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Interview with the authors: How can we use machine learning and genomics to make predictions about the effects of climate change?
Posted on December 2, 2021 by jannawilloughby
In a recent paper in Molecular Ecology Resources, Fitzpatrick et al. used a combination of common garden experiments, genome sequencing, and machine learning analyses to understand how genomic offsets (a measure of maladaptation) can be used to predict how organisms might respond to future environmental change. They found that genetic offset was negatively associated with growth and was a better predictor of performance than the difference in sampling site and common garden environmental variables were alone. See the full article for more details on how these trends aligned with panels of putatively informative and randomly selected SNPS, and the interview with lead author Matthew Fitzpatrick below for even more insight into this exciting work.
An expansive, monospecific stand of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) in Alaska, USA. Photo Credit: MC Fitzpatrick
What led to your interest in this topic / what was the motivation for this study? My research focuses on spatial modeling of biodiversity and involves forecasting how climate change may impact natural systems. Demand for such forecasts continues to grow given the threats facing biodiversity. However, a major – and often overlooked – challenge is assessing forecasting models, which is really important given their potential to (mis)inform conservation.
The motivation for this study was to test a type of genomics-based forecast founded on an idea that my coauthor Steve Keller and I developed a few years ago that we termed "genetic offsets". Genetic offsets are in essence a forecast of climate maladaptation based on existing relationships between (adaptive) genomic variation and climate gradients. We tested how well genetic offsets correspond to biological responses to rapid climate change – in this case by transplanting trees from their home climate to a common garden experiment and measuring their response.
What difficulties did you run into along the way? There were all sorts of challenges one might expect with setting up and running common gardens experiments in two countries, which as the modeler on the project I, thankfully, was largely isolated from. We were lucky to have Raju Soolanayakanahally on our team to help with common garden logistics in Canada, along with Steve's lab running the Vermont common garden. Additionally, there was the challenge of how best to evaluate the population genomic data for signatures of local adaptation prior to the genetic offset modeling. This can always be a challenge to ensure you're minimizing the effects of population structure and false positives. Steve and his former postdoc Vikram Chhatre approached this from several angles to make sure we had a robust set of selection outliers. From the modeling perspective, we had to be creative about fitting and summarizing a very large number of machine learning models.
What is the biggest or most surprising innovation highlighted in this study? We found pretty solid evidence that genetic offsets can serve as a meaningful estimate of the degree of expected maladaptation of populations exposed to climate change. It was nice to get some confirmation of our idea, but what was really surprising was that sets of randomly selected SNPs predicted performance of trees as well as or slightly better than did our set of carefully selected candidate SNPs, which was the opposite of what we expected. We've seen some other evidence in our simulation studies that also suggest SNPs from the genomic background can be predictive of maladaptation, although the reasons for this are still being investigated.
Moving forward, what are the next steps in this area of research? Ours is a single study on a single species of tree. Many more tests are needed in other study systems before we can fully understand the situations in which genetic offsets can serve a useful purpose. Also, our study tested genetic offsets derived from the machine learning method Gradient Forest, but Gradient Forest is just one of several statistical methods that can be used to estimate offsets. An important next step in my lab is to perform similar testing using another promising method known as generalized dissimilarity modeling.
What would your message be for students about to start developing or using novel techniques in Molecular Ecology? Take good notes and document the process! You will thank yourself later. If you are developing a new method, it is important to thoroughly test it to be sure you understand how it behaves in different circumstances and to make clear its intended uses before publishing on it. And last, teach others to use your method!
What have you learned about methods and resource development over the course of this project? I thought I knew a lot about Gradient Forest and its behavior, but this study – and another we have in review on testing genetic offsets using simulated data – taught me that methods do not always behave the way we might expect or hope. And even when we have simulated "truth known" data, it can be difficult to understand why methods are behaving a certain way.
Describe the significance of this research for the general scientific community in one sentence. This study shows that for some organisms it may be possible to use genetic data to inform climate change impact assessments.
Describe the significance of this research for your scientific community in one sentence. This study provides evidence that spatial patterns of adaptive genomic variation along climatic gradients can be used to estimate the magnitude of expected maladaptation of populations exposed to rapid climate change through time.
Fitzpatrick MC, Chhatre VE, Soolanayakanahally RY, Keller SR. 2021. Experimental support for genomic prediction of climate maladaptation using the machine learning approach Gradient Forests. Molecular Ecology Resources. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13374.
Posted in Interviews	| Tagged genomics, gradient forests, machine learning, poplar	| Leave a reply
Reviews and Syntheses in Molecular Ecology
Posted on November 29, 2021 by bekihooper7
The Junior Editorial Board at Molecular Ecology have released a survey to gauge which topics current researchers in the field would like to be reviewed or synthesised. This survey is designed to help us understand which review and synthesis topics will be relevant, helpful and inspiring for our readership, and will guide our review and synthesis invitations over the coming months.
Before completing this survey, it may be beneficial to read the journal's expectations for the scope of such manuscripts.
Review papers should aim to move the field forward by summarising past research on a given topic, highlighting questions that remain unanswered and proposing new directions for the field. Click here for an example of one of our most popular recent review papers.
Syntheses should bring together data from many studies in order to address an important hypothesis in ecology or evolution. Click here for an example of one of our most popular recent synthesis papers.
Both Reviews and Syntheses should aim to make a major contribution to the field of molecular ecology by presenting fresh perspectives on important topics.
The survey asks for broad Review and Synthesis themes that you would be interested in reading. In addition, you are given the opportunity to pitch Review and Synthesis ideas. While we ask for suggested authors, please bear in mind that there is no guarantee that suggested authors will be invited to submit a review. If you have a specific review or synthesis idea that you would like to write, please visit this webpage. Here you will find details on presubmission enquiries, manuscript formatting and final submission.
Posted in Special	| Tagged reviews, syntheses	| Leave a reply
A remarkable legion of guests: Diversity and host specificity of army ant symbionts (Author Summary)
A myrmecoid, or ant mimicking, staphylinid beetle, Ecitophya simulans, grooms an Eciton burchellii army ant worker. This beetle occurs with a single army ant host species, Eciton burchellii. Photo credit: Daniel Kronauer
Tropical rainforests are teeming with life, and species inventories are far from complete. We know even less about the intricate ecological interactions that form the basis of tropical communities. One fascinating but poorly studied example is the host-symbiont network between army ants and their rich assemblages of arthropod guests. In issue 20 of Molecular Ecology, we studied the biodiversity and host specificity of such a network in a Costa Rican rainforest. Combining DNA barcoding with morphological identification, we discovered 62 species parasitizing the six available Eciton army ant host species, including beetles, flies, a millipede, and a silverfish. At least 14 of these species were new to science. Host specificity varied markedly, ranging from specialists parasitizing a single host, to host generalists occurring with all available host species. This highlights the immense diversity of army ant guests, both in terms of their species numbers and their ecological interactions with the ants. Like many of their cohabitants in tropical ecosystems, army ants are sensitive to habitat degradation, and extinction of the ants will go hand in hand with an extinction cascade of their numerous guests. We must therefore enhance our efforts to protect tropical rainforests to preserve such marvelous host-symbiont systems.
Article: Christoph von Beeren, Nico Blüthgen, Philipp O. Hoenle, Sebastian Pohl, Adrian Brückner, Alexey K. Tishechkin, Munetoshi Maruyama, Brian V. Brown, John M. Hash, W. E. Hall, Daniel J. C. Kronauer (2021). A remarkable legion of guests: Diversity and host specificity of army ant symbionts. Molecular Ecology, 30(20), 5229-5246. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16101
Summary written by Christoph von Beeren
A symbiotic staphylinid beetle, Proxenobius borgmeieri, runs among army ant workers in an emigration column of its single host species, Eciton hamatum. Photo credit: Daniel Kronauer
A symbiotic featherwing beetle, Cephaloplectus mus, sits on the head of an army ant queen (Eciton burchellii). This host generalist parasitizes all six Eciton army ant species in Costa Rica. Photo credit: Daniel Kronauer
Posted in Author Summaries	| Tagged invertebrates, symbiotic	| Leave a reply
Interview with the authors: does indoor spraying alter the genetic diversity of malaria-causing parasites and what does this mean for long-term control?
Posted on September 1, 2021 by jannawilloughby
In a recent paper in Molecular Ecology, Argyropoulos and Ruybal-Pesántez et al. (2021) investigated the effects of indoor spraying on Plasmodium falciparum, the human malaria-causing protist. They find that 3 consecutive years of indoor spraying reduced transmission and prevalence of malaria by 90% and 35%, respectively, in the high malaria transmission site they surveyed. Despite these large reductions, a change in genetic diversity in P. falciparum that would indicate a large reduction in population size was not detected, illustrating the incredible resiliency of this parasite. Based on these data, the authors suggest that limiting malaria transmission in high transmission areas will require continued indoor spraying or other interventions such as mass drug administration. See the full article and interview with first authors Argyropoulos and Ruybal-Pesántez below for more details of this exciting work.
Images of the local terrain in Bongo District, Ghana taken at the same location at the end of the wet season in October (top) and at the end of the dry season in June (bottom). Photo Credit: Kathryn Tiedje
What led to your interest in this topic / what was the motivation for this study? Global efforts over the past 20 years have significantly reduced malaria mortality and morbidity around the world, but malaria transmission remains high in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. A major challenge is the fact that most Plasmodium falciparum infections are asymptomatic creating a persistent parasite reservoir that continually fuels transmission to mosquitos. Our group has a long-standing collaboration with colleagues at the Navrongo Health Research Centre and Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research in Ghana, and the University of Chicago in the US, to conduct longitudinal field-based epidemiological studies of the P. falciparumreservoir in Bongo District, Ghana (Tiedje et al., 2017). Our motivation for this study was to understand P. falciparum transmission dynamics in the context of the roll-out of a malaria control intervention by combining population genetics with more traditional epidemiological and entomological parameters. Our previous research in Bongo District established there was high levels of P. falciparum genetic diversity with no population structure (Ruybal‐Pesántez et al., 2017). We were therefore interested in exploring whether the addition of a short-term indoor residual spraying (IRS) programme against a background of widespread long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) would bottleneck this P. falciparum population in Bongo and lead to reductions in diversity and changes in population structure.
What difficulties did you run into along the way? One of the major technical limitations in P. falciparum genotyping is phasing multi-genome infections to assign multilocus haplotypes. Eighty per cent of the population of all ages where we work in Ghana have multiple diverse parasite genomes. This is also a problem for whole genome sequencing of isolates. To get around this problem, we focus on genotyping monoclonal infections using panels of multi-allelic microsatellite markers or biallelic SNPs. In high-transmission settings like our study site in Ghana microsatellite genotyping of P. falciparum provides increased power of inference and higher resolution than biallelic SNPs (Anderson et al., 2000; Ellegren, 2004; Selkoe and Toonen, 2006).
What is the biggest or most surprising innovation highlighted in this study? In our paper, we find that despite the addition of three-rounds of IRS against a background of LLINs between 2013 – 2015, it did not lead to a population bottleneck or dramatic change in parasite genetic diversity. This was striking because IRS did achieve a >90% reduction in local malaria transmission intensity and 37.5% fewer malaria infections in the community. The potential for rebound of P. falciparum transmission is therefore highly likely if these control programmes are not implemented long-term.
Moving forward, what are the next steps in this area of research? Population genomic approaches are increasingly being applied to enhance our understanding of epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and public health strategies for a variety of pathogens. In the malaria field, the potential of genomic data to guide control and elimination strategies has been recognized but is still in early stages with respect to its translation into general practice. In our paper, we highlight that genomic surveillance is pivotal to assess progress towards achieving the World Health Organisation Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 targets. Along with our collaborators in Ghana, we have conducted follow-up surveys in our study site to track the long-term implications of this IRS intervention, as well as other interventions that have been rolled out across Bongo District since 2015. We are also applying phylodynamic approaches to characterize variant antigen genes to further explore the impact of interventions on P. falciparum adaptation and fitness, as alternate but complementary surveillance metrics in this high-transmission setting.
Dionne Argyropoulos, co-first author on this paper, is investigating the neutral and adaptive genetic diversity of P. falciparum in these follow-up surveys and in the context of other control interventions as part of her PhD research. Shazia Ruybal-Pesántez, co-first author on this paper, is now currently applying a suite of genomic epidemiology approaches to better understand residual and resurgent malaria transmission dynamics in the Asia-Pacific and Americas regions as part of her post-doctoral research.
What have you learned about methods and resources development over the course of this project? Firstly, it is important that you understand the basic principles of the concepts that you are using. It may seem rudimentary, but these principles will ensure that you are answering the scientific question that you are interested in and are maintaining scientific integrity throughout the research process. Asking for help or support from others in your field is also useful to bounce ideas and enhance your understanding of your research findings. The most exciting part of Molecular Ecology is how we utilise the insights molecular techniques to answer big picture questions. Our study integrated population genetics and genomic surveillance to address key research questions about malaria transmission and control interventions. To do this, we used existing molecular techniques (i.e., microsatellites) in new ways (i.e., to evaluate IRS over time). We also believe that it is important to not be afraid to apply novel techniques to new research questions, such as using bioinformatic tools and various packages in R.
What would your message be for students about to start developing or using novel techniques in Molecular Ecology? This project was unique as it involved field sample collection and processing, parasite genotyping, data generation and for the analysis required combining traditional epidemiological methods with population genetics and genomics approaches. When working with large sample sets and datasets, it is critical to pay attention to detail during data generation, curation and downstream analyses. Developing and strengthening coding skills was instrumental in enabling us to execute the necessary analyses of these data. We found R to be an incredibly useful resource to document our analyses and facilitate discussion and interpretation of the data with colleagues, while ensuring reproducibility of our work. We used several well-established R packages for data management and the population genetics analyses. Overall, this multidisciplinary project would not have been possible without being part of a multi-disciplinary team with a wealth of knowledge and the strong collaborations with experienced researchers in Ghana.
Describe the significance of this research for the general scientific community in one sentence. We show how parasite genetics can be harnessed to better understand the efficacy of malaria control interventions, particularly by identifying key factors leading to parasite resilience that may not be reflected in other commonly used evaluation metrics.
Describe the significance of this research for your scientific community in one sentence. Short-term indoor residual spraying with insecticides did not cause a dramatic change on the genetic diversity of P. falciparum in Bongo District, Ghana, therefore long-term strategies are necessary to genetically bottleneck the parasite population.
Argyropoulos DC*, Ruybal-Pesántez S*, Deed SL, Oduro AR, Dadzie SK, Apparu MA, Asoala V, Pascual M, Koram KA, Day KP, Tredje KE. THe impact of indoor residual spraying on Plasmodium falciparum microsatellite variation in an area of high seasonal malaria transmission in Ghana, West Africa. Molecular Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16029. (*joint lead authors)
Joint lead authors Dionne Argyropoulos (left) and Shazia Ruybal-Pésantez (right). Photo Credits: The Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar, Unga Forskare; http://www.ungaforskare.se (left) and The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; www.wehi.edu.au (right).
Posted in Interviews	| Tagged effective population size, malaria, mosquito, resistance, selection	| Leave a reply
Summary from the authors: Estimating contemporary effective population size
Posted on August 9, 2021 by jannawilloughby
Collared Flycatcher, adult male
Collared flycatcher, photo credit: Johan Träff
Effective population size (Ne) is crucial parameter in evolutionary biology that reflects the number of individuals in a theoretically ideal population having the same magnitude of loss of genetic variation as the population in question. There are several types of Ne estimates, and they vary in definition and application. For example, contemporary Ne represents the size of a population in the previous generation/s and is a parameter of relevance in many species. Estimating contemporary Ne is, however, difficult and remains in practice often unknown. This is particularly the case for large populations where the amount of drift in the short term is limited. We used genomic data from 85 collared flycatchers of an island population sampled at two time points, and applied several methods to estimate Ne. These methods either compared genetic variation between the two time points (temporal methods) or analyzed variation patterns from a single time point (LD-based methods). The temporal methods estimated Ne at a level of few thousand, while the approach based on LD provided ambiguous estimates associated with high variance. Our results suggest that whole-genome data can help to estimate large contemporary Ne, but temporal sampling seems to be necessary.
Article: Nadachowska-Brzyska K, Dutoit L, Smeds L, Kardos M, Gustafsson L, Ellegren H. 2021. Genomic inference of contemporary effective population size in a large island population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). Molecular Ecology https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16025.
Posted in Author Summaries	| Tagged genomics, linkage, Ne, time series	| Leave a reply
Interview with the authors: genomic and phenotypic divergence between populations in translocated species
In a recent issue of Molecular Ecology, Taylor et al. explore how between population translocations of a small and endangered freshwater fish may break the long-term evolutionary boundaries between populations in this species. In this study, the researchers used a combination of genomic and phenotypic data to show that translocation efforts, which were necessary for meeting species conservation goals, could alter some important genetic and morphological differences between populations. To read the complete story, see the full article now available online as well as the interview with the authors below.
The Bluemask Darter (Etheostoma akatulo) is an endangered freshwater fish restricted to four tributaries of the Caney Fork River in central Tennessee, USA. Photo credit: Todd Amacker (Tennessee Valley Authority).
What led to your interest in this topic / what was the motivation for this study? Some excellent work with microsatellites had previously identified three populations of Bluemask Darters across their small range (Robinson et al. 2013, Cons. Gen.). One population, larger and more genetically diverse than the others, was in the Collins River, in the western portion of the range. A second population was in Rocky River, more central. A third population was in Cane Creek and the Caney Fork to the east. There was also a population in the Calfkiller River, which has been extirpated for several decades. In this context, captive-reared Bluemask Darter progeny from the Collins River population were being introduced to the Calfkiller River. But the location of the Calfkiller, near the center of the range, gave an important quirk to the system. If the three populations were not equally distinct, then Calfkiller River might be better suited with individuals from Rocky River, Cane Creek, or Caney Fork, rather than the western Collins River. In other words, the geography of the system meant that we needed to know the phylogenetic or hierarchical structure of population structure to know what boundaries might be lurking between Collins River and an introduced population in the Calfkiller River.
What difficulties did you run into along the way? One challenge in our project was navigating the connection between our scientific discoveries and the underlying goals of conservation. Our analyses were focused on the quantitative aspects of Bluemask Darters phylogenetics. However, at the end of the day, we are talking about an endangered species, incredibly imperiled, with a tiny range and an uncertain future. No quantitative value can give us strict guidance about the normative problems of conservation. So a challenge was to unpack, as best as we could, how our conclusions about the phylogenetics, population structure, and demography of this species could ultimately help us conserve the multiple diverging lineages of Bluemask Darters. The reviewers and editors from Molecular Ecology helped us refine our logic and our language, and the final result is a paper that acknowledges the complexities and competing concerns of translocation in a system like this.
What is the biggest or most surprising innovation highlighted in this study? One of the most significant findings of this study was the discovery of two divergent clades of Bluemask Darters — precisely the boundary being broken by current conservation management decisions that move fish between clades! One clade includes western individuals and the other includes eastern individuals. To top it off, we had the unique opportunity to use historic morphological data from across the range, including the Calfkiller River site where the fish had been extirpated, and which was now being restored with fish originating from the western population. The consistent result was that eastern sites harbor a distinct population from western sites, and that the Calfkiller River was associated with the eastern population. It is now apparent that translocated individuals should be from a source consistent with the clade that previously occupied the Calfkiller River, and from a source that will not artificially perturb existing evolutionary boundaries. In our study, there are additional complicating factors — the ideal eastern translocation sources are low abundance and not as genetically diverse. So our study was also a new opportunity to address how we might balance multiple concerns, with genetic details, while addressing a complicated conservation issue.
Moving forward, what are the next steps in this area of research? In our paper, we discuss how there are juvenile Bluemask Darters that drift into the reservoir at the center of the range and may not be able to migrate upstream to appropriate habitats needed as adults. These young fish are from the Rocky River, and are part of the appropriate clade for restocking the Calfkiller River. However, the success of this strategy would depend on the population dynamics of young fish in the reservoir. Jeff Simmons, co-author on this paper, and colleagues will be pushing forward with the critical next steps. There will be studies of the density and abundance of juvenile fish in the reservoir, including whether juveniles recruit into a breeding population or simply perish before maturity. There is also ongoing monitoring of the translocated fish in the Calfkiller, and across the species range. All of this work is being combined with habitat quality monitoring aimed at unraveling the location, frequency, and cause(s) of water quality issues that are harming darters in this system. All together, we're continuing to build a picture of how best to conserve the distinct lineages of Bluemask Darters.
What have you learned about methods and resources development over the course of this project? Making this project successful meant combining dozens of different analyses — assembling, aligning, and filtering sequences, phylogenetics, population structure, genetic differentiation statistics, demographic simulations, to name a few — each of which have their own traps and idiosyncrasies. Getting these methods working required, first, well, getting everything to run, and then getting everything to run correctly. As useful as online documentation is, I learned there is no substitute for learning with colleagues who are engaging in similar research. Shout out especially to Dan MacGuigan, Daemin Kim, and Ava Ghezelayagh, all students with Tom Near. My conversations with these and other colleagues were critical for avoiding analytical pitfalls. These conversations also spurred ideas about new analyses and perspectives that will continue moving phylogenetic and population genetic work forward.
What would your message be for students about to start developing or using novel techniques in Molecular Ecology? It's been said before, but it really was important to have reproducible code for this project. Working with next-generation sequence data meant an enormous number of different files and analysis packages. Being able to switch between versions (like with git), automate programs (like with bash scripts), and manage software environments (like with conda) saved us hundreds of hours. At the end, you can neatly package everything up; all of our data and code, for example, is now stored on a dryad repository that could basically reproduce our paper from scratch in just a few commands. Even after publication, sharing code has also meant starting new conversations with other scientists about best practices, alternate methods, and new ideas for genetic analyses.
Describe the significance of this research for the general scientific community in one sentence. Our study uses genetic and morphological data to unravel how translocation strategies for an endangered freshwater fish might balance the competing conservation concerns of phylogenetic divergence, genetic diversity, and population demography.
Describe the significance of this research for your scientific community in one sentence. Our study identifies two distinct clades of endangered Bluemask Darters across their small range, where current management decisions are translocating individuals across those diverging lineages.
Taylor LU, Benavides E, Simmons JW, Near TJ. 2021. Genomic and phenotypic divergence informs translocation strategies for an endangered freshwater fish. Molecular Ecology. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.15947.
Posted in Interviews	| Tagged fragmentation, historic, radseq, reptile	| Leave a reply
Summary from the authors: landscape genetics of eastern indigo snakes
Posted on July 27, 2021 by jannawilloughby
An eastern indigo snake from central Florida. Our research highlights the importance of large tracts of undeveloped upland habitat with intermediate habitat heterogeneity for conserving this federally threatened species. Photo credit: Lance Paden.
Landscape features, such as land use, vegetation cover, roads, and topography, strongly influence genetic connectivity yet these relationships can vary across spatial scales which therefore requires multi-scale approaches for evaluating landscape genetics relationships. We used the federally threatened eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi), a terrestrial habitat generalist endemic to the southeastern United States, as a case study with which to evaluate the consequences of different approaches for accounting for spatial scale when optimizing genetics resistance surfaces using the software ResistanceGA. Resistance surfaces with scale selected using a true optimization approach simultaneously comparing all possible combinations of scale across each set of covariates performed better than resistance surfaces where scale was selected individually for each covariate. Truly optimized resistance surfaces also outperformed resistance surfaces based on habitat selection models and categorical land cover maps. Optimal scales were usually larger than average indigo snake home range sizes suggesting that gene flow was mediated mostly by extra-home range dispersal. Large tracts of undeveloped upland habitat with intermediate habitat heterogeneity most promoted indigo snake gene flow while roads did not appear to restrict gene flow. Our results show the importance of testing a wide range of spatial scales in landscape genetics studies.
The top-ranked optimized genetic resistance surfaces for eastern indigo snakes in central Florida from (a) categorical land cover surfaces, (b) multi-scale habitat selection models, and (c) multi-scale landscape covariates selected using a true optimization approach. (d) shows an average resistance surface across our best-supported truly optimized resistance surfaces. (Figure 6 from Bauder et al. 2021.)
Article: Bauder JM, Peterman WE, Spear SF, Jenkins CL, Whiteley AR, McGarigal K. 2021. Multiscale assessment of functional connectivity: Landscape genetics of eastern indigo snakes in an anthropogenically fragmented landscape in central Florida. Molecular Ecology https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15979.
Posted in Author Summaries	| Tagged genomics, hatchey, radseq, salmon	| Leave a reply
Fuwen Wei awarded the 2021 Molecular Ecology Prize
Posted on May 6, 2021 by lukembrowne
The Molecular Ecology Prize Committee is pleased to announce that the 2021 Molecular Ecology prize has been awarded to Dr. Fuwen Wei, Professor of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr. Wei is a pioneer in conservation genomics and metagenomics of endangered animals, focusing mainly on giant and red pandas. He has applied genetic and genomic techniques to assess the past, present and future of giant panda populations, infer their evolutionary and demographic processes, and reveal their adaptive mechanisms for feeding on their specialized bamboo diet. He also has proposed and elaborated targeted strategies for the long‐term survival of pandas, which were featured in Science as "Hope for Wild Pandas". With 5 books and over 270 peer-reviewed journal articles, he is a global leader in molecular ecology and conservation genomics. He has also trained numerous students and postdocs, and fostered international cooperation among zoologists and conservation biologists. His impressive accomplishments have earned him numerous awards and recognition, for instance, the Lifetime Achievement Award for Giant Panda Research and Conservation and the Outstanding Science and Technology Achievement Prize of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Dr. Wei joins the previous winners of the Molecular Ecology Prize: Godfrey Hewitt, John Avise, Pierre Taberlet, Harry Smith, Terry Burke, Josephine Pemberton, Deborah Charlesworth, Craig Moritz, Laurent Excoffier, Johanna Schmitt, Fred Allendorf, Louis Bernatchez, Nancy Moran, Robin Waples, Scott Edwards, and Victoria Sork.
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Summary from the authors – Wing: A suitable nonlethal tissue type for repeatable and rapid telomere length estimates in bats
Posted on March 11, 2021 by bekihooper7
Telomeres function like the plastic caps at the end of shoelaces. They cap the end of chromosomes and protect the coding DNA by shortening during every cell division. When they reach a critically short length, the cell stops dividing and dies. Telomeres are often used as a marker of ageing and different environmental conditions in ecology and evolution. Blood is commonly used to measure telomeres but is not always representative of all tissues and can be difficult to obtain from smaller animals, such as bats. We measured telomere length across different tissues in the Egyptian fruit bat to see if wing tissue biopsies, a quick and relatively non-invasive method of collecting tissue for bat DNA studies, could be used for measuring telomere length in bats. We found that wing telomeres correlated with most tissues. Wing telomere length measured from multiple samples taken from the same individual were highly repeatable. Even with training, taking blood from bats can be extremely difficult, while wing tissue biopsies with the required training are a faster and more straightforward method. Our findings provide robust support for the use of wing tissue in bat telomere studies as an alternate to otherwise harder to obtain tissues.
This summary was written by lead author Megan Power. Read the paper here.
2021 Molecular Ecology Prize
Posted on March 10, 2021 by jannawilloughby
We are soliciting nominations for the annual Molecular Ecology Prize.
The field of molecular ecology is young and inherently interdisciplinary. As a consequence, research in molecular ecology is not currently represented by a single scientific society, so there is no body that actively promotes the discipline or recognizes its pioneers. The editorial board of the journal Molecular Ecology therefore created the Molecular Ecology Prize in order to fill this void, and recognize significant contributions to this area of research. The prize selection committee is independent of the journal and its editorial board.
The prize will go to an outstanding scientist who has made significant contributions to molecular ecology. These contributions would mostly be scientific, but the door is open for other kinds of contributions that were crucial to the development of the field. The previous winners are: Godfrey Hewitt, John Avise, Pierre Taberlet, Harry Smith, Terry Burke, Josephine Pemberton, Deborah Charlesworth, Craig Moritz, Laurent Excoffier, Johanna Schmitt, Fred Allendorf, Louis Bernatchez, Nancy Moran, Robin Waples, Scott Edwards, and Victoria Sork.
Please send your nomination with a short supporting statement (no more than 250 words; longer submissions will not be accepted) and the candidate's CV directly to Scott Edwards (sedwards@fas.harvard.edu) by Friday, April 16, 2021. Organized campaigns to submit multiple nominations for the same person are not necessary and can be counterproductive. Also, note that nominations from previous years do not roll over.


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Ghanchakkar (2013)
घनचक्कर
Dir. Rajkumar Gupta
There are sucker punches, and then there are lead-pipe cold-cocks. Any movie that includes a mystery has to pack a twist, and the more the twist surprises the audience, the better - right? Well a twist in the story is one thing. A complete shrieking, wheeling change in tone is quite another. The climax of Ghanchakkar is more cold-cock than entertaining surprise. It feels like a scene from a completely different movie. It is a shock, and not at all a pleasant one. And this bait-and-switch, more than any of Ghanchakkar's other warts, compromises a movie I had up until then been prepared to praise, if not to gush about.
The first two hours of Ghanchakkar have a lot going for them - more than I'd expected based on some early reviews. The pacing may be a little slow, but nothing unforgivable. The characters are fun, the premise promising. Sanju (Emraan Hashmi), a safecracker hoping to retire, is convinced to perform that chestnut of caper movie heists, the Last Big Job. Hired by the gruff but almost avuncular Pandit (Rajesh Sharma) and his dopey, volatile muscle Idris (Namit Das), Sanju pulls off the 300-crore job and hides the loot. By the time Pandit and Idris come to claim their shares, though, Sanju has suffered an accident that damaged his memory - he no longer has any recollection of Pandit, the heist, or the hiding place. Naturally, Pandit and Idris are skeptical. To keep an eye on Sanju and, let's say, encourage him to remember where he stashed the money, they move in with Sanju and his fiery, fashion-obsessed wife, Neetu (Vidya Balan).
There is a great deal of fun to be had in this set-up. At its best, Ghanchakkar is smart and funny and even tender. The heist scene itself makes clever use of celebrity masks - a smiling Dharmendra, a scowling Amitabh, and a hilariously gobsmacked Utpal Dutt. There is a cute, if implausible, running gag about a man carrying vegetables on a late-night train whom Idris repeatedly harasses. Pandit's efforts to keep a lid on his mounting frustration are genuinely funny. And there are a few standout moments between Sanju and Neetu, as the tension of their situation strains and tests their marriage. The best of these occurs at the dinner table. Pandit and Idris dump salt on Neetu's dishes. Neetu waits anxiously as the salt is passed to Sanju; they have had a running squabble about "kam namak, aur namak." But Sanju refuses the salt and a delighted, tender smile warms Neetu's lips. Such gentle expositions of love between them - despite all the friction and the bickering - offer glimpses of a deeper characterization than Neetu's brash (and mercurial) Punjabi-accented exclamations or Sanju's disaffected fatalism.
It's true that Ghanchakkar could do more with its promising ideas. No scene past the first twenty minutes matches the cleverness of the bank heist, and the pace flags throughout the middle. There is some exploration of the various possible resolutions to the mystery - perhaps Sanju is faking the memory loss; perhaps his own beloved Neetu is double-crossing him. But none of these becomes very gripping. This perhaps a result of Sanju's own disaffection; his detachment is catching for the audience. And there are hints of a tone problem as Sanju's condition deteriorates in the second half - if his memory really is getting worse, as it appears, it's uncomfortable to laugh at that developing tragedy. None of this is fatal to the film, though, which floats along languidly on its unresolved tension and running gags, cute characterizations and solid performances. (Some reviewers have found Vidya Balan's rendering too shrill, but to me she's delightful, sidling up to the edge of annoying and pulling back just in time. She modulates her voice magnificently, from low murmurs to a piercing shrieks, and gives glimmers of a depth to Neetu that perhaps even the script doesn't contemplate. Vidya Balan, as always, operates with a solid theory of her character in mind. She's not merely playing to the back of the house.)
But then there is that climax. A new character materializes, and suddenly we are watching a very different film, one with much less humor, and much more horrifying violence. Up until now Ghanchakkar simply has not been the kind of film where people get shot and writhe in agony as blood pours from their sucking wounds. There are any number of ways in which the film could have effectively reached the same resolution and maintained its slightly surreal, gently slapstick tone. The ending is far, far too uncertain and bleak for the film that has come before it. Instead of leaving the theater with the tickled smile of the first two hours, one leaves with a sick and unsettled feeling. The shift in tone is bizarre, unjustified, and unnecessary; what was wrong with the charming, if dark, comedy of the previous two hours? This blunt-force blind attack is the biggest swindle of the movie, and the victim is us.
Posted at 11:06 AM in 2010s, Timepass | Permalink | Comments (1)
Raanjhanaa (2013)
राँझना
Dir. Anand L. Rai
Flawed characters are obviously essential to storytelling of any depth and maturity. But here's a riddle: How many reprehensible acts can the principals in a movie undertake before the audience just stops caring what happens to them? Whatever the precise answer, it's at any rate fewer than offered by Raanjhanaa. The movie seems a contest between its leads, Kundan (Dhanush) and Zoya (Sonam Kapoor), to see who can be more awful.
And in this race, Kundan takes an early lead. He harrasses the annoyed, uninterested Zoya (whom he professes to love) until she finally caves to his "persistence." He cuts his wrist right in front of her to manipulate her into caring for him, and later threatens to cut her wrists if she doesn't respond as he likes. He even follows her across the country from Banares to Delhi, ingratiating himself to her friends though she's made it abundantly clear that she doesn't want him there. But Zoya holds her own in the horrible-person stakes. She takes advantage of Kundan's devotion to her, lying to him and manipulating him to get what she wants, which is marriage to a bland, if handsome, student political leader (Abhay Deol, wasted in a flavorless special appearance). Indeed Zoya may win the ultimate prize, proving herself the worse person by a long margin, but Kundan's unwavering (and utterly unmotivated) devotion to her earns him the runner's up prize of being the character with the most unsympathetic stupidity.
If it's not abundantly clear by now, I hated this movie. I hated every excruciating, miserable second of it. Others reacted with less visceral disgust than I did. Bharadwaj Rangan rightly takes it to task for glorifying the trope of stalking-as-love, but ultimately finds something satisfying in its tale of ultimate sacrifice and redemption. I find that I just can't be that magnanimous to the film. It is so weakly scripted from start to finish that anything of value it might have to say is lost in its incoherent mess of a story. Kundan's arc begins with love at first sight, that laziest of movie conventions, love by fiat, love because the scripts say us so and not for any other reason. We are asked to believe that that Kundan's one childhood glimpse of Zoya is enough to nourish his passion through years of not even knowing her name, of repeated rebuffs and slaps. There are ample chances to motivate the passion, as they do spend time together as adults. But instead of building a tender foundation for Kundan's devotion, the movie only presents him stubbornly clinging to his claim even as Zoya repeatedly mistreats and uses him.
The result is that Kundan is more pathetic than loveable, his alleged redemption nothing more than an extreme consequence of his immaturity and stupidity. I found myself becoming increasingly angry as the arc of the movie progressed. Out here in the real world, we adults must work hard to detach from passions that do not serve us, of desire for people who repay our devotion with indifference or worse. I know this all to well, and I resent the glorification and romanticization of this persistence as the ultimate expression of love. There is nothing heroic about Kundan, yet the film elevates his attachment as though it were the purest love. The film's attempt to manipulate the audience through Dhanush's puppy-dog cuteness is insulting, if not downright sexist; this childish harasser is aggrandized as a pure lover, an innocent, blinded by saintly devotion to yet another undeserving shrewish and calculating female. Feh.
Raanjhanaa bears some similarities to Dil se, another film whose first half romanticises a cross-country stalker who convinces himself (and his victim) that his intrusive, manufactured obsession is properly labeled love. But Raanjhanaa, apart from featuring a weaker and far less memorable A.R. Rahman soundtrack, is in its own way considerably crueller to its characters. Dil se's Amar convinces Meghna to forsake her broadly destructive intentions and let just the two of them be sacrificed, and there is a sense of relief to their final release. In contrast, Kundan's sacrifice leaves Zoya to bear the burden of her own viciousness; there is no relief for Zoya in the film's resolution. If what had come in the previous two hours had been less insipid, less obnoxious, less frustratingly juvenile, there might be some satisfaction in this result. As it stands, though, there is only relief for the audience that the brutal ordeal of this dreadful film is finally over. By the time Kundan turns the tables on Zoya, we are long past caring what happens to these thoughtless, insipid people.
Posted at 09:33 PM in 2010s, Execrable, WTF? | Permalink | Comments (31)
Revisiting Padosan
When I first watched Padosan, six years ago, I didn't enjoy it much. At the time, though, so relatively new to Hindi films and aware of how widely the movie is beloved, I tread fairly lightly, and attributed my cold response largely to an inadequate understanding of the cultures it drew on for its comedy.
Today I rewatched Padosan, prepared to give it another shot in light of my own better (though still far from flawless) understanding of Hindi films, Hindi comedies, regional stereotypes, etc.
Well, I still didn't like it. If anything, I liked it even less. For now I know with certainty that getting the film's jokes doesn't make them funny.
Here are some of the reasons I did not enjoy rewatching Padosan, in no particular order.
Kishore Kumar's constant paan-gobbling, lip-smacking, rivulet of dribble running down his chin is stomach-churning. It's criminal to take such an adorable man and make him so repulsive. Criminal; not comical.
39-year-old Sunil Dutt playing a 25-year-old naif is about as convincing as 39-year-old Aamir Khan playing a college student.
Dutt's bizarre helmet-wig doesn't help at all.
There is absolutely nothing funny about five grown men leering at a young woman as if they have never seen one before.
Saira Banu.
Mehmood's accent. This is about as funny as an "Italian" character in an American movie who "talks-a like-a this-a." About as funny as Mr Yunioshi in Breakfast at Tiffany's. Which is to say, not funny at all.
There is no reason for sweaty Om Prakash in his chaddees, ever.
Romantic principals essentially competing to see which can be more stupid than the other.
To Padosan's credit, the songs are still marvelous. The physical humor throughout the picturization of "Ek chatur naar" is magnificent (if only Mehmood's ridiculous accent didn't persist throughout the song). "Meri samnewali khidhki mein" is a charmingly wonderful tune, and so is "Kehna hai." It's amazing to me that a movie whose songs are such delights can sink to such borderline unwatchable depths in between them.
So there it is. Unlike Andaz Apna Apna, which I appreciated much more when I watched it a second time after years of learning, Padosan remains an anti-favorite.
Posted at 10:10 AM in 1960s, Commerical hits in India, Other stuff, WTF? | Permalink | Comments (13)
Supermen of Malegaon (2012)
Dir. Faiza Ahmad Khan
As an outsider, I am aware of India's broad love of the movies. I have read about the crowds that gathered on the footpath in front of Amitabh Bachchan's home in hopes of a glimpse of the superstar as he convalesced after an injury. I have read about entire villages assembling at village center for the weekly movie, projected on an improvised screen. Faiza Ahmad Khan's documentary Supermen of Malegaon opens with another iconic scene of India's passion for movies, one that is likely played out week after week in hundreds of industrial towns across the nation: Each friday evening in the Maharashtra town of Malegaon, the power-looms clatter and clack to a halt, and scores of young men clamber over one another to pile into the town's cinema hall. And one man, Sheikh Nasir, pursues his dream of entertaining his hardworking neighbors by creating his own adaptations of beloved films.
Nasir has already tackled Malegaon ke Sholay and Malegaon ka Shaan. Faiza Ahmad Khan's cameras follow Nasir and his cast and crew as they take on Malegaon ka Superman. Nasir rounds up resources, designs special effects, and shoots his movie with a tiny handheld camcorder in the crowded galiyan of Malegaon. There is a certain naivete to Nasir, but a great deal of intelligence too. One has the sense that the naivete is studied, a willful application of idealism that allows him to see his projects through, undaunted. Nasir says that once he believed an entire movie from script to direction to editing was the work of one mind, not a vast team; yet he has an astute instinct for teamwork and a remarkable adaptability in the face of obstactles. If the story is Superman, Nasir observes, the audience expects to see him fly; but the professional equipment he would need to produce such effects proves out of his budget; he remarks that he could make three or four entire films for the cost of the software alone. Undeterred, Nasir arranges his own makeshift green-screen rig and digital processing to complete the effects. To raise funds, Nasir cuts a product-placement deal with a local milk business; in exchange for about Rs. 10,000, Nasir shoots a scene in their storefront and works mentions of milk into the script.
As relentlessly optimistic as Nasir is, his writer, Farogh, has the soul of a tortured artist. Nasir seems content to thrill the people of Malegaon, but Farogh's ambitions lie 300 km away, in Bombay. On the first day of the shoot, Nasir finds Farogh languishing in bed; it is unclear whether he is simply sleepy, sleeping one off, or profoundly depressed. It is agony to make films, Farogh tells the camera. You can only execute a fraction of the ideas you have in your head; the rest, the unexpressed and unrealized, you live with every day.
Supermen of Malegaon shows the bustle, the dust, the poverty of this depressed industrial town. There are hints of communal tension, as well; we are told that Muslims and Hindus live in different parts of town and do not mix much. Khan also suggests, without explicit comment, the economic strata that coexist in Malegaon. Nasir is not a rich man by any stretch, but he is strong and healthy, and owns a computer. The contrast with the hero of his movie is stark; a stick-thin loom-worker who is not permitted time off work to shoot, Shafique cannot even fill out his custom-sewn Superman costume. A title card at the documentary's opening remembers Shafique, who died of cancer at just 28, before the documentary's general release. It is a poignant bookend to the story.
Supermen of Malegaon is a touching tale of ordinary folks finding a way to bring their dreams to life. But it is also a commentary on some of the harsh facts of day-to-day existence for India's working urban poor. India loves her movies, the documentary says, but they are also a necessary escape. This is not a novel view; it's rather a stereotyped and oft-repeated one, but like most stereotypes there is a core of truth to it. It is not lost on Nasir himself, which is what makes him - and by extension the story of his project - such a fascinating watch.
(Supermen of Malegaon is available in full, with English subtitles, on YouTube. It's scarcely an hour long, and well worth the time. A subtitled six-minute collection of clips from Nasir's film, Malegaon ka Superman, is also available.)
Posted at 09:46 PM in 2010s, Very good (but not favorite) | Permalink | Comments (0)
Bees saal baad (1962)
बीस साल बाद
Dir. Biren Nag
Just recently, I wrote about the necessary mental game of forgiving misogyny and regressiveness in older movies. In those comments, I observed that some movies make this easier to do than others, for reasons both discernible and ineffable. For Bees saal baad ("twenty years later"), a tremendous hit in its time, eye-rolling regressiveness is only one of many ways in which the movie is so dated and weak as to be a tough slog - one that seems to take bees saal to watch.
The movie looks great on paper. It features an effervescent, ingenuous, almost adolescent Waheeda Rehman; this is not the sad-eyed, grave, gauzy girl of Guru Dutt's masterpieces. It introduces the alleged charm of Biswajeet to Hindi cinema. It is a visually atmospheric, creepy suspense-mystery that is compared to "The Hound of the Baskervilles," although it is notably hound-free. And the movie must have resonated along several dimensions in its time - it was Hindi films' highest grossing hit of 1962.
And yet to my modern, jaded eye, Bees saal baad is an unintentionally hilarious mess, a suspense thriller unburdened by any suspense or thrill. An absurd parade of creepies populates its roster of murder suspects. There is a stiff, underspoken doctor (Madan Puri, whom I now believe is in every movie, to a first-order approximation), who wears improbably shiny shoes, though he lives in a swamp. A servant, Laxman (Dev Kishen), who appears to be the love-child of Lurch and the Hunchback of Notre Dame, delivers his lines with a wide-eyed unfocused stare and a deliberation that rival Madhubala in the equally moody-ridiculous Mahal. There is a strange man on crutches (Sajjan) who is not at all what he appears; early on in the movie we learn that he can walk unaided. His sidekick is a sinister man with an enormous mustache and matching eyepatch. And since a murder mystery is apparently not sinister enough without a supernatural element, there is a ghost, a payal-wearing apparition who jangles ephemerally past each murder scene. When the mystery really gets going, we hear of men in disguises or misleadingly wearing one another's clothes, the story takes on the aspect of a Scooby Doo mystery - and I would have gotten away with it too, if it weren't for you meddling kids!
And don't forget creepy fake-fingernailed murder hand of death!
Despite the constant lurking presence of this array of suspiciously-behaving freaks, though, the film's hero Kumar (Biswajeet) is thoroughly nonplussed. Kumar's grandfather and uncle were both murdered there, and as the heir to the estate it is widely presumed around the village that he is the murderer's next target. But Kumar seems indifferent to all this. Unlike the insufferably shrill and moronic obligatory comic sidekick, the private detective Gopichand (Asit Sen), Kumar shows no interest in bringing his ancestors' killer to justice, no curiosity about lingering curses on the family engendered by his grandfather's lecherous crimes, and no fear for his own safety. And Kumar is as bland to watch as he is unimpressed by tales of ghostly revenge.
Only Waheeda Rehman offers anything really with watching, and even that pleasure is not unalloyed. She is Radha, the naive and bouncy village girl, niece of the local healer, Ramlal (Manmohan Krishna). Radha provides the only spot of color and vivacity in this heavy, swampy, village tale, and of course Kumar, so blandly indifferent to everything else, springs to playful life in her presence. And just as naturally, Radha, who apparently has never seen someone who doesn't walk with a limp or speak in a creepy halting drawl while staring into space, or who isn't 40 years older than she, falls for Kumar in turn. Waheeda ji is charming enough in the movie's best and cheeriest song, "Sapne suhana ladakpan ke", an obligatory springtime romp complete with Disneyesque bunnies and birdies, and of course, a fresh-faced ingenue prancing and praising the ephemeral joys of youth. But Waheeda ji is just so young. Some years later, such as in Guide, Waheeda ji had developed a gravitas and grace to go with all of that natural beauty, and had by then become downright hot. But that smoldering, womanly appeal is missing from the adolescent presentation of this character. She is lovely, but watching a lovely teenager doesn't grab me by the gut, if you know what I mean.
But, bunnies!
And that raises the most troubling aspects of Bees saal baad, to this viewer's modern eye. Kumar praises Radha's innocence, youth, naïveté; he infantilizes her, making explicit that what attracts him to her are her most girlish, immature qualities. And the idea that a grown man could perceive these adolescent traits and find them sexually appealing is, in a word, icky. I know this is a common trope in cinematic romance (and not just Hindi cinema either), and there are almost certainly movies for which I've been willing to overlook it. Here, though, it pricks at me throughout.
Matters are not improved by the attitude of Radha's doting uncle Ramlal. He is so mortified by Radha's conduct with Kumar (on one occasion she innocently visits Kumar's mansion at night), that he threatens suicide. His melodramatic selfishness puts a bold underscore on Radha's value to him: not her happiness, not the pleasure of her company, but her notional virginity (for even the suggestion of its compromise sets him off) is her value. How can a movie spell out more explicitly that the value of a charming young girl is not the breath of fresh air she brings to this dank village, not the thinking she might do with her mind or the beauty she might create with her hands and voice, but the sanctity and purity of what lies between her legs, and the preservation of its appearance of pristine chastity for whatever man is lucky enough to pluck her from the stagnant pond in which she grows.
Again, Bees saal baad is hardly the first or the last Hindi film to subject its heroine, and its viewers, to this kind of value system. But as I wrote before, it seems to take a certain frame of mind, and a movie that has a lot else to offer, to overlook the sour taste it leaves. Bees saal baad just doesn't work for me in so many ways - the dated, self-conscious moodiness, the contrivance of the story, the blandness of the hero - that by the time Ramlal's rantings burst forth I am so predisposed to roll my eyes that there's just no getting past them. It's the coup de grace on a movie that, in so many ways, doesn't pass the test of time.
Posted at 11:28 AM in 1960s, Commerical hits in India, Execrable | Permalink | Comments (2)
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text:
Pneumococcal vaccine support
Gavi's impact
Gavi's response
Vast majority of Gavi-supported countries have introduced the pneumococcal vaccine
More than 143 million children vaccinated by the end of 2017
In April 2015, Bangladesh introduced the pneumococcal vaccine alongside inactivated polio vaccine. We are now reaching one of the world's largest birth cohorts with two life-saving vaccines. Credit: Gavi/2015/GMB Akash.
Roll-out across three continents
Nearly 60 Gavi-supported countries have introduced pneumococcal vaccines into their routine programmes.
These vaccines, which protect against the main cause of pneumonia, are complex to develop and produce. In the past, they may have taken up to 15 years to reach developing countries. Thanks to the Vaccine Alliance, these countries can now access the newest vaccines at the same time as high-income countries.
Pneumococcal vaccine roll-outs
Gavi aimed to support pneumococcal vaccine introductions in 45 countries by 2015. We reached this target already in November 2014, 13 months ahead of schedule. By the end of 2017, 58 countries had rolled out the vaccine.
Mongolia, which rolled out the vaccine in June 2016, became the first transitioned country to fully self-fund its pneumococcal vaccine programme.
More than 143 million children reached
Our support has helped countries immunise more than 143 million children against pneumococcal disease. Coverage increased by 2 percentage points between 2016 and 2017 to reach 43%. This puts Gavi-supported countries almost on a par with the global average coverage for pneumococcal vaccine, which stood at 44% in 2017.
We are working with partners to ensure that supply of the vaccine remains stable. We also aim to make sure that countries that have yet to introduce get the support they need to do so. Another important goal is that existing programmes are sustainable over the long term.
Advance Market Commitment
The implementation of this AMC is on track ... reducing morbidity and mortality from pneumococcal diseases in developing countries
Source: AMC process and design evaluation
The introduction of these vaccines is largely thanks to the generosity of Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Russian Federation, Norway and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. They have together contributed US$ 1.5 billion to the Advance Market Commitment (AMC) for pneumococcal vaccines.
The AMC aims to stimulate the development and manufacture of new vaccines for developing countries.
Two manufacturers have thus far committed to supply 600 million doses over the next 10 years. We expect that other manufacturers will have new vaccines ready to take part in the AMC in future years.
Map of countries approved for Gavi's pneumococcal vaccine support
From the Gavi site
About the pneumococcal AMC
The International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC) at Johns Hopkins University
WHO | Immunization surveillance, assessment and monitoring
WHO | Immunization, Vaccine and Biologicals | Vaccine Position Papers
WHO | Vaccine Safety | Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
Pneumococcal disease is the most common cause of pneumonia – the world's biggest killer of children.
Six leading diseases
Percentage of global vaccine-preventable diseases
Source: WHO
Leading cause of pneumonia
Pneumococcal disease is caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium. It is the leading cause of pneumonia, which kills more children each year than any other disease.
Streptococcus pneumoniae can also cause meningitis, which often leaves survivors with permanent disabilities. Another pneumococcal infection is sepsis, which can lead to amputation or death. Pneumococcal otitis media, a middle ear infection, can result in permanent deafness.
Pneumococcal infection claims the lives of more than 500,000 children every year. The vast majority of these deaths occur in developing countries.
Pneumococcal vaccines
Safe and affordable vaccines are the most effective way to prevent pneumococcal infection.
WHO recommends that all countries introduce pneumococcal vaccines in their immunisation programmes. This is particularly important in countries with high levels of child mortality.
WHO | Vaccine Safety | Pneumococcal conjugate
Gavi helps accelerate access to pneumococcal vaccines adapted to developing country needs.
The Vaccine Alliance and the pneumococcal AMC:
The World Bank provides fiduciary support.
Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, Russia, Norway and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation committed US$ 1.5 billion to launch the AMC.
Gavi has committed US$ 4 billion to support the cost of pneumococcal vaccines by the end of 2021. We also provide programmatic and administrative support.
WHO has established specific criteria for the vaccines and provides technical assistance.
UNICEF handles vaccine procurement and distribution.
Pneumococcal AMC
Gavi, the World Bank and donors launched the pneumococcal Advance Market Commitment (AMC) in 2009. The AMC helps countries access more affordable pneumococcal vaccines adapted to their epidemiology.
To date, Gavi has signed agreements with two manufacturers under the AMC. Thanks to these agreements, we pay no more than US$ 3.50 per dose for pneumococcal vaccines. This is less than 10% of the cost of the same vaccines sold in the European Union and the United States of America.1
We expect more manufacturers to take part in the AMC in the future.
The AMC gives manufacturers an incentive to invest in:
finalising the development of pneumococcal vaccines that protect against more serotypes. These serotypes often cause disease and death in low-income countries.
increasing their capacity to produce these vaccines in enough quantities to meet demand.
At the same time, it gives developing countries the assurance that enough vaccines will be available at a price they can afford over the long term. As a result, they are better able to plan and budget for their immunisation programmes.
Routine immunisation support
WHO recommends the use of pneumococcal vaccines in all countries. This is particularly important in countries with high pneumonia and under-five mortality rates.
Gavi provides support for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and injection supplies. Further, countries receive a one-time vaccine introduction grant.
Vaccines supported through the AMC have to meet specific criteria developed by WHO. They must also receive approval by the Independent Assessment Committee.
1 For approximately 20% of doses, companies receive another US$3.50 for each dose they provide. Donor commitments cover this extra cost.
Read about the impact of pneumococcal vaccines in Kilifi, Kenya
>279 million
By the end of 2017, 21 countries in the African meningitis belt had immunised over 279 million people against meningitis A through Gavi-supported campaigns. Seven countries had introduced the vaccine into their national immunisation systems.


ESI ThoughtLab is an innovative thought leadership and economic research firm providing fresh ideas and evidence-based analysis to help business and government leaders cope with transformative change. We specialize in analyzing the impact of technological, economic, and demographic shifts on industries, cities, and companies.
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ESI ThoughtLab is the thought leadership arm of Econsult Solutions, a leading economic consultancy with links to the academic community. We have close ties to Wharton Business School, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Institute of Urban Research, and Drexel University's LeBow College of Business.
Our clients include top-tier organizations from across industries, including EY, KPMG, Accenture, Cognizant, Protiviti, Baker & McKenzie, Cisco, Oracle, GM, CBRE, State Street Bank, Visa, Mastercard, and J.P. Morgan Chase.
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Our in-house team of top economists and thought leadership experts, along with our long-standing links to top universities, research institutes, and global media organizations, enable us to develop original ideas validated by quantitative evidence and presented in compelling ways.


text:
USFL ANNOUNCES GAME ASSIGNMENTS FOR WEEK 7
NewsPress ReleaseUSFL
Stephan Rachuk· May 16, 2022
BIRMINGHAM, Ala., May 16, 2022 – The United States Football League (USFL) today announced the dates, start times (ET), location, and telecast schedule for its Week 7 games:
WEEK 7 (May 28-29 at Protective Stadium)
New Jersey Generals at Tampa Bay Bandits
Saturday 5/28 – 12PM EST – USA – Stream
New Orleans Breakers at Michigan Panthers
Saturday 5/28 – 9PM EST – FS1 – Stream
Birmingham Stallions at Pittsburgh Maulers
Sunday 5/29 – 2PM EST – FOX – Stream
USFL TO PROVIDE PLAYERS & STAFF TUITION-FREE, DEBT-FREE COLLEGE DEGREE PROGRAM
Stephan Rachuk· January 5, 2022
Philadelphia Stars at Houston Gamblers
Sunday 5/29 – 6PM EST – Peacock – Stream
All tickets will be "single day," which allows entry/re-entry to all USFL games played in Birmingham on any one date. Adult general admission tickets are $10, and each adult can receive up to three free single-day tickets for children. General admission, premium, and reserved tickets are now available for purchase at theUSFL.com.
Typically, the League will announce specific game assignments no later than the Monday two weeks prior (e.g., Week 8 is expected to be announced on Monday, May 23). All remaining regular-season team versus team matchups in Birmingham are included in the attached USFL 2022 Regular-Season Schedule.
About the USFL
The United States Football League (USFL) is a new, independent football league that is not affiliated with the defunct 1980s league or its owners. The inaugural USFL season kicked off April 16 with eight teams split into two divisions: the Birmingham Stallions, Houston Gamblers, New Orleans Breakers, and Tampa Bay Bandits in the South Division; and the Michigan Panthers, Pittsburgh Maulers, New Jersey Generals, and Philadelphia Stars in the North Division. Each team will play a 10-game regular-season in Birmingham. Playoff semifinals begin in Canton on June 25 between the top two teams in each division and a championship game on July 3 between division winners. Each USFL team carries a 38-man active roster plus a seven-man practice squad. Players receive base compensation and are eligible for victory bonuses. NBC Sports and FOX Sports are the League's official media partners and will present all 43 regular- and postseason games on FOX, FS1, NBC, USA, or Peacock networks. Brian Woods is President of Football Operations, and former Dallas Cowboys standout and long-time NFL on FOX game analyst Daryl Johnston is Executive Vice President of Football Operations. Former NFL Vice President of Officiating and FOX Sports' NFL and college football rules analyst Mike Pereira is Head of Officiating, and FOX Sports' Edward Hartman is Executive Vice President of Business Operations. For more information, visit theUSFL.com and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.
USFLUSFL 2022USFL on FOXUSFL on NBCUSFL TVUSFL Week 7
Stephan Rachuk
Owner/Editor USFL Newsroom
Originally from Detroit, I grew up a Lions fan, which has now led me on a lifetime journey to find better football. I'm now living in the greater Houston area and I am one of the few journalists covering spring football. Contact: [email protected]
USFL Jeff Fisher Los Angeles Wildcats Houston Roughnecks WWE


text:
Q: Using listings package with beamer/block environments for displaying source code I use beamer with semiverbatim environment to show source code.
\documentclass{beamer}
\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=yellow}
\useinnertheme[shadow]{rounded}
\setbeamercolor{block title example}{fg=white,bg=red!75!black}%
\setbeamercolor{block body example}{fg=black,bg=white!70!red}%

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}[fragile]{Code}
\begin{example}[Code]
\begin{semiverbatim}
class Hello {
...
}
\end{semiverbatim}
\end{example}
    \end{frame}
\end{document}

However, I want listings package which provides features such as highlighting and source code numbering. So, I tried this.
\documentclass{beamer}
\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=yellow}
\useinnertheme[shadow]{rounded}

\usepackage{listings}

\lstset{numbers=left, numberstyle=\tiny, stepnumber=1,firstnumber=1,
    numbersep=5pt,language=Java,
    stringstyle=\ttfamily,
    basicstyle=\footnotesize,
    showstringspaces=false
}

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}[fragile]{Code}

\begin{block}
\begin{lstlisting}[firstnumber=1, caption=Getting labels, label=glabels]

class Hello {
...
}

\end{lstlisting}
\end{block}

\end{frame}
\end{document}

However, I can't compile it to get an output.
My questions are:

*

*How can I use listings package with beamer/blocks?

*Or how can I show source code with line number listing and keyword highlighting with beamer/blocks?

A: Beamer blocks need a title (\begin{block}{_title_}), even if it is empty (\begin{block}{}).
\documentclass{beamer}
\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=yellow}
\useinnertheme[shadow]{rounded}

\usepackage{listings}

\lstset{numbers=left, numberstyle=\tiny, stepnumber=1,firstnumber=1,
    numbersep=5pt,language=Java,
    stringstyle=\ttfamily,
    basicstyle=\footnotesize,
    showstringspaces=false
}

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}[fragile]{Code}

\begin{block}{Getting labels}
\begin{lstlisting}[firstnumber=1, label=glabels, xleftmargin=10pt]
class Hello {
...
}
\end{lstlisting}
\end{block}

\end{frame}
\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Lawsuit claims hospital failed in handling of patient's drug test
On behalf of DeLuca & Weizenbaum, Ltd. posted in Doctor Errors on Thursday, March 20, 2014.
Most in Providence would assume that all lawsuits filed against hospitals involve negligent care that resulted in a patient's injury. Yet one aspect of healthcare that's often overlooked is patient rights. While doctors, nurses, and other medical staff are charged with treating their patients' physical ailments, they are required at the same to respect patients' rights to make all of the decisions involving their care. Providers open themselves up to accusations of medical negligence should this right not be recognized, even in cases where there is no physical harm to the patient.
A Pennsylvania woman recently filed a lawsuit against a local women's hospital based upon this alleged negligence. Her lawsuit claims that shortly after having given birth to her baby, she was questioned by hospital staff about possible drug use. It was later learned that a drug test had revealed the presence of opiates in her system. While the likely cause of the positive test was from her having eaten poppy seed bread prior to delivering, the woman claims that she never gave consent for the drug screen nor did she knowingly provide a urine sample to test. Yet because of the positive test, the woman was reported to state agencies and was forced to undergo regular drug testing over the next three months.
While both the woman and her baby endured no physical harm at the hands of her providers, the lack of informed consent for the drug test as well as the hospital's negligent handling of the affair caused them a good deal of emotional pain. The mishandling of patient information also constitutes poor care. Anyone wanting to hold a healthcare provider accountable for such negligence may wish to initiate similar legal action with the help of an attorney.
Source: CBS Local "Woman Files Lawsuit Against Hospital After Accusation Of Opiate Use" Brenda Waters, Mar. 12, 2014
Tags: lack of informed consent, lawsuit
Related Posts: Almost $8 million awarded in medical malpractice lawsuit, Doctor error during abortion led to patient's death, Medical malpractice allegations at children's hospital, Woman claims medical malpractice caused a lifetime of pain


text:
MEET CHRIS
Dedicated to Public Service
Chris began his career in public service with the County Planning Commission where he developed community reinvestment plans and in Cuyahoga County government where he launched the Division of Employer Resources. Here, Chris saw the best of county government, where the private, nonprofit and public sectors worked together to achieve results.
In 2001, Chris was campaign manager for Jane Campbell, the first woman elected mayor in Cleveland's history. At the City of Cleveland, he became Planning Director, where he led initiatives like the Cleveland Lakefront Plan and the Euclid Corridor. As chief architect of the Cleveland Lakefront Plan, he and his team engaged with 5,000 residents in the visioning process, secured tens of millions of dollars in state and federal funds, and laid the groundwork for projects that have received hundreds of millions in investment. Chris then served as Chief of Staff and Chief Development Officer in Cleveland where he oversaw over 5,000 employees and managed a budget of $1.5 billion.
Cuyahoga County Roots
Chris Ronayne is a forty-year resident of Cuyahoga County, currently residing in Cleveland's Edgewater neighborhood. Chris' father, an Army veteran, and his mother, a small business owner, taught him the values of hard work, perseverance and integrity. Chris is dedicating his campaign to his mom, who passed away after a long battle with cancer last year.
Chris and his wife Natalie have been married for nineteen years. She currently serves as the Chief Development Officer for the Cleveland Metroparks. Chris spends most of his free time on the ice as a youth hockey coach for his two children, Audrey and Joe.
A Vision for Cuyahoga County
Chris Ronayne is running for Cuyahoga County Executive because he believes our County needs a fresh start and a chance to get back on track. He will bring bold, dynamic change to our county and will leverage our unique opportunities and assets to benefit all county residents.
Chris is a time-tested leader. He has spent career building partnerships across Cuyahoga County and is ready to move our county forward. Chris is not a politician but a leader who is ready to listen and lead with transparency. It's time to return to what voters originally intended in 2009 and usher in real reform with experienced and effective leadership.
Read More About Chris' Plan for Cuyahoga County
Read More about Chris' Plan
Leadership with Results
For 16 years, Chris served as the President of University Circle Inc. (UCI), a non-profit community service corporation. Chris achieved measurable results, transforming Ohio's education, medical, and cultural district into a thriving complete community. He delivered more than 2,500 new and renovated neighborhood homes to the area, developed after-school and summer programs that engaged more than 10,000 students each year, helped bring a grocery store to a food desert and connected small businesses to Cleveland's arts, education and healthcare institutions. He stepped down from his role at UCI in 2021 to launch his campaign for County Executive.
Chris serves on the board of Destination Cleveland, is Chair of the Canalway Partners Board of Directors, and is past Chair of the Port of Cleveland Board of Directors. In these roles, Chris was a leader on innovative projects like the Cleveland-Europe Express container service and the newly completed Towpath Trail.
campaign@chrisronayne.com
Paid for by the Committee to Elect Chris Ronayne


text:
UP Tops Nearly All Crime Categories – Murder, Crimes Against Women & Children, Atrocities Against SCs: NCRB Data
The Logical Indian Crew Uttar Pradesh
December 1st, 2017 / 1:22 PM
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) released a report Crimes in India 2016 – Statistics on November 30, according to which, Uttar Pradesh records the highest number of crimes in the year 2016. The state alone recorded for 9.5% of all Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes, followed by Madhya Pradesh at 8.9%, Maharashtra at 8.8% and Kerala at 8.7%.
Since last year, the total number of crimes in the country has increased by 2.6%, with Delhi reporting the highest crime rate of 974.9 under IPC crimes followed by Kerala (727.6) and Madhya Pradesh (337.9) against the national average of 233.6.
[Note: Crime rate is the number of reported crimes in a state/country against its population. If the number of reported crimes remains constant, the higher the population of a state/country, the lesser is the crime rate.]
Out of the total number of murder cases reported in 2016 (30,405), Uttar Pradesh holds the highest share – 4,889 cases – accounting for 16.1% of all the murder cases in the country. This is followed by Bihar (8.4%).
Out of all the categories of "violent crimes" – murder, kidnapping and abduction, rioting, robbery and dacoity – there has been an increase only in cases kidnapping and abduction. This alone increased the total number of violent crimes in 2016 as compared to last year, by 0.8%.
There was a 3% decline in the total number of "crime against women" in 2015 when compared to 2014. This increased by 2.9% in 2016.
Majority of cases under crimes against women were reported under 'Cruelty by Husband or His Relatives' (32.6%) followed by 'Assault on Women with Intent to Outrage her Modesty' (25.0%), 'Kidnaping & Abduction of Women' (19.0%) and 'Rape' (11.5%).
Uttar Pradesh reported 14.5% (49,262) of total cases of crimes against women followed by West Bengal (9.6%) (32,513 cases) during 2016.
Delhi UT reported the highest crime rate (160.4) compared to the national average rate of 55.2.
Rape cases have a reported increase of 12.4% from 2015. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence of rape with 4,882 cases (12.5%) and 4,816 (12.4%) followed by Maharashtra 4,189 (10.7%) during 2016.
Crime against children
A very disturbing trend can be observed in "crime against children", which has been on a rise since the last three years. In 2016, crimes against children have seen increase of 13.6%.
Kidnapping and abduction of children accounted for 52.3% of the cases followed by cases reported under POCSO (Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Act) – 34.4%.
Uttar Pradesh tops both categories.
Juveniles in conflict with law
Cases reported under "juveniles in conflict with law" have shown a mixed trend for the past three years with the decline of 13.1% in 2015 (33,433) over 2014 (38,455) followed by an increase of 7.2% in 2016 (35,849) over 2015.
Madhya Pradesh comes out top with 20.6% of the total number of cases in 2016 followed by Maharashtra – 18.4%.
Atrocities/crime against SC/ST
Atrocities/crime against scheduled castes (SCs) have increased by 5.5% in 2016 (40,801) over 2015 (38,670) and Uttar Pradesh again comes out top with 10,426 reported cases that account for more than a quarter of the total number of cases in the country.
Atrocities/crime against scheduled tribes (STs) have also increased. The total number of cases in 2015 was 6,276 and in 2016, the number is 6,568 – an increase by 4.7%. Madhya Pradesh reported the highest number of cases of atrocities against STs accounting for 27.8% followed by Rajasthan with 18.2% (1,195 cases) and Odisha with 10.4% (681 cases).
Cyber crimes
This category has also shown an increasing trend, with the number of cases reported in 2016 standing at 12,317 over 11,592 cases in 2015.
The state of Uttar Pradesh reported the highest number of cases (2,639) of cyber crimes accounting for 21.4% followed by Maharashtra with 19.3% (2,380 cases) and Karnataka with 8.9% (1101 cases).
This year, a total of 8,132 cases of human trafficking were reported in the country with West Bengal reporting the highest number of cases (3,579) sharing nearly 44% of the total cases followed by Rajasthan (1,422) sharing 17.9% of such cases in the country.
However, a total of 15,379 persons were trafficked during the year including 58.7% children. Out of the 23,117 persons who were rescued during the year, children made 61.3% of the victims (including victims of 2015).
Missing persons (including children)
Maharashtra reported the highest number of missing persons (94,919 – 17.2%) out of the total of 5,49,008 persons (2,34,334 males and 3,14,674 females).
A total of 1,11,569 children (41,175 males and 70,394 females) were reported missing in which maximum children missing were reported from West Bengal (15.1%) during 2016.
Uttar Pradesh has reported the maximum number of arms seizure (27,189) followed by Madhya Pradesh (8,019) and Rajasthan (5,757 Arms) during 2016.
Delhi UT with 1,14,751 notes (worth Rs. 5,65,21,460) has reported maximum number of seizure of Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICN) followed by Gujarat 39,725 notes (worth Rs. 2,37,24,050) and West Bengal 32,869 notes (worth Rs. 2,32,95,800) during 2016.
Crime Analysis in Metropolitan Cities
Delhi city accounted for 38.8% of total IPC crime reported in the cities followed by Bengaluru (8.9%) and Mumbai (7.7%).
Chennai has reported the highest number of cases of SLL crimes, accounting for 32.9% of total SLL crimes reported amongst 19 metropolitan cities followed by Kochi (12.9%) and Surat (12.6%) during 2016.
Delhi city topped all of NCRB crime categories – kidnapping and abduction, murder, rape, cruelty by husband and his relatives, dowry deaths, juveniles in conflict with law, economic offences – apart from cyber crimes.
Written by :
Edited by :
Tabrez Ansari Killing 11th Hate Crime In 2019; Since 2009, 59% Victims Of Hate Crimes Are Muslims
Chennai Environmental Activist Bags Franco-German Human Rights Award For Fighting Against Corporate Crimes
Haryana: Crimes Against Women Increased By 27% Between 2014 and 2018
6-Yr-Old Raped A 4-Yr-Old Girl In Kanpur; What Is Pushing Children Into Committing Heinous Crimes?
NCRB Invites Tender To Prepare Sexual Offender Database Like In US, Know What It Is
Four Dead, Several Injured As Protests Against Dilution Of SC/ST Atrocities Act Turn Violent In Several States


The information presented here is the most current we have. If you find that you can't reach Sandstrom Associates Architecture with it please let us know. Reviews for Sandstrom Associates Architecture can be found by clicking the "Read Merchant Reviews" link to the right. You can add your own review as well! For driving directions to Meridian in Meridian please scroll down and click on the "View Larger Map" link below the map on the right of the screen. Sandstrom Associates Architecture can be found in Meridian at Meridian. They can also be reached by phone at (208) 855-0418. If Sandstrom Associates Architecture has a video you will be able to watch it clicking the play button on the right.


The block of management (К/В) is presented by heating and air conditioning systems on an illustration. On the display located over the block, the information on current parametres of these systems is displayed.
For achievement of the best result from system ACC it is necessary to close all windows and the roof hatch. Air gets through a lattice обтекателя a windscreen and gets to salon, passing through the filter and if the heater, through a heater radiator is included. Air leaves salon through apertures in a back shelf, and then through lattices on the right and at the left before a back bumper.
Two gauges of temperature of an air mix (in the bottom lobbies дефлекторах).
Do not cover the sunlight gauge since thus the system of automatic heating and an air conditioning can work not correctly.
For air giving in salon are used дефлекторы with which help it is possible to regulate a direction and intensity of an air stream. Peak efficiency of system is reached at completely opened дефлекторах.
The fan works on the maximum speed.
On the party of the passenger it is possible to choose a mode «HI» or «LO» only if the same choice is made on the party of the driver.
At start of the engine system ACC works in mode AUTO, irrespective of the installed program.
The temperature, distribution of air and fan turns are regulated automatically.
At deduction of the given button (programming II) К/В joins at achievement of external temperature more than 13 hailstones.
By repeated pressing button "OFF" the system comes back in control mode manually.
Heating of back glass and external rear-view mirrors copes manually. Disconnect heating at once as soon as in it there is no necessity.
Heating is disconnected automatically in 2-10 minutes depending on temperature of external air or if pressure of the battery falls below 10 V.Sistemu АСС it is possible to program so that heating will automatically join, if simultaneously temperature of external air more low +5 hailstones., and temperature in salon more low +10 hailstones (programming II see).
Giving of external air is regulated automatically, providing optimum cooling, but can vkljuchatsja/be switched off also manually. The mode of circulation does not change qualitatively air structure, and it can be included not to admit penetration into salon of unpleasant smells.
At deduction of the given button (programming II) circulation joins at speed of the car below 10 km/h and is switched off at speed below 30 km/h, except for that case when function «ECON» is programmed according to the program II.
If speed of the fan «0» is chosen, compressor K/V is switched off and on the display there is an inscription «ECON».
Heating of back glass and external mirrors joins.
Having blown in glasses it is included till that time, the new choice, however heating function is not made yet disconnected automatically in 5-10 minutes.
Air goes to a windscreen without increase in speed of rotation of the fan and without heating inclusion. For return to earlier made installation press button "AUTO".
By pressing of buttons for inclusion of the combined modes of distribution of air on the display there are corresponding pictogrammes. The direction of streams of air in various modes is specified on illustrations.
System ACC at first chooses a mode of heating of glasses, the maximum heating and low speed of the fan. With rise in temperature of the engine air goes to feet and speed of the fan increases.
When the temperature in salon reaches the programmed value, speed of the fan decreases and occurs having heated up to automatically certain levels.
System ACC chooses air giving to дефлекторам on the panel of devices with high speed of the fan and includes compressor K/V if button "ECON" is not pressed.
If the air temperature exceeds 30 hailstones., approximately through 45 with the circulation mode if the system requires it for achievement of the chosen temperature can join. When the temperature in salon comes nearer to programmed, speed of the fan decreases to automatically certain level.
It is possible to program system ACC so that it joined with the installations chosen manually.
For entering ignition should be included in memory of the chosen installations, at least, 10 minutes.
Include ignition and establish a demanded mode.
Press simultaneously button "OFF" and the button of heating of back glass. Confirming to entering of installations in memory the display should blink.
For cancellation of the program I simultaneously press button "AUTO" and the button of reduction of speed of the fan. Confirming to removal from memory of installations the display should blink.
Programming II is carried out at deduction of button "ECON", the button of a mode of circulation, or the button of heating of back glass until the corresponding symbol on the display will not blink 4 times and the sound signal will not be distributed.
The description of the functions joining at activation of the program II, is resulted in the description of corresponding buttons.
On some models with engines V6 the heating system of salon from residual heat of the engine can be established.
The system works at temperature ОЖ above 40 hailstones and at the switched off ignition.
For heating inclusion keep 1 second pressed more button "AUTO". The sound signal will be distributed and on the multipurpose display there will be an inscription «SPARE HEATER ACTIVATED». In 5 seconds on the display there will be an indication of the remained stock of heat.
For heating deenergizing press button "OFF" or include ignition.


Medicinal chemistry is a field of chemistry which discovers and develops new therapeutic agents which help in the fight against disease and illness. This module will introduce you to key concepts and theories within medicinal chemistry and will set you up perfectly for a career in drug research and development.
You'll investigate the key chemical and biological processes involved in the development of several major diseases, and the different modes of action of various known therapeutic drugs such as antibiotics, analgesics, antivirals and anticancer agents.
You'll explore in depth the concepts of drug targets, the various stages of the drug discovery process - from hit identification, all the way through to drug approval and formulation for market. In addition to understanding the medicinal chemistry involved, you'll also consider the organic chemistry involved in the synthesis of commercially available drugs, enabling you to cover all aspects of the job profile of a medicinal chemist.


text:
Q: Contiki: Why is a linker script for cc253x not present? I was going through the codes of Contiki for cc2530, i find that a linker script is missing for cc2530. Can anybody tell me how it works without a linker script?

A: Please take a look on this Makefile.
%.banked-hex: %.flags
### Link again with new bank allocations
@echo "\nFinal Link"
@echo "==============="
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(shell cat $<) -o $@ $(CONTIKI_TARGET_MAIN) $(OBJECTDIR)/$*.app.rel -llibsdcc.lib -lcontiki-$(TARGET).lib > /dev/null

Is this a final link script as you mean?


In a pot of boiling salted water, add the pasta and cook for 5 minutes ensuring the pasta is still firm.
Drain the half-cooked pasta and set aside to cool in a large bowl.
In a fry pan, sauté the ham and spring onions until they gain colour. Add the peas and cook for a few minutes until the peas have cooked through.
Whisk eggs and milk together until combined.
Add the pea mixture to the cooled pasta and combine. Stir through the egg mixture, grated Parmigiano cheese and salt and pepper.
Pour into a lined 20cm cake tin and bake for 15 minutes, or until the cake is golden and holds its shape.
Allow to cool in the tin, then flip onto a plate and enjoy!