Computed Tomotherapy (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Fusion on Radiation Treatment Planning for Patients With Cancer of the Cervix
Computed Tomotherapy (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Fusion on Radiation Treatment Planning for Patients With Cancer of the Cervix
Patients with more advanced stages of cervix cancer are treated by radiotherapy. Overall,
 more than 50% are cured. Approximately half of those patients not cured have current cancer
 in the irradiated volume. Higher doses of radiation would be expected to cure more patients.
 To give high doses of radiation safely, the investigators need to know very precisely where
 the cancer is and then they can use new technology available at the Cross Cancer Institute
 (tomotherapy) to target the cancer precisely, giving higher doses to the cancerous tissues
 and lower doses to the non-cancerous tissues.

 This study of ten patients with cervical cancer will investigate the added value of MRI
 scanning on precise tumor definition to facilitate more accurate radiotherapy treatment
 planning. For this study, patients will be treated in the conventional way with conventional
 doses. The investigators hope that treatment for future patients will be planned with MRI
 data and that they will be treated to higher doses of tomotherapy.
Rationale/Background:

 For a long time diagnostic imaging has been used in planning radiation treatment for the
 carcinoma of the cervix, although it is not the essential part of FIGO staging work up. In
 the past, treatment planning was based on examination under anesthesia (EUA) findings and
 standard portals were used. Various studies have shown high risks of geographical miss and/or
 inappropriate tumor coverage (up to >70%) with the use of standard portals, which was related
 to poor local control. Increasingly, diagnostic/planning CT and MRI imaging are used to plan
 radiation treatment.

 Most patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix, who are not candidates for radical
 hysterectomy, are treated by radiotherapy, often with concomitant chemotherapy with a
 curative intent. Amongst those patients, where cure is not achieved, there are a significant
 proportion who fail first or only in the pelvis. Higher doses of radiation would be expected
 to reduce this risk. With conventional radiotherapy, higher doses of radiation result in a
 higher rate of complications. New technology available at the Cross Cancer Institute
 (tomotherapy + intensity modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]) would be expected to permit
 higher doses of radiation to be delivered but avoid the increased risk of complications.
 Accurate definition of clinical target volume, composed of the cervix, uterus, gross primary
 tumor and the regional lymphatic drainage is required for accurate treatment planning. The
 MRI imaging is expected to be valuable in this regard. Demonstrating this is the immediate
 aim of this study. The investigators' long term aim will be to replace conventional external
 beam radiotherapy with helical tomotherapy. They expect to be able to apply increasing doses
 of radiation to the GTV + CTV and monitor short-term treatment effects with biological
 imaging, principally magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Eventually the investigators hope
 to be able to individualize radiation doses based in part on biological imaging, before and
 during treatment.

 In their center the investigators routinely perform diagnostic and planning CT scans of
 almost all Ca. cervix patients before radiation treatment planning. This study will involve
 one additional MRI scan of the pelvis, which will take about 30 minutes to perform; this
 process has potential benefit in the treatment planning.

 Studies comparing imaging modalities for diagnostic accuracy:

 There are studies in which CT and MRI scans were performed preoperatively and results were
 compared with surgical-pathological outcome to confirm their diagnostic accuracy in terms of
 tumor detection, parametrial invasion, lymph node status and adjacent organ involvement. MRI
 was consistently reported to be more accurate than CT scan in terms of tumor delineation and
 normal organ localization. This is also true for a meta-analysis of 17 eligible studies.

 Studies Comparing Imaging Modalities for Treatment Planning:

 Not surprisingly CT planning was shown to be superior over standard field technique for
 external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy planning for ca cervix patients.
 There was less chance of geographical miss by using an imaging modality for planning. Studies
 comparing MRI and CT for treatment planning showed that MRI led to significant changes in
 field borders.

 Image Fusion:

 Harms W et al from Germany studied the fusion of CT and MRI images from sixteen patients who
 were treated by interstitial (n=12) and endocavitary (n=4) brachytherapy for recurrent
 cervix, head and neck, sarcoma and vulva carcinoma. They compared conventional
 3D-brachytherapy planning based on CT-information alone to brachytherapy planning based on
 fused CT and MRI data. They measured the accuracy of image fusion using predefined
 corresponding landmarks in the CT and MRI data. They found that an automated algorithm was
 robust and reliable (mean registration error 1.8 mm, range 0.8-4.1 mm, SD 0.9 mm); tumor
 visualization was difficult using CT alone; and brachytherapy treatment planning based on
 fused CT and MRI data enabled better definition of target volume and critical structures as
 compared to treatment planning based on CT alone.

 Patients and Methods:

 Ten patients with a histological diagnosis of cervix carcinoma who are to receive treatment
 at the Cross Cancer Institute will be enrolled in this fusion study. They will go through the
 usual investigations prior to treatment planning, including CT imaging. In addition, patients
 will have an MRI of the pelvis which takes approximately about 30 minutes.

 CT and MRI imaging will be fused using fusion software. Treatment planning for standard four
 field box technique and tomotherapy will be done on CT images as usual and subsequently on
 fused images. Tumor coverage and normal organ doses will be recorded and compared. Tumor
 control probabilities and normal tissue complication probabilities will be calculated for the
 different plans to facilitate objective comparisons.

 Conclusion:

 Most patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix, who are not candidates for a radical
 hysterectomy, are often treated by concomitant chemo-radiation with a curative intent.
 Patients who cannot achieve a cure with this treatment fail first or only in the pelvis. The
 higher doses of radiation would be expected to reduce this risk, which cannot be achieved
 with conventional radiotherapy due to higher rates of complications. Tomotherapy based
 treatment planning would be expected to obtain higher doses of radiation to be delivered but
 avoid the measured risk of complications. More accurate definition of clinical target volume,
 composed of the cervix, uterus, gross primary tumor and the regional lymphatic drainage is
 required for accurate treatment planning. Currently the investigators are planning on the
 basis of CT scan only in their center; MRI scan is consistently shown to be superior over CT
 for treatment. Fusing MRI and CT images are expected to delineate structures more accurately
 compared to CT alone and therefore will be valuable in accurate treatment planning to deliver
 higher doses to CTV without increasing treatment related complications.

 Objectives:

 1. To assess the feasibility of image fusion between MRI and CT for radiotherapy (RT)
 planning in Ca. Cervix

 2. To determine the added value of fused MRI and CT over CT alone for RT planning.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Cervical cancer undergoing primary radiotherapy

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Stage 1B

 -  Patient refusal