Microbiomes in Patients of Recurrent Common Bile Duct Stones
Microbiomes in Patients of Recurrent Common Bile Duct Stones
Bile duct stones is a common biliary tract disease, which is characterized by high morbidity
 and frequent recurrence. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an
 effective therapy for common bile duct stones, and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) which
 associated with recurrent cholangiolithiasis often carried out on difficult intubation or
 extracting stones, probably due to enhanced reflux of intestinal contents that changes the
 microenvironment. Patients with cholangiolithiasis were consecutively recruited and their
 bile was collected intra-operatively for high-throughput experiments. Pyrosequencing of 16S
 ribosomal RNA gene was performed to characterize the microbiota in the bile and other body
 fluids. A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based method was used to profile bile
 composition. Clinical manifestation, microbiome, and bile composition were compared between
 patients with or without recurrent of bile duct stones. The aim of our study was to identify
 the impact of microbiomes on the recurrent of bile duct stones after ERCP+EST therapy.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Patients with recurrent common bile duct stones.

 2. No antibiotics or probiotics are used for nearly three months.

 3. In addition to common bile duct stones, possibly without other digestive diseases.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 1. Significant neurological or psychiatric disorders (psychotic disorders, dementia or
 seizures) that would prohibit the understanding and giving of informed consent.

 2. Pregnant or lactating females.

 3. Active Hepatitis B or C or history of an HIV infection.

 4. Active uncontrolled infection.

 5. Billroth II or roux-en Y gastrointestinal alteration people.