Evaluation of an Algorithm for Intensive s.c. Insulin Therapy in Emergency Room Patients With Hyperglycaemia
Evaluation of an Algorithm for Intensive s.c. Insulin Therapy in Emergency Room Patients With Hyperglycaemia
The aim of this study is to test the safety and efficacy of a new algorithm for intensive
 s.c. insulin injection in medical emergency patients with hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose
 concentration ≥ 8 mmol/l)
BACKGROUND: Prospective randomized trials have shown that near-normoglycemic blood glucose
 control using insulin infusions achieves a significant reduction in mortality of severely ill
 patients in intensive care units, of patients with acute myocardial infarction and with
 stroke. This implies that most severely ill patients with hyperglycemia should be treated
 with insulin to reach near-normoglycemia. However, this is not common practice today in
 emergency room admissions outside the intensive care unit, and strategies to achieve
 near-normoglycemia safely outside the ICU setting with s.c. injections (insulin infusions are
 too risky outside the ICU) have not been established.

 AIM: To evaluate an insulin therapy algorithm using s.c. injections which permits effective
 and safe glycemic management of emergency room patients with hyperglycemia.

 DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial with an open intervention. Patients presenting with
 hyperglycemia on admission to the emergency room are randomized 1:1 either to conventional
 treatment (conventional insulin group) or to intensive treatment (intensive insulin group).

 METHODS: 140 patients admitted to the medical emergency rooms of the University Hospital
 Basel and the Regional Hospital of Solothurn will be included and randomized as described
 above. All patients with plasma glucose levels exceeding 8.0 mmol/l will be included.

 Exclusion criteria include severely immunocompromised patients, patients in shock, patients
 with terminal illnesses on palliative care, type 1 diabetes with or without ketoacidosis and
 patients which require intensive care unit (ICU) or cardial care unit (CCU) therapy.

 PRIMARY ENDPOINT: Time in the glycaemic target range (5.5-7.0 mmol/l) during the period of
 observation of 48 hours (expected to be longer in the intensive insulin group)

 SECONDARY ENDPOINTS: Time to reach the target range. Frequency of hypoglycaemia (plasma
 glucose < 3.8 mmol/l). Frequency of severe hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose < 2.5 mmol/l.
 Frequency of hypokalaemia.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  all patients with hyperglycaemia (≥ 8.0 mmol/l) admitted to the medical emergency
 room.

 -  patients with presumed hospitalisation in ER or medical ward of more than 48 h
 duration.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  patients in shock (defined as hypotension or shock index > 1 with oliguria, changed
 mental status and metabolic acidosis)

 -  patients with a terminal illness on palliative care

 -  patients with type 1 diabetes

 -  patients with insulin pump therapy

 -  patients with need for hospitalisation in the intensive or coronary care unit.

 -  patients with presumed hospitalisation shorter than 48 hours

 -  known pregnancy (in women with childbearing potential pregnancy test for exclusion
 mandatory)

 -  no informed consent