text:
France evacuates over 300 people including Afghans from Afgh...| MENAFN.COM
France evacuates over 300 people including Afghans from Afghanistan
(MENAFN- Khaama Press)
A spokesperson of the French Foreign Ministry on Friday, December 3 said that the country has carried out an evacuation mission in Afghanistan taking 258 Afghans, 11 French nationals, some 60 Dutch people, and an unspecified number of people liked to them out of the country.
The evacuation flight was organized with the help of Qatar.
The evacuees included Afghans who were at risks such as journalists and the Afghans who were once employed with the French army in Afghanistan.
French Foreign Ministry in a statement said that this was the tenth evacuation flight since September 10 this year that bringing the total number of evacuees to 396 Afghans and 110 French nationals.
All the flights were conducted with the help of Qatar.
In the meantime, France and Qatar jointly operated a humanitarian mission on Thursday, delivering medical equipment, food, and winter supplies to international organizations operating in Afghanistan.
The supplies were delivered with a Qatari military plane.
Qatar has been one of the key countries for European and Western countries since the start of evacuation that played the role of third-country to Afghans leaving their country.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What is FAAR and how did I get involved with it? FAAR is the Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility. And it is a group or initiative that is funded by the distillers to empower and encourage parents to talk early and often with their kids about being responsible with alcohol. They are dedicated to encouraging a lifetime of conversations with your kids. And it's not necessarily always about alcohol. It's about keeping an open channel and encouraging those conversations with your kids regardless of what it is, keeping some sort of transparency with them. The inspiration behind me getting involved with FAAR is pretty simple. I was a teenager once. I know, am aware of, and have experienced those peer pressures that tend to rear their heads. As good as you are as a parent, you can never keep your kids away from those types of things. They may pop up on the school, on the school bus. I think you just have to really prepare your kids. You have to teach them about the potential dangers of alcohol and how to be responsible with it.


text:
Q: How I can try this code in try catch block with groovy? I have defined method to try push if there is any error while pushing the string  the code will execute 3 times if the push failed. so what I want is that it should throw an exception with push failed if it failed after 3rd push retry. how I can rewrite this code with try catch block.
def push(String string) {

        echo "push method start............"
        int count = 0;
        def status = sh(returnStatus: true, script: "${string}")
        while(count<=2 && status != 0) {
                sh "sleep 10"
                ++count;
                echo "push : $count"
                def status1 = sh(returnStatus: true, script: "${string}")
                if (status1 == 0) {
                echo "push : $count is success"
                break
                }

        }
        echo "dockerPushAndRetry method ends............"

}

return this

A: without try-catch code could be simler:
def dockerPushAndRetry(String image) {
    for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
        if( 0==sh(returnStatus: true, script: "${image}") )return
        Thread.sleep(10000) // 10 sec
    }
    error "error to run ${image}, please read logs..."
}

if you want to use try-catch...
without returnStatus the  sh step will throw exception, so code could look like this:
def dockerPushAndRetry(String image) {
    int count = 3
    for(int i=0;i<count;i++){
        try {
            sh(script: "${image}")
            return
        }catch(e){
            if(i==count-1)throw e
        }
        Thread.sleep(10000) // 10 sec
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The bustling town of Gisenyi, located in northwest Rwanda in the Rubavu district, makes for a perfect weekend trip. Sitting on the coast of Lake Kivu and offering up casual eateries, lovely accommodations, plentiful activities, and expansive views, Gisenyi is a spot in Rwanda that shouldn't be missed.
Gisenyi is approximately three hours away from Kigali, and one hour away from the gorilla-trekking capital of Musanze. Though it is difficult and time-consuming to visit Gisenyi for just a day trip, Gisenyi luckily possesses a variety of accommodations suited to all budgets and styles.
Luxury travelers will find themselves at home at the scenic Lake Kivu Serena hotel, where private beach access, a fresh breakfast buffet, and lake views reign supreme. For midrange travelers, the Palm Garden (previously known as the Waterfront Resort), Paradis Malahide, and Gorillas Lake Kivu Hotel are the best. The restaurants at all three hotels serve up excellent meat and fish brochettes as well as an included hearty breakfast. For budget travelers, the Discover Rwanda dorm room is a good option and is located right next to the public beach.
Gisenyi's leafy green promenade, located just outside the center of the bustling downtown, is the place to be. Walk around the area, peeking into the thick tree canopies for a glimpse of the town's famous bat colony before going to the town's public beach for a lazy afternoon. On a nice day, make sure to explore the hilly green coastline by boat or kayak. Pretty much every hotel in town rents out boats for day trips around the area, or tourists can pick them up on the beach. Kingfisher Journeys is currently the only kayak trip operator in the area, and they offer trips ranging from a few hours to a few days.
Daily markets both in the center of town and on the lakeshore sell vegetables, fruit, colorful kitenge fabric, and fresh sambaza—a small fish found in Lake Kivu that is served deep fried or in a stew.
For the adventurous traveler, the Democratic Republic of Congo is right across the Grand Barrier border in Gisenyi—just a few minutes walk from the town center. Congo's Virunga National Park has plenty of exciting adventure activities for really reasonable prices, including an overnight hike of the active Nyriragongo Volcano and endangered mountain gorilla trekking. For those interested in gorilla trekking at a fraction of Rwanda's current permit price, Virunga National Park is the place to go.
Gisenyi, as one of the larger towns along Lake Kivu, has plenty of eating options that will satisfy everyone's palates. TamTam, Gisenyi's eponymous beachside bar, is the place to be during the weekend. Offering up some of the town's best local food, including grilled meat brochettes, roasted potatoes, and cold beer (definitely go for a Skol or Mutizig), dance parties, DJs, and daytime boozy lunches are the name of the game at this place.
Next door, the Lakeside bar and restaurant (formerly known as ThaiJazz Beach Restaurant) continues the party and serves a large selection of both local and international beer, as well as a variety of simple cocktails all overlooking the gorgeous Lake Kivu.
For those interested in some international cuisine, Calafia Cafe, a Rwandan-take on Californian fresh food, serves up some of the area's best brunches and casual dinners in their colorful and laid-back space right near the lakefront. Make sure to get the grilled chicken sandwich, beet goat cheese salad, and any of their homemade smoothies.
The Bistro Wine Garage is Gisenyi's resident pizza parlor, and the only place in the area with a proper wood burning pizza oven. Go for the classic Margherita, or switch it up with a couple of fun vegetable toppings.
As one of Gisenyi's premier restaurants, White Rock Bistro is located right next to the Goma border and cooks up some excellent Italian and Rwandan food while offering the dreamiest dinnertime view. Sparkling lights from neighboring Congo, coupled with fishing lights on the reflection of water are absolutely gorgeous, and their lasagne and well-seasoned steaks are an added bonus.


text:
800th anniversary celebrations of Magna Carta a Jewish fraud
Why the Magna Carta anniversary celebrations will be missing two crucial paragraphs
by Francis Carr Begbie May 19, 2013
If there is one thing our elites enjoy it is giving each other a big pat on the back and the extravagant celebrations planned for the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta will give them lots of opportunities to do just that.
There may still be eighteen months to go before the actual anniversary itself but the commemoration events are well underway to mark the day in 1215 that King John was finally brought to heel by the barons and where limited government and Western constitutional freedom was born.
In Britain the BBC will broadcast TV documentaries, dramas and radio programmes, and the event is to even have its own opera and specially commissioned symphony. The occasion will be marked by commemorative stamps and the Royal Mint will issue a special £2 coin. In America high-powered lawyers and constitutional experts will be chewing over the meaning of it all at banquets, dinners, lectures and exhibitions in Boston, Washington and Philadelphia and 800 U.S. lawyers are expected to make the pilgrimage to Runnymede beside the Thames where the document was sealed.
Across the English-speaking judicial world no single document is probably more venerated than the Great Charter. The Founding Fathers embedded it into the 1791 Bill of Rights in the shape of the Fifth Amendment that says no-one "can be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law". And today it is regularly cited in newspaper editorials, political debates and Supreme Court judgments.
But amidst all the self-congratulation about habeas corpus, the right to trial by jury and how it's wisdom shines down the through the ages and still has much to teach us, one awkward question should be asked, however churlish it might seem.
Why have clauses 10 and 11 been airbrushed from history? These were the ones inserted in the original charter to protect widows and underage heirs specifically from Jewish moneylenders by restricting the recovery of debt out of the deceased debtor's estate.
But they are nowhere to be found in the official Magna Carta Trust website nor the US National Archive website which instead features the text of the later — and much shorter — 1297 version. The two clauses in the original 1215 Great Charter are:
10. If one who has borrowed from the Jews any sum, great or small, die before that loan be repaid, the debt shall not bear interest while the heir is under age, of whomsoever he may hold; and if the debt fall into our hands, we will not take anything except the principal sum contained in the bond.
11. And if anyone die indebted to the Jews, his wife shall have her dower and pay nothing of that debt; and if any children of the deceased are left under age, necessaries shall be provided for them in keeping with the holding of the deceased; and out of the residue the debt shall be paid, reserving, however, service due to feudal lords; in like manner let it be done touching debts due to others than Jews.
You can, as they say in the British civil service, see the problem. While unremarkable in their day these short paragraphs are pretty incendiary stuff now and a headache for the organisers of the Magna Carta Trust — Patron: Her Majesty The Queen — which obviously wants to avoid causing offence to the richest and most powerful ethnic group in the legal profession.
Of the forty or so distinguished members of the advisory board of the Magna Carta Trust about a quarter are Jewish and they include:
US Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer;
John Bercow, Speaker of the British House of Commons;
David W. Rivkin, Secretary General of the International Bar Association and a member of President Obama's finance committee;
Stephen Zack, former president of the American Bar Association and chairman of the ABA's Magna Carta committee;
David Rubenstein, private equity billionaire and philanthropist; Rubenstein who founded the Carlyle Group and purchased one of the few remaining Magna Carta charters.
The organisers will also wish to avoid putting noses out of joint with the American Bar Association which is planning to drag 800 of its members away from the expensive shops, hotels and fleshpots of Chelsea and Kensington on a pilgrimage to the rolling meadow by the Thames where the ABA erected the impressive domed monument that has sat on there since 1957.
There is a partial explanation for the omission of the offending clauses. Like all statutes, the Magna Carta underwent a series of revisions and was superseded by other charters drawn up in 1216, 1217 and 1225 and later. Only in the original was there a specific reference to Jews (see Andrew Joyce's "Background to the Magna Carta").
The Magna Carta charter bought by David Rubenstein, on display in the U.S. National Archives, for instance, makes no mention of the Jews but it was produced in 1297, seven years after the Jews were expelled from England. Nevertheless it is still a fact that the 800th anniversary in 2015 is a commemoration of the most important Charter, the original toe-curlingly politically incorrect one.
So what relevance has any of this for today? In the narrowest of senses, very little because practically nothing from the Great Charter is still on the statute books in Britain today.
But more broadly it does shine a light into our medieval history and specifically the role played by the Jews in medieval England. In recent years there has been a concerted attempt to depict Jews as a peaceful open community pursuing a wide variety of occupations.
But as Andrew Joyce has so brilliantly shown in the Occidental Observer this is no more than a fiction concocted to hide the less salubrious truth. For the Jews of medieval England were occupied entirely as moneylenders and enjoyed great privileges and the special protection of the King. Not only were they exempt from the usury ban on Christians, they were able to move about the country without paying tolls and special weight was attributed to a Jew's oath, which was valid against that of 12 Christians.
But the protection of the King depended purely on their revenue-raising abilities. It has been said that just as the Jews could soak the wealth from a land the King could squeeze it from them. The money raising powers of the Jews were an important element on his side in the struggle between Crown, barons, and municipalities which makes up the constitutional history of England. But as could be expected this earned them the hatred of the general population and this often found violent expression. The Jews were seen as very much the King's creatures and to take against the moneylenders was to take against the King.
What is interesting about clauses 10 and 11 is how prosaic and matter of fact they are. They deal with the technical issue of how an underage heir's estate can be protected from the depredations of moneylenders until he reaches his majority. There are no diabolical fantasies of blood libel or any religious content at all. It is just business that is at issue, but underlying the dry prose is anger at Jewish moneylending.
In more recent times some people have chosen to place a generous interpretation that the Jews were not being singled out at all. That is because there is also a phrase "Debts owed to persons other than Jews are to be dealt with similarly" in the original.
In fact much popular anger remained against Jewish extortionate financial practices—so much so that when King Edward returned from the Crusades in 1274 he discovered so much land dispossession that he decided to take action with the Statute of Jewry. This outlawed usury altogether and tried to entice Jews into the community by granting them a licence to farm. They were also encouraged to make a living as merchants, farmers, craftsmen or soldiers.
Unfortunately when the 15-year trial period had elapsed, it was discovered that the Jews had covertly continued their moneylending and other sharp practices such as coin-clipping. In 1290, King Edward I issued an edict expelling all Jews from England. The expulsion edict remained in force for the rest of the Middle Ages, the culmination of over 200 years of conflict on the matters of usury.
Background to the Magna Carta
Andrew Joyce on May 19, 2013
The first point to bear in mind in that Magna Carta was a document produced by the nobles and presented to the monarch — in this case, King John. In this sense we should bear in mind the tensions between the nobles and the King over one chief issue — the role of Jewish usury in enabling land transfer from the nobility to the monarch. The relevant clauses are as follows:
* (10) If anyone who has borrowed a sum of money from Jews dies before the debt has been repaid, his heir shall pay no interest on the debt for so long as he remains under age, irrespective of whom he holds his lands. If such a debt falls into the hands of the Crown, it will take nothing except the principal sum specified in the bond.
* (11) If a man dies owing money to Jews, his wife may have her dower and pay nothing towards the debt from it. If he leaves children that are under age, their needs may also be provided for on a scale appropriate to the size of his holding of lands. The debt is to be paid out of the residue, reserving the service due to his feudal lords. Debts owed to persons other than Jews are to be dealt with similarly.
So obviously these clauses weaken the ability of Jew and Crown to recoup either debt or interest on loans. It doesn't prevent moneylending etc., but certainly we could agree that the position of Jew and King would be weakened. We must then ask, firstly, why was this necessary? And secondly, why did it suddenly disappear a year later in the 1216 charter? On the first point, as I state in my article on medieval Jewry, the relationship at this time during the Crown and the nobles was tense indeed, and the Jews were a very important factor in this tension. King John, whose actions had brought about the need for the Magna Carta, was profligate, incompetent, and utterly beholden to his Jews and their ability to provide him with seemingly unlimited funds for his misadventures on the Continent.
He was also merciless in taxation. In 1207 he raised over £60,000 from the Christian population — a vast sum in that time period. He also levied a much more lenient tax on the Jews. (Patricia Skinner [Jews in Medieval England, 42] writes that their tax was "onerous but not devastating.") But suspecting that Jews were understating their income and wealth, John innovated by demanding that lists of all their debts be maintained and held at the Royal Treasury — he then reserved the right to purchase any of these debts that he liked the look of.
This was the beginning in earnest of the process of land transfer from the nobles to the Crown (and facilitated by Jewish usury) that I mentioned in my article. Nobles would borrow from Jews, John (or his agents) would monitor repayments on the treasury rolls — and if anyone looked like they were getting into trouble with repayments and might forfeit, John would buy the debt from the Jew and reap the land for himself.
Obviously over time this created a great deal of antagonism against Crown and Jew. Monarchs had done this on a smaller scale before, but John was utterly reckless. Skinner writes that by 1207, John "brought into his hands the largest single cache of Jewish debts since 1186; he also ordered the exchequer to begin seizing the lands of debtors." To the remaining debtors, it was clear they were going to lose their lands and possessions to either King or Jew. Both were seen by the nobles as inseparable, and so when the Magna Carta rebellion broke out "Jews and Jewish property were among the principle targets" (Skinner, 44).
This is the primary reason why the clauses on Jews were introduced in the first place in 1215. On the question of why it was changed only a year later: firstly, John died and was succeeded by the boy King Henry III prior to the issuance of the second charter. In total, nineteen clauses were eliminated from the first (Runnymeade) Magna Carta, and the two relating to Jews and usury were among them. The boy King himself did not have anything to do with this; it was the circle of elites around him. They wished to restore order in the country and, traditionally, treatment of the Jews was a reliable barometer for Crown authority — if the Jews were left alone, then the Crown was in a solid position because it was on Crown authority alone that they remained safe. In times of transition and weak royal authority, the Jews were among the first to be attacked, because the gloves could safely come off so to speak.
For the small circle of elites around the boy king, making the Jews safe (and wealthy) was thus a priority. As part of their negotiations with the barons they pressed for and achieved:
1) the elimination of the two clauses on Jews;
2) the release of all Jews captured by the barons;
3) the renewal and reinforcing of royal safeguards for all Jews;
4) the return of bonds to Jews for collection;
5) an order for port officials to permit all foreign Jews entry to England;
6) the establishment of a separate Jewish Exchequer;
7) special policing units established specifically for the purpose of protecting the Jews of Lincoln, Oxford, Gloucester and Bristol; 8) the exemption of Jews from the decree of the Fourth Lateran Council that all Jews should wear an identifying badge;
9) the exemption of Jews from all episcopal courts;
10) the active enforcement by Royal sheriffs of all debts owed by Christians to Jews (Skinner, 44).
This was an astonishing amount of freedom and protection. It's unfortunate that more is not known about the background and motivations of the circle of advisers around the boy King. I strongly suspect that among them were people with direct financial interest in Jewish economic activities, or maybe even a few crypto-Jews.
The whole episode is extremely suspect. It bought the Jews some time, and it did reinforce for a while the impression of royal strength. However, Henry grew to be just as avaricious and over-ambitious as his predecessor. His partnership with the Jews only ratcheted the tension higher than ever. Jews certainly felt the pressure rising and some turned to crypsis to avoid conflict (Skinner, 51 describes a "flood of Jewish conversions" during the period 1230–1250s, but many Christians suspected insincerity).
Henry's government collapsed in 1258, and his son Edward came to the throne. Edward saw the writing on the wall, banning Jewish moneylending altogether in 1275. Seeking a way to placate his increasingly annoyed barons, and ridding himself of a now fairly useless population, he sent the Jews on their way in 1290.
The removal of the clauses was thus an attempt to patch up a ship that had been coming apart at the seams for some time — the Crown-Jew alliance. The breaking up of this alliance by the barons is something that England should be forever grateful for, given the fate of other nations in which the alliance of Crown and Jew persisted for many more centuries — Poland being a prime example.
Review: Anthony Julius' "Trials of the Diaspora" [Part 2]: "Medieval English Anti-Semitism"
by Andrew Joyce January 21, 2013 — 3 Comments
Go to Part 1.In part one of this essay we laid the groundwork for an examination of Anthony Julius' Trials of the Diaspora by considering the background of the author, his background as a follower of the Frankfurt School, and his role in defending and advancing Jewish interests. We now move on to a discussion of the historical content of the text. The following analysis will first provide the reader with Julius' narrative of the Jewish experience in medieval England. The latter half of the essay will be devoted to dissecting his narrative, and pointing out its myriad flaws, misrepresentations, and fabrications.
Julius on Jews in Medieval England.
Julius sets out his history of Jews in medieval England by establishing a common theme in Jewish ethnic activist history writing — complete Jewish passivity and the employment of what I term 'the victim paradigm.' As I explained in my earlier work on the 19th century Russian disturbances, "it is the notion that Jews stand alone in the world as the quintessential 'blameless victim.' To allow for any sense of Jewish agency — any argument that Jews may have in some way contributed to anti-Jewish sentiment — is to harm the perpetuation of this paradigm." To Julius, the history of Jews in medieval England is one in which an innocent Jewish population is victimized by "a predatory State, an antagonistic Church, and an intermittently but homicidally violent populace" (p. xli). Julius writes that the period witnessed "a war against the Jews" (p. xli). The lives of the Jews, from the moment of their settlement in the country in 1066, were according to Julius "always difficult, often intolerable" (p. xli).
Julius paints a portrait of a community like any other, diverse in its interests and occupations. Certainly, admits Julius, there were "some great financiers," but money-lending played no great part in Jewish life, and there were also "physicians, traders, goldsmiths and ballad-singers" (p. 106). Julius claims that "they were not segregated from their Christian neighbors" (p. 107). He urges us to avoid "the misconception that the typical Jewish milieu is a commercial one, and that Judaism itself is especially hospitable to moneymaking" (p. 123).
Julius attributes the first serious disruption to this precarious existence to the appearance of the "blood libel," which according to Julius emerged out of the irrationality and inherent malice of the Christian population (p. 123). The Crown then joined in and "turned the extorting of money from England's wealthiest Jews into a project" (p. 123). Observe the victim paradigm at work when Julius argues that "the history of medieval English Jewry is thus in large measure the history of the persecution of medieval English Jewry" [original emphasis] (p. 123). He states that "in medieval England, Jews were defamed, their wealth was expropriated, they were killed or injured, they were subjected to discriminatory and humiliating regulation, and they were, finally, expelled" (p. 108). Violence "came from above and below" (p. 108), "neither Jewish life nor Jewish property was ever wholly secure from attack. … Even their most commonplace, least consequential, of social encounters with Christians was freighted with danger for Jews" (p. 119). Victimhood, passivity, lack of agency.
Julius argues that the State victimized Jews by supporting "extortion, by judicial sanctions for false charges, by its tacit support for mob violence and its refusal to prosecute the murderers of Jews" (p. 119). The Church "practised violence and incited others to violence by its pursuit of persecutory legislation, by its preaching, and by other coercive measures" (p. 119). Mob violence was "radical, merciless, and quite often skillfully directed" (p. 119). Julius offers no references, citations, or evidence in support of these claims.
Much of Julius' polemic on this period concerns the "blood libel," a phenomenon he completely fails to contextualize or explain. He relies on dismissing it as "the paradigmatic instance of a total fabrication," without asking why a local population would a) fabricate evidence against Jews in the first place and b) why it took the form it did and emerged when it did. Since answering such questions are key to the understanding of any historical issue or period, Julius' entire section on this is flawed not only factually, but methodologically. He attributes the anti-Jewish riots of 1189–1190 to "a broad enthusiasm for the Crusades" (p. 119), without offering grounds for making such a statement, and writes provocatively that he imagines the crowds of non-Jews "robbing, raping, burning, and killing — all the time, self-righteously" (p. 119).
The Crown, argues Julius, weighed down England's Jews with "burdensome taxation," levied on the basis of personal greed and a malicious theology which deemed them "God's rejected people" (p. 125). They were subject to the whims of kings who would request vast loans and tallages [a kind of land tax]. The English Church persecuted Jews by telling Christians not to use Jewish doctors, by telling them not to borrow money from Jews, and by the priestly engagement of Jewish religious figures in theological debates. Edward I was particularly nasty, states Julius, because he "issued instructions to Jews to attend Dominican sermons" (p. 139).
Julius writes that in 1290 Edward I expelled a "weakened" and "intimidated" Jewish population from England, once it was no longer financially useful to the Crown. A depressing and, for the uninstructed reader, a pity-inducing narrative indeed.
But an entirely false one.
Jews in Medieval England.
Even back in 1894 there was a sufficient amount of this documentation for W. Bacher to write that "no country in Europe possesses for the history of the Jews in the twelfth century so rich a stock of documentary material as England"[1] Despite the availability of vast amounts of primary documentary evidence, Julius consulted not one original source for his discussion of medieval English Jews, instead borrowing heavily and selectively from other writers. As G.R. Elton, the great English rationalist historian, said in his classic The Practice of History (1961) "knowing what other historians have written is vital to a proper job" but "the first demand of sound historical scholarship must be stressed: it must rest on a broad-fronted attack upon all the relevant material."[2] Julius doesn't just fail to tackle all of the relevant material that has been unearthed in the course of centuries – he doesn't tackle any of it. With the exception of one or two entries, Julius' list of over one hundred footnotes for his discussion of Jews in medieval England consists exclusively of books written in the 1980s and 1990s by historians of the kind described by Elton as purveyors of "anti-positivist criticisms" – that is, a school of historians who claim theory trumps evidence, and thus for whom it is "virtually axiomatic that historians never work with the materials of the raw past."[3] Of course, anti-positivism was the major strain of Frankfurt School thought which infected the writing of academic history in the 1960s, and persists to this day.[4] Its proponents believe in conducting their research in the realm of the imagination rather than the archive.
Let us first deal with Julius' claim that this Jewish community was diverse in trade and profession, and that money-lending was a very minor part of it. Unlike Julius, A.M. Fuss consulted the available records and information for his 1975 article on "Inter-Jewish Loans in Pre-Expulsion England" and concluded that English Jews "were primarily engaged in money-lending, rather than trade or commerce. … In fact the charters issued by Kings John and Richard specifically provide protection for their money-lending activities."[5] P. Elman writes in the Economic History Review that "the obvious function of the Jews in regard to the general population was that of money-lending."[6] B. Lionel Abrahams used vast quantities of archival evidence in his 1894 Arnold Prize-winning article on "The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290″ and was able to conclude on the basis of this evidence that when the Jews first settled in England "they brought with them money, but no skill in any occupation except lending it out at interest."[7] Another article states that there is no evidence, among this abundant literature, "to suppose that the English Jews of this period got their living in any considerable numbers in any other art or craft. … It is therefore probable that the capital with which the community started in the country was very considerable."[8] In the thousands upon thousands of pages of documents we have on this community (the residential data, the taxation information, the details of their personal accounts etc.) we don't find a professionally diverse and dispersed population, but instead a close-knit, inter-related, and extremely well-organized group of money-lenders and financiers. Julius would not like us to have the "misconception that the typical Jewish milieu is a commercial one," so he shamelessly distorts the historical record. As to whether this is a deliberate distortion, in his discussion of 'occupational diversity' he cites page twenty-six of H.G. Richardson's The English Jewry under Angevin Kings (1960). The previous page, that is page twenty-five, gives a lengthy description of the vast Jewish money-lending enterprise.[9]
Julius claims that Christians and Jews were living side by side and that they enjoyed the little things in life together until the psychotic Christian population became homicidal. B. Lionel Abrahams paints a rather different picture. Using town plans and residential data, he found that Jews "occupied, not under compulsion, but of their own choice, a separate quarter of each town in which they dwelt."[10] He writes that they "rejected meat as unfit for themselves, but considered it good enough to be offered for sale to their Christian neighbors."[11] They lived as "semi-aliens, growing rich as usurers, and observing strange customs."[12] They stood outside of the feudal society, built on an aristocratic militant confraternity, itself founded on oaths and fealty.[13]
Julius complains about heavy, relentless, and burdensome taxation and loans squeezed from the Jews, though I very much doubt he has ever laid eyes on the relevant documents. P. Elman, who has, writes that "apart from the quasi-regular and normal legal sources of income, which the English as much as the Jews were required to pay, the king claimed from a Jews a number of occasional contributions, especially loans and tallages. In the thirteenth century, which is the vital period for our purpose, the loans were insignificant in number and amount [emphasis added]."[14] Further, there "is no evidence of the levy of any collective tallage upon them until the year 1168, and then the number did not exceed 5,000 marks."[15] When the tallages were brought in, they only applied to land that Jews had seized in lieu of the unpaid loans of the barons (see below). Further, Jews were excused from Crown taxes[16] and unlike the Christian population, in their movement around the country transacting business Jews were "free of all tolls and dues."[17]
If we were to have before us today a thirteenth-century English peasant, he would find much to dispute in Julius' claim that it was the Jew who stood at the bottom of the social and economic ladder. In fact it has been well established that Jews occupied the position of a privileged elite, under royal protection. B. Lionel Abrahams, upon examining centuries of royal charters concluded that "from their first arrival in the country, they had enjoyed a kind of informal Royal protection."[18] Later, Henry II "gave and secured to the Jews special privileges so great as to arouse the envy of their neighbors,"[19] granted them the use of their own courts, and "placed them under the special protection of the royal officers in each district."[20]
In charging high rates of interest and preying upon the indebtedness of the lesser barons and the freeholders, Jews were successful in acquiring vast numbers of estates, which the king then gradually acquired by accepting them in lieu of tallages.[21] The Jews had a free rein to carry on their regular, and highly profitable, money-lending activities as long as they continued in a mutually beneficial partnership designed to facilitate "the transfer of land from the small landowners to the upper stratum."[22] Unsurprisingly, Jews thus came to be seen as a hostile elite. They were viewed as such not just by the peasantry but by the barons, who chafed under their interest rates and at their inability to strike at those under royal protection. Irven Resnick writes in a 2007 article for the respected journal Church History that Jews were the "agents of hated royal fiscal policies,"[23] as well as the usurers of the masses. The Crown was aware of this and took measures to increase security for Jews. A lot has been made about Jews first having to wear a badge identifying them at this time. What is far less often publicized is that these badges were first introduced by the English Crown, according to an article in the Jewish Quarterly Review, to better "facilitate their recognition by their protectors."[24] This partnership stands quite opposite to the picture painted by Julius, in which the Crown would even refuse "to prosecute the murderers of Jews."[25] In fact this statement is itself a complete fabrication. One of the most notable things about the expulsion was that during the event itself, and long after the Crown viewed the Jews as useful, there remained a gratitude for services rendered. Zefira Rokeah writes that the Crown "endeavored to ensure the safe passage of Jews during the expulsion itself and punished those who robbed them or abandoned them to their death."[26] Julius knows this of course — he cites several times, though selectively, from the exact chapter I have just quoted from.[27]
Julius claims that the English Church was inherently bent on persecution because it viewed Judaism as a heresy, and in doing so gives Jews an entirely passive role. In this he borrows heavily from mainstream Jewish writing on this subject,[28] and he cites extensively from Zefira Rokeah who is one of the main proponents of this notion. For example she writes that "England was among the most orthodox countries in religious matters. Heresy was both exceedingly rare and decisively dealt with when it appeared. It was not found necessary to import the Inquisition into England, although the Dominicans were present and capable of acting as its agents."[29]
There is one basic and fundamental problem with the Jewish rationale on this however. Heresy can only be committed by 'one of the flock' and Jews were never seen as part of the flock. In fact, compared with the heresies of sects like the Cathars, which flourished at this time, Abrahams writes that "Jewish unbelief was seen as harmless."[30] Put simply, the Jews were outsiders of no import or concern to the Church.
In the early years of Church-Jew interaction, relations were actually positive. We know from documents that the English Church was borrowing money at interest from the Jews, "pledging church vessels, books, and vestments as security for their loans; even relics were used in this way. … The Jewish financier Aaron of Lincoln alone financed building projects in nine Cistercian abbeys as well as the cathedrals of Lincoln and Petersborough."[31] Relations eventually ceased not because of theological differences, but under the direction of the bishop of Lincoln who complained that interests levels for these loans had become "exorbitant."[32] J.M. Rigg concluded following a survey of Church correspondence that "religion had little or nothing to do with the expulsion,"[33] and that "the clergy of England during the period under review evinced far less hostility to the Jews than the laity."[34] When the laity began to suffer under Jewish usury, relations further deteriorated, and the Church moved to end Christian-Jewish contact altogether. When these efforts failed and Jews had spread into new towns across England, protected by royal guards, tensions grew. Because an attack on the Jews was seen as an attack on the king, some pretext had to be sought. A religious pretext, which might offer the protection of the Church, was thought viable, and in this atmosphere the allegation of ritual murder emerged. Gillian Bennett, a fine historian of medieval England and an expert on the use and reception of folklore, concluded in 2005 following years of research into these allegations that "where accusations of ritual murder where made in this period … it is more probable that they were cause celebres around which anti-Jewish feeling could crystallize, rather than the cause of anti-Semitism in the first place."[35] A pretext — a 'safe' pretext under which one could forge an attack on a hostile, heavily protected elite. Of course, the peasantry under-estimated the reaction of the sovereign — following a riot against Jews in York in 1190, many rioters were hanged by orders of the king.[36]
Thus, rather than Julius' "war on the Jews," the period saw the partnership of Crown and Jew against the barony and the peasantry. Only when the cautious Edward I ascended the throne did the situation change. The barons were becoming increasingly restless — a restlessness that Edward was sure would eventually target him. During the interregnum of Henry II and Richard I, the brief period before the new king declared 'the peace,' successful raids had been carried out by the barons on the archae — heavily guarded buildings which housed records of what they owed Crown and Jew.[37] Tallages consistently revealed the astonishing level of Jewish wealth, and as J.M. Rigg states: "Doubtless the discovery this made of their opulence had grown, had much to do with the outbreak of anti-Semitism which followed."[38] Edward thus decided to cut his losses while the going was good — for both him and the Jews. As Rigg concluded, given the realities of the period "it would be absurd to find fault with him for dismissing them from the country. … Nay, it is even probable that their expulsion was a blessing in disguise."[39] Also, if Jews had such a terrible time in medieval England, perhaps Mr. Julius can explain why only twenty years after the 'expulsion' Jews started petitioning for their return?[40]
To conclude our analysis of Julius' discussion of the Jews in medieval England, it is worth contextualizing it and highlighting its role in the broader landscape of the writing of Jewish history. To take just one example, the claim advanced by Julius, that the medieval Jewish community of England was diverse in trade and profession, has absolutely no basis in fact, and is a mere creation intended to whitewash a dark spot in the Jewish past. All the evidence we have points to almost complete involvement in money lending. In the 1970s, however, Salo Baron in his Economic History of the Jews conjectured that it was diverse, laying the theoretical groundwork for future writers to embellish. He argued that, "the extant rich documentation on Jewish moneylenders in medieval England has almost completely diverted the attention of scholars from the pulsating life of what was probably the non-moneylending majority of English Jews [emphasis added]."
Baron had nothing to go on in making this claim, and certainly no justification at all for claiming that the majority of Jews in England were not engaged in money lending. In fact, this statement contradicts most of his discussion of Jewish economic activity in England, in which he argues that money lending was the "lifeblood" and "the very economic foundation" of the community.
However, Baron's intercession was enough for a 1988 chapter in Anti-Semitism Through the Ages in which Zefira Rokeah cited Baron but made it sound like he had discovered hard evidence to prove his theory. Rokeah obscurely alluded to "manuscript evidence" in the main body of text, but hidden in her footnotes it becomes clear that this 'discovery' was just more paperwork on money lenders — nothing at all to do with the imagined majority of diversely employed Jews. Despite approvingly citing Baron's conjecture, and embellishing it further, no evidence at all had yet been found to substantiate it.
Moving forward to 2010, our own Anthony Julius played his part in the whitewashing of Jewish history by citing Rokeah as evidence for his assertion that medieval English Jewry was definitely economically diverse. At no point in this sequence was new evidence introduced — it was simply Jewish academics citing each other and relying on the scholarly apparatus of citation alone to bestow legitimacy on their claims. But by this simple method, in three books (and over 40 years) the truth was smothered, and we went from a view of a predominantly money lending community, to a complete re-write of history in which the community was barely involved in money lending at all. Just imagine all the future scholars who will, knowingly or not, cite Julius, and thus perpetuate this fabrication in their works.
Andrew Joyce's review of Trials of the Diaspora will continue at a later date.
[1] W. Bacher, "The Jews of Angevin England: Documents and Records from Latin and Hebrew Sources," Jewish Quarterly Review, 6:2 (1894), 335-374 (p.335-6).
[2] G.R. Elton The Practice of History (London, 1961), p.88.
[3] Ibid, p.79.
[4] J. Marcus, Foundations of the Frankfurt School of Social Research (New Brunswick, 1984), p.15.
[5] A.M. Fuss "Inter-Jewish Loans in Pre-Expulsion England" Jewish Quarterly Review, 65:4 (1975), 229-245 (p.229).
[6] P. Elman, "The Economic Causes of the Expulsion of the Jews in 1290″ The Economic History Review, 7:2(1937) 145-154 (p.145).
[7] B. L. Abrahams, "The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290″ Jewish Quarterly Review, 7:1 (1894), 75-100 (p.76).
[8] "The Jews of England in the Thirteenth Century," Jewish Quarterly Review, 15:1 (1902), 5-22 (p.10).
[9] See H.G. Richardson, The English Jewry under Angevin Kings, (London, 1960), p.25.
[10] B. L. Abrahams, "The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290″ Jewish Quarterly Review, 7:1 (1894), 75-100 (p.76-7).
[12] Ibid, p.78.
[13] "The Jews of England in the Thirteenth Century," Jewish Quarterly Review, 15:1 (1902), 5-22 (p.7).
[14] P. Elman, "The Economic Causes of the Expulsion of the Jews in 1290″ The Economic History Review, 7:2(1937) 145-154 (p.145).
[15] "The Jews of England in the Thirteenth Century," Jewish Quarterly Review, 15:1 (1902), 5-22 (p.10).
[17] B. L. Abrahams, "The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290″ Jewish Quarterly Review, 7:1 (1894), 75-100 (p.84).
[19] Ibid, p.81
[23] Irven Resnick "Review: Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution by Richard Huscroft" Church History, 76:3 (2007), 634-636 (p.635).
[26] Z.E. Rokeah "The State, The Church, and Medieval England," in S. Almog Antisemitism Through the Ages (New York, 1988), p.104.
[27] Julius, Trials of the Diaspora, p.654, 656, 657.
[28] See for example, D. Cohn-Sherbok, The Crucified Jew: Twenty Centuries of Christian Anti-Semitism (London, 1992), R.S. Wistrich, Anti-Semitism: The Longest Hatred (London, 1991), and M. Perry Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present (New York, 2002).
[29] Ibid, p.101.
[30] B.L. Abrahams "The Expulsion of the Jews from England (Concluded)" The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Apr., 1895), pp. 428-458, (p.458).
[33] J.M. Rigg "The Jews of England in the Thirteenth Century," Jewish Quarterly Review, 15:1 (1902), 5-22 (p.19).
[35] G. Bennett, "William of Norwich and the Expulsion of the Jews", Folklore 116:3, 311-314 (p.313).
[36] J. Gillingham, Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, Volume 25 (Woodbridge, 2003), p.145.
[40] Z.E. Rokeah "The State, The Church, and Medieval England," in S. Almog Antisemitism Through the Ages (New York, 1988), p.118, note 6.
Debate about Combat Drones in Germany
Russia Issues "All-Out War" Alert Over Syria


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That Spaniard's mad or drunk. But that can't be, or else in his one case our old Mogul's fire-waters are somewhat long in working.
No more serifs, same bright colours: Google new identity
Google has just launched a new visual identity and redesign of its multicoloured logo. At the time of writing the new logo is shown on the Google homepage being drawn by an animated hand. They doubtless were Thark warriors who…
This sportswear peels away when you're hot and sweaty
The latest Pebble looks a touch different from previous models of the smartwatch. Instead of a square screen with rounded edges, it bears a circular watch face. Prior to last weekend's race at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, JGR announced Josh…
Israel could send the first privately-funded mission to the Moon on a Falcon 9 rocket
Israel nonprofit competing in the Google Lunar X Prize competition — will use SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket to launch its lunar lander into space, the group announced today in Jerusalem. The rocket will launch the team's vehicle into lower Earth…
Scientists can draw very different meanings from the same data, study shows
Giving the same information to multiple scientific teams can lead to very different conclusions, a report published today in Nature shows. And that's exactly why two researchers think scientists should share their data with others — well before they publish.…
'Amateur astronauts' will send a person into space in 2017
Copenhagen Suborbitals currently consists of 50 people — engineers, mathematicians and a kindergarten teacher — who are trying to send a person to space using only off-the-shelf components — the kind you would find in your local hardware store. "All…
Back to the Future: Science fiction turns science fact
One of the technological innovations presented in this film was a huge 3D display. As far as this invention is concerned, Hollywood was almost right. I had gone but a short distance further when what seemed to be an excellent…
Seen From Space: Hurricane Joaquin Churns Towards Bahamas
Hurricane Joaquin battered the Bahamas early Friday and from his perch on the International Space Station astronaut Scott Kelly was witness to the magnitude of the huge storm. Kelly captured this early morning image before the storm hit the Atlantic…
Matt Damon Could Travel To Mars In This Suit, Thanks to Nasa
When you're making a blockbuster film that's set on Mars, there's a lot of science to get wrong. But for The Martian, a cinema adaptation of Andy Weir's self-published bestseller about a lone astronaut stranded on the red planet, director Ridley…


Mike is the one to see.
It's been awhile since i made a purchase here. I'll need a new washing machine soon, and i'll be sure to check w/these guys first. not sure if it's still all family owned and run, but when i made my last purchase Mike was the brother to deal with. kind, reasonable, patiently answered my questions. i referred two people to him. the other brothers were a different story. rude in person, ruder still on the phone. i'll only deal w/Mike. if he's not still there, i'll take my business elsewhere.
Posted by by Lealion at Citysearch on October 19, 2010. Brought to you by Citysearch.
Since 1956, Keystone Appliance Co, Inc. has been providing Retail - Electric Household Appliances from North Bergen. Keystone Appliance Co, Inc. is incorporated in New Jersey. Keystone Appliance Co, Inc. has estimated annual revenues of $910,000.00 and also employs an estimated 6 employees.
Keystone Appliances can be found at Bergen Tpke 4237. The following is offered: Electronics Retailers. The entry is present with us since Sep 10, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In North Bergen there are 7 other Electronics Retailers. An overview can be found here.


Paco Ohad commented on Developing Talents in Art for self-sustenance.
-- Education and pro-activity are fundamental parts of the project, explain the link between pride of the African culture and heritage, and ceasing to admire Western role models together with initiative and entrepreneurship may make significant changes on the long run.
-- As for the academy as a project, explain how it will run its costs and incomes. Make clear how it will sustain itself. It is possible that it will take time to cut it´s costs even, explain how long this will take if it it the case. Make sure to believe in your words and be as transparent as possible, as I know you will be.
It is possible to divide this into time segments. Perhaps start with fundamental or core parts of the project to start off with, such as theatre / training area, housing for students, feeding costs, etc. You have experience in this, it is not new to you! Next stage could be studio, restaurant, museum. However you configure it, make sure to demonstrate how the numbers work out so that it will be clear that it is viable and worth investing in.
-- End users or graduate students. These are the cause for the project to run. Explain how they will sustain themselves, how this project will have improved their livelihoods and the repercussion it had in East African society. This is tricky because entrepreneurship is extremely vast, and as diverse as imagination itself. I believe it is enough to illustrate how a graduate may use their skills. Don't forget to mention how this will contribute to society as a whole.
· Before editing anything, go back to the guidelines of the project, designing principles and winning ideas. Keep these in mind as you re-edit the text, it´s worth writing them down or printing them out. And as Chelsea Takamine mentions, revisit the Storytelling office hour if necessary.
- The prototype of 3 months is worth elaborating a little bit on. Take the scenario that you made it, and have 3 months to demonstrate that your idea works. How do you go about it. This I believe is a bonus more than a necessity.
What would you expect to receive from the Rockies Talent Center?
How would you envision using the talents you gain in the academy to bring income?
Movies can be an amazing addition and on the long run will attract foreign funding. I think it fits very well the mission of the Rockies. Mpola mpola, I'm sure we will reach everything we are aiming at.


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Versluys ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Elisabeth Versluys (1923–2011), niederländische Schauspielerin

 Kristiaan Versluys, Literaturwissenschaftler und Amerikanist
 Patrick Versluys (* 1958), belgischer Radrennfahrer

Siehe auch:
 Versluis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Whether you are preparing for Chattanooga's Waterfront Triathlon or even the Ironman in September, make sure you have the right gear to have your best race yet. At Front Runner we go beyond running shoe fittings by offering swim gear and running accessories too.
Check out a few of these products and enjoy 10% off when you show proof of any future triathlon registration!
While it is important to hydrate as far as a week out from your race, we also suggest having a race day hydration plan. Nathan offers a variety of hydration gear focusing on comfort and performance, designed specifically for runners. Avoid relying on the next water stop to stay hydrated and instead consider the convenience that carrying your own would bring.
2. STAY LEAK FREE. STAY FOG FREE.
The last thing you want is river water sloshing around in your goggles. Get fitted at Front Runner for the perfect Speedo goggle. Consider using a mirrored goggle to block the sun. Speedo also makes a defogging solution that retails for $15.
3. OUCH! AVOID CHAFING & BLISTERS.
We have seen our fair share of chafing and blisters to know it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to protecting your skin. Body Glide is protective balm applied directly to the skin and is known as the leader in anti chafing and blister protection.
Body Glide is sweat resistant and mess free, unlike products like petroleum jelly.
Bonk: (of a cyclist or runner) reach a point of exhaustion that makes one unable to go further. Trust us, bonking isn't fun. Although aid stations may offer nutrition, we suggest stocking up on the nutrition you have trained with (including sticking to the same flavors, brands, caffeine content, etc.).
At Front Runner we offer a variety of Gu gel and chews, HUMA (an all natural solution to gel), and NUUN electrolyte replenish tablets.
While you may not be able to control mother nature, we do have a solution for phsychologically feeling cool. Goodr sunglasses were designed for the runner who wants gear that looks as cool as it is functional.
These slip free, bounce free, polarized sunglasses come in a variety of colors and retail for just $25! Although our stock is low, reserve your favorite color now and be one of the first to receive a pair when we receive our next shipment.
While celebrating and rest may feel like your first order of business post race, don't forget the power of a proper recovery. Stretching and compression should be done as soon as possible after crossing the finish line to minimize muscle tightness and soreness.
We recommend trying a high quality foam roller and Sockwell compression socks for recovery. Trigger Point offers a variety of foam rollers depending on desired firmness and preferred stretching routine. Sockwell socks are a graduated compression sock that retail for $25/pair. Plus they are made right here in Chattanooga!


Heading into summer is a great time to take a break and reflect on the goals you set at the start of the year. If better self-care was at the top of your list, what better way to stay motivated and mindful than with a handmade yoga bolster. Spoonflower Berlin crew member Allie is visiting the blog today to share how she whipped up a pattern-blocked bolster to take her practice to the next level using Fill-a-Yard® and Dogwood Denim™!


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Home News British Airways to Start Charging Customers for Food on Flights
British Airways to Start Charging Customers for Food on Flights
In a bid to compete with its low-fare airline rivals, British Airways is set to abandon its policy of giving away complimentary meals to all of its passengers.
A report in The Telegraph of London says Alex Cruz, who became chairman and chief executive of BA in April, believes the carrier should begin charging short-haul customers for upmarket meals and snacks.
Mr Cruz is understood to be considering bringing in Waitrose to provide premium range products to customers, in a move to boost the company's revenues from short-haul flights.
In recent years BA has struggled against its competitor easyJet, which has charged customers for food and drink since it first took to the skies in 1995.
Business has been particularly challenging at Gatwick, where easyJet now flies 42 per cent of the airport's passengers.
Up until now, BA has maintained a policy of free food, promising customers "Whenever and wherever you are travelling, we offer a complimentary snack or meal and bar service."
While customers on longer BA flights to destinations such as Greece and Turkey are still treated to a three-course meal, the introduction of a new premium product range could offer the carrier a new stream of revenue.
Its rival Flybe offers Food Doctor pots of couscous and lentils for £3, while easyJet sells passengers warmed focaccia sandwiches for £4.50.
Airport retailers such as Boots and Pret A Manger have also also increased the range and quality of food available to take on board.
A spokesman for BA said: "We are constantly reviewing every element of the experience our customers receive, including the in-flight catering, to ensure we're delivering what they want.
"We are always innovating, for example, our new pre-paid meal option for customers travelling on our long-haul economy flights is proving enormously popular.
"The meals are an alternative to the normal complimentary menu, which remains on-board. Customers can instead choose to pre-order and pre-pay via ba.com for one of six enhanced meals, including gourmet dining, great British breakfast and taste of the east."
British Aiways
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Are you in a situation that you need legal representation? Hiring a lawyer is very important even though they are expensive. To be free from jail, it is important to search for a lawyer to represent you, the lawyer will also help you save money and time. When you hire a criminal defense lawyer, you will be assured of so many benefits. In this article, you will learn about the benefits you will get when you hire a criminal defense lawyer.
Secondly, when you hire a criminal defense lawyer, he will make an evaluation on your case. Your criminal case is unique from other criminal cases and it is important for the lawyer to understand that and give it attention. There is an advantage of hiring a lawyer in your case because he will explain to you the case that you have, the charges made against you as well as the things you need to do as you face the case. If you hire the lawyer he will create a strategy with an objective of protecting your interests.
Thirdly, it is important to ensure that you hire a criminal defense lawyer because he can protect your rights. The lawyer has the ability to protect your rights because he understands the constitution. You will also not be faced with heavy penalties if you hire a criminal lawyer to handle your case. You can be guaranteed of your charges being reduced or dropped if you hire a criminal lawyer in your case.
Fourthly, it is important to ensure that you hire the lawyer because he will be useful for damage control. On the off chance you have a criminal case, you must ensure that you have someone you can trust. A lawyer is going to be neutral in your case and he will offer you invaluable advice for your case. With the advice offered by the lawyer, you will be assured of peace of mind and you will be sure that you have someone on your side to depend on.
A criminal lawyer that understands the courts has been able to create relationships with people that work in the court. If the lawyer knows these people, it means that he knows how they operate and the procedures that they use. With the relationship advantage, the lawyer will also have the knowledge about the procedures to use and create a successful case.


This Peach Cake Recipe is really delicious. The streusel topping turns this easy peach cupcake recipe into a fantastic dessert cupcake.
Most cupcake recipes can be made as cakes as well and this is definitely one of them. This recipe makes up a delightful cake that is best made in a spring form tin.
Beat butter and sugar in a mixing bowl with electric mixer until light and fluffy.
In another bowl combine the flour, baking powder, and salt. Slowly beat the dry ingredients into the creamed mixture until well blended.
Spread the batter into cupcake trays.
Slice the peaches and arrange over the batter, pressing lightly, overlapping as needed so that the top of the cupcake is well covered with peach slices.
Sprinkle topping over the peaches and bake for 20 minutes or until cupcakes are golden brown and the peaches are soft.
Note: This is a very stiff mixture but makes a moist, light cake.


The Strike King Rage Lizard is the last soft plastic lizard you'll ever buy. The ever popular 6″ lizard body has been a staple among many Texas rig and Carolina rig fisherman for years. The new 6″ Rage Tail Lizard features the unique Rage Tail design on all 4 legs and the large Rage Tail has incredible movement in the water. Never has a lizard had all 5 body parts moving at the same time with small movements of the rod tip or the current in the water. On a Carolina Rig this movement does nothing but entice big bites! Tie one on and see what the Rage is all about! Protected by US Patent # 7,774,974.


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Cinema
La famiglia Addams 2 (Addams Family Values) – film statunitense del 1993 diretto da Barry Sonnenfel

Musica
 Addams Family Values (The Original Orchestral Score) – album di Marc Shaiman del 1993.
 Addams Family Values (Music from the Motion Picture) – compilation del 1993.

Videogiochi
Addams Family Values – videogioco del 1995