Urinary Retention in Orthopedic Patients
Urinary Retention in Orthopedic Patients
The participants were hospitalized in Orthopedic and Traumatology Departments in Military
 Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.

 The inclusion criteria were (1) age to 40 year-old, (2) no history of urologic problems, and
 (3) surgery under spinal anesthesia. All the patients where (1) opioids were administered
 during the surgery, (2) general anesthesia was necessary, and (3) the urinary bladder
 catheterization was perform during the surgery were excluded from the study.

 The participants were randomly divided into the study and control groups. No oral
 premedication was administered. All the patients were asked to empty their urinary bladders
 before arrival to the operating theatre. When the standard monitoring (continuous
 electrocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry) was started, intravenous
 premedication with midazolam was administered and lumbar spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric
 0.5% solution of bupivacaine hydrochloride was performed.

 In the study group, but not in the the control one, the 40 mg of drotaverine hydrochloride
 was administered intramuscularly. The decresed intravascular volume was corrected with
 cristalloids. During the surgery the adequate, not deeper than II grade according to Ramsay
 scale, level of sedationt was obtained with midazolam and/or propofol. All the participants
 received a questionaire in which we asked the questions about (1) the duration of anesthesia,
 (2) the time of micturition, (3) the time when discomfort or pain appeared in the lower
 abdomen, (4) the incidence of the urinary bladder catheterization and time to
 catheterization. On the next day after the surgery the questionaires were collected. In
 cases, when the patient's dischaged from the hospital was planned during the weekend, he or
 she was asked to pass on the questionaire to the nurses.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  age below 40 y.o.,

 -  surgery under spinal anesthesia,

 -  no previous history of urological problems.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  opioid administration during surgery,

 -  need for urinary bladder catheterization during surgery,

 -  conversion to general anesthesia.