A Study Of Nutraceutical Drinks For Cholesterol (Evaluating Effectiveness and Tolerability)
A Study Of Nutraceutical Drinks For Cholesterol (Evaluating Effectiveness and Tolerability)
Great controversy exists about the feasibility and safety of a product that can be employed
 for self-directed cholesterol reduction. The position that self-directed cholesterol lowering
 could lead those that do not need lower cholesterol to take the product is likely unfounded.
 This is because there is no convincing evidence to suggest that there are cholesterol levels
 so low that a lower one would not be beneficial or conversely be dangerous. Ample evidence
 exists that cholesterol causes cardiovascular disease and that lower cholesterol places
 individuals and populations at lower risk. Because of the high cost, insurance concerns and
 suboptimal access to physician care, a self-directed, effective and safe approach to
 cholesterol maintenance or reduction would be very desirable. Drug therapy also has been
 associated with suboptimal results. Though a new concept that addresses cholesterol by
 several mechanisms simultaneously has been shown to be more consistently effective and with
 better tolerability, there is still a need for a self-directed cholesterol optimizing
 alternative. It is, therefore, our intent in this study to evaluate certain foods,
 specifically nutraceutical containing fruit flavored drinks in the hopes that they can be
 proven a safe and effective alternative approach for cholesterol management.
Cholesterol is the principle component of cardiovascular disease. It deposits in the walls of
 blood vessels and contributes to both chronic vascular insufficiency manifested as
 claudication, ischemic ulceration, or angina, and acute vascular insufficiency presenting as
 heart attack, stroke or sudden death.

 Coronary heart disease is the number one killer worldwide. Approximately 50% of males and
 one-third of females will develop a coronary heart disease related acute event in their
 lifetime. The cost of coronary heart disease is staggering. In the United States alone, over
 $120 billion is spent annually in direct and indirect costs attributed to this killer (10).

 The Framingham Heart Study has shown that coronary heart disease incidence rises
 proportionately to serum cholesterol (1). More importantly, numerous studies demonstrate a
 reduction in coronary heart disease related events with falling cholesterol levels on
 treatment (18).

 There are four classes of commonly used cholesterol lowering drugs:

 1. statins

 2. fibric acid derivates

 3. niacin

 4. bile acid sequestrants.

 Of these, the most widely used are the statins. Statins produce potent LDL lowering, reduce
 cardiovascular events, and are relatively safe. However, despite their proven effectiveness
 and relative safety, even statins have their limitations. First, as many as 30% of people who
 take statins develop myalgias. Second, many drug interactions exist. Third, most of the LDL
 lowering is seen with the lowest dose, making up-titration of limited value (3) (20). With
 fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, tolerability is even more problematic with
 titration, and end point data somewhat weaker than with statins, especially for monotherapy
 (4)(7)(14)(17).

 Beyond the efficacy and safety limitations of the selected drug, there are socioeconomic
 barriers to effective cholesterol lowering. Although people are cognizant of the importance
 of cholesterol reduction, many evade the doctor/patient relationship at all cost. Others do
 not like, forget to take, or have difficulty swallowing pills. Some do not have access to
 health care, drug plans, or lack the financial means to afford pharmaceuticals. Furthermore,
 high cholesterol represents a label that might adversely affect one's ability to procure
 inexpensive life and health insurance. Therefore, there is a need for alternative cholesterol
 lowering approaches that circumvent these limitations.

 In devising these approaches, it is crucial to incorporate a relatively new concept in
 cholesterol lowering and/or maintenance. Recently, it has become apparent that targeting a
 single mechanism, either of absorption or endogenous production of cholesterol, may augment
 the other potentially compensatory mechanism, thus decreasing the effectiveness of any type
 of monotherapy. Hence, raising the dose of any one medication may enhance toxicity out of
 proportion to any gain in efficacy. To be effective without substantial toxicity, several
 medications or active ingredients that lower cholesterol via different mechanisms should be
 employed simultaneously. The rationale for this application has been tested and proven for
 combination statin/niacin therapy (12) (15) (22) and also combination statin/phytosterol
 therapy (16). In each case, the reduction from combination therapy is greater than that
 expected from the sum reductions of the constituents, thereby, allowing for lower doses of
 drugs and lower toxicity compared to single drug therapy (21).

 There are several non-pharmaceutical products available to the public that have cholesterol
 lowering properties; L-carnitine and vitamin C are two such examples, and these substances
 are thought completely safe at the low dose ranges shown effective for cholesterol lowering.
 L-carnitine facilitates fatty acid transfer and intracellular mitochondrial metabolism,
 removing cholesterol from the blood and thereby reducing serum cholesterol. Though side
 effects are very rare and dose related, lowering of seizure threshold in patients with a
 history of seizures has been reported (5) (8). Vitamin C has statin-like HMG-coA reductase
 inhibitory activity, but unlike statins, lowers cholesterol without raising LPa or depleting
 Co-enzyme Q-10 (two counterproductive effects of statins). Vitamin C has been shown
 completely safe to a dosage of 3 grams per day (9).

 Co-Q-10 has been demonstrated to mitigate the side effects of statins (myalgias) and its
 depletion may reduce cardiac muscle function. Side effects of Co-Q-10 are rare and usually
 involve skin irritation so minor GI side effects (19).

 Red Yeast Rice is a Chinese dietary supplement available as a flavoring and coloring agent
 for centuries. It is known to contain at least nine different statins as well as
 phytosterols. Thus, it decreases both the body's synthesis of cholesterol and its absorption.
 Though the form augmented for Lovastatin content is illegal in the United States, the
 naturally fermented product is available legally at health food stores to promote favorable
 cholesterol levels. The red coloration may also stimulate appetite and hence compliance with
 food or dietary supplements that contain it. Though Red Yeast Rice is, in general,
 well-tolerated, headache, GI side effects, muscle pain or weakness, liver abnormalities and
 dizziness have rarely been reported. The psychological benefit of enhanced compliance through
 the red coloration of Red Yeast Rice may be further augmented by L-carnitine, which has been
 shown to stimulate a mild sense of euphoria (2) (11).

 Niacin is a B vitamin that lowers LDL and triglycerides and raises HDL, in part, by
 decreasing the hepatic release of lipoproteins that bind cholesterol. Though comparatively
 high doses of niacin are often needed to lower LDL, the beneficial effects on HDL have been
 realized on very low doses. Though greater than 2 grams, predominantly of the long-acting
 niacin formulation, have been associated with side effects including flushing, GI side
 effects, hyperglycemia, gout, abnormal liver function and myopathy. Very low doses of niacin
 are very well-tolerated (22).

 Phytosterols are natural plant products that lower cholesterol by competing with cholesterol
 for absorption in the intestine (13). The data in support for cholesterol reduction and
 cardiovascular health improvement is so strong that the FDA allows products that contain
 sufficient quantities of phytosterols to make special claims concerning cardiovascular
 benefits (6). Very well-tolerated, up to 3 grams per day, is thought to be essentially devoid
 of side effects (13).

 An ideal cholesterol lowering product would be proven effective, and with minimal side
 effects. It would not require one to take pills, and would preferably be in liquid form as a
 suspension or soluble drink. It would contain multiple active ingredients that would work by
 different mechanisms at different sites to allow a lower side effect profile with synergistic
 efficacy.
Inclusion Criteria:

 All subjects will need to be on their usual diet and

 1. Not have been on any cholesterol lowering medications for at least two months or eight
 weeks prior to randomization. The subjects will also need to be off of all dietary
 supplements or vitamins containing any of the constituents in any of the formulations
 for the same time period.

 2. Any baseline cholesterol measurement will be acceptable since there is no convincing
 evidence of low cholesterol below which a clinical benefit is thought not to occur,
 nor cellular function compromised,.

 3. Males 20 to 80 years of age will be acceptable.

 4. Post menopausal females 55 to 80 years of age.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Prior myocardial infarction clinically or by EKG criteria including left bundle branch
 block.

 2. History of angina.

 3. History of abnormal stress test consistent with ischemia or myocardial infarction.

 4. Diabetes (because of the generally accepted significant association with previously
 undiagnosed coronary artery disease).

 5. Peripheral vascular disease (because of the generally accepted significant association
 with previously undiagnosed coronary artery disease).

 6. History of prior allergy or sensitivity to any component of any formulation.

 7. Those taking medications of the following types or closely related medications:

 1. cyclosporins

 2. fibrates

 3. Azole antifungals

 4. macrolide antibiotics

 5. anti-arrhythmic medications

 6. Nefazodin

 7. protease inhibitors

 8. Coumadin

 9. Seizure medication

 8. Pre-randomization CPK greater than the upper limits of normal.

 9. History of hepatitis or unexplained elevation of transaminase LFTs.

 10. History of musculoskeletal condition with weakness or pain, i.e., arthritis, myositis,
 myalgia, fibromyalgia or PMR.

 11. Active cancer or vasculitis on therapy.

 12. Inability to provide informed consent.

 13. Premenopausal women, women who are pregnant, may become pregnant or nursing mothers
 will be excluded because of the unknown effects of nutraceuticals on the fetus or
 newborn.

 14. Any travel plans by the subject that would affect compliance with the study protocol.

 15. History of a seizure disorder.

 16. End stage renal disease (or renal failure).

 17. Any subject who the investigator determines that discontinuing current cholesterol
 lowering treatment for the 16 weeks (8 weeks each for a wash out and study
 participation) of the study would not be safe or otherwise in the best interest of the
 subject.