Post-market Study of AMPA Receptor Antagonists for Epilepsy Patients in Hong Kong
Post-market Study of AMPA Receptor Antagonists for Epilepsy Patients in Hong Kong
Background:

 Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease which affects approximately 70,000 patients in
 Hong Kong and 50 billion people worldwide. Among these patients one-third remained
 unresponsive to antiepileptic agents. Continual drug manipulation is an essential therapeutic
 option for these patients with refractory epilepsy. In particular, rational polytherapy has
 become the mainstay of treatment for the sub-group of patients who have failed two or more
 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

 A substantial amount of research has shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA) may
 play a key role in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases, including epilepsy.
 Animal models of epilepsy and clinical studies demonstrate that NMDA receptors activity and
 expression can be altered in association with epilepsy and particularly in some specific
 seizure types. NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to have antiepileptic effects in
 both clinical and preclinical studies. There is some evidence that conventional antiepileptic
 drugs may also affect NMDA receptor function.

 Aims:

 To investigate the medium to long-term effects of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist in an Asian
 cohort as there is a relative lack of clinical data in this population To explore the
 efficacy of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist in patients with partial onsets seizures that may
 secondarily generalize and the specific side effects of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist in
 relation to behavioral problems.

 Methods:

 A semi-prospective design is adopted to recruit patients who are indicated and started on
 AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist aged 12 or above in Hong Kong. This study will collect
 information about demographic details, medical history and seizure information. Assessment of
 seizure frequency is based on seizure diary and interviews with family members. Physical
 examination, electrocardiogram and other medical information relevant to the follow-up of the
 patient will be collected.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease which affects approximately 70,000 patients in
 Hong Kong and 50 billion people worldwide. Among these patients, one-third remained
 unresponsive to antiepileptic agents. Continual drug manipulation is an essential therapeutic
 option for these patients with refractory epilepsy. In particular, rational polytherapy has
 become the mainstay of treatment for the sub-group of patients who have failed two or more
 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

 Using AEDs with different mechanisms of action is a strategy adopted by many doctors around
 the world. In this regard, perampanel (PER) is an agent which is first in its class, with
 specific antagonistic action on ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic
 acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor of post-synaptic neurons. The pharmacokinetics of PER
 suggested that it has a half-life of approximately 105 hours and the steady-state
 concentrations that can be reached in 14 days. PER is approximately 95% bound to plasma
 proteins. This metabolism is mediated by CYP 3A4 or CYP 3A5. The usual dosage of PER is
 between 2mg and 12 mg. PER can be administered once daily.

 A total of five clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of PER among patients with
 refractory epilepsy. These were all double-blind studies and all of them evaluated the 50%
 responder rate as a seizure outcome. The corresponding risk ratio for 50% responder rates for
 4mg, 8mg and 12mg were 1.54, 1.8 and 1.72. The most common treatment-emergent adverse effects
 were dizziness, drowsiness, headache, fatigue, nasopharyngitis. The pooled results suggested
 that a higher dose was more efficacious if the side effects could be tolerated. There was an
 on-going study on the use of PER among patients with secondarily generalized seizures.
 Perampanel has been approved in many countries such as USA, EU, Australia, Canada,
 Switzerland, Singapore, and Malaysia, as an adjunctive therapy for refractory partial
 seizures with or without secondary generalisation among patients above 12 years of age.

 A substantial amount of research has shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA) may
 play a key role in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases, including epilepsy.
 Animal models of epilepsy and clinical studies demonstrate that NMDA receptors activity and
 expression can be altered in association with epilepsy and particularly in some specific
 seizure types. NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to have antiepileptic effects in
 both clinical and preclinical studies. There is some evidence that conventional antiepileptic
 drugs may also affect NMDA receptor function.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Subject aged 12 years or above

 2. Subject has a diagnosis of epilepsy with simple partial seizure and/or complex partial
 seizures

 3. Subjects who have a baseline seizure rate of more than 2 per month in the eight week
 period preceding the start of AMPA / NMDA receptor antagonist

 4. No seizure free period longer than 21 days during the eight week period before AMPA
 receptor antagonist was started

 5. Patients who already had neuropsychiatric inventory completed twice during the
 treatment period spanning at least 16 weeks.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Subjects with idiopathic generalised epilepsy (for example, juvenile myoclonic
 epilepsy and absence epilepsy)

 2. Patients who only suffer from isolated auras

 3. Baseline creatinine clearance of less than 50ml/min

 4. Severe hepatic impairment with ALT three times the upper limits of normal

 5. Significant psychiatric conditions before the start of AMPA / NMDA receptor antagonist

 6. Progressive neurodegenerative conditions

 7. Active history of malignancy

 8. History of severe haematological conditions or serious blood dyscrasias

 9. Corrected QT interval more than 450 milli-second on ECG

 10. Substance abuse

 11. Pregnancy, breastfeeding