Virtual Environments For Supporting Obesity Treatment
Virtual Environments For Supporting Obesity Treatment
Participants 60 Patients seeking treatment at the Obesity Unit of the Medica Sur Hospital in
 México City, Mexico. Informed consent to participate will be aleatory assigned to a three
 different conditions.

 Procedures In the initial interview, prospective participants will be provided with detailed
 information about the study and the treatments. All patients included in the study will be
 randomly assigned to the one (N=20) of the three treatment conditions described below, all
 conducted on an inpatient basis. The duration for all treatments will be 6 weeks and will be
 administered by two chartered clinical psychologists and one chartered psychotherapist under
 the supervision of a senior chartered psychotherapist. The three therapists will be balanced
 among the three conditions.

 1. Nutritional groups In this condition (NT) the participants (N=20) subjects enter only 5
 weekly nutritional groups held by dieticians based on the LEARN manual (Brownell, 1985),
 whose goal will be to provide practical guidelines for the self-monitoring of eating and
 lessons on nutrition (e.g stressing gradual weight loss with the caloric restriction
 achieved largely by reductions in fat intake), plus a low-calorie diet (1,200 kcal/day)
 and physical training (30 min of walking two times a week as a minimum).

 2. Cognitive-Behavioral therapy CBT group (N=20) will be based on the same treatment
 proposed in the first condition plus 15 additional sessions over 6 weeks.

 Therapists will follow a detailed manual that outlined the content of each session. This
 manual was based on the cognitive-behavioral treatment approach described by Cooper and
 colleagues (Cooper & Fairburn, 2002; Cooper et al., 2003). It was developed during a
 year of intensive pilot work and adapted to the in-patient setting. Patients will be
 taught to self-monitor their food intake and eating patterns and thoughts, as well as
 the circumstances and environment surrounding eating (e.g. whether eating alone or with
 others, speed of eating, and place of eating). Patients will also be taught to identify
 problems in eating, mood, and thinking patterns and to gradually develop alternative
 patterns.

 In particular, after the first week the patients will enter 5 weekly group sessions
 aimed at addressing weight and primary goals, and 10 biweekly individual sessions aimed
 at establishing and maintaining weight loss, addressing barriers to weight loss,
 increasing activity, addressing body image concerns and supporting weight maintenance.

 3. Experiential Cognitive therapy Experiential CT group (N=4) involved the same treatment
 proposed in the first condition plus 15 additional sessions over 4/6 weeks.

 In the sessions we will use the "20/20/20 rule". During the first 20 minutes, the therapist
 focus on getting a clear understanding of the patient's current concerns, level of general
 functioning, and the experiences related to food. This part of the session tends to be
 characterized by patients doing most of the talking, although therapist guides with questions
 and reflection to get a sense of the patient's current status. The second 20 minutes is
 devoted to the virtual reality experience. During this part of the session the patient enters
 the virtual environment and faces a specific critical situation (Kitchen, Supermarket, Pub,
 Restaurant, Gymnasium, etc.). Here the patient is helped in developing specific strategies
 for avoiding and/or coping with it. In the final 20 minutes the therapist explores the
 patient's understanding of what happened in VR and the specific reactions - emotional and
 behavioral - to the different situations experienced. If needed, some new strategies for
 coping with the VR situations are presented and discussed. To support the empowerment
 process, the therapists follow the Socratic style: they use a series of questions, related to
 the contents of the virtual environment, to help clients synthesize information and reach
 conclusions on their own.

 In accordance with informed consent, assessments will be obtained before treatment, at
 posttreatment, 3 and 6 months after the treatment conclusion.
In the initial interview, prospective participants will be provided with detailed information
 about the study and the treatments. All patients included in the study will be randomly
 assigned to the waiting-list group and to the one of the three treatment conditions described
 below, all conducted on an inpatient basis. The duration for all treatments will be 6 weeks
 and will bw administered by two chartered clinical psychologists and one chartered
 psychotherapist under the supervision of a senior chartered psychotherapist. The three
 therapists will bw balanced among the three conditions. In accordance with informed consent,
 assessments will be obtained before treatment, at posttreatment, 3 and 6 months follow up
 after the end of treatment.

 1. Nutritional groups In this condition (NT) the subjects enter only 5 weekly nutritional
 groups held by dieticians based on the LEARN manual (Brownell, 1985), whose goal will be to
 provide practical guidelines for the self-monitoring of eating and lessons on nutrition (e.g
 stressing gradual weight loss with the caloric restriction achieved largely by reductions in
 fat intake), plus a low-calorie diet (1,200 kcal/day) and physical training (30 min of
 walking two times a week as a minimum).

 2 Cognitive-Behavioral therapy CBT will be based on the same treatment proposed in the first
 condition plus 15 additional sessions over 6 weeks. Therapists will follow a detailed manual
 that outlined the content of each session. This manual was based on the cognitive-behavioral
 treatment approach described by Cooper and colleagues (Cooper & Fairburn, 2002; Cooper et
 al., 2003). It was developed during a year of intensive pilot work and adapted to the
 in-patient setting. Patients will be taught to self-monitor their food intake and eating
 patterns and thoughts, as well as the circumstances and environment surrounding eating (e.g.
 whether eating alone or with others, speed of eating, and place of eating). Patients will
 also be taught to identify problems in eating, mood, and thinking patterns and to gradually
 develop alternative patterns. In particular, after the first week the patients will enter 5
 weekly group sessions aimed at addressing weight and primary goals, and 10 biweekly
 individual sessions aimed at establishing and maintaining weight loss, addressing barriers to
 weight loss, increasing activity, addressing body image concerns and supporting weight
 maintenance.

 3. Experiential Cognitive therapy In particular, after the first week the patients entered 5
 weekly group sessions aimed at improving motivation to change and assertiveness, and 10
 biweekly virtual reality sessions. For the VR sessions, the NeuroVR 1.5 software will be
 used. NeuroVR is an enhanced version of the original Virtual Reality for Body Image
 Modification (VEBIM) immersive virtual environment, previously used in different preliminary
 studies on non-clinical subjects (Riva, 1997a, 1998b). Is composed of 14 virtual
 environments, used by the therapist within a 60-minute session with the patient. The
 environments present critical situations related to the maintaining/relapse mechanisms (Home,
 Supermarket, Pub, Restaurant, Swimming Pool, Beach, Gymnasium) and two body image comparison
 areas.

 Using the NeuroVR Editor, the psychological stimuli/stressors appropriate for any given
 scenario can be chosen from a rich database of 2D and 3D objects, and easily placed into the
 pre-designed virtual scenario by using an icon-based interface (no programming skills are
 required). In addition to static objects, the NeuroVR Editor allows both to add audio object
 and to overlay on the 3D scene video composited with a transparent alpha channel.The editing
 of the scene is performed in real time, and effects of changes can be checked from different
 views (frontal, lateral and top).

 The edited scene is then visualized and experienced using the NeuroVR Player. Through the VR
 experience, the patients practice both eating/emotional/relational management and general
 decision-making and problem-solving skills. By directly practicing these skills within the VR
 environment, the patient is helped in developing specific strategies for avoiding and/or
 coping with these.

 9 sessions are used to assess and modify:

 -  the expectations and emotions related to food and weight: This is done both by
 integrating different cognitive-behavioral methods: Countering, Alternative
 Interpretation, Label Shifting, Deactivating the Illness Belief

 -  the strategies used to cope with difficult interpersonal and potential maintenance
 situations: This is done both by using the Temptation Exposure with Response Prevention
 (Riva, 1998c; D. G. Schlundt & Johnson, 1990) - and by working on these three empowering
 dimensions (Menon, 1999): perceived control, perceived competence and goal
 internalization.

 -  the body experience of the subject. To do this the virtual environment integrates the
 therapeutic methods used by Butter & Cash (1987) and Wooley & Wooley (1985). In
 particular in VREDIM we used the virtual environment in the same way as guided imagery
 (Leuner, 1969) is used in the cognitive and visual/motorial approach.

 Structure of the sessions

 Each session of Virtual Reality is divided into four phases:

 The psychologist's office is the first virtual experience. It represents the start and the
 end of each session, and it has the important function to outline boundaries of the session
 in virtual reality. It is a neutral and reassuring place which allows continuity in the
 phases of the individual session: face to face, virtual reality and face to face.

 In the psychologist's office there are the following objects: a writing-desk with two
 comfortable chairs, a bookshelf and complements of furnishings that make the environment more
 comfortable and hospitable (pictures, carpets, lamps, green plants, etc.). The safe place is
 the virtual experience for the relaxation that is used at the end of each session and, if
 needed, during the session of virtual reality. It is an empty park in which the patient can
 relax and recover from any emotional experience.

 Between the psychologist's office and the safe place the patient experiences one or more
 specific virtual experience.

 In accordance with informed consent, assessments will be obtained before treatment, at
 posttreatment, 3 and 6 months after the treatment conclusion.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Patients seeking treatment at the Obesity Unit of the Hospital Medica Sur, Mexico
 City, Mexico

 2. a Body Mass Index higher than 40;

 3. written and informed consent to participate.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. other concurrent severe psychiatric disturbances (psychosis, depression with suicidal
 risk, alcohol or drug abuse);

 2. concurrent medical condition not related to the disorder;

 3. one or more failures in following an obesity treatment.