text:
Bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland
This article is about the commercial and clearing bank. For banks in Scotland, see List of banks in the United Kingdom. For the central bank of Scotland, see Bank of England.
Not to be confused with The Royal Bank of Scotland.
Bank of Scotland plc
Bank o Scotland
Banca na h-Alba
The Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland
17 July 1695; 323 years ago (1695-07-17)
17 September 2007; 11 years ago (2007-09-17)[1]
The Mound,
Birmingham Midshires
Intelligent Finance
www.bankofscotland.co.uk
The Bank of Scotland plc (Scots: Bank o Scotland, Scottish Gaelic: Banca na h-Alba)[2] is a commercial and clearing bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland. With a history dating to the 17th century, it is the fifth-oldest surviving bank in the United Kingdom (the Bank of England having been established one year earlier), and is the only commercial institution created by the Parliament of Scotland to remain in existence, it was one of the first banks in Europe to print its own banknotes, and it continues to print its own sterling banknotes under legal arrangements that allow Scottish banks to issue currency.
In June 2006, the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, allowing the bank's structure to be simplified; as a result, The Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland became Bank of Scotland plc on 17 September 2007.
Bank of Scotland has been a subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group since 19 January 2009, when HBOS was acquired by Lloyds TSB.
1.1 Establishment
1.2 18th and 19th centuries
1.4 International expansion
1.5 HBOS
1.5.1 Formation of HBOS
1.5.2 HBOS Reorganisation Act
1.5.3 Lloyds Banking Group
2 Banknotes
2.1 Banknote history
2.2 1995 series
2.3 2007 "Bridges" series
2.4 2016 Polymer series
3 Corporate structure
4 List of Governors of the Bank of Scotland
5 Sponsorship
Establishment[edit]
Bank of Scotland crest, Head Office, The Mound, Edinburgh
The Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland was established by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland on 17 July 1695,[3] the Act for erecting a Bank in Scotland, opening for business in February 1696. Although established soon after the Bank of England (1694), the Bank of Scotland was a very different institution. Where the Bank of England was established specifically to finance defence spending by the English government, the Bank of Scotland was established by the Scottish government to support Scottish business, and was prohibited from lending to the government without parliamentary approval;[3] the founding Act granted the bank a monopoly on public banking in Scotland for 21 years, permitted the bank's directors to raise a nominal capital of £1,200,000 pound Scots (£100,000 pound sterling), gave the proprietors (shareholders) limited liability, and in the final clause (repealed only in 1920) made all foreign-born proprietors naturalised Scotsmen "to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever".[3] John Holland, an Englishman, was one of the bank's founders,[3] its first chief accountant was George Watson.[4]
18th and 19th centuries[edit]
Golden statue of Fame on top of the main dome, Bank of Scotland Head Office, Edinburgh by John Rhind
The Bank of Scotland was suspected of Jacobite sympathies,[3] its first rival, the Royal Bank of Scotland, was formed by royal charter in 1727.[3] This led to a period of great competition between the two banks as they tried to drive each other out of business.[3] Although the "Bank Wars" ended in around 1751,[3] competition soon arose from other sources, as other Scottish banks were founded throughout the country.[3] In response, the Bank of Scotland itself began to open branches throughout Scotland; the first branch in London opened in 1865.[5]
The bank also took the lead in establishing the security and stability of the entire Scottish banking system, which became more important after the collapse of the Ayr Bank in 1772,[6] in the crisis following the collapse of the London house of Neal, James, Fordyce and Down; the Western Bank collapsed in 1857, and the Bank of Scotland stepped in with the other Scottish banks to ensure that all the Western Bank's notes were paid.[7] See Credit crisis of 1772.
20th century[edit]
In the 1950s, the Bank of Scotland was involved in several mergers and acquisitions with different banks. In 1955, the Bank merged with the Union Bank of Scotland;[8] the Bank also expanded into consumer credit with the purchase of Chester based, North West Securities (now Capital Bank).[9] In 1971, the Bank agreed to merge with the British Linen Bank,[9] owned by Barclays Bank; the merger saw Barclays Bank acquire a 35% stake in the Bank of Scotland, a stake it retained until the 1990s. The merchant banking division of the Bank of Scotland was relaunched as British Linen Bank (now known as HBOS Treasury Services).
In 1959 Bank of Scotland became the first bank in the UK to install a computer to process accounts centrally.[9] At 11 am on 25 January 1985 the Bank introduced HOBS (Home and Office Banking Services), an early application of remote access technology being made available to banking customers; this followed a small-scale service operated jointly with the Nottingham Building Society for two years but developed by Bank of Scotland. The new HOBS service enabled customers to access their accounts directly on a television screen, using the Prestel telephone network.
International expansion[edit]
Main article: Bank of Scotland International
The arrival of North Sea oil to Scotland in the 1970s allowed the Bank of Scotland to expand into the energy sector; the Bank later used this expertise in energy finance to expand internationally. The first international office opened in Houston, Texas, followed by more in the United States, Moscow and Singapore. In 1987, the Bank acquired Countrywide Bank[9] of New Zealand (later sold to Lloyds TSB in 1998); the Bank later expanded into the Australian market by acquiring the Perth-based Bank of Western Australia.[9]
A controversial period in the Bank's history was the attempt in 1999 to enter the United States retail banking market via a joint venture with evangelist Pat Robertson; the move was met with criticism from civil rights groups in the UK, owing to Robertson's controversial views on homosexuality. The Bank was forced to cancel the deal when Robertson described Scotland as a "dark land overrun by homosexuals".[10]
HBOS[edit]
Main article: HBOS
Formation of HBOS[edit]
Headquarters at North Bank Street, Edinburgh (the street is named in honour of the bank having moved there in 1806)
In the late 1990s, the UK financial sector market underwent a period of consolidation on a large scale. Many of the large building societies were demutualising and becoming banks in their own right or merging with existing banks. For instance Lloyds Bank and TSB Bank merged in 1995 to create Lloyds TSB.[11] In 1999, the Bank of Scotland made a takeover bid for National Westminster Bank.[12] Since the Bank of Scotland was significantly smaller than the English-based NatWest, the move was seen as an audacious and risky move. However, The Royal Bank of Scotland tabled a rival offer, and a bitter takeover battle ensued, with the Royal Bank the victor.[13]
The Bank of Scotland was now the centre of other merger opportunities. A proposal to merge with the Abbey National was explored, but later rejected.[14] In 2001, the Bank of Scotland and the Halifax agreed a merger to form HBOS ("Halifax Bank of Scotland");[15] the headquarters was to stay in Edinburgh, and both banks' brands would continue to be used.
HBOS Reorganisation Act[edit]
In 2006, HBOS secured the passing of the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006, a private Act of Parliament that would allow the group to operate within a simplified structure; the Act allowed HBOS to make the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland a public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc, which became the principal banking subsidiary of HBOS. Halifax plc transferred its undertakings to Bank of Scotland plc, and although the brand name was retained, Halifax then began to operate under the latter company's UK banking licence.
The provisions in the Act were implemented on 17 September 2007.[16]
Lloyds Banking Group[edit]
In 2008, HBOS Group agreed to be taken over by Lloyds TSB Group.[17]
Banknotes[edit]
See also: Banknotes of Scotland
Although the Bank of Scotland today is not a central bank, it retains the right (along with two other Scottish commercial banks) to issue pound sterling banknotes to this day; these notes are equal in value to notes issued by the Bank of England, the central bank of the United Kingdom.
Banknote history[edit]
Along with the Bank of England, the Bank of Scotland was one of the first European banks to issue paper currency redeemable for cash on demand (which was an extremely useful facility given the poor state of the Scottish coinage at the end of the 17th century) on a sustainable basis after the earlier failed attempt of the Swedish Stockholms Banco in 1661–64. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the bank supervised the reminting of the old Scottish coinage into Sterling.
The right to issue banknotes was extended to other banks after 1716 when the Bank of Scotland's monopoly was allowed to lapse.[citation needed] Up until the middle of the 19th century, privately owned banks in Great Britain and Ireland were permitted to issue their own banknotes, and money issued by provincial Scottish,[18] English, Welsh and Irish banking companies circulated freely as a means of payment.[19] While the Bank of England eventually gained a monopoly for issuing banknotes in England and Wales, attempts to restrict Scottish banks from issuing notes were met with popular opposition.
In 1826, there was outrage in Scotland at the attempt of the United Kingdom Parliament to prevent the production of banknotes of less than five pounds face value. Sir Walter Scott wrote a series of letters to the Edinburgh Weekly Journal under the pseudonym "Malachi Malagrowther" which provoked such a response that the government was forced to relent and allow the Scottish banks to continue printing £1 notes. For this reason Sir Walter still appears on all Bank of Scotland notes.[citation needed]
1995 series[edit]
The Tercentenary Series £50 note (1995)
Bank of Scotland's previous note issue was in 1995, known as the Tercentenary Series as they were issued in the year of the three hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the bank; each denomination features Sir Walter Scott on the front, and on the back are representations of industries that Scotland excels in:
£5 note featuring a vignette of oil and energy
£10 note featuring a vignette of distilling and brewing
£20 note featuring a vignette of education and research
£50 note featuring a vignette of arts and culture
£100 note featuring a vignette of leisure and tourism.
Few of these notes are still in circulation, although they remain legal currency, and they have been replaced by the 2007 series.
2007 "Bridges" series[edit]
A £20 note of the 2007 issue.
Bank of Scotland began issuing a new series of banknotes in the Autumn of 2007, which feature the common theme of Scottish bridges,[20] it will take at least three years for the current issue of Bank of Scotland notes to be phased out of circulation. In keeping with the bank's tradition, the front of the notes depict an image of Sir Walter Scott; the image on the 2007 series is based on the portrait of Scott painted by Henry Raeburn.[21]
Raeburn's 1822 portrait of Sir Walter Scott
While the colours and sizes of all of the new notes are the same as previous designs, text on the notes is larger than before; the raised, large denomination also acts as an aid for the partially sighted. 'Cornerstones' have been added to the new notes. These are watermark patterns on all corners of the notes, which will improve their durability.
Some new security features have also been added to the new design; these include a metallic security thread embedded in every banknote, which contains the numerical value of the note and the note's bridge image. A new hologram and foil patch has been introduced on the front of the £20, £50 and £100 notes, which features the Bank of Scotland logo and the numerical value of the note.
£5 note features the Brig o' Doon
£10 note features the Glenfinnan Viaduct
£20 note features the Forth Bridge
£50 note features the Falkirk Wheel
£100 note features the Kessock Bridge
On 1 March 2018 the Bank decided to withdraw all its paper £5 and £10 notes, and fully replace them with the polymer equivalents (see below).[22]
2016 Polymer series[edit]
Bank of Scotland began issuing new banknotes on polymer in 2016, beginning with the £5 note; the main theme of the bridges of Scotland are kept for this series, but have been redesigned to incorporate additional design features. The portrait of Sir Walter Scott by Henry Raeburn is the same as the 2007 issues, but have been shifted from the center to the right side of the notes; the bank's headquarters, "The Mound" is featured at the center of the note. The size of the notes for this series is also reduced.[23][24]
£5 note features Brig o' Doon
£10 note features Glenfinnan Viaduct
Corporate structure[edit]
The Bank has several brands including:
Bank of Scotland Corporate (including the former Capital Bank)
Bank of Scotland Investment Services
Bank of Scotland Private Banking
List of Governors of the Bank of Scotland[edit]
John Holland 1696–1697
David Melville, 3rd Earl of Leven 1697–1728
Alexander Hume, 2nd Earl of Marchmont 1728–1740
Charles Hope, 1st Earl of Hopetoun 1740–1742
Colonel John Stratton 1742
John Hay, 4th Marquess of Tweeddale 1742–1762
Hugh Hume, 3rd Earl of Marchmont 1763–1790
Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 1790–1811
Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville 1812–1851
James Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie 1851–1860[25]
John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane 1861–1862
George Hamilton-Baillie, 11th Earl of Haddington 1863–1870
John Dalrymple, 10th Earl of Stair 1870–1903
Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh 1904–1921
William Mure 1921–1924
Sidney Elphinstone, 16th Lord Elphinstone 1924–1955
Sir John Craig 1955–1957
Steven Bilsland, 1st Baron Bilsland 1957–1966
Henry Hepburne-Scott, 10th Lord Polwarth 1966–1972
Ronald Colville, 2nd Baron Clydesmuir 1972–1981
Sir Thomas Risk 1981–1991
Sir Bruce Pattullo 1991–1998
Sir Alistair Grant 1998–1999
Sir John Shaw 1999–2001
Sir Peter Burt 2001–2003
George Mitchell 2003–2006
Dennis Stevenson, Baron Stevenson of Coddenham 2006– 2007
Sponsorship[edit]
Bank of Scotland sponsored the Scottish Premier League from its inception in 1998 to season 2006/2007 when it declined to renew the deal in favour of investing in grassroots sport instead. Bank of Scotland also sponsors Scottish Athletics.
British banknotes
List of banks
The Royal Bank of Scotland
William Paterson (banker)
Museum on the Mound
^ "Bank of Scotland Plc".
^ Napier, Niall (1 April 2013). "Banca Na h'Alba | Niall Napier". Flickr. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i Rampant Scotland
^ Bank of Scotland by Richard Saville Page XXXIII
^ Bank of Scotland by Richard Saville Page 413
^ The failure of the Ayr Bank 1772
^ Bank of Scotland Corporate to move back to 110 St Vincent Street Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e Timeline: Bank of Scotland
^ "Bank drops evangelist". BBC News. 5 June 1999. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
^ Lloyds Bank to merge with TSB Group
^ Battle for Natwest resumes as DTI clears £22bn Bank of Scotland bid
^ Bank admits defeat over Natwest
^ Bank of Scotland to continue talks with Abbey National
^ Bank of Scotland and Halifax agree merger
^ HBoS Reorganisation Act 2006
^ Lloyds: What happens next? Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Bank of Scotland 'family tree'". HBOS History. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
^ "British Provincial Banknotes". pp. 1–6. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
^ "Current Banknotes : Bank of Scotland". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
^ "Bank of Scotland to launch new series of banknotes". Bank of Scotland press releases. HBOS plc. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
^ "The Bridges series – withdrawn". scotbanks.org.uk. Committee of Scottish Clearing Banks. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ Bank of Scotland new 5-pound note confirmed Banknote News (banknotenews.com). 12 October 2016. Retrieved on 5 June 2017.
^ Bank of Scotland new 10-pound polymer note unveiled Banknote News (banknotenews.com). 29 May 2017. Retrieved on 5 June 2017.
^ Saville, Richard (1996). Bank of Scotland: a history, 1695–1995. Edinburgh University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-7486-0757-0.
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Scotland is a country, part of the United Kingdom. Sharing a border with England to the southeast, Scotland is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, by the North Sea to the northeast and by the Irish Sea to the south. In addition to the mainland, situated on the northern third of the island of Great Britain, Scotland has over 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides; the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain; the union created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. In 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland enacted a political union to create a United Kingdom.
The majority of Ireland subsequently seceded from the UK in 1922. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland; the legal system within Scotland has remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland. The continued existence of legal, educational and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England; the Scottish Parliament, a unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, was established in 1999 and has authority over those areas of domestic policy which have been devolved by the United Kingdom Parliament. The head of the Scottish Government, the executive of the devolved legislature, is the First Minister of Scotland. Scotland is represented in the UK House of Commons by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs.
Scotland is a member of the British–Irish Council, sends five members of the Scottish Parliament to the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland is divided into councils. Glasgow City is the largest subdivision in Scotland in terms of population, with Highland being the largest in terms of area. "Scotland" comes from the Latin name for the Gaels. From the ninth century, the meaning of Scotia shifted to designate Gaelic Scotland and by the eleventh century the name was being used to refer to the core territory of the Kingdom of Alba in what is now east-central Scotland; the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass most of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages, as the Kingdom of Alba expanded and came to encompass various peoples of diverse origins. Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period, it is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation.
At the time, Scotland was covered in forests, had more bog-land, the main form of transport was by water. These settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, the first villages around 6,000 years ago; the well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period. Neolithic habitation and ritual sites are common and well preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone. Evidence of sophisticated pre-Christian belief systems is demonstrated by sites such as the Callanish Stones on Lewis and the Maes Howe on Orkney, which were built in the third millennium BCE; the first written reference to Scotland was in 320 BC by Greek sailor Pytheas, who called the northern tip of Britain "Orcas", the source of the name of the Orkney islands. During the first millennium BCE, the society changed to a chiefdom model, as consolidation of settlement led to the concentration of wealth and underground stores of surplus food.
The first Roman incursion into Scotland occurred in 79 AD. After the Roman victory, Roman forts were set along the Gask Ridge close to the Highland line, but by three years after the battle, the Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands; the Romans erected Hadrian's Wall in northern England and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the Roman Empire. The Roman influence on the southern part of the country was considerable, they introduced Christianity to Scotland. Beginning in the sixth century, the area, now Scotland was divided into three areas: Pictland, a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland; these societies were based on the family unit and had sharp divisions in wealth, although the vast majority were poor and worked full-time in subsistence agriculture. The Picts kept slaves through the ninth century. Gaelic influence over Pictland and Northumbria was facilitated by the large number of Gaelic-speaking clerics working as missionaries. Operating in the sixth ce
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom, it is the world's eighth-oldest bank, it was owned by stockholders from its foundation in 1694 until it was nationalised in 1946. The Bank became an independent public organisation in 1998, wholly owned by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the government, but with independence in setting monetary policy; the Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom, has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee has a devolved responsibility for managing monetary policy; the Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances", but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days.
The Bank's Financial Policy Committee held its first meeting in June 2011 as a macroprudential regulator to oversee regulation of the UK's financial sector. The Bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, on Threadneedle Street, since 1734, it is sometimes known as The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street, a name taken from a satirical cartoon by James Gillray in 1797. The road junction outside is known as Bank junction; as a regulator and central bank, the Bank of England has not offered consumer banking services for many years, but it still does manage some public-facing services such as exchanging superseded bank notes. Until 2016, the bank provided personal banking services as a privilege for employees. England's crushing defeat by France, the dominant naval power, in naval engagements culminating in the 1690 Battle of Beachy Head, became the catalyst for England rebuilding itself as a global power. England had no choice. No public funds were available, the credit of William III's government was so low in London that it was impossible for it to borrow the £1,200,000 that the government wanted.
To induce subscription to the loan, the subscribers were to be incorporated by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The Bank was given exclusive possession of the government's balances, was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue bank notes; the lenders would give the government cash and issue notes against the government bonds, which can be lent again. The £1.2m was raised in 12 days. As a side effect, the huge industrial effort needed, including establishing ironworks to make more nails and advances in agriculture feeding the quadrupled strength of the navy, started to transform the economy; this helped the new Kingdom of Great Britain – England and Scotland were formally united in 1707 – to become powerful. The power of the navy made Britain the dominant world power in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; the establishment of the bank was devised by Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, in 1694. The plan of 1691, proposed by William Paterson three years before, had not been acted upon.
58 years earlier, in 1636, Financier to the king, Philip Burlamachi, had proposed the same idea in a letter addressed to Sir Francis Windebank. He proposed a loan of £1.2m to the government. The royal charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694. Public finances were in such dire condition at the time that the terms of the loan were that it was to be serviced at a rate of 8% per annum, there was a service charge of £4,000 per annum for the management of the loan; the first governor was Sir John Houblon, depicted in the £50 note issued in 1994. The charter was renewed in 1742, 1764, 1781; the Bank's original home was in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, where during reconstruction in 1954 archaeologists found the remains of a Roman temple of Mithras. The Bank moved to its current location in Threadneedle Street in 1734, thereafter acquired neighbouring land to create the site necessary for erecting the Bank's original home at this location, under the direction of its chief architect Sir John Soane, between 1790 and 1827.
When the idea and reality of the national debt came about during the 18th century, this was managed by the Bank. During the American war of independence, business for the Bank was so good that George Washington remained a shareholder throughout the period. By the charter renewal in 1781 it was the bankers' bank – keeping enough gold to pay its notes on demand until 26 February 1797 when war had so diminished gold reserves that – following an invasion scare caused by the Battle of Fishguard days earlier – the government prohibited the Bank from paying out in gold by the passing of the Bank Restriction Act 1797; this prohibition lasted until 1821. The 1844 Bank Charter Act tied the issue of notes to the gold reserves and gave the Bank sol
Lloyds Bank plc is a British retail and commercial bank with branches across England and Wales. It has traditionally been considered one of the "Big Four" clearing banks; the bank was founded in Birmingham in 1765. It expanded during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and took over a number of smaller banking companies. In 1995 it merged with the Trustee Savings Bank and traded as Lloyds TSB Bank plc between 1999 and 2013; the bank is the principal subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group, formed in January 2009 by the acquisition of HBOS by the then-Lloyds TSB Group. That year, following the UK bank rescue package, the British Government took a 43.4% stake in Lloyds Banking Group. As a condition imposed by the European Commission regarding state aid, the group announced that it would create a new standalone retail banking business, made up of a number of Lloyds TSB branches and those of Cheltenham & Gloucester; the new business began operations on 9 September 2013 under the TSB brand. Lloyds TSB was subsequently renamed Lloyds Bank on 23 September 2013.
On 17 March 2017, the British Government confirmed its remaining shares in Lloyds Banking Group had been sold. Lloyds Bank is the largest retail bank in Britain, has an extensive network of branches and ATM in England and Wales and offers 24-hour telephone and online banking services; as of 2012 it has 16 million small business accounts. It has other offices in Wales and Scotland, it operates a number of office complex, brand headquarters and data centres in Yorkshire including Leeds and Halifax. The origins of Lloyds Bank date from 1765, when button maker John Taylor and Quaker iron producer and dealer Sampson Lloyd set up a private banking business in Dale End, Birmingham; the first branch office opened in Oldbury, some six miles west of Birmingham, in 1864. The symbol adopted by Taylors and Lloyds was the beehive, representing hard work; the black horse regardant device dates from 1677, when Humphrey Stokes adopted it as sign for his shop. Stokes was a goldsmith and "keeper of the running cashes" and the business became part of Barnett, Hoares & Co.
When Lloyds took over that bank in 1884, it continued to trade "at the sign of the black horse". The association with the Tailor family ended in 1852 and, in 1865, Lloyds & Co. converted into a joint-stock company known as Lloyds Banking Company Ltd. The first report of the company in 1865 stated:LLOYDS BANKING COMPANY LIMITED – Authorized Capital £2,000,000. FOUNDED ON The Private Banks of Messrs. Lloyds & Co. and Messrs. Moilliet and Sons, with-which have subsequently been amalgamated the Banks of Messrs. P. H. Williams and Messrs. Stevenson, Salt, & Co. Stafford and Lichfield. Your Directors have the satisfaction to report that they have concluded an agreement with the well-known and old-established firm of Messrs. Stevenson, Salt & Company for the amalgamation with this Company of their Banking Business at Stafford, Lichfield and Eccleshall, that this agreement has had the unanimous approval of the Extraordinary General Meeting held on 31st January last, it will be again submitted to you for final confirmation after the close of the Ordinary General Meeting.
TIMOTHY KENRICK, Chairman. BIRMINGHAM, 9th February 1866Two sons of the original partners followed in their footsteps by joining the established merchant bank Barnett, Hoares & Co. which became Barnetts, Hoares and Lloyd— based in Lombard Street, London. This became absorbed into the original Lloyds Banking Company, which became Lloyds and Bosanquets Bank Ltd. in 1884. And Lloyds Bank Limited in 1889. Through a series of mergers, including Cunliffe, Brooks in 1900, the Wilts. and Dorset Bank in 1914 and, by far the largest, the Capital and Counties Bank in 1918, Lloyds emerged to become one of the "Big Four" clearing banks in the United Kingdom. By 1923, Lloyds Bank had made some 50 takeovers, one of, the last private firm to issue its own banknotes—Fox and Company of Wellington, Somerset. Today, the Bank of England has a monopoly of banknote issue in Wales. In 2011, the company founded SGH Martineau LLP. In 1968, a failed attempt at merger with Barclays and Martins Bank was deemed to be against the public interest by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission.
Barclays acquired Martins the following year. In 1972, Lloyds Bank was a founding member of the Joint Credit Card Company which launched the Access credit card; that same year it introduced Cashpoint, the first online cash machine to use plastic cards with a magnetic stripe. In popular use, the Cashpoint trademark has become a generic term for an ATM in the United Kingdom. Under the leadership of Sir Brian Pitman between 1984 and 1997, the bank's business focus was narrowed and it reacted to disastrous lending to South American states by trimming its overseas businesses and seeking growth through mergers with other UK banks. During this period, Pitman tried unsuccessfully to acquire The Royal Bank of Scotland in 1984, Standard Chartered in 1986, Midland Bank in 1992. Lloyds Bank International merged into Lloyds Bank in 1986, since there was no longer an advantage in operating separately. In 1988, Lloyds merged five of its businesses with the Abbey Life Insurance Company to create Lloyds Abbey Life.
The bank merged first with the newly demutualised Cheltenham & Gloucester Building Society with the TSB Group
A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. They have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the British Magna Carta of 1215, but since the 14th century have only been used in place of private acts to grant a right or power to an individual or a body corporate, they were, are still, used to establish significant organisations such as boroughs and learned societies. Charters should be distinguished from royal warrants of appointment, grants of arms and other forms of letters patent, such as those granting an organisation the right to use the word "royal" in their name or granting city status, which do not have legislative effect; the British monarchy has issued over 1,000 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence; the earliest charter recorded by the UK government was granted to the University of Cambridge in England in 1231, although older charters are known to have existed including to the Worshipful Company of Weavers in England in 1150 and to the town of Tain in Scotland in 1066.
Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, in 2014. Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to grant rights and privileges to towns and cities. During the 14th and 15th century the concept of incorporation of a municipality by royal charter evolved. Among the past and present groups formed by royal charter are the Company of Merchants of the Staple of England, the British East India Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, the Chartered Bank of India and China, the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, the British South Africa Company, some of the former British colonies on the North American mainland, City livery companies, the Bank of England and the British Broadcasting Corporation. Between the 14th and 19th centuries, royal charters were used to create chartered companies – for-profit ventures with shareholders, used for exploration and colonisation. Early charters to such companies granted trade monopolies, but this power was restricted to parliament from the end of the 17th century.
Until the 19th century, royal charters were the only means other than an act of parliament by which a company could be incorporated. The use of royal charters to incorporate organisations gave rise to the concept of the "corporation by prescription"; this enabled corporations that had existed from time immemorial to be recognised as incorporated via the legal fiction of a "lost charter". Examples of corporations by prescription include Cambridge universities. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, of the 81 universities established in pre-Reformation Europe, 13 were established ex consuetudine without any form of charter, 33 by Papal bull alone, 20 by both Papal bull and imperial or royal charter, 15 by imperial or royal charter alone. Universities established by royal charter did not have the same international recognition – their degrees were only valid within that kingdom; the first university to be founded by charter was the University of Naples in 1224, founded by an imperial charter of Frederick II.
The first university founded by royal charter was the University of Coimbra in 1290, by King Denis of Portugal, which received Papal confirmation the same year. Other early universities founded by royal charter include the University of Perpignan and the University of Huesca, both by Peter IV of Aragon, the Jagiellonian University by Casimir III of Poland, the University of Vienna by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, the University of Caen by Henry VI of England, the University of Girona and the University of Barcelona, both by Alfonso V of Aragon, the University of Valence by the Dauphin Louis, the University of Palma by Ferdinand II of Aragon; the University of Cambridge was confirmed by a Papal bull in 1317 or 1318, but despite repeated attempts, the University of Oxford never received such confirmation. The three pre-Reformation Scottish universities were all established by Papal bulls. Following the reformation, establishment of universities and colleges by royal charter became the norm; the University of Edinburgh was founded under the authority of a royal charter granted to the Edinburgh town council in 1582 by James VI as the "town's college".
Trinity College Dublin was established by a royal charter of Elizabeth I in 1593. Both of these charters were given in Latin; the Edinburgh charter gave permission for the town council "to build and to repair sufficient houses and places for the reception and teaching of professors of the schools of grammar, the humanities and languages, theology and law, or whichever liberal arts which we declare detract in no way from the aforesaid mortification" and granted them the right to appoint and remove professors. But, as concluded by Edinburgh's principal, Sir Alexander Grant, in his tercentenary history of the university, "Obviously this is no charter founding a university". Instead
George Watson (accountant)
George Watson was a Scottish accountant and philanthropist. He was the Bank of Scotland's first Chief Acccountant, he bequeathed money, used to establish the George Watson College and fund George Heriot's School. Watson was born in Edinburgh on the 12 November 1654 in Edinburgh, the eldest son of Marion Ewing and John Watson, a merchant. After the death of his father and the remarriage of his mother Watson and his brother James were brought up by their aunt Elizabeth Davidson. In 1672 he went to Rotterdam to be educated in book-keeping, he returned to Edinburgh to become, in the private secretary to Sir James Dick. Based on this experience he became one of Scotland's most famed accountants of his time, was appointed chief accountant to the Bank of Scotland when it was founded in 1695. George Watson is buried in Edinburgh's Greyfriars Kirkyard, although the precise location of his remains is unknown, there is a memorial plaque in a wall in the north-west of the graveyard. Having been an early benefactor of Edinburgh's Merchant Maiden Hospital, Watson subsequently bequeathed in his will a generous sum for the Merchant Company of Edinburgh, with specific sums being set aside for educating pupils at the Merchant Maiden Hospital, the Trades Maiden Hospital and Heriot's Hospital, now George Heriot's School.
He stipulated that all his beneficiaries were to bear the name Watson or Davidson - this was not an unusual style of stipulation at the time. A further £144,000 Pound Scots was left for the foundation of a new charitable school, "hospital" as they were known, for "entertaining and educating the male children and grandchildren of decayed merchants in Edinburgh"; this was to become George Watson's College. The school remains in service to this day, as does George Heriot's, "Watson's", as it is known, continues to celebrate an annual "Founder's Day". Undiscovered Scotland
Chester is a walled city in Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales. With a population of 118,200 in 2011, it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester, which had a population of 332,200 in 2014. Chester was granted city status in 1541. Chester was founded as a "castrum" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian in 79 AD. One of the main army camps in Roman Britain, Deva became a major civilian settlement. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia, which became Chester's first cathedral, the Saxons extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes. Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans. William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle, to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. Chester is one of the best preserved walled cities in Britain, it has a number of medieval buildings, but some of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations.
Apart from a 100-metre section, the listed Grade I walls are complete. The Industrial Revolution brought railways and new roads to the city, which saw substantial expansion and development – Chester Town Hall and the Grosvenor Museum are examples of Victorian architecture from this period; the Roman Legio II Adiutrix during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian founded Chester in AD 79, as a "castrum" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix. It was established in the land of the Celtic Cornovii, according to ancient cartographer Ptolemy, as a fortress during the Roman expansion northward, was named Deva either after the goddess of the Dee, or directly from the British name for the river. The'victrix' part of the name was taken from the title of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix, based at Deva. Central Chester's four main roads, Northgate and Bridgegate, follow routes laid out at this time. A civilian settlement grew around the military base originating from trade with the fortress; the fortress was 20% larger than other fortresses in the Roman province of Britannia built around the same time at York and Caerleon.
The civilian amphitheatre, built in the 1st century, could seat between 8,000 and 10,000 people. It is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain, is a Scheduled Monument; the Minerva Shrine in the Roman quarry is the only rock cut. The fortress was garrisoned by the legion until at least the late 4th century. Although the army had abandoned the fortress by 410 when the Romans retreated from Britannia, the Romano-British civilian settlement continued and its occupants continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders from the Irish Sea. After the Roman troops withdrew, the Romano-British established a number of petty kingdoms. Chester is thought to have become part of Powys. Deverdoeu was a Welsh name for Chester as late as the 12th century. Another, attested in the 9th-century History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius, is Cair Legion. King Arthur is said to have fought his ninth battle at the "city of the legions" and St Augustine came to the city to try to unite the church, held his synod with the Welsh Bishops.
In 616, Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeated a Welsh army at the brutal and decisive Battle of Chester, established the Anglo-Saxon position in the area from on. The Northumbrian Anglo-Saxons used an Old English equivalent of the British name, Legacæstir, current until the 11th century, when, in a further parallel with Welsh usage, the first element fell out of use and the simple name Chester emerged. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia on what is considered to be an early Christian site: it is known as the Minster of St John the Baptist, Chester which became the first cathedral. Much the body of Æthelred's niece, St Werburgh, was removed from Hanbury in Staffordshire in the 9th century and, to save it from desecration by Danish marauders, was reburied in the Church of SS Peter & Paul - to become the Abbey Church, her name is still remembered in St Werburgh's Street which passes alongside the cathedral, near the city walls. The Saxons extended and strengthened the walls of Chester to protect the city against the Danes, who occupied it for a short time until Alfred seized all the cattle and laid waste the surrounding land to drive them out.
It was Lady of the Mercians, that built the new Saxon burh. A new Church dedicated to St Peter alone was founded in AD 907 by the Lady Æthelfleda at what was to become the Cross. In 973, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that, two years after his coronation at Bath, King Edgar of England came to Chester where he held his court in a palace in a place now known as Edgar's Field near the old Dee bridge in Handbridge. Taking the helm of a barge, he was rowed the short distance up the River Dee from Edgar's Field to the great Minster Church of St John the Baptist by six (the monk Henry Bradshaw records he
Bank of England [videos]
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, and still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom, it is the world's eighth-oldest bank …
Sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694), by Lady Jane Lindsay, 1905
Bank Stock of the Bank of England, issued 25. January 1876
Royal Bank of Scotland [videos]
The Royal Bank of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba, Scots: Ryal Bank o Scotland, commonly abbreviated as RBS, is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, together with NatWest and Ulster Bank. The Royal Bank of Scotland has around 700 …
Branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland in Islington, London.
A van of the RBS mobile banking service
A Royal Bank of Scotland £5 note from 1964
Image: RBSG HQ, St Andrews Square, Edinburgh
Insurance [videos]
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. — An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, insurance carrier or underwriter. A person or entity …
Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times. Pictured, Governors of the Wine Merchant's Guild by Ferdinand Bol, c. 1680.
Leaflet promoting the National Insurance Act 1911.
A wrecked vehicle in Copenhagen
Great Western Hospital, Swindon
Edinburgh [videos]
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian, it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's …
Surgeons' Hall - one of the Greek Revival buildings that earned Edinburgh the nickname "Athens of the North"
Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
Edinburgh in the 17th century
A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on John Kay's caricatures) behind St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century
Scotland [videos]
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Sharing a border with England to the southeast, Scotland is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, by the North Sea to the northeast and by the Irish Sea …
David Morier's depiction of the Battle of Culloden, which is often said to have marked the end of the Scottish clan system.
Ruined croft houses at Fuaigh Mòr in the Outer Hebrides. The inhabitants were evicted during the Highland Clearances.
The Disruption Assembly; painted by David Octavius Hill.
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) in a trench at the Somme, 1916
United Kingdom [videos]
The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland but more commonly known as the UK or Britain, is a sovereign country lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of …
The stones of Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, were erected between 2400 and 2200 BC
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it
The State House in St. George's, Bermuda. Settled in 1612, the town is the oldest continuously-inhabited English town in the New World.
The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain
Lloyds Banking Group [videos]
Lloyds Banking Group plc is a major British financial institution formed through the acquisition of HBOS by Lloyds TSB in 2009. The Group's history stems from the founding in 1695 by the Parliament of Scotland of the Bank of Scotland, which is the second oldest bank in the United Kingdom. The …
25 Gresham Street
Park Row Leeds branch of Lloyds Bank, with a sculpture of the black horse (called Cancara) in the foreground
Head office of the Bank of Scotland at The Mound, Edinburgh.
The Aylesbury branch of Lloyds Bank, formerly the Bucks and Oxon Union Bank.
Halifax (bank) [videos]
Halifax is a British bank operating as a trading division of Bank of Scotland, itself a wholly owned subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group. — It is named after the town of Halifax, West Yorkshire where it was founded as a building society in 1853. By 1913 …
The Halifax Building
A high-street branch of the Halifax in Peterborough
A branch of Halifax Estate Agency in Bingley.
Neighbouring Halifax and Lloyds TSB branches outside the Arndale Centre, Cross Gates, Leeds
Scottish Gaelic [videos]
Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to the Gaels of Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish …
Anne Lorne Gillies speaking publicly in the Scottish Gaelic language.
Bilingual signs in English and Gaelic are now part of the architecture in the Scottish Parliament building completed in 2004.
Bilingual road sign
A sign indicating services in Gaelic and English at a Free Church of Scotland congregation in the community of Ness, Isle of Lewis.
Parliament of Scotland [videos]
The Parliament of Scotland was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The parliament, like other such institutions, evolved during the Middle Ages from the king's council of bishops and earls. It is first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II, when it was …
Scone and its Moot hill emerged as a favoured meeting place of the early colloquia and councils in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh. Usual meeting place of Parliament from 1438 to 1560
St Giles' Kirk, common meeting place of Parliament from 1563 to 1639.
Image: Parliament Hall, Edinburgh
Banknote [videos]
A banknote is a type of negotiable promissory note, made by a bank, payable to the bearer on demand. — Banknotes were originally issued by commercial banks, which were legally required to redeem the notes for legal tender (usually gold or silver …
Banknotes with a face value of 5000 in different currencies.
The current banknotes of the Swiss franc series possess at least eighteen security features.
Song Dynasty Jiaozi, the world's earliest paper money.
A Yuan dynasty printing plate and banknote with Chinese and Mongol words.
Banknotes of the pound sterling [videos]
Sterling banknotes are the banknotes in circulation in the United Kingdom and its related territories, denominated in pounds sterling. — Sterling banknotes are official currency in the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man …
An example of a provincial English banknote: a £1 note issued in 1814 by the Gloucester Old Bank
The Debden Security Printing Ltd printing facility, owned by De La Rue, which prints Bank of England banknotes.
A Bank of Ireland £5 note
Image: Turner selfportrait
Parliament of the United Kingdom [videos]
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known internationally as the UK Parliament, British Parliament, or Westminster Parliament, and domestically simply as Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and …
Print of the Palace of Westminster, before it burnt down in 1834
Leading 17th century Parliamentarian John Hampden is one of the Five Members annually commemorated
Parliament Buildings, Stormont, Northern Ireland is home to the Northern Ireland Assembly.
Image: Houses.of.parliament .overall.arp
Economy of Scotland [videos]
The economy of Scotland had an estimated nominal gross domestic product of up to £152 billion in 2015. Since the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland's economy has been closely aligned with the economy of the rest of the United Kingdom and England has historically been its main trading partner …
HMS Daring, although diminished from its early 20th century heights, Glasgow remains the hub of the UK's shipbuilding industry.
Glenfiddich whisky distillery in Moray
The global headquarters of Standard Life is based in Edinburgh
Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire, tourism is one of Scotland's fastest growing economic sectors
Pound sterling [videos]
The pound sterling, commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da …
The Hatter's hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal system: the hat costs half a guinea (10 shillings and 6 pence).
A pound = 20 shillings = 240 silver pennies (formerly)
Reverse of a £5 Series G Bank of England note
Image: Bank of England £50 obverse
England [videos]
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north-northwest. The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the …
Stonehenge, a Neolithic monument
Boudica led an uprising against the Roman Empire
Replica of the 7th-century ceremonial Sutton Hoo helmet from the Kingdom of East Anglia
King Henry VIII became Supreme Head of the Church of England
John Rhind (sculptor) [videos]
for others with the same name see Rhind — John Rhind ARSA was a Scottish sculptor, based in Edinburgh. He was born in Banff the son of a master mason. He was trained under Alexander Handyside Ritchie. He was master of the masonic lodge on Hill Street in Edinburgh from 1864 …
Medallion head of John Rhind and his wife on his grave in Warriston Cemetery Edinburgh
John Rhind's signature
The carving at Paisley Close Edinburgh
Chester [videos]
Chester is a walled city in Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales. With a population of 118,200 in 2011, it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester, which had a population of 332,200 in 2014. Chester was granted city status in 1541. — Chester was …
Arms of Chester City
4, 5 and 6 Abbey Square
Photochrom of the Chester Rows as seen from the Cross, 1895
The Falcon Inn after restoration
Barclays [videos]
Barclays plc is a British multinational investment bank and financial services company, headquartered in London. Apart from investment banking, Barclays is organised into four core businesses: personal banking, corporate banking, wealth management, and investment management.Barclays traces its …
The Barclays Head Office in London
The Barclays Bank branch in Sutton, southern Greater London, which was originally a branch of London and Provincial prior to acquisition by Barclays
A plaque in Enfield, United Kingdom commemorating the installation of the world's first cash machine by Barclays in 1967
A Barclays branch in Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom
Houston [videos]
Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, with a census-estimated population of 2.312 million in 2017. It is the most populous city in the Southern United States and on the Gulf Coast of the United …
Sam Houston
Satellite image of Houston, 2018
Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart
Houston Art Car Parade
New Zealand [videos]
New Zealand is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, and the South Island —and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some …
The Waitangi sheet from the Treaty of Waitangi
A meeting of European and Māori inhabitants of Hawke's Bay Province. Engraving, 1863.
Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand since 1952
A statue of Richard Seddon, the "Beehive" (Executive Wing), and Parliament House (right), in Parliament Grounds, Wellington.
Perth [videos]
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is named after the city of Perth, Scotland and is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.04 million living in Greater Perth. Perth is part of the South West Land …
Perth's skyline viewed from Elizabeth Quay
The Foundation of Perth 1829 by George Pitt Morison is a historically accurate reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was founded.
Perth Town Hall, like many colonial buildings in Perth, was built using convict labour.
Satellite image of Perth
HBOS [videos]
HBOS plc is a banking and insurance company in the United Kingdom, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lloyds Banking Group, having been taken over in January 2009. It is the holding company for Bank of Scotland plc, which operates the Bank of Scotland and Halifax brands in the UK, as well as HBOS …
Group headquarters on The Mound, Edinburgh.
Halifax offices in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
HBOS offices in Lovell Park, Leeds, formerly those of the Leeds Permanent Building Society before its takeover by the Halifax Building Society.
Bank [videos]
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit. Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets. Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most …
Among many other things, the Code of Hammurabi from 1754 BC recorded interest-bearing loans.
A 640 BC one-third stater electrum coin from Lydia, where gold and silver coins were used for the first time
Banco de Venezuela in Coro.
Lloyds Bank [videos]
Lloyds Bank plc is a British retail and commercial bank with branches across England and Wales. It has traditionally been considered one of the "Big Four" clearing banks. The bank was founded in Birmingham in 1765. It expanded during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and took over a number of …
Sampson Lloyd II (1699 - 1779), Birmingham iron merchant and founder of Lloyds Bank in 1765
A rebranded Lloyds Bank branch in Wetherby, West Yorkshire (October 2013)
The Teddington branch of Lloyds Bank in the west of Greater London, designed by Randall Wells in 1929.
Royal charter [videos]
A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. Historically, they have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the British Magna Carta of 1215, but since the 14th century have only been used in place of …
Charter granted by King George IV in 1827, establishing King's College, Toronto, now the University of Toronto
Coloured engraving by H. D. Smith, commemorating the grant of a charter to King's College, London in 1829
The Hudson's Bay Company building in Montreal
British Linen Bank [videos]
The British Linen Bank was a commercial bank based in the United Kingdom. It was acquired by the Bank of Scotland in 1969 and served as the establishment's merchant bank arm from 1977 until 1999. — History — Foundation — The Edinburgh-based British Linen was "the only British bank to be …
The name of the bank above the entrance to its branch in Falkland, Fife
The Bank's former Head Office in St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh
British Linen Company carving in Govan
North Sea oil [videos]
North Sea oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, comprising liquid petroleum and natural gas, produced from petroleum reservoirs beneath the North Sea. — In the petroleum industry, the term "North Sea" often includes areas such as the Norwegian Sea and the area known as "West of Shetland", "the Atlantic …
North Sea Oil and Gas Fields
An oil platform in Mittelplate, Wadden Sea
A 'Statfjord' gravity base structure under construction in Norway. Almost all of the structure was submerged.
The Mound [videos]
The Mound is an artificial hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, which connects Edinburgh's New and Old Towns. It was formed by dumping around 1,501,000 cartloads of earth excavated from the foundations of the New Town into Nor Loch which was drained in 1765 and forms today's Princes Street Gardens …
The Mound
The National Gallery of Scotland
Pound Scots [videos]
The pound Scots was the unit of currency in the Kingdom of Scotland before the kingdom unified with the Kingdom of England in 1707. It was introduced by David I, in the 12th century, on the model of English and French money, divided into 20 …
Image: James VI 1601 662018
Image: Scotland penny 802002
John Holland (banker) [videos]
John Holland was an English banker. He is best known as the founder of the Bank of Scotland in 1695. — Life — Little is known of Holland's early life except that he was born in 1658 in the Precinct of Bridewell in the City of London; all marriage and baptismal registers from this …
The headquarters of the Bank of Scotland in Edinburgh, founded by Holland in 1695
George Watson (accountant) [videos]
George Watson was a Scottish accountant and philanthropist. He was the Bank of Scotland's first Chief Acccountant. He bequeathed money that was used to establish the George Watson College and fund George Heriot's School. — Life — Watson was born in Edinburgh on …
Watson's memorial shown in situ with – inset – a close-up to allow the wording to be read. (Click the image to load large version.)
Merchant bank [videos]
A merchant bank is historically a bank dealing in commercial loans and investment. In modern British usage it is the same as an investment bank. Merchant banks were the first modern banks and evolved from medieval merchants who traded in commodities, particularly cloth merchants. Historically …
Johann Hinrich Gossler, a prominent Hamburg merchant banker of the 18th century
Eric Bana [videos]
Eric Banadinović, known professionally as Eric Bana, is an Australian actor and comedian. He began his career in the sketch comedy series Full Frontal before his first movie, comedy-drama The Castle, got him noticed by global audiences. Soon after he gained critical …
Bana at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival
Bana at the première of Lucky You in May 2007
Star Trek première, Sydney Opera House, 2009
Bana posing with fans at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival
History of Switzerland [videos]
Since 1848, the Swiss Confederation has been a federal state of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics. — The early history of the region is tied to that of Alpine …
Divico and Julius Caesar after the Battle of Bibracte
The Battle of Laupen (1339) between Swiss forces and an army of the Dukes of Savoy (Diebold Schilling the Elder, 1480s).
Leonhard Euler (1707–83), one of the most prominent scientists in the Age of Enlightenment
Religious geography in 1800 (orange: Protestant, green: Catholic).


Canada Immigration Lawyer Says Harper Should Follow Obama's Example on Illegal Immigration - Canada Immigration and Visa Information. Canadian Immigration Services and Free Online Evaluation.
The US President Barack Obama announced historic immigration reforms last week, which allow millions of illegal immigrants in the country (about 4.7 million) to avoid deportation and take steps to obtain citizenship.
As per the new reforms, any person who has been living in the US for five years or is a parent of a citizen or permanent US resident can now apply for citizenship and avoid getting deported.
While the reforms have generated criticism from the Republicans, immigration activists feel these changes are not enough. The issue of illegal immigration is a matter of concern in Canada as well, although it is debatable whether reforms similar to those announced by the US would be beneficial here.
Colin Singer, a Canada immigration lawyer from Montreal, views the US reforms as a positive step and says that the Harper government should follow Obama's example by implementing similar reforms. According to Singer, there are 200,000 undocumented immigrants in Canada, with the majority of them resident in Greater Toronto. "I believe that an amnesty program could be introduced under a joint agreement between Ottawa and each of the provinces as they all have immigration agreements with Ottawa," says Singer.
According to the 2009 House of Commons Immigration Committee Report, there are significant differences between the Canadian and American illegal immigrant populations. While most of the undocumented immigrants in the US have illegally entered through its southern border, most of the immigrants in Canada entered the country legally, whether as a tourist or on a temporary worker's visa.
The report highlights that these invisible immigrants and their families are subject to more abuse than temporary foreign workers and they quietly tolerate substandard working conditions for fear of being deported.
Singer believes that illegal immigrants who are currently employed in Canada could be given temporary work permits by the Canadian government. Those who remain in good standing could apply for permanent residence after a period of 12 to 24 months.
Canada has offered amnesty to illegal immigrants before but there has never been anything significantly successful. Such programs have often met with criticism that they encourage foreigners to evade rules and hence encourages illegal immigration.
Singer however does not agree with this argument. "The last amnesty in Canada I believe was in the 1980s. So a 'clean up' once every 30 years or so will in my opinion, not serve to increase illegal immigration. We have enough safeguards and visa restrictions under the current government that will ensure the status quo for quite some time," he argues.


text:
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/ Current: Labour from the Baltic Sea region: Language, migration and daily working life among Polish and Estonian citizens in Sweden
Labour from the Baltic Sea region: Language, migration and daily working life among Polish and Estonian citizens in Sweden
Söderlundh, Hedda - Senior Lecturer
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
In the Swedish political debate, the key to the labour market is commonly considered to be proficiency in Swedish. At the same time there is an extensive periodical labour migration to Sweden (in particular from Poland), which would indicate that migrants do get work – even though they do not always fully master the language. How these EU nationals from the Baltic Sea Region linguistically manage their professional life in Sweden is not yet studied. For instance, how do they cooperate and interact at work when linguistic repertoires do not overlap? For what functions do they need Swedish? Can competence in Polish, in fact, be considered as capital in the Swedish labour market (cf. Bourdieu 1977)?
The project investigates multilingual professional discourse in Sweden among Polish and Estonian citizens, who periodically live and work in Sweden as carpenters, electricians or tile setters. Ethnographic observations and micro analyses of workplace talk are used for understanding and describing how key participants in at least two teams of craftsmen linguistically organise their daily working life in Sweden. Particular attention is paid to the use of different languages, hybrids of languages and bits of linguistic varieties (i.e. "truncated" linguistic repertoires) in relation to situations, tasks and participants. Also, body language and the use of artefacts are included in the analyses.
The project aims to contribute empirically to the knowledge of transnational labour in the Baltic Sea Region as a part of the EU Single Market, and theoretically to sociological and linguistic understandings of the relations between language use, globalisation and migration (Bauman 1998, Coupland 2003, Blommaert 2010). Expanding on earlier studies in linguistics, the project analyses multilingual professional discourse in an unexplored sector of working life where physical and practical team work is essential, and where shared meaning must be achieved through multilingualism and/or bits of linguistic repertoires.
The results can also contribute to a more general understanding of the relationship between language skills and access to the Swedish labour market for migrants. With this in mind, the project team will collaborate with representatives from SFI's working life preparatory courses, in order to discuss policy recommendations (when do migrants need language courses in relation to work?), as well as practical recommendations (how should preparatory courses be designed?).
People affiliated with the project
Leelo Keevallik - Project researcher
The School of Culture and Education
Linda Kahlin - Senior Lecturer and associate professor, The School of Culture and Education
Matylda Weidner - Guest researcher
Research area / geographic area
Culture and Education Swedish Languages Baltic Eastern Europe
Project time
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'Thin Blue Line': What does an American flag with a blue line mean?
One flag maker says the flag's use by white supremacists in Charlottesville "tarnishes what it and our nation believe in."
'Thin Blue Line': What does an American flag with a blue line mean? One flag maker says the flag's use by white supremacists in Charlottesville "tarnishes what it and our nation believe in." Check out this story on statesmanjournal.com: https://usat.ly/2whL1dn
USA Today NetworkSean Rossman, USA TODAY Published 1:58 p.m. PT Aug. 18, 2017 | Updated 9:28 a.m. PT Aug. 19, 2017
Multiple white nationalist groups march to McIntire Park in Charlottesville, Va., on Aug. 12. In the center background is a black-and-white American flag with a thin blue line across its center.(Photo: Mykal McEldowney/IndyStar)
The "Thin Blue Line" stands for law enforcement's separation of order from chaos, or, as Oxford Dictionaries describes, it's a reference to police, "in the context of maintaining order during unrest."
Yet, during the Charlottesville protests last weekend — a screaming example of mayhem— the proud symbol of police appeared amid a sea of white supremacists.
A black-and-white American flag with a thin blue line across its center appeared among the Confederate flags toted by the white supremacists and neo-Nazis during the violent protests.
At least one maker of the flag condemned its use in Charlottesville.
"We reject, in the strongest possible terms, any association of our flag with racism, hatred, and bigotry," said Thin Blue Line USA in a statement. "To use it in such a way tarnishes what it and our nation believe in. The thin blue line flag stands for the sacrifice law enforcement officers of this nation make each day. We ask our nation to hold faith with those that defend the thin blue line."
#Charlottesvillepic.twitter.com/ieuCPNiTd5
— Christopher Mathias (@letsgomathias) August 12, 2017
The company started making the flags in 2014, donating a portion of its sales to law enforcement non-profits. In addition to flags, they sell thin blue line t-shirts, tank tops and children's clothes. The use of it by white supremacists runs counter to its message.
"We want to get rid of that rivalry between law enforcement and citizens," said Pete Forhan, the company's vice president.
Bill Johnson, executive director of the National Association of Police Organizations, said the thin blue line "holds us together" and "protects us."
The organization represents about 241,000 rank-and-file law enforcement officers across the United States.
"No police department, no official police group would ever go in there and raise their flag for that type of demonstration," Johnson said.
Follow Sean Rossman on Twitter: @SeanRossman
Read or Share this story: https://usat.ly/2whL1dn


"sing to the east, sing to the west..."
last minute leigh strikes again! i finished my contribution for the february sampler at 12 last night and finished packaging it at 1. i mailed it off this morning and was assured it would be there by noon tomorrow (the deadline). eek! it feels good. i had a couple of ideas for valentine type cards, but then i decided a multiple use card is better for people who don't celebrate valentine's day. PLUS, it's inspired by my mixtape tattoo (but i actually drew this one) and people who dislike mixtapes go to the LIONS :) let me know if you want one. i made a PLETHORA of them. hopefully janice will want some for copacetique.
sometimes it's just easier to post pictures without text. sigh (the good kind).
Josh sortakinda looks like Sufjan Stevens.
Also, how would I go about getting one of those cards? ADORABLE!
the ones i did not donate to the sampler are a bright pink and have the "i'll be the b-side to your a-side" text inside and then i have others which are neon pink and are blank inside.
thanks laura. actually, it's kind of silly, but ummm...i took the words from a song i wrote: forgotten formats. :) i am really proud of the lyrics though so i didn't mind recycling.
ps. yr new haircolor looks CUTE (duh).
Yee hee hee! I would love a card!
And holy smokers, Josh is a doll. A hot doll.
ooh! gocco! i just got one for christmas, but have yet to watch the video...the cards look great!
yep! i've been hoarding supplies. it's so scary to think i might not be able to get screens and bulbs. eek! i really just hope someone else steps up to manufacture them.
good luck goccoing! i think it's pretty much the best present i've ever bought for myself. it's also pretty easy once you do it a couple of times. this is probably my 10th project or so?
seriously though, i sort of want to call my book "no lions."
NO LIONS for the mixtape cards! Oh so cute! Did you get my email? I am excited for a Saturday DANCE PARTY.
Re: seriously though, i sort of want to call my book "no lions."
i thought it was the name of our band! i was SO CONFUSED getting this comment, like "who is this!?" durrr.
i was j/k-ing. :) as long as you can handle being in a band with someone who can't play any instruments, sing or write songs.
i get to start making franz' website tonight. i am so psyched. have fun at jason's show!
your cards turned out to be super cute!! I love them!
And I like the other pictures too...I like the lighting for them.
Aw, I really want a card!
can i get some or what? email me.
Leigh, the tapes are adorable! I'm hope you keep on crafting!


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Environmental Solutions Initiative
Martin Fellows
UROPS
Plastics Program
Degrees/Classes
Tropical Peatlands
Martin Fellows for Sustainability
Environment & Sustainability Minor
Majors, Minors, Concentrations and Classes
Curriculum Grants
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tropical Peatlands: Biogeochemical Processes and Mitigation Strategies
Charles Harvey, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Benjamin Kocar, Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Martin Polz, Professot of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Shuhei Ono, Associate Professor of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences
Roger Summons, Professor of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences
Read the published paper here: http://www.pnas.org/content/114/26/E5187
Year One Report Executive Summary
We linked research activities across a set of labs at MIT to determine the biogeochemical processes that control carbon fluxes within tropical peatlands. Our work includes: analysis of microbial lipids, including the identification of unique archael lipids; characterization of microbial communities living at different depths in the peat, and; development of a reactive transport model that quantifies carbon fluxes through the peat. By combining these research thrusts, we found that most methane produced in the peat is transported laterally in flowing groundwater to rivers, not vertically to the atmosphere by diffusion. We have applied our model to data from northern peatlands to show that the same process of lateral transport can dominate methane fluxes in northern regions as well.
Tropical peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia are the most carbon-dense terrestrial ecosystems on earth and now emit globally important fluxes of greenhouse gasses. Over millennia, peat swamp forests have accumulated vast stores of carbon because of a feedback between peat accumulation and drainage: As peat layers accumulate, they restrict the lateral flow of water that drains the peat, thereby lifting the water table, restricting the diffusion of oxygen into the peat, and limiting the loss of peat by oxidation. Thus, the accumulation of peat promotes the accumulation of more peat. This positive feedback has driven the growth of ten-meter thick peat domes, kilometers in diameter, that have expanded seaward since the previous sea level high-stand five thousand years ago. However, over the last twenty-five years, most of these forests have been cut and drained so that the underlying peat now emits enormous fluxes of CO2, and potentially methane, to the atmosphere. Policy makers and researchers have suggested that controlling these emissions would be a cost effective approach to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts to capitalize on this opportunity are, however, limited by poor understanding of the biological and physical processes within the peat that control CO2 and methane fluxes.
Our research builds on a singular opportunity to obtain field data from what is likely the last remaining undisturbed peat forest in Southeast Asia, located in the Ulu Mendaram reserve in Brunei Darussalam on the island of Borneo. We will develop a model of greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands by combining three areas of research: Hydrological and ecological analysis of the processes that shape tropical peatlands; Biogeochemical analysis of the processes that transform peat and produce CO2 and methane and; Analysis of heterogeneity in microbial community composition and activity within the peat. By resolving basic scientific issues, we hope to develop tools for reducing, or even reversing, carbon emissions from peatlands. Specifically, we will address questions including: (1) Where are the largest fluxes of methane – where water discharges on the edges of domes our distributed across the surface of the domes? (2) How high must the watertable be raised to minimize carbon dioxide release? (3) How can roads, drainage and impoundment schemes be designed in these unique hydrologic and ecologic systems to minimize peat loss and hence emissions?
One Broadway, 12th Floor (E70-1201)
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Our scientists are leaders in vascular malformation and hemangioma research.
We are leading academic dermatology center of excellence.
We are the largest provider of specialized dermatologic care in the region.
If you or your child was born with a birthmark, you may have a lot of questions you'd like to ask a dermatologist.
One type of birthmarks is called a congenital hemangioma. It is a rare, noncancerous tumor made up of thickened skin and many thin-walled blood vessels that is present and fully grown at birth. Another kind of birthmark is called a vascular malformation. It is a collection of blood vessels and are often present at birth.
"Our doctors regularly see patients with birthmarks and have vast experience identifying them," says Richard J. Antaya, MD, a Yale Medicine pediatric dermatologist who is a professor of dermatology, pediatrics and nursing at Yale School of Medicine.
Our Yale Medicine physicians are internationally recognized leaders in vascular malformation research, studying hemangioma for more than 20 years.
Vascular malformations are rare with some types found in less than 1 percent of the population. If you have one, chances are it developed before you were born—many types of vascular malformations don't cause symptoms until they are triggered by such events as adolescence, pregnancy, or some major surgery, trauma or injury.
Infantile hemangioma, a type of red birthmark formed of extra blood vessels in the skin, is common and found in five to 10 percent of babies.


Boca Raton Municipal Golf Course boasts a championship course.
Boca Municipal Golf Course is located at 8111 Golf Course Rd, Boca Raton. The course is a par 72 that plays 6714 yards from the tips and 6108 from the forward tees. It boasts a championship course as well as a nine hole executive course. The fairways are wide bordered by thick rough, there are some blind water hazards which makes for interesting play. So be sure to drive up and check out each hole as you play.
Bocal Municipal Golf Course is a full driving range and a beautiful putting green to practice before your round. After you play, there is a snack shop where you can get something cold to drink after your round.
Boca Raton Municipal Golf Course is located at 8111 Golf Course Road. Boca Raton, Florida US. Boca Raton Municipal Golf Course is a Golf Course type of place.
This individual is happy to share something about themselves here. If the phone number and address is shared, feel free to call or stop by during business hours. (561) 367-7000. Most of the reviews here at Boca Raton Municipal Golf Course comment positively on them.
This site for Boca Raton Municipal Golf Course was made to enhance this client's Internet presence and grow the WebPage Depot online business directory. WebPage Depot is designed for local directories and a full business directory. This free business listing site provides a fully functional website. The WebPage Depot site merges seven social media accounts (if available), google maps, large pictures, a contact us page (protecting the client's email address), a link to the client's original website and relevant Youtube videos. Additionally, we write an original text Welcome Message.
WebPage Depot does make some assumptions, trustingly, for the benefit of the client. We write everything from a positive aspect. Our goal is to ascend the visibility/ranking on this site to the highest level possible. Improvements to ranking come with additional relevant content. To continue this effort, we will need news from the client, i.e., menus/list of services, specials, current pictures and videos and additional text for the Welcome Message.


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The Not-So-Secret Lives Of Us When It Comes To Data
By Dave Cain
Data has become the lifeblood of the digital age, flowing into every corner of our lives and forcing authorities to review concepts like privacy and confidentiality. Senior sub-editor from creative agency Edge, Helen Eva, looks at both sides of the data coin.
Data. The Big Brother who is watching and recording our every move and whim. The so-called 'new oil' of the 21st century.
Just as the real black gold has fuelled massive change, its digital namesake is underpinning a revolution that is already reshaping the way we live – with or without our knowledge or permission.
Every time we use our mobile, turn on the internet or swipe a card, we reveal to a company – often unwittingly – who we are, where we live, what we like.
The positive aspects of these data-mining activities are reflected in myriad ways – from breakthroughs in medical research to smart homes and tailored products and services.
The burgeoning Internet of Things (IoT) illustrates just how diverse and transformative the data business has become. What began in 1982 with a soft drink machine that was able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold, the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion interconnected objects by 2020, according to the experts. Wearable heart monitors, sprinklers that sync with moisture sensors to ensure your garden flourishes, devices that track the contents of your fridge or dim the lights when you leave a room … data is at the core of all these breakthrough technologies.
As famed English physicist and TV presenter Brian Cox said: "Our insatiable quest for information is the making of us."
But can it sometimes be the undoing of us, too? Consider the following. In June this year, Google was accused of spying on its users, via an in-built microphone designed to allow Chrome users to conduct Google searches by voice. Privacy advocates claimed that "without consent, Google's code had downloaded a black box of code that … had turned on the microphone and was actively listening to your room". Google, of course, was quick to deny the spying charge, but citizen watchdogs remain unconvinced and point to Google's apparent willingness to share swathes of private user information with the American government.
Such is the pervasiveness and power of data now that governments and organisations worldwide are having to rethink the guidelines and parameters on issues like privacy, confidentiality and informed consent.
This topic – under the banner 'Who's Looking at You?' – was discussed at length recently at the Centre for Advancing Journalism in Melbourne. One of the many anecdotes to emerge from the forum was the fact that about 80 per cent of information gathered by the Australian government has an address attached to it. By linking and sharing that data, public officials can plan in detail and assemble an intricate picture that not only tells them who lives in which street, but also what the debt level is in that area and even who has back problems!
Australian Information Commissioner Professor John McMillan told the assembled throng that "anonymity is dead" and talked of the ethical and legal ramifications of using data where personal information might be involved.
Fellow panellist Professor Julian Savulescu, from the University of Oxford, warned of the possible consequences of sharing information on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter. He related the story of gun ownership data that was released publicly in New York: It was not those who were identified as owning a weapon who were up in arms (so to speak) but rather those who were identified as not owning a gun who were outraged, as they felt vulnerable to attack.
The third panel member, The Age's data reporter Craig Butt, likened the release of personal information to "leaving your house". In demonstrating that all of us should be mindful of what we put in the public domain, he cited the hiring practice of a large global management consultancy: The first two steps it takes when going through job applications is to check the applicant's social media sites; then it calls the applicant's mobile number to see what sort of voicemail message is on the phone.
When it comes to the media and marketing world, Edge managing partner and strategy director Richard Parker says a data-driven approach has become crucial to creating content that consumers want to receive. Similarly, skills in data capture and technology are enabling advertisers to send tailored messages to devices of people with relevant interests.
For their part, consumers will reward companies that they feel can be trusted with their data and information.
As the Centre for Advancing Journalism points out, the explosion of digital data provides the potential for enormous breakthroughs in areas like communications and research – but it also throws up new challenges and dilemmas in relation to data governance, data security and data management.
The new oil, it seems, is yet to be refined.


text:
11090. PUNE BHAGAT KI KOTHI PUNE BGKT EXPRESS TRAIN FROM PUNE TO BHAGAT KI KOTHI RUNS SUNDAY
11090 Pune Bhagat Ki Kothi Express train from Pune to Bhagat Ki Kothi runs on Sunday, covering 1079 kms in 21 hours & 20 minutes, running at a speed of 54.27 km/hr, making 24 stoppages of 87 minutes in total.
PUNE BHAGAT KI KOTHI PUNE BGKT EXPRESS TIMETABLE
1 PUNE JN (PUNE) 19:50 0 km
2 LONAVALA (LNL) 20:44 20:45 01:00 64 km
3 KARJAT (KJT) 21:28 21:30 02:00 92 km
4 KALYAN JN (KYN) 22:17 22:20 03:00 138 km
5 BHIWANDI ROAD (BIRD) 22:48 22:50 02:00 156 km
6 VASAI ROAD (BSR) 23:45 23:50 05:00 184 km
7 DAHANU ROAD (DRD) 01:08 01:10 02:00 256 km
10 NAVSARI (NVS) 03:01 03:03 02:00 369 km
11 SURAT (ST) 03:50 03:55 05:00 399 km
12 BHARUCH JN (BH) 04:41 04:43 02:00 458 km
13 VADODARA JN (BRC) 05:43 05:48 05:00 528 km
14 ANAND JN (ANND) 06:20 06:22 02:00 564 km
15 NADIAD JN (ND) 06:37 06:39 02:00 582 km
16 MANINAGAR (MAN) 07:25 07:27 02:00 624 km
17 AHMEDABAD JN (ADI) 07:45 08:05 20:00 628 km
18 SABARMATI BG (SBIB) 08:20 08:22 02:00 634 km
19 MAHESANA JN (MSH) 09:34 09:36 02:00 696 km
20 PALANPUR JN (PNU) 11:20 11:22 02:00 761 km
21 ABU ROAD (ABR) 12:25 12:35 10:00 814 km
22 FALNA (FA) 13:48 13:50 02:00 913 km
23 MARWAR JN (MJ) 15:13 15:15 02:00 979 km
24 PALI MARWAR (PMY) 15:43 15:48 05:00 1010 km
25 LUNI JN (LUNI) 16:18 16:21 03:00 1051 km
26 BHAGAT KI KOTHI (BGKT) 17:10 1079 km
Route map of Pune to Bhagat Ki Kothi trains,
11090 PUNE BHAGAT KI KOTHI FARE
Pune Bhagat Ki Kothi Pune Bgkt Express has AC1, AC2, AC3, SLEEPER CLASS
2nd AC 1781 50 45 81 1957
11090 Pune Bhagat Ki Kothi Express is the fastest train from Pune to Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station. (Compare Train Speeds)
Returning train number 11091. Pune Bhagat Ki Kothi Pune Bgkt Express commences from Bhagat Ki Kothi at 19:50 and reaches Pune Jn at 17:10. It runs on sunday.


text:
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require('shelljs/global');

if (process.argv.length > 2) {
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cp(dir + '.htaccess', './.htaccess');
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cp(dir + 'constants.php', './application/config/constants.php');
cp(dir + 'index.php', './index.php');

//exec('node deployment/template.js');
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Kufa, Dr. Ali Khudair Hajji and Dr. Nidal Al-Abadi, taught at the College and designed the Holy Koran project with a delegation from the Holy Quran Institute / Najaf branch of the holy Abbasid threshold headed by Muhanad Al-Maily. Abbadi told the delegation full study of the project with a detailed explanation of the idea of the project and its objectives, characteristics and characteristics. Abadi explained that the project consists of two parts. The first is for people who are able to hear and speak in order to help them recite the Quran, He also pointed out that the project was designed in Arabic and English, and includes many specifications that help in the process of reading and reciting, and conducting quick searches to reach the walls, verses and words.


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Q: Multiple Primary Key with asp .net mvc 3 I'm using asp .net mvc 3, and I have a problem with an entity that contains 2 primary key, when I try to insert data in the table.
 public class LineItem
    {
        [Key]
        public int OrderId { get; set;}
        [Key]
        public int LineNum  { get; set;}
        public string ItemId { get; set;}
        public int Quantity { get; set;}
        public decimal UnitPrice { get; set; }

    }

when I try to insert I got this error :

Unable to determine composite primary
  key ordering for type
  'ApplicationMVC3.Models.LineItem'. Use the
  ColumnAttribute or the HasKey method
  to specify an order for composite
  primary keys.

May someone help me please !!

A: Assuming this is actually a composite key, since you can't have 2 primary keys... The error message tells you exactly what to do, namely add an order. You can do this by adding [Column(Order = 0)] and [Column(Order = 1)] to your key columns.
For your example:
public class LineItem
    {
        [Key][Column(Order = 0)]
        public int OrderId { get; set;}
        [Key][Column(Order = 1)]
        public int LineNum  { get; set;}
        public string ItemId { get; set;}
        public int Quantity { get; set;}
        public decimal UnitPrice { get; set; }

    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange