Study to Evaluate the Effect of Ticagrelor Versus Placebo in Reducing Vaso-Occlusive Crises Rate in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease.
Study to Evaluate the Effect of Ticagrelor Versus Placebo in Reducing Vaso-Occlusive Crises Rate in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease.
The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of ticagrelor vs placebo for the reduction
 of Vaso-Occlusive crises in paediatric patients with Sickle Cell Disease
-  HESTIA5 will evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of ticagrelor versus placebo
 in children with SICKLE CELL DISEASE during treatment for at least 12 months and up to a
 maximum of 24 months.

 -  The target population are children (males and females) aged 6 months to <18 years and
 body weight ≥6 kg diagnosed with homozygous sickle cell or sickle beta-zero-thalassaemia
 confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography or hemoglobin electrophoresis. The
 aim is to randomise 20 patients in the age group 6 to <24 months. At least 50 patients
 should be randomised in each of the age groups: ≥2 to <12 years and ≥12 to <18 years.

 -  Prior to randomisation in this study, patients aged 6 to <24 months will undergo a
 14-day Run in period in which they will receive open-label ticagrelor twice a day for 14
 days according to weight. Run-in period includes 4 visits, called R1, R2, R3 and R4. The
 run-In period is to ensure that the treatment is well-tolerated, and that the exposure
 is in line with model-based predictions following repeated twice a day dosing with
 ticagrelor in this age group. At the end of the Run-in period (Visit R4), the patient
 will take his/her final dose of open-label IP and await the independent Data Monitoring
 Committee chairman's evaluation of tolerability, safety and exposure before being
 eligible to enter the Screening period for randomisation. Patients who complete the
 Run-in period according to the protocol must also meet all the inclusion/exclusion
 criteria detailed in Protocol, to proceed to randomisation.

 -  To be eligible for the study, patients must have experienced at least 2 VASO-OCCLUSIVE
 CRISES (defined as painful crisis and/or ACUTE CHEST SYNDROME) events in the past 12
 months prior to Visit 1, (patients aged 2 to <18 years) and prior to visit R1 (patients
 aged 6 to <24 months) indicating that the severity of the patient's disease justifies
 preventive chronic long-term treatment. Even if painful VASO-OCCLUSIVE CRISES are
 uncommon in infants and become more frequent in older children, data show that symptoms
 like dactylitis precede more severe events and confirm that children who have early
 dactylitis are more likely to have severe events later in life.

 -  Study participants should receive standard of care for SICKLE CELL DISEASE, adjusted to
 the individual patient at the discretion of the investigator, including routine health
 care screening examinations and immunizations to local guidelines and health care
 programmes. Study drug will be given on the background of standard treatments for SICKLE
 CELL DISEASE. Study participants are not withheld from any other treatments that may be
 used in SICKLE CELL DISEASE (eg., hydroxyurea) during the trial, which is important
 considering the use of a placebo control group. However, restrictions apply to some
 medications and interventions that may be necessary for the patient's health and
 well-being during the study.

 -  Patients are to be followed until a common study end date (CSED) is reached defined as
 12 months after the last patient is randomized. Treatment duration is at least 12 months
 for study participants, and patients will continue on treatment until 12 months after
 last randomized patient or up to a maximum of 24 months. The expected average follow-up
 is 18 months, assuming a uniformly distributed enrolment period of 12 months.
 Considering inclusion of patients with at least 2 VASO-OCCLUSIVE CRISES in the past
 year, this treatment duration is considered long enough to evaluate effects on
 VASO-OCCLUSIVE CRISES events as well as to capture safety and tolerability data
 supporting a potential future long term use of ticagrelor.

 -  Due to ticagrelor mechanism of action and the potential to reduce symptoms caused by
 ischemia during a vaso-occlusion, a composite endpoint with painful crises and/or ACUTE
 CHEST SYNDROME has been selected for the primary endpoint. Painful crisis is the most
 common reason for emergency department visits for patients with SICKLE CELL DISEASE with
 a significant impact on young patients' lives, affecting them physically and
 emotionally. Secondary endpoints are included to broaden the understanding of effects in
 patients with SICKLE CELL DISEASE and to also assess potential benefits on symptomatic
 disease burden and health-related quality of life (HRQL).

 -  Patients will be treated with 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 mg twice a day or matching placebo,
 depending on body weight.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Provision of signed and dated informed consent prior to any study specific procedures
 not part of standard medical care (local regulations and international guidelines are
 to be followed in determining the assent/consent requirements for children).

 2. Children aged 6 months to <18 years of age and body weight ≥6 kg diagnosed with HbSS
 or HbS/β0 as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or haemoglobin
 electrophoresis.

 3. Have experienced at least 2 VASO-OCCLUSIVE CRISES (painful crisis and/or ACUTE CHEST
 SYNDROME) as judged by the Investigator in the past 12 months prior to Visit R1
 (patients aged 6 to <24 months) or Visit 1 (patients aged 2 to <18 years). These
 VASO-OCCLUSIVE CRISES need to be documented in the patient's medical records or in
 other documents that can be reconciled.

 4. If aged 2 to ≤16 years, must have had a TCD within the past year prior to Visit 2. If
 this is not the case, a TCD examination must be done before randomisation.

 5. If aged ≥10 years, must have had an ophthalmological examination within the past year
 prior to Visit 1. If this is not the case, the patient must be examined by an
 ophthalmologist before proceeding in the study. If local guidelines dictate
 ophthalmological examination at younger ages, those local guidelines should be
 followed.

 6. If treated with hydroxyurea or L-glutamine, the weight-adjusted dose must be stable
 for 3 months before screening.

 7. Suitable venous access for the study-related blood sampling.

 8. Prior to dosing on day of randomisation (Visit 2), a negative urine (dipstick)
 pregnancy test performed at Enrolment (Visit 1) and at Visit 2 must be available for
 female patients of childbearing potential.

 9. Females of childbearing potential (after menarche) must not become pregnant during the
 study. Sexually active females must use a highly effective method of contraception
 which results in a low failure rate (ie, less than 1% per year). If use of effective
 contraception cannot be secured in sexually active females, the patient cannot be
 included in this study.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. As judged by the Investigator, any evidence of unsuitability which in the
 Investigator's opinion makes it undesirable for the patient to participate in the
 study.

 2. History of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or cerebrovascular accident (ischaemic or
 haemorrhagic), severe head trauma, intracranial haemorrhage, intracranial neoplasm,
 arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm, or proliferative retinopathy.

 3. Findings on TCD: Current or previous values for time averaged mean of the maximum
 velocity (TAMMV) that are Conditional or Abnormal. Patients with Conditional TAMMV
 values or higher (≥153 cm/sec using TCD imaging technique [TCDi] which is
 corresponding to ≥170 cm/sec by the non-imaging technique). Both the middle cerebral
 artery and the internal carotid artery should be considered. Any other criteria that
 would locally be considered as TCD indications for chronic transfusion would also
 exclude the patient.

 4. Pathological finding on any other imaging assay indicating increased risk for
 intracerebral bleeding or thromboembolism.

 5. International normalised ratio (INR) >1.4 or active pathological bleeding or increased
 risk of bleeding complications according to Investigator.

 6. Haemoglobin <6 g/dL from test performed at Visit R1 and Visit 1 (patients aged 6 to
 <24 months) or at Enrolment (Visit 1) (patients aged 2 to <18 years).

 7. Platelets <100 × 109/L from test performed at Visit R1 and Visit 1 (patients aged 6 to
 <24 months) or at Enrolment (Visit 1) (patients aged 2 to <18 years).

 8. Undergoing treatment with chronic red blood cell transfusion therapy.

 9. Chronic use of NSAIDs defined as continuous intake >3 days per week that cannot be
 discontinued.

 10. Receiving chronic treatment with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs that cannot be
 discontinued.

 11. Moderate or severe hepatic impairment defined as laboratory values of alanine
 aminotransferase (ALT) >2×upper limit of normal (ULN), total bilirubin >2×ULN (unless
 judged by the Investigator to be caused by haemolysis), albumin <35 g/L (3.5 g/dL) and
 INR >1.4, or symptoms of liver disease (eg, ascites) from test performed at Visit R1
 and Visit 1 (patients aged 6 to <24 months) or at Enrolment (Visit 1) (patients aged 2
 to <18 years).

 12. Renal failure requiring dialysis.

 13. Patient considered to be at risk of bradycardic events (eg, known sick sinus syndrome
 or second- or third-degree atrioventricular block) unless already treated with a
 permanent pacemaker.

 14. Concomitant oral or intravenous therapy with strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A)
 inhibitors, CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic indices, or strong CYP3A
 inducers, which cannot be stopped at least 5 half-lives before randomisation.

 15. Active untreated malaria. Patients with suspected malaria at Visit R1 (patients aged 6
 to <24 months) or at Enrolment (Visit 1) (patients aged 2 to <18 years) will be
 tested.

 16. Known hypersensitivity or contraindication to ticagrelor.

 17. Patients who are currently pregnant or breastfeeding or planning to become pregnant
 during the study or have given birth less than 3 months prior to Enrolment (Visit 1).

 18. Concern for the inability of the patient or caregiver (defined as legally authorised
 representative) to comply with study procedures and/or follow-up.

 19. Previous randomisation in the present study or participation in any previous HESTIA
 study.

 20. Participation in another clinical study with an IP or device during the last 30 days
 preceding screening.

 21. Involvement of member of patient's family, or patient self, in the planning and/or
 conduct of the study (applies to both AstraZeneca staff and/or staff at the study
 site).