A Multicenter Prospective Research on the Treatment of Low Pole Renal Calculus by Flexible Ureteroscope
A Multicenter Prospective Research on the Treatment of Low Pole Renal Calculus by Flexible Ureteroscope
This study centers on the treatment of low pole renal stones by flexible ureteroscope and
 intends to find the key anatomical parameters using a prospective, randomized multi-center
 trial design and to make a more appropriate standard for flexible ureteroscopy of low pole
 renal stones.
With the development of manufacturing technique, new generation of flexible ureteroscopes
 have great initiative and passive bending capacity and have greatly expanded its application.
 In our clinical practice, we have found that IPA (Infundibulopelvic angle) is no longer a
 decisive factor for the success of f-URS（flexible ureteroscope） surgeries. Thus, we think it
 is necessary to have further study on the effect of anatomy of renal collecting system for
 f-URS surgeries.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  • Subject has provided informed consent and indicated a willingness to comply with
 study treatments

 -  Subject is 18-70 yrs of age

 -  Subject can be either male or female

 -  Subject has a diagnosis of low pole renal stones according to CT urography(CTU)
 or intravenous pyelogram (IVP) results

 -  Subject has a single stone 1~2cm in size (KUB), or multiple stones 1~2cm in
 cumulative size (KUB), and is a surgical candidate for the ureteroscopic approach

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  • Subject has an active urinary tract infection (e.g., cystitis, prostatitis,
 urethritis, etc.)

 -  Subject has been diagnosed with a urethral stricture or bladder neck contracture

 -  Subject has been diagnosed with a urinary tract infection related to stone
 obstruction within two weeks

 -  Subject has severe hematuria that might blur the vision of the endoscopy

 -  Subject is pregnant or in monthly period

 -  Subject has coexistent disease like systemic disease, heart disease, lung
 disfunction or other diseases that could not tolerate the endoscopic surgery or
 anesthesia.

 -  Subject has unadjusted diabetes or high blood pressure

 -  Subject has a disorder of the coagulation cascade system that would put the
 subject at risk for intraoperative or postoperative bleeding

 -  Subject is unable to discontinue anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy
 preoperatively (2 weeks)

 -  Subject has been diagnosed with hydronephrosis larger than 3cm according to the
 B-scan ultrasonography examination

 -  Subject has any kind of anatomic abnormality of the urinary system that might
 have an influence on the surgery