Advising clients to plan ahead for who will make decisions on their behalf should they become incapacitated constitutes a significant component of elder law and estate planning. However, the customary legal path of appointing a substitute decision maker, while obviously required for many clients with diminished capacity, is certainly not a necessity for all such clients. It used to be assumed that capacity was a fixed state, but now it is known that there are wide variations in the level of incapacity among individuals with the same diagnosed intellectual disability and a good deal of daily flux in the capacity level of an individual who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or dementia. Clients with diminished capacity may continue to possess the ability to make decisions for themselves or may, with assistance, regain or come to develop the ability to make their own decisions.
The data also indicates that individuals with diminished capacity want their caregivers to believe in their potential to grow in this fashion and want them to offer the necessary assistance. Jenny Hatch, a young woman with Down Syndrome living in Hampton, Virginia, was one such individual. Hatch successfully challenged the necessity of having a legal guardian appointed to handle her decisions by advocating for the use of a simple voluntary contract called a Supported Decision Making Agreement. The concept of supported decision making has achieved national prominence and has galvanized the community of persons with disabilities and the agencies that serve them here in Tennessee. This article will explore how supported decision making can fill the gap that currently exists when a client with diminished capacity needs assistance, but still has sufficient capacity to make decisions if that assistance is provided, and will discuss recent legislation here in Tennessee requiring consideration of supported decision making when it can be shown, as in the case of Jenny Hatch, to be a viable alternative to appointment of a conservator.
What Happens When a Durable Power of Attorney Doesn't Fit?
Capacity is not an abstract, all-or-nothing proposition. It involves a person's actual ability to engage in a particular activity. Accordingly, the concept of capacity is task-specific. A person may be incapacitated with regard to one task or activity, while retaining capacity in other areas because the skills required in one situation may differ from those required in another. … Capacity is also situational and contextual. … It may be affected by many variables that constantly change over time. …Finally, capacity is not necessarily static. It is fluid and can fluctuate from moment to moment. A change in surroundings may affect capacity, and a person's capacity may improve with treatment, training, greater exposure to a particular type of situation, or simply the passage of time.
Given the advent of this more enlightened view of disability and diminished capacity, what are Ms. Elder's daughter's chances of prevailing in a conservatorship proceeding? Ms. Elder does have a mobility impairment as a result of the stroke, as well as some vision and hearing loss. So, if she receives a written document in the mail, she is unable to retrieve it from the mailbox and cannot read it because of her loss of vision. She can receive and process the information in the letter if she is wearing her hearing aids and her daughter reads the letter to her, but her daughter doesn't have time to do that. The daughter instead has the mail forwarded to her address and just handles things from there, leaving Ms. Elder out of the loop entirely. Ms. Elder has not been examined by a doctor to determine if she is suffering from any memory loss or reduction in the executive functioning of her brain, but based on your interaction with her, you feel that if she does have such deficits, they are minimal at this point. And, although the daughter has alleged that Ms. Elder's desire to remain at home is "unrealistic," she has not said why, and there does not appear to be any undue influence underlying Ms. Elder's desire to stay in her home nor any threat of exploitation that might be cause for concern if she does remain there.
Thus, a court's granting of a total conservatorship seems extremely unlikely, particularly in light of Tenn Code Ann. §34-1-126, which provides that appointment of a conservator is only appropriate if it constitutes the "least restrictive alternative." In fact, where there is a functional principal/ agent relationship or durable power of attorney in place, the courts have explicitly declined to grant a conservatorship. But in Ms. Elder's case, the durable power of attorney is not working out to her satisfaction. Unfortunately, if she revokes it, Ms. Elder can clearly expect to have to defend against a petition seeking conservatorship. Furthermore, she will need to be prepared to manage without whatever assistance her daughter has been providing, as at best the relationship between Ms. Elder and her daughter will be strained. Although withdrawal of all help on the part of the daughter would arguably be retaliatory and childish, the daughter is only human and may feel hurt and betrayed by Ms. Elder's resistance to what she feels are her well-meaning efforts to safeguard her mother's safety and well-being. But in this case, Ms. Elder may well value her happiness and freedom to choose to the detriment of her safety and well-being. And while it is clear under the statute that Ms. Elder's daughter owes her a "fiduciary duty," the decision-making standard to be used in fulfilling that duty is far from crystal clear. Ms. Elder's daughter assumes that she is to make decisions that would promote her mother's "best interests," but the statute doesn't say that. Instead, Tennessee's articulated decision-making standard under a durable power of attorney vests the agent with the authority to exercise the powers granted by applying "the attorney-in-fact's best judgment and discretion on behalf of the principal." This standard is broader than both "best interests" of the principal and "substituted judgment" standards, and arguably allows the agent to incorporate considerations relevant to both where appropriate. In addition, although the "best interests" standard is a recognized standard of fiduciary decision making, Professor Nina Kohn notes that its seeming objectivity is illusory, as interpretation of what constitutes "best interests" varies significantly even among those states that explicitly incorporate the best interests standard in their guardianship and/or conservatorship statutes.
Autonomy, an adult person's right to live life consistent with his or her personal values, is one of the bedrock principles of a free society. Our understanding of liberty is inextricably intertwined with our belief in physical freedom and self-determination, [citation omitted] and in our belief in the fundamental right to acquire, own, and dispose of property … When viewed as personal power, autonomy takes on added significance to elderly persons, many of whom fear the loss of their independence and their ability to control their own lives. All that many elderly persons have under their control is the prerogative to decide how to live out the rest of their days … This ability to exercise this control and to maintain their individual dignity often forms the basis for their self-esteem and their belief in their continuing viability as a person. Thus, the loss of status as an autonomous member of society can intensify any disability that an elderly person may have.
In short, an adult's right to self-determination is a fundamental right and someone can only be constitutionally deprived of this right if there is adequate due process. Tennessee's conservatorship law provides for notice and hearing, and places the burden on the petitioner to show by clear and convincing evidence that the need for such deprivation exists. As long as the proposed ward (Ms. Elder, in this case) has the functional capacity to take care of herself, is capable of receiving and processing information concerning the decisions she needs to make, is able to formulate preferences with respect to her decisions that are based on the information she has received and are consistent with her values (even if not always ideal from the standpoint of her "best interests"), and she can communicate her preferences, then she would appear to have the constitutional right to make her own decisions, even if she needs help in gathering the information and putting it in a form that she is able to receive and process.
Once a conservatorship has been granted, the statute neither requires nor prohibits consultation with the ward. Certainly the conservator, having final authority under the order and being under no duty to consult with the ward, is free to simply exercise that authority without seeking input from the ward. The statute does allow the ward to seek termination or modification of the conservatorship "by any means," which may include "oral communication or informal letter." Nevertheless, a vulnerable ward may be in no position to exercise even those options without assistance.
In contrast, the concept of supported decision making provides a unique vehicle to support and assist a person who may have diminished physical, sensory or mental capacity, but who still possesses decision-making capacity if provided with the necessary aid. The concept first surfaced in statutory form with the enactment of the Texas Supported Decision Making Act in 2015. The Texas statute defines supported decision making as "a process of supporting and accommodating an adult with a disability to enable the adult to make life decisions, including decisions related to where the adult wants to live, the services, supports and medical care the adult wants to receive, whom the adult wants to live with, and where the adult wants to work, without impeding the self-determination of the adult." An adult with a disability may freely establish a supported decision making agreement with another adult ("the supporter") who is willing to "exercise the authority granted" under the agreement. The agreement enables the supporter to obtain information for the vulnerable adult and then to explain and interpret the information in order to assist the person with a disability in understanding the choices available, arriving at a decision, and communicating that decision to third parties. Under the terms of the agreement, the supporter owes the adult with a disability certain "fiduciary duties" and specifically consents to accept the role of supporter in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The Texas statute also provides a model "supported decision making form" that complies with the requirements of the statute, which facilitates the implementation and adoption of such agreements.
Following the passage of the Texas statute, the American Bar Association (ABA) launched a campaign to introduce its members to the concept of supported decision making and to explain how supported decision making agreements could be used to enhance the quality of life experienced by elders and persons with lifelong disabilities. At present Delaware and Washington, D.C. have also passed legislation similar to that enacted in Texas. In addition, there is a national website, the National Resource Center for Supported Decision-Making, dedicated to promotion of the concept, and the role that it can play in preserving the rights of persons with disabilities, particularly in the context of conservatorships.
( ) "Least restrictive alternatives" means techniques and processes that preserve as many decision-making rights as practical under the particular circumstances for the person with a disability.
The phrase "supported decision making" appears only as part of the descriptive title introducing the enactment and does not occur within the statute itself. No form language for establishing a supported decision making agreement is provided, and it is unclear just exactly how the courts and parties are expected to proceed with respect to implementation of the new law. But at the very least, an attorney who represents a respondent in a conservatorship matter will now have a duty to specifically raise supported decision making as a less restrictive alternative to the granting of a conservatorship in those cases where it is applicable. In Ms. Elder's case, if a supporter can be recruited from among her other relatives and friends, a supported decision making agreement should eliminate any concern about conservatorship. It will also be up to attorneys who represent seniors and younger persons with disabilities to lead the way by advising clients generally that supported decision making agreements are an available option in the arsenal of planning for diminished capacity.
Fortunately the ABA Commission on Law and Aging, in conjunction with the ABA Commission on Disability Rights, the ABA Section on Civil Rights and Social Justice and the ABA Section on Real Property, Trust and Estate Law have produced an excellent free publication titled "A Practical Tool for Lawyers: Steps in Supporting Decision-Making," which is available to download from the ABA website at www.ambar.org/practicaltool. A power point presentation, "Supported Decision-Making Basics," by David Godfrey, senior attorney, ABA Commission on Law and Aging, is also available free of charge at www.justiceinaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Supported-Decision-Making-Basics.pdf.
Using these resources, it will ultimately be the task of all of us as advocates to educate the public concerning the importance of respecting the decision-making rights of those who are vulnerable, and the responsibility to support, rather than supplant, those rights, whenever possible.
Tennessee Council on Developmental Disabilities, Public Policy, What Is Supported Decision Making? http://www.tn.gov/content/tn/cdd/public-policy/supported-decision-making.html.
Quality Trust for Individuals with Disabilities, Annual Monitoring Report and Data Summary, 2, 19 (Oct. 1, 2011 – Sept. 30, 2012), http://jennyhatchjusticeproject.org/publications.
Final Order, Julia S. Ross et al. v. Margaret J. Hatch, Virginia: In the Circuit Court of Newport News, Case No. CWF120000426P-03 (Aug. 2, 2013).
Donna R. Tate-Hackett, Comment, Survey of the New Tennessee Guardianship and Conservatorship Act, 60 Tenn. L. Rev. 651, 651 (1993).
See In re Lawton, 384 S.W.3d 754,756 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012). The Lawton case involved an elderly gentleman with significant physical infirmities, who married a much younger woman who proceeded to persuade her husband to loan a substantial amount of his money to her friends, as well as making gifts to her. His son filed a petition for conservatorship out of concern that his father's funds would soon be depleted, leaving him without adequate means of support. Id. The Court of Appeals did uphold the trial court's finding that a conservatorship was needed, but it should be noted that the appellate court's opinion does not examine the evidentiary sufficiency of the trial court's findings on the issue of disability. The record on appeal did not include either a transcript or statement of the evidence submitted at the relevant hearing, and the parties further stipulated at trial that the respondent was a person with a disability in need of the court's assistance, so the appellate court held that its only option was to assume that whatever proof was submitted was adequate to support the trial court's ruling. Id. 763-65. The trial court's independent finding of clear and convincing evidence that appointment of a conservator was in the best interests of the respondent was specifically affirmed by the appellate court, however. Id. at 764-65.
Often used in the context of health care decision making, the substituted judgment standard refers to a decision-making model that attempts to implement decisions that the adult with a disability would have made, to the extent that the agent or decision maker has knowledge of the adult's values, beliefs, and subjective preferences so as to be able to determine what those decisions would be. Michael L. M. Jordan & Stuart C. Bear, 1 Durable Powers of Attorney and Health Care Directives §3.27 (4th ed., Nov. 2017).
Nina Kohn, "Elder Empowerment as a Strategy for Curbing the Hidden Abuse of Durable Powers of Attorney," 59 Rutgers L. Rev. 1, 13-16 (Fall 2006).
Groves, supra n. 6, at 327-29.
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976); State Department of Human Services v. Northern, 563 S.W.2d 197, 213 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978).
Tenn Code Ann. §34-1-108(c)(1) & 34-3-106(1) & (2).
Kohn, supra n. 12, at 42-45.
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.14(a).
Tex. Estates Code Ann. §§1357.001 et. seq.
Tex. Estates Code Ann. §1357(3).
Tex. Estates Code Ann. §§1357.051 and 1357.052.
Tex. Estates Code Ann. §§1357.01(1) –(4); see also American Bar Association, "ABA Urges Supported Decision Making as Less-Restrictive Alternative to Guardianship," 38 No. 6 Bifocal 95 (July – August 2017).
The specific fiduciary duties are to 1) act in good faith; 2) act within the authority granted by the agreement; 3) act loyally and without self-interest; and 4) avoid conflicts of interest. Tex. Estates Code Ann. §§1357.052(b) and 1357.056.
Tex. Estates Code Ann. §1357.056.
The ABA House of Delegates also adopted Resolution 113 (Aug. 14, 2017), which advocates the amendment of guardianship statutes nationally to require consideration of supported decision making as a "less restrictive alternative" to imposition of a guardianship or conservatorship. See American Bar Association, supra n. 25. The Uniform Law Commission's recently revised Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements Act also incorporates supported decision making as a recognized less restrictive alternative to imposition of a guardianship or conservatorship. Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Proceedings Act '102(13) (Unif. Law Comm'n 2017).
16 Del. Code Ann. 9401A et seq.
D.C. Code §7-2131 et seq.
The National Resource Center can be found at http://www.supporteddecisionmaking.org.
In addition to the TN Council on Developmental Disability, the Workgroup included The Arc Tennessee, Disability Rights TN, TN Statewide Independent Living Council, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Family Voices TN, the TN Disability Coalition and Support & Training for Exceptional Parents (STEP). See Tennessee Council on Developmental Disability, Supported Decision-Making, https://www.tn.gov/cdd/public-policy/supported-decision-making.html.
SB 0264/HB 0941 Bill Summary, Tennessee General Assembly, http://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/default.aspx?BillNumber=SB0264&GA=110.
Tenn. Pub. Ch. No. 605 (110th General Assembly, 2017-2018).
Obviously supported decision making is far from a panacea; the lack of any suitable volunteer supporter will undoubtedly prove to be a frequent barrier to its use. One can only hope that as the concept becomes more familiar, there will be greater willingness on the part of families and friends to serve in this capacity.
DONNA S. HARKNESS is professor of clinical law and director of the Elder Law Clinic at the Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law. She is a certified elder law attorney and is listed on the roll of certified legal specialists in Elder Law in Tennessee. She is a member of the National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys (NAELA) and a member of the editorial board of the NAELA Journal.


Yet more news of a potential purchasing alliance between France's largest grocers emerged today (25 April).
Three weeks after a trio of France's major chains - Casino, Auchan and Systeme-U - announced they were in talks over collaborating on buying, the latter has disclosed it is now in talks with Carrefour.
In a statement issued this morning, Carrefour and Systeme-U said they are "in exclusive negotiations to make greater commitments in favour of French agricultural producers".
The retailers said they are holding talks over a possible five-year deal "that will involve purchasing negotiations with the biggest national and international brands".
"The scope of this agreement, intended to reinforce the competitiveness of the two banners, could be extended to include indirect purchasing. Each banner will remain responsible of their commercial and promotional policies. This cooperation is designed to begin in the autumn for the 2019 negotiations round with suppliers," they said.
"By consolidating the historical links they have built with the agricultural world, the two companies want to offer the agricultural sector a partnership of reference. It will be built around prices and volumes to provide fair compensation to farmers, over an extended period of time."
just-food has contacted Casino and Auchan for reactions to the news.
Earlier this month, Casino and Auchan said they would start discussions on a "strategic partnership" that would see the companies "jointly negotiate their purchases in France and abroad with their main multi-national food and non-food suppliers".
Systeme-U - which already teamed up with Auchan on purchasing in 2014 - had been given the opportunity to join this new tie-up. Auchan said Systeme-U had confirmed its interest.
France's food-manufacturing trade body, ANIA, had hit out at the news of the possible deal between Casino, Auchan and Systeme-U.
The association has been critical of retailers teaming up on purchasing in France over recent years and so is likely to be wary of news of talks between Carrefour and Systeme-U.


Some Things Never Get Old!
With the digital revolution in photography over the last decade or longer, I'm constantly bombarded with new software, faster software, easier "just do it for me one click editing" software either via email or on social media. But there's one thing that all the software presets in the world can't compare to...the traditional method of dodging and burning.
It's as old as...photography itself. There's a reason why I still rely heavily on selective lightening and darkening of certain areas of a photo. It's because it's so dang powerful and effective!! Yes, I do it with the aforementioned software, but I'm a bit of a control freak and I like to do it in my own way, to my own degree. I have a method that I've used for years. It's one of the most popular things taught at my Photoshop Layers workshops and you can even do it in Lightroom with the use of brushes. Check out this short video that demonstrates the method I use to dodge and burn images in Photoshop. It's an older version of Photoshop but it all applies to CC today. Like the film processing in the past, this method is all about subtlety and control. I use it to guide the viewer through the image. Also on my channel is a video on creating a Photoshop Action. I use an action to create the Dodge and Burn layer so I can simply select my brush and start painting in dark and light where I want.
There's still time to take advantage of the incredible videos and e-books, and better yet, the annual membership, with Visual Wilderness. Sale ends Soon!


Bonzah.com offers a more affordable alternative to car rental insurance purchased at the rental desk.
The founder of Bonzah.com opted out of owning a car over the last 10 years, instead he rents whenever the need arises (and in 2017 that amounted to 50 rental days). Given how often he rents, the idea of having to pay between $30-$40 a day for the rental company's collision damage waiver, he found unaffordable, and hence in 2010 he decided to create his own affordable pre-purchase solution which quickens the rental car pickup process, and has since sold many thousands of policies to fellow renters.
Bonzah.com is a trading name of Pablow, Inc. which is covered by insurance licensing in all 50 states and Washington D.C.
With coverage, up to $35,000 you can feel confident you will be covered, given most rental cars would cost less than $35,000 to replace.


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acnh new villagers
Here's a list of them all, including pictures: So far, we know of five new special characters making their debuts in New Horizons. When you're at the maximum number of villagers (10), Mystery Tour Islands won't spawn villagers. *Offensive, insulting or inappropriate use of forum may lead to ban/restriction. This will allow you to re-roll and start a new island with two brand new villagers. Speak to them there to ask them to move to your island! Animal Crossing: New Horizons Switch (ACNH) all villagers list by birthdays, new villagers list, how to get villagers, personalities, & how many villagers you can have. You can have up to 10 villagers at once on your island. The arcade game developed by Westone was originally planned to release back in the '90s, but was unfortunately scrapped, only to be revived by ININ Games in partnership with Strictly Limited Games for a release in…, One of the earliest indie franchises to get its start on a Nintendo system was BIT.TRIP, which saw several releases via WiiWare from 2009 through 2011. Several new villagers and special characters have already been unveiled for the game, and we've got a full gallery of them here! You can use your Amiibos & Amiibo cards to invite new villagers to your campsite. Inside the museum's aquarium on Feb. 20 Nintendo Direct. Includes how many villagers can you have, invite via the campsite & mystery tour! Purple bear villager with normal personality. Click the link below & vote for your favorite villager! List of Rabbit Villagers | ACNH - Animal Crossing: New Horizons (Switch) Animal Crossing: New Horizons Walkthrough Team. Here's a list of them all, including pictures: Looking for more help with Animal Crossing: New Horizons? level 2. Last updated on: 08/28/2020 5:34 AM. Villagers in Animal Crossing: New Horizons are island tourists that move in & out of the island. We are currently conducting a survey to decide who is the most popular villager in ACNH. This … Ranking every single Animal Crossing villager is a nearly insurmountable task. Animal Crossing: New Horizons (ACNH) Wiki Guide. Its licensors have not otherwise endorsed this site and are not responsible for the operation of or content on this site.▶Animal Crossing: New Horizons - Official Page. New villagers in Animal Crossing: New Horizons So far, we know of six new villagers making their debuts in New Horizons. So far, we know of six new villagers making their debuts in New Horizons. Each villager will have a personality that assigned to them. Pastel colored cub villager confirmed by players. Check Out Our Friendship Level Guide For Details. There are 391 villagers in New Horizons, excluding special characters. To avoid griefing, you will not be able to post or report for the first %d hours upon visiting this forum for the first time. By clicking Submit you are agreeing to the Terms of Use. Animal Crossing villagers: How to invite new villagers, make villagers leave, become best friends and all New Horizons villagers listed In our opinion Bob the cat is the best Animal Crossing villager. Light blue colored goat villager confirmed by players. ★ See All Winter Update Information Here! Check out our other guide! Villagers deciding to move on their own Every now and then (approximately every fifteen days) a Villager will begin to consider moving out. C.J., apparently related to Chip the beaver, hosts fishing tourneys on your island. Animal Crossing: New Horizons fans have discovered that the game is hardwired to make sure that early villagers never one-up the player, while late-game villagers … Well I wanted to share with you two documents, the first of which is an easy to read list categorizing the villagers by subtype and explaining what personality subtypes affect. Animal Crossing: New Horizons Switch (ACNH) guide on how to get new villagers to move in. Your email address will not be published. GameWith uses cookies and IP addresses. Voice clips for four additional characters not playable in Hyrule Warriors: Age of Calamity have been discovered through a datamine of the game. Check Out How To Invite Villagers To Island! Actually, Raymond first appeared in Animal Crossing Pocket Camp. © 2019 Nintendo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Want to know which past villagers and characters have been confirmed for Animal Crossing: New Horizons? Additional new villagers will be updated once we've confirmed their existence in-game. Eventually, they'll give you some items like photos of themselves, as well as let you change their greetings, and more. All tiers are ordered based on your votes! In Animal Crossing: New Horizons, the toughest items to unlock are the framed photos that your villagers can give you of themselves.Villagers will only give you these pictures if you've reached maximum friendship levels with them, and more often than not, you'll need to maintain this relationship for a long time before they're willing to give you their pictures. However, if you have one of your villagers move out, their house will become a vacant lot and you'll be able to find villagers on Mystery Tour islands during that period. Your feedbacks will be checked by our staffs and will be attended to accordingly. Dillon Skiffington Follow on Twitter May 5, 2020. Ehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh am not sure Anonymous. By using our site you agree to our privacy policy. Gaming Reinvented published voice clips in which playable characters like Zelda, Maz Koshia, and Daruk can be heard calling out to characters Purah, Robbie, Sooga, and Astor. As a journalist and lifelong gamer, he aims to provide readers with the very best in Nintendo coverage. Animal Crossing: New Horizons Villager Tier List – Best Villagers of Each Species.
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On Tuesday, April 8th, we held the fourth annual Plenary Meeting of all Doctoral Candidates in Kiel University. Many of you participated and we therefore had to change rooms, from a classroom to the lecture hall. The high number of participants set a positive sign: you showed that you are concerned about the interests and difficulties surrounding the doctoral candidacy, and that you wish to be actively represented in regards to all university policies.
During the last tenure, we initiated a discussion with the Faculty Conventions regarding whether they would receive their doctoral candidates from their respective faculties in an advisory capacity in the promotion committee; this decision will be made this year. The idea is that, when it comes to changes in the doctoral candidates' regulations that affect us directly, we may have a voice. One of the main goals of the new representatives is to see this issue come to a conclusion that benefits us. It is very important for all doctoral candidates are consistently involved in all issues that affect them. All doctoral candidates should be included, those candidates who are employed by the University as well as those who finance their doctoral studies in other ways.
Your newly elected doctoral candidates' representatives for the 2014/15 period will also continue to actively work towards the improvement of the conditions and interrelations for doctoral candidates in Kiel University. We especially want to advance the discussion regarding doctoral candidates' status. This new tenure, you are represented by: Natalya (Faculty of Arts and Humanities), Joscha (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences), Justus (Faculty of Arts and Humanities), Tobias (Faculty of Arts and Humanities), Anke (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences), Lukasz (Faculty of Arts and Humanities), Lucie (Faculty of Arts and Humanities), Manja (Faculty of Arts and Humanities), Márton (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences) und Jaydeep (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences). We want to take this opportunity to thank the 2013/14 Team for their work, engagement and energetic commitment.
Again this year we are planning a summer party together with the Graduate Center. It will take place at the beginning of July – we hope to meet plenty of you there. You will find more information regarding exact day and time here on our homepage.
Do you have questions about your representatives, about our activities, or do you have suggestions for important issues that we should address? Then send us an email! We're more than happy to help.


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Student Fellow Reporting
End of AIDS: Far from Over, Russia
June 11, 2018 | PBS NewsHour
Jon Cohen, William Brangham, Jason Kane, and Misha Friedman
Central Asia and Eastern Europe have the world's fastest growing HIV epidemic, and Russia accounts for more than 80 percent of those infections. As at-risk groups like injection drug users are stigmatized and ignored, health officials say the death toll will soon top 30,000 lives per year. William Brangham reports in the first of the NewsHour series, "The End of AIDS: Far from Over."
But, first, we return tonight to our ongoing look on the global fight against HIV-AIDS, produced in partnership with the Pulitzer Center.
William Brangham begins a new five-part series, and he's here tonight.
So, William, this is a follow-up to the series done in 2016.
Tell us what is different about this one.
William Brangham:
That's right, Judy.
In the last project, we looked at places that were starting to turn the tide against HIV, places that gave researchers hope that ending AIDS actually might be possible.
This year, we wanted to look at places where those challenges are still enormous.
So, producer Jason Kane and I, working again with Jon Cohen of "Science" magazine, went to three very different locations, Russia, Nigeria, and Florida. These are places where the fight against HIV is not going so well.
Tonight, we start in Russia, where some proven strategies to stop the spread of HIV are being ignored and shut down.
Welcome to the last needle exchange program in the city of Kazan, Russia. What they do here is textbook HIV prevention, free, clean needles for those who need them, HIV tests, so people know if they're infected and can get treatment right away.
For those who can't make it to the center, counselors like Marcel Zaripov will come to them.
This father, Vyacheslav Ignatenko, shoots drugs several times a day. He's also HIV-positive. Injection drug use has been the main driver of Russia's epidemic. In some cities today, a staggering 30 percent of people who inject drugs are also HIV-positive.
But because Ignatenko gets these regular visits, he's taking his HIV medication, his virus is suppressed, so he's likely not infecting anyone else.
Vyacheslav Ignatenko (through translator):
HIV is already too big of an epidemic, isn't it? And I want people who use drugs to have the things they need, needles and condoms, and for the disease not to spread. That's what I think about.
These proven techniques helped this city of 1.2-million keep a growing HIV epidemic largely at bay. New infections among people who inject drugs here dropped from 1,000 a year in 2001 to just 150 several years later.
But these kinds of efforts are increasingly rare in Russia. The government passed a law in 2012 branding many groups that do this kind of work as foreign agents because they take donations from abroad. That's widely understood to mean spy or traitor. Many closed down as a result. Even this program is in jeopardy.
Larisa Badrieva (through translator):
There will be no money to pay for the services you visited today. Maybe it will survive for a couple of months, maybe two to three months, but then it will cease to exist.
Larisa Badrieva is an epidemiologist who helps run these programs. Recently, the Russian government also stopped taking money from The Global Fund, which is the world's largest donor of government and private sector money into HIV/AIDS programs. And despite promises to the contrary, the Russian government has not filled the gap.
Well, we have been waiting for a long time for this funding to stop. Honestly, we have done everything we could in this situation. But if there are no radical changes in the drug scene, we will see a gradual increase in HIV infections in all groups.
Russia now has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Over 80 percent of new infections in the region occur here.
It's one of the few places in the world where the epidemic continues to get dramatically worse. Of the estimated one million Russians who are infected, only a third are getting antiretroviral treatment.
Michel Kazatchkine:
I would say, in short, they — they did it all wrong.
Michel Kazatchkine was head of The Global Fund from 2007 to 2012. As Russia's economy grew, Russian officials told the fund they didn't need any more help.
And they became defensive, and said, OK, we will do things ourselves now — from now. So, they said, first we don't want The Global Fund anymore. We can manage ourselves. We will set up our own strategy?
And that's where they basically closed everything.
Kazatchkine is now the U.N. secretary-general's special envoy for HIV/AIDS in the region. We visited a gay film festival with him in St. Petersburg. Gay and bisexual men are another key driver of HIV, and another population Kazatchkine says Russia is ignoring.
He says Russia's rejection of so many proven prevention strategies is partly why 20,000 to 30,000 people are dying of AIDS in Russia every year.
I just cannot accept that there has been so many missed opportunities. Until they really scale up, that will translate into many more new cases in the years to come and many more deaths.
In some cases, even well-intentioned efforts can have the opposite effect. We traveled over 1, 300 miles east to the city Yekaterinburg, where one infamous anti-drug campaign epitomized what many say is the exact wrong way to address HIV.
Yevgeny Roizman (through translator):
I am one of the many who decided to revolt and rise up against the drug use in our country.
Yevgeny Roizman is one of the most influential voices in this city. He's been mayor for five years. He just stepped down last month. And in the realm of Russian politics, Roizman would be considered a liberal. He's a vocal critic of Vladimir Putin, and he urged voters to boycott the last election.
Despite his vast collection of religious iconography, Roizman's also pushed back against his country's religious and cultural conservatism. He very publicly took an HIV test to show how easy it is.
But Roizman came to prominence in the early 2000s, running a vigilante-style anti-drug campaign called City Without Drugs. This ABC Australia documentary shows how it worked, nighttime raids where men grabbed drug users and carted them off to other sites.
There, they'd be handcuffed to beds as they went through withdrawal. Roizman says the city's drug crisis at the time called for a strong response.
When we stopped the drug trade, the parents started to bring us many drug addicts, 30, 40, 50 people a day, on chains, on rope, in the trunk, half-rotten. The moms and dads were weeping, down on their knees, begging, please, do whatever you want, just save them.
This HIV-positive man who went through the program says he was chained to a bed. There was no counseling. He says he didn't tackle his addiction until long after he was released.
Former Patient (through translator):
Well, it might've helped some, but the majority at that time went backwards.
Methadone and other opioid-substitution therapies, like at this center in the U.S., are outlawed in Russia. The World Health Organization considers this proven addiction therapy an essential tool in the fight against HIV, because it can stabilize a drug user's life, move them away from injecting drugs, and help them also stay on HIV medication.
But this woman, who also went through the program, said not only did they get questionable addiction treatment, but one staffer threatened to reveal people's HIV status.
They would bring these doctors and take everybody's blood, and those who tested positive for HIV, they said they'd post online. With photographs and last names.
One of the public slogans of Roizman's program was "Drug addicts are bastards." And while lawsuits alleging kidnapping and torture eventually forced the program to close, Roizman stands by his approach and says he did nothing wrong.
He says thousands got over their addictions, and he believes the critics have it backwards.
The human rights activists, the abstract humanists said, why are you talking like that about drug addicts and crooks? They are humans as well. They are people like you, but they are poor, unhappy, and sick.
My job was to ensure that children do not use drugs, and their job was to see that those who use drugs were treated well by society. They're entirely different.
Jon Cohen:
Everywhere I have been in the world where people inject drugs, the culture has rejected that community.
Jon Cohen has been covering HIV/AIDS for over 25 years for "Science" magazine, and he was our partner on this series. He says this harsh treatment of addiction, not seeing it as an illness, only fuels the spread of HIV.
The medical profession and the World Health Organization, the United Nations has — they have all concluded that it's an illness.
That addiction is an illness.
Addiction's an illness. Treat it like — these are not vermin. They're humans. They need help. And if you adopt that philosophy, you can stop the virus.
On the other hand, if you treat these as just bad people, throw them in the trash, you're fueling your epidemic.
So, what does addiction treatment look like elsewhere in Russia?
Many are like this, small, in-patient centers where patients go cold turkey and which follow something close to the 12-step model. Most government-funded programs offer a quick detox, and then you're back out.
Vinay Saldanha:
We have tried rehab programs. We have tried cold turkey programs, and they certainly don't work. And so we need to do something to try and get ahead of the epidemic.
Vinay Saldanha runs the UNAIDS office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, based in Moscow.
In Russia, how different the epidemic looks. We have seen, really since 2010, the epidemic in Russia getting significantly worse every year by almost 10 percent per year. And, hopefully, things are going to start getting better very, very quickly, rather than continuing to get worse.
But, for now, Russia's prevention efforts seem sparse.
In Moscow, these two volunteers from the small grassroots Andrey Rylkov Foundation are the only people out tonight dispensing free, clean syringes, this in a city of almost 12 million.
This man asks for a bag to carry his needles home. Sorry, they say, no money for bags. So, he puts them in his pocket. They warn him to be careful. It's all they can do.
For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm William Brangham in Moscow.
Tomorrow night, William reports again from Russia and looks at why critics say the government is failing to respond to the epidemic.
You can see all the reporting for this series "The End Of Aids: Far From Over" on our Web site, PBS.org/NewsHour.
This Story is a part of:
Far from Over
See more in this project
Jon Cohen is a senior correspondent for Science who covers biomedicine. He has published four books, written for many other magazines, and collaborated with the PBS NewsHour on two indepth series...
William Brangham
William Brangham is a correspondent and producer for the PBS NewsHour. He joined the weekday Washington D.C. program in 2015, after spending two years as correspondent and producer for PBS...
Jason Kane
Jason Kane is a Reporter-Producer for the PBS NewsHour's health unit, covering issues of health, medicine and health care reform for the national news program's website and nightly broadcast...
Misha Friedman
Misha Friedman is a photographer with a background in international relations and economics. His work appears in leading international publications and has been recognized by a number of awards and...
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Africa, Eastern Europe, North America
Public Health, Outbreaks and Epidemics, Reproductive Health, Systems and Safety
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HIV-AIDS in the Caribbean: Facing the Epidemic Just Off US Shores
New Frontline in the Battle Against HIV: The Youth of Malawi


text:
De klein-Duitse richting was na het revolutiejaar 1848 een stroming in de Duitse eenheidsbeweging die de staten van de Duitse Bond - met uitsluiting van Oostenrijk - wilde verenigen onder leiding van Pruisen. De beweging stond tegenover de groot-Duitse richting, die ook de Duitstalige delen van Oostenrijk in de eenheidsstaat wilde betrekken.

In de Duitse Bond, waarvan sinds 1815 alle Duitse staten lid waren, betwistte Pruisen de traditionele grootmacht Oostenrijk de dominantie. De vraag welke staat zou moeten domineren werd acuut in de Maartrevolutie van 1848, toen het Frankfurter Parlement zich beraadde over een nieuwe Duitse eenheidsstaat. Opname van geheel Oostenrijk in een nieuw Duits Rijk was problematisch, omdat deze veelvolkenstaat zeer grote niet-Duitse bevolkingsgroepen herbergde. Na langdurige discussies tussen groot-Oostenrijkers, groot-Duitsers en klein-Duitsers behaalde de klein-Duitse richting, bestaande uit voornamelijk Noord-Duitse protestanten, een nipte meerderheid. In de kwestie van het staatshoofd van het nieuwe Rijk volgde een meerderheid van de klein-Duitsers de erbkaiserliche beweging van Heinrich von Gagern, die een erfelijke monarchie met de koning van Pruisen als "keizer der Duitsers" wilde opzetten. In de stemming over de Rijksgrondwet kreeg deze richting weliswaar een meerderheid, maar het streven mislukte toen Frederik Willem IV van Pruisen de hem in 1849 aangeboden keizerskroon niet wilde aanvaarden.

Na de revolutie trachtte Pruisen, in reactie op het Oostenrijkse streven de Duitse Bond nieuw leven in te blazen,
met het Erfurter Parlement (maart-april 1850) de klein-Duitse oplossing alsnog te realiseren. Dit streven moest het in het Verdrag van Olmütz (29 november 1850) echter opgeven. In de jaren 1860 steunde de klein-Duitse richting meer en meer op de Pruisische premier Otto von Bismarck, die na enkele oorlogen het klein-Duitse ideaal verwezenlijkte met het Duitse Keizerrijk.

Geschiedenis van Duitsland
Duitsland, Klein

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Woman files lawsuit after incident at work-related conference
On behalf of John A. Klassen, P.A. | Nov 27, 2019 | Sexual Harassment
A woman who works for an employer in a state that borders Minnesota has filed suit claiming a former colleague grabbed her breasts and then commented about her chest to two other men, neither of whom were employees of the company. This incident happened at a bar in Minnesota after a day in which the woman and her co-workers had attended a business conference and then gone to dinner. The woman said that her colleague's actions took her by complete surprise.
When she reported the incident internally the following day, the company's ombudsman indicated that the company would not try to contact the two men who witnessed the incident since they were not company employees. The man who allegedly engaged in this action was ordered to return home from the conference early.
According to the woman's lawsuit, this was not the first time this man had been accused of sexual harassment. Another woman allegedly reported the man in 2016 for inappropriate behavior, just prior to his being moved into a management position. Reportedly, nothing came out of the company's investigation.
In this case, the woman who filed suit claims she suffered severe emotional distress, even to the point of not being able to return to work. She claims in her suit that she was essentially forced to resign, presumably because of her company's inaction, last summer.
This case illustrates a couple of points for employees in Minneapolis and the greater Twin Cities area. For one, there is sometimes a culture in certain workplaces that what happens after hours at office parties, conferences, and the like does not matter, especially when people are drinking and having a good time. Such, however, is not the case. Employers must take steps to prevent and address sexual harassment at all company-related functions. Another point is that employers must thoroughly investigate claims of sexual harassment, even when the accusation involves a popular employee or may result in embarrassment to the company.
Dealing with these issues requires a deft legal touch. For this reason, those confronting sexual harassment matters should consider consulting with a skilled legal team who can fight to protect their interests.
Have You Been
By Your Employer?
Age Discrimination (58)
Employment Discrimination (147)
How the government protects and rewards medical whistleblowers
Gender discrimination suit results in back wages and settlement
4 signs of age discrimination in the workplace
Is your employer violating your FMLA rights as a new mother?
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Defending the Civil Rights
of Vulnerable People
When employers discriminate or allow harassment and retaliation to
take place or continue, we are dedicated to holding them accountable for their unlawful actions.
John A. Klassen, P.A.
John A. Klassen, P.A., represents clients throughout Minnesota.
© 2021 John A. Klassen, P.A.. All Rights Reserved.


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Q: what is matplotlib's retina display mode? What is retina display mode in matplotlib? I searched a lot and only thing I get is how to use it in jupyter notebook. How is it different? Does it have something to do with apple's retina display?
EDIT:
In jupyter notebook, this is how the code is written:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format='retina'

My doubt is what does this retina mode does? How is it different from other modes?

A: It's just that the definition of the displayed plot is a bit better: retina quality. Any display with retina resolution will make the figures look better - if your monitor's resolution is sub-retina than the improvement will be less noticeable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Officials urged to move plaque again
Chad Klimack
PATASKALA – A decision to move a monument honoring a fallen serviceman has irked an area resident and prompted the Pataskala City Council to reconsider its new location.
Kirkersville resident Judy Casto attended a June 16 council meeting to express her displeasure with the city's decision to move a plaque honoring former Pataskala resident Jerrald R. Thompson.
Casto said she knew Thompson, who died June 16, 1966, while fighting in Vietnam. Thompson was corporal squad leader for First Platoon, Company C, First Reconnaissance Battalion, First Marine Division.
His exploits and the exploits of his fellow U.S. Marines are outlined in the book "Hill 488." Thompson and 17 other men fought off a battalion of North Vietnamese troops from atop an observation post in Vietnam. Six Marines died, including Thompson, who later received a posthumous Navy Cross for his courage and heroism.
While driving down Main Street, Casto said she noticed the city had moved a plaque honoring Thompson. The plaque was affixed to a large stone that was in front of the former Pataskala Town Hall on Main Street.
Casto said she and friends later discovered the plaque had been moved north on Main Street, next to the Veteran's Memorial.
"It was halfway down the street at the farmers market on a stone," she said. "It is not even visible from anyone walking or driving down the street. It is facing the railroad track. This is just awful since this is Corp. Thompson, who grew up and went to school at Licking Heights."
Casto asked the council to consider placing the plaque closer to the nearby Veteran's Memorial. It stands by itself, about 50 yards from the memorial, which is where the city hosts Veterans Day and Memorial Day ceremonies.
After listening to her impassioned plea, city officials appear interested in relocating the plaque. The full council unanimously approved a motion to have its three-person buildings and grounds committee consider the proposal.
In the meantime, council President Dan Hayes provided some background on the decision to move the plaque from the Town Hall to the Veteran's Green on Main Street. The site stands next to the Veteran's Memorial, and it is home to the Pataskala Chamber of Commerce's weekly farmers market.
The council voted to move the plaque, Hayes said, with the idea of placing future veterans monuments around it. A walking path cuts a half-circle through the Veteran's Green. It leads visitors past the plaque, where they can read it. The plaque is affixed to a rectangular stone that sits prominently atop other rectangular stones.
In its former location, few people got to see the plaque, Hayes said, because the city moved its administrative offices from the Town Hall to another location on Broad Street. The Pataskala Division of Police now uses the building, but it receives less foot traffic than the administrative offices.
Former Pataskala VFW Post 3496 dedicated the plaque in Thompson's memory in 1985.
It reads, "This monument stands as a symbol of recognition honoring Jerrald R. Thompson and all those who served the United States in Vietnam."
Hayes said he understands Casto's concern and added the city could move the plaque closer to the Veteran's Memorial, but the long-range plan for the site calls for additional monuments. He reminded the council that a local Eagle Scout candidate has discussed adding another monument at the adjoining Veteran's Green.
Despite those plans, Councilman Bryan Lenzo suggested the city find a way to make the plaque more prominent at the site.
Pataskala Mayor Mike Compton expressed support for potentially moving the plaque closer to the Veteran's Memorial. During the most recent Memorial Day ceremony, Compton said he noticed Thompson's monument stood apart from the rest of the site.
"It did feel at that moment, when you have so many people at the (ceremony) ... that all of your energy was right here and the monument was down there," he said.
He said that separation was not the intention, and while there is a plan for the Veteran's Green to grow, council members would consider the suggestion to move the plaque.


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Home	Latest	Next US secretary of state Antony Blinken – Things to know (VIDEOS)
LatestNewsPolitical
by alex November 24, 2020
written by alex November 24, 2020
Washington: President-elect Joe Biden has finally announced his pick for Secretary of State. Antony Blinken, a loyal lieutenant of the President-elect, will lead the mission to restore US fame on the world stage.
Antony Blinken, has worked with the newly elected President for more than 20 years. We read form POLITICO today, that, one former State Department official said that "it's difficult to know where one person's policy vision ends and the other's begins."
President-elect Joe Biden selected Blinken for the position of the US secretary of state, because of his commitment to international cooperation, refugee issues and humanitarian work.
From his Wiki Bio we read that Antony John Blinken (born April 16, 1962) is an American government official who served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of State from 2015 to 2017 and Deputy National Security Advisor from 2013 to 2015 under President Barack Obama. Blinken is now a global affairs analyst for CNN and has been chosen by President-elect Joe Biden for the position of Secretary of State.
During the Clinton administration, Blinken served in the State Department and in senior positions on the National Security Council staff. He was also a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (2001–2002), Democratic Staff Director of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (2002–2008), and a member of the Obama–Biden presidential transition, active from November 2008 to January 2009, among other positions. From 2009 to 2013, Blinken served as Deputy Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor to the Vice President.
We read from POLITICO today the 9 things to know about Antony Blinken, the next US secretary of state
What Erope needs to know about Joe Biden's pick for secretary of state.
1. Europeanist, multilateralist, internationalist
Tony Blinken's ties to Europe are lifelong, deep and personal — and he is a fierce believer in the transatlantic alliance.
"Put simply, the world is safer for the American people when we have friends, partners and allies," Blinken said in 2016. He has described Europe as "a vital partner" and has dismissed the Trump administration's plans to remove U.S. troops from Germany as "foolish, it's spiteful, and it's a strategic loser. It weakens NATO, it helps Vladimir Putin, and it harms Germany, our most important ally in Europe."
On every major foreign policy issue — terrorism, climate, pandemics, trade, China, the Iran nuclear deal — he has a recurring mantra: the U.S. should work with its allies and within international treaties and organizations. Blinken also views U.S. leadership in multilateral institutions as essential. "There is a premium still, and in some ways even more than before, on American engagement, on American leadership," Blinken said earlier this year.
2. Francophone and -phile
Blinken speaks impeccable French, with just the slightest hint of an accent. The future top diplomat moved to Paris as a child after his parents divorced and his mother, Judith, married Polish-American Holocaust survivor and powerhouse lawyer Samuel Pisar.
Much to the delight of French policymakers, journalists and all other ardent torchbearers of "francophonie," Blinken is no "Omelette du Fromage Man" but the Real Cassoulet. He has given multiple interviews in comfortable, eloquent French. Blinken attended École Jeannine Manuel, a bilingual school in Paris — the same one attended by another Obama administration alumnus, Robert Malley.
The article of POLITICO the 9 things to know about Antony Blinken, HERE
Cover Photo by ABC News Politics
Antony BlinkenBidenSecretary of State
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The tent full of onlookers sheltering from the rain were treated to a very close final, Lorna and Frank fighting it out almost to the end. Frank's accurate positional play was countered by Lorna's fluent and straight hitting and reliable mid-range hoop running, a feature of her play all weekend. The final score was 10-8 to our visitor from Edinburgh, Lorna Dewar; very well played to both of them.
Using this website.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed on this news web page are those of the Editor and contributors. The Croquet Association is not responsible for statements other than those clearly identified as being made on its behalf. The full editorial policy is available online. The Web News Editor is the CA Office.
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I almost never visit a restaurant before reading its reviews online, and in a city with plentiful dining options, I can afford to be choosy. Don't have more than three stars? I'll probably skip it. Don't have more than 50 reviews? I can find plenty of others that do. Sites like Yelp have completely changed the way restaurants need to think about marketing to customers, just like Amazon changed the landscape for consumer products.
Relying on reviews before making purchasing decisions is one of the biggest markers of the shift of power from businesses to customers that is challenging companies to keep up. While the changing balance of power is obvious in B2C settings with the rapid rise of sites like Yelp and Amazon for consumer reviews, it's also happening in the B2B world. A recent study by CEB cited in Harvard Business Review of over 1,400 B2B customers found that those customers made "nearly 60 percent of a typical purchasing decision—researching solutions, ranking options, setting requirements, benchmarking pricing, and so on—before even having a conversation with a supplier." Another study by Software Advice found that 75 percent of B2B buyers consulted online reviews before making purchasing decisions about business software.
The prevalence of the traveling sales agent is dwindling. Just as we expect to obtain the information we're looking for as consumers online through customer reviews, as businesses, we expect the same. It's clear today that B2B companies that don't have a big presence online are losing business before they're even aware of it.
Some recent scientific studies have uncovered the complexities of online reviews that offer some guidance for businesses looking to make the most of this marketing opportunity.
It's not rocket science to know that positive reviews are beneficial for a company, but understanding exactly how they serve the customer in a decision-making process can help companies—B2Bs in particular—understand how to better leverage reviews as a form of customer advocacy.
Researchers Ulrike Gretzel and Kyung Hyan Yoo discovered that reviews are perceived as more likely to provide up-to-date, enjoyable, and reliable information about a company than content posted by the company. Further, a study by Avanade titled "Global Survey: B2B is the New B2C" revealed that 61 percent of enterprise buyers considered third-party review sites, social media, and word of mouth to be more important for gleaning information about a company than information shared by the company itself. The Software Advice study showed that 59 percent of people write reviews in order to help others and that people actually enjoy writing reviews.
In a study published in the Journal of Marketing Research, researchers found that the impact on sales of one-star reviews is greater than the impact on sales of five-star reviews, so it's more important to focus on abating overly negative reviews than encouraging overly positive reviews. Look at negative reviews as a chance to engage with your customers and improve your offerings. But beyond that, the researchers found that people do in fact read the text of reviews more so than just relying on summary statistics like an overall star rating.
The Software Advice study showed that the most important details of a review for potential buyers assessing a product were functionality and quality. Support and ease of use came close, too. The study also found that a mixture of positive and negative reviews builds authenticity; people are more likely to trust a collection of views that offers a range of feedback over all-negative or all-positive reviews. Don't worry too much about unreasonably exaggerated or isolated negative reviews—customers will often dismiss these, unless they notice a pattern of negative feedback.
One study found that people don't just pay attention to the content of a review, they also pay attention to the reviewer's reputation and exposure—those with better reputations and higher exposure are more significant in the mind of your potential customer.
In the Software Advice study, results showed that people only consider reviews written within the past year, and 71 percent only consider reviews written in the past six months. This indicates the importance of keeping reviews fresh and continually encouraging customers to review. Businesses shouldn't be afraid to ask for reviews either, 78 percent of people aren't particularly bothered by being asked to review something. But consider the timing of that ask: new research suggests that waiting a while before asking for a review could lead to more positive reviews.
1. Wait a while before asking for a review from a customer; don't hound them right away. Make asking for reviews a regular responsibility of your marketing department to ensure they're always recent and relevant.
2. Make it easy for customers to write you a review that includes feedback in areas that are important to potential buyers. Offer rating scales and prompts on topics like functionality, quality, support, and ease of use.
3. Encourage reviewers to write textual reviews, not just give a star rating. The more detail they provide the more weight potential customers will put on the information provided in that review.
4. Focus on reaching out to influential reviewers with good reputations online, and identifying and highlighting influential reviews on your own site, particularly in the early stages of your product to help out before you have a larger quantity of reviews.
5. Be an active participant in the customer review process: respond to reviewers and open two-way dialogues so you can abate negative reviews and gain valuable feedback for product development.
Sites like TrustRadius, G2 Crowd, and Salesforce AppExchange are good places to cultivate customer reviews if your company has an app or software product, while LinkedIn, Google+ and even Facebook are go-tos not just for consumers but B2B customers looking to get a general sense of your company's reputation as a whole.
For more scientific insights into modern marketing strategy, subscribe to the Content Standard newsletter.


Spring has arrived and it was my turn again to host the play group for some of the 3 year olds in the neighborhood. What better theme than butterflies? We started off with the butterfly craft first- which everyone really could have done for the entire two hours. They loved it that much.
I know this is a pretty common craft, but it's always new to someone. I gave each child one coffee filter to begin and let them color them with regular markers or my favorite bingo dot markers . I placed a paper towel beneath each child's workspace since it was going to get a little wet and messy. Then I let them spray a little water onto their artwork and watch the magic happen. It was fun for them to see the colors blend together, but even more fun to be spraying that water.
This is how a few of them looked after letting the colors bleed and blend together. I let them dry for about 20 minutes.
While the kids were having a snack, I was able to assemble the butterflies. I pinched the coffee filter right down the center and clamped it inside of a clothes pin. Then I took half a strand of a pipe cleaner and attached some antennas onto the head.
In the end we had quite a few since most of the kids wanted to make several. I just love the tie-dye effect.
We did a couple other activities as well between the art drying and free play. I attempted to read a story or two to the group. I have mentioned before what a calm group of kids this is, but...well let's just say we all have our days. Sometimes it seems that less structure is better. You definitely have to be flexible with such a young group. We were able to make it through Waiting for Wings by Lois Ehlert, which tells about the life cycle of a butterfly in a fun and interactive way. Then the kids were off and running again.
Eventually the kids were interested in playing this butterfly matching game. Each child was able to have a few turns taking half a butterfly out of a bowl and matching it to the other side I had attached to the wall. It was a nice calm moment, then they went back to their play.
These would make great butterfly birthday activities. My little one loves butterflies and sings the 'butterfly song' (thanks Barney), all the time. Great post.
Beautiful butterflies and I really like the matching game idea. I'll be featuring you tomorrow at the Kids Co-op!
Beautiful! We made these today. We are letting them dry and then we will put on the clothes pins and antennas!
Great post This is what every parent knows by instinct nice teachers matter, especially for very young children. This is first time in many instances that your child will be separate from you for any extended period of time. It is very important that which Best playgroup in Pune you are selecting.


New ideas for money seem to go with the territory of revolution, accompanied by a compelling, easily understood narrative. In 1827, Josiah Warner opened the "Cincinnati Time Store", which sold merchandise in units of hours of work, relying on "labour notes," which resembled paper money. The new money was seen as a testament to the importance of working people, until he closed the store in 1830.
Two years later, Robert Owen, sometimes described as the father of socialism, attempted to establish in London the National Equitable Labour Exchange, relying on labour notes, or "time money", as currency. Here, too, using time instead of gold or silver as a standard of value enforced the notion of the primacy of labour. But, like Warner's time store, Owen's experiment failed.
Likewise, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels proposed that the central communist premise – "abolition of private property" – would be accompanied by a "communistic abolition of buying and selling". Eliminating money, however, was impossible to do, and no communist state ever did so. Instead, as the British Museum's recent exhibit, The Currency of Communism, showed, they issued paper money with vivid symbols of the working class on it. They had to do something different with money.
But the effort to dress up a half-baked idea in advanced science didn't stop there. Parallel with Technocracy, in 1932 the economist John Pease Norton, addressing the Econometric Society, proposed a dollar backed not by gold but by electricity. But while Norton's electric dollar received substantial attention, he had no good reason for choosing electricity over other commodities to back the dollar. At a time when most households in advanced countries had only recently been electrified, and electric devices from radios to refrigerators had entered homes, electricity evoked images of the most glamorous high science. But, like Technocracy, the attempt to co-opt science backfired. Syndicated columnist Harry I Phillips in 1933 saw in the electric dollar only fodder for comedy. "But it would be good fun getting an income tax blank and sending the government 300 volts," he noted.


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You accept the Terms and Conditions contained in this Agreement in full if you use or make a purchase on this Website. If you are not willing to accept the terms and conditions in this Agreement and other posted policies, we ask that you do not use the Site, purchase any Products, or provide any information to this Website.
This Agreement governs and applies to your access to and use of this Site and its related domains on which this document appears, any order you place through this Site, and, as applicable, your use of other products or services of InSpirit CBD Creme. Your use of this Site, purchase or use any of InSpirit CBD Creme's products constitutes your agreement to these Terms.
You and InSpirit CBD Creme agree that any dispute between us (including disputes against any agent, employee, subsidiary, affiliate, predecessor in interest, successor, or assign of the other) relating to our Site, any transaction or relationship between us resulting from your use of our website, the purchase, order, installation, or use of InSpirit CBD Creme's products or services, or communications between us, will be resolved exclusively and finally by binding arbitration and the arbitration decision may be enforced and judgment entered thereon in any court of competent jurisdiction.
BY AGREEING TO THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT, YOU ARE GIVING UP YOUR RIGHT TO GO TO COURT, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL. In arbitration, a dispute is resolved by a neutral arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, rather than by a judge or jury. Arbitration is more informal; however, an arbitrator can award the same relief that a court can award. The arbitration will be administered by the American Arbitration Association ("AAA"), and conducted under AAA's Commercial Arbitration Rules and the Supplementary Procedures for Consumer Related Disputes (collectively, the "AAA Rules") then in effect at the time of the dispute. You may obtain copies of the AAA Rules and forms and instructions for initiating arbitration by visiting the AAA website at www.adr.org, or by calling AAA at (800) 778-7879. If you initiate arbitration, InSpirit CBD Creme will promptly reimburse you for any standard filing fee which may have been required under AAA's Procedures once you have notified InSpirit CBD Creme in writing and provided a copy of the arbitration proceedings. However, if InSpirit CBD Creme is the prevailing party in the arbitration, applicable law may allow the arbitrator to award attorneys' fees and costs to InSpirit CBD Creme. If for any reason the AAA is unavailable, the parties shall mutually select another arbitration forum. The arbitration will be conducted in a city within a 150 mile radius of the claimant's residence, but may proceed telephonically if the claimant so chooses.
There shall be no right or authority for any claim to be arbitrated on a class action basis or in a purported representative capacity. No claim submitted to arbitration is heard by a jury or may be brought as a private attorney general. You do not have the right to act as a class representative or participate as a member of a class of claimants with respect to any claim submitted to arbitration. The arbitrator may not consolidate more than one person's claims against InSpirit CBD Creme and may not preside over any kind of representative or class proceeding against InSpirit CBD Creme. You acknowledge that this class action waiver is material and essential to the arbitration of any disputes between the parties and is nonseverable from the agreement to arbitrate claims. If any portion of this class action waiver is limited, voided, or cannot be enforced, then the parties' agreement to arbitrate shall be null and void. YOU UNDERSTAND THAT BY AGREEING TO THIS CLASS ACTION WAIVER, YOU MAY ONLY BRING CLAIMS AGAINST INSPIRIT CBD CREME IN AN INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY AND NOT AS A PLAINTIFF OR CLASS MEMBER IN ANY PURPORTED CLASS ACTION OR REPRESENTATIVE PROCEEDING. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER, YOU MUST TELL US IN WRITING, NOT USE OUR WEBSITE OR PRODUCT, AND RETURN THE PRODUCT FOR A REFUND WITHIN 14 DAYS OF YOUR FIRST ORDER OF THE PRODUCT.
Use of the Sites, Products, or Services is subject to this Agreement, as it may be revised from time to time.
"Products" means any herbal, dietary or any other form of supplement, or, other product purchased from the Company.
"Services" means the information and other services provided on the Sites.
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You agree to use the Site, Products, and Services only for lawful purposes and for their intended purposes.
The content available on the Site, Products, and Services is provided solely for your personal use and not for commercial exploitation. You may not decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble, rent, lease, loan, sell, sublicense or create derivative works from the Site, Products, and Services. You may not use any network monitoring or discovery software to determine the Site's, Products', or Services' architecture, or extract information about usage, individual identities or users. You may not use any robot, spider, other automatic software or device, or manual process to monitor or copy our Site, Products, or Services without our prior written permission. You may not copy, modify, reproduce, republish, distribute, display or transmit for commercial, non-profit or public purposes all or any portion of the Site or Services, except to the extent permitted above.
You may not use or otherwise export or re-export the Site or Services or any portion thereof, or any software available on or through the Sites or Services in violation of the export control laws and regulations of the United States of America.
You may not employ, post, or share any language or content that is unlawful, obscene, vulgar, defamatory, abusive, threatening, profane, invasive of privacy or publicity rights, false, libelous, slanderous or otherwise objectionable or in violation of applicable laws and regulations.
You may not upload, distribute or print anything that may be harmful to minors or otherwise violates applicable criminal law.
You may not take any action or post, upload or distribute any content that violates, misappropriates, or infringes upon the rights of others in any way, including any patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, rights of privacy, rights of publicity, or moral rights of any third party.
You may not use the Site, Products, or Services to collect any personally identifiable information, including profile names, email addresses or other such information for commercial purposes or for any purpose prohibited by applicable laws or regulations.
You may not use the Site, Products, or Services in any jurisdiction that does not give effect to all provisions of this Agreement.
You may not use the Site, Products, or Services in any manner that could damage, disable, overburden or impair the Site, Products, or Services or any server or other hardware associated with the Site, Products, or Services; disobey any requirements, procedures, policies, procedures or regulations of networks connected to the Services; interfere with any other party's use and enjoyment of the Site, Products, or Services; frame or utilize framing techniques to display content from a source other than the Site, Products, or Services; use any Company-owned mark or product name as a meta-tag or other "hidden text" for search engines in a manner that does not inure to the benefit of InSpirit CBD Creme.
Third Party Links. The Site contains links to other web sites, resources and advertisers (the "Third Party Services"). InSpirit CBD Creme is not responsible for the availability of the Third Party Services, nor does it endorse or is it responsible for the contents, advertising, products or other materials made available on or through the Third Party Services. Under no circumstances shall Company be held responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any loss or damage caused or alleged to have been caused to you in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods or services available on the Third Party Services. You should direct any concerns to such external site's administrator or webmaster.
By using the Site, you represent to InSpirit CBD Creme that: (1) you are authorized to enter into this Agreement; (2) you will not use the Site for any purpose or in any manner that violates any law or regulation that infringes the rights of InSpirit CBD Creme or any third party; (3) any information or data provided to InSpirit CBD Creme by you will not violate any law or regulation or infringe the rights of InSpirit CBD Creme or any third party; (4) all information that you provide to InSpirit CBD Creme in connection with the Site (e.g., name, e-mail address, and other information) is true and accurate; (5) you are authorized and able to fulfill and perform the obligations under this Agreement; and (6) you are 18 years of age or above.
You understand that you should not use the information on the Website to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting your doctor or physician. You further understand that this Product is not intended for use by persons under eighteen (18) years of age and the Product is not intended or to be used to treat any type of medical condition. InSpirit CBD Creme endeavors to provide you with accurate information about its Products. All Product specifications, performance data, and other information on the Website is for informational and illustrative purposes only, and do not constitute a guarantee or representation that the Products will conform to such specifications or performance data.
InSpirit CBD Creme does not warrant or represent that the Products will provide you with any particular benefits, or that your results will match those of others who consume the Products. Individual results will vary from person to person, and are dependent on factors including age, weight, diet, and exercise regimen.
InSpirit CBD Creme neither endorses nor is responsible for the accuracy or reliability of any opinion, advice or statement on the Sites, nor for any offensive, defamatory or obscene posting made by any visitor to the Sites. Under no circumstances shall Company be liable for any loss or damage caused by information obtained through the content on the Sites. It is your responsibility to evaluate the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, opinion, advice or other content available through the Sites. Please seek the advice of professionals, as appropriate, regarding the evaluation of any specific information, opinion, advice or other content, including but not limited to health content.
You agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless Company and its respective directors, officers, employees, affiliates, partners, and agents from and against all liabilities, losses, actions, damages, claims, demands, and expenses (collectively "Claims"), including reasonable attorneys' fees, costs and expenses, made by any third party directly or indirectly relating to or arising out of (a) content you provide to the Site or otherwise transmit or obtain through the Service; (b) your use of the Site; (c) your connection to the Service; (d) your violation of this Agreement; (e) your violation of any rights of another; or (f) your failure to perform your obligations hereunder. If you are obligated to provide indemnification pursuant to this provision, we may, in our sole and absolute discretion, control the disposition of any Claims at your sole cost and expense. Without limiting the foregoing, you may not settle, compromise, or in any other manner dispose of any Claim without our consent. This provision does not apply in New Jersey.
Our standard ground shipping takes approximately 2 to 3 business days within the continental United States or Canada. If you have not received your order within 14 days from your purchase date, please contact our customer care at 800.968.7093 to request a reshipment of your order.
You may not resell any Product you purchase on the InSpirit CBD Creme Website.
Once an order has been submitted, your credit card will be charged. Our ordering process is streamlined so that your order is immediately sent to processing and then shipping. Please review your order carefully before placing the order.
We take great pride in the superior quality of our products and want you to be pleased with your purchase. We believe in offering the very best value, quality and selection to our customers. You may return any unused and unopened item purchased from us for any reason within sixty (60) days of your purchase date to receive a full refund. We will provide a partial refund for products that have been opened or partially used. To request a refund you must obtain an RMA (Return Authorization) by calling 800.968.7093. Products without an RMA will not be refunded. For returns via mail, you are responsible for the cost of return shipping, and we must physically receive the undamaged item within the 60 day period. Shipping and Handling fees are non-refundable.
Company reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to reject any return that does not comply with these requirements. Once your return has been received, a credit to your card will be issued within 30 days.
License and Restrictions. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, you are hereby granted a limited, non-exclusive right to use the content and materials on the Site in the normal course of your use of the Site. You may not use any third party intellectual property without the express written permission of the applicable third party, except as permitted by law. The Site will retain ownership of its intellectual property rights, and you may not obtain any rights therein by virtue of this Agreement or otherwise, except as expressly set forth in this Agreement. You will have no right to use, copy, display, perform, create derivative works from, distribute, transmit or sublicense from materials or content available on the Site, except as expressly set forth in this Agreement. You may not attempt to reverse engineer any of the technology used to provide the Products and Services. In your use of the Site and the Services and Products, you may not (i) infringe any patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright, right of publicity or other right of any party; (ii) defame, abuse, harass, stalk any individual, or disrupt or interfere with the security or use of the Services and Products, the Site or any websites linked to the Site; (iii) interfere with or damage the Site, Products, or Services, including, without limitation, through the use of viruses, cancel bots, Trojan horses, harmful code, flood pings, denial of service attacks, packet or IP spoofing, forged routing or electronic mail address information or similar methods or technology; (iv) attempt to use another user's account, impersonate another person or entity, misrepresent your affiliation with a person or entity, including (without limitation) the Site or create or use a false identity; (v) attempt to obtain unauthorized access to the Site or portions of the Site that are restricted from general access; (vi) engage, directly or indirectly, in transmission of "spam," chain letters, junk mail or any other type of unsolicited solicitation; (vii) collect, manually or through an automatic process, information about other users without their express consent or other information relating to the Site, Products, or the Services; (viii) use any meta tags or any other "hidden text" utilizing the InSpirit CBD Creme name, trademarks, or product names; (ix) advertise, offer to sell, or sell any goods or services, except as expressly permitted by the Site; (x) engage in any activity that interferes with any third party's ability to use or enjoy the Site, Products, or Services; or (xi) assist any third party in engaging in any activity prohibited by this Agreement. Your unauthorized use of the Site may violate intellectual property or other proprietary rights laws as well as other laws, regulations, and statutes. You must not alter, delete or conceal any copyright or other notices contained on the Site, including notices on any audio/visual material you access, download, transmit, display, print or reproduce from the Site. You shall not, nor will you allow any third party (whether or not for your benefit), to reproduce, modify, create derivative works from, display, perform, publish, distribute, disseminate, broadcast or circulate to any third party (including, without limitation, on or via a third party website), or otherwise use, any material on the Site without the express prior written consent of InSpirit CBD Creme or its owner if InSpirit CBD Creme is not the owner. InSpirit CBD Creme and all other names, logos, and icons identifying InSpirit CBD Creme and its products and services are proprietary trademarks of InSpirit CBD Creme (or its affiliates), and any use of such marks, including, without limitation, as domain names or account identifiers, without the express written permission of InSpirit CBD Creme is strictly prohibited. Other product and company names mentioned herein or on the Site may be the trademarks and/or service marks of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with or sponsor or endorse us (and who may or may not be endorsed by us). You may print a copy of the Site on your computer only for your own personal, non-commercial home use, provided that you do not remove any copyright, trademark or other proprietary notices from the Site. Any other use of the material on the Site is strictly prohibited.
Company Rights. Company shall retain ownership in and to the Services, Products, and Sites and all copyrights, trademarks, service marks and other intellectual property rights associated therewith. You shall not take any action that is inconsistent with Company's ownership of the Services, Products, and Sites. You further acknowledge and agree that nothing in this Agreement and no use of the Services, Products, or Sites shall cause to vest or be construed to vest in you, any right, title or interest in or to the Services, Products, or Sites other than the express right to use the Services, Products, or Sites solely in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
License. By posting, storing, or transmitting any content on or to the Site, you hereby grant InSpirit CBD Creme a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, sub-licensable, right and license to use, copy, display, perform, create derivative works from, distribute, transmit and sublicense such content in any form, in all media now known or hereinafter created, anywhere in the world. You hereby irrevocably waive any claims based on moral rights or similar theories, if any.
Objectionable Content. We do not have the ability to control the nature of the user-generated content offered through the Site. You are solely responsible for your interactions with other users of the Site and any content that you post. We will not be liable for any damage or harm resulting from any content or your interactions with other users of the Site. We reserve the right, but have no obligation, to monitor interactions between you and other users of the Site and take any other action to restrict access to or the availability of any material that we or another user of the Site may consider to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing or otherwise objectionable (including, without limitation, because it violates this Agreement).
InSpirit CBD Creme may contain links to other websites on the Internet that are owned and operated by third parties. We do not control the information, products or services available on these third party websites. The inclusion of any link does not imply our endorsement of the applicable website or any association with the website's operators. Because we have no control over such websites and resources, you agree that we are not responsible or liable for the availability or the operation of such external websites, for any material located on or available from any such websites, or for the protection of your data privacy by third parties. Any dealings with, or participation in promotions offered by, advertisers on the Site, including the payment and delivery of related goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings or promotions, are solely between you and the applicable advertiser or other third party. You further agree that we shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any loss or damage caused by the use of or reliance on any such material available on or through any such site or any such dealings or promotions. If you decide to access any of the third party sites linked to this Site, you do this entirely at your own risk.
Third-Party Rights. The provisions of these Terms of Service are for the benefit of Company and any of its third party providers. Each of these individuals or entities shall have the right to assert and enforce those provisions directly against you on his, her or its own behalf.
Governing Law. This Agreement is governed by the laws of the State of California, U.S.A., without regard to the conflicts of laws principles thereof.
Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes any and all other prior written or oral agreements between Company and you regarding such subject matter.
Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is held invalid or unenforceable in whole or in part in any jurisdiction, such provision shall be ineffective in that jurisdiction and the remaining provisions of this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect.
Survival. In the event of the termination of this Agreement, any obligation of yours which must by its nature survive such expiration or termination in order to be given full effect, shall survive such expiration or termination. In any event, all of Company's rights under this Agreement shall survive any termination of this Agreement.
No Third Party Beneficiaries. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to confer on any third party (whether referred to in the Agreement by name, class, description or otherwise) any benefit or any right under any legislation in any country to enforce any provisions of this Agreement, except as expressly contemplated in this Agreement.
Statute of Limitations. ANY CAUSE OF ACTION ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE SERVICES, OR THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THIS AGREEMENT MUST BE COMMENCED WITHIN ONE (1) YEAR AFTER THE CAUSE OF ACTION ACCRUES. OTHERWISE, SUCH CAUSE OF ACTION IS PERMANENTLY BARRED. THIS PROVISION DOES NOT APPLY IN NEW JERSEY.
No Assignments or Transfers. You may not assign this Agreement or your rights and obligations hereunder, in whole or in part, to any third party without Company's prior written consent (in its sole discretion), and any attempt by you to do so in violation hereof will be void and ineffective. Company may assign its respective rights and obligations under this Agreement (in whole or in part) without your consent or notice to you.
Statements made on the InSpirit CBD Creme Site have not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA"). The Products available on the Site are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. Consult with your physician for diagnosis or treatment. If you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a history of heart conditions, we suggest consulting with a physician before using any of our products.
Yes. Dietary supplements may not be risk-free under certain circumstances. While vitamin and mineral supplements are widely used and generally considered safe, you may wish to check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking these or any other dietary supplements.