The Effect of Preoperative Antibiotics on Peri-implant Healing
The Effect of Preoperative Antibiotics on Peri-implant Healing
Introduction: In order to minimize postoperative morbidity and failures of dental implant
 therapy, several antibiotic regimens have been proposed in the literature. However, the
 extensive use of antibiotics in health care has been debated due to the adverse effects and
 bacterial resistance. Furthermore, the impact of preoperative antibiotics on peri-implant
 bone level is still not clear.

 Objectives: The primary objective of this study will be to assess whether giving preoperative
 antibiotics (azithromycin 500mg) after implant placement over 7 days will influence
 peri-implant crestal bone levels after 4 months in healthy patients undergoing
 platform-switched implant placement. The secondary objectives will be to evaluate
 postoperative pain severity, surgery-associated morbidities, and 1-year implant survival
 rate.

 Methods: Fifty individuals will be recruited in a double-masked 2-arm randomized clinical
 trial. Participants in the intervention group will receive 500mg of azithromycin 1 hour
 before implant placement. Participants in the control group will take one placebo 1 hour
 preoperatively. The changes in mesial and distal crestal bone level (primary outcome) will be
 measured at baseline and 4-month follow-up using standardized periapical radiographs. Pain
 severity and surgery-associated morbidities (secondary outcomes) will be evaluated by
 clinical examinations and self-administered questionnaires. Implant survival rate will be
 assessed at the 1-year follow-up. Descriptive and bivariate analyses will be used to analyze
 the data. A P value ≤ 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

 Clinical relevance: This study will be the first placebo-controlled double-blinded randomized
 clinical trial studying the effect of preoperative azithromycin on radiographical, clinical
 and patient-based outcomes after implant surgery. This type of design will reduce as much as
 possible the risk of bias and increasing the quality of evidence. The results from this study
 might help provide guidelines for clinicians that will optimize implant survival rate while
 decreasing antibiotics exposure to patients undergoing straightforward implant surgery.
Background

 There have been many antibiotic regimens used to minimize the risks of infections and
 consequently, increasing the survival rate of dental implants. Initially, it was recommended
 to give antibiotics at least 1 hour before implant placement followed by daily doses for 10
 days. A survey of private dental practices in UK found that there was a wide variation of
 antibiotic regimens: prophylactic, postoperative, and combination of both pre-and
 postoperative antibiotics. A recent survey showed that there is no consensus among oral and
 maxillofacial surgeons in the U.S. Consequently, in order to prevent the overuse of
 antibiotics and the potential emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, it would be advisable to
 find an optimal protocol including an antibiotic therapy with a minimal duration while the
 implant survival rate would remain unchanged. A recent systemic review reported that a single
 preoperative dose compared to no antibiotic or placebo decreased significantly implant
 failure. However, the included trials presented high and unclear risk of bias.Therefore,
 there is a need to carry out well controlled clinical trials that are placebo-controlled and
 include patient-based outcomes in order to increase the quality of evidence supporting the
 use of preoperative antibiotics to increase dental implant success.

 More specifically, it was recommended by the latest Cochrane review that 2 g of amoxicillin,
 a commonly used penicillin antibiotic in dentistry, be prescribed before dental implant
 placement to prevent implant failure. However, allergies to penicillin and its derivatives
 have been reported by 8% of the U.S. population. Another limitation of penicillin antibiotics
 is their short half-life, which is about one hour. On the other hand, azithromycin has shown
 promising results as an adjunct to periodontal therapy and exhibits low toxicity, few side
 effects, excellent tissue penetration and a long half-life of about 68 hours. It has also
 anti-inflammatory properties. These characteristics make this antibiotic an interesting
 alternative to amoxicillin for allergic patients and could potentially demonstrate higher
 efficacy at preventing peri-implant bone remodeling after implant placement and decreasing
 postoperative complications.

 Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to determine whether giving preoperative
 antibiotics to healthy patients undergoing straightforward platform-switched implant
 placement will significantly influence crestal bone loss around dental implants. The test
 group will receive one dosage of azithromycin before implant placement. The control group
 will receive an identical placebo preoperatively. Questionnaires for pain and interference
 with daily activities assessment will be distributed to participants and will be filled for
 the first postoperative week. Signs of postoperative morbidity will be recorded at 1 week
 following the surgery and both clinical and radiographic data will be collected at 4 months
 postoperative to assess the implants status. A radiographic and clinical follow-up will be
 done 1 year after the surgery.

 Objectives and research hypothesis

 Main objective : To determine whether giving preoperative azithromycin before implant
 placement will significantly influence crestal bone change around implants.

 Secondary objectives :

 1. To assess the patient's perception of the post-operative healing process.

 2. To assess the surgeon's perception of the post-operative healing process.

 Null hypothesis: The study's null hypothesis is that there is no difference in crestal bone
 loss around implants between azithromycin and the placebo.

 Materials & Methods

 Subjects in this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial will be divided
 in two groups: one group will receive 500 mg of azithromycin 1 h prior surgery; the second
 group will receive an identical placebo 1 h prior surgery.

 Dental implant(s) (Astra Tech Implant EV System™, Dentsply Sirona Co., York, PA, USA) will be
 placed in a one stage procedure, without simultaneous bone grafting, and will be inserted
 either at Dr. Durand's practice (Le Groupe des Parodontistes, 2222 boul. René-Lévesque O.,
 suite #200, Montreal, QC H3H 1R6, Canada) or at the implantology clinic of the Université de
 Montréal - Faculty of Dentistry (CRIP), Montreal, QC, Canada by one of two board-certified
 specialists and implant surgeons (minimum of 5 years of experience). All participants will be
 instructed to rinse with chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% for 1 min. just before surgery and to
 take 600mg of ibuprofen and 500mg of acetaminophen. A third party will give an envelope to
 the patient containing the antibiotic or identical placebo to be taken preoperatively and the
 patient's study number so both the surgeon and the patient will be unaware of the antibiotic
 regimen. Subjects will be randomly distributed to one of the two study groups:

 Test group: 500 mg of azithromycin taken 1 hour preoperatively; Control group: Identical
 placebo taken 1 hour preoperatively.

 Randomization will be stratified by number of implants (one vs. more than one), using a block
 size of four. Randomization will be done by a statistician using a computer-generated
 sequence (SAS proc plan) and it will be sealed in consecutively numbered opaque envelopes.
 The subjects will receive from a research assistant the envelopes containing either the
 preoperative placebo or the antibiotic. All participants will have to take the antibiotic (or
 placebo) and analgesics (ibuprofen 600mg and acetaminophen 500mg) under the supervision of
 the research assistant. They will have to fill the questionnaires to evaluate their medical
 and socio-demographic status, as well as preoperative pain and anxiety levels using
 self-reported questionnaires and a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Measures of asepsis will
 include the use of sterile drapes over the supine body of the patient. Screw-type, root-form,
 two-pieces rough surfaced dental implants will be placed using a standard surgical protocol,
 following the manufacturers' recommendations under local anesthesia. Mucoperiosteal flaps
 will be used to access underlying alveolar bone for all implant surgeries. The healing
 abutment will be inserted, and soft tissues will be sutured with interrupted sutures. A
 standardized periapical radiograph will be taken perpendicular to the crestal bone to assess
 the baseline crestal bone level on the mesial and distal aspects of the implant using a bite
 registration material (Blu-Mousse®, Parkell Inc., Edgewood, U.S.A.) adapted to a paralleling
 device (XCP film holding system, Dentsply Rinn, Elgin, U.S.A.) for each participant. The
 customized bite registration will be kept for each patient in a cool room in a locked cabinet
 with the participant study identification number for the subsequent 4 months and 1-year
 radiographic evaluations. The duration of the surgery and length of the incision will be
 recorded by the surgeon. The participants will be asked to refrain from performing mechanical
 plaque control in the surgical area and be advised to remain on a soft diet during the first
 postoperative week. They will be prescribed 600mg of ibuprofen to take as needed. They will
 also be prescribed an emergency analgesic (500mg acetaminophen) to take if needed and a 0.12%
 chlorhexidine gluconate rinse to use twice daily until the sutures are removed 1 week later.
 After receiving the standardized verbal and written post-operative instructions, participants
 will be given questionnaires to assess postoperative pain and interference with daily
 activities for the first postoperative week. The patient will be asked to keep a pain
 medication diary to keep track of the number of analgesics (ibuprofen and acetaminophen)
 taken for the first postoperative week. The patient will be asked to record his/her
 experience with the interference with their daily activities using a 10-cm VAS questionnaire
 with end points being "none" and "extremely much" and will have to attribute a numerical
 value to his/her pain intensity experienced using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11), with 0
 representing "no pain" and 10 "intolerable". The patient's pain experience will be assessed
 immediately before surgery and will also be assessed with the daily pain medication intake
 diary. Since anxiety has been positively associated with pain experience after surgery, VAS
 of Anxiety will be given to patients before and after surgery and at the 1-week follow-up.
 Daily activities will include their ability to chew foods they want to eat, to open their
 mouth wide, talk, sleep, go to school or work, carry on a regular social life and participate
 in their favorite recreational activities. The subjects will be asked to bring back to the
 research assistant the pain and daily interference questionnaires as well as the pain
 medication diary and the envelope and drug containers to ensure their compliance with the
 prescriptions. At the end of the first postoperative control appointment, one calibrated
 examiner (IA) unaware of the antibiotic prescribed will collect the daily diary, will ask the
 patient to quantify his/her anxiety using a VAS, and will evaluate swelling, bruising, pus
 exudate and wound dehiscence as described elsewhere. Postoperative swelling will be graded as
 follows: 0 = No swelling, 1 = Mild swelling, 2 = Moderate swelling, 3 = Severe swelling.
 Postoperative bruising, suppuration and wound dehiscence will be evaluated using Boolean
 variables: 0 = None; 1 = Present. The examiner will then measure the modified plaque index
 (PI) at four sites per implant (mesial, distal, buccal, lingual). The PI is graded as
 follows: 0 = no detection of plaque, 1 = Plaque only detected by running a probe (PCP-UNC15;
 Hu-Friedy Mfg Co., Chicago, U.S.A.) along the smooth surface of the healing abutment, 2 =
 Plaque can be seen by the naked eye, 3 = Abundance of soft matter. The PI will be also
 measured at the 16-weeks and 1-year examinations. At the 16-weeks evaluation, the implants
 will be re-assessed both clinically and radiographically to confirm osseointegration and the
 modified PI by an investigator. In addition, probing depth (PD) on 4 sites per implant and
 bleeding upon probing (BI index) will be measured. This appointment will coincide with the
 impression for restoration of the implant. The same calibrated examiner unaware of the
 antibiotic taken will verify if the implants are osseointegrated by taking a standardized
 periapical radiograph to verify the presence or absence of infection and evaluate crestal
 bone loss using the standardized bite registration and paralleling device. The examiner will
 also assess implant mobility using the handles of two blunt dental instruments
 (osseointegration = immobile, failure = mobile) and the presence or absence of any symptom
 related to infection (suppuration), inflammation (erythema, bleeding on probing) or
 neuropathy (paresthesia, dysesthesia, anesthesia). One year after the implant placement, a
 standardized radiograph will be taken to measure crestal bone loss. The PD and BI will be
 redone at the 1-year follow-up as well as presence or absence of infection assessment by the
 calibrated examiner. Crestal bone level changes (mm) will be measured on mesial and distal
 aspects of implants using superimposed images and a software (Adobe Ilustrator CC 2017 (Adobe
 systems Inc. San Jose, CA, U.S.A.) by one investigator who is unaware of the antibiotic
 regimen taken by the participants.

 The primary outcome measures will be crestal bone loss at the mesial and distal aspects of
 each implant. The secondary outcomes will be the presence or absence of peri-implant
 radiolucency, patient's pain and anxiety experience (intensity (VAS) and number of analgesics
 taken), surgeon's perception of healing (intensity of swelling and presence/absence of
 bruising, pus exudate and wound dehiscence), modified PI, PD, BI, presence or absence of
 implant mobility, presence or absence of pain, infection, neuropathies, and presence or
 absence of pus exudate.

 Statistical analysis

 The trained and calibrated examiner will perform all clinical measurements and take the
 radiographs. An intra- and inter-reliability study will be done to compare with a gold
 standard examiner. One calibrated examiner will perform the radiographic analysis. Cohen's
 kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland and Altman graphs will be used to
 evaluate reliability. Normality of data distribution will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk
 test. Crestal bone loss, PD and patient's pain and anxiety perception (VAS) will be analyzed
 with repeated measures ANOVA or nonparametric ANOVA-type statistic, with time as a repeated
 measure (7 days) and groups as a between group measure. Groups will be compared regarding
 postoperative swelling with Mann-Whitney U test. Groups will be compared regarding implant
 survival at 4 months, bruising, suppuration, wound dehiscence, mobility, presence of pus
 exudate, PI, BI, presence of peri-implant radiolucency on the radiographs, and presence of
 persistent signs/symptoms with the Fisher's exact test. Analyses will be conducted in
 conformity of the intention to treat principles.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Periodontally healthy remaining dentition or presenting with mild gingivitis with
 adequate oral hygiene.

 -  Presence of a partially edentulous alveolar ridge that is planned to be restored with
 no more than 2 implants.

 -  To have 1 or 2 implants restored with a crown or fixed bridge.

 -  Presence of a non-infected site.

 -  Presence of enough bone and soft tissue for the implant to be placed without
 additional bone augmentation in a 1-stage approach (with healing abutment).

 -  Implants 6 mm long or longer.

 -  Subjects able and willing to provide written informed consent and comply with study
 procedures.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Subjects taking regular analgesics or antidepressants.

 -  Smoking 10 cigarettes/cigars or more per day.

 -  Marijuana smokers.

 -  Use of vaping devices or e-cigarettes

 -  Drug abuse.

 -  Completely edentulous individuals.

 -  Pregnant and nursing women.

 -  Allergies to macrolides, and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics.

 -  Active peptic ulcers or susceptibility to peptic ulcers.

 -  Any systemic or local immunodeficiency.

 -  Any blood coagulation impairment or taking anticoagulants (ex.: Coumadin).

 -  Presence of uncontrolled periodontitis or poor oral hygiene.

 -  Presence of any acute oral infection.

 -  Presence of uncontrolled diabetes or other systemic diseases.

 -  Previous radiation therapy in the head and neck area.

 -  Intravenous bisphosphonates.

 -  Oral bisphosphonates intake for more than 4 years.

 -  Long-term intake of corticosteroids.

 -  Need for routine prophylactic antibiotics prior dental surgery.

 -  No intake of antibiotics 3 months prior surgery.