text:
\section{Introduction}

\input{CCCIntro}

\section{Steps to a C$^{3}$~ Higgs factory}\label{sec:Higgs}
\input{CCCHiggs}

\section{Current and near-future R\&D on C$^{3}$~ acceleration}\label{sec:acceler}

\input{CCCRandD}

\section{C$^{3}$~ design for 250 and 550 GeV}
\label{sec:500}
\input{CCC500}

\section{Extending the C$^{3}$~ concept to higher energies}
\label{sec:TeV}

\input{CCCTeV}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:Conclusions}
We present a proposal for a cold copper (cryogenic) distributed coupling linear $e^+e^-$ collider that can provide a rapid route to precision Higgs physics with a compact 8~km footprint.  C$^{3}$~ is based on recent advances in copper accelerator technology that allow robust designs with an accelerating gradient of 120~MeV/m. C$^{3}$~ follows a program very similar to that proposed for the ILC, aiming at collecting data at 250 and 550 GeV in the center of mass, with a relatively inexpensive upgrade on the same footprint.  We thus expect to achieve precision measurements of similar quality to those discussed for ILC and other $e^+e^-$ Higgs factories.  This program, starting before 2040, and possibly coincident with the end of the HL-LHC run, will achieve the goals of precision Higgs boson and top quark measurement at which one could realistically prove the presence of deviations from the SM. At the same time, C$^{3}$~  will also provide the first step toward the extension of $e^+e^-$ physics into the multi-TeV energy range.

Although there is as yet no engineered and costed design for a 250~GeV $e^+e^-$ C$^{3}$~, this approach is based on the SLC experience at SLAC and the extensive design work of ILC and CLIC. Our present estimate for the capital cost of C$^{3}$~ 250 is in the range of 3.5-4B$\$$ (10\% RF margin, 10 GeV energy margin). The cost breakdown for the accelerator complex are ~35\% sources, ~35\% Main Linac, ~15\% IP, ~15\% supporting infrastructure.  This places C$^{3}$~ 250 in a  unique position where cost savings on any subsystem will have an appreciable impact on the overall cost.

\bigskip  \bigskip \begin{center} \begin{large

We are grateful to Fermilab Site Filler Collider working group, Sridhara Dasu, JoAnne Hewett, Tor O. Raubenheimer, Hirohisa A. Tanaka and SiD exectutive committee for their interest and encouragement. We would thank Nan Phinney for the careful revision of the manuscript. The work of the SLAC authors is supported by the US Department of Energy under contract DE–AC02–76SF00515.

\newpage

\newpage

\subsection{C$^{3}$~ Strategy}

Our goal is to deliver the Higgs on the fastest timescale that is practical with an accelerator complex capable of pursuing a rich physics program for decades. With this goal in mind, we envision that the C$^{3}$~ 250 Main Linac will be built at a gradient of 70~MeV/m. This is approximately the optimal gradient for 7.5~\$/peak-kW RF. This is almost a factor of two lower than the  gradient required for C$^{3}$~ 550 (120~MeV/m). This lower gradient will provide many benefits:

\begin{itemize}

\item Reduction of  the peak power required to establish the gradient in the structure. This allows for increased beam power at lower energy to boost the luminosity. It reduces the cost of the Main Linac sufficiently to utilize presently available RF source technology.

\item Margins in the main linac design for RF power(8\%) and gradient ($\approx$ 150~MeV/m, with additional RF power) in the first phase of operation.

\item Margins for high availability operation - additional cryomodules (3\%) with complete RF ready for acceleration of the next train.

\item Reduction of commissioning time of the Main Linac.  The breakdown rate for the lower initial gradient has been demonstrated to be exceedingly low. As with most copper accelerators, the achievable accelerating gradient for a fixed breakdown rate increases with operation and conditioning of the accelerator. The 120~MeV/m accelerating gradient at an acceptable breakdown rate\footnote{3x10$^{-7}$/pulse/m} would be achievable well in advance of the energy upgrade.

\item Opportunity for an energy upgrade to proceed in parallel with data collection during the initial Higgs run at 250~GeV. This energy upgrade would leave the cryomodules untouched and would consist only of the addition of RF sources in the Main Linac tunnel. This would virtually eliminate linac construction down time between the 250~GeV run and operation at higher energy.

\item Opportunity for any advances in RF source technology that are achieved during the timeline of the demonstration facility and construction of the accelerator complex to be implemented for the second stage, potentially offering a  dramatic reduction in the cost of the energy upgrade.

\end{itemize}

The main downside of this approach is the added linac length required, which increases both the tunnel length and the number of cryomodules for C$^{3}$~~250. However, the total length of the Main Linac is less than 4~km, and this length would be required later in any event to reach 550~GeV. Because of the relatively low cost of tunnelling and C$^{3}$~ cryomodules compared to the RF sources presently available, we believe it is preferable to construct C$^{3}$~~250 at 70~MeV/m, and then add RF power for a future energy upgrade.

For the energy upgrade which will occur in parallel to the 250~GeV CM run additional RF source power will be installed on the existing operating Main Linac, and additional magnets will be installed in the beam delivery system (BDS). Additional cryomodules which can provide energy margin for the 250~GeV CM run will be installed either during the final phases of construction or during machine down-time during the operation of the accelerator. The RF power per meter into the structure will increase from 30~MW/m to 80~MW/m during the upgrade with the addition of RF sources and possibly RF pulse compressors increasing the gradient from 70~MeV/m to 120~MeV/m. Utilizing the original margin in length and the additional gradient the new CM energy for C$^{3}$~ will be 550~GeV.

C$^{3}$~ is capable of extending its energy reach with additional Main Linac length into the multi-TeV range.  While the specific energy of these future upgrades will certainly be informed by the physics of the Higgs program at 250 and 550~GeV, there is no technical limitation to extending the Main Linac into the multi-TeV range. Operation in a higher energy range ($>$550~GeV) would require a longer, re-optimized BDS.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c | c | c | c | c |  c |}
 \hline
  Parameter  & Unit &  & & & \\
Note  &  & & & Baseline & Compact \\
 \hline\hline
Center of Mass Energy  & GeV & 91 & 250 & 550 & 550 \\
\hline
Luminosity  & x$10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$  & 0.4 & 1.3 & 2.4 & 2.4\\
Single Beam Power  & MW & 0.7 & 2 & 2.5 & 2.5 \\
Single Linac Active Length   & km & 0.56 & 1.83 & 2.45 & 1.9  \\
Injection Energy Main Linac & GeV &  10 & 10 & 10 & 10 \\
Train Rep. Rate & Hz & 120 & 120 & 120 & 120 \\
Bunch Charge & nC & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
Flat-Top RF Pulse Length & ns & 700 & 700 & 260 & 195 \\
Bunch Spacing & Periods (ns) &  30 (5.26) & 30 (5.26) & 20 (3.5) & 15 (2.6) \\
Bunches per Train & & 133 & 133 & 75 & 75 \\
Average Current  &$\mu$A & 16 & 16 & 9 & 9 \\
Peak Current & A & 0.19 & 0.19 & 0.3 & 0.385 \\
Loaded Accel. Gradient & MeV/m & 70 & 70 & 120 & 155 \\
RF Power for Structure & MW/m & 30 & 30 & 80 & 140 \\

\hline
 \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Main Linac parameters for C$^{3}$~ upgrade path. Luminosity parameters are scaled from ILC/CLIC documentation using beam power, emittance and bunch charge. Two options, \textit{Baseline} and \textit{Compact}, are listed for C$^{3}$~~550. The \textit{Baseline} option is the cost optimized operating gradient for $\$$2/peak-kW RF source cost. The \textit{Compact} option selects a higher gradient for a 7~km site. }
 \label{tab:mainlinacparam}
\end{table}

\subsection{Main Linac}

The Main Linac is constructed from 9~m cryomodules, see Fig.~\ref{fig:cryomodule}, each of which houses eight 1~m distributed coupling accelerating structures supported on four 2~m girders. The girders also support permanent magnet quadrupoles, BPMs, coarse and fine alignment movers, and position sensor fixtures. The cryomodule has four penetrations for RF power, each with two waveguides, each waveguide powering one accelerating structure. The total cryogenic thermal load for the complex at 250~GeV is 9~MW. This thermal load is removed through nucleate boiling of liquid nitrogen.  Liquid nitrogen flows by gravity through the cryomodule to replace the Nitrogen that has evaporated. Thus, the Main Linacs must be horizontal with straight segments of about 1~km. Nitrogen gas is removed from the Main Linac at penetrations that are spaced at approximately 1~km and transported to a re-liquification plant before being reintroduced into the Main Linac.

The goal of the demonstration facility will be to test cryomodules of the final design.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[trim={0 6cm 0 5.5cm}, clip, width=0.95\hsize]{figures/Cryomodule.pdf}
 \end{center}
\caption{Cutaway view of a cryomodule.}
\label{fig:cryomodule}
\end{figure}

Each cryomodule contains 4 rafts; each raft supports two 1 m accelerator sections and a quadrupole with mechanically integrated Beam Position Monitor. The accelerators and quads are attached to the raft with 5 d.o.f. ball joint adjustable tie rods, and are aligned on the bench before insertion into the cryomodule. The Z position of the midpoint is mechanically fixed.

The rafts have coarse and fine alignment, with each raft having 5 d.o.f. ball joint adjustable tie rods. The Z position of the midpoint is fixed. Each tie rod has both a 200 micron travel piezoelectric actuator, and a magnetically coupled manual screw adjustment from outside the cryomodule. The fine alignment of the rafts will be beam based and dynamic with a bandwidth of $\sim$100 Hz.

The coarse alignment of the rafts is done with stretched wires. Each wire is $\sim$20 m long and spans two cryomodules, with the wires starting on successive cryomodules. Each raft has two wire position sensors for each wire, one on the first accelerator and the other on the quad. The sensors measure X and Y, with a precision of $\sim$100 microns. The rafts are slightly over-constrained with 8 measurements for 5 d.o.f.

The stretched wire method is chosen since it must operate in air, vacuum, and under slowly flowing liquid nitrogen.

\subsection{Main Linac cryogenics}

The increased copper conductivity at $\sim$80~K improves the accelerator efficiency to more than recover the capital and operating expenses of the refrigeration plants. The accelerator is in cryomodules that house 4 rafts; each raft supports 2 accelerator sections and a permanent magnet quadrupole and Beam Position Monitor.

Sectors consist of 10 cryomodules, super-sectors consist of 10 sectors. (The actual Main Linacs may contain partial super-sectors.)

The cryomodule is a vacuum insulated tube with an inner radius of 30~cm. The accelerator components are under slowly flowing LN at a pressure of $\sim$1.1~bar, with the LN $\sim$25~cm above the cryostat low point. The LN is introduced at the super-sector boundaries or the ends, and flows in both directions (one if at an end) for at most 500 m. Gaseous nitrogen counterflows, is removed at the boundaries or ends, is re-liquified, and then re-injected. The LN for one direction of flow enters at 7.2~l/s, and flows at a velocity (at the entry) of 0.06~m/s (0.2~km/hr).

The LN flow is driven by gravity. The spans between super-sectors are laser straight, the mid-span is normal to the earth radius at its location, and thus the LN is deeper at the center of a super-sector by $\sim$7~cm. The beam will be bent in the vertical plane at the super-sector boundary by $\sim$80~micro-radians to go into the next super-sector. For a 100 GeV beam, this requires a dipole with a kick of 0.05 T-m.

For C$^{3}$~~250 and C$^{3}$~~550, the power dissipated in one accelerator section is 2500~W, or 0.4$\sim$W/cm$^2$. This is the nucleate boiling regime, and the expected temperature rise is $\sim$2~K. The temperature rise in the copper block in a 1D approximation is 0.6~K.

The counterflow gas flow has an area equivalent to a 23~cm radius pipe, and has a pressure drop over the full length of less than 10~mbar.

For C$^{3}$~~250, the total cooling power for each linac is 4.6 MW, and a cooling run is 508 m. The cooling power per cooling run is $\sim$1.2~MW, which is a medium scale cryo plant. Further optimization is needed to see if fewer but larger plants are more cost effective.

For the initial construction of the Main Linac, each of the cryomodules is powered by four RF sources (modulator and klystron), see Fig.~\ref{fig:cryomoduleandrf}. The sources operate at 5.712~GHz and deliver 65~MW for every 2 meters of structure. The power is split in a hybrid and transported to each accelerating structure. The klystron design will be based on advances developed through the High Efficiency International Klystron Activity (HEIKA) collaboration. This includes the implementation of the core oscillation method to retrofit exisitng 50~MW designs to boost power and efficiency \cite{igor2021}. Demonstrations of this design from commercial prototypes at X-band are expected in 2022.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[trim={0 3cm 0 3cm}, clip, width=0.95\hsize]{figures/CryomoduleandRFSource.pdf}
 \end{center}
\caption{Cryomodule and four RF sources as installed in the Main Linac.}
\label{fig:cryomoduleandrf}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Main Linac tunnel layout}
The C$^{3}$~ tunnel layout would be adapted to its location. A cut and cover site, suitable for a horizontal layout, is extremely attractive for both cost and schedule reasons.
The tunnel layout, Fig.~\ref{fig:tunnellayout}, adopts the ILC Asian Region baseline \footnote{ILC TDR Figure 11.6} to match our costing model for the accelerator complex. All major equipment fits in the same cross section as the ILC tunnel. The RF source gallery is separated from the Main Linac by a shielding wall to simplify access. Along with RF sources (klystron, modulator and low level RF), the modulator cooling water and electrical power distribution at 480 V power are in the RF gallery. The accelerator tunnel includes the installed cryomodules, ring to Main Linac transport, possible linac bypass for machine development, and emergency vent lines for the nitrogen in the cryomodules. Air supply, high voltage power distribution and water drainage are housed below the tunnel floor.
Cross-gallery access is envisioned every 100~m with surface access every 1~km to correspond with penetrations for liquid and gaseous nitrogen. The main linac will also dominate the electrical power consumption for the site. Table~\ref{tab:CCCmainlinacparam} compares these parameters for C$^{3}$~ 250 and C$^{3}$~ 550.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[trim={0 0cm 0 0cm}, clip, width=0.95\hsize]{figures/RoundTunnel.png}
 \end{center}
\caption{Cross section of the tunnel layout matching the profile of the ILC tunnel for the combined RF and accelerator gallery. Area shown underneath the gallery floor is not representative of scale. }
\label{fig:tunnellayout}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c | c | c | c |}
 \hline
  Parameter  & Unit & Value  & Value \\
 \hline\hline
Center of Mass Energy  & GeV & 250 & 550 \\
 \hline\hline
Temperature & K  & $\sim$80 & $\sim$80 \\
Pulse Length  & ns & 700 &  250\\
Cryogenic Load $\sim$80~K & MW & 9 &  9\\
Est. RF Power (Both Linacs)  & MW  & 40 &  58\\
Est. Power for Cryogenic Cooling (Both Linacs)    & MW  & 60 &  60\\
Total Est. Power (Both Linacs)    & MW  & 100 &  118 \\
RF Source efficiency (AC line to linac) & $\%$  & 65 & 65\\

\hline
 \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Main Linac power parameters for C$^{3}$~ at 250~GeV and 550~GeV center of mass energy.}
 \label{tab:CCCmainlinacparam}
\end{table}

\subsection{Accelerator complex}

Great effort has been expended towards the design and optimization of the accelerator complex for earlier linear collider designs. This excellent work can be leveraged to understand the pre-conceptual layout for the full C$^{3}$~ accelerator complex. However, as the design matures these systems will be re-visited and redesigned for implementation with the C$^{3}$~ beam format, bunch charge and repetition rate. The electron and positron source, the damping rings, and the BDS are the principal systems of the accelerator complex that are auxiliary to the Main Linac. The conceptual layout of the C$^{3}$~ accelerator complex is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:AC}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[angle=90,trim={0cm 1cm 0 1cm}, clip, width=0.65\hsize]{figures/AccelComplex.png}
 \end{center}
\caption{Conceptual layout (not to scale) for the accelerator complex of C$^{3}$~~550. The full accelerator complex fits on an 8~km site.}
\label{fig:AC}
\end{figure}

The baseline electron (polarized) and positron (unpolarized) sources are conventional LC designs. For the electron source, this consists of a polarized DC gun, buncher and accelerator. However, we are also exploring the possibility of a polarized RF gun described in Section~\ref{sec:coldgun}. For the positron source, the closest design relevant to the C$^{3}$~ bunch structure is the CLIC design\footnote{CLIC CDR 3.1.3.2}. Positron polarization is a possible upgrade once the full RF system is installed. An additional electron bunch train would be extracted from the Main Linac at high energy (125 GeV) and sent to an undulator for polarized photon production and transport to a positron production target. The positron beam must be transported to a damping ring before being accelerated by the Main Linac.

For the damping rings, a conservative design has two damping rings, one for the electrons and one for the positrons. A pre-damping ring is also utilized for the positron beam. Four electron and positron bunch trains are stored in each of the damping rings. The main damping rings have a $\sim$900~m circumference. The electron damping ring might be eliminated with the advent of a polarized RF photoinjector.

Scaling of the beam delivery system for a maximum single beam energy of 275~GeV from 500~GeV for the ILC TDR~\cite{Bambade:2019fyw} reduces the length of the BDS by 500~m. Furthermore, we also remove the upstream polarimeter in favor of the downstream polarimeter reducing the length an additional 200~m.  For C$^{3}$~, the downstream polarimeter can measure the polarization and the depolarization from beam-beam interactions by comparing interacting and separated beams. The length for the BDS is approximately 1.5~km on each side. Preliminary simulations of for 250~GeV CM indicate that a 1.2~km BDS is feasible, see Figures~\ref{fig:BDSlayout} and \ref{fig:BDSoptics}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[trim={0 0cm 0 0cm}, clip, width=0.95\hsize]{figures/BDSLayout.png}
 \end{center}
\caption{Preliminary layout of the BDS for 250~GeV CM. An additional 300~m of drift space between components would allow magnets to be added for higher energy operation at 550~GeV.}
\label{fig:BDSlayout}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[trim={0 0cm 0 0cm}, clip, width=0.95\hsize]{figures/BDSoptics.png}
 \end{center}
\caption{Optics of the preliminary layout of the 250~GeV CM BDS. }
\label{fig:BDSoptics}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Upgrade to 550 GeV}

The completion of the C$^{3}$~ 250 provides a Main Linac with a full complement of cryomodules capable of operation at 120~MeV/m.  The upgrade to 550~GeV will then mainly entail the addition of RF power sources, to increase the RF power supplied to each meter of linac from 30~MW to 80~MW, doubling the accelerating gradient of the C$^{3}$~ 250.

During the construction and commissioning of C$^{3}$~~250 we will build a Main Linac tunnel of sufficient length and fully occupied with cryomodules for the upgrade to 550~GeV CM.

Using present-day cost estimates, the cost of the RF in going directly to  120~MeV/m operation would be 75\% of the of the total linac cost per GeV.  In our staged plan, we achieve savings in two ways, first by constructing the C$^{3}$~-250 with RF sources very close to those already produced in large scale by industry, then by relying on the R\&D program described in Sec.~3.4 to provide RF power at much reduced cost for the upgrade.   These additional RF components would be ordered and installed during the C$^{3}$~ 250 operation, still allowing substantial time to realize the benefits from the new developments.

Additional magnets will be required in the beam delivery system. These magnets will be installed during the machine down time during the physics run for C$^{3}$~ 250. The length and design of the BDS for C$^{3}$~ 250 will be sufficient to incorporate the additional magnets for C$^{3}$~ 550.

\subsection{Cost model}

While developing an accurate cost for any major project is a difficult task, it is particularly challenging in the early stages of a proposed facility. However, given the scale of this endeavor, it is important that we use a cost model to guide our selection of parameters, staging and the overall design of the accelerator complex. In an attempt to provide a cost estimate with reasonable accuracy, we have built a cost model for the accelerator that leverages the ILC and CLIC studies to price key components of the accelerator complex. We rely on ILC for the cost of conventional facilities associated with the subsystems of the accelerator complex (e.g. outfitted tunnel, conventional facilities for damping rings), CLIC for the component costs of the injectors, damping, beam delivery and beam transport and ILC for the IR.

In addition, we use the cost of fabrication of our prototype C$^{3}$~ structure to estimate the cost of the cryomodule, and vendor estimates for the cost of the reliquification plants. Similar to ILC and CLIC, here we will quote a Capital Cost for C$^{3}$~ that includes M\&S, procurement of equipment and construction by qualified vendors. This cost specifically excludes laboratory labor and contingency. The cost is quoted in units ILCU=$\$$=CHF for comparison with other concepts.
However, we have not completed an estimate of the laboratory labor required for C$^{3}$~. This would require a detailed plan with industry vendors given that major components (all RF sources, cryomodules, etc.) could be supplied and installed by external vendors.

We emphasize that while this exercise was extremely useful in selecting the key parameters and staging plan for C$^{3}$~, we believe we have reached the limit of utility for cost scaling and we must now evaluate C$^{3}$~ specific subsystems of the accelerator complex. This is critical for two reasons. First, the subsystems have some key differences from earlier designs. For example, the injector should utilize the same C$^{3}$~ technology as the Main Linac.  Also, we have reduced the length of the BDS with a specific energy limit of 550~GeV in order to facilitate fitting the accelerator onto an existing laboratory site. Second, the Main Linac for C$^{3}$~ 250 GeV CM is no longer the cost driver for the overall accelerator complex. \textbf{This places C$^{3}$~ 250 in a unique position where cost savings on any subsystem will have an appreciable impact on the overall cost.} We must now revisit the particle sources, BDS and supporting infrastructure to understand how we can simplify and improve to reduce to overall cost of the facility.

Our present estimate for the capital cost of C$^{3}$~ 250 is in the range of 3.5-4B$\$$ (10\% RF margin, 10 GeV energy margin). The cost breakdown for the accelerator complex is ~35\% sources, ~35\% Main Linac, ~15\% BDS, ~15\% supporting infrastructure. The detailed breakout for one specific scenario is shown in Tab.~\ref{tab:costtable}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c | c | c | c|}
 \hline
    & Sub-Domain & \% & \% \\
 \hline\hline
Sources & Injectors  & 8 & 35\\
        & Damping Rings  & 12  &  \\
        & Beam Transport  & 15  &  \\
        \hline
Main Linac & Cryomodule  & 10 & 33 \\
           & C-band Klystron  & 23 &  \\
            \hline
BDS & Beam Delivery and Final Focus  & 8 & 13\\
 & IR  & 5 & \\
  \hline
Support Infrastructure  & Civil Engineer &  5 & 19\\
  & Common Facilities &  11 & \\
    & Cryo-plant &  3 &  \\

    \hline
    Total & 3.7B\$ & 100 & 100 \\
\hline
 \end{tabular}
\end{center}
 \caption{Cost breakout for C$^{3}$~ 250 operating at 70~MeV/m. Cost of the outfitted tunnel (51k$\$$/m) and the RF source RF source cost ($\$$7.5/peak-kW), derived from ILC and CLIC respectively, are scaled for the length and RF power needed for the Main Linac. The cryomodule cost of (100k$\$$/m) is based on our production costs.}
\label{tab:costtable}
\end{table}

\subsection{New design ideas for normal conducting accelerators}
\label{sec:newdesign}
The C$^{3}$~ structure grew from a study of the fundamental limitations of high accelerating gradients and breakdown in normal conductors. Major improvements in fields and breakdown rates are possible with an optimized cavity shape that limits peak surface electric and magnetic fields, but with the seemingly problematic feature of an iris too small to propagate the fundamental RF mode. This led to the idea of an easily fabricated RF manifold and distributed coupling machined from the same blocks of metal as the accelerator. The distributed coupling powers the cavities at the correct phase and with equal fractions of RF power.  Developing this idea led to the two major advances:

\begin{enumerate}
\item RF power can be distributed to the cells of a copper accelerator individually through a distributed coupling waveguide.  With optimized cavity geometries, this scheme allows us to efficiently power the cells while maintaining strict limits on peak surface electric and magnetic fields.   A diagram of the structure's vacuum space is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:DC}.   The structure can be mass-produced efficiently with currently used techniques.
\item Operating a copper structure at cryogenic temperatures allows us to further reduce RF power requirements while increasing the achievable beam loading and accelerating gradient, through a combination of increased material strength and reduced strain.  A key parameter, the surface resistance, is shown as a function of temperature in Fig.~\ref{fig:surfaces}.  Almost all of the improvement is achieved by operation at liquid nitrogen temperature, 77$^\circ$K.
\end{enumerate}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[trim={0 5.5cm 6cm 6.5cm}, clip, width=0.95\hsize]{figures/DistributedCoupling.pdf}
 \end{center}
\caption{(top) Vacuum space for a one meter long 40-cell C-band accelerating structure operating in the $\pi$ mode. (bottom) The magnitude of the electric and magnetic field in each cavity. Cavity geometries were optimized to limit the electric and magnetic fields strengths. The peak surface electric field to accelerating gradient ratio is 2.22. The perturbation to the magnetic field from the RF coupler increases the peak magnetic field by 1.2.}
\label{fig:DC}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[trim={0 6.5cm 0 7cm}, clip, width=0.65\hsize]{figures/SurfaceResistanceASE.pdf}
 \end{center}
\caption{Surface resistance of copper as a function of temperature including the anomalous skin effect. The reduction for surface resistance at 77K and 5.712 GHz (C-band) is a factor 2.55 compared to 300 K. \cite{Cahill:2016ipac,matula1979electrical}}
\label{fig:surfaces}
\end{figure}

The result of these two advances is a reduction in the required RF power to establish the gradient by greater than a factor of six compared to other normal conducting accelerators with similar beam aperture, see Table~\ref{tab:LCparam}. The RF to beam power efficiency increases significantly to 45$\%$ and plays an important role in the feasibility of extending C$^{3}$~ to the multi-TeV scale. The achievable accelerating gradient also increases.  The  full collider design we propose here has a gradient of 120~MeV/m, but this number is not limited  by the accelerator technology, but rather by an overall optimization with the cost of  RF power.  As we will discuss in Sec.~\ref{sec:TeV}, engineering improvements here can provide a path to much higher energies.

RF accelerators can operate over a wide range of frequencies. Most RF accelerators developed for a linear collider operate between 1-12 GHz. A detailed study of cavity geometry for 1~nC bunches shows that C-band (5.712~GHz) is the optimal frequency to realize C$^{3}$~.  The principal trade-offs are a reduced structure efficiency at lower frequency, but better beam dynamics for the 1~nC electron bunch train. C-band allows us to maintain a highly efficient structure, high gradient operation and excellent beam dynamics with proper damping and detuning of the cavities.

C$^{3}$~ utilizes split-block fabrication to produce $\sim$1~meter structures with all cavities machined out of two or four copper slabs. The cavities are machined with modern CNC methods and the cavity surfaces require no post CNC machining,  greatly reducing the production cost.  Bonding of the two halves is needed, but the bonding is parallel to the direction of current flow and has an extremely small impact on the RF performance of the accelerating mode. Higher-order mode detuning can be  incorporated by adjusting the cavity geometry of each cell during fabrication.  This is already a standard procedure. Slot damping with lossy materials will suppress long range wakefields further.

These two ideas are the basis for a new, highly efficient generation of copper RF accelerators.  We now turn to the question of how these features can be demonstrated to give a firm foundation for the C$^{3}$~ design.

\subsection{Optimization of the RF accelerating structure}

The final accelerator structure for C$^{3}$~ including wakefield damping and detuning will be fabricated and tested in the first year of the demonstration facility described in the next section. This meter scale structure will integrate all of the advanced concepts and meet all of the technical requirements for C$^{3}$~, including operation at high gradient. However, many of these key concepts and design elements have already been demonstrated using current laboratory facilities, and we continue to advance the state of the art to increase the technical readiness of C$^{3}$~.

High gradient operation of a distributed coupling accelerator at normal and cryogenic temperatures has already been demonstrated  (including acceleration of beam) in multiple single and multi-cell structures~\cite{Bane:2018fzj,Nasr:2020acl,cahill2018,tantawi2020}.   High gradient operation with low breakdown rate has been demonstrated at C-band~\cite{simakov2021}. A one-meter C$^{3}$~ prototype was fabricated using the desired split-block technique and passed low power RF tests at cryogenic temperatures~\cite{nanni2021}.  Slot damping features were incorporated into a prototype structure without reducing RF performance. Cryogenic RF properties were measured at C-band,  demonstrating a reduction of a factor of more than 2.5 in RF surface resistance~\cite{nannihg2021}. RF designs for cavity detuning and cavity damping to meet the requirements for a multi-TeV collider have been developed.  Additional structures are now being produced and tested.  Since testing does not necessarily require cryogenic operation, we expect that the structures can be quickly optimized.

Distributed coupling also allows one to optimize the phase advance between cells while adjusting for the cavity length. For the beam aperture in our design, a cavity phase advance of 135$^\circ$ is optimal and increases the shunt impedance (133 M$\Omega$/m) by nearly 10$\%$ over the $\pi$-mode (120 M$\Omega$/m). The structure design assumed in this paper  is a $\pi$-mode accelerator with a factor 2.5 improvement in shunt impedance at 77$^\circ$K,  as was measured in our prototype. However, we will continue to improve this design up through the initial phase of the demonstration facility, in so far as it does not impact the cryomodule design. This approach provides a
300~M$\Omega$/m shunt impedance for its planned mode of operation (beam aperture radius 2.62~mm). For comparison, NLC structures operated with a shunt impedance of up to 98~M$\Omega$/m for the periodic cells (with a standing wave equivalent shunt impedance of 50~M$\Omega$/m)~\cite{nlc},
albeit with a larger aperture (beam aperture radius 3.75~mm).
CLIC structures currently under consideration operate with a shunt impedance of 95.4~M$\Omega$/m (with a standing wave equivalent shunt impedance of 39~M$\Omega$/m) and a beam aperture radius 3.15-2.35 mm~\cite{clic}.

Combining all of these advances into a single mass-producible accelerating structure remains a high priority that must be completed early in the demonstration facility phase of the program.  We plan that the complete damped and detuned accelerating structure design will be fabricated in the first year of the demonstration facility,  allowing for engineering refinements of the structure. The accelerating structure can be fully tested outside of the cryomodule,  allowing for multiple iterations during the operation of the demonstration facility if these are needed.

\subsection{A C$^{3}$~ demonstration facility}

To complete the TDR for the accelerator that we describe here, we will need a full demonstration of the
C$^{3}$~ Main Linac technology on the GeV scale.  This demonstration can  be done  in parallel with the preparation of the TDR. The outstanding technical achievements of the ILC, CLIC and NLC collaborations are central to the rapid realization of the C$^{3}$~ proposal. Many of the subsystems for the accelerator complex are interchangeable between linear collider concepts with manageable modifications to account for variations in pulse format and beam energy.  Because these subsystems are already mature, the C$^{3}$~ demonstration facility can  focus on the specific  set of technical milestones
associated with the C$^{3}$~ concept itself:

\begin{itemize}
\item Development of a fully engineered and operational cryomodule including linac supports, alignment, magnets, BPMs,  RF/electrical feedthroughs, liquid and gaseous nitrogen flow, and safety features.
\item Operation of the cryomodule under the full thermal load of the Main Linac and maximum liquid nitrogen flow velocity over the accelerators in the cryomodule, demonstrating an  acceptable level of  vibrations.
\item Operation with a multi-bunch photo-injector to induce wake fields, using 8 high charge bunches
 and a tunable-delay witness bunch.
\item Achievement of  120~MeV/m accelerating gradient in single bunch mode for an energy gain of 1~GeV in a single cryomodule, including tests at higher gradients to establish breakdown rates.
\item Acceleration and wakefield effect measurements with a fully damped-detuned structure.
\item Development, in partnership with industry, of the baseline  C-band RF source unit that will be installed with the Main Linac. The RF source unit will be modified from existing industrial product lines.

\end{itemize}

A dedicated demonstration facility can complete these milestones within 5 years.  This short timeline is possible because the footprint of the facility is small and can utilize existing accelerator infrastructure.  It can leverage existing DOE test facilities ({\it e.g.},  SLAC's End Station B).  It  would require only 18 commercially-available 50~MW RF sources to achieve the full string test, as described below.   Though we anticipate building additional modules, it should be  possible to finalize the design of the accelerating structure including demonstrations of accelerating gradient and detuning/damping  prior to completion of the cryomodule.

We plan for a string test of 3 9-meter cryomodules assembled in series.   The 18 RF sources will suffice to power all three cryomodules  at 70~MeV/m, two modules at 120~MeV/m, or one module  at 170~MeV/m.  This will provide a variety of tests of the robustness of the accelerator design.  These include a full structure test at the expected gradient for C$^{3}$~ 250 and tests of full-power operation at the expected gradient of the C$^{3}$~ 550, with a minimum of three cryomodules.  Operating the structures at up to 170~MeV/m could provide the margin and breakdown statistics needed to confirm a higher gradient of operation for the energy upgrade to C$^{3}$~ 550 (for example, 155~MeV/m) in the exact same footprint as C$^{3}$~ 250 or for a multi-TeV extension of the Main Linac. In any configuration, the facility will test the vibration-tolerance in cryogenic operation.  Modification of the RF source for tunnel-ready mass production can proceed in parallel to the demonstration of the cryomodules. This five-year timeline is well aligned with the timeline for the  preparation of the C$^{3}$~ TDR,  which would  be informed by the progress of the demonstration facility for the Main Linac specifications.

Both the demonstration facility and the full TDR would require an O(100M$\$$) investment. For the TDR this is based on the effort required to produce the ILC TDR~\cite{Bambade:2019fyw}.

\begin{comment}
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c | c |}
 \hline
    & M\$ \\
 \hline\hline
Clean Out, Electrical Upgrades, Utilities & 10 \\
Bunker Modifications / Controls  & 15 \\
Major Equipment (Modulators, Klystrons, Linacs)  & 45 \\
Beam Line and C$^{3}$~ Cryomodule & 23 \\
Labor for Installation and Commissioning & 17 \\

    \hline
    Total & 110 \\
\hline
 \end{tabular}
\end{center}
 \caption{Cost breakout for a demonstration facility to design, build and fully qualify a C$^{3}$~ cryomodule operating at 120~MeV/m assuming SLAC's End Station B as the site. Estimates include 65\% contingency. \textcolor{red}{[Is this breakout helpful or better to just say O(100M$\$$) for now?]}}
\label{tab:DFcosttable}
\end{table}
\end{comment}

This demonstration facility could also be utilized to pursue additional technical milestones which could have significant impact on improving the accelerator complex on the timescale of the TDR. This would include the demonstration of a cryogenic RF photo-injector capable of producing a polarized electron beam with a brightness sufficient to eliminate the electron damping ring, and the development of RF pulse compressors which would simplify cooling requirements (critical for electrical power consumption with expansion of the complex to the multi-TeV scale) and potentially reduce the overall RF source cost.

After completion of the demonstration milestones for C$^{3}$~, this facility would continue on with a high impact R\&D program.  It would provide opportunities to further advance the state of the art for C$^{3}$~ upgrades (improvement of RF sources, testing with different bunch parameters and pulse formats, {\it etc.}).  The demonstration accelerator would also provide a source or injector to  enable R\&D opportunities for other advanced accelerator concepts (such as gamma-gamma colliders, plasma wakefield acceleration, structure wakefield acceleration, {\it etc.}).  These alternate concepts could also include C$^{3}$~ technology in their eventual implementation.   The facility would also carry out research on  related accelerator R\&D (FELs, beam dynamics, extreme bunch compression, {\it etc.}),  including the possibility of staging multiple cryomodules to achieve higher energy.

\subsection{Development of an ultra-low-emittance $e^-$ gun}
\label{sec:coldgun}

The significant increase in peak surface fields with cryogenic copper also opens a new frontier in the development of high brightness polarized electron sources~\cite{Rosenzweig2018}. The achieved surface fields in cryogenic copper structures are in principal sufficient to produce an asymmetric-emittance low enough that it would negate the need for the electron damping ring~\cite{Robles2021}. Early stage R\&D for this cryo-RF electron gun is underway, so that  a source of this type could be utilized for the demonstration facility. If fully realized on this timescale, it could be adopted for the baseline TDR C$^{3}$~ proposal.

\subsection{Low cost RF source development}

As the facility energy increases, RF source cost plays and every larger role. To mitigate this, we can either make more efficient RF accelerator structures (at least until beam loading dominates) or reduce the cost of RF sources. Recognizing this need, the DOE General Accelerator R\&D road-map for RF Accelerators calls out a goal of developing concepts which will be able to reduce the current large-volume unit cost of about \$7.5/peak-kW to \$2/peak-kW of RF. Many concepts are being pursued to achieve this goal \cite{AF7rf}, and the C$^{3}$~ demonstration facility would be and excellent proving ground for maturing this technology and integrating it in a compatible way with the overall system's RF-only energy upgrade. There would be a 15 year-window from the start of the demonstration facility construction to the energy upgrade in order to develop these concepts and transition them to industry.

\subsection{Operation at 3~TeV with 120~MeV/m}
\label{sec:3tev}

Starting from the design parameters of the C$^{3}$~ 550 collider and simply extending the length, it is straightforward to propose a design for a 3~TeV $e^+e^-$ collider.  As an example, we present a parameter set  assuming the same accelerating gradient, 120~MeV/m.
 Each side of the BDS would need to be extended to 3~km. The main linac length would be 13.5~km on each side. The total footprint of the complex would be 33~km or approximately the length of ILC in the 500~GeV TDR. The design of the main linac would match our previous study at 2~TeV center of mass energy \cite{Bane:2018fzj} and the parameters would scale linearly. Given the timescale of a 3~TeV center of mass energy collider, we assume a reduced RF source cost of $\$$2/peak-kW which is the target cost for the GARD RF Roadmap.

 We emphasize that experimentation at this collider is a direct extension of lower energy experiments. The experimental environment would be close to that already studied in full simulation by the CLIC collaboration~\cite{Roloff:2018dqu}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c | c | c | c |}
 \hline
  Parameter  & Unit & Value  & Value \\
 \hline\hline
Center of Mass Energy   & GeV & 250 & 3000 \\
 \hline\hline
Temperature & K  & 77 & 77\\
Main Linac Cost & G$\$$/TeV & 4.8 & 3\\
Accel. Grad. & MeV/m & 70 & 120\\
RF Source Cost & $\$$/peak kW & 7.5 & 2\\
RF Compressors & k$\$$/m  & n/a & 15\\
Pulse Length  & ns & 700 &  250\\
Cryogenic Load at 77 K & MW & 9 &  36.6\\
Est. AC Power for RF Sources  & MW  & 40 &  395\\
Est. Electrical Power for Cryogenic Cooling  & MW  & 60 &  255\\
RF Source efficiency (AC line to linac) & $\%$  & 65 & 65\\

\hline
 \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Main Linac parameters for C$^{3}$~ at 3~TeV center of mass energy.}
 \label{tab:TeVmainlinacparam}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c | c | c | c |}
 \hline
  Parameter  & Unit &  &  \\
 \hline\hline
Center of Mass Energy  & GeV & 550 & 3000 \\
Luminosity  & x$10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$  & 2.4 & 6 \\
Single Beam Power  & MW & 2.5 & 13.5 \\
Single Linac Active Length   & km  & 2.45 &  13.4 \\
Injection Energy Main Linac & GeV  & 10 & 10  \\
Train Rep. Rate & Hz & 120 & 120  \\
Bunch Charge & nC & 1 & 1 \\
Flat-Top RF Pulse Length & ns & 260 & 260 \\
Bunch Spacing & Periods (ns)  & 20 (3.5) &  17 (3.5) \\
Average Current  &$\mu$A  & 9 & 9 \\
Peak Current & A & 0.3 & 0.3 \\
Loaded Accelerating Gradient & MeV/m &  120 & 120\\
RF Power for Structure Flat-Top & MW/m &  80 & 80\\

\hline
 \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Main Linac parameters for C$^{3}$~ upgrade path.}
 \label{tab:mainlinacparams2}
\end{table}

\subsection{Ideas for Higher-Gradient Operation}
\label{sec:highergradient}

To reach CM energies of 10~TeV and above, with conventional RF acceleration, we will need to achieve accelerating gradients significantly higher than 120~MeV/m.
The possibility of operating the C$^{3}$~ accelerator at higher gradients is a tantalizing one. Experiments at both room and low-temperature have significantly exceeded the 120~MeV/m accelerating gradient proposed for C$^{3}$~ 550. Gradients of up to 250~MeV/m have been achieved in cryogenic RF structures in this frequency range. Unfortunately, the required RF power scales as the accelerating gradient squared which increases the overall cost of the Main Linac. Space limitations, significant reductions in RF power cost, or improved accelerator structure shunt impedance (efficiency) may render the operation at higher gradient more appealing. During the timescale of the demonstration facility we will have the  opportunity to push the accelerating gradient of the C$^{3}$~ linac well beyond 120~MeV/m, measure the break down rate in realistic operating conditions and make a determination of the physical limit of the installed cryomodules capacity for higher gradient.

Operating beyond 250~MeV/m for an RF accelerator would require a new topology for the linac. One possibility that is actively being researched is the use of shorter RF pulses and higher repetition rates at significantly higher frequencies (100-300 GHz). Structures in this frequency range have exceeded GV/m surface fields. High frequency structures made significant progress in recent years and are now being utilized for beam acceleration and beam manipulation but still require significant R\&D before formulating a proposal for a high energy facility. Extensive investigations into the beam dynamics of such structures are required to confirm the viability for a high luminosity application such as a linear collider. Studies of beam transport in these structures with high gradients (500~MeV/m) and pC bunches indicate it is possible to transport the beam while accounting for effects from short and long range wakes. Long range wakefields are particularly challenging at high frequency. Operating with a bunch in every RF period is one approach to increasing the beam current and allow only for harmonic excitation of higher order modes. The harmonics would need to be at integer multiples of the drive frequency greatly reducing the number of modes which must be damped. With a bunch charge of 1~pC in every cycle, operation at 300 GHz would provide the same peak current during the RF pulse as C$^{3}$~ 550. Recovering luminosity would require high repetition rates and reduced beam emittance. Powering of such structures would also require very different approach than presently envisioned for C$^{3}$~. High frequency RF sources can be extremely efficient with fast-wave cyclotron resonance masers and long pulse formats. Matching these RF sources to high luminosity applications requires the development of active quasi-optical pulse compression which is ongoing. Beam-driven (wakefield) RF sources, as envision for CLIC, may also be a possible option for such high frequency operation.

Finally, although C-band is the optimal frequency for the 250—500~GeV region, it has been discussed since the 1990's that higher frequencies could be preferred for operation  with smaller bunches to obtain greater power efficiency at higher gradients
 (see, for example, \cite{Zimmermann:1998et}).   Attempts then to realize this approach stumbled on the issue of breakdown.  It is now appealing to revisit this program in the light of the advances from C$^{3}$~, to see whether operation at X- or even W-band can give a practical route to very high gradients.

\subsection{Mitigating the $e^+e^-$ beam-beam interaction}
\label{sec:beambeam}

The $e^+e^-$ beam-beam interaction grows rapidly in the multi-TeV region, limiting the luminosity. What can be done about this? First, we are talking here about a discovery, not a precision machine. We can live with 20-30\% spread in the luminosity spectrum.  At  10 TeV energies, the path length
$c\tau\gamma$ of $b$ and $c$ quarks and $\tau$ leptons is 20 cm or more, so no vertex detector is needed.  The major problem with an $e^+e^-$  design is  then to convey the disrupted beam safely to the beam dump.

To work at the highest luminosities, though, it becomes advantageous to convert
the electron beam to a photon beam and use the electron collider as a $\gamma$—$\gamma$ collider.
   There are three ways that this conversion can be accomplished.   The first is to
Compton scattering from the beam of a high-power micron-wavelength laser.   These lasers are undergoing rapid
development in brightness and repetition rate~\cite{Falcone:2020lou}.    The second is to Compton scattering with a
Free-Electron Laser as the photon source,  using  a short C$^{3}$~ accelerator as a driver~\cite{Barklow}.   A third, still rather speculative,
approach is to use short $e^+e^-$ bunches in the deep quantum regime of beamstrahlung to generate
the hard photons~\cite{Blankenbecler:1988te,Yakimenko:2018kih}.   There is room here also for many new ideas.

As we pursue the practical goal of building a C$^{3}$~ Higgs factory, we will also pursue the lines of investigation sketched here toward designing a linear collider for the 10-TeV energy region based on the C$^{3}$~ concept.  This path starts with many advantages over competing competing technologies.  We are optimistic that it can reach the goal.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The final day of TechCrunch Disrupt was marked by a fierce competition between six great new programs. What got us most excited at Untapped were the two new consumer companies that stood out as having the best chance to help us get more out of New York and actually affect our lives in the next few months, Sonar and Getaround!
Sonar is one of those, "Why didn't I think of that?" programs. Once you interact with it and start using it, you wonder why no one's ever made it. According to Founder and CEO, Brett Martin, Sonar gives you the power to find out who is in the room rather than find out where your other friends are – it's a way to make new friends, business contacts, and connections simply by checking to see how you're related to other people at your venue. Brett's endearing nervousness captured the crowd's enthusiasm and it easily was the hometown favorite during the demos. While it did not win, we know it's going to quickly begin making a big impact on the way we see who's in a room when we enter it.
Despite the love for NYC-based Sonar, it's hard to argue against Getaround. The service lets you lend and rent your car anytime its free. Owners simply register their cars and then renters can find available cars and prices on the app, book one, and use the app to actually unlock the car doors. That and they had an awesome new Tesla Roadster in Pier 94 to show off how you could open its trunk with the iPhone. Getaround has the potential to upend Zipcar and traditional car rental companies by crowdsourcing surplus car hours when people's cars' are sitting idle. So, whether you're trying to make a trip to Fire Island or just Staten Island this summer, you will have a new option – one that is vastly more democratic than any to date. Congratulations Getaround.


text:
Q: laptop wireless LAN radio I just found on my new laptop something new to me - "wireless LAN radio". Wonder what it is doing on my little laptop? Is it more safer to turn if off on my new laptop?

A: This is just fancy name for Wireless card.
Whether you will turn it on depends on whether you wish to connect to some wireless network. If wireless radio is turned off, there is no possibility of connecting.
You may consider turning it of if you are not using wireless anyhow and you wish to extend your battery life (although not by much - if it is not used, it is asleep anyhow).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Important holidays have long been associated with large feasts and for centuries have functioned as an excuse to treat family and guests to something special. Christmas in Greece is no exception: there are many culinary traditions associated with the Christmas season, known as Dodekaimero (twelve days), which officially begins on December 24 and ends on January 6.
Nowadays many Greeks associate the Christmas table with a roast stuffed turkey, a tradition that arrived in Europe from North America, particularly Mexico, around the 1820s. It gradually became fashionable in Greek cities and over time turned into a Christmas staple, with a traditional stuffing prepared mainly with chestnuts, chopped turkey liver, minced meat, pine nuts and raisins.
Yet there are numerous other culinary traditions, often specific to certain regions in Greece, with much deeper roots. Just as many big Christian celebrations like Christmas and Easter replaced older existing pagan celebrations that occurred during the same season, a lot of these festive traditions were actually adopted and adapted to the times accordingly.
Sweets are always plentiful during the Christmas season, with kourambiedes, melomakarona and diples being the most famous. Yet there are many other Christmas culinary traditions that also symbolize prosperity, abundance, good luck and health, as well as some that focus more on the idea of birth and honoring the pregnant holy mother and her baby. Plus, since such celebrations were always a good excuse to eat foods that were once considered a luxury, it's no surprise that many of these regional dishes involve meat of some sort.
The factor uniting these different traditions is that they were and still are an important reason to bring the family together come Christmastime.
Pork is, without a doubt, the traditional Christmas dish eaten in most parts of the country. It's a custom that actually derives from ancient Greece. During the same season, farmers used to sacrifice a pig to honor the god Cronos, who was later renamed as Saturn by the Romans, and his daughter Demeter, the goddess of the harvest and fertility, and ensure a good harvest.
This tradition was continued over the years, and rural households around the country – especially those involved in agriculture – still breed a pig for the express purpose of slaughtering it before Christmas (between late October and Christmas Eve depending on the region), a practice known as hoirosfagia (pig slaughtering) or gourounochara (which surprisingly translates as "pig happiness").
The ceremony in many cases involves music, feasting and drinking, and is almost a separate festivity on its own. All parts of the pig are put to good use: the animal is cured and preserved in different ways, with the best parts kept aside for the Christmas table. And when we say nothing goes to waste, we mean it: the skin is used for shoes, the hair to make brushes and the bones for broth.
Recipes vary according to the region, but pork is most often roasted or cooked as a stew, usually with cabbage, leeks or celery (particularly in central Greece). For example, in Trikala, an area in the country's agricultural heartland, they make gournada, a delicious pig roast with potatoes. And on the island of Cephalonia, they make poutrida, a spicy stew out of pork cooked with cabbage, cauliflower and paprika, while in the Peloponnese it is usually roasted, baked or braised with cabbage.
Crete is known for oven-baked pork prepared with lemon leaves, which give the dish a special fragrance; but sausages, apaki (cured pork), tsigarides (crispy suet) and other pork-based delicacies are also made there.
In Thrace (northeastern Greece) they prepare a kind of sausage called bambo, pork intestines stuffed with minced meat and offal, rice and spices. Come Christmas Eve, it is traditionally put on a low fire to cook overnight so that it's ready to be eaten on Christmas morning after church.
Particularly popular in the Dodecanese islands, northern Greece and Epirus (northwestern Greece) is sarmades or lachanodolmades. Here the pork is minced and, nowadays, often mixed with beef. Chopped herbs and rice are added to the meat, then tightly rolled in cabbage leaves and usually served in avgolemono, an egg-and-lemon sauce that beautifully brings out the flavor of both the pork and cabbage. The cabbage leaves tightly wrapped around the stuffing symbolize the swaddling clothes that Jesus was wrapped in.
Locals on the island of Samos prepare, among other delicacies, paspalas (cured pork belly) and pichti. The latter, which means "thick," is a meat jelly made of pig's head (it can be found in other parts of Greece under the name tsiladia or ziladia). After it has simmered for quite a while, the meat is chopped and then often mixed with other chopped or sliced ingredients such as eggs, carrots, capers, green olives and green peppercorns. The key component to the recipe is lots and lots of lemon juice, which actually helps it set and gives it the look and texture of jelly.
Greeks have traditionally cooked chicken soup on Christmas Eve, to be eaten once they returned home from the Christmas Eve church services. This dish is still prepared in parts of Greece, but mostly in Thessaly and Crete.
Msoura, a whole chicken covered with chopped leeks and stuffed with chopped chicken livers, raisins, rice and chestnuts, is still prepared in parts of Thessaloniki (one could call it a predecessor to the Christmas turkey). Whereas on Corfu and Lefkada (islands located in the Ionian sea, off the coast of northwestern Greece), rooster cooked in tomato sauce and served with pasta is traditionally served on Christmas.
Christopsomo (Christ's Bread), a symbol of prosperity, is still quite popular across Greece, although few people bake it at home since it's so widely available in bakeries. This round shaped white bread is covered in sesame seeds and decorated with a big cross in the center; often you'll find shelled walnuts, symbolizing fertility, on top as well.
In several parts of Greece, including Crete, the ornate decoration of this bread is very important, as it's a symbol of the divine power. To honor this particular bread's symbolic importance, high-quality ingredients like honey, rosewater, nuts, sesame seeds, and aromatic spices such as cinnamon and clove are used. The oldest member of the family is traditionally the one who will stand up, mark a cross on top of it and then slice the loaf before the meal commences.
Another variation of christopsomo is sykotourta (literally "fig cake"), a tradition from the Greek province of Macedonia. Sykotourta is a sourdough bread made with olive oil, flour, water and salt, and sweetened with black raisins and chopped dried figs. Like christopsomo, this bread is also decorated with a symbolic cross on top to bring good luck, happiness and blessings.
Kouloura is another version of Christ's Bread that is perhaps most famous on the Ionian island of Zakynthos, where the round-shaped bread is served on important Christian holidays and sometimes even on weddings, and Sparta in the Peloponnese, where the bread is in the shape of a cross and beautifully decorated with shelled almonds and walnuts.
The ornate decoration of christopsomo is very important, as it's a symbol of the divine power.
The kouloura on Zakynthos is something between a cake and a bread usually made with 15 ingredients including lots of aromatic spices like cinnamon, clove and anise, olive oil, red wine, raisins, pine nuts and walnuts, orange juice and mandarin zest. The bread is elaborately decorated with dough and hidden inside is a silver or golden coin called ηύρεμα, or evrema (finding). On Christmas Eve, the bread is baked in a traditional wood-burning oven and kept warm until the evening when dinner is served. When the family finally gathers around the Christmas table, they place at its center a large platter with the kouloura on it and red wine.
Before they commence their simple meal of broccoli soup, olives and onions (tradition calls for them to fast in order to receive communion at church the next morning), the oldest male family member grabs the platter with the bread and the rest of the family place their hands around the platter. Together they pass it over the burning fireplace, cross it three times and pour a mix of olive oil and wine on top of it while singing religious psalms.
The bread is returned to the table where the oldest member of the family slices it. The first piece goes to Jesus, but the rest are handed out to the family members, all of whom are eagerly waiting to see if they'll find the coin – which brings good luck – in their slice.
Sweet and savory pies have been an important part of Greek cuisine for centuries. Epirus, the mountainous region in northwestern Greece is particularly famous for the pies, so it's no surprise that you'll find a wide variety on the Christmas table there: a meat pie, kosmeri (a type of cheese pie), batsaria (a type of spinach pie), galatopita (a sweet milk pie) and a sweet pumpkin pie usually make an appearance. In Arcadia, down south in the Peloponnese, meat pie is a popular dish served on Christmas, while ladopita (sweet olive oil pie with almonds, cinnamon and sesame seeds) is prepared on the island of Lefkada.
In Thrace, each household sets the table on Christmas Eve with nine different foods in order to ensure an abundance of food throughout the year. According to folk legend, the number nine represents either the nine months of Mary's pregnancy or the nine places that Joseph and Mary stopped at before arriving at the Nativity scene. Every single food on the table – christopsomo, beans with pickled cabbage, boiled wheat, rizopita (rice pie), fruit, onions, honey, saragli (a type of baklava) and wine – carries a symbolic meaning.
In Zagorochoria, the mountainous villages of Epirus, locals prepare spargana on Christmas Eve. Literally translated as "swaddling clothes," spargana represent the clothes baby Jesus was wrapped in. A type of pancake made with flour, water, salt and sugar, spargana are traditionally baked in the fireplace on a hot stone instead of in a frying pan (lots of people bake them in the oven nowadays). They are served in a stack with lots of chopped walnuts in between the pancakes and on top, and drizzled with sugar syrup or honey.


As Arizona prepares for monsoon season, the state's changing weather patterns are kicking up more than just dust.
The state has seen a large increase of Valley Fever cases over the last decade and the change in weather could be to blame as Arizona becomes drier and dustier.
Valley Fever is an infectious disease caused by a fungus that grows in the soil of Sonoran desert surrounding Phoenix. Exposure occurs after a spore from the fungus becomes airborne because of soil disruption, and is inhaled. Last year, Arizona had 12,000 reported cases of Valley Fever.
Valley Fever symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever, and rash. Muscle and joint aches are also common. The condition is commonly misdiagnosed and symptoms can continue for months.
The Valley Fever Center at St. Joseph's began treating patients last year and gives patients the best available treatment options for the disease.


According to the United States Department of Homeland Security, if you are in a situation where there is an active shooter in your area, it is best to follow three basic steps.
Have an escape route and plan in mind. Know where the exits are located.


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The Terminator, Napa-style
17. Time for Democracy to Reassert Itself
Much of the work of the Mennen Environmental Foundation was done in the house on Sylvaner Avenue at the kitchen table, made from a two-hundred-year-old barn gate from Mexico, where light fell from a chandelier of elk antlers and from a lamp made of an old saguaro cactus trunk.
On a shelf stood a tightly woven Pomo basket, given to Carlene Mennen by her friend Yolande Beard, dead now, author of the elegant little book Wappo, about Napa Valley's indigenous people. Hanging nearby was a prayer wand of wild turkey and grouse feathers dedicated to the health of Turtle Island, the Cherokee name for planet Earth. The barn gate was spread with letters, press clippings, photocopies of documents relating to half a dozen issues, pads, and reference books.
Carlene had no computer on this command deck. She didn't want to be bombarded with e-mails and other time-wasting electronic messages when the really big stuff—wilderness inventories, the health of fish, redwood and live oak preservation—had better ways of making itself known.
This was usually through the resonance of the human voice. The telephone was her chosen instrument, quick, direct, capable of transmitting more than information—resolve, strategic nuance, sometimes anger. Carlene got calls at seven in the morning from Washington, D.C., such as the one from Senator Barbara Boxer, who wanted Carlene to fund a political action committee. Carlene kept up with campaigns all over the country because, in the end, everything was political.
It was after a lobbying trip to Washington and a session in the office of Senator Dianne Feinstein that Carlene had decided to go back to Napa and work on her own. Now while Peter sat in the post office receiving bureaucratic directives about what sort of art to hang on the bathroom walls, Carlene worked away here, "under the canopy," a figurative screen from public view of her string-jerking in twenty different environmental causes, from Utah to Oregon, from the nation's capital to the California coast. She didn't want recognition, she wanted to affect the argument.
Her husband called her the Terminator. "Don't try to hide anything from Carlene," Peter Mennen would tell people, laughing. "She's out there, over the curve of the earth. She sees things come up long before the rest of us see them."
One afternoon Peter came home from work and stood at the kitchen sink, eating a leftover sandwich and gazing out into the narrow backyard. The day of legal decision had come. "I have to think things over for weeks," he said, "but Carlene decides immediately. With her, there's no difference between a good idea and an act."
Her philosophy of philanthropy was simple: empower activists with real science, then empower them with real money. She had told Chris Malan to handle oversight on the litigation and report to her. The Mennen Foundation had financed the study of the Napa River, to provide scientific ammunition for the courts and for the political arena; Carlene had helped Chris find the experts to do the ongoing research, part of a wider look at cumulative effects on the watershed, the objective being a long-term recovery plan to restore the river and the wild-land corridors. The fight was no longer about parks and open space, it was about conservation biology and sustainability—more important, harder to win.
Money was credibility, but it could also be destructive. The national assumption nowadays was that if you had a lot of money you had to build an in-your-face mansion and an in-nature's-face vineyard. Those building them didn't want to be told what to do, but they were telling everybody else what to do—accommodate my spectacle, my erosion, my water diversion, my herbicides and pesticides. Well, wine was a luxury, and an economy based on luxury shouldn't be allowed to destroy the landscape.
There was sufficient money in the valley to achieve anything, she knew The Culinary Institute of America could actively promote local organic food and responsible farming, and the American Center for Wine, Food and the Arts celebrate and support the ecosystem in which it sat, but they had no plans to do so. Vintners, vineyard developers, and promoters of the Center would rather call Chris and people like her radical than look at the radical things they themselves were doing, such as building a tourist attraction in the middle of the floodplain and then diverting the river.
They should be thinking about the Dust Bowl, not about Burgundy and Bordeaux. Public agencies shouldn't be assisting agriculture in destroying the hillsides with public money, something that was truly radical, and the supervisors should be protecting the rights of the people and not getting caught up in the idea that grapes are the one true cross.
The vintners couldn't see that maintaining the ecology of the river was important, or that other people were affected by their activities. If they'd take a hard look at this, Carlene thought, something could be worked out. Instead, the vintners were turning the valley into a feudal state.
It was time for democracy to reassert itself. She and Peter had decided on the litigation strategy as a way to refocus the argument. Assisting them was not just Lippe but also Bill Yeates, founder of the Mountain Lion Foundation and a recognized environmental attorney in Sacramento who had led a successful statewide initiative to protect the mountain lion. They had talked to representatives in Congress and with the folks at the Center for Conservation Biology in Oakland. They were ready. The Mennen Environmental Foundation was considering a future suit over water allotments in the county, one part of a years-long strategy. But first things first.
Napa, the movie (maybe)
Pity the rich
Was the resource already lost?
Hooking up with John Muir
Driving a Caddy convertible's dangerous

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Charles Lynn Oakley (born July 7, 1931) is a former professional American football player. He was drafted in the 23rd round of the 1954 NFL draft by the Chicago Cardinals, with whom he played for one game as a defensive back, in 1954. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for the LSU Tigers football team. He was born in Montgomery, Alabama and attended high school in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

References

1931 births
living people
Players of American football from Montgomery, Alabama
American football defensive backs
LSU Tigers football players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Home/Uncategorized/NEWS – ECOCLEEN BUYS REGENCY CLEANING SERVICE IN MULTI-MILLION POUND DEAL
NEWS – ECOCLEEN BUYS REGENCY CLEANING SERVICE IN MULTI-MILLION POUND DEAL
Ecocleen has completed the acquisition of Regency Cleaning Services, a family-owned cleaning business based in Henley-on-Thames, in a deal worth up to £2.5 million. The successful takeover will enable the company to increase its presence within key sectors – most notably education and motor retail – while expanding its nationwide franchise network.
"Regency Cleaning Services is a likeminded and profitable business that will immediately strengthen a number of existing franchisees while helping us create new franchise areas," explains Jean-Henri Beukes, Managing Director of Ecocleen. "Their cleaners, supervisors and managers share our passion for service excellence and innovation, so will be valuable additions to our team. Their MD, Darran Penny, will also join us as Commercial Director and brings more than 20 years of experience within the cleaning industry."
With an annual turnover in excess of £4 million, Regency Cleaning Services operates throughout Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire supporting over 100 clients. The company's team of over 500 staff are responsible for delivering cleaning, waste management, porterage and maintenance services to variety of private and public sector sites such as schools, nurseries, offices and car showrooms.
"This is the first of a number of strategic acquisitions we are planning as we look to accelerate our growth within the UK. We are seeking further opportunities in London, the South-East, South-West and North-West, which will add value and expertise to our business and existing infrastructure. These are exciting times for Ecocleen and expect to make further announcement in the coming months," adds Beukes.
Ecocleen is a leading commercial contract cleaning provider that is passionate about service excellence, technological innovation and the environment. With a unique franchised business model, the company delivers national excellence with local expertise across a diverse mix of industry sectors. As a result, Ecocleen currently services 19 million sq ft of office, retail, healthcare and industrial space, handling contracts of all sizes for both private and public sector organisations.
By sally-ann@ecocleen.co.uk|2019-12-13T12:56:57+00:0014/10/2019|Uncategorized|0 Comments
A VIDEO INTERVIEW WITH THE CHAIRMAN
2019 A YEAR IN REVEIW
An Extended Testimonial from Ann Edwards Church of England Primary School
ECOCLEEN ADOPTS ADVANCED RIGHT TO WORK CHECKS SOLUTION
MAKING CLEANING WORK FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Ecocleen
Day Care and Nurseries
Copyright © Ecocleen Services Ltd


text:
Now reading: Hanowa Swiss Military Watch
Hanowa Swiss Military Watch
Welcome to our content about "Hanowa Swiss Military Watch"
Hanowa Watches
Hanowa Watches, This upcoming year, Hanowa Watch is set to release a range of new watches. Many of the watches are designed for both men and women, and all are made with a high-quality finish and classic design. The company's new watches come in both quartz movements and automatic movements, and they are all extremely accurate and time-keeping devices. If you're looking for a unique watch to wear on your wrist, then look no further than Hanowa Watch.
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Swiss Military Watch Hanowa Chronograph, The Swiss Military Watch HANOWA CHRONOGRAPH is a unique and stylish timepiece that has impressed many people. Its high-quality components and beautiful design make it a perfect choice for anyone looking for an elegant timepiece. The watch is also very accurate, making it an ideal choice for those who need to be precise with their time.
Heart Eternity Ring
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"The Scrum Master is responsible for ensuring Scrum is understood and enacted".
Rationale for change: this whole paragraph makes the SM a process enforcer rather than a servant leader. Suggesting a better way of phrasing it.
I've struggled with this language, but I am not in favor of changing it in this way. This language is challenging and has caused me to read more deeply into the SG. I've had to work to reconcile the larger context presented in the guide with phrases like this. As a Scrum Master, it has spurred me to act with more courage being given so weighty a responsibility.
Moreover, if responsibility is understood within it's connotative range of meaning, the Scrum Master may instead be "taking on the burden" of ensuring that Scrum is understood enacted.
To accomplish this as a servant-leader, an Scrum Master is forced to deeply understand Scrum and deeply respect those in her Scrum team and organization. Her expert and referent power must grow and she must avoid coercing, rewarding, or seeking "legitimate" power by being appointed to a position of authority.
An alternative is to read "responsible" as meaning that the Scrum Master's neck is on the line for Scrum being enacted. Surely, if such were the case in environments where Scrum is not well understood or adopted it would be a harrowing and precarious role indeed whether or not the Scrum Master has the authority to mandate behavior.
The language could probably be tweaked to be clearer in it's intent, but I find the context of the Scrum guide is sufficient for accurate interpretation. Furthermore, the language has had a positive effect on me and my growth as a Scrum Master.


Chanyeol and Sehun of EXO dropped a digital single, "We Young," at 6 p.m. Friday.
The EXO duo's joint work is part of S.M. Entertainment's digital music project, "STATION X 0," which kicked off with Taeyeon's "Page 0" in August.
The single was previously performed at EXO's Seoul concert in July, which was well-received by fans.
Fellow EXO member Baekhyun collaborated with rapper Loco prior to Chanyeol and Sehun's project.
Watch the music video at https://www.vlive.tv/video/88982.
Black Pink dropped a video message on Friday encouraging fans to come watch the band at its upcoming concert in Seoul.
"Black Pink 2018 Tour 'In Your Area' Seoul will be held on Nov. 10 and 11 at Olympic Gymnastics Arena," announced the band.
Watch Black Pink's message at https://www.vlive.tv/video/88862.
"Girls for Rest," a reality show featuring the five members of Oh! GG, has already reached its 30th episode.
In next week's episode, the Oh! GG members arrive at a huge mansion in Antibes, a Mediterranean resort located in southeastern France.
"This is unreal," Sunny marveled.
They enjoyed a candlelit dinner at the beach, with a magnificent view.
Watch the trailer at https://www.vlive.tv/video/88557.


text:
namespace Yuki.Api.Projects.DeleteProject
{
    using System;
    using Optional;
    using Yuki.Data;

    using static Optional.Option;

    public class Command : ICommand<Request, Response, Exception>
    {
        private readonly Repository<Project> repository;

        public Command(Repository<Project> repository)
        {
            this.repository = repository;
        }

        public Option<Response, Exception> Execute(Request req)
        {
            try
            {
                return None<Response, Exception>(new NotImplementedException());
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return None<Response, Exception>(ex);
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Szwajcaria:
 Brigels – niemiecka nazwa gminy Breil/Brigels
 Brigels – niemiecka nazwa miejscowości Breilles w gminie Courtepin, w kantonie Fryburg, w okręgu Lac

Zobacz też:
 Breil/Brigels


November has been relatively mild so far by British standards but we know how quickly the weather can turn in this country and when it inevitably does this winter your home needs to be able to cope with it.
Having an energy efficient home is vital and that's only possible if you have energy efficient windows fitted, such as our A+ rated windows – all UPVC windows sold at Hazlemere are A+ energy rated as standard.
Just in case you didn't know, Window Energy Ratings enable you to compare the thermal standards of windows with the energy rating given to a window determined by its overall thermal efficiency, air leakage and solar gain. A letter system is used and it works in reverse order from a scale of 'E' to 'A++' i.e. an 'E' rated window being the least energy efficient window option and an 'A++' rated window being the most energy efficient window option.
An improvement in thermal efficiency will be reflected in your heating costs as they will become much more affordable than they were and that's at a time when household energy bills are dramatically on the up. The energy savings will pay you back much of the money spent on the window investment.
We craft our A+ rated windows from UPVC and it is a weather-resistant material. While a timber window frame has a tendency to split and generally disintegrate over time, a UPVC window frame holds up well against the weather and only needs the occasional wipe down with a wet cloth, nothing else.
Once your old windows have been removed and your replacement windows have been integrated you will see that your house looks so much more stylish. We have some stunning window colours and all of our window styles are fashioned with such care by our highly skilled craftspeople.
Do you ever fear for your home's safety? You should never feel like that and our windows will make sure you don't have to as they come with all the latest secure mechanisms including a multi-point locking system. The UPVC frame is also unbelievably tough and the glass is internally beaded to prevent its removal from outside the house.
A warm and pleasurable winter at home is there for the taking, one of many, so get a FREE quote for our A+ rated windows today.


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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › District Courts › Pennsylvania › Eastern District of Pennsylvania › 1976 › Jones v. Saunders
Jones v. Saunders, 422 F. Supp. 1054 (E.D. Pa. 1976)
U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania - 422 F. Supp. 1054 (E.D. Pa. 1976)
422 F. Supp. 1054 (1976)
Lawrence JONES
Robert SAUNDERS et al.
Civ. A. No. 75-1923.
United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania.
Norman M. Abrams, Philadelphia, Pa., for plaintiff.
Sheldon L. Albert, City Solicitor, Thaddeus J. Bartkowski, Asst. City Solicitor, Philadelphia, Pa., for defendants.
JOSEPH S. LORD, III, Chief Judge.
Plaintiff bases this civil rights action on the allegation that two separate arrests by the defendant Robert Saunders, a Philadelphia police officer, were without probable cause. One arrest was in February, 1975 and the other on May 12, 1975. Defendants have moved for summary judgment as to *1055 the claim arising from the May 12 arrest.[1] The motion will be denied.
In the state court, Jones filed a motion to suppress, alleging, inter alia, that his arrest was illegal. The motion was heard by the state judge and denied. At his subsequent trial, there was a directed verdict of not guilty. Defendants now contend that because the state judge denied the motion to suppress, Jones is collaterally estopped in this civil rights claim. In support of their position, defendants cite a number of cases in which collateral estoppel has been applied by a federal court following a state court conviction. That, however, is not this case. A conviction is a final judgment. An order denying a motion to suppress is not; it is interlocutory. An acquitted defendant never has the opportunity to test finally in the state court the propriety of the lower court's ruling. A convicted defendant does. To hold that the former is estopped would deprive a plaintiff of an opportunity for a definitive determination of important federal rights for the vindication of which the Civil Rights Act were specifically designed. See Ney v. State of California, 439 F.2d 1285, 1288 (9th Cir. 1971) (successful state prosecution no bar).
There may be some doubt as to whether even a state conviction bars a subsequent federal civil rights claim, see Ney, supra; Kauffman v. Moss, 420 F.2d 1270 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 846, 91 S. Ct. 93, 27 L. Ed. 2d 84 (1970); Mulligan v. Schlachter, 389 F.2d 231 (6th Cir. 1968), and we can conceive of a variety of situations where it may not. However, that is not our case and we express no views on the question. What we have here is a plaintiff who asserts a violation of his constitutional rights, who has had no final determination of his claim and who has no avenue available to him for such determination except a federal court. We hold here, under these circumstances, that he is not barred from the assertion of his rights by notions of collateral estoppel.
[1] In their brief in support of the motion, defendants state: "If there is a transcript as to the February 5 arrest, it will be provided to the Court and this Motion will be repeated."


A Domino's Pizza delivery driver reported being robbed Tuesday while making a delivery on the 1600 block of South Renwick Boulevard, Bloomington Police Department Lt. John Kovach said.
A black Honda pulled up to the delivery driver's car, the driver told police. A man with a baseball bat got out and demanded money.
The delivery driver then told the man with the baseball bat the wallet was in the car. The man with the baseball bat went in and stole $40 cash, police said.
A 23-year-old witness told police he saw what was happening and came over with a firearm, telling the man with the baseball bat to give the money back, which he did before leaving.
The delivery driver told police he didn't want to pursue charges.


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Halloween Highlight: Magic and Witchcraft in Salem
A lingering tail of magic and mystery follows Salem into the present. A historic town situated in Massachusetts, Salem's early years are marred with sinister tales of witch hunts — an epidemic that saw hundreds of citizens accused and more than a dozen persecuted in the Puritanical society between the years 1692 and 1693.
Despite its dark past, Salem offers travelers picturesque, small-town charm, its scenery tranquil but riveting — much like the rest of Massachusetts. With warm summers and exceptionally cold winters, visitors should expect seasonal changes — including snow!
Photo credit: Stephen R. D. Thompson on Visual Hunt / CC BY-NC-SA
Nature lovers can relax at Salem Common, a "grassy green 8-acre public park" that looks as if it was conjured out of a fairytale and has been in use since the 17th century. Visitors who prefer outdoor adventures should explore the Salem Woods, an area protected by the Massachusetts Historical Commission. Popular with hikers, picnickers, Boy Scouts, bikers and many more, the woods once served as "'common land' for pasturage of livestock in colonial times."
One of the oldest cities in the United States, historical markers are scattered throughout Salem, including Old Town Hall, the "earliest surviving municipal structure" in the city that is still in use today. Fans of the 1993 Halloween cult-classic Hocus Pocus may be delighted to know that the building's exterior was used as the location for the adult Halloween party, where the Sanderson Sisters perform "I Put a Spell on You." Pioneer Village, a living history museum that depicts life in Salon in the 1600s, was also used during the opening scenes of the film. Another population tourist site is the infamous Witch House, the 17th-century home of Judge Jonathan Corwin and that last standing building with a direct link to the witch trials.
Photo credit: Daniel Mennerich on VisualHunt.com / CC BY-NC-ND
To learn more or to book a magical trip to Salem, contact Tatian's Travel here.
Hero Image Credit: Will Montague on Visualhunt/ CC BY-NC
Inquire about Anywhere


text:
Q: Is there any way to access denominator of a fraction in Python 2 Is there any way to access the denominator in a fraction in Python 2?
For example, I have a variable:

x = fractions.Fraction(4,1)

And I want to access its denominator. How do I do that?

A: >>> from fractions import Fraction
>>> a = Fraction(1,2)
>>> a.denominator
2

Additionally Python's help() method can be very useful to determine exactly what methods and properties exist for an object. In the example above you could get a help description for the Fraction object by help(Fraction) or help(a) in an interpreter session.


Every year, faculty and school leavers throughout the nation eagerly anticipate the annual listing of UK college rankings. British establishments at all times make a wholesome exhibiting within the broader world college rankings, however the UK particular listing might be useful for these college students who need to apply for various faculties for the following stage of their increased training. College rankings are a transparent indicator of a faculty's high quality and fame, so to provide you an concept of one of the best the nation has to supply, listed here are the 5 greatest in keeping with college rankings UK.
A relentless function on the high of the annual rankings, the College of Oxford is comprised of 44 schools and halls which might be unfold throughout the historic metropolis. Admission to any one of many schools is extraordinarily exhausting fought, with over 18,000 yearly making use of for simply 3,200 locations. The cultural lifetime of Oxford is simply as necessary as the tutorial life, with iconic actions comparable to rowing and different varsity sports activities being a central curiosity outdoors of the numerous topics that college students are capable of examine.
Wherever there's Oxford, so there's Cambridge. The 2 universities have been competing and elevating their ranges in competitors for so long as training has been common within the UK. Cambridge is especially thought to be being one of the best college within the nation for the examine of mathematical topics, with a complete of 92 Nobel prizes all through historical past having been awarded to former college students of the college's 31 completely different schools. The acceptance charge to Cambridge is round 25%, proving simply how aggressive the applying course of is for the highest universities within the nation.
Imperial Faculty London is among the greatest universities on this planet for topics based mostly in science, engineering, drugs, know-how and enterprise. Based in 1907 by means of a merger of three separate London schools, Imperial now boasts over 14000 college students and 8000 workers members, and it additionally boasts one of the vital multicultural pupil our bodies within the nation with greater than 120 completely different nationalities being represented throughout all diploma topics. Quite a few Imperial graduates have gone on to realize nice issues within the areas of trade and enterprise, with many blue chip corporations desirous to make use of individuals with a level from Imperial.
College Faculty London has an exquisite fame for equality, being the primary college in England to have admitted college students purely based mostly on tutorial expertise, no matter race, faith or class. It was additionally the primary college to confess women and men on equal phrases. UCL additionally occurs to be one of the vital selective British universities, and because of this it constantly produces a few of the most wanted and employable graduates in he nation. With the principle college campus being positioned within the fascinating London location of Bloomsbury, UCL additionally gives a incredible life expertise throughout your years of examine.
LSE is arguably your best option for a global pupil trying to examine within the UK, as they recurrently boast a excessive proportion of worldwide college students, usually round 70%. The college's explicit strengths are within the areas of legislation, historical past, economics, politics and philosophy, and a staggering 26% of all Nobel prizes in historical past have been awarded to former college students or associates of the establishment. The college campus is within the coronary heart of London, surrounded by iconic buildings just like the Royal Faculty of Surgeons and the British Museum.


text:
Abstract: Suicide Prevention Initiative Campus-Wide Survey Analysis: Attitudes, Confidence, & Knowledge (Society for Social Work and Research 26th Annual Conference - Social Work Science for Racial, Social, and Political Justice)
332P Suicide Prevention Initiative Campus-Wide Survey Analysis: Attitudes, Confidence, & Knowledge
Athena Kheibari, PhD, Assistant Professor, Wayne State University, MI
Guijin Lee, PhD, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
Kendra Wells, LLMSW, Program/Project Assistant, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
Luxie Vang, Project Assistant, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
Neva Nahan, MS
Stella Resko, PhD, Associate Professor, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
Background and Purpose Suicide rates in the U.S. steadily increased over the past two decades (Kegler, Stone, Holland, 2017), and suicide is still often treated as a stigmatized death. While professional intervention is a necessary element to prevent suicide, improving public perceptions and beliefs about suicide is also a critical element to prevention. Social stigma can contribute to decreased public willingness to intervene and reduced help-seeking by individuals struggling with suicide ideation (Carpiniello & Pinna, 2017; Tal-Young, et al., 2012). The purpose of this study was to examine engagement in campus program activities at an urban university and attitudes, confidence, and knowledge about mental health (MH) and suicide prevention.
Methods Members of the campus community (students, staff, and faculty) at an urban university in the Midwest were recruited to participate in various suicide prevention program activities (e.g., Mental Health First Aid Training, web-based suicide prevention training, guest speakers) and complete a brief survey about their experiences, attitudes, and beliefs (N = 1,476). To identify factors that may influence their attitude, confidence, and knowledge about MH, we conducted multiple regression. Outcome measures included scales assessing: (1) beliefs about MH, (2) knowledge about MH issues, and (3) confidence in intervening during MH crises. Program engagement (high, moderate, or low) and demographics (age, race, gender, student or staff/faculty, field of study/work) were used as independent variables.
Results The sample included 1,044 (75.2%) students and 345 (24.8%) faculty/staff. The majority (75.8%) of the sample was female, with half (50.1%) of respondents being between the ages of 18-24 and 34.9% between the ages 25-44. Most respondents self-identified as White (65.7%), with 12.7% identifying as Asian/Asian American, 11.6% as Black, 7% as Middle Eastern, and 4.4% as Hispanic/Latino.
Multivariate analyses revealed significant associations between program engagement level and the outcome measures. High engagement was associated with more positive attitudes (B = 1.216, p < .001), greater confidence (B = 2.433, p < .001), and knowledge (B = 1.415, p < .001) about MH and suicide issues, as compared to minimal engagement. Moderate engagement was significantly associated with improved attitudes (B = 0.783, p = .006) and greater knowledge (B = 0.888, p = .002). Respondents who identified as Asians/Asian Americans (B = -1.531, p < .001), Black (B = -1.164, p = .002), and male (B = -1.225, p < .001) had lower attitude scores compared to White and female respondents. Older respondents and those in a MH-related line of work/study (B = 2.064, p < .001) reported greater confidence, while men (B = -1.437, p = .005) had lower confidence scores. Faculty/staff had lower knowledge scores as compared to students (B = 0.718, p = .029).
Conclusions and Implications Findings suggest campus-based suicide prevention programs can improve attitudes and beliefs toward MH and suicide. Results also identified factors associated with differences in these outcomes. Additional studies are needed to further explore the multidimensional nature of these prevention programs. Future research can help us better understand how to change attitudes and improve prevention efforts.


I knew the groom, Keong since 1999 while Susan around 2002. When they asked me to be their wedding photographer, I'm really happy for them after dating more than a decade and already foresee how their series of photos would look like - laughter, lots of laughter based on their cheerful personality.
The makeup started early in the morning and thunderstorm follow suit after the makeup started, it inevitably caused some anxieties to all of us for how to finish the shoot cause we have mostly outdoor locations scheduled. As we reached Georgetown area, the rain subsided and only some drizzle is seen. We sat at a Wantan Mee stall while waiting for the rain to stop completely. It's certainly not for the faint-hearted to be sitting at a hawker stall in their bridal attire!
&.b.t.w. - Despite the weather and forecast doesn't look promising, our day got through just nicely except for work calls hunting the couple in between the photo session.


FvS media Inc is a social media agency and education company that works with brands, retailers, and professional athletes in the action sports industry.
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