A New Screening Strategy for Varices
A New Screening Strategy for Varices
Liver cirrhosis is an advanced stage of chronic liver diseases, which is often associated
 with various complications, namely esophageal and/or gastric varices, ascites, hepatocellular
 carcinoma (HCC). It is well known that the risk of complications varies even among cirrhotic
 patients, as those with more advanced disease would have more complications and poorer
 survival rates. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with transient elastography is found useful
 to identify cirrhotic patients with higher risk of portal hypertension and presence of
 varices . Recently, spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) with the same machine was found
 accurate to predict portal hypertension and esophageal varices.

 Investigators hypothesized that a new screening strategy guided by LSM and SSM (LSSM) values
 (LSSM-guided) is non-inferior to conventional strategy in terms of detection rate of
 clinically significant esophageal and/or gastric varices for patients with liver cirrhosis in
 an open-labeled randomized controlled trial.

 Consecutive patients with compensated liver cirrhosis will be invited for the study. Patients
 fulfilling the study criteria will be randomized into LSSM arm (upper endoscopy only
 performed to patients with high LSM or SSM values), and control arm (upper endoscopy
 performed to all patients). Patients randomized into LSSM arm will undergo transient
 elastography examination; those with high LSM or SSM results will be referred for upper
 endoscopy examination for to screen varices. Patients randomized into control arm will be
 directly referred for upper endoscopy examination.
Liver cirrhosis is an advanced stage of chronic liver diseases, which is often associated
 with various complications, namely esophageal and/or gastric varices, ascites, hepatocellular
 carcinoma (HCC). It is well known that the risk of complications varies even among cirrhotic
 patients, as those with more advanced disease would have more complications and poorer
 survival rates. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with transient elastography is found useful
 to identify cirrhotic patients with higher risk of portal hypertension and presence of
 varices at cross-sectional basis. LSM cutoff values of 17.6 kPa and 21.0 kPa would have the
 sensitivity ≥ 90% in order to detect patients with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG)
 above 10-12mmHg , while the presence of varices could be confidently excluded with a liver
 stiffness below 12.5-19.8 kPa. However, these suggested cutoff values overlap with those for
 detecting histologic cirrhosis in most chronic liver diseases. Hence there seems no
 significant additional information provided by LSM regarding screening endoscopy for varices
 among cirrhotic patients.

 Recently, spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) with the same machine was found accurate to
 predict portal hypertension and esophageal varices. An SSM cutoff value <41.3 kPa is
 sensitive and seems able to accurately rule out the presence of varices. This supports a
 possible screening strategy, reserving upper endoscopy only for patients with an SSM
 ≥41.3kPa.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Age 18 years or above

 -  Known chronic liver diseases

 -  Radiological evidence of liver cirrhosis, defined as coarse liver echotexture and/or
 nodularity & small liver size noted on liver imaging

 -  Informed written consent obtained

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Absence of chronic liver diseases (i.e. acute liver diseases in the absence of chronic
 components e.g. acute hepatitis A)

 -  Decompensated liver cirrhosis, i.e. Child's B or C liver cirrhosis

 -  Hepatocellular carcinoma

 -  Portal vein thrombosis

 -  Previous liver surgery

 -  Liver transplantation

 -  Recent upper endoscopy within last 36 months

 -  Recent transient elastography within last 24 months

 -  Current use of beta-blockers

 -  Known varices of grade II or above diagnosed from previous endoscopic examination,
 and/or previous history of variceal bleeding

 -  Previous endoscopic treatment to varices (e.g. banding ligation, sclerotherapy)

 -  Serious concurrent illness (e.g. malignancy) leading to a life expectancy shorter than
 6 months

 -  Contraindications to transient elastography (e.g. pregnancy, previous pacemaker
 implantation)

 -  Refusal to consent