Pattern and Frequency of Non-epileptic Involuntary Movements
Pattern and Frequency of Non-epileptic Involuntary Movements
We will perform a medical record review of all patients seen in Assiut University hospital,
 Egypt, to determine the frequency of movement disorders seen, disease characteristics,
 diagnostic evaluations.
Movement disorders are conventionally divided into major categories: 1) Hyperkinetic movement
 disorders (also called dyskinesias) refer to excessive, often repetitive, involuntary
 movements that intrude into the normal flow of motor activity. This category includes chorea,
 dystonia, myoclonus, stereotypies, tics, and tremor. 2) Hypokinetic movement 3) Ataxia.

 Hyperkinetic movements any unwanted excess movement. Together with hypertonia (abnormally
 increased resistance to externally imposed movement) and negative signs (insufficient muscle
 activity or insufficient control of muscle activity).

 Tremor: Tremor is a rhythmic back-and-forth or oscillating purposeless involuntary movement
 about a joint axis. Tremor occurs at rest (the pill-rolling tremor of Parkinsonism). Postural
 tremor (the fine tremor of hyperthyroidism), Action tremor (intention tremor) occurs near the
 end of a goal-directed movement.

 Chorea : is a series of brief, jerky, explosive ongoing random-appearing sequence of one or
 more discrete involuntary movements, or "fidgeting; there are different causes of chorea,
 Sydenham's chorea. Lesions in the sub thalamic nucleus. Encephalitis with diffuse
 gray-matter. Motor impersistence is a common association.

 Athetosis is a slow, continuous, writhing, sinuous movement, especially marked in the digits
 and extremities, prevents maintenance of a stable posture.

 Myoclonus consists of sequence of repeated, often non-rhythmic sudden brief twitches or jerks
 or involuntary contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles as seen in metabolic
 encephalopathies such as uremic encephalopathy. It can be categorized as "action myoclonus",
 "postural myoclonus", or "rest myoclonus" based on the condition when it is observed
 Asterixis :is an intermittency of sustained posture, illustrated by "flapping" of the hands
 when the arms are outstretched and wrists dorsiflexed, as in hepatic encephalopathy.

 Stereotypies are repetitive, simple movements that can be voluntarily suppressed.
 Stereotypies do not necessarily hold the person's attention.

 Tics are repeated, individually recognizable, intermittent movements that are almost always
 briefly suppressible and are usually associated with awareness of an urge to perform the
 movement.

 Dystonia: a movement disorder in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle
 contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both. Dystonic
 postures are often triggered by attempts at voluntary movement or voluntary posture, as may
 occur in task-specific dystonia.

 Hypokinetic movements: include bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and hypokinesia (poverty
 of movement, and movements that are smaller than intended), but also crucially and
 fundamentally the progressive fatiguing and decrement of repetitive alternating movements
 seen during finger or foot tapping. The best known cause and example is Parkinson's disease.

 Ataxia: Ataxia is a degenerative disorder affecting the brain, brainstem or spinal cord. This
 can result in clumsiness, inaccuracy, instability, imbalance, tremor or a lack of
 coordination while performing voluntary movements. Ataxia also can affect speech and movement
 of the eyes.

 Previous epidemiological studies in Egypt showed that the Overall the recorded Crude
 Prevalence Rate (CPR) of Parkinson's disease in Egypt was varied in different governorates
 and ranged from 53 to 557/105 inhabitants Another study was planned to estimate the
 prevalence and to study the aetiological factors of chorea, dystonia, athetosis and
 hemiballismus in Assiut. The prevalence rate for rheumatic chorea was 62/100,000 population,
 whereas Huntington's chorea had a prevalence rate of 21/100,000. The other two common types
 of chorea were reported with prevalence rates of 12/100,000 for the encephalitic type and
 17/100,000 for the atherosclerotic type. No single case of generalized dystonia was recorded
 and all cases were of the focal type of dystonia with a prevalence rate of 26/100,000
 population, but there's no available data about other movement disorders in Egypt
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients with movement disorders attending Assiut University neurology outpatient
 clinic and internal department, from Sep 15th 2019 to March15th 2020.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  1) involuntary movements epileptic in origin 2) refusal of patient to give consent to
 join the study