Pediatric and Adult Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Neurofunctional Outcomes
Pediatric and Adult Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Neurofunctional Outcomes
Cerebral Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal tangles which are usually believed
 congenital. AVM can cause different symptoms depending on where it is located, but the most
 common symptoms are intracranial hemorrhage and seizure. Outcomes of AVM patients can be very
 different due to factors like the location of lesion, age, sex etc. Generally, more early the
 intervention was taken, the risk of adverse events would be lower. But the selection of
 surgical timing for pediatric AVM patients is hard to judge, due to children's cerebral
 vessels angioarchitecture can be still developing with their age. Some previous studies
 indicated that there is no difference in intervention outcomes between pediatric and adult
 AVM patients, so pediatric patients should undergo more aggressive intervention. DOPA study
 aims to compare the clinical intervention outcomes of both pediatric and adult patients with
 eloquent region cerebral arteriovenous malformations, helping to determine the treatment
 strategy.
Follow-up: In the investigators' neurosurgical center, follow-up was conducted for all
 participants at the first 3-6 months and annually after discharge by clinical visit and
 telephone interview.

 Study overview: DOPA will aim on outcomes of both pediatric and adult AVMs patients who
 underwent intervention in investigators' institution. Intervention strategies contains
 microsurgical resection, embolization, embolization + radiosurgery, and single-stage hybrid
 surgery (embolization + resection). Outcomes will be measured by a neurologist using Modified
 Rankin Scale (mRs). Participants' mRs<2 will be considered as a good outcome and
 investigators will keep follow-up with every patient for at least 3 years.

 Sample size: About 300 patients will be enrolled in this study, and adults and children will
 account for half. All kinds of intervention will be included. The distribution of different
 strategies is excepted as: 30% resection, 20% embolization, 30% embolization + radiosurgery
 and 20% hybrid surgery.

 Study endpoints: The patients' mRs, occlusion rate and complication will be evaluated at 2
 weeks, discharge from hospital, 1 year and 3 years after the first-time intervention.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  The diagnosis of AVM was confirmed with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and/or
 magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).

 -  Patients had underwent interventions in our institution.

 -  AVMs were located in eloquent area.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients with multiple AVMs.

 -  Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).

 -  Patients with missing clinical and imaging data.