Human Milk Composition in Indian Mothers
Human Milk Composition in Indian Mothers
Nutritional profile of mother's milk is influenced by various factors including
 environmental, dietary and nutritional status of the mother. Given the huge diversity noted
 in nutritional status and ethnic dietary patterns in Indian population, including pregnant
 and lactating mothers, it can be conceivably predicted to have an influence on milk
 composition. With the lack of recent literature addressing these, it is vital to understand
 and update the influence if any, of nutritional status and dietary patterns on nutritional
 quality of human milk. The proposed Human milk analysis clinical study in Indian mothers is
 aimed to achieve a more recent and updated database of nutritional profile of Indian mother's
 milk considering the dietary and regional influences and demographic differences which can
 play a key role in levels of nutrients in mother's milk. In order to incorporate the varied
 dietary patterns, milk samples will be collected from mothers recruited from 8 sites across
 the country and analysed for important nutrient levels.
The study is a 5-month prospective observational cohort study. Approximately 258
 mother-infant pairs in 33-42 weeks of pregnancy will be recruited. Eligibility assessment
 will be done for the mother at enrolment and for the mother-infant pair at delivery. Based on
 the recorded anthropometric data and BMI (kg/m2) calculated based on the self-reported
 pre-pregnancy weight or earliest recorded body weight from their first trimester, mothers
 consenting to the study will be categorized as either well-nourished or malnourished. All
 study centers will recruit equal number of participants in each group at their respective
 sites. As per standard of care, mothers will continue to take the prenatal supplement
 primarily consisting of folic acid, elemental iron, calcium and will be encouraged to breast
 feed their infants during prenatal visits. Breastfeeding advice normally consists of messages
 on the benefits of breastfeeding, instructions on early initiation of breastfeeding and
 proper breastfeeding techniques, and recommendation on exclusive breastfeeding for the first
 6 months. Mothers will be provided with a diary to make a note about their supplement intake
 and the frequency of breastfeeding. The entry of the details will be enquired telephonically
 (biweekly) and restated during the face follow-up sessions at study visits 3 and 4.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Mother is at 33 to 42 weeks of pregnancy, is between 20 and 35 years of age and is
 contactable by telephone

 2. Mother is non smoker and non alcoholic.

 3. Mother has BMI 35 kg per m2 based on self reported pre pregnant weight or the earliest
 measured weight during the first trimester from the hospital record.

 4. Mother confirms her intention to breast feed for 4 months.

 5. Infant is a singleton with a gestational age of greater than 37 to 42 weeks and is
 able to feed from the mother normally.

 6. Infants born between 33 to 37 weeks, by definition are preterm, but is not declared
 very low birth weight by the pediatrician, and is able to feed from the mother
 normally.

 7. Infant is judged to be in good health in the opinion of the investigator.

 8. Mother or Legally Acceptable Representative has voluntarily signed and dated an
 Informed Consent Form, approved by an Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional
 Review Board (IEC/IRB) or other applicable privacy regulation authorization prior to
 any participation in the study.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. An adverse maternal, fetal or infant medical history that is thought by the
 investigator to have potential effects on infant's growth and or development. This
 includes but is not limited to suspected maternal substance abuse such as alcohol or
 drug.

 2. Mother has known gestational diabetes and/or a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia.

 3. Mother with contraindications to breastfeeding such as known HIV or conditions that
 can significantly interfere with breastfeeding such as serious illness as per
 investigator's judgment.

 4. Mother had a breast surgery.

 5. Mother and or newborn infant has major illness that requires intensive care admission
 24 hours.

 6. Infant is advised to be kept in NICU and unable to feed from the mother for more than
 a week or has a medical history that is thought by the investigator to have potential
 effects on infant's growth and or development.

 7. Infant has major congenital anomaly in the PI's opinion

 8. Participation in another study that has not been approved as a concomitant study by
 AN.