Smart Nitinol Stent System for the Treatment of Severe Atherosclerotic Carotid Stenosis
Smart Nitinol Stent System for the Treatment of Severe Atherosclerotic Carotid Stenosis
To validate the long-term effects of implantation of the self-expanding Smart nitinol stent
 system for the treatment of severe atherosclerotic carotid stenosis in a 2-year follow-up
 study of a large patient cohort
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of carotid artery stenosis. The risk of atherosclerosis
 increases with age, occurring mainly in middle-aged and elderly populations. The morbidity
 and mortality of stroke caused by atherosclerosis also increase with aging. An epidemiologic
 study demonstrated that carotid artery intima-media thickness is a marker of atherosclerotic
 peripheral arterial disease, and found evidence that the likelihood of a clinical diagnosis
 of atherosclerosis increases two- to threefold from 20 to 90 years of age. The risk of
 atherosclerosis also increases with age in animals fed atherosclerosis-inducing diets. The
 close relationship between atherosclerosis and aging shows that atherosclerosis is a chronic
 and progressive degenerative disease.

 Atherosclerotic carotid stenosis is an independent risk factor for ischemic cerebrovascular
 disease. Vascular stenting of carotid artery stenosis is an increasingly popular technique.
 It is safe, quick, minimally invasive, can be performed under local anesthesia, and can be
 used to treat proximal and intracranial lesions. Vascular stenting enables flow to be
 restored in previously narrowed vessels, restoring blood supply to the brain and preventing
 plaque rupture. Carotid artery stenosis of 70%-90% is considered the highest risk for stroke,
 and is a compelling indication for stenting. The Smart stent system (Cordis Corporation,
 Miami, FL, USA) is a nitinol self-expanding stent that is soft, elastic, has uniform radial
 tension and is readily endothelialized.

 Phatouros et al. treated four patients with carotid artery stenosis >70% using self-expanding
 Smart stents and <20% residual stenosis was achieved in all cases; no transient ischemic
 attacks or new strokes occurred during a follow up period of 6 months. Drescher et al. also
 used self-expanding Smart stents in 13 patients with severe carotid artery stenosis and found
 no complications during a 6-month follow-up period. Wholey et al. deployed stents to treat
 carotid artery stenosis in more than 500 patients, and found that the rates of neurologic
 complications and restenosis were decreased after application of either balloon-mounted or
 self-expanding stents. Three-year follow-up results have shown that balloon-mounted stents
 lead to better vessel patency than self-expanding stents, but that balloon-mounted stents are
 vulnerable to compression. Lownie et al. examined the efficacy of self-expanding Smart stents
 in 21 patients with severe symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (stenosis >70%) without
 angioplasty. All patients were followed up for an average period of 19 months. Self-expanding
 Smart stents improved vascular stenosis and blood flow without the need for balloons or
 adjunctive protection devices.

 Zhao et al. used Smart stents to treat patients with carotid artery stenosis of >65%, and
 found the treatment safe and effective, while observing no severe complications. Li et al.
 treated patients with carotid bifurcation and origin stenosis of >50% with self-expanding
 Smart stents, and found that patients' neurologic function improved to different extents, and
 that there were no strokes or transient cerebral ischemic attacks during a subsequent period
 of 13-14 months. Chen et al. used self-expanding Smart stents to treat 48 patients with
 carotid artery stenosis of 75%-99%, achieving favorable clinical outcomes in 43 (89.6%), with
 no recurrence of stenosis during a relatively short follow-up period of 1-6 months, and few
 postoperative complications or sequelae.

 In a cohort of 38 patients with extracranial artery (internal carotid artery outer segment,
 vertebral artery or subclavian artery) stenosis treated with Smart stents and followed up for
 an average of 18 months, satisfactory clinical outcomes were achieved in 33 (86.8%). These
 investigators also treated another cohort of 41 patients with carotid artery stenosis with
 Smart stents, and concluded that vascular Smart stent deployment is an effective and safe
 method for treating carotid artery stenosis.

 No long-term or randomized controlled trial evidence regarding the use of the Smart nitinol
 stent system for the treatment of atherosclerotic carotid stenosis currently exists. This
 study is a non-randomized controlled trial, in which deployment of the Smart nitinol stent
 system will be compared with conservative management with platelet aggregation inhibitors in
 a group of patients with severe atherosclerotic carotid stenosis subsequently followed up for
 2 years.

 Adverse events Possible adverse events associated with Smart stent implantation include
 vascular spasm, bradycardia, hypotension, luxury perfusion syndrome, intraoperative
 thrombosis and thrombus detachment, ischemic stroke, intraoperative hypertension,
 postoperative hypotension and hypoglycemia. If adverse events occur, details of the event
 including the date of occurrence, measures taken related to the treatment, causal
 relationship with the treatment and treatment of the adverse event will be reported to the
 principal investigator and the institutional review board within 24 hours.

 Data collection, management, analysis and open access All data will be collected in case
 report forms and collated. Collated data will be input into an electronic database using a
 double-data entry strategy by trained professional staff. Information accuracy will be
 checked when all recruited patients are followed up. The database will be locked by the
 researcher in charge and will not be altered. All information relating to this trial will be
 preserved by Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, China. The electronic database will be fully
 disclosed to a professional statistician for statistical analysis. Anonymized trial data will
 be published at www.figshare.com.

 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis will be performed by a statistician blinded to
 grouping using SPSS 14.0 software. Normally distributed measurement data will be expressed as
 the mean ± standard deviation, and numeration data as the frequency. The two sample t-test or
 rank sum test will be used to compare the means of measurement data between the stent
 implantation and drug groups. The chi-squared test will be used to compare numeration data
 between the groups. Multivariate regression analysis will be used to compare mRS scores 2
 years after treatment. Kaplan-Meier and Cox Proportional Hazards Survival regression analysis
 will be used to examine survival time and survival state. A P value <0.05 will be considered
 statistically significant.

 Frequency and measures for monitoring trial implementation Trial progression will be reported
 to the ethics committee of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, China every 6-12 months and the
 trial's status will be updated in the registration database.

 Confidentiality principle The electronic database will be preserved in a dedicated
 password-protected computer and managed by a data management professional. Data recorded on
 paper will be preserved in a secure, locked place for future viewing.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Age >18 years

 -  Of either sex

 -  Carotid artery stenosis caused by atherosclerotic plaque

 -  Diagnosed with severe atherosclerotic carotid stenosis according to a previously
 described method (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial
 Collaborators, 1991)

 -  Severe carotid artery stenosis confirmed by transcranial Doppler and carotid duplex
 ultrasonography

 -  Provision of informed consent regarding trial procedure

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Carotid artery stenosis caused by fibromuscular dysplasia, Takayasu's arteritis or
 radiation injury

 -  Severe central nervous system disorders, such as complete loss of cerebral function on
 the affected side with cerebral paralysis

 -  Life expectancy <2 years because of intracranial tumors or other diseases

 -  Pregnant or lactating

 -  Renal impairment (if use of contrast agent will worsen renal function)

 -  Concurrent hemorrhagic disease, or contraindication to antiplatelet or anticoagulant
 therapies for safety reasons

 -  Leakage of contrast agent indicative of vessel perforation

 -  Dilated aneurysm proximal or distal to stenotic foci

 -  Allergy to stent material

 -  Complete occlusion of the carotid artery or lesion length >10 mm, accompanied by
 intravascular thrombus and multiple segments of stenosis confirmed by imaging
 examination

 -  Intracranial hemorrhage within 3 weeks or large areas of cerebral infarction within 4
 weeks of treatment

 -  Unable to or declined to cooperate with follow-up examination

 -  Unable to provide informed consent because of intellectual disability or language
 disorder