Music Therapy for Pain Management in the NICU Setting
Music Therapy for Pain Management in the NICU Setting
Background: Music therapy has been recommended as an adjuvant therapy for both preterm
 infants and mothers throughout their stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and has
 been shown to have some beneficial effects, although conclusive evidence remains lacking.

 Objectives: To study the usefulness of two forms of music, as well as no music, on pain and
 physiological and behavioral parameters of preterm infants during a heel stick procedure for
 obtaining blood in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).

 Hypotheses: Infants hearing music chosen by their mothers will have less pain and optimal
 behavioral and physiologic responses as compared to infants who hear the lullaby or no music.

 Methods: An analytical observational study with a randomized cross-over design will be
 utilized.

 Inclusion will be stable infants born between 28 to 36 weeks of gestation, with normal
 hearing. Neonatal Physiologic responses [heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation, (02 sat) and
 respiratory rate(RR)] and Behavioral States will be recorded before and after the heel stick
 procedure. Maternal age, education, and pregnancy complications will be also be documented.
 Pain responses will be recorded using the Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale
 (NPASS).

 Ethical considerations: The study imposes minimal risk on infants. One potential risk is that
 the infant may become agitated while listening to music, especially if it is time for
 feeding. Based on previous research, infants tend to calm down while listening to music.
 However, in the infants who may be hungry or fussy, music exacerbate their agitation. To
 prevent this from occurring the investigators will not perform the heel stick close to
 feeding time and the investigators will be vigilantly timing and monitoring the infant's
 agitation. Because music has been shown to calm infants and stop them from crying, the
 benefits outweigh this risk.

 The heel stick is performed routinely on infants (often 3-6 times a day). The investigators
 will not perform any additional heel sticks for this study, but will rather intervene during
 one of the scheduled heel stick procedures.
Background and Significance of Study In the United States about half a million infants are
 born prematurely every year, approximately 12.3%% of all births (CDC, 2011). These infants
 require extensive care and are hospitalized for long periods of time in the Neonatal
 intensive care unit (NICU). They are exposed to a multitude of stressful and painful events
 which are linked to negative developmental outcomes. (Badr et al., 2010, Orcesi et al.,
 2012). To reduce stress in the NICU and allow for optimal neurobehavioral function, a range
 of therapies have been studied. Music therapy is one intervention that has been suggested as
 a tool for alleviating stress in the NICU (Keith, Russell & Weaver, 2009). Music therapy has
 long been documented to reduce stress, fatigue, and pain and to enhancing relaxation. A
 meta-analysis of 30 clinical trials using MT for infants in the NICU (Standley, 2012)
 concluded that MT had significant benefits on heart rate, behavior states, oxygen saturation,
 sucking/feeding ability, and length of stay. However, the efficacy of music on pain,
 physiologic and behavioral responses of preterm infants has not been fully supported. While a
 recent meta-analysis focusing on preterm infants noted that music therapy has significant
 benefits especially if it was live music and used early in the infant's NICU stay, other
 studies have not supported the beneficial effects of music (Alipour et al., 2013).

 The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as the clinical and
 evidence-based use of music interventions to address physical, psychological, emotional,
 cognitive, and social needs of individuals, in order to promote an overall well-being, to
 relieve stress and alleviate pain. Physiologically music acts by redirecting one's attention
 away from pain inducers by distraction, inducing rhythmic breathing, and allowing for the
 systematic and rhythmic release of body tension. It can also trigger the autonomic nervous
 system to allow relaxation in muscle tone, brain wave frequency, galvanic skin response, and
 pupillary reflexes (Kaminski, 1996).

 The preterm infant and music The benefits of classical music therapy on preterm infants in
 the NICU have been documented in a few studies. Outcomes measured include improved
 physiological and behavioral responses. Physiological conditions assessed include higher
 oxygen saturation levels, decreased heart rate, decreased incidences of episodes of apneas
 and bradycardias and lower energy expenditures (Amini et al., 2013; Chou, Wang, Chen & Pai,
 2003; Keidar Mandel, Mimouni, & Lubetzky 2010) Enhanced behavioral responses include:
 increased calm, quiet, and alert behavioral states, decreased crying and fussy states and
 improved feeding behaviors (Keith, Russell & Weaver 2009; Lowey et al 2013). Increased
 formula intake, increased weight gain and less days of hospitalization have also been
 reported (Cevasco & Grant, 2005; Standley et al., 2010).

 In terms of the effect of music on pain responses which is the main objective of this study,
 only four studies have been published to date. One study assessed the physiological.
 behavioral and pain responses of preterm infants during recovery from heel lance in 14
 preterm infants at 29 to 36 weeks post-conceptual age (PCA) who listened to Brahms' lullaby.
 Results showed a more rapid return to baseline heart rate, enhanced behavioral states and
 less pain in infants who listened to music (Butt & Kisilevsky, 2000). Bo & Callaghan (2000)
 compared four different types of interventions (non-nutrative sucking (NNS), music therapy
 (MT), and combined NNS and MT (NNS + MT), and no intervention on 27 infants. Results showed
 that all three interventions had a significant effect on HR, oxygen saturation and pain with
 NNS + MT having the strongest effect. Whipple (2008) randomly assigned 60 infants between the
 ages of 32 to 37 weeks to one of three treatment groups: pacifier-activated lullaby (PAL),
 pacifier-only, and no-contact. Pacifier-only infants did not receive music reinforcement for
 sucking, and no-contact infants were not provided a pacifier or music at any point during the
 procedure. There were no significant differences in physiologic measures between groups;
 however, infants in the PAL group had lower stress levels during-the heelstick procedure than
 the no-contact group or the pacifier only group. To test if enhancing kangaroo mother care
 (KMC) by adding rocking, singing and sucking is more efficacious than simple KMC for
 procedural pain in preterm neonates 90 preterm infants the GA of 32-36 weeks were randomly
 assigned to 2 conditions: KMC with the addition of rocking, singing and sucking or the infant
 was held in KMC without additional stimulation. The results showed no significant differences
 in conditions (Johnston et al, 2009). To summarize the 4 studies provide inconclusive
 evidence to benefits of music therapy on pain responses in preterm infants and more research
 is warranted. Furthermore, a systematic review of randomized controlled trials by Hartling et
 al., (2009) concluded that the studies on the efficacy of music on the pain responses of
 preterm infants were of low quality methodologically and more studies are necessary.

 The GAP in Research Studies investigating the impact of exposure to any form of auditory
 stimulation in infants have been complicated by a large range of decibel levels and mode of
 delivery. A likely explanation for this is that many studies were conducted before or close
 to the time the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health was making
 recommendations for what is now considered safe sound levels within the NICU (hourly Leq of
 50 dB, hourly L10 of 55 dB, and 1-second duration Lmax < 70 dB). Furthermore, studies have
 used different modes of music or auditory stimuli with lack of standardization. No one study
 has looked at the efficacy of music chosen by mothers and which she had listed to while
 pregnant which is likely to be the most soothing for infants

 Methods Design: An analytical observational study with a randomized cross-over design will be
 utilized.

 Setting: The NICU at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC).

 Subjects: To achieve a power of 0.8 at α = 0.05 and one-tailed with a medium effect size of
 0.61 and a medium correlation (r = 0.50) among two repeated measures using the F-test, a
 sample size of 40 infant will suffice. This sample size is based on previous studies which
 show a significant difference on the pain scores and using the following formula:

 N = (Zα + Zβ)2 x 2 σ 2 Mean difference 2

 Instruments/outcome measures All outcome measures will be recorded by three nurses trained to
 a reliability above r = 80 on the NPASS and the Behavioral States and who are blinded to the
 intervention type.

 Physiologic measures: Heart rates, oxygen saturation levels and respiratory rates will
 recorded every 1 minute, (5 minutes before, during and 5 minutes after the heel stick) by
 observing the monitor Behavioral states: The infant's state will be given a numerical score
 as follows: 1, deep sleep; 2, light sleep; 3, drowsy; 4, quiet awake or alert; 5, actively
 awake and aroused; 6, highly aroused, upset, or crying; and 7, prolonged respiratory pause >
 8 seconds (Als et al., 2005) Pain assessment: The N-PASS, or Neonatal Pain, Agitation and
 Sedation Scale will be used to assess pain which is a valid, clinically reliable,
 age-appropriate method to continuously and systematically assess pain and stressful behavior
 states in infants with a gestational age of 23 weeks and above and from 0 to 100 days of life
 (Hummel, Puchalski, Creech, & Weiss, 2008). At AUBMC's NICU, the N-PASS is being used
 routinely as a pain and agitation tool by all nurses to assess infants' responses to pain.

 The intervention: Music therapy which will include either a lullaby used in earlier research
 studies or the mothers choice of music which she has listened to while the infant was in
 utero. Music will be delivered by a portable mp3 player through head phones.

 Procedure A within-subject, crossover, repeated design will be used with infants acting as
 their own controls. Infants will receive either the mother's music for 5 minutes, the
 classical lullabies for 5 minutes or no music before the heel stick procedure which is
 regularly scheduled for all infants in the NICU. After the heel stick 5 minutes of music will
 be provided. Noise levels will be assessed continuously 10 cm from the infant's ear with a
 sound analyzer and a decibel scale filter (407790 Octave Band Sound Analyzer, type 2
 Integrating Sound Level Meter and Decibel-A Scale Filter, respectively; Extech Instruments,
 Melrose, MA, USA). Infants' physiological and behavioral states will be assessed and recorded
 before and after the heel stick and pain assessment will be done after the heel stick.

 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis will be performed using the SPSS for Windows
 version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Comparisons between interventions will be made using
 repeated measures analysis of variance (RANOVA), when appropriate for distribution normality
 and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment Categorical data were analyzed using the
 chi-square test.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Infants will be included if they meet the following criteria: between 28 to 36 weeks
 gestational age, stable condition, not requiring any respiratory support, in an
 isolette or open crib, are at least one week post natal age and if their mothers have
 listened to music while pregnant.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Infant will be excluded if they are intubated and on a ventilator or high frequency
 ventilation, if they have a congenital anomaly that mainly affects hearing, such as
 craniofacial anomalies; and if they have brain anomalies associated with neurological
 disorders such as: grade 3-4 intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular
 leukomalacia.