Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients in Singapore
Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients in Singapore
Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and
 is associated with elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration and mineral and bone
 disorder (MBD). There is also increasing evidence to show that these abnormalities increase
 cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. There is a need for early
 identification of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in CKD patients to prevent its long-term
 complications. However, the vitamin D status of CKD patients in Singapore has not been well
 described. The purpose of this study is to assess the vitamin D status of predialysis CKD
 patients in a tertiary academic teaching hospital in Singapore, and its association with
 parameters for MBD. Predialysis patients from the outpatient renal clinic at the National
 University Hospital (NUH) will be recruited into this study. Blood samples from the patients
 will be collected after an overnight fast to determine their serum 25(OH)D, creatinine,
 phosphorus, calcium, albumin and i-PTH concentrations. These parameters will be compared
 among patients in various stages of CKD.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Male or female 21 years of age or older

 -  CKD stage 2 to 5 (who are not on dialysis): CKD stage 2: eGFR 60-89ml/min/1.73m2,
 stage 3: eGFR 30-59ml/min/1.73m2, stage 4: eGFR 15-29 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 5 eGFR <15
 ml/min/1.73m2)

 -  Not receiving over-the-counter or prescription vitamin D therapy

 -  On a stable dose of phosphate binder (if any) for at least 1 month prior to the study

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  History of liver and chronic inflammatory diseases, primary hyperparathyroidism and
 malignancies

 -  Use of corticosteroids, anticonvulsants or vitamin D compounds

 -  Use of an investigational agent within 30 days of study entry