The Role of Serotonin in Seizures
The Role of Serotonin in Seizures
This study will investigate the role that a brain chemical called serotonin plays in
 seizures. Serotonin, present naturally in the brain, helps transmit signals between nerve
 cells. Glucose is a sugar that is the main fuel of the brain. Studying these two chemicals
 may help explain why people with epilepsy get seizures and are more likely to be depressed.

 Healthy volunteers and patients 18 to 60 years of age who have epilepsy with or without
 depression and whose seizures are not controlled by medication may be eligible for this
 study. Candidates are screened with a review of their medical history, a physical examination
 and an electroencephalogram (EEG, brain wave recording).

 Participants undergo the following procedures:

 -  Positron emission tomography (PET) scans: The first of three PET scans measures brain
 blood flow and the activity at some of the brain serotonin receptors (the parts of brain
 cells to which serotonin attaches). A second scan measures the amount of serotonin
 transported between brain cells. A third scan measures glucose use. The PET scanner is
 shaped like a doughnut. The subject lies on a bed that slides in and out of the scanner
 with his or her head inside the opening. A special mask is fitted to the subject s head
 to help keep it still during the procedure so the images will be clear. For the first
 scan, catheters (plastic tubes) are placed in an arm vein to inject a radioactive
 substance and in an artery in the wrist to collect blood samples. The other two scans
 require only the catheter in the arm.

 -  Magnetic resonance imaging: This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to
 obtain images of the brain. The scanner is a metal cylinder surrounded by a strong
 magnetic field. The subject lies on a table that can slide in and out of the cylinder.
 Most scans last between 45 and 90 minutes. Subjects wear earplugs to muffle loud
 knocking noises that occur during scanning.

 -  Psychological evaluation: Subjects are interviewed and fill out questionnaires to help
 study sadness and depression in epilepsy.

 -  Blood draw: Blood tests look for differences in genes between people with epilepsy who
 are depressed and those who are not.
Objective: To study serotonergic transmission in epilepsy and its relation to cerebral
 glucose metabolism, mesial temporal sclerosis, and depression.

 Study population: Patients with localization-related epilepsy with and without depression,
 and generalized epilepsy, and normal controls, ages 18-60.

 Design: This is a neuroimaging study using positron emission tomography with a 5HT(1A)
 receptor ligand, 18F-FCWAY, a serotonin transporter ligand, 11C-DASB, and 15O-H2O for
 cerebral blood flow estimation. Patients will have measurements of cerebral glucose
 metabolism using 18F-FDG as well. Magnetic resonance imaging will be performed for
 examination of hippocampal structure and partial volume correction. Screening for depression
 will be performed by NIMH investigators. We will measure cortisol and ACTH levels, which may
 affect hippocampal structure and function. Testing for genetic markers that may predict
 serotonin transporter activity and depression will be performed.

 Outcome measures: 5HT(1A) receptor binding, serotonin transporter activity, cerebral blood
 flow, and, in patients, glucose metabolism and hippocampal structure. Patients will be
 stratified by seizure type and depression ratings.
-  INCLUSION CRITERIA:

 -  Patients must have seizures documented by appropriate clinical and laboratory
 studies . This criterion will be established by studies performed by the
 referring physicians, preliminary screening in the NINDS Clinical Epilepsy
 Section outpatient clinic, or if necessary, inpatient video-EEG monitoring.

 -  Male and Female subjects aged between 18 and 60 years

 -  Healthy control subjects will also be recruited.

 -  Subjects must be able to give written informed consent prior to participation in
 this study.

 EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

 -  Patients younger than 18 or older than 60 years old. There is evidence for reduced
 5HT1A receptor binding in patients over 60.

 -  Patients with a known treatable seizure etiology such as neoplastic or infectious
 disease.

 -  Patients with MRI findings consistent with brain tumors, trauma or AVMs.

 -  Patients with progressive neurologic disorders.

 -  Patients with a history of significant medical disorders, or requiring treatment with
 drugs

 that can not be stopped, and would interfere with the study, except for antidepressants.

 -  Patients with cancer.

 -  Patients not capable of giving an informed consent.

 -  Patients who had seizure activity 24 hours prior to the study.

 -  Women who are pregnant or nursing

 -  Subjects who are current smokers, and cannot stop for at least two weeks before the
 PET scan, as smoking may affect serotonergic neurotransmission.

 -  Healthy subjects must be free from a personal history of seizure disorders

 -  Patients with coagulation abnormalities.