text:
I was pondering the Elon Musk Doomsday scenario not actual state of the art.
I think this is important to remember but I also think you aren't allowing for the outliers that push the boundaries. We are learning more about the brain and our concept of "free will" is starting to erode but we are understand much more about what "pushes OUR buttons." An AI won't fatigue or want to change careers, nothing is motivated by neurotransmitter triggering various emotional responses or simply, "eh, I'd rather watch Netflix." ... I think the only thing missing would creativity and intuition but then, given enough computing power, you can brute force creativity and intuition if you have a computer who can simulate billions of potentialities and a human to guide those things.
Example - Imagine how an AI would invent a helicopter, having zero reference for a helicopter. So you feed in the total knowledge of how physics and wind velocity and you also maybe give it data on various flying birds and insects, and also planes. Of course include marine life, since water, like air, is a fluid (but nothing about a helicopter). The computer is going to come up with billions of designs, looking at the various fins of say of fish, calculating those different fin shapes affects on wind resistance and lift...eventually you will get something better than a helicopter, but the key will be learning how to encapsulate what the computer "values" as optimal.
Remember, the main benefit is iteration time. Yeah the computer might take over the world in your coffee break but it will also go down an entire line of thinking and you'll come back to your desk with 10,000 new engineering sketches and simulations.
RamboZombie
Weaksauce
wonder what the computer comes up with once we have supplied it with a paperplane, a rubber band and a used playboy magazine - thesis is that it won't do it well because once we are there - we will be to stupid to use it..
"This chapter studies one of AI's most challenging topics—the possibility of self-consciousness and self-aware robots (or AI systems). Since Turing Test to the latest AI development, we have never ceased to explore human intelligence, and the creation of intelligent systems and robotics. With the advancement of technology, almost all core AI functionalities including machine learning, computer vision, data mining, natural language processing, and agent ontology have been examined immensely with significant success and applied to our daily activities. Many AI scientists believe it is the time to explore this ultimate question—robot consciousness. This chapter begins with consciousness concepts and machine consciousness in neuroscience disciplines brief literature review to current AI and machine learning R&D. Next, we explore machine consciousness typical approach—the Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Consciousness (GOFAC) which consists of five major components: (1) Functionalism; (2) Information integration; (3) Embodiment; (4) Enaction, and (5) Cognitive mechanisms. Lastly, we conclude AI and machine consciousness study, outstanding issues; problems to approach in order to design and build a true self-consciousness and self-awareness robot."
https://books.google.com/books?id=N...lf-consciousness&pg=PA347#v=onepage&q&f=false
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"Is consciousness a continuous stream of percepts or is it discrete, occurring only at certain moments in time?"
https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(20)30170-4
well you see that is a tricky question to answer without a more exact definition of consciousness. By most definitions I have see there is little to no time element involved meaning it is nether a moment of experience nor a collection of such. I would say its similar to a thought or experience where its existence lies in the past and you are recalling and possibly building upon the manifestation of consciousness.
If they are addressing a single moment of thought where you are recalling or altering a conscious ideology I could see that being defined as a single instance in time but I do not believe that is the entirety of what makes up consciousness.
I disagree with them trying to tie in consciousness to perceptions and using visual dylays to make their point, as firstmost I belive that is closer to qualia then conciousness (I do subscribe to being able to percive a moment of qualia and that may fit into the consciousness definition). Next just because such a delay exists does not mean you perceive such especially in the case of vision. a "moment" within the mind is composed of many ms worth of actions where a large variaty of systems are all functioning.
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Krenum
I think the scientific community working with anything AI is on a spiral of madness at this point.
Funny thing about AI, it was made by humans, so its already fundamentally flawed upon conception.
Friendship with an AI Companion | Lex Fridman Podcast #121
How to Give A.I. a Pinch of Consciousness
A.I. researchers are turning to neuroscience to build smarter, more powerful neural networks
"In 1998, an engineer in Sony's computer science lab in Japan filmed a lost-looking robot moving trepidatiously around an enclosure. The robot was tasked with two objectives: avoid obstacles and find objects in the pen. It was able to do so because of its ability to learn the contours of the enclosure and the locations of the sought-after objects.
But whenever the robot encountered an obstacle it didn't expect, something interesting happened: Its cognitive processes momentarily became chaotic. The robot was grappling with new, unexpected data that didn't match its predictions about the enclosure. The researchers who set up the experiment argued that the robot's "self-consciousness" arose in this moment of incoherence. Rather than carrying on as usual, it had to turn its attention inward, so to speak, to decide how to deal with the conflict.
This idea about self-consciousness — that it asserts itself in specific contexts, such as when we are confronted with information that forces us to reassess our environment and then make an executive decision about what to do next — is an old one, dating back to the work of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger in the early 20th century. Now, A.I. researchers are increasingly influenced by neuroscience and are investigating whether neural networks can and should achieve the same higher levels of cognition that occur in the human brain.
Far from the "stupid" robots of today, which don't have any real understanding of where they are or what they experience, the hope is that a level of awareness analogous to consciousness in humans could make future A.I.s much more intelligent. They could learn by themselves, for example, how to select and focus on data in order to acquire new skills that they assimilate and go on to perform with ease. But giving machines the power to think like this also brings with it risks — and ethical uncertainties.
"I don't design consciousness," says Jun Tani, PhD, co-designer of the 1998 experiment and now a professor in the Cognitive Neurorobotics Research Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Technology. He tells OneZero that to describe what his robots experience as "consciousness" is to use a metaphor. That is, the bots aren't actually cogitating in a way we would recognize, they're just exhibiting behavior that is structurally similar. And yet he is fascinated by parallels between machine minds and human minds. So much so that he has tried simulating the neural responses associated with autism via a robot.
"Research on consciousness is still considered somewhat taboo in A.I."
One of the world's foremost A.I. experts, Yoshua Bengio, founder of Mila, the Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, is likewise fascinated by consciousness in A.I. He uses the analogy of driving to describe the switch between conscious and unconscious actions.
"It starts by conscious control when you learn how to drive and then, after some practice, most of the work is done at an unconscious level and you can have a conversation while driving," he explains via email.
That higher, attentive level of processing is not always necessary — or even desirable — but it seems to be crucial for humans to learn new skills or adapt to unexpected challenges. A.I. systems and robots could potentially avoid the stupidity that currently plagues them if only they could gain the same ability to prioritize, focus, and resolve a problem.
Inspired in part by what we think we know about human consciousness, Bengio and his colleagues have spent several years working on the principle of "attention mechanisms" for A.I. systems. These systems are able to learn what data is relevant and therefore what to focus on in order to complete a given task.
"Research on consciousness," Bengio adds, "is still considered somewhat taboo in A.I." Because consciousness is such a difficult phenomenon to understand, even for neuroscientists, it has mostly been discussed by philosophers until now, he says.
Knowledge about the human brain and the human experience of consciousness is increasingly relevant to the pursuit of more advanced systems and has already led to some fascinating crossovers. Take, for example, the work by Newton Howard, PhD, professor of computational neurosciences and neurosurgery at the University of Oxford. He and colleagues have designed an operating system inspired by the human brain.
"When it's deployed, it's like a child. It's eager to learn."
Rather than rely on one approach to solving problems, it can choose the best data processing technique for the task in question — a bit like how different parts of the brain handle different sorts of information.
He's also experimenting with a system that can gather data from various sensors and sources in order to automatically build knowledge on various topics. "When it's deployed, it's like a child," he says. "It's eager to learn."
All of this work, loosely inspired by what we know about human brains, may push the boundaries of what A.I. can accomplish today. And yet some argue it might not get us much closer to a truly conscious machine mind that has a sense of a self, a detached "soul" that inhabits its body (or chipset), with free will to boot.
The philosopher Daniel Dennett, who has spent much of his life thinking about what consciousness is and is not, argues that we won't see machines develop this level of consciousness anytime soon — not even within 50 years. He and others have pointed out that the A.I.s we are able to build today seem to have no semblance of the reflective thinking or awareness that we assume are crucial for consciousness.
It's in the search for a system that does possess these attributes, though, that a profound crossover between neuroscience and A.I. research might happen. At the moment, consciousness remains one of the great mysteries of science. No one knows to what activity in the brain it is tied, exactly, though scientists are gradually working out that certain neural connections seem to be associated with it. Some researchers have found oscillations in brain activity that appear to be related to specific states of consciousness — signatures, if you like, of wakefulness.
By replicating such activity in a machine, we could perhaps enable it to experience conscious thought, suggests Camilo Miguel Signorelli, a research assistant in computer science at the University of Oxford.
He mentions the liquid "wetware" brain of the robot in Ex Machina, a gel-based container of neural activity. "I had to get away from circuitry, I needed something that could arrange and rearrange on a molecular level," explains Oscar Isaac's character, who has created a conscious cyborg.
"The risk of mistakenly creating suffering in a conscious machine is something that we need to avoid."
"That would be an ideal system for an experiment," says Signorelli, since a fluid, highly plastic brain might be configured to experience consciousness-forming neural oscillations — akin to the waves of activity we see in human brains.
This, it must be said, is highly speculative. And yet it raises the question of whether completely different hardware might be necessary for consciousness (as we experience it) to arise in a machine. Even if we do one day successfully confirm the presence of consciousness in a computer, Signorelli says that we will probably have no real power over it.
"Probably we will get another animal, humanlike consciousness but we can't control this consciousness," he says.
As some have argued, that could make such an A.I. dangerous and unpredictable. But a conscious machine that proves to be harmless could still raise ethical quandaries. What if it felt pain, despair, or a terrible state of confusion?
"The risk of mistakenly creating suffering in a conscious machine is something that we need to avoid," says Andrea Luppi, a PhD student at the University of Cambridge who studies human brain activity and consciousness.
It may be a long time before we really need to grapple with this sort of issue. But A.I. research is increasingly drawing on neuroscience and ideas about consciousness in the pursuit of more powerful systems. That's happening now. What sort of agent this will help us create in the future is, like the emergence of consciousness itself, tantalizingly difficult to predict."
https://onezero.medium.com/how-to-give-a-i-a-pinch-of-consciousness-c70707d62b88#_=_
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Ah, this is taco101
Whenever obstacles in life appear, I freeze nd wobble. Perhaps having a backup support system, so to speak isn't such a bad idea after all.
Taco is excited!
"Here are 12 generated essays from GPT-3 using The Guardian's prompt, at various temperature settings. Remember, GPT-3's task is to be as formulaic as possible. I'm amused at how many of them begin by quoting Elon Musk and Bill Gates." -- https://twitter.com/JanelleCShane/status/1303802582876512257
How Do I Know I'm Not the Only Conscious Being in the Universe?
https://www.scientificamerican.com/...not-the-only-conscious-being-in-the-universe/
interpretation:
'A Robot Wrote This Article. Are You Scared Yet, Human?' (theguardian.com)
"An interval-valued utility theory for decision making with Dempster-Shafer belief functions
The main goal of this paper is to describe an axiomatic utility theory for Dempster-Shafer belief function lotteries. The axiomatic framework used is analogous to von Neumann-Morgenstern's utility theory for probabilistic lotteries as described by Luce and Raiffa. Unlike the probabilistic case, our axiomatic framework leads to interval-valued utilities, and therefore, to a partial (incomplete) preference order on the set of all belief function lotteries. If the belief function reference lotteries we use are Bayesian belief functions, then our representation theorem coincides with Jaffray's representation theorem for his linear utility theory for belief functions. We illustrate our representation theorem using some examples discussed in the literature, and we propose a simple model for assessing utilities based on an interval-valued pessimism index representing a decision-maker's attitude to ambiguity and indeterminacy. Finally, we compare our decision theory with those proposed by Jaffray, Smets, Dubois et al., Giang and Shenoy, and Shafer."
https://techxplore.com/news/2020-09-artificial-intelligence-expert-theory-decision-making.html
The invention proposes an automatic driving "machine consciousness" model, which is composed by the human's safety driving rules. Establish the dynamic fuzzy event probability measure relation, or fuzzy relation, or probability relation of the automatic driving vehicle and the surrounding passing vehicle. The decision result of "machine consciousness" of automatic driving vehicle is realized by complicated logic operation and using the antagonistic result of logic operation in both positive and negative directions. The implementation result is that it can make the decision-making result of automatic driving vehicle close to the result of human's biological consciousness, which can improve the safety of automatic driving vehicle, reduce the development cost and reduce the distance of road test.
(Also Sprach Zarathustra[H] makes you think-
Fascinating thread and your comments are some of the most interesting. If we create an artificial consciousness the ethical complications are monumental and tough to answer.
- If an AI "Person" exists and is simply "unplugged", who suffers? He/she continues exactly where he/she was interrupted when power returns. Is "life, liberty...:" diminished?
- Animals not granted "personage"? 'K I'm a dog lovdr, but...some dogs are little different than some babies in front of a mirror. MOST dogs can take a single look at a human face and react to anger, welcoming, distress. etc. Did you happen to hear or read about the dog helping on a drug bust, a few days ago. who bit the perp and held on while being stabbed 9 times? Lived through it, the arrested the perp and it was the dogs 2nd time being stabbed. Just what IS intellegence?
-You CAN'T put the Genie back in tghe jar. We can't just say "No." We have to face the issues and answer them. AI is here to stay.
https://bdtechtalks.com/2020/09/21/gpt-3-economy-business-model/
"Commercial artificial intelligence
Ideally, OpenAI would have made GPT-3 available to the public. But we live in the era of commercial AI, and AI labs like OpenAI rely on the deep pockets of wealthy tech companies and VC firms to fund their research. This puts them under strain to create profitable businesses that can generate a return on investment and secure future funding."
"AI devs created a lean, mean, GPT-3-beating machine that uses 99.9% fewer parameters" -- https://thenextweb.com/neural/2020/...ting-machine-that-uses-99-9-fewer-parameters/
" We have shown that it is possible to achieve fewshot performance similar to GPT-3 on SuperGLUE with LMs that have three orders of magnitude fewer parameters. This is achieved using PET, a method that reformulates tasks as cloze questions and trains an ensemble of models for different reformulations. We have proposed a simple yet effective modification to PET that enables us to use it for tasks that require predicting multiple tokens. In extensive experiments, we have identified several factors responsible for the strong performance of PET combined with pretrained ALBERT: the possibility to concurrently use multiple patterns for transforming examples into cloze questions, the ability to compensate for patterns that are difficult to understand, the usage of labeled data to perform parameter updates, and the underlying LM itself. To enable comparisons with our work, we make our dataset of few-shot training examples publicly available."
"Decoding Nonconscious Thought Representations during Successful Thought Suppression
Controlling our thoughts is central to mental well-being, and its failure is at the crux of a number of mental disorders. Paradoxically, behavioral evidence shows that thought suppression often fails. Despite the broad importance of understanding the mechanisms of thought control, little is known about the fate of neural representations of suppressed thoughts. Using fMRI, we investigated the brain areas involved in controlling visual thoughts and tracked suppressed thought representations using multivoxel pattern analysis. Participants were asked to either visualize a vegetable/fruit or suppress any visual thoughts about those objects. Surprisingly, the content (object identity) of successfully suppressed thoughts was still decodable in visual areas with algorithms trained on imagery. This suggests that visual representations of suppressed thoughts are still present despite reports that they are not. Thought generation was associated with the left hemisphere, whereas thought suppression was associated with right hemisphere engagement. Furthermore, general linear model analyses showed that subjective success in thought suppression was correlated with engagement of executive areas, whereas thought-suppression failure was associated with engagement of visual and memory-related areas. These results suggest that the content of suppressed thoughts exists hidden from awareness, seemingly without an individual's knowledge, providing a compelling reason why thought suppression is so ineffective. These data inform models of unconscious thought production and could be used to develop new treatment approaches to disorders involving maladaptive thoughts."
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn_a_01617
"These weird, unsettling photos show that AI is getting smarter" -- https://www.technologyreview.com/20...len-institute-generates-images-from-captions/
"Humans have tended to believe that we are the only species to possess certain traits, behaviors, or abilities, especially with regard to cognition. Occasionally, we extend such traits to primates or other mammals—species with which we share fundamental brain similarities. Over time, more and more of these supposed pillars of human exceptionalism have fallen. Nieder et al. now argue that the relationship between consciousness and a standard cerebral cortex is another fallen pillar (see the Perspective by Herculano-Houzel). Specifically, carrion crows show a neuronal response in the palliative end brain during the performance of a task that correlates with their perception of a stimulus. Such activity might be a broad marker for consciousness.
Subjective experiences that can be consciously accessed and reported are associated with the cerebral cortex. Whether sensory consciousness can also arise from differently organized brains that lack a layered cerebral cortex, such as the bird brain, remains unknown. We show that single-neuron responses in the pallial endbrain of crows performing a visual detection task correlate with the birds' perception about stimulus presence or absence and argue that this is an empirical marker of avian consciousness. Neuronal activity follows a temporal two-stage process in which the first activity component mainly reflects physical stimulus intensity, whereas the later component predicts the crows' perceptual reports. These results suggest that the neural foundations that allow sensory consciousness arose either before the emergence of mammals or independently in at least the avian lineage and do not necessarily require a cerebral cortex."
https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/24/crows-possess-higher-intelligence-long-thought-primarily-human/
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How the Brain Handles the Unknown (axios.com)
Zarathustra[H] UltraTaco
"Formation of Neural Circuits in an Expanded Version of Darwin's Theory: Effects of DNAs in Extra Dimensions and within the Earth's Core on Neural Networks
Aim: In this paper, inspiring Darwin's theory, we propose a model which connects evolutions of neural circuits with evolutions of cosmos. In this model, in the beginning, there are some closed strings which decay into two groups of open strings.
Methods: First group couple to our universe from one side and produce matters like some genes of DNAs and couple to an anti-universe from another side with opposite sign and create anti-matters like some anti-genes of anti-DNAs. Second group couple to the star and planet's cores like the earth's core from one side and produce anti-matters like stringy black anti-DNA and couple to outer layers of stars and planets like the earth from other side and produce matters like some genes of DNAs on the earth. Each DNA or anti-DNA contains some genetic circuits which act like the circuits of receiver or sender of radio waves. To transfer waves of these circuits, some neurons emerge which some of them are related to genetic circuits of anti-DNAs in anti-universe, and some are related to genetic circuits of stringy black anti-DNA within the earth's core. A collection of these neural circuits forms the little brain on the heart at first and main brain after some time.
Results: To examine the model, we remove effects of matters in outer layers of earth in the conditions of microgravity and consider radiated signals of neural circuits in a chick embryo. We observe that in microgravity, more signals are emitted by neural circuits respect to normal conditions. This is a signature of exchanged waves between neural circuits and structures within the earth's core.
Conclusion: These communications help some animals to predict the time and place of an earthquake."
We are conscious beings: Somehow, the activity of our brains and nervous systems gives rise to states in which we have subjective experiences; and when we are in such states, we are aware of specific content. Researchers are only beginning to develop an understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these phenomena. Much of the research in the last few decades has focussed on discerning the neural correlates of consciousness, using neuroimaging methods. Correlates, however, are not causes: to draw inferences about the processes that generate consciousness, rather than accompanying it, one must manipulate brain activity and examine the effects this has on conscious states and contents. One way to do so is to use brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In this review, we survey the consciousness literature with a special emphasis on TMS studies. We begin by examining what is known about the neural substrates of states of consciousness – the kinds of brain activity that determine whether a person is awake, asleep, or suffering from a disorder of consciousness. We then delve into the contents of consciousness, by examining the literature on perceptual awareness. Throughout, we highlight current controversies and promising avenues for further research.
full-Text: https://www.researchgate.net/public...isms_underlying_conscious_states_and_contents
"The ghost of Christmas yet to come: how an AI 'SantaNet' might end up destroying the world" -- https://theconversation.com/the-gho...anet-might-end-up-destroying-the-world-151922
THRESHIN
AI is an interesting topic to most of us, but I have to say I find all the fear about it short sighted. I won't say that some sort of skynet scenario isn't possible because we just don't know. But that's my point - this is all an unknown.
Since no concious AI has ever been developed (as far as we know) any 'evidence' of why we should not develop AI is based on works of fiction. Just think about that for a moment. Some of us would ban research based on a science fiction book or movie created by someone that knows nothing about the research. Rightfully so, many of the past books were written long before any of this was possible.
I think we should be cautious but at the same time not react only in fear. That has never worked out well in the past.
THRESHIN said:
Artificial Intuition in Tech Journalism on AI: Imagining the Human Subject
https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/id/eprint/4485/
Deep fuzzy model for non-linear effective connectivity estimation in the intuition of consciousness correlates
"Highlights
This study establishes a Deep Fuzzy structure to model the Multivariate Autoregressive (DF-MVAR) used in the Granger Causality.
First – order TSK fuzzy rules are the cores of the network and in combination with stacked structure guarantee interpretability in all layers.
DF_MVAR as a nonlinear MVAR was applied to two nonlinear synthetic time series and compared with linear Granger.
DF-MVAR was performed to detect the connectivity networks of EEG in consciousness states.
Results demonstrated the superiority of DF-MVAR in comparison with linear Granger Causality in the detection of the effective connectivity.
Abstract
The brain connectivity, as a promising technique to explore brain networks during resting-states or cognitive tasks, has been employed remarkably in recent years. The aim of this study is to propose a new approach to improve the Granger causality as one of the fundamental methods for calculation of brain effective connectivity. To this end, we utilized a deep fuzzy structure to model the multivariate autoregressive used in the Granger causality. The proposed model benefits from the hierarchical stacked structure where first – order TSK fuzzy rules are the cores of the network. In the first layer of the stacked structure, the antecedents of the fuzzy rules are extracted from the fuzzy clustering of the input space. For subsequent layers, due to the input perturbation which is caused by the previous layer output, a shuffling approach is adopted. To assess our proposed model, we applied it to two nonlinear synthetic time series and compared it with linear Granger. Results revealed that our model is superior in the detection of effective connectivity. We additionally exploit the pioneer model for one of the controversial concepts in cognitive neuroscience in recent years: the neural correlates of visual consciousness. We applied our method to detect connectivity networks of EEG in consciousness states. Our results demonstrated that the proposed nonlinear connectivity estimator was capable of detecting novel correlates: significant differences have been observed among different states of consciousness, not only in presence of attention, as the linear method detected it, but also in absence of attention."
Neural Correlates of Dual Decision Processes: A Network-Based Meta-analysis
"It is well-received that human decision mechanism involves two processes: intuition and deliberation, which is also known as faster system 1 and slower system 2. A large volume of research has used this mechanism to interpret human decision behavior and the activation of associated bran regions in different scenarios. Recently, a trend of brain image research is to focus not on the role of individual brain areas but on the network of area connectivity. The purpose of this research is hence to explore how different brain regions are connected when these different decision processes are activated. In particular, we conduct a meta-analysis to build new knowledge on existing published primary research to construct neural networks associated with these dual processes. The social network analysis is used for this meta-analysis and results will be reported."
I understood very little of that but it sounds awesome
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"Foundations of human consciousness: Imaging the twilight zone" -- https://www.jneurosci.org/content/early/2020/12/22/JNEUROSCI.0775-20.2020
"Trying to understand the biological basis of human consciousness is currently one of the greatest challenges of neuroscience. While the loss and return of consciousness regulated by anesthetic drugs and physiological sleep are employed as model systems in experimental studies on consciousness, previous research results have been confounded by drug effects, by confusing behavioral "unresponsiveness" and internally generated consciousness, and by comparing brain activity levels across states that differ in several other respects than only consciousness. Here, we present carefully designed studies that overcome many previous confounders and for the first time reveal the neural mechanisms underlying human consciousness and its disconnection from behavioral responsiveness, both during anesthesia and during normal sleep, and in the same study subjects."
GoldenTiger UltraTaco THRESHIN
"The discoveries of the cognitive sciences can tell us a great deal in our quest to build artificial intelligence with the flexibility and generality of the human mind. Machines need not replicate the human mind, but a thorough understanding of the human mind may lead to major advances in AI.
In our view, the path forward should start with focused research on how to implement the core frameworks15 of human knowledge: time, space, causality, and basic knowledge of physical objects and humans and their interactions. These should be embedded into an architecture that can be freely extended to every kind of knowledge, keeping always in mind the central tenets of abstraction, compositionality, and tracking of individuals.10 We also need to develop powerful reasoning techniques that can deal with knowledge that is complex, uncertain, and incomplete and that can freely work both top-down and bottom-up,16 and to connect these to perception, manipulation, and language, in order to build rich cognitive models of the world. The keystone will be to construct a kind of human-inspired learning system that leverages all the knowledge and cognitive abilities that the AI has; that incorporates what it learns into its prior knowledge; and that, like a child, voraciously learns from every possible source of information: interacting with the world, interacting with people, reading, watching videos, even being explicitly taught.
It's a tall order, but it's what has to be done."
https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2021/1/249452-insights-for-ai-from-the-human-mind/fulltext
Google is watching taco!!
Taco thinks 5gLTE is helping google read taco thoughts
AI Cheat Sheet
"Artificial Intelligence agents are required to learn from their surroundings and to reason about the knowledge that has been learned in order to make decisions. While state-of-the-art learning from data typically uses sub-symbolic distributed representations, reasoning is normally useful at a higher level of abstraction with the use of a first-order logic language for knowledge representation. As a result, attempts at combining symbolic AI and neural computation into neural-symbolic systems have been on the increase. In this paper, we present Logic Tensor Networks (LTN), a neurosymbolic formalism and computational model that supports learning and reasoning through the introduction of a many-valued, end-to-end differentiable first-order logic called Real Logic as a representation language for deep learning. We show that LTN provides a uniform language for the specification and the computation of several AI tasks such as data clustering, multi-label classification, relational learning, query answering, semi-supervised learning, regression and embedding learning. We implement and illustrate each of the above tasks with a number of simple explanatory examples using TensorFlow 2. Keywords: Neurosymbolic AI, Deep Learning and Reasoning, Many-valued Logic."
https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.13635
Happy to share our new paper on addressing contradictions in dialogue modeling. https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.13391 We introduce DialoguE COntradiction DEtection (DECODE) task and a new dataset with contradictory dialogues to study how well NLU models can capture consistency in dialogues.
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"The Turing Test is obsolete. It's time to build a new barometer for AI" -- https://www.fastcompany.com/90590042/turing-test-obsolete-ai-benchmark-amazon-alexa
Painless snip snip
Perhaps as a stopgap first / intermediary step
"The Ethics of Cerebral Organoid Research: Being Conscious of Consciousness" -- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213671119302978
Only thing Google shows me is porn ads. Oh wait a minute....
Newfound brain structure explains why some birds are so smart—and maybe even self-aware
"A neural correlate of sensory consciousness in a corvid bird:
Humans have tended to believe that we are the only species to possess certain traits, behaviors, or abilities, especially with regard to cognition. Occasionally, we extend such traits to primates or other mammals—species with which we share fundamental brain similarities. Over time, more and more of these supposed pillars of human exceptionalism have fallen. Nieder et al. now argue that the relationship between consciousness and a standard cerebral cortex is another fallen pillar (see the Perspective by Herculano-Houzel). Specifically, carrion crows show a neuronal response in the palliative end brain during the performance of a task that correlates with their perception of a stimulus. Such activity might be a broad marker for consciousness.
Science, this issue p. 1626; see also p. 1567
"A cortex-like canonical circuit in the avian forebrain
Mammals can be very smart. They also have a brain with a cortex. It has thus often been assumed that the advanced cognitive skills of mammals are closely related to the evolution of the cerebral cortex. However, birds can also be very smart, and several bird species show amazing cognitive abilities. Although birds lack a cerebral cortex, they do have pallium, and this is considered to be analogous, if not homologous, to the cerebral cortex. An outstanding feature of the mammalian cortex is its layered architecture. In a detailed anatomical study of the bird pallium, Stacho et al. describe a similarly layered architecture. Despite the nuclear organization of the bird pallium, it has a cyto-architectonic organization that is reminiscent of the mammalian cortex."
"Here we added a cognitive perspective on these systems neuroscience approaches to identify mechanisms of combining endogenous and exogenous information into conscious experience." -- https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/2020/1/niaa024/6032852
""KT proposes a mathematical framework to study cognition and consciousness based on AIT, where the conceptual kernel is the Kolmogorov complexity of a string."" -- think non-biological sustainable conscioussness?
https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/2017/1/nix019/4470874


Sunday 10th of June we have the pleasure of getting the world record holders and world champions from 4x400m from Poland to Jessheim.
It will be a small elite meeting on the stadium simultanisuly with the Nordic Junior Championships in Combined Events.
The events will be from 12:00 and includes 200m and 400m.
Free entrance to the audience.


The Cambridge Ancient History is een status quaestionis voor het onderzoek in de oude geschiedenis. Het omvat veertien volumes.
I.E.S. Edwards - C.J. Gadd - N.G.L. Hammond (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. I. Part 1. Prolegomena and Prehistory, Cambridge, 1970³.
I.E.S. Edwards - C.J. Gadd - N.G.L. Hammond (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. I. Part 2. Early History of the Middle East, Cambridge, 1971³.
I.E.S. Edwards - C.J. Gadd - N.G.L. Hammond - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. II. Part 2. The Middle East and the Aegean Region. c.1380–1000 BC, Cambridge, 1975³.
J. Boardman - I.E.S. Edwards - N.G.L. Hammond - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. III. Part 1. The Prehistory of the Balkans. the Middle East and the Aegean World. Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC, Cambridge, 1982².
J. Boardman - I.E.S. Edwards - E. Sollberger - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. III. Part 2. The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East. from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC, Cambridge, 1992².
J. Boardman - N.G.L. Hammond (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. III. Part 3. The Expansion of the Greek World. Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC, Cambridge, 1982².
J. Boardman - N.G.L. Hammond - D.M. Lewis - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. IV. Greece and the Western Mediterranean. c.525 to 479 BC, Cambridge, 1988².
D.M. Lewis - J. Boardman - J.K. Davies - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. V. The Fifth Century BC, Cambridge, 1992².
D.M. Lewis - J. Boardman - S. Hornblower - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. VI. The Fourth Century BC, Cambridge, 1994².
F.W. Walbank - A.E. Astin - M.W. Frederiksen - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. VII. Part 1. The Hellenistic World, Cambridge, 1984².
F.W. Walbank - A.E. Astin - M.W. Frederiksen - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. VII. Part 2. The Rise of Rome to 220 BC, Cambridge, 1990².
A.E. Astin - F.W. Walbank - M.W. Frederiksen - a.o. (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. VIII. Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 BC, Cambridge, 1989².
J.A. Crook - A. Lintott – E. Rawson (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. IX. The Last Age of the Roman Republic. 146–43 BC, Cambridge, 1994².
K. Bowman - E. Champlin - A. Lintott (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. X. The Augustan Empire. 43 BC–AD 69, Cambridge, 1996².
A.K. Bowman - P. Garnsey - D. Rathbone (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. XI. The High Empire. AD 70–192, 2000.
A. Bowman - A. Cameron - P. Garnsey (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. XII. The Crisis of Empire. AD 193–337, 2005².
A. Cameron - P. Garnsey (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. XIII. The Late Empire. AD 337–425, Cambridge, 1997.
A. Cameron - B. Ward-Perkins - M. Whitby (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History. XIV. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors. AD 425–600, Cambridge, 2001.
Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 13 mrt 2013 om 15:05.


Hop to it: brand new Craft Beer Residency celebrating Californian brews from Sierra Nevada, Anchor and Stone launching in pubs across the UK and we are delighted to say Sixty Million Post Cards In Bournemouth is involved!
From 10th June to 21st July over 100 pubs up and down the country are celebrating the good stuff with an exceptionally diverse selection of keg, cask and bottled craft beers from three exclusive Californian breweries; Sierra Nevada, Anchor Brewing and Stone. UK breweries involved in this year's Craft Beer Residency will be paying homage to the California theme with brews including Thornbridge Brewery California Sun, available in cask. Each of the pubs involved will showcase a special selection of 24 different craft beers and there will also be a series of nationwide Meet the Brewer events and special offers, so you definitely won't be going thirsty this summer.
Available in keg and cask, Sierra Nevada West Coast Hazy IPA is a world exclusive and was created by the Brew Crew – a select group of craft beer experts from some of the best performing pubs from the 2017 Craft Beer Residency. The Brew Crew flew to Asheville in North Carolina to create this sessionable IPA, made with five different hops, brewed with a hint of blueberry juice and kept hazy to maintain flavour. Exclusive to the pubs involved and available for a limited time only, Sierra Nevada are also showcasing many brand new beers for the first time in the UK, each one of them demonstrating how the renowned brewery use traditional brewing skills with modern techniques. From the unfiltered Hazy Little Thing and classic beers including California IPA to tropical Hoptimum – an all new triple IPA.
Anchor Brewing was founded in 1896, and arguably kicked off the craft beer movement in the United States. For open-minded amateurs and devoted craft beer aficionados alike, the Anchor selection is an incredible mix of classic and contemporary craft beers. Anchor Steam Beer – America's first craft beer – derives its name from the 19th century, when "steam" was a nickname for beer brewed on the West Coast of America under primitive conditions without ice. Instead of chilling in tank, beer would ferment on the rooftops in San Francisco's cool climate, and in lieu of ice, the foggy night air cooled the fermenting beer, creating steam off warm pans. Anchor Liberty Ale was the first modern American IPA brewed after prohibition, back in 1975, and influenced West Coast breweries for decades to come. Some of Anchor's contemporary beers available throughout the residency, all of which are available for the first time on draught in the UK, include Blackberry Daze IPA, a fusion of rich earth and ripe blackberries, Blood Orange Blonde and Mango Wheat, each made with added fruit, and the Liberty IPA – a modern twist on Anchor's classic Liberty Ale.
In addition to offering the ultimate selection of brews, the Craft Beer Residency will also showcase each pub's expertise beyond the bar, hosting Meet the Brewer sessions with experts including the legendary Sierra Nevada Founder Steve Grossman and Anchor Brewing's Brewmaster, Scott Ungermann.


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Justia Dockets & Filings Ninth Circuit California Eastern District West v. King et al Filing 12
West v. King et al
FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS recommending that 1 Plaintiff's Complaint be DISMISSED for Failure to State a Claim, the Clerk's Office be Directed to Send Plaintiff a Habeas Petition Form and Plaintiff be Required to File a Habeas Petition or a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal Within Thirty (30) Days of the Date of Service of the Order Adopting These Findings and Recommendations signed by Magistrate Judge Michael J. Seng on 2/3/2015. Referred to Judge O'Neill. Objections to F&R due within fourteen (14) days. (Jessen, A)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 11 12 GARY WEST, 13 14 15 CASE NO. 1:15-cv-00061-LJO-MJS (PC) Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO: v. AUDREY KING, et al., 16 Defendants. 17 18 (1) DISMISS COMPLAINT FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM, (2) DIRECT CLERK'S OFFICE TO SEND HABEAS PETITION FORM, AND 20 (3) REQUIRE PLAINTIFF TO FILE HABEAS PETITION OR NOTICE OF VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL WITHIN THIRTY DAYS 21 (ECF NO. 1) 19 22 23 FOURTEEN DEADLINE 24 (14) DAY OBJECTION 25 Plaintiff is a civil detainee proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil 26 rights action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. His complaint is before the Court for 27 screening. 28 1 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT 2 The in forma pauperis statute provides, "Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any 3 portion thereof, that may have been paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time if 4 the court determines that . . . the action or appeal . . . fails to state a claim upon which 5 relief may be granted." 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). 6 II. PLEADING STANDARD 7 Section 1983 "provides a cause of action for the deprivation of any rights, 8 privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States." 9 Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. Ass'n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). 10 Section 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for 11 vindicating federal rights conferred elsewhere. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 12 (1989). 13 To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: 14 (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated and 15 (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state 16 law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Ketchum v. Alameda Cnty., 811 F.2d 17 1243, 1245 (9th Cir. 1987). 18 A complaint must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that 19 the pleader is entitled to relief . . . ." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations 20 are not required, but "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 21 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 22 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). 23 Plaintiff must set forth "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief 24 that is plausible on its face." Id. Facial plausibility demands more than the mere 25 possibility that a defendant committed misconduct and, while factual allegations are 26 accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id. at 677-78. 27 28 2 1 III. PLAINTIFF'S ALLEGATIONS 2 Plaintiff is detained at Coalinga State Hospital ("CSH"). He names as Defendants 3 the following persons in their official capacities: (1) Audrey King, Executive Director of 4 CSH, (2) Cliff Allenby, Director of California Department of State Hospitals, (3) Tom 5 Voss, Former Executive Director of CSH, (4) Pam Ahlin, Former Executive Director of 6 CSH, and (5) Stephen Mayberg, former Director of California Department of Mental 7 Health. 8 Plaintiff's allegations may be summarized essentially as follows. 9 The San Francisco County District Attorney filed a petition pursuant to California's 10 Sexually Violent Predator Act ("SVPA") alleging that Plaintiff required mental health 11 treatment in an inpatient setting because Plaintiff was likely to commit sexually violent 12 predatorial offenses if released into the community. The San Francisco County Superior 13 Court adjudicated the petition and ordered Plaintiff be prohibited from taking part in 14 outpatient treatment. Plaintiff is detained at Coalinga State Hospital pursuant to the 15 Superior Court's order. Plaintiff has been in Defendants' custody pursuant to this order 16 since 2001. 17 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants are aware his confinement is excessively 18 restrictive in relation to the purposes of the SVPA and that he has been irrationally 19 denied the benefits of outpatient treatment. Plaintiff contends that Defendants' 20 assessments of whether Plaintiff was likely to commit sexually violent predatorial 21 offenses if released into the community were based on an irrational and fraudulent 22 assessment scheme. He points to various research studies and other articles purporting 23 to demonstrate that recidivism rates for sexually violent predators are lower than 24 perceived, that the assessment tools used by the State of California are unreliable, and 25 that supervised release and outpatient treatment of sex offenders are as effective as, if 26 not more effective than, civil detention in ensuring such offenders do not recidivate. 27 28 3 1 Plaintiff alleges that the assessment scheme and denial of outpatient treatment 2 violate his Fourteenth Amendment rights to procedural and substantive due process, 3 adequate treatment, equal protection, and to be free from conditions that are excessively 4 restrictive in relation to their purported purposes. 5 Plaintiff seeks preliminary and permanent injunctive relief preventing Defendants 6 from maintaining custody of individuals detained pursuant to the SVPA until Defendants 7 are able to provide them with outpatient treatment, as well as a declaration that the 8 assessment methodology used is "irrational contrary to the Procedural Due Process 9 rights within the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment." 10 IV. ANALYSIS 11 A. Overview of Sexually Violent Predator Act 12 The SVPA, Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code §§ 6600 et seq., provides for the civil 13 commitment of "a person who has been convicted of a sexually violent offense against 14 one or more victims and who has a diagnosed mental disorder that makes the person a 15 danger to the health and safety of others in that it is likely that he or she will engage in 16 sexually violent criminal behavior." Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6600(a)(1). The SVPA 17 codifies a process involving several administrative and judicial stages to determine 18 whether an individual meets the requirements for civil commitment. 19 First, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and 20 Board of Parole Hearings (BPH) screens inmates who may be sexually violent predators 21 at least six months prior to their scheduled release dates. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code 22 § 6601(a)(1), (b). The screening is conducted in accordance with a structured screening 23 instrument developed by the State Department of State Hospitals ("SDSH"). Cal. Welf. & 24 Inst. Code § 6601(b). If CDCR and BPH determine that an individual "is likely to be a 25 sexually violent predator," CDCR refers the individual to the SDSH for a full evaluation. 26 Id. 27 28 4 1 The SDSH employs a standardized assessment protocol to determine whether a 2 person is a sexually violent predator under Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6601(c). If two 3 SDSH evaluators, or in some circumstances, two independent evaluators, determine that 4 the person has "a diagnosed mental disorder so that he or she is likely to engage in acts 5 of sexual violence without appropriate treatment and custody," the Director of SDSH 6 forwards a request for a petition for commitment to the applicable county. Cal. Welf. & 7 Inst. Code § 6601(d)-(h). 8 If the county's designated counsel agrees with the request, a petition for 9 commitment is filed in Superior Court. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6601(i). "The filing of the 10 petition triggers a new round of proceedings" under the SVPA. People v. Superior Court 11 (Ghilotti), 27 Cal. 4th 888, 904 (Cal. 2002). The petition is reviewed by a superior court 12 judge to determine whether the petition "states or contains sufficient facts that, if true, 13 would constitute probable cause to believe that the individual named in the petition is 14 likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior upon his or her release." 15 Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6601.5. If so found, a probable cause hearing is conducted, at 16 which the alleged predator is entitled to the assistance of counsel. Cal. Welf. & Inst. 17 Code §§ 6601.5, 6602(a). If, at the hearing, no probable cause is found, the petition is 18 dismissed. Id. However, if probable cause is found, a trial is conducted. Id. 19 At trial, the individual is entitled to the assistance of counsel, to retain experts or 20 other professionals to perform an examination on his or her behalf, and to access all 21 relevant medical and psychological records and reports. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code 22 § 6603(a). Either party may demand a jury trial. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6603(a)-(b). 23 The trier of fact must determine whether the person is a sexually violent predator beyond 24 a reasonable doubt. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6604. "If the court or jury determines that 25 the person is a sexually violent predator, the person shall be committed for an 26 indeterminate term to the custody of [SDSH] for appropriate treatment and confinement 27 in a secure facility designated by the Director of State Hospitals." Id. 28 5 1 Once committed, sexually violent predators must be reevaluated at least annually. 2 Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6604.9(a). The annual report must include consideration of 3 whether the person "currently meets the definition of a sexually violent predator and 4 whether conditional release to a less restrictive alternative, pursuant to Section 6608, or 5 an unconditional discharge, pursuant to 6605, is in the best interest of the person and 6 conditions can be imposed that would adequately protect the community." Cal. Welf. & 7 Inst. Code § 6604.9(b). If SDSH has reason to believe the person is no longer a sexually 8 violent predator, it shall seek judicial review of the commitment. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code 9 § 6605(c). If SDSH determines that conditional release or unconditional discharge is 10 appropriate, it shall authorize the committed person to petition the court for conditional 11 release or unconditional discharge. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6604.9(d). The committed 12 person also may petition the court for conditional release without the recommendation or 13 concurrence of SDSH. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6608(a). 14 The court may deny a petition for conditional release without a hearing if it is 15 based on frivolous grounds. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6608(a). If the petition is not based 16 on frivolous grounds, the court shall hold a hearing to determine "whether the person 17 committed would be a danger to the health and safety of others in that it is likely that he 18 or she will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior due to his or her diagnosed 19 mental disorder if under supervision and treatment in the community." Cal. Welf. & Inst. 20 Code § 6608(g). The committed person has the right to counsel and the appointment of 21 experts for the hearing. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6608(a), (g). The committed person 22 bears the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, unless the SDSH's 23 annual reevaluation determines that conditional release is appropriate, in which case the 24 State bears the burden of proof. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6608(k). If the court 25 determines that the committed person would not be a danger while under supervision 26 and treatment, the person shall be placed in a conditional release program for one year. 27 28 6 1 Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6608(g). Thereafter, the committed person may petition the 2 court for unconditional discharge. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6608(m). 3 If, upon receiving a petition for unconditional discharge, the court finds probable 4 cause to believe that the committed person is not a danger to the health and safety of 5 others and is not likely to engage in sexually violent criminal behavior if discharged, a 6 hearing is conducted. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6605(a)(2). At the hearing, the committed 7 person is entitled to the same constitutional protections afforded at the initial trial. Cal. 8 Welf. & Inst. Code § 6605(a)(3). Either party may demand a jury trial. Id. The state bears 9 the burden of proving, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the committed person remains a 10 danger to the health and safety of others and is likely to engage in sexually violent 11 criminal behavior if discharged. Id. If the petition is resolved in the committed person's 12 favor, he is unconditionally released and unconditionally discharged. Cal. Welf. & Inst. 13 Code § 6605(b). 14 B. 15 The exclusive method for challenging the fact or duration of Plaintiff's confinement 16 is by filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 78 17 (2005). See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). Such claims may not be brought in a section 1983 18 action. Nor may Plaintiff seek to invalidate the fact or duration of his confinement 19 indirectly through a judicial determination that necessarily implies the unlawfulness of the 20 State's custody. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. at 81. A section 1983 action is barred, no matter the 21 relief sought, if success in that action would necessarily demonstrate the invalidity of 22 confinement or its duration. Id. at 81-82; Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 489 (1994) 23 (unless and until favorable termination of the conviction or sentence, no cause of action 24 under section 1983 exists); Huftile v. Miccio-Fonseca, 410 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 25 2005) (applying Heck to SVPA detainees with access to habeas relief). Claims Cognizable Only in Habeas Corpus 26 Plaintiff's claims for injunctive relief seek his release from custody so that he may 27 participate in outpatient treatment in lieu of civil detention. While a claim for prospective 28 7 1 relief often does not call into question the validity of a plaintiff's confinement, see 2 Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641, 648 (1997), Plaintiff's claims here directly challenge 3 his custody. He may not bring these claims in a section 1983 action. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 4 at 78. 5 Plaintiff's claim that he is subjected to excessively restrictive conditions in 6 violation of the Due Process clause also is barred. The excessively restrictive condition 7 he challenges is his confinement itself. He cannot be granted relief on this claim without 8 invalidating his detention. Thus, he may not bring this claim in a section 1983 action. 9 Wilkinson, 544 U.S. at 81-82. 10 Likewise, Plaintiff's allegation that he was denied outpatient treatment in violation 11 of the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses clearly implicates the validity of his 12 confinement. He does not seek outpatient treatment as a stand-alone mental health care 13 claim; rather, he seeks outpatient treatment in lieu of civil detention. Again, success on 14 this claim would invalidate Plaintiff's confinement, and the claim therefore may not be 15 brought in a section 1983 action. Id. 16 Finally, Plaintiff's claim that the assessment methodology violated his Due 17 Process rights, and his request for a declaration to that effect, are barred on the same 18 ground. See Huftile, 410 F.3d at 1141 (concluding that challenge to SVPA assessments 19 would imply invalidity of civil commitment and therefore could only be brought in habeas 20 corpus). To the extent his claims are based on the use of the assessments in his civil 21 commitment proceedings, they present a direct challenge to the validity of his 22 confinement, and may not be brought in this action. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. at 81. To the 23 extent he attempts to assert due process rights in this assessment process itself, any 24 claim as to the propriety of the assessments is so related to the civil commitment 25 proceeding that success thereon would imply the invalidity of Plaintiff's confinement: 26 absent the allegedly deficient assessments, no petition for commitment would have been 27 28 8 1 filed, and there would have been no basis for the Superior Court to proceed on the 2 petition to civilly commit Plaintiff under the SVPA. Huftile, 410 F.3d at 1141. 3 In sum, until Plaintiff's civil detention has been "reversed on direct appeal, 4 expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make 5 such determination, or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of 6 habeas corpus," Plaintiff is barred from bringing his claims under section 1983. Heck, 7 512 U.S. at 487. 8 C. 9 Edwards leaves open the possibility for Plaintiff to seek prospective relief in a 10 section 1983 action to prevent future injury caused by future assessments. 520 U.S. at 11 648. However, Plaintiff has not specifically articulated such a claim. Moreover, even if he 12 wishes to do so, his allegations would fail to state a cognizable claim. Prospective Relief from Future Assessments 13 Plaintiff alleges the assessments violated his procedural and substantive Due 14 Process rights. However, Plaintiff does not identify any process due to him, under the 15 SVPA or otherwise, that was denied in the assessment process. Significantly, the 16 assessments are not determinative of whether Plaintiff's detention should continue. 17 Rather, 18 recommendation or concurrence of SDSH. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6608(a). Plaintiff's 19 continued detention is determined by a judge at a hearing in which Plaintiff has the right 20 to counsel and to retain experts to rebut the State's assessments. Cal. Welf. & Inst. 21 Code § 6608. His ultimate release from commitment is determined by a judge or jury in a 22 proceeding in which Plaintiff maintains the right to counsel and to retain experts, and the 23 State bears the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code 24 § 6605. The SVPA provides sufficient procedural mechanisms for Plaintiff to challenge 25 the assessments, and to demonstrate that he no longer qualifies for civil detention. 26 These protections are such that any flaws in the assessment process do not rise to a 27 due process violation. Plaintiff may petition the court 28 9 for conditional release without the 1 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 2 Plaintiff's claims, either directly or indirectly, challenge the validity of his 3 confinement, a challenge which may be brought only in a petition for a writ of habeas 4 corpus. Thus, Plaintiff has failed to state any claims that are cognizable under section 5 1983. To the extent Plaintiff could amend to seek relief that is not no so barred, his 6 allegations fail to state a cognizable claim for the reason stated. These deficiencies are 7 not capable of being cured through amendment. Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212- 8 13 (9th Cir. 2012). Plaintiff should not be given leave to amend his section 1983 claims. 9 It is recommended that the Court direct the Clerk's Office to provide Plaintiff with a 10 habeas petition form, and that Plaintiff be permitted to file a habeas petition setting forth 11 facts supporting his challenge to the fact and/or the duration of his confinement. 12 Alternatively, if Plaintiff no longer wishes to pursue this action, he may file a notice of 13 voluntary dismissal. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(A)(i). 14 15 16 Based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 1. Plaintiff's complaint (ECF No. 1) be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; 17 2. The Clerk's Office be directed to send Plaintiff a habeas petition form; and 18 3. Plaintiff be required to file a habeas petition or a notice of voluntary 19 dismissal within thirty (30) days of the date of service of the order adopting 20 these findings and recommendations. 21 These Findings and Recommendations are submitted to the United States District 22 Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 23 fourteen (14) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendations, any 24 party may file written objections with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a 25 document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and 26 Recommendations." Any reply to the objections shall be served and filed within fourteen 27 (14) days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file 28 10 1 objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. 2 Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 3 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 4 5 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: February 3, 2015 /s/ Michael J. Seng UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the digital age, it has become easier for businesses of all sizes to connect with their target audiences. Whether you're selling jewelry-making supplies or clothing, the Internet has made it possible for entrepreneurs to communicate with consumers on a different, deeper level.
One way in which business owners are regularly communicating with customers is email. This gives individuals the opportunity to directly message their target audience to provide them with valuable information pertaining to goods and services.
As a beading business owner, you likely have already taken advantage of the opportunity to create an email list and use this as a primary means of communication with your customers --but are you overdoing it?
Because email is simple to use, it's easy to get carried away and "send and forget it" at the click of a mouse. In turn, your messages may end up in the spam box of your customers, meaning they won't be read at all. If you want to make sure that your clients stay interested in your emails and you don't bombard them with too much unnecessary information, take the following pointers into consideration.
The Federal Trade Commission developed the CAN-SPAM Act to reduce the annoyance of emails on customers and provide them with more transparency when it comes to these digital messages. Commercial businesses must comply with the regulations, which state that emails should not serve the primary purpose of advertisement or promotion. Companies must also give subscribers the opportunity to opt out of business emails.
If you violate the CAN-SPAM Act, you can face a penalty of up to $16,000. However, there are a few ways you can make sure you don't cross the line. First, do not use deceptive information and avoid creating false subject lines in your emails. Next, if you intend to use your email as an advertisement, the law allows this as long as you clearly identify the message as a promotion. Finally, visit the Federal Trade Commission website for more information on the CAN-SPAM Act for any unanswered questions you have about the regulations.
ChiefMarketer.com reports that perhaps the most effective way to make sure that your emails aren't going directly into spam filters is to listen to your clients. This means offering more than one type of message to your consumers and allowing them to subscribe to information that they want to know on a regular basis.
For instance, give your clients the option to subscribe specifically on Swarovski beads if they don't care to receive emails on general business matters or other products you may have to offer. This lets consumers know that you truly care about what they have an interest in when it comes to your business and giving them more control can draw appreciation.
When it comes to emailing clients, entrepreneurs often find themselves at a loss as to when to send out their messages. Once a week? Once a day? BusinessKnowHow.com reports that while once (or worse, twice) a day might be a little overkill, take your context into consideration.
For example, if you want to send an email out about a sale that is happening at your beading store, but you have more than one sale a month, it's acceptable to message customers more than once over the course of a couple of weeks. The context of these emails will presumably have valuable information that clients will want to know leading up to the event.
Although this might seem like a prime concern to have, an attractive email can go a long way when it comes to appealing to your consumers' tastes, according to InternetSeer.com. If necessary, this means hiring an individual at your company who specializes in web design to craft emails that are pleasing to the eye. Think color and pictures when it comes to creating messages that wow your audience.
From the beginning, you should be working to create a reputation for your beading company and marketing campaign as a whole when you start sending out emails, according to Entrepreneur.com. This means making sure that everything from your subject lines to your content is pristine and helpful to readers. If you gain a bad reputation for your emails early on, it can be difficult to come back as more people will assume that your only interest is spamming them.


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Ludomir Słupeczański (ur. 10 marca 1934 w Warszawie, zm. 22 stycznia 2012 tamże) – polski architekt, rysownik, malarz, akwarelista, nauczyciel akademicki, członek Stowarzyszenia Architektów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (SARP) i Mazowieckiej Okręgowej Izby Architektów RP.

Życiorys
Absolwent Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej w 1959 roku. Prowadził audycje w TVP: Meandry Architektury w latach 1994–1997 i Rysuj z nami 1994–1997. Autor lekcji na kasetach VHS Rysuj z nami dla szkół (51 lekcji), opracowanych dla Ministerstwa Edukacji Narodowej w 1997 oraz publikacji w pismach: Architektura, Sukces, Trybuna Mazowiecka, Top, Cash. Starszy wykładowca w Samodzielnej Pracowni Rysunku, Malarstwa i Rzeźby Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej, visiting professor University of Detroit Mercy School of Architecture (1985, 1991).

Od 1961 roku członek Stowarzyszenia Architektów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (SARP) Oddział Warszawa, były członek Mazowieckiej Okręgowej Izby Architektów RP.

Autor lub współautor opracowań projektowych: miasto linearne Warszawa – Włocławek – Łódź (1971); koncepcja Centrum wystawowo-handlowego w Warszawie, port Żerań (1999); przebudowa Stadionu Dziesięciolecia, Warszawskie Koloseum (1998). Do jego ważniejszych zrealizowanych projektów należą: kościoły w Wólce Mlądzkiej (1984), Henrykowie k. Warszawy (1986); zespół pawilonów w Raszynie (1990); osiedla: TBM Batory w Warszawie (1999), domów jednorodzinnych dla J.W. Construction (1999); siedziba J.W. Construction (Ząbki 1999); liczne domy jednorodzinne i rekreacyjne.

Wystawy rysunkowe i malarskie: Warszawa, Lublin, Londyn, Mesyna, Göteborg, Detroit, Öskemen, Berlin.

Pochowany na cmentarzu Powązki Wojskowe w Warszawie (kwatera BII30-7-18).

Odznaczenia i nagrody
 Krzyż Kawalerski Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (1985)
 Złoty Krzyż Zasługi (1975)
 Medal Komisji Edukacji Narodowej (1995)
 Nagroda Ministra i Rektora Politechniki Warszawskiej

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Absolwenci Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (Polska Ludowa)
Odznaczeni Medalem Komisji Edukacji Narodowej
Odznaczeni Złotym Krzyżem Zasługi (Polska Ludowa)
Wykładowcy Politechniki Warszawskiej
Polscy architekci
Polscy malarze
Polscy rysownicy
Akwareliści
Ludzie urodzeni w Warszawie
Pochowani na Powązkach-Cmentarzu Wojskowym w Warszawie
Urodzeni w 1934
Zmarli w 2012

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Piscotty agrees to $33.5 million, 6-year with Cardinals
ST. LOUIS (AP) A day after St. Louis signed a legacy contract with one of its all-time greats, the Cardinals went back to work locking up their young nucleus of talent.
Right fielder Stephen Piscotty became the latest St. Louis youngster to agree to a long-term contract, finalizing a $33.5 million, six-year deal Monday that includes a team option for a seventh season.
Piscotty's signing was announced a day after St. Louis signed catcher Yadier Molina to a $60 million, three-year deal covering 2018-20, and it is in line with the team's pre-arbitration contracts it previously signed with current Cardinals Matt Carpenter and Kolten Wong.
The contract also follows St. Louis' signing of star pitcher Carlos Martinez to a $51 million, five-year deal in February - ending a brief, but hectic period of negotiating with homegrown talent for a Cardinals team intent remaining relevant as a mid-market team in an NL Central currently ruled by the World Series champion Chicago Cubs.
''When you look at the climate of baseball right now and the free-agent market, it's not a place that we're going to have a lot of success in if we're going to rely on it,'' St. Louis general manager John Mozeliak said. ''To be able to lock up our younger and talented players does mean a lot to our future.''
The 26-year-old Piscotty would have been eligible for arbitration following the 2018 season and free agency after the 2021 season. The deal announced Monday calls for a $2 million signing bonus payable within 30 days of approval by the commissioner's office, salaries of $1 million each in of the first two years, $7 million apiece in 2018 and '19 and $7.25 million in each of the next two years. The Cardinals have a $15 million option for 2023 with a $1 million buyout, and the option price could escalate to $18 million: $500,000 for each All-Star selection.
Piscotty had agreed in February to a one-year deal paying $560,400 in the major leagues and $256,250 in the minors.
He made his debut for St. Louis in 2015 and finished sixth in the NL Rookie of the Year voting after hitting .305 in 63 games. He had 22 homers and 85 RBIs in 153 games last year.
''Stephen has certainly lived up to his billing as a first-round draft choice with a promising future,'' Cardinals Chairman Bill DeWitt said. ''We look forward to him becoming a fixture in a Cardinals uniform.''
Despite an off day following a season-opening win over Chicago, several of Piscotty's teammates were in attendance for Monday's news conference to announce his new contract - including Molina.
Piscotty broke down in tears after looking at his teammates in the back of the room and while talking about his two brothers and family.
''This was a pretty easy decision for me,'' Piscotty said. ''It came down to the fact, one, I love this organization and two, this deal gives myself and my future family financial security.''
While Piscotty is just the latest homegrown St. Louis player to agree to a long-term deal, his signing also comes after a busy offseason in which the Cardinals were active in the free agent market. They signed center fielder Dexter Fowler away from the Cubs with an $82.5 million, five-year contract and agreed to a $30.5 million, four-year deal with left-handed reliever Brett Cecil.


But after running the script with Kace, I cannot su to the localadmin with "newPassword"... Or "oldPassword". So the Kscript seems to be changing the password, just not to what I am putting in the script.
I first thought it was a case of not properly escaping special characters (&^%$#!*_+) so I changed the password on a test machine to just be text and numbers. This did not help, and after running the script, I was unable to su into the localadmin account with either old or new password. The error was that I was using an incorrect password. Could this be due to character set differences? I've worn out my Google foo on this subject.
Special characters don't affect the script also works with 10.14.
Give it a try, It should work.
Thanks Horacior! I wasn't hopeful because I could have sworn I tried that... But lo and behold! It worked!
Actually, it appears to be touch and go. Looks like it works with High Sierra, but not Mojave. Also, and more importantly, the characters do matter. I learned I had to escape the '#' that was used in a password. Also, if I used a # sign in the beginning of the password, the new user admin password was set to blank. So, be very cautious with your password special characters!


Take a free afternoon to explore the city of students guided by original local regaz (guys :). The tour will give you an overview of the many faces of Bologna: urban legends, recent history, and challenges of a city changing every day. Visit Bologna with us, through local perspective you will see how much there is to discover out of touristic monuments! The itinerary does not consider any touristic place, rather it wish to explore the dynamics of a contemporary city, out of the touristic circuits.


text:
This article is about the 5th century BC Athenian statesman. For other uses, see Ephialtes (disambiguation).
Ephialtes (Greek: Ἐφιάλτης, Ephialtēs) was an ancient Athenian politician and an early leader of the democratic movement there. In the late 460s BC, he oversaw reforms that diminished the power of the Areopagus, a traditional bastion of conservatism, and which are considered by many modern historians to mark the beginning of the "radical democracy" for which Athens would become famous. These powers included the scrutiny and control of office holders, and the judicial functions in state trials. He introduced pay for public officeholders, reduced the property qualifications for holding a public office, and created a new definition of citizenship.[1] Ephialtes, however, would not live to participate in this new form of government for long. In 461 BC, he was assassinated, probably at the instigation of resentful oligarchs, and the political leadership of Athens passed to his deputy, Pericles.
1 Early actions
2 Attack on the Areopagus
3 Death and legacy
4 Literary references
Early actions[edit]
Ephialtes first appears in the historical record as the strategos commanding an Athenian fleet in the Aegean sea in 465 BC.[2] Then, in 464 BC, an earthquake hit Sparta, causing a great deal of damage and indirectly resulting in the revolt of the helots. When the Spartans failed to remove the rebels from their base on Mount Ithome, in Messenia, they called for help from cities that were still part of the Hellenic League, an alliance formed in 481 BC against the Persians. The Spartans asked the Athenians for help due to the fact that Athenians had a reputation for being good at siege warfare. This spurred much debate among the Athenians as to how to respond. In August 463 BC, Ephialtes represented those who wished to refuse Sparta's request for military assistance in putting down a helot revolt.[3] Cimon, the most influential Athenian politician and general of the time, was strongly pro-Spartan and advocated sending assistance, arguing that Athenians "ought not to suffer Greece to be lamed, nor their own city to be deprived of her yoke-fellow."[4] Ephialtes, meanwhile, argued that Sparta and Athens were natural rivals, and that Athens should rejoice at Sparta's misfortune rather than help the other city recover. Cimon, however, was victorious in the debate, and set out for Sparta with 4,000 hoplites.[5] However, shortly after the Athenians arrived to help the "conservative and fundamentally xenophobic" Spartans, their assistance was turned down. Subsequently, harmony between Sparta and Athens was broken and Cimon was ostracized for his misjudgment. The end of Cimon's ascendancy resulted in the emergence of a more radical democratic movement led by Ephialtes
Attack on the Areopagus[edit]
At about this time, Ephialtes and his political allies began attacking the Areopagus, a council composed of former archons which was a traditionally conservative force. According to Aristotle and some modern historians, Athens had, since about 470 BC, been governed under an informal "Areopagite constitution", under the leadership of Cimon.[6] The Areopagus had already been losing prestige ever since 486 BC, since when archons were selected by lot. Ephialtes accelerated this process by prosecuting certain members for maladministration.[7] Having thus weakened the prestige of the council, Ephialtes proposed and had passed in the popular assembly, a sweeping series of reforms which divided up the powers traditionally wielded by the Areopagus among the democratic council of the Boule, the ekklesia itself, and the popular courts. Ephialtes took away from the Areopagus their "additional powers, through which it had guardianship of the constitution." The Areopagus merely remained a high court, in control of judging charges of murder and some religious matters. Some historians have argued that Cimon and his hoplites were still in the Peloponnese at the time of this proposal,[8] while others have argued that the proposal followed his return.[9] Those who place the proposals during Cimon's absence suggest that he attempted to overturn them on his return, while those who believe he was present at the proposal believe that he opposed them in the initial debate. All agree that his resistance was doomed to failure by the fact that his hoplite force had just been rudely dismissed by the Spartans, an action which demolished the political standing of Cimon and other pro-Spartan Athenians.[10]
Death and legacy[edit]
The success of Ephialtes' reforms was rapidly followed by the ostracism of Cimon, which left Ephialtes and his faction firmly in control of the state, although the fully fledged Athenian democracy of later years was not yet fully established; Ephialtes' reforms appear to have been only the first step in the democratic party's programme.[11] Ephialtes, however, would not live to see the further development of this new form of government; In 461 BC, he was assassinated. The details of his assassination are unknown. However, there are several different theories to explain this event. The first source we have on Ephialtes himself and his death is Antiphon (5.68) written in 420 BC, which states that the identity of the murderer was unknown. "Thus those who murdered Ephialtes, one of your citizens, have never been discovered to this day, and if someone expected his associates to conjecture who were his [Ephialtes'] murderers, and if not, to be implicated in the murder, it would not have been fair to the associates. In addition, the murderers of Ephialtes did not desire to hide the body so there would be no danger of betraying the deed." However 90 years later, Aristotle, in his Constitution of Athens 25.4, states that Aristodikos of Tanagra was the culprit. As the years progressed, more theories were established. A third idea is that Aristodikos of Tanagra was part of an oligarchic plot; his political ally Pericles would go on to complete the governmental transformation and lead Athens for several decades.[12] Had Ephialtes been murdered by somebody outside the radical faction, scholar Robert W. Wallace reasons, the radicals would have made him a martyr and led a crusade to find the perpetrator. This didn't happen, so the murderer likely came from within Ephialtes' own faction. [13]
Literary references[edit]
The assassination of Ephialtes, and a subsequent murder investigation to find the men behind the plot, is the subject of an historical mystery novel, The Pericles Commission, by Gary Corby.
^ Morris & Raaflaaub, Democracy 2500: Questions and Challenges
^ "Ephialtes (4)," from The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, ed.
^ Unless otherwise noted, all details of this conflict are drawn from Plutarch, He stated that they must "let Sparta's pride be trampled underfoot." (Plutrach's Cimon 16.8; Scott-Kilvert 1960) Cimon 16.8.
^ Plutarch, Cimon 16.8; Plutarch is quoting here from Ion of Chios.
^ Kagan, The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, 72
^ Kagan, The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, 64-5. See also Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, 23
^ Unless otherwise noted, all details of this campaign are drawn from Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, 25
^ Hignett, History of the Athenian Constitution, 341
^ De Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, 179
^ Kagan, Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, 73-74
^ Hignett, History of the Athenian Constitution, 217-18
^ Plutarch, Pericles, 10.6-7
^ Robert W. Wallace, "Ephialtes and the Areopagus," Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies XV (1974), pg. 269.
Aristotle. Athenian Constitution. Translated by Frederic George Kenyon – via Wikisource.
de Ste. Croix, G.E.M., The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, (Duckworth and Co., 1972) ISBN 0-7156-0640-9
Hignett, Charles. A History of the Athenian Constitution (Oxford, 1962) ISBN 0-19-814213-7
Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003) ISBN 0-19-866172-X
Kagan, Donald. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (Cornell, 1969). ISBN 0-8014-9556-3
Plutarch (1683). "Cimon" . Lives. Translated by John Dryden – via Wikisource.
Plutarch (1683). "Pericles" . Lives. Translated by John Dryden – via Wikisource.
Ancient Athenian statesmen
Aeschines
Agyrrhius
Alcibiades
Andocides
Archinus
Aristogeiton
Aristophon
Callistratus
Chremonides
Cimon
Cleisthenes
Cleophon
Critias
Demades
Demetrius of Phalerum
Demochares
Eubulus
Hyperbolus
Hypereides
Lysicles
Moerocles
Nicias
Peisistratos
Philinus
Theramenes
Thrasybulus
Xanthippus
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephialtes&oldid=929640996"
5th-century BC births
461 BC deaths
Ancient Greek statesmen
Ancient Athenian generals
5th-century BC Athenians
Ancient Greeks who were murdered
History of Classical Athens
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text


I need a website for a personality quiz for a school project. I don't want to pay for the website so it can be a personality quiz maker website or something. I tried [login to view URL] but I don't want to keep paying for it monthly. Please let it look nice with a dragon (pokemon-style) theme. The background can be the same for all questions as long as it's nice. It would be cooler if it was moving. I've attached the test and the drafts of the dragons.


If you're looking for quality yet affordable fashion, then check out In The Style. The store sells dresses, tops, shoes, and accessories at affordable prices so women have the confidence to take on the world. Use our codes and deals to save!
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You can also check out some of their online competitions and get the chance to win some amazing prizes! You can also find better ways on how you can save on your In The Style order.


text:
<?php

namespace PhpSpec\Listener;

use PhpSpec\CodeGenerator\GeneratorManager;
use PhpSpec\Console\IO;
use PhpSpec\Event\ExampleEvent;
use PhpSpec\Event\MethodCallEvent;
use PhpSpec\Event\SuiteEvent;
use PhpSpec\Exception\Example\NotEqualException;
use PhpSpec\Locator\ResourceManager;
use PhpSpec\Util\MethodAnalyser;
use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventSubscriberInterface;

class MethodReturnedNullListener implements EventSubscriberInterface
{
    /**
     * @var \PhpSpec\Console\IO
     */
    private $io;

    /**
     * @var MethodCallEvent[]
     */
    private $nullMethods = array();

    /**
     * @var MethodCallEvent|null
     */
    private $lastMethodCallEvent = null;
    /**
     * @var \PhpSpec\Locator\ResourceManager
     */
    private $resources;
    /**
     * @var \PhpSpec\CodeGenerator\GeneratorManager
     */
    private $generator;
    /**
     * @var MethodAnalyser
     */
    private $methodAnalyser;

    /**
     * @param IO $io
     * @param ResourceManager $resources
     * @param GeneratorManager $generator
     */
    public function __construct(IO $io, ResourceManager $resources, GeneratorManager $generator, MethodAnalyser $methodAnalyser)
    {
        $this->io = $io;
        $this->resources = $resources;
        $this->generator = $generator;
        $this->methodAnalyser = $methodAnalyser;
    }

    /**
     * @{inheritdoc}
     */
    public static function getSubscribedEvents()
    {
        return array(
            'afterExample' => array('afterExample', 10),
            'afterSuite'   => array('afterSuite', -20),
            'afterMethodCall' => array('afterMethodCall')
        );
    }

    public function afterMethodCall(MethodCallEvent $methodCallEvent)
    {
        $this->lastMethodCallEvent = $methodCallEvent;
    }

    public function afterExample(ExampleEvent $exampleEvent)
    {
        $exception = $exampleEvent->getException();

        if (!$exception instanceof NotEqualException) {
            return;
        }

        if ($exception->getActual() !== null) {
            return;
        }

        if (
            is_object($exception->getExpected())
         || is_array($exception->getExpected())
         || is_resource($exception->getExpected())
        ) {
            return;
        }

        if (!$this->lastMethodCallEvent) {
            return;
        }

        $class = get_class($this->lastMethodCallEvent->getSubject());
        $method = $this->lastMethodCallEvent->getMethod();

        if (!$this->methodAnalyser->methodIsEmpty($class, $method)) {
            return;
        }

        $key = $class . '::' . $method;

        if (!array_key_exists($key, $this->nullMethods)) {
            $this->nullMethods[$key] = array(
                'class'=> $class,
                'method' => $method,
                'expected' => array()
            );
        }

        $this->nullMethods[$key]['expected'][] = $exception->getExpected();
    }

    public function afterSuite(SuiteEvent $event)
    {
        if (!$this->io->isCodeGenerationEnabled()) {
            return;
        }

        if (!$this->io->isFakingEnabled()) {
            return;
        }

        foreach ($this->nullMethods as $methodString => $failedCall) {

            $failedCall['expected'] = array_unique($failedCall['expected']);

            if (count($failedCall['expected'])>1) {
                continue;
            }

            $expected = current($failedCall['expected']);
            $class = $failedCall['class'];

            $message = sprintf('Do you want me to make `%s()` always return %s for you?', $methodString, var_export($expected, true));

            try {
                $resource = $this->resources->createResource($class);
            }
            catch (\RuntimeException $exception) {
                continue;
            }

            if($this->io->askConfirmation($message)) {
                $this->generator->generate(
                    $resource, 'returnConstant',
                    array('method'=>$failedCall['method'], 'expected'=>$expected)
                );
                $event->markAsWorthRerunning();
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


By the way, the true and tried solution to these ferals is not, of course, the treatment they recently received but the methods of old; the judicious application of corporal punishment in the best interest of the child. Instead of spending millions of dollars on a lawyers' talk-fest, Mr Turnbull should hire the Master of Discipline of Changi Prison and have him come down here and administer ten stokes of the rattan cane to the backsides of these brats with a further understanding that if they re-offend they can look forward to further canings until they become law abiding citizens. The fathers of these ferals should also be caned for dereliction of parental duty.


Prepare for the November 3rd elections and discover which candidates will make public education the number one priority in Loudoun County. The Board of Supervisors sets local tax rates and approves the county budget, including the amount to fund the Loudoun County Public Schools.
There will be four meet and greets open to the public and hosted by the League of Women Voters of Loudoun County with candidates for the Board of Supervisors. Questions from the audience are invited, and the forums will be moderated by local media representatives. The press release about the meet and greets is available at http://www.loudoun.va.lwvnet.org/files/2015electioneventsnewsrelease.pdf.
Mark your calendar, attend the meet and greets, and identify the candidate who makes public education their number one priority.


The first step in editing is to add your media files to the Videos and Photos Collection and/or the Music Collection. Still images and video are added to the Videos and Photos Collection and audio files can be added to the Music Collection. If Auto Movie Creator encounters a problem adding a file, it displays an error report. Learn more about Trouble Adding Media Files.
Adding a file to one of the Collections doesn't create a new file. It simply tells Auto Movie Creator to use the file in this project.
You can add files from any location on your computer. Open the folder in Windows Explorer and simply drag and drop the files into the appropriate collection.
Open the Videos and Photos Collection or the Music Collection (depending on the type of files you wish to add).
Open the File menu, point to Add Media and select Import from Files and Folders.
Select the type of media files you want to add from Files of type.
Navigate to the desired folder, select one or more files, and click Open.
The selected files are verified and opened one by one and listed in the collection. A media file can be previewed by selecting it, right-clicking and selecting Preview. They are displayed in the Preview on the top left corner of the workspace. The keyboard shortcut Ctrl + P can also be used.
To remove a file from any of the two collections, select it and click Remove from the Edit Menu. The selected file can also be removed by right-clicking it and then selecting Remove or clicking the button on the toolbar.
Video and image files can be added to the Videos and Photos Collection by capturing them from an external device such as a digital camera. Capturing creates a new file and automatically adds it to the appropriate Collection.
To start the capture utility, open the File menu, click Add Media and select Capture from Video Device. The Capture Utility can add snaps and captured files from external devices (such as cameras) to the Videos and Photos Collection. The captured files work exactly like other files.
Open the Videos and Photos Collection or the Music Collection depending on the type of files you wish to search for.
Open the File menu, point to Add Media and select Search Media Files.
In the Search Media Files dialog, specify the folder to search. Either enter the folder path or browse for it by clicking Browse.
Check Include Sub-folders, if you want the sub-folders of the specified Search Folder to be included in the search.
All supported video or audio file extensions are checked by default, depending on which collection you have opened. Uncheck the ones you do not want to search for.
To remove one or more files after the search is complete (and before the files are added to the collection), select them and click Remove.
Auto Movie Creator will start adding the files one by one to the collection. If it fails to add a file, a message explaining why the file did not get added will appear. This message will give you instructions on what to do to add this file. Refer to Trouble Adding Media Files.
You cannot add the same file to the Videos and Photos Collection or the Music Collection twice.