Views on Physical Activity Following a Relapse in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Views on Physical Activity Following a Relapse in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults.
 Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) is the most frequent form of MS at the time of
 diagnosis characterised by relapses, followed by remission. Relapses can result in a sudden
 change in physical or cognitive symptoms, often impacting a person's ability to function with
 family, friends and work.

 The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Clinical Guidelines for MS
 recommend encouraging people with MS to exercise regularly but does not provide specific
 advice on whether exercise should be undertaken during a relapse. Despite the wealth of
 literature documenting the benefits of exercise for people with MS insufficient evidence
 exists about exercise during relapse. Research has improved our understanding of what helps
 people with MS to be physically active and difficulties people encounter but has not provided
 evidence for how this is affected by a relapse.

 The aim of this study is to understand the attitudes of people with MS to physical activity
 following relapse, including factors that help them to be active and barriers to physical
 activity. The information gathered will be useful to inform future research and guide the
 advice health professionals may offer.

 Fifteen adults with RRMS who have had a relapse in the preceding 3-4 months will be recruited
 if their Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is <7 (EDSS scale is used to quantify
 disability in MS and monitor changes in the level of disability over time) and they agree to
 being audio -recorded at interviews. The recruitment will take place at the weekly MS relapse
 clinic at a hospital in London, UK. Participants will be asked to complete two questionnaires
 (Patient Determined Disease Steps and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire),
 answer demographic questions and spend one hour being interviewed by a researcher. It is
 anticipated the recruitment and interviews be carried out by March 2019.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central
 nervous system (CNS). Over the course of the disease there is usually accompanying axonal
 degeneration and brain volume loss. It is the most common cause of neurological disability in
 young adults, with an average age of onset between 20-40 years of age. There are an estimated
 107,000 people living with MS in the United Kingdom (UK), with an incidence of 203.4 per
 100,000. The aetiology is unknown but is thought to be an interplay between genetic and
 environmental factors.

 MS is an unpredictable condition with varying symptoms depending on the location of damage
 within the central nervous system. MS is classified into three different phenotypes;
 relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and primary progressive MS
 (PPMS). RRMS is the most common form of MS at the time of diagnosis, accounting for 85% of
 cases. It is characterised by relapses, followed by complete or partial recovery know as a
 remission. A relapse is defined as 'patient-reported symptoms or objectively observed signs
 typical of an acute inflammatory demyelinating event in the CNS, current or historical, with
 duration of at least 24 hours, in the absence of fever or infection'. In people with RRMS,
 the average relapse frequency is 1.1 per year. Incomplete remissions from a relapse can
 result in the accumulation of disability. Within 10-15 years 80% of people initially
 diagnosed with RRMS will transition to SPMS which is characterised by far fewer or no
 relapses due to less inflammation, but a progressive increase in disability due to
 neurodegenerative processes. Ten to 15% of people are diagnosed with PPMS, which is defined
 by a gradual increase in disability from onset, and usually no relapses.

 There is no known cure for MS. Disease modifying therapies (DMT's) can alter the immune
 response which helps control inflammatory activity but their impact on the neurodegenerative
 processes remains unclear. Steroids are frequently used to treat relapses and consequently
 the majority of research into relapses has focused on examining their effectiveness and mode
 of delivery. Steroids can speed up the rate of recovery from a relapse but do not change the
 level of disability that may occur as a result of the relapse. The majority of improvement in
 disability following a relapse has been shown to occur within two months but some symptoms,
 such as arm function, can take up to 12 months.

 The most commonly reported symptoms during a relapse are fatigue, lower limb weakness,
 sensory disturbance and impaired mobility. An MS relapse can result in a sudden change in
 physical or cognitive symptoms, often impacting on a person's ability to function with
 family, friends and work. In the UK, a survey of people with MS (PwMS) on their experience of
 relapses found that 67% of people in paid employment took time off sick and 66% of people
 required additional support to undertake routine daily tasks following a relapse.

 Management of relapses and exacerbations is one of the eight key priorities in the NICE
 Clinical Guidelines for MS. The guidelines state people having a relapse or exacerbation
 should be assessed to see if they need additional symptom management or rehabilitation, and
 whether their care needs have changed. The guidelines also recommend regular exercise but
 does not provide specific advice on whether exercise should be undertaken during a relapse.
 In order for PwMS to self-manage effectively whilst they are having a relapse, they need to
 be given clear information on what they can do to help with their recovery.

 Physical activity, which can be defined as 'any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles
 that results in energy expenditure', is frequently recommended for PwMS as a way to manage
 symptoms, improve function, optimise quality of life and reduce the risk of secondary
 disorders related to inactivity such as heart disease and stroke. Despite physical activity
 and exercise being promoted as a way to improve symptoms of MS, PwMS typically engage in
 lower levels of physical activity compared to the general population. Investigating ways to
 increase activity levels in PwMS is therefore imperative for their long-term health.

 There have been a number of studies that have improved our understanding of what helps PwMS
 to be physically active and what difficulties PwMS encounter. A systematic review of 19
 qualitative research studies on physical activity in MS found that the main perceived
 barriers to being physically active were environmental factors, such as lack of facilities
 for disabled people and minimal or conflicting advice from health care professionals, and
 personal barriers, including fatigue and fear. Having a relapse was not cited as barrier. The
 main facilitators of physical activity have been reported as environmental, including peer
 support and type of exercise and internal feelings including a sense of accomplishment.
 Perceived benefits included maintaining physical function, social participation and ability
 to self-manage. Perceived adverse consequences included increased fatigue and feelings of
 frustration or inadequacy when exercising. This systematic review gives a clear overview of
 the barriers, facilitators, benefits and consequences of physical activity in PwMS but does
 not provide evidence for how this is affected by a relapse which is a point at which PwMS
 have new or worsening of current symptoms and have expressed feelings of fear and anxiety. In
 a more recent qualitative study, investigating what PwMS need and want in relation to
 exercise promotion from healthcare providers, those who were classed as 'sufficiently active'
 reported wanting advice on how to modify exercise in order to maintain activity levels during
 a relapse.

 Despite the wealth of literature documenting the benefits of exercise for PwMS, there is a
 paucity of evidence about exercise within the context of relapses. Being physically active
 has been associated with reduced incidence of relapses, while the occurrence of adverse or
 serious events associated with exercise for PwMS has been shown to be similar to that of the
 general adult population. Most research studies involving physical activity or exercise have
 recent relapse as an exclusion criterion and if participants have a relapse during the study
 period they are excluded.

 There have been two randomised controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of
 multidisciplinary therapy (which included exercise) and steroids, compared to steroids alone,
 which found that multidisciplinary therapy was superior in terms of neurological recovery,
 functional performance and quality of life. The therapy was individually tailored in these
 studies which makes it difficult to examine which aspect of the rehabilitation resulted in
 improvements. Exercise has been shown to be safe outside of the relapse period but little is
 known about the safety of exercise during a relapse and when physical activity should be
 reintroduced following a relapse. Consequently, the advice given to people about when to
 re-engage with physical activity is anecdotal and potentially unclear.

 There has been one qualitative study investigating the impact of physical activity on MS
 symptoms, relapse and disability identity. This study interviewed 15 PwMS to understand the
 role that physical activity and exercise had on participants daily life, during relapses and
 the how this was associated with their disability identity. The study did not attempt to
 investigate the barriers and facilitators to physical activity following a relapse. The
 results did reveal contradictory findings about the role of exercise in relapses, with some
 people expressing the belief that exercise could prevent future relapses or that being
 cardiovascularly fitter would minimise the effect of future relapses, whilst others
 attributed the cause of their relapse to doing too much exercise. A limitation of this study
 is that PwMS recruited to the study had previously participated in exercise research, which
 may have biased the sample towards more physically active participants. Further research is
 needed into understanding the attitudes of PwMS in the UK to physical activity following a
 relapse and to explore what helps or hinders them to be physically active following a
 relapse. This information will help guide advice health professionals may offer and help
 direct future research into physical activity and exercise following MS relapses.

 The proposed study would involve interviewing people with MS who have recently had a relapse
 to understand more about their attitudes to physical activity and what the barriers and
 facilitators are to being physically active following a relapse. The participants will be
 recruited from the MS relapse service at the National Hospital for Neurology and neurosurgery
 (NHNN) which is part of University College London Hospitals (UCLH). The results from this
 study will help develop our understanding of physical activity in the context of relapse and
 will inform future research into physical activity and exercise following MS relapses.

 The aim of this research study is to understand the attitudes of PwMS to physical activity
 following a relapse, including factors that help them to be active and barriers to physical
 activity.

 It is important to learn more about the beliefs and experiences of people engaging in
 physical activity following a relapse as PwMS report conflicting information from health care
 professionals. A review of comments on MS internet forums suggests PwMS would like to have
 more information in relation to physical activity and exercise following a relapse:

 'How is one to make sense of the role of exercise during a relapse?' 'When is a return to
 exercise recommended and for who?' 'How much exercise and what type of exercise [following a
 relapse]?' 'What can I expect if I exercise [following a relapse]?'

 PwMS have also commented that:

 'Overdoing exercise can bring on a relapse and will definitely slow down recovery from one.'
 'I assumed that anything other than stretching and yoga would prolong recovery.' 'I felt very
 tired in relapses; exercise would have been very difficult as I needed to save energy for the
 basic activities of everyday living.' These comments represent conflicting advice on physical
 activity and exercise following a relapse and demonstrate that PwMS will benefit from clearer
 advice. However, it is an area with limited evidence to provide people with the answers to
 their questions. The information obtained from this study will develop our understanding of
 the attitudes, barriers and facilitators to physical activity following a relapse and will
 inform the direction that future research into physical activity and exercise following MS
 relapses should take.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Adults (age 18 or over)

 -  Confirmed diagnosis of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

 -  Confirmed relapse diagnosed by a consultant neurologist or specialist registrar.

 -  Relapse within the four months preceding interview date (as most recovery is expected
 to have occurred by this time)

 -  Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of <7. The EDSS is a 0 - 10 scale used
 to quantify disability in multiple sclerosis and monitor changes in level of
 disability over time. A score of 0 represents no disability. The scale is widely used
 in clinical trials and in the assessment of people with MS. A score of <7 has been
 chosen as people with a score of ≥7 and above are unable to walk more than five metres
 and are restricted to a wheelchair for the majority of the daytime and are likely to
 find it much more difficult to engage in physical activity.

 -  Agree to be audio-recorded during the interviews

 -  Patients who speak competent English. This will be assessed initially by the clinical
 treating team, as patients who can communicate their relapse history in English during
 the clinic are assumed to have adequate English to participate in this study. In
 addition, the researcher is an experienced clinical physiotherapist who is exposed to
 a range of language abilities. If the researcher does not feel the participant has
 enough English skills to consent, then they will exclude the participant from the
 study.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients who are under the age of 18. Children represent less that 5% of PwMS and
 their experience is likely to be different to adults.

 -  Adults unable to participate in an interview spoken in English. Non-English speakers
 are unable to participate in the study as there are no funds for the hire of
 interpreters or health advocates, or for the translation of study information or
 consent documents. In order to gain informed consent, complete the demographic
 questions, questionnaires and participate in the qualitative interviews with the
 researcher, participants will need to be able to be able to speak and fluent English.

 -  People with co-morbidities impacting on physical function in the last year (e.g. heart
 disease, arthritis, musculoskeletal injury).

 -  Adults lacking mental capacity to consent to take part in the research.

 -  People who want to be interviewed at home but live greater than 40 miles radius from
 the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery.

 -  People with a relapse more than four months from the date of interview. This has been
 chosen so that people that are interviewed have had a recent relapse, with their
 recovery experience is still fresh in their memory.

 -  Pseudo-relapse (e.g. from urinary tract infection of lower respiratory tract
 infection).