Emergency Department (ED)-Directed Interventions to Improve Asthma Outcomes
Emergency Department (ED)-Directed Interventions to Improve Asthma Outcomes
The purpose of this study is to determine if evidence-based guidance on follow-up care and
 self-management provided to PCPs and patients, respectively, reduces relapses within 90 days
 for acute asthma (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes will include follow-up visits with the
 primary care provider, patients' quality of life and cost-effectiveness indicators.
This prospective, randomized, open label study will include asthmatics 17-55 years of age
 with no evidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients will be eligible if they
 visit one of four Emergency Departments (EDs) in Edmonton or Calgary and receive treatment
 for acute asthma resulting in discharge home. All patients should have a primary care
 provider (PCP: Family Physician, Internist or Nurse Practitioner) with whom to follow-up or
 one will be found for them. At discharge patients will be randomized into three groups: A:
 Usual care; PCPs will receive a faxed copy of the ED chart and patients will receive a
 discharge plan and a paper-based educational pamphlet (treatment in the ED and at discharge
 will be left to ED physicians' discretion); B: Usual care + personalized fax to the patients'
 PCP including a copy of the ED chart and a opinion-leader (OL) letter encouraging follow-up
 within two weeks and providing management suggestions; or C: Usual care + personalized fax to
 the patients' PCP including the OL letter as described above + involvement of a case manager
 who will encourage patients' to pursue follow-up, provide management review and offer brief
 education within the next week. Outcomes will be ascertained blinded to treatment allocation
 through telephone follow-up at 30 and 90 days. A sample of 366 patients (122 per group) is
 required based on the proportion with relapse at 90 days (40%) and a chi-square test of
 association and post-hoc tests (groups A vs. B, groups B vs. C). This sample will allow for
 the detection of an moderate effect size of at least 0.171, and a difference between groups A
 and B of 50% (i.e., 40% vs. 20%) and between groups B and C of 75% (i.e., 20% vs. 5%) using
 two-sided z-tests, 80% power, α=0.025. Intention to treat analyses will be conducted. Relapse
 rates by group and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) will be calculated. Proportions
 among groups will be compared using chi-square tests and if statistically significant,
 separate proportion tests will compare pairs of groups adjusting for multiple testing. A
 multivariable logistic regression model will adjust effect estimates for potential baseline
 imbalances and site-specific differences in effectiveness.
Inclusion Criteria:

 1. Age 17-55 years old;

 2. Patients treated and discharged from one of the four study sites with acute asthma
 (not simply for a prescription refill) during the study period;

 3. Patients must have had a previous physician-diagnosis of asthma and an exacerbation
 diagnosed by the ED physician (e.g., past asthma history, recorded response to
 β-agonists in the ED, and increased asthma symptoms). In the event of a new diagnosis,
 the patient is still eligible for the study if the treating physician feels that the
 history is compatible with a diagnosis of asthma;

 4. Patients must have evidence of airflow obstruction on presentation at the ED, defined
 as an FEV1 or PEF <80% of predicted;

 5. Patients must not have a history of more than 20 pack-years of smoking;

 6. All patients should have a PCP (FP, nurse practitioner or internist) with whom to
 follow-up or attempts will be made to find one for them.

 Exclusion criteria:

 These criteria ensure the exclusion of suspected COPD patients and patients who require
 different treatments:

 1. Patients with asthma who are primarily cared for by a Respirologist/Pulmonologist;

 2. Patients not seen by an emergency physician in the ED (e.g., direct referrals);

 3. Physician diagnosis of acute COPD (e.g., failure of FEV1 or PEF to respond to ED
 treatment and a FEV1/FVC ratio ≤ 70%);

 4. Radiologically confirmed pneumonia during the 10 days preceding trial entry;

 5. Patients with an active history of bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, or lung cancer;

 6. Clinically confirmed congestive heart failure at ED presentation;

 7. Patients not able/unwilling to perform spirometry assessment;

 8. Inability to provide informed consent or comply with the study protocol due to
 cognitive impairment, language barrier, or no contact details;

 9. Patient has previously participated in the study;

 10. Patients who in the opinion of the investigator are unsuitable for enrolment.