Progression of HIV-Disease Under Low Dose Corticosteroids
Progression of HIV-Disease Under Low Dose Corticosteroids
There has been reports that low dose prednisolone stabilizes CD4-counts in HIV infected
 individuals. However, until now, there are no prospective randomized studies on the use of
 corticosteroids in latent HIV disease. Furthermore, low dose prednisolone (5 mg/d) is not
 sufficient tested for the risks and benefit for HIV patients especially for those living in
 poor settings with a higher risk of infections. This study will assess the benefit and the
 safety profile for low dose prednisolone therapy for patients in a region with limited
 resources and high prevalence of infections.
1. INTRODUCTION

 1. 1 BACKGROUND

 For treatment in advanced HIV infection, combination therapy with antiretroviral drugs
 (ARVs) is the best option under current international standards. The benefit of ARVs is
 best, if they are used relatively late in the course of the disease, commonly after a
 progression of years. However, under a global perspective, more than 90% of those who
 need ARVs world-wide have no access to them.

 ARVs are not used in early stages of infection without significant immunodeficiency.
 Although a variable degree of immunodeficiency may be present even in early HIV disease,
 there is no established treatment for this phase.

 Immunodeficiency is associated with a decline of a certain population of lymphocytes,
 the CD4 cells or T-helper cells. It seems to be a useful concept to postulate that a
 treatment which slows down this loss of CD4 cells could also slow down the progression
 of HIV disease.

 In vitro findings and clinical studies showed a CD4 cell stabilizing effect of
 corticosteroids. First clinical studies were based on relatively high dosages (Andrieu
 JM 1995, LU W 1995, Andrieu JM 2004,). These are hardly justifiable for a longer time,
 because of numerous side effects, e.g. immunosuppression of the cellular immune system,
 the manifestation of diabetes or the Cushing syndrome.

 In 2005 Ulmer et al. reported in a mono-centric open label study a CD4- stabilizing
 effect under the administration of low dose prednisolone (5 mg/d) (Ulmer A 2005).
 Patients with more than 300 CD4 cells/µl were included. After two years the 28 patients
 on treatment presented 176.1 more CD4 cells than those of 62 control patients in
 comparison to their baseline counts (p 0.0009) and after three years the 15 patients on
 treatment presented 236.2 more CD4 cells/µl than those of 33 control patients in
 comparison to their baseline counts (p = 0,0021). The initiation of treatment with the
 more expensive and toxic ARVs was delayed.

 Based on this study and an increasing amount of experience by Ulmer and others, it seems
 to be justified to systematically investigate the effect of low dose prednisolone on the
 progression of HIV disease. The costs of 5 mg prednisolone per day is in a range of 3 US
 $ per year (Action Medeor). If it turned out that low dose prednisolone prolongs the
 period until ARVs become indicated without imposing intolerable risks on the patient,
 this approach could be a very attractive future option for countries with health systems
 in resource-poor settings.

 1.2 RATIONAL FOR THE STUDY

 Until now, there are no prospective randomized studies on the use of corticosteroids in
 latent HIV disease. Furthermore, low dose prednisolone (5 mg/d) is not sufficient tested
 for the risks and benefit for HIV patients especially for those living in poor settings
 with a higher risk of infections. This study will assess the benefit and the safety
 profile for low dose prednisolone therapy for patients in a region with limited
 resources and high prevalence of infections.

 1.3 SITE DESCRIPTION

 The study will be conducted at the Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania.

 2. STUDY OBJECTIVES

 2.1 PRIMARY

 The primary objective of the study is to assess the effect of the low dose prednisolone
 therapy on the time to progression of HIV disease. The time to progression is defined as
 the time between the baseline and the change of staging to advanced disease (CDC stage
 A3, B3 or C) or death (see Appendix Va).

 2.2 SECONDARY

 The following secondary objectives will be evaluated in the same patient population:

 -  Amount of CD4 Cells

 -  Overall survival

 -  Safety profile

 -  Quality of life

 -  Immune system status, co-infections

 -  Virus characterization by sequencing

 3. PATIENT DEFINITION

 This is a mono-centred trial involving 400 eligible patients.

 3.1 INCLUSION CRITERIA

 -  Positive HIV antibody test. The HIV infection has to be confirmed according to the
 WHO Guidelines (see Appendix IX).

 -  Adult male or female patients, age ≥ 18 years.

 -  Patients must have given an informed consent and signed a consent form prior to
 beginning protocol specific procedures (Appendix VI).

 -  Patients in CDC Stage A 1, 2, B 1, 2 (see Appendix Va) not yet requiring ARVs.

 -  CD4 cell count ≥ 300 cells/µl (for inclusion 300 cells/µl for reason of security).

 -  No AIDS defining symptoms,

 -  WHO Performance Status of 0,1,2 (see Appendix II).

 3.2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA

 -  No pregnancy. Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative
 pregnancy test at study entry.

 -  Prior therapy with ARVs.

 -  Active tuberculosis.

 -  Abnormal laboratory results especially glucose level > 160 mg/dl, liver enzymes
 (AST, ALT) ≥ 1,5 x ULN, bilirubin ≥ 4 x ULN, alkaline phosphatase ≥ 5 x ULN,
 creatinine > 2,0mg/dL (>176,8 µmol).

 -  Serious other diseases, including psychiatric disorders.

 4. PLAN OF STUDY

 4.1 STUDY DESIGN

 This is a double blinded, randomized, phase II placebo-controlled clinical trial of oral
 low dose prednisolone therapy for HIV infected patients with CDC Stage A1,2 or B1,2 (see
 Appendix Va).

 The trial is a mono-centred and involves 400 eligible patients in Tanzania, divided in:

 -  200 Patients in Study medication group

 -  200 Patients in Placebo group

 The study enrollment period will last for 12 month (30 patients per month). A study
 period of 24 month will follow. After 12 months, the first intermediate analysis will be
 done. In case of no significant negative safety aspects, the study will continue for the
 next 12 month. A follow-up period for further evaluation can be added.

 4.2 STUDY TREATMENT

 The patients in the Treatment Group will get prednisolone 5 mg per os daily. The placebo
 group will get one tablet of placebo per os daily.

 4.3 DOSE MODIFICATION AND DELAY

 There is no dose modification planned in this study. Study drug related reactions like
 hypersensitivity reactions, fluid retention, hypertension, gastric ulcer, and diabetes
 will be treated according to local standards.

 4.4 DISCONTINUATION

 Patients will be removed from the study for the following reasons:

 -  disease progression: upgrading of clinical stage and/or CD4 cell count < 200/µl,
 both requiring the start of HAART ( = primary study objective, study completed);

 -  development of unacceptable toxicity not manageable by symptomatic care;

 -  administration of antiretroviral treatment;

 -  significant protocol violation in the prednisolone group, e.g. interruption of
 taking the study medication for more than four weeks (compliance);

 -  pregnancy;

 -  consent withdrawn;

 -  investigator's decision.

 Patients are always allowed to refuse the participation of study and will be withdrawn.

 The reason for removal for all patients will be documented on the case report form.
 Patients who are not eligible or not valuables for the study analysis will be replaced.

 4.5 PRE-STUDY SCREEN

 The following data will be obtained within two weeks prior to randomization:

 -  informed consent and signed consent form (audio consent for illiterate persons);

 -  complete medical history including dates and description of initial diagnosis of
 HIV infection, concurrent illnesses and concomitant medication;

 -  physical examination including weight, height, WHO performance status (Appendix
 II);

 -  vital signs: blood pressure, pulse rate, oral temperature;

 -  HIV staging according to CDC: examination for AIDS defining signs and CD4 cell
 count;

 -  chest x-ray to exclude active tuberculosis;

 -  short quality of life score;

 -  clinical laboratory tests: full blood count, glucose, liver enzymes (AST and/or
 ALT), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase , creatinine; pregnancy test for female
 patients.

 4.6 RANDOMIZATION

 After having checked the patient's eligibility, the investigator will request
 randomization. A Randomization list will be provided to the BMC. The randomization
 number will be given by the study nurse. The study medication is double blind. Block
 randomization may be used.

 4.7 EVALUATION DURING THE STUDY

 4.7.1 EVALUATION EVERY VISIT (MONTH 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,9,12,15,18,21,24)

 The patient will be examined every month for the following parameters:

 -  medical history update, including documentation of concurrent conditions,
 hospitalization and concomitant medications;

 -  quality of life score;

 -  physical examination including weight and WHO performance status;

 -  vital signs: blood pressure, pulse rate and oral temperature;

 -  HIV staging according to CDC: examination for AIDS defining signs and CD4 cell
 count;

 -  full haematological blood count;

 -  serum chemistry: glucose level, liver enzymes (AST and/or ALT), bilirubin, alkaline
 phosphatase , creatinine;

 -  pregnancy test for female patients.

 -  toxicity evaluation: Toxicity is defined as a study drug related adverse event (AE)
 grade 3 (severe) or 4 (life threatening). Toxicity will be recorded as it occurs
 and graded according to the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria (see Appendix III).
 Toxicities that can not be graded using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria will be
 recorded as mild (asymptomatic), moderate (symptomatic but not interfering
 significantly with function), severe (causing significant interference with
 function) or life-threatening.

 4.7.2 EVALUATION EVERY 3 MONTH (IN ADDITION)

 • Sputum test for Tuberculosis.

 4.7.3 EVALUATION EVERY 6 MONTH (IN ADDITION)

 -  Chest x-ray for Tuberculosis.

 -  Sputum test for Tuberculosis.

 5. STUDY ASSESSMENTS

 5.1 EFFICACY ASSESSMENT

 5.1.1 TIME TO PROGRESSION

 The time to progression is defined as time period between the baseline and the change of
 staging( see appendix Va).

 Progression is:

 -  CD4 cell count ≤ 200 cells/µl; (Stage A3, B3 )

 -  CDC clinical stage C; all counts;

 -  death.

 5.1.2 AMOUNT OF CD4 CELLS

 The number of the CD4 cells at baseline (= 100%) will be compared to the number during
 the study (> 100%: increase; < 100%: decrease).

 5.1.3 QUALITY OF LIFE

 Some Quality of life questions will be completed for each patient during the visits.

 5.1.4 OVERALL SURVIVAL

 The duration of survival will be determined by measuring the time interval between the
 initial dose of study medication and the date of death. The overall survival will be
 evaluated in the prolonged follow up period of the study.

 5.2 SAFETY ASSESSMENT METHODS

 5.2.1 SUSPECTED ADVERSE RESPONSE (SUSAR), ADVERSE EVENT AND TOXICITY

 Toxicity is defined as a study drug related Suspected Adverse Response (SUSAR) and
 Adverse events (AE) Grade 3 (severe) or 4 (life threatening). It will be evaluated based
 on a graded scale of 0-4 using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria (see Appendix III).
 Toxicities that can not be graded using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria will be graded
 as mild (asymptomatic), moderate (symptomatic but not interfering significantly with
 function), severe (causing significant interference with function) or life-threatening.

 The SUSAR´s are:

 Abdominal pain Hypertension Diabetes Hyperglycaemia Fluid retention Pneumonia Gastritis
 Weight gain

 The AEs are:

 Abdominal Pain Nausea Candidiasis Peptic ulcer Diarrhoea Pneumonia Fever Skin Herpes
 simplex,zoster Vomiting Hepatitis (liver function) Urinary tract infection

 AEs and SUSARs will be monitored during every visit using a hard coded page in the case
 report form.

 Additional AEs occurring can be added.

 5.2.2 LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS

 Biochemical and haematological tests will be conducted on blood samples once a month at
 every visit. If AEs occur additional tests have to be done according to local standards.

 For later additional laboratory analysis a small amount of plasma samples and T-Cells
 will be stored at the National Institute for Medical Research. These samples will be
 analyzed in Germany (Medical Mission Institute, University of Wuerzburg) for identifying
 the status of activation of the immune system, co-infections and virus characterization.

 6. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

 The study was approved at ethic board committees at the 21.02.2007 Approval Number:
 NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/518 Board Name: National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania Board
 Affiliation: Tanzania: Ministry of Health Phone: +255222121400 Email: headquarters@nimr.or.tz
 ethical and additionally at the 26.01.2007 Approval Number: CW 150/48 Board Name: Bugando
 Medical Center, Ethic board, Mwanza, Tanzania Board Affiliation: Bugando Medical Center
 Phone: +2550282500799 Email: infobmc@bugandomedicalcentre.go.tz
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  HIV positivity. The HIV infection has to be confirmed according to WHO guidelines.

 -  Patients must have signed a consent form prior to beginning protocol specific
 procedures.

 -  Adult male and female patients, age ≥18 years. Female patients of childbearing
 potential must have a negative pregnancy test at study entry.

 -  Patients must have a stage of HIV disease not yet requiring ARV therapy, defined by
 CDC stage A1, 2 or B1, 2.

 -  Patients must have a CD4 cell count ≥ 300 cells / µl.

 -  No AIDS defining symptoms.

 -  Patients must have a WHO performance status of 0,1,2

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Prior ARV therapy.

 -  Active tuberculosis.

 -  Abnormal laboratory results especially glucose level >160 mg/dl, liver enzymes AST
 and/or ALT ≥ 1,5 x ULN, bilirubin ≥ 4 x ULN, alkaline phosphatase ≥ 5 x ULN,
 creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dl (176,8 µmol)

 -  Serious other diseases including psychiatric disorders