Manual Therapy in Tension-type Headache
Manual Therapy in Tension-type Headache
Tension-type headache (TTH) causes a significant negative impact on working and daily life
 due to the reduction in work productivity and family and social activities causes. There is
 evidence that manual therapy and exercise reduce nociceptive input from the cervical spine
 and surrounding muscles, the use of manual therapy in TTH management
Increased cranio-cervical muscle sensitivity is the most prominent finding in TTH. Also, neck
 pain is markedly more common in individuals with TTH compared with the control population
 (88.4%, and 56.7%, respectively). Therefore, current research on the pathogenesis of TTH
 focuses on the role of musculoskeletal disorders in the cervical spine and the facilitation
 of nociceptive pain processing. It has been suggested that peripheral sensitivity of
 nociceptors in cranio-cervical muscles and other cervical structures, as well as sensitivity
 of nociceptive pain pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) due to long-term nociceptive
 stimuli may play a role in development and chronification of TTH
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  diagnosis of TTH was made based on the International Classification of Headache
 Disorders criteria, third edition (ICHD-3 beta)

 -  (bilateral localization, pressing and tightening pain, mild-moderate intensity [≤7.0
 on a visual analog scale (VAS)]

 -  no increase in pain during physical activity

 -  patients did not report any photophobia, phonophobia, vomiting or nausea, as requested
 by the ICHD-III diagnostic criteria

 -  had symptoms for more than 3 months

 -  the patients had to have had at least one segmental dysfunction of the upper cervical
 spine in all groups (by functional and pain-provocation tests).

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  any other primary or secondary headache according to the ICHD-III criteria

 -  a history of neck or head trauma (e.g., whiplash)

 -  any red flags (vertebral tumor, fracture, dislocation and infection, metabolic
 diseases, rheumatic and connective tissue diseases, systemic neuromuscular diseases,
 prolonged history of steroid use)

 -  diagnosis of any structural spinal disorders (osteoporosis, disc herniation,
 myelopathy, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis)

 -  prior surgery to the cervical spine

 -  application of other treatment methods such as physical therapy or anesthetic block to
 the head and neck area within the last 3 months

 -  initiation of pharmacologic prophylaxis within two months prior to randomization

 -  pregnancy