New Immune-inflammation Index for Predicting Prognosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) Infection
New Immune-inflammation Index for Predicting Prognosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) Infection
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a threatening pandemic, due to its rapid
 transmission, uncertain risk factors for progression that lead to its lethality and yet
 unsatisfactory antiviral therapy or prophylaxis. The respiratory system remains the most
 frequently affected by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), with
 patients either presenting mild illness as well as more severe complications such as acute
 respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that necessitates admission in Intensive Care Units
 (ICU). Unfortunately, the remaining patients progress to a second phase-called the
 inflammatory stage-featuring ARDS, thromboembolic events, and myocardial acute injury. These
 clinical exacerbation latter predicts poor prognosis associated with an exacerbation of the
 immune system cascade; a phenomenon known as "cytokine storm". In the context of COVID-19,
 the hyper inflammation diagnostic criteria are partly defined. Early studies of patients with
 COVID-19 established independent associations between biomarkers of inflammation, such as
 C-reactive protein, interleukin [IL]-6, ferritin and D-dimer, and severe disease states that
 require respiratory support or result in death.

 The aim of this study was to identify practical blood immune- inflammatory biomarker / ratio
 that could be used alternatively to IL-6 for predicting severity of coronavirus disease 2019
 (COVID- 19) in clinical practice.

 Another aim is to unveil the association of the pro-inflammatory profile as categorized by
 the IL-6 levels in patients infected by SARS-COV-2, with disease severity and outcomes of
 COVID -19.
Recent research confirmed that levels of IL-6 seem are associated with COVID-19 induced
 inflammatory response, respiratory failure, needing for mechanical ventilation and/or
 intubation and mortality. The importance of identifying Il-6 as a biomarker lies in the
 potential use of antibody against IL-6 such as tocilizumab, which is currently used in the
 treatment protocol of covid-19. The authors shared an encouraging experience of utilizing
 tocilizumab medication, particularly in patients at risk of developing chemokine storm
 secondary to COVID-19. IL-6, a chemokine, is an important biomarker of inflammation and has
 been shown in studies as an important predictor of severe COVID-19. IL-6 is responsible for
 elevation of acute phase reactants, such as C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen,
 and hepcidin, and inhibition of albumin synthesis. The dysregulated production of IL-6 has
 been attributed to autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.

 We performed a systematic review and meta analysis to compare IL-6 in severe and non severe
 patients. In clinical practice, it remains crucial to develop a scoring system that includes
 IL-6 to assist clinicians in early recognition of patients at risk for developing severe
 disease.

 Circulating biomarker like neutrophil (NEU)-to-lymphocyte (LYM) ratio (NLR) as well as other
 ratios are used to represent inflammation and the immune status and are considered a
 potential predictor for the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Interestingly clinical scores
 like the CALL score (C = comorbidity, A= age, L = lymphocyte count, L = lactate dehydrogenase
 (LDH)) have been used for predicting progression towards clinical worsening.

 Adding IL-6 levels to the CALL score proved to improve its predictive power and make
 treatment more appropriate, especially in patients for whom decision whether to treat or not
 with IL-6 inhibitors such as tocilizumab is required. It should be recognized that the
 CALL-IL-6 score could be difficult to reproduce in low- and medium-income countries due to
 costs of IL-6 dosage.

 Aim of the Study

 1. Identify new blood immune inflammatory biomarker / ratio that could be used
 alternatively to IL-6 for predicting severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) in
 clinical practice.

 2. Evaluate the influence of the pro-inflammatory profile on clinical outcomes and
 therapeutic efficacy as categorized by the IL-6 levels in patients infected by
 SARS-COV-2.

 3. Assess potential associations with other blood inflammatory biomarker and the impact of
 the inflammatory status on clinical outcomes.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Age 18 to 65 years.

 2. COVID-19 hospitalized patients with pneumonia proved by chest X-ray or CT scan.

 3. Confirmed infection with COVID-19 virus using RT-PCR or strongly suspected to be
 infected with pending confirmation studies.

 4. Have acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

 5. Having either peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤ 94% ambient air, or a
 partial oxygen pressure (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio ≤ 300 mmHg.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Age greater than 85 years-old

 2. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) < 10ml/min.

 3. Severe circulatory shock with a dose of norepinephrine higher than 1.0 μg/kg/min.

 4. Pregnant women.