Effect of Nasal Steroids in Snoring Intensity
Effect of Nasal Steroids in Snoring Intensity
It is anecdotally well known that patients snore more when their nose is blocked. However,
 the therapeutic effect of improving nasal airway patency on snoring indices remains a point
 of conjecture. Indeed, Braver et al examined the effect of a nasal vasoconstrictor and failed
 to show any improvement in the number of snores after its application, although
 apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI)seemed to decrease. Furthermore, Hoffstein et al documented that
 dilation of the anterior nares in patients without nasal pathology has a relatively weak
 effect on snoring, and routine use of nasal dilating appliances was not recommended for the
 treatment of snoring. In contrast to the aforementioned studies, intranasal corticosteroids
 have been shown to improve sleepiness and reduce AHI in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
 (OSA) implying that there might be an equivalent result for the use of nasal steroids on
 snoring indices.

 Additionally, the present authors have demonstrated a strong correlation between
 apnoea-hypopnoea index and oral/oro-nasal breathing epochs in patients with OSA and normal
 nasal resistance and that nasal surgery is effective only in OSA patients who preoperatively
 have decreased nasal breathing epochs.

 It is plausible thus to suggest that snoring severity, in equivalence to OSA severity, might
 be associated to oral/oro-nasal breathing epochs and that improving nasal patency by nasal
 steroids might also increase nasal breathing epochs and lead to decreased snoring indices in
 patients who had decreased nasal breathing before the administration of nasal steroids.

 Patients will be randomized in two groups: the patients of the first group will undergo a one
 week therapy of nasal budesonide, then two weeks of washout period, and thereafter one week
 of nasal normal saline. The patients of the second group will undergo a one week therapy of
 nasal normal saline, then two weeks of washout period, and thereafter one week of nasal
 budesonide. Before and after each treatment regimen patients will undergo an assessment,
 which will consist of anterior rhinomanometry and polysomnography with concomitant
 measurement of snoring indices and breathing route pattern.

 The investigators hypothesize that the application for one week of nasal budesonide has a
 beneficial effect on snoring indices in patients who present before the application decreased
 proportion of nasal breathing epochs and in whom nasal budesonide succeeded in increasing
 nasal breathing epochs.
Snoring intensity would be measured using a calibrated microphone-sound meter system. The 2
 microphones will be suspended at a distance of 1 m approximately above the surface of the
 patient's bed. This arrangement allows a non-invasive measurement of snoring that simulates
 the distance between sleeping bed partners. Before every study the system would be
 acoustically calibrated using a reference noise produced by a noise generator (86 dB). The
 signal would be sent at a sampling rate of 12 KHz through an analogue-digital converter to a
 computer system for subsequent analysis. All digitized signals will be recorded in the hard
 disk of a personal computer. A noise analyzer (Praat; Boersma 2005) will be used for the
 intensity analysis of snoring sound (Boersma, 2005).
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. every night snoring;

 2. no medication known to influence nasal resistance (e.g., antihistamines,
 vasoconstrictors, topical or systemic steroids);

 3. no smoking for the last 6 months;

 4. no upper or lower respiratory tract disease (e.g., upper respiratory tract infection,
 rhinitis, sinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), including a history of
 nasal allergy; and

 5. written informed consent from each patient.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. duration of snoring less than 60 minutes during sleep study, and

 2. central apnoeas more than five percent of total apnoeas.