Viral Kinetics and Liver Gene Expression in Response to Ribavirin and Peginterferon Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C
Viral Kinetics and Liver Gene Expression in Response to Ribavirin and Peginterferon Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C
Up to 120 patients with chronic hepatitis C will be enrolled in a study of viral kinetics and
 liver gene expression before and during combination therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin.
 Adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who have compensated liver
 disease and have not received interferon in the past will be randomized into one of four
 groups. Groups A and C will undergo liver biopsy before starting peginterferon therapy and
 Groups B and D will undergo biopsy 6 hours after the initial dose of peginterferon.
 Furthermore, Groups C and D will receive a run-in period of 4 weeks of ribavirin therapy
 before starting peginterferon. All patients will receive the standard recommended doses of
 peginterferon alfa 2a (180 mcg sc weekly) and ribavirin (1000 or 1200 mg daily for genotypes
 1, 4-6 and 800 mg daily for genotype 2 and 3) for up to 48 weeks (24 weeks for genotype 2 and
 3). All patients in Groups C and D, irrespective of genotype, will be pretreated with
 ribavirin at a dose of 1000 or 1200 mg, depending on patient body-weight. After the initial
 peginterferon injection, patients will have blood taken and symptoms recorded at 6, 24, 48,
 72 hours and weekly thereafter for four weeks to assess viral kinetic response. Liver biopsy
 tissue taken before or 6 hours after the initial dose of peginterferon will be assessed by
 standard light microscopy and also subjected to RNA extraction and microarray analysis of
 mRNA expression. Patients will be monitored carefully during therapy and tested regularly for
 HCV RNA levels. Therapy will be given for 48 weeks, but will be discontinued early for
 patients with genotype 1 infection if HCV RNA levels do not decline by at least 2 log IU/ml
 by week 12 (lack of an early virological response) or do not decline to undetectable levels
 by week 24 (lack of HCV RNA clearance). Patients with other genotypes with be treated for a
 full course of therapy regardless of early responses. After completing therapy, patients will
 be followed at 4 to 8 week intervals and undergo repeat medical evaluation with liver biopsy
 24 weeks after stopping therapy.

 The primary clinical criterion for success of therapy is a sustained virological response, as
 marked by the absence of HCV RNA from serum at least 24 weeks after stopping. The focus of
 this study, however, will be on viral kinetics comparing patients who were pretreated with
 ribavirin (Groups C and D) to those who were not (Groups A and B) as well as on gene
 expression studies assessing the effects of peginterferon on intrahepatic mRNA profiles by
 comparing Group A and B and the effects of ribavirin by comparing Group A to Group C and
 Group B to Group D. Results will also be compared between different HCV genotypes. These
 studies are aimed at assessing the mechanisms of action of peginterferon and ribavirin
 against HCV and evaluating the basis for the lack of virologic response to combination
 therapy.
Up to 120 patients with chronic hepatitis C will be enrolled in a study of viral kinetics and
 liver gene expression before and during combination therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin.
 Adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who have compensated liver
 disease and have not received interferon in the past will be randomized into two groups;
 group A will undergo liver biopsy before starting peginterferon therapy and groups B will
 undergo biopsy 6 hours after the initial dose of peginterferon. All patients will receive the
 standard recommended doses of peginterferon alfa 2a (180 mcg sc weekly) and ribavirin (1000
 or 1200 mg daily for genotypes 1, 4-6 and 800 mg daily for genotype 2 and 3) for up to 48
 weeks (24 weeks for genotype 2 and 3). After the initial peginterferon injection, patients
 will have blood taken and symptoms recorded at 6, 24, 48, 72 hours and weekly thereafter for
 four weeks to assess viral kinetic response. Liver biopsy tissue taken before or 6 hours
 after the initial dose of peginterferon will be assessed by standard light microscopy and
 also subjected to RNA extraction and microarray analysis of mRNA expression. Patients will be
 monitored carefully during therapy and tested regularly for HCV RNA levels. Therapy will be
 given for 48 weeks, but will be discontinued early for patients with genotype 1 infection if
 HCV RNA levels do not decline by at least 2 log10 IU/ml by week 12 (lack of an early
 virological response) or do not decline to undetectable levels by week 24 (lack of HCV RNA
 clearance). Patients with other genotypes with be treated for a full course of therapy
 regardless of early responses. After completing therapy, patients will be followed at 4 to 8
 week intervals and undergo repeat medical evaluation with liver biopsy 24 weeks after
 stopping therapy.

 The primary clinical criterion for success of therapy is a sustained virological response, as
 marked by the absence of HCV RNA from serum at least 24 weeks after stopping. The focus of
 this study, however, will be on viral kinetics and gene expression studies assessing the
 effects of peginterferon on intrahepatic mRNA profiles by comparing Group A and B. Results
 will also be compared between different HCV genotypes. These studies are aimed at assessing
 the mechanisms of action of peginterferon and ribavirin against HCV and evaluating the basis
 for the lack of virologic response to combination therapy.
-  INCLUSION CRITERIA:

 Age 18 years or above, male or female

 Presence of HCV RNA (with or without anti-HCV) in serum at levels of at least 10,000 IU/ml.

 Willingness to undergo liver biopsy before or 6 hours after an initial injection of
 peginterferon.

 Written informed consent.

 EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

 Previous adequate treatment with any form of type I interferon (standard alpha interferon,
 peginterferon, beta interferon). Adequate treatment is considered at least 12 weeks of
 therapy.

 Other antiviral therapy within the last 6 months.

 If cirrhosis is present, decompensated liver disease, as marked by bilirubin greater than 4
 mg percent, albumin less than 3.0 gm percent, prothrombin time greater than 2 sec
 prolonged, or history of bleeding esophageal varices, ascites or hepatic encephalopathy.

 Serum ALT or AST levels greater than 1000 micro/L (greater than 25 times ULN). Such
 patients will not be enrolled but may be followed until three consecutive determinations
 are below this level.

 Pregnancy or current breastfeeding. In women of child bearing potential or in spouses of
 such women, inability to practice adequate contraception, defined as vasectomy in men,
 tubal ligation in women, or use of condoms and spermicide, or birth control pills, or an
 intrauterine device until 6 months after the end of treatment with ribavirin given the
 potential for teratogenicity.

 Significant systemic or major illnesses including congestive heart failure, organ
 transplantation, serious psychiatric disease or depression, human immunodeficiency virus
 (HIV) infection, and angina pectoris.

 Pre-existing anemia (hematocrit less than 33 percent) or known history of hemolytic anemia.
 In patients in Groups C and D, liver biopsy will not be performed if hemoglobin levels fall
 to below 11 g/dl during ribavirin monotherapy. Epopoetin alfa or darbopoietin alfa therapy
 will be available to achieve an adequate hematocrit if clinically indicated for patients in
 all groups.

 Immunosuppressive therapy with either corticosteroids (more than 5 mg of prednisone daily
 on a chronic basis) or major immunosuppressive agents (such as azathioprine or
 6-mercaptopurine). Patients receiving a short-course of corticosteroids for acute allergic
 reactions or asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (less than 2
 weeks of therapy) will be eligible for the study after 4 weeks off therapy.

 Evidence of another form of liver disease in addition to viral hepatitis (for example
 autoimmune liver disease, Wilson's disease, alcoholic liver disease, hemochromatosis, alpha
 1 antitrypsin deficiency). Patients with concomitant non-alcoholic steatohepatitis but no
 other form of chronic liver disease will not be excluded from this study.

 Evidence of coronary artery disease or cerebral vascular disease, including abnormalities
 on exercise stress testing in patients with defined risk factors who will be screened for
 evidence of underlying coronary artery disease.

 Active substance abuse, such as alcohol, inhaled or injection drugs within the previous
 year.

 Evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma; either alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels greater than
 200 ng/ml (normal less than 9 ng/ml) and/or ultrasound (or other imaging study)
 demonstrating a mass suggestive of liver cancer.

 Clinical gout.

 Active, serious autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosis, ulcerative
 colitis, Crohn s disease or rheumatoid arthritis that in the opinion of the investigators
 might be exacerbated by therapy with alpha interferon.

 These exclusion criteria are considered the standard relative contraindications to
 peginterferon and ribavirin therapy.