Multi-center Clinical Study on the Diagnosis and Treatment Management of Rare Neurological Disease in Children
Multi-center Clinical Study on the Diagnosis and Treatment Management of Rare Neurological Disease in Children
The incidence of rare diseases is extremely low, the disease is numerous, the symptoms are
 serious, and the detection technology is complicated. Countries have different definitions of
 rare diseases. The definition of rare diseases in China is defined as: diseases with a
 prevalence of less than 1 in 500 000 or newborns with an incidence of less than 1/10 000 are
 rare diseases. Due to the low incidence of rare diseases and the accumulation of multiple
 organs and systems in most diseases, clinicians lack comprehensive and systematic
 understanding. Patients often face great difficulties in seeking medical treatment and
 diagnosis. Currently, there is a lack of systematic and rare diseases in China. Management,
 diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases, making the diagnosis of rare diseases, prevention
 interventions seriously lagging behind, obviously behind the management of developed
 countries and regions; rare diseases are mostly related to genetic variation, with the
 clinical application of genetic diagnosis technology, more and more Many genetically related
 rare diseases have been diagnosed at an early stage; at present, precision medicine is
 rapidly developing, and more and more rare disease clinical trials have entered the country,
 bringing prospects for the treatment of rare diseases. For this reason, the management of
 rare diseases is particularly important.

 At present, some rare diseases of the nervous system can be treated early; for example,
 immune-related rare diseases have common normative immunotherapy and functional disability
 prevention, and the characteristics of single disease management of each disease; hereditary
 degenerative rare diseases such as progressive 2-3 multi-center clinical trials of spinal
 muscular atrophy and progressive muscular dystrophy have been entered into our hospital (in
 our hospital), X-linked pre-diagnosis of adrenal malnutrition genetic diseases, and
 appropriate treatment time is selected. Stem cell transplantation is in research and
 planning; the long-term management and comprehensive treatment of nodular sclerosis and
 Dravet syndrome are important for the prevention and treatment of diseases; therefore, the
 early diagnosis, pathogenesis and standardized treatment of rare diseases of the nervous
 system are urgent. And necessity.
1. SMA:

 Inclusion criteria: patients meet the all the following criteria:

 1. Clinically manifestation: hypotonia, progressive symmetric and proximal weakness
 affecting the legs more than the arms, sparing of the facial muscles but often with
 bulbar muscle weakness.

 2. Neurogenic EMG. EMG is also usually not needed in type 1 and 2 children; this
 investigation can help in more chronic forms in which the phenotype might be less
 striking.

 3. Along with EMG and NCV test, a muscle or nerve biopsy can be used to diagnose spinal
 muscular atrophy if molecular genetic testing of SMN1 does not identify mutations.

 4. Genetic testing of SMN1/SMN2: Homozygous absence of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN1
 gene(96%), or only of exon 7, or other mutations. SMN2 copy numbers may vary. Genetic
 testing is the gold standard of diagnosis.

 Exclusion Criteria: None.

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 2. DMD:

 Inclusion criteria: patients meet the all the following criteria:

 1. Clinically manifestation: weakness, clumsiness, a Gowers' sign, difficulty with stair
 climbing, or toe walking. developmental delay or increased concentrations of serum
 enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate
 dehydrogenase, or very high creatine kinase level.

 2. Dystrophin gene mutation: dystrophin gene deletion and duplication testing is usually
 the first confirmatory test best done by MLPA or comparative genomic hybridisation
 array. Approximately 70% of individuals with DMD have a single-exon or multi-exon
 deletion or duplication in the dystrophin gene. If deletion or duplication testing is
 negative, genetic sequencing should be done to screen for the remaining types of
 mutations that are attributed to DMD (approximately 25-30%).

 3. Muscle biopsy: if genetic testing does not confirm a clinical diagnosis of DMD, then a
 muscle biopsy sample should be tested for the presence of dystrophin protein by
 immunohistochemistry of tissue cryosections or by western blot of a muscle protein
 extract. Muscle samples from DMD patient has no dystrophin present, while BMD Becker
 muscular dystrophy (with some partially functional dystrophin present).

 Exclusion Criteria: None. -

 3. X-ALD:

 Inclusion criteria: patients meet the all the following criteria:

 1. Clinically manifestation:

 1. Attention deficit disorder or hyperactivity; progressive impairment of cognition,
 behavior, vision, hearing, and motor function follow the initial symptoms and often
 lead to total disability within six months to two years.

 2. Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) manifests as progressive stiffness and weakness of the
 legs, sphincter disturbances, sexual dysfunction, and often, impaired adrenocortical
 function; all symptoms are progressive over decades, most commonly in an individual in
 his twenties or middle age.

 3. Magnetic resonance imaging shows cerebral demyelination.

 2. Dystrophin gene mutation: The diagnosis of X-ALD is usually established in a female
 proband with detection of a heterozygous ABCD1 pathogenic variant and elevated VLCFA.

 Exclusion Criteria: None. -

 4. TSC:

 Inclusion criteria:patients meet the all the following criteria:

 A. Clinical diagnostic criteria:

 1. Major features: (1) Hypomelanotic macules (≥3, at least 5-mm diameter). (2)
 Angiofibromas (≥3) or fibrous cephalic plaque. (3) Ungual fibromas (≥2). (4) Shagreen
 patch. (5) Multiple retinal hamartomas. (6) Cortical dysplasias. (7) Subependymal
 nodules. (8) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. (9) Cardiac rhabdomyoma. (10)
 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). (11) Angiomyolipomas (≥2).

 2. Minor features: (1)"Confetti" skin lesions. (2) Dental enamel pits (>3). (3) Intraoral
 fibromas (≥2). (4) Retinal achromic patch. (5) Multiple renal cysts. (6) Nonrenal
 hamartomas.

 Two major features or one major feature with ≥2 minor features can diagnose. Either one
 major feature or ≥2 minor features can diagnosis possibly.

 B. Genetic diagnostic criteria:

 The identification of either a TSC1 or TSC2 pathogenic mutation in DNA from normal tissue
 is sufficient to make a definite diagnosis of TSC.

 Exclusion Criteria: None.

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