other indications

 -  renal dysfunction or cystinuria