Protection by Remote Ischemic Preconditioning During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Protection by Remote Ischemic Preconditioning During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has rapidly been adopted into clinical
 practice, but concerns have been raised regarding periprocedural complications like e.g.
 myocardial injury, stroke or acute kidney injury. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) with
 upper limb ischemia/reperfusion provides perioperative myocardial protection in patients
 undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery. The present study assesses protection of
 heart, brain and kidney by RIPC in patients undergoing TAVI. The study also addresses safety
 and clinical outcome.
-  On the assumption of our recent data (Thielmann et al, Lancet 2013, 382(9892):597-604),
 we performed a power analysis, revealing an estimated enrollment of 189 patients per
 group. But since no true data exist regarding RIPC and TAVI, interim analysis will be
 performed after 50 patients per group.

 -  After induction of conscious sedation or general anaesthesia, RIPC is accomplished by 3
 cycles of 5 min inflation/5 min deflation of a blood pressure cuff around the left arm
 to 200 mm Hg. In the placebo group, the blood pressure cuff remains uninflated for 30
 min.

 -  Blind: study coordinators, outcome assessors, operators and treating physicians except
 for the attending anaesthetist.

 -  Drugs used for conscious sedation: midazolam, remifentanil.

 -  Drugs used for general anaesthesia: sufentanil, etomidate, rocuronium, isoflurane.

 -  TAVI is performed by standard techniques using the balloon-expandable Sapien XT (Edwards
 Lifesciences Inc., Irvine, California, USA) and the next-generation Sapien 3 stent-valve
 bioprosthesis which replaces the Sapien XT prosthesis, when CE-approved.

 -  Arterial blood samples are obtained prior to and after RIPC-maneuver/Placebo, after
 aortic valve implantation and after access site closure, for biochemical analyses
 focussing on ligands that have been previously implicated in conditioning protocols at
 various organs. A bioassay system, consisting of a Langendorff-perfused isolated heart
 with ischemia and reperfusion will be used. This bioassay system will be exposed to the
 obtained arterial plasma of the patients.

 -  Venous blood samples are drawn before TAVI and at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after
 the procedure.

 -  Cardiac and cerebral MRI is performed in selected patients at baseline and within the
 first week after TAVI.

 -  On-site follow-up at 3±3 months, 12±3 months and yearly thereafter.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Adult patients with severe symptomatic native aortic valve stenosis scheduled for
 elective TAVI due to a prohibitive or high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement
 as judged by the institutional heart team based on risk scores and comorbidity
 assessment

 -  Written informed consent

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Life expectancy < 1 year

 -  Patients who are unlikely to gain improvement in their quality of life by TAVI
 procedure

 -  Unfavorable anatomy for TAVI (e.g. inadequate annulus size)

 -  Left-ventricular thrombus

 -  Active endocarditis

 -  Active infection

 -  Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

 -  Hemodynamic instability

 -  Preoperative troponin I concentration above the upper normal limit of 0.1 ng/ml

 -  Stroke within the last 6 weeks

 -  Acute or chronic hemodialysis