Effects of Immunonutrition on Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury
Effects of Immunonutrition on Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury
Background: Head injury is one of the top three diagnosis leading to intensive care unit
 (ICU) admission in Malaysia. There has been growing interest in using immunonutrition as a
 mode of modulating the inflammatory response to injury or infection with the aim of improving
 clinical outcome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an
 immunonutrition on biomarkers (IL-6, glutathione, CRP, total protein and albumin) in
 traumatic brain injury patients.

 Methods: Thirty six patients with head injury admitted to neurosurgical ICU in University
 Malaya Medical Centre were recruited for this study, over a 6-month period from July 2014 to
 January 2015. Patients were randomized to receive either an immunonutrition (Group A) or a
 standard (Group B) enteral feed. Levels of biomarkers were measured at day 1, 5 and 7 of
 enteral feeding.

 Results: Patients in Group A showed significant reduction of IL-6 at day 5 (p<0.001) with
 concurrent rise in glutathione levels (p= 0.049). Patients in Group A also demonstrated a
 significant increase of total protein level at the end of the study (day 7).

 Conclusion: These findings indicate the potential of immunonutrition reducing cytokines and
 increasing antioxidant indices in patients with TBI. However, further studies incorporating
 patient outcomes are needed to determine its overall clinical benefits.
Introduction:

 In 2014, injury ranked fifth as the most common cause of hospitalisation in Malaysia, with
 86% of major trauma patients sustaining injuries to head and neck. It is known that injuries
 to the brain is among the most likely to result in death and disability. Therefore, it was
 unsurprising when the Malaysian Registry of Intensive Care reported head injury as one of the
 top three diagnosis leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admissions with an in-hospital
 mortality rate of 22.1%. In addition to causing a significant problem in Malaysia, injury
 related mortality and morbidity also affects countries worldwide and is expected to be a
 major cause of death and disability by the year 2030.

 This study aims to evaluate the effect of a specific immunonutrition, Neomune, on biomarkers
 (cytokines, acute phase serum proteins and antioxidants) in traumatic brain injury patients.
 This immune enhancing enteral feed contains arginine, glutamine and omega-3 fatty acid.

 Methods:

 This study and its protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee University Malaya
 Medical Center (MEC ID NO: 20143-15). Written informed consent was obtained from patient's
 next of kin.

 A prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with head injury comparing two high
 energy protein enteral formula; Neomune (manufactured by Thai Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.,
 Ltd., Thailand) and Fresubin® HP (manufactured by Fresenius Kabi, Bod Hamburg, Germany) was
 conducted. Fresubin® HP energy is the standard enteral feeding used in neurosurgical ICU
 patients in University Malaya Medical Centre. Neomune was chosen to study its
 immune-modulating effects.

 Patients receiving Neomune were classified as Group A (n=18), whereas those receiving
 Fresubin® HP energy as Group B (n=18). Neomune is enriched with arginine, glutamine and
 omega-3 fatty acid.

 Subject recruitment criteria:

 Thirty six patients with head injury admitted to neurosurgical ICU, University Malaya Medical
 Centre were recruited for this study, over a 6-month period from July 2014 to January 2015.
 Patient's inclusion criteria were a) age between 15-78 years old, b) admission within 48
 hours of post traumatic event, c) moderate to severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale 3-12)
 and, d) requiring enteral nutrition. Exclusion criteria were a) history of uncontrolled
 diabetes mellitus, b) history of renal or liver dysfunction, c) severe sepsis with multi
 organ failure and d) history of significant abdominal or chest injuries requiring major
 surgery.

 Feeding protocol:

 Eligible patients were randomized into receiving either Neomune (Group A) or Fresubin® HP
 energy (Group B) using a computerized random number generator. Fresubin® HP energy is a
 premixed formula with an energy of 1.5kcal/ml. Neomune formula comes in powder form and thus
 was prepared to reach a concentration of 1.5kcal/ml in order to make it comparable for the
 trial.

 Enteral feeding was delivered within 24 to 48 h after admission or surgery according to Brain
 Trauma Foundation (BTF) Guidelines [6]. All feeding were introduced via nasogastric tube and
 carried out using infusion pump. Enteral feeding was commenced at an initial rate of 20 ml/h,
 and increased by 20 ml/h every 6 hours until target calorie was reached, provided that there
 was no significant gastric residual volume (<300 mL). The target calorie for each patient was
 determined by the clinician working alongside the dietitian using Harris Benedict equation
 which measures Resting Energy Expenditure (REE). This was further corrected 140% of REE based
 on studies done on traumatic brain injured patients and nutrition guidelines published by the
 BTF, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, and the Joint Section on Neurotrauma
 and Critical Care. Patients going for scheduled surgery are kept nil by mouth 6 hours prior
 surgery. Feeding interruption are also kept to a minimal if patients are undergoing
 procedures, extubation or imaging.

 Data collection:

 Venous blood was withdrawn from patients at day 1, 5 and 7 of enteral nutrition to measure
 the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), glutathione, C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein and
 albumin. The concentration of IL-6 and glutathione were determined by ELISA (R&D Systems,
 Minneapolis, USA) according to manufacturer's protocol. Prealbumin was not included as a
 nutritional biomarker in this study because this test is not available in our standard
 laboratory test. Furthermore, we were also limited by resource constraint. All measured
 outcomes were compared between Group A and Group B.

 Sample size analysis:

 The sample size for this study was calculated based on a similar study done previously on
 immune enhancing nutrition in traumatic brain injury by Painter et al.

 Statistical analysis The data were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social
 Sciences) software version 20.0. Paired t-test was used to compare the concentration of
 cytokines, acute phase serum proteins and antioxidants between day 1, 5 and 7 after the
 administration of enteral feeding. Independent sample t-test was used to compare continuous
 data which include cytokines, acute phase serum proteins and antioxidant levels between Group
 A and Group B. Statistical significance was predetermined at p < 0.05.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Admission within 48 hours of post traumatic event

 -  Moderate to severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale 3-12)

 -  Requires enteral nutrition.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

 -  Renal or liver dysfunction

 -  Severe sepsis with multi organ failure

 -  History of significant abdominal or chest injuries requiring major surgery.