The Effects of Patiromer on Serum Potassium Level and Gut Microbiome of ESRD Patients With Hyperkalemia
The Effects of Patiromer on Serum Potassium Level and Gut Microbiome of ESRD Patients With Hyperkalemia
The Effects of Patiromer on Serum Potassium Level and Gut Microbiome of ESRD Patients With
 Hyperkalemia (potassium greater than 5 milliequivalents per liter) is a non-randomized,
 crossover study. This is an open-label, pilot clinical trial with 3 sequential phases of (a)
 2 weeks of no intervention, (b) 12 weeks of Patiromer treatment, and (c) 6 weeks of no
 intervention. Treatment with Patiromer will be initiated at a dose of 8.4 grams, once daily
 and observed for a week, then uptitrated to 16.8 grams once daily. Eligible study subjects
 will collect stool samples and provide blood and urine samples.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Subjects on stable hemodialysis for more than 90 days.

 -  Age 18-85 years.

 -  Persistent hyperkalemia, defined as elevated serum potassium > 5.0 mEq/L in more than
 2 occasions during the previous 3 months.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Use of pre- or probiotics during the past 2 months

 -  Use of antibiotics within the past 2 months, if the patient received a single course
 of antibiotic.

 -  Presence of chronic wound infection and osteomyelitis

 -  Inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, current C. difficile infection

 -  Liver cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis

 -  Treatment with immunosuppressive medications in the past 6 months or more than a week
 of treatment with prednisone > 10 mg in the last 3 months

 -  Anticipated kidney transplant within 9 months

 -  Expected survival < 9 months

 -  Pregnancy, anticipated pregnancy, or breastfeeding

 -  Incarceration

 -  Participation in another intervention study

 -  severe anemia defined as hemoglobin < 8.0 g/dl any time during the last 2 months