Efficacy Study of Two Treatments in the Remission of Vasculitis
Efficacy Study of Two Treatments in the Remission of Vasculitis
Study of the efficacy of rituximab for maintenance treatment in systemic ANCA-associated
 vasculitis: prospective, multicenter, controlled, randomized comparative study of rituximab
 versus azathioprine
Randomized, controlled, national, multicenter, prospective study to compare between
 azathioprine (conventional therapy) and rituximab in patients with systemic ANCA-associated
 vasculitis, in remission (achieved with an induction treatment combining corticosteroids and
 an immunosuppressant, mainly intravenous pulses of cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchanges
 and/or polyvalent immunoglobulins when indicated) after the first flare of the disease (new
 diagnosis) or after a relapse. It is planned to stratify patients by first flare (66% of the
 patients) or relapse (33% of the patients). Patients complying with the inclusion criteria
 may be included when they are in remission from their vasculitis. Patients who have already
 received biologics (antiCD20, antiTNFα) will not be included. Patients will be included at
 the time of remission and then randomized. They will receive maintenance treatment by
 azathioprine for 18 months or a rituximab infusion every 6 months until month 18 (i.e. a
 total of 4 infusions), at the dose of 375 mg/m2 (maximum dosage, 500 mg). ANCA status and
 CD19+ lymphocyte count will be monitored but will not be used to adjust therapy. After the 18
 month length of maintenance phase, i.e. after stopping immunosuppressive maintenance therapy,
 patients will be followed for an additional 10 month period. Patients with Wegener's
 granulomatosis will be prescribed cotrimoxazole 160/800 tid (for 2 additional years).
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  Wegener's granulomatosis Or microscopic polyangiitis complying Or kidney-limited
 disease With or without detectable ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) at
 the time of diagnosis or relapse, and at remission.

 -  Who have achieved remission using a treatment combining corticosteroids and an
 immunosuppressive agent according to current French guideline, including
 corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide IV or oral (the use of another immunosuppressant is
 allowed, according to the current French guidelines, as well as plasma exchanges
 and/or IV immunoglobulins).

 -  Interval of 1 month between the end of the immunosuppressant treatment and the
 randomization time

 -  Age > 18 years and < 75 years when the diagnosis is confirmed.

 -  Informed and having signed the consent form to take part in the study.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  Other systemic vasculitis

 -  Secondary vasculitis (following neoplastic disease or an infection in particular)·

 -  Induction treatment with a regimen not corresponding to that recommended in France.

 -  Patient who has not achieved remission.·

 -  Patient who has already received a treatment by biological agents (monoclonal antibody
 - antiCD20 or antiTNFα).

 -  Incapacity or refusal to understand or sign the informed consent form.

 -  Incapacity or refusal to adhere to treatment or perform the follow-up examinations
 required by the study. Non-compliance·

 -  Allergy, documented hypersensitivity or contraindication to the study medication
 (cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids, azathioprine, rituximab),

 -  History of severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions to humanized or murine monoclonal
 antibodies.

 -  Patients receiving allopurinol cannot be included if the allopurinol must absolutely
 be maintained.

 -  Pregnancy, breastfeeding. Women of childbearing age must use a reliable method of
 contraception throughout the duration of immunosuppressive treatment up to 1 year
 after the last infusion of rituximab

 -  Infection by HIV, HCV or HBV

 -  Progressive, uncontrolled infection requiring a prolonged treatment (tuberculosis, HIV
 infection, etc.).

 -  Severe infection declared during the 3 months before randomization (CMV, HBV, HHV8,
 HCV, HIV, tuberculosis).

 -  Progressive cancer or malignant blood disease diagnosed during the 5 years before the
 diagnosis of vasculitis. Patients suffering from non-metastatic prostate cancer or
 those cured of a cancer or a malignant blood disorder for more than 5 years and not
 taking any antineoplastic agents for more than 5 years may be included.

 -  patients presenting a systemic disease receiving protocolized treatments
 (azathioprine, rituximab) which could have unexpected and inappropriate side effects.

 -  Participation in another clinical research protocol during the 4 weeks before
 inclusion.

 -  Any medical or psychiatric disorder which, in the investigator's opinion, may prevent
 the administration of treatment and patient follow-up according to the protocol,
 and/or which may expose the patient to a too greater risk of an adverse effect.

 -  No social security

 -  Churg and Strauss syndrome

 -  viral, bacterial or fungic or mycobacterial infection uncontrolled in the 4 weeks
 before the inclusion

 -  history of deep tissue infection (fasciitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis)in the
 first year before the inclusion

 -  History of chronic and severe or recurrent infection or history of preexisting disease
 predisposing to severe infection

 -  Severe immunodepression

 -  Administration of live vaccine in the four weeks before inclusion

 -  severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (VEMS < 50 % or dyspnea grade III)

 -  chronic heart failure stade III and IV (NYHA)

 -  History of recent acute coronary syndrome