Bilateral Bi-level Erector Spine Plane Block as a Component of General Anesthesia in Surgical Correction of Spinal Deformations
Bilateral Bi-level Erector Spine Plane Block as a Component of General Anesthesia in Surgical Correction of Spinal Deformations
Improving the anesthesiology management for surgical correction of spinal deformations with
 introducing the diagnostic methods and treatment strategy of acute pain, preventing the
 evolution of chronic pain. Development and implementation in clinical practice perioperative
 intensive care protocols for surgical correction of spinal deformities.
The study will involve patients for whom are indicated a surgical correction of spinal
 deformations.

 The control group will include patients who will undergo surgery under general anesthesia.
 The study group will include patients who will undergo surgery under general anesthesia using
 a bilateral bi-level Erector spine plane block.

 Stages of the study: preoperative period, onset of anesthesia (induction of anesthesia),
 maintenance of anesthesia, end of anesthesia, 6th and 12th hours after surgery, 1st, 3rd, 5th
 day after surgery.

 All patients will be given the same preparation for surgery: 5-7 days before the procedure -
 erythropoietin (50-75 IU / kg) subcutaneously once; iron 100 mg iv daily; thiamine
 hydrochloride (50 mg), pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg), cyanocobalamin (0.5 mg) and ascorbic
 acid (500 mg) orally, daily. The condition of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems will
 be assessed by auscultation and percussion of the heart and lungs, the results of
 electrocardiography, echocardiography, spirometry will by also estimate, vascular Doppler of
 the lower extremities and neck will by also performed.

 Blood tests will be taken before and after surgery (haemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes,
 colour index, haematocrit, leukocyte formula, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood glucose,
 coagulogram, electrolytes, creatinine, urea, albumin, bilirubin, transaminases, cortisol,
 testosterone, c-reactive protein).

 Patients will be given recommendations on proper nutrition before surgery (solid food is
 allowed 6 hours before surgery and 150 ml of sweet clear liquid 2 hours before surgery),
 hospitalization will take place on the day of surgery.

 All patients will have two peripheral veins cannulated and a urethral catheter will be
 installed before surgery. In patients with scoliotic spinal deformity, a central venous
 catheter will be inserted into the right jugular vein under ultrasound guidance prior to
 surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis will be performed two hours before the skin incision.
 Mechanical bowel preparation and premedication with sedatives will not be performed.

 All patients in the operating room will receive paracetamol, dexketoprofen, ondansetron,
 diphenhydramine, dexamethasone, atropine, tranexamic acid. For induction of anesthesia -
 propofol, thiopental, fentanyl, atracurium besylate, suxamethonium iodide. After
 preoxygenation - intubation of the trachea in an improved position and further rotation on
 the abdomen with specific placement of the patient to prevent compression of the abdominal
 cavity. In patients with scoliotic spinal deformity in the abdominal position will be used a
 lung recruitment manoeuvre (gradual increasing in positive end-expiratory pressure and
 inspiratory pressure with assessment of tidal volume and lung pliability), and subsequent
 protective ventilation and supporting Driving Pressure 12-14 cm H2O.

 The operation will be performed under general inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane and
 dexmedetomidine infusion. In patients undergoing neuromonitoring, relaxants will be
 administered only for tracheal intubation.

 Intraoperatively, all patients will be monitored for electrocardiography, respiratory rate,
 body temperature, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate, pulse oximetry.

 During the operation, an assessment of blood loss and subsequent balanced infusion therapy
 will be performed. The volume and rate of urination will be assessed. A constant infusion of
 tranexamic acid will be established. Controlled arterial hypotension with mean blood pressure
 of at least 60 mm Hg will be maintained. To protect the spinal cord and its roots from
 ischemic injury during the derotation maneuver, mean blood pressure will be maintained at
 normal or elevated levels.

 Correction of blood loss will be carried out with balanced solutions of crystalloids. Blood
 transfusion will be started at Hb less than 90 g / l. Patients will be warmed by the Warm
 Touch heating system. All patients will be extubated in the early postoperative period.

 For the purpose of analgesia in the postoperative period, patients of both groups will
 receive paracetamol and dexketoprofen, thromboprophylaxis will be performed depending on the
 risk of thromboembolic complications.

 In the study group, after intubation of the trachea and rotation on the abdomen before the
 skin incision will be performed bilateral bi-level Erector spine plane block. Before surgery,
 the level of screw placement will be discussed with the surgeon, and the blockade will be
 performed at two levels of the spine bilaterally as close as possible to the screw placement
 site. For blockade a solution for prolonged blockade of peripheral nerve plexuses with
 bupivacaine 0.375%, dexamethasone 0.02% and epinephrine 0.00018% will be used (Patent №133643
 Ukraine 'Solution for prolonged blockade of peripheral nerve plexuses' inventor and owner
 Barsa Maksym № u201900272, declared 10.01.2019, valid from 10.04.2019, Bulletin № 7).

 The total amount of solution administered is 40 ml (10 ml per injection). The erector spine
 muscle and the transverse process of the spine will be identified using a linear ultrasound
 probe at the required level of the spine 3cm laterally from the spinous process. Then, using
 an echogenic needle under ultrasound control in a space between the Erector spine muscle and
 the transverse process bilaterally on two levels of the spine a local anaesthetic with
 adjuvants will be injected (Patent №140510 Ukraine 'Method of anaesthesiologic securement for
 surgical correction of scoliosis spinal deformity' inventor and owner Barsa Marsym №
 u201911515, claimed 28.11.2019, valid from 25.02.2020, Bulletin № 4).
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Informed consent of the patient or his legal representatives to participate the study.

 2. Spinal deformity that requires surgical correction.

 3. No known allergies to local anaesthetics.

 4. Negative intradermal test for sensitivity to local anaesthetics.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Refusal of the patient or his legal representatives to participate the study

 2. Diabetes mellitus, known allergy to local anaesthetics

 3. Acute spinal cord injury

 4. Physical status according to classification ASA III and more

 5. A positive intradermal test for sensitivity to a local anaesthetic.