Pain Reduction After Cholecystectomy
Pain Reduction After Cholecystectomy
To determine the effect of combined intracutaneous infiltration and intraperitoneal
 instillation of 80 mL 0,125% levobupivacaine prior to the start of laparoscopic
 cholecystectomy on abdominal pain up to 24 hours after surgery.
The primary endpoint of this study was postoperative abdominal pain as measured by a visual
 analogue scale (VAS), using a VAS lineal with a slide. The patient was asked to indicate a
 score from 0 to 100 corresponding to his or her pain. At 0.5, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after the
 surgical procedure the primary investigator visited the patient to obtain the VAS scores.
Inclusion Criteria:

 -  between 18 and 80

 -  ASA I or II

 -  with symptomatic gallstone disease which requires elective laparoscopic
 cholecystectomy

 Exclusion Criteria:

 -  acute cholecystitis, cholangitis, severe acute pancreatitis, advanced liver cirrhosis
 or suspected gallbladder cancer,

 -  a medical history of epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias or chronic pain of any kind, -
 allergy to amid type drugs

 -  pregnancy

 -  patients suffering from hypotension or hypovolemia

 -  infectious liver disease

 -  conditions obstructing adequate pain scoring

 -  patients using drugs that deduce function of the CYP3A4 or CYP1A2 system

 -  patients having an American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) classification of
 three or higher.