Lung Ultrasound as a Predictor of Mechanical Ventilation in Neonates Older Than 32 Weeks
Lung Ultrasound as a Predictor of Mechanical Ventilation in Neonates Older Than 32 Weeks
Neonatal respiratory distress prognosis may be difficult to estimate at admission. Lung
 ultrasound is a useful diagnostic tool that is quick, requires little training and is
 radiation free. This study analyzes whether early lung ultrasound can predict respiratory
 failure.
Neonatal respiratory distress prognosis may be difficult to estimate at admission. Lung
 ultrasound is a useful diagnostic tool that is quick, requires little training and is
 radiation free. This study analyzes whether early lung ultrasound can predict respiratory
 failure.

 Methods This study was conducted from January to December 2014 at Hospital Sant Joan de Déu
 (Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain), a third-level hospital with 3300 births per year
 and a neonatal intensive care unit with annual admission of 700 patients.

 Local institutional review board of Hospital Sant Joan de Déu approved the protocol (project
 approval number PIC-07-15) and written informed consent was obtained from all parents.

 Patients older than 32 weeks admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with respiratory
 distress who were not on invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) were eligible for recruitment.

 A single operator, a neonatologist skilled in lung and heart sonography, performed the
 examinations. Images were then analysed by another neonatologist with less experience in LUS.
 He was blind to the perinatal history and chest radiography of the newborns and unaware of
 the clinical diagnosis. Infants were from a non-consecutive convenience sample recruited when
 the operator was available for the execution of LUS in the first 2 hours of life.

 Examinations were performed with a portable device (Siemens Acuson X) using a 10MHz linear
 probe and previously warmed gel. Eight video clips were stored at each examination, which was
 performed at the patient's bedside, with the neonate placed in a supine position. In each
 hemithorax 4 regions were evaluated: parasternal area, anterolateral axillary area, posterior
 axillary area, and the fifth intercostal space, by means of a transversal scan. The LUS
 procedures were carried out in 1.5-2 minutes.

 Infants were classified into 2 groups, according to the LUS pattern:

 -  Low risk: Normal, transient tachypnea of the newborn.

 -  High risk: Respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumothorax,
 pneumonia.

 A second investigator made the same classification after reading chest x-ray pictures.
 Respiratory failure was defined as the need for invasive mechanical ventilation during the
 first day of life.

 A single consultant, a neonatologist expert in lung disease, also blinded to the patient's
 perinatal history and clinical condition, made the x-ray diagnosis.

 Finally, another consultant neonatologist made the final clinical diagnosis taking into
 account complete patient's medical history except LUS information.

 Perinatal and anthropometric data (gestational age, weight, sex, antenatal steroids, and
 delivery method) were collected from clinical charts and data regarding neonatal respiratory
 evolution (hours of oxygen and ventilation, respiratory support-NIV, conventional MV, high
 frequency oscillatory ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-and need for
 surfactant) were collected during admission.

 Statistics All data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corporation, USA).
 Clinical features and respiratory outcomes were summarized using descriptive statistics
 (frequency distribution for categorical data and mean and standard deviation or median and
 interquartile range for continuous data). Univariate analysis included the Chi-square test
 and Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, for categorical comparisons, and t-Student or
 Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Wilson method was used to compute confidence
 interval (CI). Cohen´s kappa coefficient was provided to assess agreement between sonographic
 and radiologic risk patterns. Predictive values and related parameters (sensibility,
 specificity and likelihood ratios) were calculated for both diagnostic tests (sonographic
 pattern risk and radiologic pattern risk); ROC analysis was used to assess efficiency. CI of
 Area Under the Curve was obtained by the exact method (Clopper-Pearson). All hypothesis tests
 were two sided and p value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Inclusion Criteria:

 - Patients older than 32 weeks admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with
 respiratory distress who were not on invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) were eligible for
 recruitment.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Patients younger than 32 weeks

 -  Patients with mechanic ventilation ar admission