Location of GLP-1 Release
Location of GLP-1 Release
Background: Physicians do not have a unified, scientifically tested theory of causation for
 obesity and its comorbidities, nor do they have explanations for the mechanics of the
 metabolic/bariatric surgery procedures. Integral to proffered hypotheses are the actions of
 the hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and leptin.

 Study objective: To obtain blood levels of GLP-1, PYY, and leptin after stimulation of the
 terminal ileum and cecum by a static infusion of a food hydrolysate in morbidly obese
 patients undergoing a duodenal switch procedure.

 Methods: Plasma levels of GLP-1, PYY, and leptin were obtained at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120
 minutes after instillation of 240 ml of a food hydrolysate into the ileum or cecum.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Any patient who was qualified and approved for bariatric surgery and elected to
 undergo open duodenal switch procedure.

 Exclusion Criteria: