Diagnostic Utility of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT and [124I]-PET/CT for Detection of Recurrence in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Diagnostic Utility of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT and [124I]-PET/CT for Detection of Recurrence in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Several studies have indicated that [124I]-PET/CT or [18F]-FDG-PET/CT may be useful to locate
 recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma lesions in patients with elevated thyroglobulin
 levels but who do not show pathological lesions when conventional imaging modalities are
 used. Thus, the investigators evaluated the effectiveness of PET/CT using both [124I] and
 [18F]-FDG in such patients.
<Inclusion Criteria> Patients with histologically proven DTC were studied. All patients had
 previously undergone total thyroidectomy and more than one session of postoperative RI
 therapy. More than 12 months of follow-up after the last RI therapy session, all patients
 showed increasing pathological Tg levels (Tg > 9-10 ng/ml) after TSH stimulation (TSH > 30
 mU/l). However, neither tumor recurrence nor metastasis could be detected in any patient by
 post-therapeutic [131I] scanning, neck US, or chest radiography. Patients with obvious
 cervical pathology or positive fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were excluded from the
 study. The work was approved by our Institutional Review Board and written informed consent
 was obtained from each patient.

 <Study protocol> The study was prospectively designed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacies
 of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT and [124I]-PET/CT in patients with elevated Tg levels, but who yielded no
 pathological findings on conventional imaging. The [124I] radioisotope was supplied by the
 Radiopharmaceutical Research Team of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
 (KIRAMS). All involved patients underwent a diagnostic [131I] scan, [18F]-FDG-PET/CT, and
 [124I]-PET/CT. On the first day (D1) of the study, blood and urine were collected for routine
 examination; to measure blood TSH, Tg, and anti-Tg antibody levels; and to assess urine
 iodine excretion after 4 weeks of levothyroxine (LT4) withdrawal. All patients had consumed a
 low-iodine diet for the prior 2 weeks, following written instructions and assisted by a
 dietician. On the second day (D2) of the study, an [131I] scan was obtained 48 h after
 administration of 74 MBq of [131I]. On day 10 (D10) of the study, patients fasted for at
 least 4 h before examination, and were (intravenously) given 370 MBq [18F]-FDG. All patients
 were instructed to rest comfortably for 60 min and to empty the bladder before scanning.
 Whole-body PET/CT images were obtained using a Discovery ST scanner (GE Healthcare,
 Milwaukee, WI). Seven or eight frames (3 min/frame) of emission PET data were acquired in the
 two-dimensional mode after noncontrast CT scans had been performed from the base of the skull
 to the upper thigh (tube rotation time of 1 s per revolution; 120 kV; 60 mA; 7.5 mm per
 rotation; and an acquisition time of 60.9 s for a scan length of 867 mm). Emission PET images
 were reconstructed via non-contrast CT using an iterative method (ordered-subsets expectation
 maximization with two iterations and 30 subsets; field of view 600 mm; slice thickness 3.27
 mm). Attenuation-corrected PET/CT images were reviewed on an Xeleris workstation (GE
 Healthcare). All images were independently interpreted by two experienced nuclear medicine
 physicians and screened for "hot spots" indicative of hypermetabolic abnormalities.

 On day 11 (D11) of the study, 24 h after administration of an [124I] trace dose (74 MBq),
 whole-body PET/CT scans were obtained using the Discovery ST scanner. First, a non-enhanced
 CT scan was performed, from the base of the skull to the upper thigh (tube rotation time of 1
 s per revolution; 140 kV; 80 mA; 3.75 mm per rotation; acquisition time of 23.9 s for a scan
 length of 804 mm). Subsequently, seven or eight frames (5 min per frame) of emission PET data
 were acquired in the two-dimensional mode and reconstructed via CT using an iterative method
 (software from General Electric Medical Systems; ordered-subsets expectation maximization
 with two iterations and 21 subsets; field of view 600 mm; slice thickness 3.27 mm).

 <Data analysis> To ensure that the interpretation of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT and [124I]-PET/CT data
 was performed under similar conditions, all physicians who initially read images of one type
 were deliberately blinded to the results of the other type of imaging, and to patient
 clinical data. This was achieved by ensuring that the interpreting physicians were not
 involved in patient clinical care. Findings on [18F]-FDG-PET and [124I]-PET scanning were
 compared with data from diagnostic and post-therapeutic [131I] scans. Moreover, the data were
 compared with those of radiological imaging (US, CT, and MRI information), and/or those of
 cytological investigation (FNAC), to confirm (or otherwise) the findings of the [131I] scans,
 and those of both forms of PET/CT (using [18F]-FDG and [124I]). For each patient, the
 presence or absence, and number and localization of any recurrent lesions (if present) were
 determined. The data of both types of PET/CT scans were classified as follows: 1)
 True-positive, if pathologic [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was proven by histology, cytology, or
 other imaging techniques, and caused therapy to be changed; 2) False-positive, if no
 pathologic [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was seen (such observations were of no clinical
 consequence); 3) True-negative, if no [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was found and the patient
 had neither an elevated Tg level nor any evidence of recurrence upon subsequent follow-up;
 and, 4) False-negative if no [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was noted despite elevated Tg levels,
 even if positive findings were obtained when other imaging methods were employed.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Study patients with histologically proven DTC were studied. All patients had
 previously undergone total thyroidectomy and more than one session of postoperative RI
 therapy.During follow-up after the last RI therapy session, all patients showed
 increasing pathological Tg levels (Tg > 9-10 ng/ml) after TSH stimulation (TSH > 30
 mU/l). However, neither tumor recurrence nor metastasis could be detected in any
 patient by post-therapeutic [131I] scanning, neck US, or chest radiography.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients with obvious cervical pathology or positive fine-needle aspiration cytology
 (FNAC) were excluded from the study. The work was approved by our Institutional Review
 Board and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.