Parasitological Evaluation of Fascioliasis in Clinically Suspected Patients .
Parasitological Evaluation of Fascioliasis in Clinically Suspected Patients .
WHO considers foodborne trematodes as neglected tropical diseases. Fascioliasis is the most
 widely distributed trematode reported from over 81 countries around the world it imposes its
 highest burden in developing countries
liver flukes are disease affecting herbivorous animals and caused by Fasciola hepatica and
 Fasciola gigantica In Egypt, donkeys and camels as well, are hosts for Fasciola gigantica.
 Fascioliasis also affects man . number of humans infected with Fasciola spp. has been
 estimated at 2.6 million . Globally, fascioliasis due to both fluke species is conservatively
 thought to cause production losses of over US$3 billion per annum .

 These infection sources include foods, water and combinations of both. Ingestion of
 freshwater wild plants is the main source, with watercress and secondarily other vegetables
 involved. . Drinking of contaminated water, beverages and juices, ingestion of dishes and
 soups and washing of vegetables, fruits, tubercles and kitchen utensils with contaminated
 water are increasingly involved .

 . Two clinical stages are recognized in humam fascioliasis: An acute stage coincides with the
 larval migration and worm maturation in the hepatic tissue, and a chronic stage coincides
 with the persistence of Fasciola worms in the bile ducts

 -  the acute phase of fascioliasis is characterized by fever, abdominal pain,
 hepatosplenomegaly, gastrointestinal disturbances, skin rashes, high leukocyte count,
 eosinophilia, anemia, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); abnormal liver
 function tests have also been reported .

 -  The latent phase is characterized by nonspecific symptoms, including vague
 gastrointestinal disturbances, and intermittent eosinophilia.

 -  The chronic phase is characterized by regular and constant biliary obstruction; symptoms
 include biliary colic pain, intermittent jaundice, eosinophilia, and right
 upper-quadrant abdominal tenderness. However, the percentage of asymptomatic infections
 is high .

 Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is a benzimidazole derivative and is the current drug of choice for
 treating fascioliasis. What sets TCBZ aside from the other available fasciolicides is its
 ability to target flukes from as early as 3 days old right through to the fully mature stages
 ,. Due to the high prevalence of TCBZ resistance (TCBZ-R), effective management of drug
 resistance is now critical for sustainable livestock production Wich highlights the
 importance of plant essential oils as novel anti-parasitic agents; Some plant oils have
 immunomodulatory effects that could modify host- parasite immunobiology In addition, the
 safety and use of plant essential oils in drug resistant cases are considered the most
 advantages.

 Allium sativum commonly called garlic belongs to the family Alliaceae. It has been used for
 centuries to fight infections as an antioxidant ,antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal ,
 anti-parasitic , antihypertensive , anthelmintic, and anti- diabetic agent .

 Lately, the anthelmintic effect of garlic has been a matter of interest of researchers .

 It's Potentially Active Chemical Constituents are :

 -  Sulfur compounds: aliin, allicin, ajoene, allylpropyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, s-
 allylcysteine, vinyldithiines, S-allylmercaptocystein, and others .

 -  Enzymes: allinase, peroxidases, myrosinase, and others .

 -  Amino acids and their glycosides: arginine and others .

 -  Selenium, germanium, tellurium and other trace minerals . Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum)
 Are the dried flower buds of an aromatic tree that is used as a spice. It mainly
 contains volatile oil, i.e. eugenol 81.1%, caryophyllin, tannins and gum.Clove oil has
 been used as analgesic, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anticoagulant, antifungal,
 anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, antitumor, antiviral, disinfectant, immune
 stimulant as well as insecticidal .

 Nanotechnology has a wide range of action in sciences like medicine, electronics, food and
 agriculture. Its application has strengthen systems to control diseases in animals, water
 disinfection, safety in systems of food supply, energy conversion, plague localization
 technology, advances in fast detection of morphological changes in the physicochemical
 properties of food, increment in nutrient value, quality control, food security, development
 of novel products and packing design .

 It is the current trend in research field, using small size of materials with wide range of
 application . In nanotechnology there is treatment of atom, molecules or compounds to produce
 nanoparticle with different properties .The size and structure of nanoparticle is similar to
 most biological molecules, therefore nano particle can be useful for in research .

 There are many types of nanoparticles: organic, inorganic, nanocrystals, nanotubes, polymeric
 structures such as dendrimers, etc. They are used primarily in research and drug delivery
 systems .

 In that research garlic and cloves will be used in vitro to detect their fasciolicidal
 effects on adult Worm obtained from locally slaughtered animals .
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  vague gastrointestinal disturbances.

 -  intermittent eosinophilia.

 -  biliary obstruction.

 -  biliary colic pain.

 -  intermittent jaundice.

 -  right upper-quadrant abdominal tenderness.

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  no exclusion Criteria