Metabolic Differences of Overweight Children and Children of Overweight Parents
Metabolic Differences of Overweight Children and Children of Overweight Parents
This study focuses on the way weight is gained. Individuals who gain weight primarily in
 their midsection (visceral weight) are at an increased risk for developing diabetes and high
 blood pressure.

 Research has shown that African Americans suffer more often from high blood pressure,
 diabetes (non-insulin dependent), and heart disease than Caucasian Americans. These
 conditions lead to significant numbers of deaths and diseases associated with and made worse
 by obesity.

 African American women in particular suffer from obesity and the associated conditions of
 obesity more than any other race or gender. However, it is unknown if the conditions seen in
 African American women are a result of the obesity or differences in their insulin
 sensitivity, glucose disposal, or fat metabolism.

 This study will compare body composition, total and resting energy expenditure, and glucose
 disposal of obese African American and Caucasian children and of non-obese children of obese
 African American and Caucasian parents, to characterize the timing and nature of factors that
 may contribute to the prevalence of obesity and its complications.

 Patients participating in this study will be followed for 15 years and be evaluated every 5
 years during the study.<TAB>
African Americans have a greater prevalence than Caucasian Americans of hypertension,
 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. These conditions lead to
 substantial excess morbidity and mortality and are associated with and exacerbated by
 obesity, the prevalence of which is strikingly elevated in African American women. It is
 unknown if this increased prevalence of comorbid conditions is solely related to the greater
 prevalence of severe obesity among African American women, or due to differences in insulin
 sensitivity, glucose disposal, body composition, or fat cell metabolism. Through this
 project, we have verified that many of the physiological differences observed between African
 American and Caucasian adults are already present in obese children and in children at high
 risk for developing obesity. However, the roles that differences in energy expenditure,
 glucose metabolism, body composition, and other factors play in determining which children
 develop obesity and its comorbid conditions in adulthood remain unclear. In this study, we
 compare body composition, total and resting energy expenditure, and glucose disposal of obese
 African American and Caucasian children and of non-obese children of obese African American
 and Caucasian parents, to characterize the timing and nature of factors that may contribute
 to the prevalence of obesity and its complications. We also relate serum levels of the
 body-fat related circulating factors such as leptin, to these measures, and obtain samples
 for genomic DNA isolation from participants and their parents to characterize the roles of
 genes felt important for the development of obesity. We will follow these children for 15
 years, studying them intensively at 5 year intervals until adulthood.
-  INCLUSION CRITERIA:

 Volunteers will qualify for inclusion under this protocol if they meet the following
 criteria:

 1. Good general health. Individuals with renal, hepatic, most endocrinologic (e.g.
 hypothyroidism, or Cushing syndrome), or pulmonary disorders (other than mild asthma
 not requiring chronic medication) will be excluded.

 2. For obese subjects, body mass index for age above the 85th percentile (determined by
 NHANES I age-, sex-, and race-special data). For normal weight subjects of obese
 parents, body mass index (determined by NHANES I age-, sex-, and race- specific data)
 between the 5th and 85th percentile and both parents' current body mass index above 25
 kg/m(2), or a history of a body mass index above 25 kg/m(2).

 3. No significant psychiatric illness.

 4. At initial visit, Tanner I (prepubertal) or Tanner II (early pubertal) pubic hair and
 breast stage of development for girls, and Tanner I or Tanner II pubic hair and testes
 size (6ml) for boys.

 5. Subjects must be able to undergo MRI. Volunteers with metal in their bodies that are
 contraindications for MRI will be excluded. These include cardiac pacemakers, neural
 pacemakers, aneurysmal clips, shrapnel, ocular foreign bodies, cochlear implants,
 non-detachable electronic or electromechanical devices (such as infusion pumps, nerve
 stimulators, bone growth stimulators, etc.).

 6. Age 6 to12 years at the start of the study.

 7. For girls who have been followed to an age when they are menstruating (or are of an
 age when pregnancy is a possibility), a negative pregnancy test.

 8. Race of all 4 grandparents self-identified either as all Caucasian or all African
 American.