Total Knee Replacement TIVA With Robotic Arm Assisted
Total Knee Replacement TIVA With Robotic Arm Assisted
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a commonly performed surgical procedure, and is associated
 with moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. Poor acute postoperative pain control has
 been associated with increased morbidity, prolonged recovery, reduced patient satisfaction
 and chronic post-surgical pain. Multimodal analgesia in the context of enhanced recovery
 after surgery programs is advocated for conventional total knee replacement. More recently,
 robotic arm assisted total knee replacement has been introduced. TKR is most commonly
 performed under spinal anaesthesia or general anaesthesia using inhalational agents or
 propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). It is unclear which is the best anaesthetic
 technique for postoperative analgesia. There has been no head to head trial comparing these 3
 anaesthetic techniques in the context of modern multimodal and enhanced recovery after
 surgery (ERAS) protocols for conventional and robotic arm assisted TKR. Propofol TIVA may
 reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption after surgery, but the overall evidence is
 still controversial. Whether propofol TIVA provides better analgesia compared to inhalational
 anaesthesia for TKR is not known. A prospective, randomized controlled trial providing head
 to head comparisons between general anaesthesia with propofol TIVA, inhalational anaesthesia,
 and spinal anaesthesia under is indicated.

 In this study, we plan to perform a randomized controlled trial to compare postoperative
 analgesia after robotic arm assisted TKR in three commonly used anaesthetic techniques: 1)
 spinal anaesthesia (SA), 2) general anaesthesia with inhalational anaesthesia (GAS), 3)
 general anaesthesia with propofol TIVA (TIVA). This clinical trial will be conducted within
 the framework of modern multimodal analgesic and enhanced recovery after surgery pathways.

 In this study, we plan to perform a randomized controlled trial to compare postoperative
 analgesia after TKR in three commonly used anaesthetic techniques: 1) spinal anaesthesia
 (SA), 2) general anaesthesia with inhalational anaesthesia (GAS), 3) general anaesthesia with
 propofol TIVA (TIVA). This clinical trial will be conducted within the framework of modern
 multimodal analgesic and enhanced recovery after surgery pathways.
Preoperative Care

 Patients will be approached at the preadmission clinic or in the general ward before
 operation. The anaesthetic techniques will be explained and s/he will be recruited into the
 study if s/he agrees. Fasting will start 6 hours before surgery for solids and 2 hours clear
 fluid. All patients will be given oral celebrex 200mg, paracetamol 1g and pregabalin 50mg po,
 two hours before start of anaesthesia.

 Range of movement of the operating knee, quadriceps function, pain scores of the affecting
 knee will be assessed on day before operation. Baseline data for health related quality of
 life, psychological status, and quality of recovery will be obtained using the Chinese Hong
 Kong version of SF-36, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and the Chinese quality of
 recovery (QoR) score, respectively.

 Anaesthesia and intraoperative care

 On arrival to the operation theatre, a 18 or 16 gauge intravenous cannula will be inserted.
 Standard monitoring with pulse oximeter, non-invasive blood pressure, and three lead
 electrocardiogram will be applied before start of anaesthesia. Non-invasive blood pressure
 will be checked at least every 5 minutes throughout the operation.

 Spinal anaesthesia (SA) group

 Patients in the SA group will receive intrathecal (L4-5, or L3-4 if failed at L4-5)
 administration of 2.2-2.4ml 0.5% heavy bupivicaine using a 25G Whitacare needle. No
 intrathecal opioid will be given during the procedure. Light sedation will be given during
 surgery with target-controlled infusion of propofol using the Marsh effect site model (0.3 -1
 mcg/ml). Supplemental oxygen 2L/min will be given via the nasal cannula.

 General anaesthesia with inhalational anaesthesia (GAS) group

 Patients receiving inhalational general anaesthesia will be induced with intravenous bolus
 propofol 1.5-3mg/kg, remifentanil 1mcg/kg, and rocuronium 0.6mg/kg for induction of general
 anaesthesia and intubation of the patient. General anesthesia monitoring will be used.
 Maintenance of general anesthesia would be provided using sevoflurane, together with air and
 oxygen. FiO2 will be maintained between 35-50%. Bispectral (BIS) monitoring will be applied
 and level of anaesthesia will be maintained at a BIS value of between 40-60. Remifentanil
 infusion will be given at between 0.1-0.2mcg/kg/min. This will be titrated to maintain mean
 arterial blood pressure within 20% of baseline (blood pressure in the ward before surgery
 will be taken as baseline) and heart rate between 45 to 100 beats per minute. Muscle
 relaxants can be given as required. Morphine sulphate will be given at a dose of 0.1mg/kg
 before skin incision. Sevoflurane and remifentanil infusion will be switched off at the end
 of the procedure. Reversal of muscle relaxation will be achieved using intravenous
 neostigmine 50mcg/kg and atropine 20mcg/kg after the operation.

 General anaesthesia with propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) group

 Target controlled infusion (TCI) with modified Marsh effect site model (Fresenius Kabi) will
 be used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. Level of anaesthesia will be
 titrated to produce a BIS value of between 40-60. For induction, remifentanil 1mcg/kg and
 rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg will be given intravenously prior to intubation. Sevoflurane will not be
 given. Air and oxygen will be given, and FiO2 will be kept at between 35-50%. Similarly, to
 the GAS group, remifentanil will be infused at a rate of between 0.1-0.2mcg/kg/min and
 titrated according to the haemodynamic parameters stated for the GAS group. Morphine sulphate
 will be given at a dose of 0.1mg/kg before skin incision. TCI propofol and remifentanil will
 be switched off at the end of the procedure. Reversal of muscle relaxation will be achieved
 as for the GAS group.

 Intraoperative care for all 3 groups

 Intravenous antibiotic will be given before skin incision. Hypotension will be managed with
 intravenous phenylephrine or ephedrine at the discretion of the anaesthesiologist.
 Hypertension or tachycardia in patients from the TIVA and GAS groups will be managed by
 titrating the remifentanil infusion up to 0.2mcg/kg. Intravenous anti-hypertensive drugs such
 as beta-blockers (eg esmolol, metoprolol), hydralazine, glyceryl trinitrate and phentolamine
 can be given if hypertension persists. Intra-operative fluid 8-10ml/kg/hr will be infused as
 maintenance. In addition, fluid replacement will be given for of blood loss. Infusion fluid
 warmer and thermal blankets will be used with the aim of keeping a core temperature of
 35.5-37.5 degrees Celsius. All patients will be given 4mg of intravenous ondansetron 30
 minutes before end of surgery.

 Local anaesthetic infiltration with 40ml 0.75% ropivacaine, 0.5ml 1:200,000 adrenaline, 30mg
 ketorolac in 60ml normal saline over the perisurgical area will be administrated by
 orthopaedic surgeon after implant insertion and wound closure.

 Patients will subsequently be transferred to the post anaesthetic care unit (PACU) for
 monitoring for at least 1 hour.

 Analgesic modalities and assessment

 Procedures for all the analgesic modalities are described below:

 For all the groups

 Resting numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores will be checked every 5 minutes in the PACU.
 In the PACU, 2mg intravenous morphine will be given every 5 minutes until the numerical
 rating pain score (NRS) is less than 4/10. Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine
 will then be given once NRS is less than 4/10. The PCA device will be configured to give 1 mg
 of bolus dose of morphine with each demand and the lockout duration will be 5 minutes. No
 background infusion will be given and the maximum dose limit of morphine will be 0.1mg/kg per
 hour. Intramuscular morphine sulphate at a dose of 0.1mg/kg will be prescribed every 4 hours
 if necessary, for breakthrough beginning from postoperative day (POD) 0. Intravenous 4mg
 ondansetron every 4 hours as necessary will be prescribed for nausea or/and vomiting. While
 in the PACU, the respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, Ramsay sedation scores, blood pressure
 and heart rate will be monitored every 5 minutes.

 On POD 0, patients will resume oral diet if not contraindicated. Oral paracetamol 1g tds,
 celebrex 200mg daily, and pregabalin 50mg once at night will be given to all patients for 5
 days. Dihydrocodeine 30mg q6h po prn for 5 days will be prescribed after cessation of PCA
 morphine.

 While on PCA morphine, the patient's respiratory rate, SpO2 and sedation score will be
 monitored every hour. Heart rate and blood pressure will be checked every 4 hours. NRS pain
 scores at rest, during knee movement (knee flexion), cumulative PCA morphine doses, and
 number of PCA demands/goods delivered, and side effects (eg nausea, vomiting, dizziness,
 pruritis) will be recorded every 4 hours. Patients will be assessed by the pain team every
 day.

 Patients will be on PCA morphine for 2 days. If NRS pain scores during knee movement on POD 2
 is less than 4/10 and morphine consumption is low, PCA morphine will be stopped. PCA morphine
 will be continued if NRS pain score is equal or greater than 4, or if PCA morphine
 consumption is high. After cessation of PCA morphine, NRS pain scores at rest and during knee
 movement, as well as the dose and frequency of rescue analgesia and the incidence of side
 effects will be charted once a day until discharge. Patient satisfaction with analgesia
 (0-10, where 0 is the least satisfaction, and 10 is the most satisfaction) will be assessed
 daily during hospital stay. Overall benefit of analgesic scores (OBAS) will be checked once a
 day.

 Phone follow up will be done for all patients on POD 3, 4, and 5 (if patient discharged home
 on those days). NRS pain scores at rest and with movement, analgesic medication consumption
 (pill count), incidence of adverse side effects (nausea, vomiting, pruritis, dizziness), and
 OBAS.

 Surgical technique/Prosthesis

 The surgery will be performed by the same surgical team with standardized surgical technique.
 All the patients will have posterior stabilized knee prosthesis. Tranexamic acid will be
 given according to protocol. Standardized regimen and technique of local infiltration of
 analgesic at the end of the surgery will be given as part of the multi-modal pain control
 protocol.

 Postoperative care and assessment

 POD 0 mobilization or early mobilization with physiotherapy and occupational therapy
 rehabilitation is encouraged after operation. Fluid diet will be allowed on POD 0. The
 surgical team will assess for occurrences of postoperative surgical complications,
 suitability for discharge (good pain control, ambulation, normal bowel function, and ability
 to eat properly without vomiting. Urinary retention will be documented as well. Time to
 mobilization and time to soft diet intake will be recorded. Active and passive range of
 movement of the operated knee, ability to achieve straight leg raising, and other
 rehabilitation parameters will be assessment by allied health staffs from POD 0 till day of
 discharge. Sleep disturbance due to pain (0-10, where 0 represents no disturbance and 10
 represents the most disturbance possible) and quality of recovery (Chinese QoR) will be
 assessed on POD 1 and 2.

 Postoperative follow up (3 months, 6 months)

 Questions about pain that will be asked during the face-to-face interview at 3 months, 6
 months. Chronic post-surgical pain will be assessed based on the core outcome set recommended
 by Wylde et al, which is specific for total knee replacement:

 -  The presence or absence of chronic pain (yes/no)

 -  Pain intensity (NRS pain score, 0-10): at rest, during movement of the ipsilateral knee

 -  Pain and physical functioning: pain with general activity, with walking, when kneeling,
 climbing stairs, descending stairs (NRS 0-10)

 -  Temporal aspects of pain: frequency breakthrough pain (NRS pain score over 6/10),
 duration of pain since operation, night pain, constant pain.

 -  Pain description: location of the pain: medial or lateral aspect of knee, scar; pain
 quality

 -  Identification Pain Questionnaire to test for neuropathic pain

 -  Any analgesic consumption: yes/no, frequency of use (eg number of times analgesics taken
 per week), type of medication used, dose of medication used.

 -  Patient Global Impression of Change Scale (PGIC)

 -  Health related quality of life (Chinese SF-36)

 -  Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)

 -  Pain self-efficacy questionnaire

 -  Effect of pain on sleep disturbance (0-10)

 Physical examination

 -  Range of motion of the knee

 -  Any area of decreased sensation, brush allodynia and pinprick hyperalgesia at the
 ipsilateral knee, scar site.

 -  KSKS and KSK functional score (done by physiotherapist and occupational therapist)

 Blood taking

 Blood taking will be performed to check for the levels of potential pain mediators. These
 include PTEN, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-β. These will be collected just before surgery (during
 induction of anaesthesia), on POD 0 and POD1.

 Other Data collection

 The following data will be collected during the perioperative period:

 -  Demographics

 -  Time of admission

 -  Intraoperative vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation)

 -  Estimated intraoperative blood loss

 -  Tourniquet time if any

 -  Volume of intraoperative fluid/blood infusion

 -  Duration of surgery and anaesthesia

 -  Time of discharge

 If at certain time point after operation, the patients cannot be managed according to the
 protocol due to any reason such as the development of complication, no further data will be
 collected. These patients will still be followed up. Intention-to-treat analysis will be
 used. Patients will remain in their initial designated groups for data analysis even if there
 is a change in surgical or anaesthetic/analgesic management, as long as they have had
 unilateral total knee replacement.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  ASA I-III

 -  Scheduled for elective primary unilateral total knee replacement

 -  Able to speak and understand Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin)

 -  Able to provide informed consent

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Revision total knee replacement

 -  Single stage bilateral total knee replacement

 -  Previous major knee surgery to the same knee

 -  Known allergy to opioids, local anaesthetic drugs, paracetamol, non-steroidal
 anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) including COX-2 inhibitors

 -  History of chronic pain other than chronic knee pain

 -  Rheumatoid arthritis

 -  Immunological depression

 -  Chronic opioid user

 -  Alcohol or drug abuse

 -  Obesity (Body mass index over 35kg/m2)

 -  Impaired liver function (Plasma bilirubin over 34 μmol/L, INR ≥ 1.7, ALT and AST over
 100U/L)

 -  Impaired renal function, defined as preoperative serum creatinine level over 120
 μmol/L

 -  Pre-existing neurological or muscular disorders

 -  Psychiatric or neurological disease that could potentially influencing pain perception

 -  Impaired or retarded mental state

 -  Difficulties in using patient controlled analgesia (PCA)

 -  Pregnancy

 -  Local infection

 -  Patient refusal

 -  Strong preference for a particular type of anaesthesia