Efficacy of Acupuncture for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Efficacy of Acupuncture for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS) is a condition which there is narrowing space of
 sagittal diameter of spinal canal or nerve root canal for spinal nerve or cauda equina
 secondary to degenerative changes. DLSS is a common cause of gluteal or lower extremity pain,
 women and elderly people aged 60-70 are more likely to have DLSS. The early symptoms of this
 disease are soreness and pain in the low back, gluteal region and posterior region of thighs
 which can be relieved after resting or changing posture. Being accompanied with gradually
 aggravated symptoms, patients with DLSS may have neurogenic claudication with hypoesthesia
 and numbness in lateral lower legs and feet, additionally, few patients may have bowel and
 bladder disturbances. In accordance of the guidelines of North American Spine Society (NASS),
 treatment options comprise surgical therapy, epidural steroid injections and physical therapy
 and transcutaneous electrical stimulation, however, the long-term efficacy of surgery is not
 superior to that of non-surgical therapy. Moreover, the short-term efficacy of non-surgical
 therapy is with insufficient evidence. According to a systematic review and recent studies,
 acupuncture may improve the symptoms of patients and their quality of life, however, there is
 a lack of placebo-controlled and large sample sized study.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Meet the requirements for a clinical diagnosis of DLSS combined with a MRI- or
 computed tomography (CT)-based radiological diagnosis of central sagittal diameter
 stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal;

 -  Have neurogenic intermittent claudication (IC) characterized by progressive pain,
 numbness, weakness, and tingling of the buttocks and/or legs when standing or walking
 or with extension of the back, which are relieved upon sitting, lying down, or bending
 forward [22]; they must always walk in flexion or hunchback posture;

 -  Have pain of an intensity ≥4 in the buttocks and/or legs when walking, standing, or
 extending the back, as measured using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS);

 -  Have pain in the buttock and/or leg that is more severe than their pain in the lower
 back;

 -  Have a Roland-Morris score of at least 7;

 -  Have received a MRI or CT scan within 1 year that showed the anterior posterior
 diameter of the canal was ≤12 mm;

 -  Are aged 50-80 years;

 -  Have provided signed consent and exhibit willingness to participate in the trial.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Congenital stenosis of the vertebral canal, indications of surgery for DLSS (e.g.,
 segmental muscular atrophy, bowel and bladder disturbances), spinal instability
 requiring surgery, lumbar tuberculosis, lumbar metastatic carcinoma, or vertebral
 body/vertebral stenosis segment compression fracture;

 -  Severe vascular, pulmonary, or coronary artery disease with limited lower extremities
 motility;

 -  Clinical comorbidities that could interfere with the collection of data related to
 pain and walking function such as fibromyalgia, chronic widespread pain, amputation,
 stroke, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and dementia;

 -  Cognitive impairment, such that they are unable to understand the content of the
 assessment scales or provide accurate data;

 -  A history of lumbar surgery;

 -  Plans to become pregnant within 12 months or are already pregnant;

 -  Received acupuncture treatments for DLSS within the previous 30 days;

 -  Neurogenic IC mainly manifesting as numbness, weakness, or paraesthesia of the lower
 extremities instead of pain.