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Electric Dirt is teeming with mysterious new bacteria that could rewrite textbooks
For Lars Peter Nielsen, it all started with the mysterious disappearance of hydrogen sulfide. The microbiologist collected black, smelly mud from the bottom of Aarhus Harbor in Denmark, threw it into large glass beakers and inserted special microsensors that detected changes in the chemical composition of the mud.
At the beginning of the experiment, the composition was saturated with hydrogen sulfide – a source of odor and color of the sediment. But 30 days later, one strip of dirt turned pale, which indicates the loss of hydrogen sulfide. Eventually, the microsensors showed that the entire connection was gone. Given what scientists knew about the biogeochemistry of mud, recalls Nielsen at Aarhus University, "it didn't make sense at all."
The first explanation, he said, was that the sensors were wrong. But the reason turned out to be much more strange: the bacteria connecting the cells create electrical cables that can conduct current up to 5 centimeters through the dirt.
An adaptation never seen before in microbes allows these so-called cable bacteria to overcome a major problem faced by many organisms living in mud: lack of oxygen. Its absence usually keeps bacteria from metabolizing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide for food. But cables, by binding microbes to oxygen-rich deposits, allow them to react over long distances.
When Nielsen first described the discovery in 2009, his colleagues were skeptical. Philip Meisman, a chemical engineer at the University of Antwerp, recalls thinking, "This is complete nonsense." Yes, the researchers knew bacteria could conduct electricity, but not at the distances Nielsen suggested. "It was as if our own metabolic processes could affect a distance of 18 kilometers," says microbiologist Andreas Teske of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
But the more researchers looked for "electrified" mud, the more they found it in both salt and fresh water. They also identified a second type of dirt-loving electrical microbe: nanowire bacteria, individual cells that grow protein structures that can move electrons over shorter distances.
These nanowire microbes are found everywhere, including in the human mouth.
Discoveries are forcing researchers to rewrite textbooks; rethink the role of mud bacteria in the processing of key elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus; and review how they affect aquatic ecosystems and climate change.
Scientists are also looking for practical applications, exploring the potential of bacteria containing cables and nanowires to combat pollution and power electronic devices. "We are seeing a lot more interactions within microbes and between microbes using electricity," Meisman says. "I call it the electrical biosphere."
Most cells thrive by taking electrons from one molecule, a process called oxidation, and transferring them to another molecule, usually oxygen, called reduction. The energy gained from these reactions governs other life processes. In eukaryotic cells, including our own, such "redox" reactions occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the distance between them is tiny – only micrometers. This is why so many researchers have been skeptical about Nielsen's claim that cable bacteria move electrons through a layer of dirt the size of a golf ball.
Disappearing hydrogen sulfide was the key to proving this. Bacteria make a compound in the mud, breaking down plant debris and other organic materials; in deeper deposits, hydrogen sulfide accumulates due to a lack of oxygen, which helps other bacteria break it down. However, hydrogen sulfide still disappeared in Nielsen's beakers. Moreover, a rusty tint appeared on the surface of the dirt, which indicated the formation of iron oxide.
Waking up one night, Nielsen came up with a strange explanation: what if bacteria buried in the mud completed the redox reaction, somehow bypassing the oxygen-poor layers? What if, instead, they used the abundant supply of hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor, and then funneled the electrons up towards the oxygen-rich surface? There, in the oxidation process, rust is formed if iron is present.
Finding what carries these electrons has proven difficult. First, Niels Riesgaard-Petersen of Nielsen's team had to rule out an easier possibility: metal particles in the sediment carry electrons to the surface and cause oxidation. He achieved this by inserting a layer of glass beads, which do not conduct electricity, into a column of dirt. Despite this obstacle, the researchers still found an electric current moving through the mud, suggesting that the metal particles were not conductive.
To see if a cable or wire was carrying electrons, the researchers then used tungsten wire to make a horizontal cut through the mud pillar. The current went out, as if a wire had been cut. Other work narrowed down the size of the conductor, suggesting that it should be at least 1 micrometer in diameter. "This is the usual size of bacteria," says Nielsen.
Ultimately, electron micrographs revealed a likely candidate: long, thin bacterial fibers that appeared in a layer of glass beads inserted into beakers filled with mud from Aarhus Harbor. Each filament consisted of a stack of cells – up to 2,000 – enclosed in a ribbed outer membrane. In the space between this membrane and the cells stacked on top of each other, a plurality of parallel "wires" stretched the thread over its entire length. The cable-like appearance inspired the common name of the microbe.
Meisman, a former skeptic, was quickly converted. Shortly after Nielsen announced his discovery, Meismann decided to investigate one of his own samples of sea mud. "I noticed the same color changes in the sediment that he saw," Meisman recalls. "It was Mother Nature's direction to take it more seriously."
His team began developing tools and methods for microbial research, sometimes working in conjunction with Nielsen's group. It was hard going. Bacterial filaments tend to break down quickly after isolation, and standard electrodes for measuring currents in small conductors do not work. But once the researchers learned to pick out a single strand and quickly attach an individual electrode, "we saw really high conductivity," Meisman says. Live cables can't compete with copper wires, he said, but they match the conductors used in solar panels and mobile phone screens, as well as the best organic semiconductors.
The researchers also analyzed the anatomy of the cable bacteria. Using chemical baths, they isolated the cylindrical shell, finding that it contained 17 to 60 parallel fibers glued together inside. The shell is the source of conduction, Meisman and colleagues reported last year in Nature Communications. Its exact composition is still unknown, but it may be protein-based.
"It's a complex organism," says Nielsen, who now heads the Center for Electro-Microbiology, which was created in 2017 by the Danish government. Among the problems that the center solves is the mass production of microbes in culture. "If we had a pure culture, it would be much easier" to test ideas about cell metabolism and the effect of the environment on conduction, says Andreas Schramm from the center. The cultured bacteria will also make it easier to insulate cable wires and test potential bioremediation and biotechnology applications.
While researchers are puzzling over the bacteria in the cable, others are looking at another big player in electrical mud: nanowire-based bacteria that, instead of folding cells into cables, grow protein wires 20 to 50 nm long from each cell.
As with cable bacteria, the mysterious chemical composition of the deposits led to the discovery of nanowire microbes. In 1987, microbiologist Derek Lovley, now at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, tried to understand how phosphate from fertilizer wastewater – a nutrient that promotes algal blooms – is released from sediment under the Potomac River in Washington, DC. worked and began to weed them out of the dirt. After growing one, now called Geobacter Metallireducens, he noticed (under an electron microscope) that the bacteria had grown bonds with nearby iron minerals. He suspected that electrons were carried along these wires, and eventually figured out that Geobacter orchestrated chemical reactions in the mud, oxidizing organic compounds and transferring electrons to minerals.
Like Nielsen, Lovely faced skepticism when he first described his electrical microbe. Today, however, he and others have registered nearly a dozen types of nanowire microbes, finding them in environments other than dirt. Many carry electrons to and from particles in the sediment. But some rely on other microbes to receive or store electrons. This biological partnership allows both microbes to "engage in new kinds of chemistry that no organism can do alone," says Victoria Orfan, a geobiologist at the California Institute of Technology. While cable bacteria solve their redox needs by transporting long distances into oxygenated mud, these microbes depend on each other's metabolism.
Some researchers still debate how bacterial nanowires conduct electrons. Lovley and his colleagues are convinced that the key are chains of proteins called pilins, which are composed of circular amino acids. When he and his colleagues reduced the number of ringed amino acids in the pilin, the nanowires became less conductive. "It was really amazing," says Lovely, because it is generally accepted that proteins are insulators. But others think that this question is far from being solved. Orphan, for example, says that although "there is overwhelming evidence … I still don't think [the conduction of the nanowire] is well understood."
What is clear is that electrical bacteria are everywhere. In 2014, for example, scientists found cable bacteria in three very different habitats in the North Sea: in a tidal salt swamp, in a seabed basin where oxygen levels drop to almost zero at some times of the year, and in a flooded muddy plain near the sea. … Coast. (They didn't find them in a sandy area populated with worms that churn up sediments and disrupt cables.) Elsewhere, researchers have found DNA evidence of cable bacteria in deep, oxygen-poor ocean basins, hot spring areas, and cold conditions. spills, and mangroves and tidal banks in both temperate and subtropical regions.
Cable bacteria are also found in freshwater environments. After reading Nielsen's articles in 2010 and 2012, a team led by microbiologist Rainer Meckenstock re-examined sediment cores drilled during a groundwater contamination survey in Düsseldorf, Germany. "We found [the cable bacteria] exactly where we thought we would find them," at depths where oxygen was depleted, recalls Mekenstock, who works at the University of Duisburg-Essen.
Nanowire bacteria are even more widespread. Researchers have found them in soils, rice fields, deep bowels and even sewage treatment plants, as well as in freshwater and marine sediments. They can exist wherever biofilms are formed, and the ubiquity of biofilms is further evidence of the great role these bacteria can play in nature.
The wide range of electric mud bacteria also suggests that they play an important role in ecosystems. For example, by preventing the build-up of hydrogen sulfide, cable bacteria likely make dirt more habitable for other life forms. Meckenstock, Nielsen, and others have found them on or near the roots of seagrass and other aquatic plants, which release oxygen, which bacteria probably use to break down hydrogen sulfide. This, in turn, protects the plants from the toxic gas. The partnership "seems very characteristic of aquatic plants," Meckenstock said.
Robert Aller, a marine biogeochemist at Stony Brook University, believes bacteria can also help many underwater invertebrates, including worms that build burrows that allow oxygenated water to enter the mud. He found cable bacteria sticking out from the sides of the worm tubes, presumably so they could use that oxygen to store electrons. In turn, these worms are protected from toxic hydrogen sulfide. "Bacteria make [the burrow] more livable," says Aller, who described these links in a July 2019 article in Science Advances.
Microbes also alter the properties of dirt, says Saira Malkin, an ecologist at the University of Maryland's Center for Environmental Sciences. "They're especially effective … ecosystem engineers." Cable bacteria "grow like wildfire," she says; On tidal oyster reefs, she found, One cubic centimeter of mud may contain 2,859 meters of cables that cement the particles in place, possibly making the sediment more resistant to marine organisms.
The bacteria also alters the chemical composition of the dirt, making the layers closer to the surface more alkaline and the deeper ones more acidic, Malkin found. Such pH gradients can affect "numerous geochemical cycles," including those associated with arsenic, manganese and iron, she said, creating opportunities for other microbes.
Because vast swathes of the planet are covered in mud, the researchers say, bacteria associated with cables and nanowires are likely to have an impact on the global climate. Nanowire bacteria, for example, can take electrons from organic materials such as dead diatoms and then transfer them to other bacteria that produce methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Under various circumstances, cable bacteria can reduce methane production.
In the coming years, "we will see widespread recognition of the importance of these microbes to the biosphere," says Malkin. A little over ten years after Nielsen noticed the mysterious disappearance of hydrogen sulfide from the Aarhus mud, he says: "It is dizzying to think about what we are dealing with here."
Next up: a phone powered by microbial wires?
The pioneers of electrical microbes quickly thought about how to use these bacteria. "Now that we know that evolution has been able to create electrical wires, it would be a shame if we didn't use them," says Lars Peter Nielsen, a microbiologist at the University of Aarhus.
One possible application is the detection and control of pollutants. Cable microbes seem to thrive in the presence of organic compounds like oil, and Nielsen and his team are testing the possibility that the abundance of cable bacteria signals the presence of undiscovered pollution in aquifers. The bacteria do not directly degrade the oil, but they can oxidize the sulfide produced by other oily bacteria. They can also help clean up; rainfall recovers faster from crude oil contamination when it is colonized by cable bacteria, another research group reported in January in the journal Water Research. In Spain, a third team is investigating whether nanowire bacteria can accelerate the cleanup of polluted wetlands. And even before the nanowire bacteria were electric,
Electrical bacteria can also give rise to new technologies. They can be genetically modified to alter their nanowires, which can then be cut to form the backbone of sensitive wearable sensors, according to Derek Lovley, a microbiologist at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), Amherst. "We can design nanowires and adapt them to specifically bind compounds of interest." For example, in the May 11 Lovely issue of Nano Research, UMass engineer Jun Yao and colleagues described a nanowire-based sensor that detects ammonia in concentrations needed for agricultural, industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications.
Created as a film, nanowires can generate electricity from moisture in the air. Researchers believe the film generates energy when a moisture gradient occurs between the top and bottom edges of the film. (The top edge is more exposed to moisture.) As the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of the water separate due to the gradient, charge is generated and electrons flow. Yao and his team reported in Nature on Feb.17 that such a film could create enough energy to light a light-emitting diode, and 17 such devices connected together could power a mobile phone. The approach is "a revolutionary technology for generating renewable, clean and cheap energy," says Qu Liangti, a materials scientist at Tsinghua University. (Others are more careful noting
Ultimately, the researchers hope to harness the electrical abilities of bacteria without having to deal with picky microbes. Catch, for example, persuaded the common laboratory and industrial bacterium Escherichia coli to make nanowires. This should make it easier for researchers to mass-produce the structures and study their practical applications.
In this article:biogeochemistry, hydrogen sulfide


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Trifles susan glaspell essay
Trifles Analysis
Jul 31, · This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. "Trifles" is a play authored by Susan Glaspell in the year The events are depicted in Mr. & Mrs Wright's house. This play begins with two women and three men walking into the . After reading "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell, the feminist criticism expressed concern with 'the ways in which literature reinforce or undermine the read full [Essay Sample] for free. "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported .
After reading "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell, the feminist criticism expressed concern with 'the ways in which literature reinforce or undermine the read full [Essay Sample] for free. May 08, · Analysis of the Play "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell May 8, by Essay Writer Also, caging of the bird in the house, demonstrates another instance of men dominance in the society over the women. Symbolically, the living of bird in the cage, demonstrates the kind of life Minnie was living, a life of minimal no freedom (Rudnick ). The play Trifles is a world-famous production written by Susan Glaspell in during the women's suffrage movement. The women's suffrage movement was a point in U.S. history when rights for women, like voting and gender equality, were greatly stressed to be enforced. Glaspell's involvement in the movement did not go unnoticed.
Sep 29, · A Play "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell Critical Essay. Written by Susan Glaspell, Trifles is a play, based on a true occurrence in Iowa. The author focuses on the development of the both the minor and major characters. Through [ ] Read more. September 29, by Essay Writer. After reading "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell, the feminist criticism expressed concern with 'the ways in which literature reinforce or undermine the read full [Essay Sample] for free. In Trifles, Susan aims to advocate for gender equality and she does this by highlighting the gender gap that existed in the 20th century. By solving the murder, Mrs. Hales and Mrs. Peters show that women can do just as well in jobs preserved for men, if not better. In the process the underutilized potential of women in the society is uncovered.
May 08, · Analysis of the Play "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell May 8, by Essay Writer Also, caging of the bird in the house, demonstrates another instance of men dominance in the society over the women. Symbolically, the living of bird in the cage, demonstrates the kind of life Minnie was living, a life of minimal no freedom (Rudnick ). "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported . Jul 31, · This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. "Trifles" is a play authored by Susan Glaspell in the year The events are depicted in Mr. & Mrs Wright's house. This play begins with two women and three men walking into the .
Susan Glaspell's play Trifles raises several questions on the nature of justice, whether it is relative or absolute, as well as questions of the nature of gender roles. "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported . The play Trifles is a world-famous production written by Susan Glaspell in during the women's suffrage movement. The women's suffrage movement was a point in U.S. history when rights for women, like voting and gender equality, were greatly stressed to be enforced. Glaspell's involvement in the movement did not go unnoticed.
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L Catterton Stake Sale
Reliance Brands buys into Genesis Luxury
40% sake sale by L Catterton to rival said to have caught Genesis promoters by surprise as the private equity firm chose not to wait for the launch of co's IPO; deal reportedly done in the range of Rs 300 crore
Anumeha Chaturvedi
September 09, 2017, 11:03 IST
Updated: September 09, 2017, 11:07 IST
Mukesh Ambani-led Reliance Brands that sells high street labels like Ermenegildo Zegna and Bally among others bought out L Catterton Asia's around 40% stake in Genesis Luxury, its direct competitor in luxury retail, multiple sources familiar with the developments said.
The unprecedented move, perceived to be inimical to Genesis' founder promoters Sanjay Kapoor, Jyoti Narula and Puneet Nanda, designer Satya Paul's sons, is poised to change the dynamics of the business.
One of the sources mentioned above said the stake sale fetched Rs 250-Rs 300 crores, but this could not be independently verified.
Genesis Luxury is a group company of Sequoia Capital-backed Genesis Colors, and retails a diverse range of of brands including Burberry, Canali, Paul Smith, Armani, Just Cavalli, and Jimmy Choo. Reliance Brands is an arm of Reliance Retail.
Reliance Brands, Genesis Luxury and spokespersons from L Catterton Asia did not respond to ET's emailed questionnaires and calls seeking comments. L Catterton Asia is the former L Capital.
In 2011, it invested around Rs 60 crore in Genesis Luxury to acquire 25%. A year later, the fund invested an additional Rs 75 crore to increase it to 40%. But since 2013, sources said L Capital, has been seeking an exit, as it was unhappy with the business's performance. ET previously reported that Capital had also offered Kapoor to buy them out.
Earlier this year, Kapoor decided to list his privately held parent entity Genesis Colors and raise Rs 500-650 crore of primary and secondary capital to infuse growth equity for expansion and help existing investors cash out. While Sequoia, Henderson Private Equity and Mayfield cumulatively hold 41.5%, the founders own the rest. L Capital held 40% in the drop down subsidiary Genesis Luxury.
But instead of waiting for the IPO, L Capital chose a corporate coup. Many see this renewed aggression stemming from L Capital's new avatar. In 2016, LVMH's investment arm L Capital and American consumer-focused PE venture Catterton had merged to form L Catterton. The new partnership was expected to combine Catterton's existing North American and Latin American private equity operations with LVMH and Groupe Arnault's existing European and Asian private equity and real estate operations, previously conducted under the L Capital and L Real Estate franchises.
"This has come as a bolt from the blue for Kapoor and his investors. The documentation has been completed," said an official directly involved on condition of anonymity. "Genesis has to deal with a behemoth like Reliance as L Capital would have transferred all their rights in the company as well along with their significant economic interests. This is arguably the first time that a PE investor in India has dumped his minority stake to a fierce rival of their investee company, thereby opening the floodgates for many such potential transactions in similar cases where the junior financial partner and the majority shareholder are seen warring."
Brands of Genesis Colors are present in 20 cities through over 100 standalone stores.
Industry insiders believe in the long run this consolidation will help add heft. Genesis had already gone through a recent round of restructuring and reshuffled key management positions with an eye to bringing under its roof more businesses and brands prior to listing.
Managing Director Sanjay Kapoor was made executive chairman of the Genesis Group, while Nikhil Mehra, the COO, moved on to become the CEO.
"A wider portfolio of luxury brands enables a company to take advantage of real estate concessions, overhead costs and other benefits. You have better bargaining power with malls and real estate providers given infrastructure challenges for luxury brands in India," said an official.
Reliance Brands had this June also inked a deal with Italian luxury maker Valentino to bring the brand to India, according to sources. The other brands in Reliance Brands' burgeoning portfolio include Amsterdam based fashion brand Scotch & Soda and Kate Spade New York.
"Genesis is by far the largest distribution platform for luxury and masstige brands in India," Ravi Thakran, managing partner of L Catterton Asia told ET during an interaction last year. He added that the company has demonstrated strong revenue growth and continuous margin improvement since their investment.
The Indian luxury market has been facing rough headwinds with income tax raids, and rules like the imposition of a 1% excise duty on gold and diamond jewelry products in budget 2016-2017, mandatory PAN card identification for transactions above Rs 2 lakh, and a 1% luxury tax to be deducted at source for goods exceeding Rs 2 lakh which were introduced last year.
According to market research firm Euromonitor, sales growth of luxury products dropped across categories in 2016. It said growth rate of overall retail value sales of luxury goods in India dropped from 24.5% in 2015 to 21.7% in 2016.
Reliance Brands
Puneet Nanda
Jyoti Narula
Genesis Luxury
Business of Brands / 11 hours ago
Business of Brands / 1 day ago


All Posts Tagged With: "House File 2420"
I was given the opportunity to sit on the floor of the Iowa House (thanks to Erik Helland) during tonight's public forum on House File 2420, which allows unions to collects fees from employees that work in the Executive Branch of the Iowa government to cover the costs of contract bargaining and grievance assistance. It became clear that the new selling title for this bill is "Reasonable Reimbursement".
In the Iowa House chamber, there were 58 speakers today, 32 in favor and 28 against House File 2420.


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Research article 19 Jul 2012
Transport of short-lived species into the Tropical Tropopause Layer
M. J. Ashfold1, N. R. P. Harris1, E. L. Atlas2, A. J. Manning3, and J. A. Pyle1,4 M. J. Ashfold et al. M. J. Ashfold1, N. R. P. Harris1, E. L. Atlas2, A. J. Manning3, and J. A. Pyle1,4
1Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
2Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
3Met Office, Exeter, UK
4National Centre for Atmospheric Science, UK
Received: 13 Nov 2011 – Discussion started: 06 Jan 2012 – Revised: 01 May 2012 – Accepted: 26 May 2012 – Published: 19 Jul 2012
Abstract. We use NAME, a trajectory model, to investigate the routes and timescales over which air parcels reach the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Our aim is to assist the planning of aircraft campaigns focussed on improving knowledge of such transport. We focus on Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific which appears to be a particularly important source of air that enters the TTL. We first study the TTL above Borneo in November 2008, under neutral El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. Air parcels (trajectories) arriving in the lower TTL (below ~15 km) are most likely to have travelled from the boundary layer (BL; <1 km) above the West Pacific. Few air parcels found above ~16 km travelled from the BL in the previous 15 days. We then perform similar calculations for moderate El Niño (2006) and La Niña (2007) conditions and find year-to-year variability consistent with the phase of ENSO. Under El Niño conditions fewer air parcels travel from the BL to the TTL above Borneo. During the La Niña year, more air parcels travel from the BL to the mid and upper TTL (above ~15 km) than in the ENSO-neutral year, and again they do so from the BL above the West Pacific. We also find intra-month variability in all years, with day-to-day differences of up to an order of magnitude in the fraction of an idealised short-lived tracer travelling from the BL to the TTL above Borneo. These calculations were performed as a prelude to the SHIVA field campaign, which took place in Borneo during November 2011. So finally, to validate our approach, we consider measurements made in two previous campaigns. The features of vertical profiles of short-lived species observed in the TTL during CR-AVE and TC4 are in broad agreement with calculated vertical profiles of idealised short-lived tracers. It will require large numbers of observations to fully describe the statistical distribution of short-lived species in the TTL. This modelling approach should prove valuable in planning flights for the long-duration aircraft now capable of making such measurements.
How to cite. Ashfold, M. J., Harris, N. R. P., Atlas, E. L., Manning, A. J., and Pyle, J. A.: Transport of short-lived species into the Tropical Tropopause Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6309–6322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6309-2012, 2012.


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Sony a7R III vs a7R IV Image Quality Comparison
Home / News / These Are the First Vogue Cover Photos Shot by a Black Photographer
These Are the First Vogue Cover Photos Shot by a Black Photographer
admin August 8, 2018	News Leave a comment 221 Views
Last month it was reported that 23-year-old Tyler Mitchell would become the first black photographer to shoot the cover of Vogue in the iconic fashion magazine's 125-year history, thanks to him being hand-picked by Beyonce for the job. It's now official, as his photos were just published.
"I cried 3 times already this morning," the New York-based Mitchell writes in a Tweet. "Here's Beyonce by me for the September 2018 cover of American Vogue."
I cried 3 times already this morning. Here's Beyonce by me for the September 2018 cover of American Vogue.https://t.co/S7JiYGDAG5 pic.twitter.com/l1ZsfvaK6G
— Tyler Mitchell (@Tyler_Mitchell_) August 6, 2018
The photo shoot was held at a dilapidated English country house. Beyonce also published the full set of Mitchell's portraits of her in Instagram galleries:
Mitchell is among the youngest photographers ever to have their work featured on Vogue's cover. David Bailey had a cover photo at 23, and Irving Penn was featured at 26.
In an interview with Vogue, Mitchell says he's well aware of his place in the magazine's photographic history.
"For so long, black people have been considered things," Mitchell says. "We've been thingified physically, sexually, emotionally. With my work I'm looking to revitalize and elevate the black body."
Thinking bout 2017! pic.twitter.com/iouyVfKK4W
— Tyler Mitchell (@Tyler_Mitchell_) December 30, 2016
"I'm a concerned photographer," Mitchell states. "There was a ladder for the people who came before me, and there's a ladder now—it's just a new ladder. I want to open the eyes of the kids younger than me, show them that they can do this too."
(via Vogue via Fstoppers)
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As we all know, finding a large enough and profitable space in traditional telecoms is a very difficult exercise. Most new traditional telecoms companies quickly realize that the capital costs of competing with large well-established players is futile. If one decides to rent network equipment from the larger players they are doomed because then you can't charge competitively lower tariffs to customers and goodluck finding a bank that is willing to fund your own new network equipment as a new player in the traditional telecoms market. Africa needs disruptors that can rein in the telecoms value chain away from traditional services. In the USA, no one is starting a new telecoms company. What we see is Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, Amazon Cloud etc for obvious reasons stated above.


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I really, really love our pets. I must because I am a nut case about making sure I do all I can, all the time.
In all our 35+ years of marriage Steve and I have rescued our beloved pets. Yep. Snowy, our "first" baby was found in the garage of the apartment complex we lived in (it was "no pets"). We didn't know it at that moment, but our snow white kitten was almost dead from starvation, being separated from her mom and living in a garage.
We had her 13 years. In that 13 years we went through: 3 living room carpets, 2 sofas and 3 chairs. No, it wasn't from scratching. Poor dear had a severe thyroid problem and it kept her from understanding litter box etiquette during her "bad level" days. But she was cuddling, adored Sarah and loved all of us. Besides, we were her parents-no matter what.
Our first Lucky came to us with "puppy paw disease", which we found out by age 8 months was hip dysplasia (part German Shepherd). We almost lost her both through that surgery and being spayed. She seemed to be prone to post surgical infections. Otherwise, we loved that girl for 13-1/2 years.
Next came Sunshine #1. We rescued her at age 1 and she was the "dog we wished we could clone". Only thing that ever happened during our bless 14-1/2 years together was that she seemed to love eating peaches off of our peach tree-pits and all. Let's just say it was a $400 stomachache!
Both our first two dogs had dementia later in life, lost their sight and hearing and then their ability to know exactly where their bathroom was-but they were ours and we loved them even after they had to leave us.
Pepper came to us with slightly deformed front paws, but it's never bothered him or us. We did pay a fortune to have 6 teeth pulled, but he's worth it. Even now at 13-1/2 he's just our little love bug.
Enter Lucky and Sunshine. We had never had small dogs-so we had no idea that they were stubborn creatures who take forever to house train. Both were rescued at about one year of age.
I stood outside cheering Lucky on for a year and cleaned up messes galore-frustrating, but I kept up a "potty" dance that probably had many neighbors wondering about my sanity. Unless they also had tiny pups.
Never had another accident UNTIL Sunshine came home with us on August 23!
We have now removed the dining room throw rug. My wonderful friend Sue H (she is a professional cat rescue person and has dog rescues) gave me a long list of things I needed to change and things to do.
Steve said he was just getting rid of the carpet and removed the padding he had glued down (damn-I was hoping this was my ticket to getting rid of that awful bamboo!), followed by another round of disinfecting the area. We have "food bowls" and toys spread throughout the areas and I have upped both my voice and my "potty" dance performances.
We also bought a Thunder shirt (anxiety issues from that storm and continuing rain days) and give loads of training treats for any kind of "business" done outdoors.
After 2 whole days of success we were thrilled. Then last night we took the girls out for their final job of the day. Lucky went. Sunshine didn't. We kept encouraging her in our squeally voices for about 10 minutes.
Fine by me, it was 42 degrees out there and I was characteristically stiff as a board in every joint.
Took off Lucky's fleece jacket, took off Sunshine's Thunder shirt, brushed my teeth, I used the indoor facilities and then, I SMELLED SOMETHING ALL TOO FAMILIAR!
I walk into the bedroom and there it was: Lake Sunshine with a side of manure.
Sigh. I was proud of myself-I did exactly what Sue said: didn't get mad, didn't yell, just calmly went about cleaning up the mess and ignoring the fact that she was shaking like a leaf with tears in her eyes.
How can I yell at a baby who so clearly was embarrassed and scared about her accident?
Any of you who can't relate to our love for her and her need for that unconditional love have no idea how deep any parents love really runs.


Would you know what to do if an active shooter threatened your workplace, school or church? Most people don't, which is why a new training center is teaching ordinary people military defense tactics in Centennial.
After tragedies like the San Bernardino attack and the Aurora Theater Shooting, training self-defense experts said it is absolutely critical to get this type of training during a terrorist situation or mass-shooting.
"[I've] Been getting calls from corporations, from law enforcement seeking assistance saying, 'We're not funded nor are we manned to train workplaces and individuals how to defend against active shooters. What can you offer?'," said Jimmy Graham, a veteran U.S. Navy Seal.
Graham has now teamed up with the owner of the Centennial Gun Club to open the first training center in the state to use the military's "close quarters defense system."
"We teach people how to defend themselves if they don't have firearms or even if they do," he said.
Graham said the goal is to help citizens buy time and save lives before police can arrive on scene.
There's role-playing scenarios, surprise attacks, there's even a classroom to study tactics. Graham insists, this is not about being trigger-happy, this is about making the right decision when your life is on the line.
The center opens to the public April 15. They can accommodate groups of up to 15 people.


text:
Programme >
Extramuros, a Spanish word that literally translated means 'art outside walls', was an exposition initiated by Ellesmere Sculpture Initiative in 2007 where international artists from Spain, Portugal and Britain were commissioned to create sculpture pieces relating to their local landscape. All the sculptures were exhibited in Cremorne Gardens and Castlefields area in 2007, and then travelled to Portugal and Spain the same year. "It's all about taking art to places where it can be enjoyed by a much wider and more disparate audience" said Trudi Graham, from Ellesmere Sculpture Initiative.
Three pieces of the original Extramuros exhibition were made specifically for Ellesmere and had originally been positioned in the Cremorne gardens. Since 2008 these three pieces have been looked after by the Ellesmere Primary School.
Now, at the beginning of 2012 we have returned and installed these sculptures to the park to join the Ellesmere Sculpture Trail.
The three pieces are:
Bindweed by Junko Mori and Chris Stokes (sculpture No 19 on Trail Map)
NEWS - February 2012 Sculpture moves to it's final home
'Ellesmere Pillar' been sited at Ellesmere Primary School since returning back to Shropshire where the pupils have been enjoying this artwork with an international twist. The piece has been moved to its final home in Cremorne Gardens where it will sit with the other sculpture pieces already delighting visitors. Richard worked with children of Ellesmere Primary School when creating this piece, each pupil made a copper letter to form a poem which was included as part of the sculpture.
Extramuros – a Spanish word that literally translated means 'art outside walls' was an exposition initiated by Ellesmere Sculpture Initiative in 2008 where international artists were commissioned to create sculpture pieces relating to their local landscape. "It's all about taking art to places where it can be enjoyed by a much wider and more disparate audience" said Trudi Graham, from Ellesmere Sculpture initiative.
Ellesmere Pillar by Richard Taylor (sculpture No 21 on Trail Map).
The Ellesmere Chronicle by Irene Brown (three part sculpture No 20 on Trail Map)


great collection of photos…my favorite is the ospreys!
Thank you! The Osprey photo is one of my favorites too!
It was fun to see these again – oh, that Black-crowned Night heron, what a fantastic photo that is!!!
Thanks Lynn! I remembered you liked that Black-crowned Night Heron photo.
Thank you Julie! Hope your Christmas will be joyful and cheery!
A wonderful collection of favorites, all so beautiful!
They're all beautiful and well done, please don't ask me to pick a favorite. A Merry Christmas to you and your family as well, and wishing you all a great 2019!
Thank you Jerry! Here's to a great 2019 for you, workwise and photography wise.
Thank you Sid! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!
Great Sand Dunes…..the San Luis Valley has a fascinating history both human and natural.
Indeed, that beautiful landscape has a lot of history!
Thank you Takami! Happy New Year to you!
Wonderful – I like the Osprey best. Happy New 2019, yes, let's hope it's a lot better than 2018!
Thank you Emma! Happy New Year to you too! Looking forward to viewing more of your posts and paintings.
They're beautiful. I like the bird photography.
Thank you Marcus, and may 2019 be even better than 2018, for all of us.
Marry Christmas and Happy New Year to you! Jackie is my dog. Both of the two breeds you are thinking about are very good.
All great photos; can't figure out which one I prefer the most of all. 2018 went pretty quick.
Thank you! Maybe 2019 will be even better for all of us.
With so many wonderful photos, it can't be easy to choose just a few!
No it was not, but readers like yourself helped a lot with their comments. Thank you Eliza!


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Governor's 'joke' missed the mark Shore legislators seek an apology for comment
William ThompsonTHE BALTIMORE EVENING SUN
Calling the Eastern Shore a vulgar term synonymous for an outhouse may have been only a joke to Gov. William Donald Schaefer, but one powerful Eastern Shore lawmaker said the barb missed his constituents' funny bones by a mile.
"They are absolutely livid. They are outraged," said House Speaker R. Clayton Mitchell Jr. "There are a lot of people there who think he should be impeached."
Mitchell, a Democrat from Kent County, said the governor's off-color, off-the-cuff remark about the Eastern Shore was just the latest in a string of Shore-bashing incidents that have occurred since Schaefer lost the region in the November general election.
"He better act like a governor and stop this pettiness," Mitchell said yesterday in his first public statement since Friday when Schaefer asked a group of Shore lawmakers, "How's that s---house of an Eastern Shore?"
Mitchell urged the governor to apologize to all Eastern Shore residents, and the area's delegation to the General Assembly has requested a meeting with Schaefer to discuss the brouhaha that has arisen over the comment.
The governor has been in Washington attending the winter meeting of the National Governors Association and so far has not explained his remark.
Asked yesterday why Schaefer made the remark, Paul E. Schurick, the governor's spokesman replied: "The governor was trading jokes with the delegation from the Eastern Shore. They do it all the time. They present him with jokes. He presents them with jokes."
But an unsmiling Mitchell, who is the symbolic head of the Shore delegation and one of the most powerful lawmakers in the legislature, called the comment "uncalled for, unfounded."
Mitchell suggested that Schaefer's comment was a "culmination" the governor's anti-Shore bias evident since he lost seven of nine Eastern Shore counties in the fall election. Schaefer won his re-election bid by 59 percent of the vote across the state, but has seldom let a week go by without making some reference to his disappointment with Shore voters.
Mitchell said he has been trying to persuade state officials that one of the six permanent sites for the fleet of Aerospatiale 365N-1 Dauphin helicopters ought to be located on the Upper Shore region. But, he said, Schaefer has refused to designate a site for the area because he has been retaliating for his poor showing there in the election.
Ever since the election, many Shore residents have speculated that the governor would show his displeasure over the election by withholding state programs and assistance.
Schaefer's crude comment on Friday has added fuel to that theory.
"They feel this is one of the ways the governor is punishing them," said Denise Riley, editor of the Star-Democrat, a daily newspaper in Easton that has sporadically feuded with the governor since last fall when it became the only paper in the state to endorse Schaefer's Republican opponent.
L The Schaefer administration brushes aside such accusations.
"Come on, that's not the way the governor operates," said Schurick. "He doesn't do that. It's not his style."
Schurick said the helicopter decision was based on need and cost. "Perhaps another Dauphin should be bought," he said. "Do want to spend another $4.5 million on a helicopter? I don't know the answer to that."
Whatever Schaefer's reason for his latest dart at the Shore, the comment is not sitting well, even with longtime friends of the governor.
"He's painting us like we're different down here. We're no different than people in Baltimore or anywhere else," said Roland E. "Fish" Powell, mayor of Ocean City where Schaefer owns a condominium.
Asked what kind of reception the governor is likely to receive the next time he visits the beach resort, Powell answered: "I don't think anyone will go up and call him names. After all, he's the governor. But they're certainly not pleased with it. When somebody starts talking about your home, it hurts. You just don't do that."


Treat your network marketing as a business and an investment. Treat it like a huge asset that you would normally work daily for to make it successful. If you don't treat network marketing with such importance and instead like a short term fix, you probably won't make much of a profit.
Be more effective at marketing your own product as well as your company. Reading books, blogs, and articles about network marketing in general is essential. Then broaden the scope of your knowledge base by using other valuable resources like seminars and webinars.
You should donate some books or magazines that you no longer need to a local charity. You can write the name of your business in the inside cover of these so that anyone who reads them, will know where they came from and in turn, they may want to personally see who is behind the generosity.
Do not let your own stress and obligations appear in your campaigns. If you are trying to recruit new agents, offer them your opinion through suggestions rather than presenting what you think as a truth. When approaching customers, encourage them to see things from their point of view rather than yours, which could be influenced by the pressure of making enough sales.
Challenge your network marketing lead when you leave your meeting or seminar. Let them know you're a busy person and have to get on the road again, but they need to consider what you've said and ask them if they're up to the challenge. If they think that this is something they need to prove to themselves by doing, they'll convert.
Thanks for sharing this great information, Ralf. There is a lot of very valuable advice.
Excellent post Ralf with lots of great advice and information. Shared for you.
Ralf you have shared excellent advice in this post. Everything you have said is very true. Sharing this valuable information for internet marketers everywhere to see. It will help the newbie's just starting out greatly.


text:
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 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Advertising has progressed in leaps and bounds over the years. But even today advertising doesn't have to be all extravagant fan-fair. Flags and teardrop banners are an excellent way of getting your brand message across! And they won't break the bank!
In fact, flags and banners are versatile; that's why you see them so often! They are set up in many spots outdoors with ease. Because they are so light weight they can reusable, transportable, and even sellable!
Here are a few ways flags and banners stand in the modern advertising world.
First, flags and banners are an affordable means of outdoor advertising. No need for billboards or banners pulled by planes. If you have space outside your store flags or banners can add to the aesthetic.
And they are a great way to get across your brand message and identity. It adds character!
Some brands are so recognisable that even their advertising merchandise are popular. Like alcohol and car brands! Flags with your logo, slogan or corporate colours are even better. Because they can hung up in many places and come in a variety of sizes. Small to medium flags make great items to sell or, even better, give away!
You're all familiar with the variety of advertising going on at outdoor events. Sponsoring a team or outdoor event is a great way to get your brand across. You scratch their back, and they let you put flags and banners all over the place!
Banners set up outside tents and gazebos can also promote awareness and add colour to an event. Use the grounds as your advertising space, and turn it into a fun day out for everyone.
Teardrop banners have very little space to advertise on. So that means there is a limit to how much content you can fit on them without making it hard to read.
But! This is good news, as this makes it the best means to advertise, without any clutter. Beyond your logo, it's the ideal space for discounts, specials, and a good warm 'welcome'!
So teardrop banners and flags are a great way to reach your audience on the outdoor playing field. All without hurting your wallet, and you can always pack them up and store them for the next time you need them.
And they're cost-effective, way more affordable than a billboard. Check out our custom flag and teardrop banner printing services, and find the best printing service prices for you!
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text:
The SAGE Handbook of Social Anthropology
The SAGE Handbook of Social Anthropology is a contemporary landmark volume that defines the field and outlines new directions in research. Divided into four sections, each edited by leading figures in social anthropology, this exhaustive Handbook covers interfaces, places, methodologies and futures. Within each section authors at the leading edge of the discipline contribute in-depth chapters on the central principles and latest developments in their area of expertise.
icon backBack to table of contents
Chapter 3.8: Knowledge and Experimental Practice: A Dialogue between Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies1
By: Penelope Harvey
In:The SAGE Handbook of Social Anthropology
Chapter DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446201077.n43
Subject:Social & Cultural Anthropology
Keywords:actor-network theory; anthropology; ants; atherosclerosis; boundary objects; multiplicity; translation
Knowledge and Experimental Practice: A Dialogue between Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies1
Knowledge and experimental practice: A dialogue between anthropology and science and technology studies
PenelopeHarvey
This essay focuses on the relationship that developed between anthropology and science and technology studies (STS) around a common interest in knowledge ...
Artefacts in Anthropology
Chapter 3.9a
Twenty-first Century Ethics for Audited Anthropologists
Harvey, P. (2012). Knowledge and experimental practice: a dialogue between anthropology and science and technology studies. In R. FardonO. Harris, & T. H. Marchand The SAGE handbook of social anthropology (Vol. 2, pp. 115-129). SAGE Publications Ltd, https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781446201077.n43
Harvey, Penelope. "Knowledge and Experimental Practice: A Dialogue between Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies1." In The SAGE Handbook of Social Anthropology, 115-29. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446201077.n43.
Harvey, P. 2012. Knowledge and Experimental Practice: A Dialogue between Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies1. In: 2012. The SAGE Handbook of Social Anthropology, London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 115-129 Available at: <http://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781446201077.n43> [Accessed 15 Jan 2021].
Harvey, Penelope. "Knowledge and Experimental Practice: A Dialogue between Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies1." The SAGE Handbook of Social Anthropology. Richard FardonOlivia Harris and Trevor H. Marchand. Vol. 2. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2012, pp. 115-29. SAGE Knowledge. 15 Jan 2021, doi: http://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781446201077.n43.
Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/hdbk_socialanthropology/n43.xml
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia
Stanton, Andrea L, et al. May 31, 2012
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives
Martin, Scott C April 8, 2015
The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture
Sturman, Janet April 29, 2019
Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia
McGee, R. J, et al. November 5, 2013
Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media
Downing, John D December 1, 2010
21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook
Birx, H. J June 30, 2010
Encyclopedia of Anthropology
Birx, H. J September 15, 2007
Handbook of Ethnography
Atkinson, Paul, et al. January 30, 2014
Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India
Babb, Lawrence A December 20, 2013
Animals and Modern Cultures: A Sociology of Human–Animal Relations in Modernity
Franklin, Adrian May 31, 2012
Anthropologists inside Organisations: South Asian Case Studies
Sridhar, Devi December 20, 2013
Bakhtin and the Human Sciences: No Last Words
Bell, Michael M, et al. December 20, 2013
Georges Bataille: Core Cultural Theorist
Hegarty, Paul May 31, 2012
Media Anthropology
Rothenbuhler, Eric W, et al. May 31, 2012
Patterns of Middle Class Consumption in India and China
Jaffrelot, Christophe, et al. December 20, 2013
Post-Hindu India: A Discourse on Dalit-Bahujan, Socio-Spiritual and Scientific Revolution
Ilaiah, Kancha December 20, 2013


The overall aim of the project is to plug this significant gap in the secondary literature, but there is much scope within this project for the post holder to develop their own research questions. Among the areas that might be explored are: the role of the IWC in fostering or obstructing technical developments in wireless and radio, including those not associated with Marconi and his business; how IWC stations around the globe were constructed and operated; the role of the IWC in encouraging the emergence of local cultures of professional and amateur wireless activity; differences in perceptions of the IWC in different British colonies and dominions; the conflicts between and alignments of the diverse interests involved in the scheme, including the commercial, political, legal, scientific and technological; the successes and failures of the IWC as an instrument of British imperial and colonial integrity. All these questions will be underpinned by a critical knowledge of historical and sociological interpretations of technology and a critical perspective on the IWC that questions the extent to which the scheme as a whole, and Marconi's specific proposals for it, were necessarily seen as improvements on existing systems of global communication.
The most important relevant collections of research materials are at BT Archives (London), Porthcurno Telegraph Museum (Cornwall), the Bodleian Library (Oxford), the British Library (London) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (London).
The project offers exciting opportunities for students considering careers in the archives and museums sectors. The successful applicant will be spending a considerable amount of time in BT Archives where they will be studying some of the collection's underexplored and uncatalogued materials and gaining experience of professional archive management and public engagement activities associated with BT Archives and the Science Museum. They will also be expected to present aspects of their research in workshops, seminars and conferences organised by the University of Exeter, BT Archives and the Science Museum. Since much of the research for this project will take place in London it is not necessary for the post holder to live in or near Exeter.
The thesis supervisors are Dr Richard Noakes and Professor Richard Toye (University of Exeter) and Mr. David Hay (BT Archives, London). The successful applicant will also receive support from Ms. Bergit Arends and Dr. Alison Hess at the Science Museum.
We invite applications from candidates with a strong academic background in modern history, preferably the history of modern science and/or technology or British imperial history. Successful applicants should normally have a good first degree (at least 2.1, or international equivalent) in a relevant field of humanities, and have obtained, or are currently working towards a Masters degree at Merit level, or international equivalent, in modern history, preferably the history of modern science and/or technology or British imperial history. If English is not a candidate's native language, he or she will also need to satisfy the English language entry requirements of the University of Exeter.
Applicants should complete an online web form and upload a full CV, a sample of recent work (please upload this in the reserach proposal section of the application form) and details of two referees and, if relevant, proof of English language proficiency, by 17 March 2017.
Applicants should ensure that the referees email their references in the form of a letter to the Postgraduate Administrator at humanities-pgadmissions@exeter.ac.uk by 17 March 2017. The responsibility for ensuring that references are received by the deadline rests with the candidates. Referees must email their references to us from their institutional email accounts (references sent from personal/private email accounts will not be accepted unless in the form of a scanned document on institutional headed paper and signed by the referee).
It is anticipated that shortlisted candidates will be notified at the end of March and that interviews will take place in April. The interviews will take place at the Science Museum.
Visit http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/ for more information.
Next China's Neo-Imperialism in Africa: Perception or Reality?
I would love the job. As a foreigner my english is just not good enough. A pity.


SANCIA is the love child of precise traditional craftsmanship and contemporary aesthetics with an understated luxury at it's core.
Since launching in 2013, SANCIA has become known for it's intricate one of a kind pieces, luxury leathers and brushed gold custom hardware. The leather goods are made in small runs and are not mass produced.
- HEIGHT: 11CM / 4.5"
- LENGTH: 20CM / 8"
- DEPTH: 4CM / 1.5"


Mendenhall Glacier as seen from Thunder Mountain. That's me in the 1993 image. For a bit of a sense of scale: the distance from Nugget Falls (waterfall at lower right) to the terminus in the 2010 image is slightly more than 1 kilometer (0.62 miles).
Mendenhall Glacier photographed from Thunder Mountain in September of 2010, 2011, and 2012. Photos by Jack Beedle.
The retreat from 2010 to 2011 is apparent, but it's difficult to make out much change in the past year from this distance. Within the next decade it's likely that Mendenhall Glacier will retreat to a point where it is no longer in contact with Mendenhall Lake. When this happens the calving process – by which glaciers can lose large amounts of mass – will end, and the retreat of Mendenhall Glacier should slow. Are we nearing that point? Did retreat of Mendenhall Glacier slow this past year? To try to answer these questions I did a quick investigation with satellite imagery from 1993, 2010, 2011, and 2012.
These two images are from Landsat satellite imagery. I used what are called false-color composites that show vegetation as red, and make the glacier ice a bit easier to see. The unfortunate black striping in the 2012 image is from a failure of what's called the Scan Line Corrector on the Landsat 7 satellite. The outlines for Mendenhall glacier in 1993, 2010, 2011, and 2012 are shown in progressively lighter shades of blue.
In 1993 Mendenhall Glacier extended to Nugget Falls, where a popular trail ends today, and many people play in the sand where the ice stood not too long ago. Since then it has retreated dramatically, especially where in contact with the lake where calving results in the loss of a great deal of mass. Note that the retreat along the bedrock peninsula that juts out into the lake, where the glacier is grounded and there is no calving, is much less. To measure the rate of retreat since 1993 I took the average across the entire terminus, including the portion that calves into Mendenhall Lake and the portion that is grounded on the bedrock peninsula.
Before I tell you the numbers I need to post a little disclaimer. Landsat satellite imagery, with a resolution of 30 meters (the width of each pixel represents 30 meters on the ground), is far from ideal to determine annual glacier length change. My intent here is to get a rough estimate of change to lend some context to the repeat photography.
From these measurements it appears that recent retreat of Mendenhall Glacier (2010 – 2012) has been greater than the average rates since 1993. Although it's not readily apparent from the repeat photographs, the retreat of Mendenhall Glacier has continued in 2012, and at what appears to be a rate that is a bit faster than the average since 1993.
I too visited this site on Thunder Mountain this past summer with the intent of getting a shot of me standing in the same place as in 1993. Unfortunately I didn't have the right lens in my camera kit that day to get the same perspective that was captured in 1993. I hope to return to Thunder Mountain with my dad in the summer of 2013 to capture the '20th anniversary' shot of our initial journey to this spot.
Me with cousins Jana and Shannon at the Thunder Mountain repeat-photograph site. August 2012.
Standing on Thunder Mountain, 1993 image in hand, enjoying the stunning view of Mendenhall Glacier, I was struck by the incredible magnitude of change. Not really saddened, but more in awe of the incredible dynamism of the natural world around us. I'm captivated by these rapidly changing, intensely beautiful masses of ice and snow, and hope that I can bring a bit of this experience to you through images and a bit of analysis.
Motyka et al. 2003. Twentieth Century thinning of Mendenhall Glacier, Alaska, and its relationship to climate, lake calving, and glacier run-off, Global and Planetary Change, 35, 93-112.
Because I will soon be visiting Mendenhall Glacier again I was interested in understanding the retreat. Thanks for the photos and calculations.


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YMCA to host annual father-daughter dance
Jamie Jung
STEVENS POINT – Attention dads! What have you done lately to show your daughter how special she is? The Stevens Point Area YMCA, 1000 Division St., invites you to get dressed in your best on Oct. 18 and treat your daughter(s) to a semi-formal dance — just for fathers and daughters.
Start the evening by taking your daughter out to dinner, then continue your memory-making at the YMCA from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. for dancing, games, hors d'oeuvres and pictures.
"The relationship between fathers and daughters is so important," says Michael Prince, membership and youth sports director for the YMCA. "This is a great way to have a special evening with your daughter(s)."
The fee is $10 per person for YMCA members and $15 per person for the general public. Registration is required by Oct. 16 by calling 715-342-2980. For more information, visit www.spymca.org/special-events.


text:
Securing hashes of short strings
My understanding is that if I tell you that a given hash is the hash value of a single alpha-numeric character, then you can trivially identify what the source string is, by brute force checking the hashes.
However, if I tell you that the hash is based on a single a/n char again, but this time with a long unknown salt, then you're safe - you can no longer identify the char.
Now, suppose I give you a collection of 62 hashes and tell you that, collectively, those hashes represent the hashes of all 62 distinct a/n chars (a-z,A-Z,0-9) all hashed in the same way, with the same long unknown salt.
Is that secure? Or would that information be sufficient to reverse engineer some or all of the data?
hash salt reverse-engineering
BrondahlBrondahl
Is this just theoretical or do I smell an X-Y problem here? – Jan Doggen Mar 11 '17 at 10:27
:) Yes and no. I'm not trying to solve a problem per se - I'm trying to understand a scenario which currently makes no sense to me. The above question (which I AM also curious about academically in isolation) will inform the understanding of the larger problem. Once I've acquired better understanding of this particular aspect, I will likely ask about the larger problem separately. – Brondahl Mar 11 '17 at 10:43
This might be better suited to crypto.stackexchange.com? – Pascal Mar 11 '17 at 11:02
@JanDoggen Incidentally, I never said ... I went to ask the original question that lead me to this, and it turns out that it already exists: security.stackexchange.com/questions/4830/… – Brondahl Apr 30 '17 at 15:42
I had been wondering whether the banks might simplying be storing hashes of individual letters ... whether that would actually be secure. Hence the question. – Brondahl Apr 30 '17 at 15:43
I think that yes, it's still safe, depending on how the "hashing" works.
You're not really talking about a salt value, since it is unknown. The scenario you describe fits a MAC better IMO. MACs require the input data (your single character) and a secret (your unknown "salt") and are designed to be safe despite the plaintext input data being known (since they are usually used to authenticate messages, where both the MAC and the plaintext message is known).
To be secure against attack, you can't just use a plain hash, such as
value = sha256(character || secret)
This wouldn't be safe. But if you use a primitive such as HMAC, it should be:
mac = hmac_sha256(character, secret)
Your requirements, if I understood correctly, are that it should be impossible for someone without the secret to determine, given
mac1 = hmac_sha256('0', secret)
mac62 = hmac_sha256('z', secret)
which mac goes with which input character, and what the secret is.
MAC's guarantee that with a given input, such as '0', and mac1, there is no better attack on secret than brute-force, even if the secret is reused many times. So your secret is safe.
The question that remains is whether you can determine which input character belongs to mac1, mac2 etc if you are not in possession of the secret.
I think that's equally impossible, but I can't see how to prove the equivalence of that with the message integrity guarantees MACs make, so even though I don't think I am, I might be wrong.
I have some reasons for my beliefs:
Ideally, for hash functions, if you change a single bit in the message, that should influence all bits of the hash value. If I understand the way hmacs are calculated correctly, then that also goes for the secret, e.g. the secret influences every single bit in the mac output. So if there was a way to determine which mac belonged to which input without the secret, I think that would mean hmac is leaking information about the secret, and there should therefore exist a better than brute-force method to attack the secret.
But really you should ask a cryptographer, so crypto.stackexchange.com might be a better place to get a good answer.
PascalPascal
Could you say a few more words replacing "This wouldn't be safe." with "This wouldn't be safe because ___ ___ ____." ? The length-extension attacks and other attacks on simple hashing -- that HMAC is designed to defend against -- don't seem to be an issue for this application. – David Cary Mar 11 '17 at 16:30
I'm not sure enough about what's possible or not and decided to err on the side of caution, but I was in fact thinking about length extension attacks & co when I wrote that sentence. How about adding a second answer to elaborate on that point, and why it's not a problem? I'd be interested in your explanation. I'll upvote it if I understand it :-) – Pascal Mar 11 '17 at 16:40
If I understand your requirements correctly,
It should be impossible for an attacker (without the secret key) who sees all 62 messages to be better at guessing which character Alice typed for any particular message than the 1/62 probability of an attacker who hasn't seen any of the messages.
It should be impossible for an attacker (without the secret key) who sees all 62 messages to guess the secret key.
It should be impossible for an attacker without the secret key, who has seen up to 60 of the messages, to actively calculate the correct MAC for either of the remaining 2 letters for which the attacker has not yet seen the MAC.
If I understand your proposed algorithm correctly,
Alice's machine has a single secret key that we assume the attacker does not have.
Every time Alice types in some alphanumeric character (a-z, A-Z, 0-9), the machine uses a cryptographically secure hash function to hash the concatenation of that character with that secret key, and sends the resulting message authentication code to Bob.
Alice never repeats a character (sends at most 62 messages with this particular secret key).
Bob discards all repeats.
Alice doesn't send the next message until after she learns that Bob has received the last message. (It's OK for Alice's computer to keep re-sending the packet containing that message until it hears the acknowledgement from Bob's computer).
This algorithm seems safe to me.
(I wouldn't use the term "salt" in this algorithm to describe that secret key. A cryptographic salt is, by definition, something that we assume the attacker knows, and usually is freshly randomly generated for each item. Neither one is true for this algorithm. ).
Because the string being hashed ( a single character concatenated with the secret key ) is a fixed length, it appears that any cryptographically secure hash will be sufficient in this algorithm -- it's not vulnerable to the length extension attack that HMAC defends against.
If we modify the algorithm so Bob doesn't discard repeats, it makes the modified system vulnerable to an active attacker using a replay attack.
If we modify the algorithm to allow Alice to repeat a character, because the process is deterministic, an eavesdropper Eve can easily detect when Alice repeats a character, because both times Alice types that character, it produces exactly the same MAC. (This makes the modified system vulnerable to known-plaintext attack ). An actual salt, freshly and randomly generated for each message, included in the hash function input, and also transmitted in plain text with that message, could be used to make the process non-deterministic enough to defend against this attack.
If we modify the algorithm so that Alice sends multiple messages before Bob confirms receipt, the modified system is vulnerable to an active man-in-the-middle re-ordering the outstanding messages.
David CaryDavid Cary
Okay, I think I get it :-) Good summary of the requirements, too. – Pascal Mar 19 '17 at 0:54
You effectively have a substitution cipher and the algorithm is no more secure by substituting a single character with a hash instead of another single character. If someone has to decrypt a single character or hash in isolation, then you could consider it secure, however repeated uses would probably allow frequency analysis and other attack to recover the plaintext.
adamantadamant
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I have to admit, I had no idea what I was signing up for when I decided to volunteer in a hostel on the Algarve on Portugal's south coast.
Anyone who knows me won't be surprised that I couldn't pass up an opportunity to work in a hostel called Le Penguin, but on further research, I wasn't really sure what to expect from Faro itself. I kept reading the same thing: everyone flies into Faro, but no one actually stays there. It's the administrative city of a region otherwise known for its beaches and resorts; the entire image I'd envisaged for my trip, and it seemed like I was going to be living in the complete opposite.
To my surprise – and relief – I actually really liked Faro and it didn't take me long to warm to it, so I think it's well worth a day or two if you visit the Algarve.
My first impression was made by the fading glow of a sunset over the picturesque marina, a view that was going to become very familiar over the next three weeks. I then began to follow what seemed like overly convoluted directions towards the hostel (turn right, then turn left here, take a right somewhere at the end, then immediately turn left and follow signs for a supermarket) and found myself in a cute, cobblestone square flanked by restaurants and bakeries. A little train shuffled past along the road, and my eyes lit up because as you guys probably know by now, I love anything silly. Maybe it wasn't going to be bad after all.
Yeah, I still have no idea why this statue has a shell for a head!
Welcome to Le Penguin, by the way, my home for over two weeks.
The hostel was totally laid back, which is how I came to know Portugal to be as a whole, and I loved my time there, but equally I loved exploring the area (which is something SOME of the other volunteers didn't even really do, looking at no one in particular Aaron!).
So naturally, the first thing I did in the morning was have a look around town, and within a day I had seen more of the city than most people I worked with!
OBVIOUSLY the first thing on my list was riding that train. Come on, guys, did any of you NOT expect that? I found it at the marina just as it was gearing up for its first tour of the day. Almost like fate.
It's actually a really good tour, it lasts about 45 minutes and only costs 2.75 euros. The only problem was they provided quite a lot of info on each place… wait, you're thinking surely that's a good thing, right? Well, they told us everything in Portuguese. Then, five minutes after we had left a place, it started on the English translation. So I missed a lot of it because it didn't really make sense half way down the road. But it was an enjoyable journey and I saw the vast majority of the centre plus a bit more.
It also gave me my bearings to go back and explore some of the Old Town on foot, which is definitely worth a wander with its narrow cobblestone alleys and squares (quite bumpy on the ol' train!).
I hate banging on about cobblestones, but Portugal really does have them on another level (literally in Lisbon, because the roads are pretty steep, ho ho!). Virtually the entire centre of Faro is covered in them. They're a bit slippery, actually, because they're so smooth, but they instantly add character even in the most run-down streets. Perhaps it's because they smooth out the rough edges.
And Faro does have some run-down streets, but I never, ever felt unsafe there. And that was including accidentally getting lost when I wandered out of a club at 3am, realised half way down the road that I had no idea how to get back to the club where all my friends were, and subsequently had to navigate my way back to the hostel by myself. And with many, many other late night shenanigans, I never encountered any problems. Yep, I think it's safe to say you don't have to worry too much in Faro (apart from slipping on the cobblestones).
My favourite discovery of Faro was the Capela de Ossos, or Chapel Of Bones. The bone church in the Czech Republic has been on my list for years, so when I read about this one, I was pretty excited to visit. I found out later that there's actually a more famous one in Portugal (Capela dos Ossos in Evora), but this one is really cool, too.
By cool, I mean in a very creepy and morbid way. Does anyone else like walking around cemeteries? In the same way as that, this chapel is morbidly fascinating.
But what really took me by surprise was the actual church itself. Capela de Ossos sits unassumingly behind the Carmo church, which looks fairly indistinct from the outside.
But the inside is insane. I've never seen a church this gold before. It almost reminded me of the temples in Asia!
The church is free to enter, but you have to pay 2 euros to visit the chapel of bones. No one even checked my ticket, but I was happy to pay it anyway.
Within a few days, I thought I had exhausted everything there is to do in Faro (except a boat tour of the islands in the natural park – they're expensive and I don't feel like they'd be worth it, though feel free to disprove that). I'd been to the beach, which although it was nice, was nothing like I pictured the Algarve to be. I'd been disappointed by all the parks that seemed to be recommended. But in one of my final days in the city, I happened to read something about hanging out with peacocks in a park that was just two blocks away from the hostel! How the hell had I missed that?
So here's a peacock on a bench.
No, really, it's just a park, but the peacocks were pretty cool.
My highlights are definitely the old town and the church/bone chapel. The nightlife is great because Faro is a university town (if you want something totally different, go to Fabrica which is a quirky mix of an art gallery and a club, otherwise there are tons of pubs, clubs and live music venues in town), and the town centre has a really nice feel to it. Plus, every single night the sunsets were out of this world! I could probably dedicate an entire photo post to Faro sunsets.
I get that the Algarve is popular with the type of tourists who might not even leave their resort, but if you want a little bite of culture and Portuguese life, Faro is definitely worth a little visit by car or train!
the place looks serene and beautiful….
Ah, serene is a good word for it! 🙂 Thanks for reading!


text:
Witness is a Canadian documentary television series which was broadcast from 1992 to 2004. Various independently produced documentaries were introduced by host Knowlton Nash.

Noted episodes of the series included Utshimassits: Place of the Boss, a documentary about the Davis Inlet crisis of the early 1990s which won the Donald Brittain Award in 1996.

References

External links
 CBC Witness (archived, 2004)

1990s Canadian documentary television series
2000s Canadian documentary television series
1992 Canadian television series debuts
2004 Canadian television series endings
CBC Television original programming

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Almost 30 innovative products from 20 Northern Ireland companies have been shortlisted for the finals of this year's prestigious Irish Quality Food and Drink Awards 2021...
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Enjoying my coffee this morning wondering where all the snow has gone?! This Florida girl is still not used to Indiana's indecisive weather.
I'm preparing for our next Jr. Sr. High girls small group study...and as I sit here praying for these girls hearts and minds, I'm getting more and more excited about this study by Jennie Allen, "Dream Big." https://www.rightnow.org/Content/Series/195624. Listening to God's voice and chasing our dreams with His vision in mind is such an attainable and beautiful thing. I love that He continues to carry through with His promises to me! I'm looking forward to how He will speak into the lives of these girls, and through mine as well!
2017 is going to be a year of dreaming big, and I can't wait to see how the Lord carries me through!


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text:
Skanska sells £25m Dock block
Updated: 19:00 EST, 24 July 2000
Another block of offices at Thomas More Square, overlooking St Katharine's Dock near London's Tower Bridge, has been sold by Swedish developer Skanska to clients of Axa Real Estate Investment Managers. Skanska received £25m for the 91,500 sq ft Quadrant office building, let to AT&T Communications (UK).
In March, Skanska sold most of the freehold of Thomas More Square to Axa Reim for £41.5m. However, it kept the Quadrant and Trinity Tower.
Trinity's 225,000 sq ft is let primarily to Chase Manhattan Bank. Insiders believe it may also be sold by Skanska shortly. Axa paid £275 per square foot for Quadrant, 16% above the price paid for the March acquisitions in Thomas More Square.


text:
Robin Roberts' medical leave from 'GMA' begins after Friday's show
By Meredith Blake, Los Angeles Times –
NEW YORK — Friday will be Robin Roberts' last day on "Good Morning America" before she goes on medical leave to receive a bone-marrow transplant, the show confirmed via Twitter early Monday. Roberts also discussed her impending departure with co-anchors George Stephanopoulos and Lara Spencer.
"I can't imagine not getting up and being here," she said on the air. Roberts also told viewers she'd check into the hospital on Tuesday but that it would be 10 more days before the transplant — via a donation from her sister, Sally — would actually take place.
In advance of Roberts' departure, this week "Good Morning America" will highlight other stories of people afflicted by MDS, the rare blood disorder Roberts was diagnosed with this spring.
The announcement this morning was not a huge surprise, at least not to fans who follow the host on Twitter. Over the weekend, Roberts tweeted that she had left her dog K.J. in the care of some friends and had "cried like a baby."
As Roberts explained on the air, the handoff was necessary because "when you have a bone-marrow transplant, you don't have an immune system for a while and you're very susceptible to infection."
Roberts had just returned to the show Aug. 20 after taking an abrupt vacation.
"My needle was past 'E' when I left here a couple of weeks ago, but I've got a full tank, so watch out," she said upon her return last week. "I haven't taken this much time off in quite some time."
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text:
Luís Gonzaga da Cunha Marelim CM (* 17. April 1904 in Salvador, Bahia, Brasilien; † 21. Dezember 1991) war ein brasilianischer Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Caxias do Maranhão.

Leben
Luís Gonzaga da Cunha Marelim trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Lazaristen bei und empfing am 11. Juni 1927 das Sakrament der Priesterweihe.

Papst Pius XII. ernannte ihn am 19. Juli 1941 zum ersten Bischof des bereits zwei Jahre zuvor errichteten Bistums Caxias do Maranhão. Der Erzbischof von São Salvador da Bahia, Augusto Álvaro da Silva, spendete ihm am 7. September desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Carlos Carmelo de Vasconcelos Motta, Erzbischof von São Luís do Maranhão, und Felipe Benito Condurú Pacheco, Bischof von Ilhéus.

Er nahm an der ersten, zweiten und vierten Sitzungsperiode des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils als Konzilsvater teil.

Am 18. Februar 1981 nahm Papst Johannes Paul II. seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Lazarist
Brasilianer
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1991
Mann


Leaders in business, politics, NGOs and more who strive to transform the world and focus on repairing the rifts in our world.
Which B Team initiative are you motivated by most, and how is your company helping to lead on this issue?
The Net-Zero by 2050 initiative. Three years ago, ENGIE decided to become a leader of the energy transition. We divested from coal and exploration and production and invested in renewables and energy efficiency.
What convinced you to take on this challenge? Why do you believe that it cannot be achieved without business engagement and leadership?
We need to create sustainable business models to effectively drive change. Governments can give orientation and support, but it is business which will create and develop sustainable innovations at scale.
What are the biggest lessons you've learned on this journey?
When we decided this strategic shift, we were told that it would have damaging impacts on our business. In fact, it is the opposite. Three years ago, our activities and results were shrinking, because we were positioned on activities that were bound to decline. Today, our organic growth is strong.
What is the first thing you read every morning?
The press review. It is essential for business leaders to keep in touch with what is happening around them and remain aware of their environment.
What advice would you give to a young entrepreneur seeking to start a new company today?
I would tell them to dare and be bold. Concentrate your efforts and attention on activities and innovations that will have a positive, long-lasting impact on people.
If there is one big change you could make in the world today, what would it be?
Universal access to modern, sustainable energy. Over 1 billion people on our planet do not have access to power. 2.3 billion people have no access to clean cooking. Modern energy is not just any commodity. It is the stepping stone to human and economic progress.
If you were given an extra day next week, how would you spend it?
I would go swimming and then spend the rest of the day with my family.
What one thing would you change to help more companies go further, faster toward sustainable business?
We need to create attractive business models to drive investments in energy efficiency. This means inventing models to mitigate high upfront costs, which are the main obstacle for these investments.
This interview is part of a series to help you get to know The B Team Leaders, what they are working on and what they are passionate about. You can read Richard Branson's interview here, Yolanda Kakabadse's interview here, Sharan Burrow's interview here, Bob Collymore's interview here, David Crane's here, Christiana Figueres' here, Arianna Huffington's here, Guilherme Leal's here, Mats Granryd's here, Oliver Bäte's here, Mo Ibrahim's here and Joshua Oigara's here.