Whole-body Vibration Induces a Short or Long Latency Muscular Reflex
Whole-body Vibration Induces a Short or Long Latency Muscular Reflex
Aim: Hypothesis of this study was that WBV activates different receptors or reflex pathways
 depend on vibration intensity. Aim of this study was to test this hypothesis.

 Methods: This study was conducted on 11 healthy adults. WBV was applied at various
 frequencies and amplitudes. The right soleus T-reflex latency was determined before and
 during WBV. WBV-IMR latency of the right soleus was determined using two different vibration
 intensity: weak vibration and powerful vibration. T-reflex latency and WBV-IMR latency were
 determined by using cumulated average method.
Aim: Whole-body vibration (WBV) induces a reflex response in muscles. The physiological
 mechanisms underlying this reflex have been explained by activating muscle spindles
 (stretch-induced reflex) or osteocytes (bone myoregulation reflex). WBV-induced muscular
 reflex (WBV-IMR) latency was reported to be significantly longer than latency of T-reflex as
 a stretch-induced reflex or nearly equal to T-reflex latency in the literatures. Hypothesis
 of this study was that WBV activates different receptors or reflex pathways depend on
 vibration intensity. Aim of this study was to test this hypothesis.

 Methods: 2.1. Participants

 Eleven young, healthy and right hand dominant male adult volunteers were included in this
 study. The mean age of the participants was 25.4 ± 4.7 years, mean body height was 176.5 ±
 6.7 cm and mean body weight was 77.8 ± 13.8 kg. All volunteers gave written informed consent
 to the experimental procedures, which were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and
 were approved by the local ethics committee (Yeditepe University Medical Faculty Clinical
 Research Evaluation Committee, Istanbul; 2016/564 ).

 2.2. Procedure Prior to the induction of WBV, control T-reflex recordings were elicited and
 then the participants completed a 15-s trial WBV protocol to familiarize themselves with the
 procedure. Following the control T-reflex recordings, the trial protocol and a 15-s rest, the
 participants received three set of WBV and T-reflex stimuli during WBV. A weak vibration was
 applied in the first set. In next sets, a moderate and strong vibration were applied,
 respectively. Vibration characteristics of three sets was given in Table 1. A WBV set
 consisted of four vibration periods, each lasting for 60 s, with 5-s rest intervals between
 periods. Within each set, WBV frequencies of 25, 29, 33, and 37 Hz were delivered The surface
 electromyography (SEMG) and accelerometer data were obtained while the participants stood
 upright on the vibration platform with the knees in extension. The participants were
 barefooted and stood directly on the vibration platform. The whole plate oscillated with a
 linear movement upward and downward. Two WBV devices (Power-Plate®Pro5, PowerPlate®
 International, Ltd. London, UK) were used in the present study. One of them was used for
 applying the moderate and strong vibration. The other WBV device was modified to attenuate
 vibration intensity and used for applying the weak vibration.

 2.3. Data Recordings The recordings of both T-reflex and WBV-IMR were acquired using SEMG.
 The Ag/AgCl electrodes (KENDALL®Covidien) with a disc radius of 10 mm were placed 20 mm apart
 on the right soleus muscle belly on shaved skin that had been cleaned with alcohol in
 accordance with the recommendations of the Surface ElectroMyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive
 Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM) project (Hermens et al., 2000). The ground electrode was
 placed on the lateral malleolus. The sampling frequency was selected as 10 kHz.

 A very light (2.9 g) triaxial MEMS piezoaccelerometer (LIS344ALH, full-scale of ± 6 g, linear
 accelerometer, ECOPACK®) was taped to the participant's right Achilles tendon to determine
 the timing of the onset of the mechanical stimulus for the T-reflex and to measure stroke
 intensity of reflex hammer to Achilles tendon (Achilles accelerometer). Similar
 accelerometers fixed to the WBV platforms to determine the timing of the onset of the
 mechanical stimulus for the WBV-IMR (platform accelerometers). Acceleration unit used in this
 study was m/s2.

 A custom-made reflex hammer tapped the right Achilles tendon just caudal to the accelerometer
 with a force of about 19.6 N. Before vibration and in each vibration session, the Achilles
 tendon was tapped ten times with approximately 3-s intervals between taps.

 2.4.Data processing SEMG and accelerometer data were recorded using a PowerLAB® data
 acquisition system (ADInstruments, Oxford, United Kingdom) and the data were analyzed offline
 using the LabChart7® (ver 7.3.7, ADInstruments, Oxford, United Kingdom) software. A sampling
 frequency of 10 kHz was used. All accelerometer recordings were filtered with high-pass
 filter set at 5 Hz. All EMG recordings were filtered using a band pass filter from 60 to 500
 Hz.

 The maximum peak-to-peak (PPmax) amplitudes of T-reflex were determined for each vibration
 session. The amplitude of WBV-IMR was expressed as the Root Mean Square (RMS). The PPmax
 amplitude of T-reflex and RMS amplitude of WBV-IMR recorded during the strong WBV were used
 to normalize of the PPmax amplitude of T-reflex and RMS amplitude of WBV-IMR recorded before
 WBV or during weak and moderate WBV.

 In the present study, reflex latency was defined as the time between the onset of the
 mechanical stimulus and the onset of the EMG spike on the cumulated average trace, both of
 which were determined using the cumulative average method, as previously described (Karacan
 et al). The positive peaks of the rectified EMG data were used as a trigger to average the
 accelerometer data and the rectified EMG data. The point on the cumulative average trace of
 the platform accelerometer data where the standard error (SE) was the lowest was considered
 the stimulus onset point. The point on the cumulative average trace of the rectified EMG data
 where the SE was lowest was considered the point of onset for the EMG spike. The mean height
 of young adult males in country (175 cm) was used to normalize of the T-reflex and WBV-IMR
 latencies (Cidem et al).

 2.5. Precautions for voluntary muscle contractions and motion artifacts Five measures were
 taken: 1) the participants were asked to use the handles of the WBV device to secure their
 balance. The sense of balance may impair during WBV. Therefore muscles may be activated to
 restore balance during WBV, 2) Before WBV trials, participants were asked to relax and not to
 make voluntary contractions in their lower extremity muscles. This instruction was provided
 with verbal feedback given by the researcher who monitored the SEMG recordings from the
 screen. If the RMS amplitude of EMG was lower than five microvolts during this intruction, it
 was accepted that muscle relaxation was accomplished by participant, 3) a trial protocol was
 applied to familiarize vibration, 4) all cables were carefully taped to the skin to minimize
 motion artifacts, 5) all EMG recordings were filtered to avoid WBV induced movement artifacts
 (Sebik et al., 2013).

 2.6. Statistical analysis The normal distribution of the data was confirmed using the
 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were summarized as arithmetic mean and standard
 deviation (SD).

 The paired sample t-test was used to analyze the statistical difference in the amplitude of
 WBV-IMR between weak and moderate WBV. General linear model repeated measures test was used
 to compare in the T-reflex latencies, WBV-IMR latencies or PPmax amplitude of T-reflex among
 the sessions. The alpha (α) threshold was chosen as 0.05. The Bonferroni test was applied for
 pair-wise comparisons (PostHoc analyses). Using a Bonferroni (a significance level for each
 pair-wise comparisons is α/m, m is the number of pair-wise comparisons), results with a p
 value ≤ 0.017 were considered significant. Confidence interval (CI), mean, and standard error
 (SE) were calculated for all data. When comparing means of two data sets, if ±95% CI of one
 data set included the mean of another data set, it was established that there is no
 statistical difference between the means of two data sets. The data management software
 package used was PASW statistics (formerly SPSS Statistics) for Windows.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Healthy male

 -  Right-handed men

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Bone, muscle/tendon, joint, vascular, dermatologic diseases in lower extremities and
 spine

 -  Medication that could affect the musculoskeletal system

 -  Postural abnormalities (scoliosis, kyphosis, etc)

 -  Systemic diseases