Tailored Hydration for the Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
Tailored Hydration for the Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
Aggressive hydration of lactated Ringer's solution has shown considerable beneficial effect
 in preventing post-ERCP(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) pancreatitis. But the
 occurence rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis are near 10% and there are severe complications of
 aggressive hydration due to hypervolemia such pulmonary and peripheral edema, prolonged
 hospital stay and increased medical expense. Also there are no definite guidelines that
 suggest the duration and amount of hydration.

 This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of tailored hydration depending on each
 patient's condition that indicates the likelihood of developing post-ERCP pancreatitis.
ERCP(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is the gold standard of diagnosis and
 treatment of pancreatobiliary disease. Pancreatitis is the most common complication after
 ERCP and can be lethally fatal.

 The most fundamental modality of preventing and treatment of post-ERCP pancreatitis is
 hydration and recent studies showed considerable preventive effect of aggressive hydration of
 lactated Ringer's solution. Lactated Ringer's solution has very low risk of adverse reaction
 and low cost compared to other preventive modalities such as octreotide, corticosteroids and
 protease inhibitors.

 Despite of these advantages of aggressive hydration of lactated Ringer's solution, the
 occurence rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis is near 10% and severe complications can develop due
 to hypervolemia caused by aggressive hydration such as pulmonary and peripheral edema,
 prolonged hospital stay and increased medical expense. Most of post-ERCP pancreatitis occur
 within several hours after ERCP and outpatients department based ERCP is suggested in some
 clinics by selecting patients with low risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. A study compared the
 occurrence of post-ERCP pancreatitis between group with early feeding (4 hours after ERCP)
 and group with conventional feeding (24 hours after ERCP) and showed no difference. The most
 sensitive marker for predicting post-ERCP pancreatitis is abdominal pain and the occurrence
 time differs by whether endoscopic retrograde pancreatic duct (ERPD) stent insertion was
 performed or not. Patients without ERPD stent mostly develops abdominal pain at 2 hour after
 ERCP (0.5-2.5 hours) and patients with ERPD stent at 5 hour (0-68 hours). Also elevation of
 serum amylase level above 1.5 times the upper normal range after 4 hours of ERCP was
 suggested as useful marker for prediction of post-ERCP pancreatitis (AUROC 88.2%, 95%
 confidence interval 80.4%-90.6%).

 The effectiveness of hydration for preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis is widely accepted but
 there are no definite guidelines that suggest the duration and amount of hydration.

 Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tailored
 hydration therapy based on markers that predicts the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis
 development.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  All patients older than 20 years undergoing ERCP for the 1st time will be recruited

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Age below 20 or above 80 years

 -  Underlying severe psychiatric illness

 -  Cardiac insufficiency (>New York Heart Association Class II heart failure)

 -  Renal insufficiency (eGFR <30mililiter/min/1.73m2)

 -  Respiratory insufficiency (defined as oxygen saturation < 90%)

 -  Poorly controlled blood sugar

 -  Ongoing hypotension including those with sepsis

 -  Ongoing acute pancreatitis

 -  Underlying disease of chronic pancreatitis

 -  Clinical signs of hypervolemia

 -  Hyponatremia (Na+ levels < 130 milliequivalent (mEq)/L))

 -  Hypernatremia (Na+ levels > 150mEq/L)

 -  Hyperkalemia (5.1 mEq/dL)

 -  Metabolic alkalosis

 -  Past history of endoscopic sphincterectomy or endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation