Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass or Gastric Sleeve Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes
Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass or Gastric Sleeve Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass surgery (RYGB) ameliorates type 2 diabetes within days after
 surgery. Studies indicate that the gastric sleeve procedure has comparable effect on type 2
 diabetes, but to what extent and how is not fully elucidated. This study investigates the
 effect of the surgeries on incretin levels, glucose effectiveness and hepatic insulin
 sensitivity.
Introduction This study comprises of a series of studies in morbidly obese subjects with type
 2 diabetes before and after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass surgery (RYGB) and the gastric sleeve
 procedure, investigating the effect of these surgeries on incretin levels and hepatic insulin
 sensitivity. The method study (study 2) seeks to validate a better and physiological method
 to investigate insulin sensitivity in morbidly obese patients.

 RYGB is considered the most effective treatment for obesity. The procedure improves glycemic
 control, and patients with type 2 diabetes may experience reductions in antidiabetic
 medication within days after surgery.

 The improvement in glucose tolerance is associated with enhanced insulin action in muscle and
 adipose tissues. Recent reports indicate that hepatic insulin resistance also is improved,
 but the contribution of increased hepatic insulin action on glucose tolerance is
 controversial and remains to be thoroughly investigated. Studies indicate that RYGB reduces
 basal glucose production, and at 1 week following surgery hepatic insulin resistance is
 improved and insulin clearance increased. In contrast, insulin sensitivity in extra-hepatic
 tissues is not increased until 3 months after surgery. These observations imply that the
 liver plays an important role for early improvements in carbohydrate metabolism after RYBG,
 while increased insulin sensitivity in extra-hepatic tissues (muscle and adipose tissues) is
 delayed and more closely related to weight loss.

 Effects of hepatic insulin sensitivity on glucose tolerance in obese subjects has in previous
 studies been addressed. However, dose response curves that determines time-dependent changes
 in hepatic insulin action are important for understanding the pathophysiology of glucose
 intolerance in obese subjects after RYGB, have not yet been conducted.

 The development of a valid easy procedure that estimates insulin sensitivity at the same time
 the effect of the incretin hormones can be studied is of great value in especially RYGB
 operated patients where the secretion of hormones has been altered by the procedure.
 Understanding the impact of incretin hormones and hepatic insulin resistance on glucose
 intolerance may have implications for the medical treatment of obese patients, and may
 potentially predict which subset of patients are likely to experience the greatest benefits
 of RYGB or gastric sleeve surgery.

 Moreover, a recent report indicates that the gastric sleeve procedure, where the stomach is
 reduced in size, elicits the same incretin response as RYGB, although no gastro-entero or
 entero-entero anastomosis are formed. Also the procedure is reported to have a profound
 effect on glucose intolerance. The mechanisms behind this have not yet been clarified.

 Elucidation of these mechanisms will provide knowledge about body weight regulation and the
 pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and could help to identify new drug targets, improved
 study methods and surgical techniques.

 The aims of the proposed PhD experiments are as follows:

 Study 1.

 1. To determine the contribution of hepatic insulin resistance to glucose intolerance in
 morbidly obese subjects

 2. To examine to what extent increased hepatic insulin sensitivity contributes to
 normalization of glucose intolerance after RYGB and the gastric sleeve procedure.

 3. Determine metabolic markers of defects in carbohydrate metabolism that may help to
 identify which patients are likely to benefit from RYGB or gastric sleeve. Indices will
 be determined based on a modified minimal model analysis of oral glucose tolerance test
 (OGTT) data.

 Study 2.

 1. To determine whether the minimal model behind the dynamic estimates of the OGTT can be
 further developed by simple addition of the two 2 tracer technique, when compared with data
 from the IVGTT and two step euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp.

 Experimental design

 Study 1: The first of the proposed series of experiments attempts to determine how RYGB and
 the gastric sleeve procedure improves hepatic insulin resistance and if so how this affects
 glucose intolerance.

 The study protocol is comprised of

 1. An insulin-modified oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or a standard oral glucose
 tolerance test with double stable isotope tracer.

 2. An insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) with radioactive tracer.

 3. A hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic glucose clamp with radioactive tracer.

 The OGTT, IVGTT and the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp will be performed, prior
 to RYGB/gastric sleeve (usual care) and at 1, and 12 months following surgery (after
 intervention).

 Liver biopsy will be performed at surgery, to assess liver steatosis and the effect of the
 obesity on liver insulin resistance and clearance. The effect over time of RYGB and gastric
 sleeve surgery will be assessed through secondary markers of liver function.

 Study 2: The method study will be conducted in order to compare the indices from the two
 tracer OGTT to the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp and the insulin-modified
 intravenous glucose tolerance test to assess the estimates of insulin sensitivity and insulin
 clearance. The subjects will also serve as a normal metabolic reference group for study 1.

 The study protocol is comprised of

 1. An insulin-modified oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with double stable isotope
 tracer.

 2. An insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) with radioactive tracer.

 3. A hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic glucose clamp with radioactive tracer.

 For study 1 and 2

 Indirect calorimetry will be assessed to determine changes in non-oxidative glucose disposal.

 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans will be performed to assess changes in fat and
 fat-free mass.

 Sample size calculation

 A sample size calculation has been performed to determine the number of study subjects
 required to obtain a statistical difference between groups. The calculation was performed
 based on the mean and standard deviation of the area above baseline calculation of glucose
 concentrations obtained during an OGTT in healthy subjects i.e. 290±217 mmol/L x min. The
 calculation was performed based on the following assumptions:

 1. A difference in glucose tolerance in healthy controls and obese study subjects during
 the OGTT of 90% (unpaired analysis) and an improvement in glucose tolerance at 12 months
 after surgery in obese subjects of 50% (paired analysis)

 2. Power of the analysis: 80%

 3. Level of significance: 5% Based on these assumptions the sample size calculations
 require that 9 healthy subjects and 9 obese subjects undergoing RYGB or gastric sleeve
 need to successfully complete the full study program. To correct for an anticipated
 dropout rate during the studies a total of 12 obese for each surgical group and 12
 healthy subjects will be recruited for the studies.

 Materials and Calculations

 A biobank will be opened at V laboratory Aarhus University hospital in an appropriate
 freezer. The material will be analyzed in small batches in order to avoid inter assay
 differences. The liver biopsy will be examined for histology the same day. After the project
 has come to an end any leftover material (blood or tissue) will be placed in a biobank for
 further research, should this prove valid and the research subject accept. Urine samples will
 be analyzed immediately and not preserved.

 The oral glucose and C-peptide minimal model analysis of the OGTT data will yield indices for
 insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function (dynamic and static component), glucose effectiveness
 and hepatic insulin extraction. The disposition index i.e. the product of insulin sensitivity
 and beta cell function will be calculated.

 Tracer determined rates of glucose production and uptake will be calculated using the
 equations for non-steady state. The volume of distribution of glucose will be assumed to be
 200 ml/kg and a pool correction factor of 0.65 will be used in the calculations. Glucose
 specific activity will be calculated as the ratio between the tracer contraction and the
 prevailing plasma glucose concentration. The Hot Ginf technique will be used to maintain
 constant specific activities throughout the studies.

 Side effect and risks

 The patients and the metabolic controls subject will be exposed to radiation from the
 examinations.

 The study subjects will be exposed to some radiation which will enhances their risk for a
 non-curable cancer from 25% to 25,005%.

 Total amount of blood drawn 3-6 months prior to surgery is approximately 392 ml. Blood loss
 during surgery amounts to no more than 10-20 ml in general. Should complications such as
 infection or bleeding arise following surgery the patient will be excluded from the study. In
 the case of a minor perioperative bleeding the patient will be treated and observed according
 to surgical principles and the following study days 1 month later postponed if necessary.

 Between 1 and 3 months after surgery 356 ml blood will be drawn. The patient will again be
 examined 12 months after surgery and 383 ml blood is drawn including blood samples for the
 endocrinology follow up-visit. All patients are substituted with iron and B12 vitamin from
 inclusion in the study and will prior to studies be examined with a spot hemoglobin (HB).
 Should the HB < 6,5 mmol/ l the study will be postponed for 3-5 weeks.

 The liver biopsy during surgery leads to a minimal enhanced risk for bleeding and gall leak
 perioperative, but does not enhance the risk of the surgery in general. After the operation
 patients with type 2 diabetes are observed in the anesthesia postoperative ward and when
 ready (blood pressure, heart rate and pain under control) transferred to the surgical
 department for the first 24 hours and will here also be observed for changes in vital
 parameters.

 Compensation will be provided in accordance with the guidelines from the local ethics
 committee.

 Statistical analysis

 When appropriate a paired Student's t test will be used to test for statistical difference. A
 non-parametric two sample analysis will be used for data not fulfilling the criteria for
 normal distribution. P < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. ANOVA analysis
 aiming to detect difference in metabolic response between groups will be performed when
 appropriate.

 Multivariate analysis will be performed to determine which indices are likely to be
 associated with the most favorable outcome. The analysis will be performed to assess which
 subset of obese subjects are most likely to benefit from the surgical procedure

 Perspective

 The above study plan will shed new light on the livers impact on diabetes, obesity and the
 significant effect of RYGB and gastric sleeve surgery on blood sugar control. The gastric
 sleeve surgery entails less risk for complications during and after surgery, should the
 procedure show comparable results with RYGB it can potentially benefit more patients planned
 for bariatric surgery. We also aim to validate an easy conductible and physiological method
 for obtaining reliable estimates of glucose kinetics. This can potentially lead to more
 specific diagnosis of for instance pancreatic islet cell function or hepatic insulin
 resistance, and thereby improve medical treatment of type 2 diabetes. The study also aims to
 identify biomarkers that can help to predict, which patients will benefit the most RYGB and
 gastric sleeve surgery.

 All result, positive, negative or inconclusive will be published. We expect, at minimum to
 produce 4 articles, which will be accepted at international recognized magazines and 1 PhD
 thesis

 Ethical aspects

 The study is comprised of validated methods. Overall society, patients and future patient
 will benefit from the new insights into liver physiology in the state of obesity and diabetes
 before and after bariatric surgery. Future patients will also benefit from the new insights
 into the effects of the gastric sleeve surgery that entails less risk for complications. This
 can lead to improved treatments and more carefully selection of patient elective for surgery.
 The overall benefits for patients, future patients and society outweigh the risk and side
 effects the subjects endure.

 The Danish data agency has approved the study and the regional ethics committee is processing
 the application.

 Study completion

 The proposed studies will be performed in collaboration between Hospital Unit Midt,
 Department of General Surgery where RYGB and gastric sleeve is performed. The glucose clamp
 studies will be performed at The Medical Research Lab, Departments of Medicine M and V,
 Aarhus University Hospital. All studies will be performed or supervised by PhD student
 Katrine Brodersen or Doctor of Medical Science Michael Festersen Nielsen.

 Funding

 All costs not covered by ongoing external funding will be covered by Hospital Unit Midt.
 Neither the PhD student nor the supervisor have any relations with the private foundations
 and nothing to declare.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  BMI > 35 kg/m2

 -  Diabetes Mellitus, type 2

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Diabetes Mellitus, type 1

 -  Chronic obstructive lung disease

 -  Heart failure or other cardiac disease

 -  Chronic inflammatory diseases

 -  Hepatitis or HIV

 -  Anemia

 -  Abnormal kidney or liver function

 -  Metabolic disease

 -  Prescription of prednisolone as pill or injection in the study period or 3 months
 prior to study start

 -  Alcoholism or abuse of other substances

 -  Pregnancy or planning to get pregnant within the study period