Clinical Characteristics of Acutely Hospitalized Adults With Acute Pyelonephritis
Clinical Characteristics of Acutely Hospitalized Adults With Acute Pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis is an acute infection. Today the diagnosis is made primarily on the
 basis of unspecific clinical symptoms with flank tenderness combined with as a key clue. This
 study will investigate which clinical and paraclinical characteristics available within 4
 hours of hospital stay, that describes the patients admitted in the emergency department with
 acute pyelonephritis the best.
Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a severe acute infection in the upper urinary tract, which
 quite frequently is seen in the emergency department (ED). In our study, we define APN as a
 urinary tract infection with extension above the bladder, implicated by systemic affection in
 a suspected urinary tract infection (ie, fever, chills, malaise and/or lethargy beyond
 normal, signs of sepsis). Most often, an infection of the bladder ascends to the kidneys,
 causing APN. Symptoms and clinical affection range from mild to severe, but it is always
 important to recognize and treat APN fast in order to prevent progression to sepsis, renal
 failure and ultimately death.

 The diagnosis APN is primarily made clinically based on symptoms and supported by elevated
 biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and leucocytes, and positive urinary test strips.
 The diagnostic process can be challenging as there is often weak and atypical symptoms.

 The classic symptoms indicating APN is flank tenderness, fever and nausea/vomiting. Typical
 symptoms of cystitis (dysuria, pollakisuria, suprapubic pain, hematuria) are possible but
 often absent. Especially elderly can present with more generalized signs of infection with
 nothing clearly indicating localization to the urinary tract. A positive urine culture
 verifies the diagnosis, but it is only available after a minimum of 24 hours.

 In this study, we seek to identify and quantify the patient characteristics available within
 4 hours of hospital stay in patients with APN. The objectives are:

 -  To identify clinical and paraclinical relevant information available within 4 hours of
 admission that are associated with APN patients

 -  To investigate the association between adverse events and clinical and paraclinical
 relevant information in patients with APN.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Suspicion of APN assessed by the receiving physician.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  If the attending physician considers that participation will delay a life-saving
 treatment or patient needs direct transfer to the intensive care unit.

 -  Admission within the last 14 days

 -  Verified COVID-19 disease within 14 days before admission

 -  Pregnant women

 -  Severe immunodeficiencies: Primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies
 (HIV positive CD4 <200, Patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment (ATC L04A),
 Corticosteroid treatment (>20 mg/day prednisone or equivalent for >14 days within the
 last 30 days), Chemotherapy within 30 days)