Penumbral Based Novel Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Penumbral Based Novel Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Rationale The only proven therapy for acute stroke is tPA within 4.5 hours of symptom onset.
 This is the standard of care for patients presenting to our hospital within that time frame.
 Thrombolysis outside the 4.5 hour window is considered only on experimental or compassionate
 grounds. Tenecteplase (TNK) is a genetically modified variant of tPA that has many
 theoretical advantages in acute stroke. Studies show that systemic plasminogen activation is
 higher after tPA administration, relative to TNK and this is associated with an increased
 risk of bleeding events. Imaging cerebral blood flow (CBF) with MRI (perfusion weighted
 imaging-PWI) and CT perfusion (CTP) can be performed routinely with standard clinical
 scanners. Patients with evidence of large volumes of tissue with low CBF, that is also
 structurally intact, as demonstrated by either normal signal on Diffusion weighted imaging
 (DWI) or normal cerebral blood volume (CBV) are considered to have penumbral patterns.
 Patients with penumbral patterns appear to be the ideal candidates for thrombolytic therapy,
 regardless of time from onset.

 Study Hypotheses

 1. The primary aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of TNK based
 thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients presenting 4.5-24 hours after symptom onset.

 2. It is hypothesized that treatment with TNK in patients with penumbral patterns will be
 associated with reperfusion, early neurological improvement and penumbral tissue
 salvage.

 Study Design The study is planned as an open label feasibility and safety study of acute
 treatment with TNK in ischemic stroke patients with penumbral patterns evident on advanced
 MRI or CT perfusion sequences.

 Study Outcomes The primary outcome of this study is a safety endpoint, specifically the
 frequency of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation evident on MRI or CT images on 24 h or
 day 5 scans. The ECASS II system for rating hemorrhagic transformation will be applied to all
 GRE/SWI images

 Significance Current treatment paradigms have not permitted success of tPA to be extended
 beyond narrow and limiting therapeutic window of 4.5 hours. Clearly, more effective patient
 selection criteria are required. Penumbral imaging is biologically plausible, practical and
 has been shown to be predictive of outcome. Application of these imaging techniques to the
 acute stroke population is the most promising strategy for extending the therapeutic window
 and for introducing superior thrombolytic agents.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Acute ischemic stroke patients, within 24 hours of symptom onset. In cases where onset
 time can not be established, including symptoms upon waking, it will be considered to
 be the time when the patient was last known to be well.

 2. All patients will be 18 years or older.

 3. Baseline NIHSS must be 4-18 inclusive.

 4. Blood pressure (BP) must be ≤180 mmHg systolic and ≤105 mmHg diastolic at the time of
 enrolment. Treatment of higher systolic BP is permitted, prior to enrolment.

 5. Female patients of child-bearing potential will have a negative pregnancy test prior
 to enrollment.

 6. NCCT Inclusion Criteria: ASPECT scores of the NCCT will be assessed prior to
 enrolment. An ASPECT score of >6 will be required for inclusion in the trial. Patients
 with an ASPECT score of ≤6 will be considered screening failures and no further
 imaging will be conducted.

 7. MRI Inclusion Criteria: Patients will have an MR mismatch score of >2. This will be
 defined as a minimum of 3 ASPECTS regions with evidence of hypoperfusion visible on
 MTT maps, associated with normal diffusion as demonstrated by DWI. This will ensure
 that all patients have more than 20% mismatch by volume. In cases where PWI
 demonstrates oligemia in the ACA or PCA territories, patients will be treated only if
 diffusion abnormality volumes are 50% of the MTT deficits by visual inspection.

 8. CTP Inclusion Criteria: Patients will have a CTP mismatch score of >2. This will be
 defined as a minimum of 3 ASPECTS regions with evidence of hypoperfusion, visible on
 MTT maps, associated with normal CBV. This will ensure that all patients have more
 than 20% mismatch by volume.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 Patients with contraindications to both MRI and CT perfusion will be excluded. MRI
 Exclusion Criteria: Patients with metallic implants and any past sensitivity to gadolinium
 contrast media will be excluded from MRI. Due to recent reports of nephrogenic systemic
 fibrosis associated with gadolinium exposure in individuals with pre-existing renal
 failure, patients with Creatinine > 160 μmol/l or Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) <60
 ml/min will also be excluded.72 Patients with metallic implants of any kind, pacemakers or
 other foreign bodies will be excluded from MRI, as will those with excessive
 claustrophobia.

 CT Perfusion Exclusion Criteria: Patients with any past sensitivity to iodinated contrast
 media, serum creatinine >160 μmol/l or Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) <50 ml/min will be
 excluded from CT perfusion imaging. Patients taking metformin will be eligible, but
 metformin will be withheld for 48 hours after imaging to avoid possible metabolic acidosis.

 Thrombolysis Exclusion Criteria: Patients who have suffered a prior ischemic stroke within
 30 days of the presenting event or who have any history of intracranial hemorrhage will be
 excluded. Patients with a known secured or unsecured cerebral aneurysm or vascular
 malformation will be ineligible. An inability to control systolic BP > 180 mmHg, or
 diastolic BP > 105 mmHg with IV anti-hypertensive medications will result in exclusion.
 Patients with a known coagulopathy or evidence of active bleeding will be excluded.
 Surgical procedures, biopsy, subclavian venous or arterial puncture, trauma,
 gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding within 14 days of the event will all result in
 exclusion. Patients treated with IV heparin within the previous 24 hours and an abnormal
 PTT will be excluded, as will those taking oral anticoagulants, resulting in an INR >1.4. A
 platelet count <100 000, venous glucose either < 3 mmol/l or >18 mmol/l will all result in
 exclusion.