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Director: Rodrigo Perez-Castro
Actors: Adriana Barraza, Eduardo Franco, Evaluna Montaner, Joe Manganiello, Sebastián Villalobos, Sofía Vergara
Country: Mexico, United States
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients for animals and necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. A lack of PUFAs can result from the consumption of a deficient diet or genetic factors, which impact PUFA uptake and metabolism. Both can cause synaptic dysfunction, which is associated with numerous disorders. However, there is a knowledge gap linking these neuronal dysfunctions and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Because of its genetic manipulability and its easy, fast, and cheap breeding, Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an excellent model organism for genetic screens, helping to identify the genetic bases of such events. As a first step towards the understanding of PUFA implications in Drosophila synaptic physiology we designed a breeding medium containing only very low amounts of PUFAs. We then used the fly's visual system, a well-established model for studying signal transmission and neurological disorders, to measure the effects of a PUFA deficiency on synaptic function. Using both visual performance and eye electrophysiology, we found that PUFA deficiency strongly affected synaptic transmission in the fly's visual system. These defects were rescued by diets containing omega-3 or omega-6 PUFAs alone or in combination. In summary, manipulating PUFA contents in the fly's diet was powerful to investigate the role of these nutrients on the fly´s visual synaptic function. This study aims at showing how the first visual synapse of Drosophila can serve as a simple model to study the effects of PUFAs on synapse function. A similar approach could be further used to screen for genetic factors underlying the molecular mechanisms of synaptic dysfunctions associated with altered PUFA levels.
Funding: This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC starting grant GliSFCo, 311403 to YG). ABZ, CM, TG, JFF and YG are also supported by the "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique". JFF was also supported by the ANR-blanc GUSTAILE. ABZ received a complementary financial support from the CSGA (Gravugli). And the "Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique" is supporting SG and LB. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
For most animals, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients. Essential PUFAs make up about 20% of the dry weight of the lipid-rich nervous system . The effects of chronic deficiency in dietary PUFAs or genetically determined abnormalities in lipid metabolism are under investigation in order to understand the precise role of PUFAs in the functioning of the brain [2–4]. It is well accepted that PUFAs have an important impact on synapse function [5–7]. Their absence could lead to neurotransmission malfunction, which might promote the onset or progression of specific neurological diseases [8–10].
Most circulating fatty acids (FAs) are derived from the food, at least in animals with a mixed diet [11,12]. FAs are mostly incorporated after being hydrolysed from Triacylgycerol (TAG) in the gastric and intestinal lumen. They probably reach the brain via simple diffusion and protein mediated transport. Once transported into brain cells those FAs can be activated and acetylated to a glycerol backbone so as to form Diacylglycerol (DAGs) or TAGs. Therefore, not only the amount of free PUFAs but also the amount of PUFAs bound in DAGs and TAGs in the brain might depend on the ingested food.
Several studies have suggested a relationship between low omega-3 PUFA dietary consumption and a greater risk of neurological impairments, including depression. Inversely high omega-3 PUFA intake reduces the risk for age-related macular degeneration [13–15].
PUFA deficiency can be caused not only by malnutrition but also by genetic factors that impact the uptake and metabolism of PUFAs. For example, several studies have pointed out a correlation between depressive disorders and genetically defined low activity of type VI phospholipase A2 and fatty acid CoA ligase 4, both leading to decreased omega-3 PUFA levels [3,16,17]. However, detailed models explaining the precise role of PUFAs in synapse function as well as the link to the onset and progression of neurological diseases are still missing.
The nervous system and fatty acid metabolism of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster share many important characteristics with those of vertebrates. Also, the Drosophila's genetic versatility, its rapid life cycle, and the large numbers of individuals that can be generated in a limited space make this model organism ideal for the sophisticated genetic screens necessary to discover associations between PUFAs and specific neuronal functions.
As most eukaryotes, Drosophila are capable of de novo synthesis of non-essential saturated fatty acids (SFA) or mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) through the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase yielding the saturated 16-carbon long palmitic acid (C16:0). Elongase enzymes can add two carbons to this substrate to produce stearic acid (C18:0); and fatty acid desaturase enzymes can introduce a double bond to create mono-unsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid (C16:1) or oleic acid (C18:1) [18–21].
Like most animals, fruit flies lack enzymes that allow the production of the essential omega-6 PUFA alpha-linoleic acid (C18:2) and the essential omega-3 PUFA alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3). Thus, they need to find them in their diet. Moreover, C18:2 and C18:3 are the most abundant PUFAs in Drosophila. When fruit flies incorporate long-chain fatty acids such as adrenic acid (C22:4) or docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) in their diet, those FA are broken down into arachidonic acid (C20:4) or eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). Thus, in contrast to mammals, Drosophila lack long-chain fatty acids with chains longer than 20 carbons [21–23].
To study the impact of PUFA starvation on neurotransmission we aimed at developing a fly diet that contained only very low amounts of PUFAs thus causing a severe PUFA deficiency. As a model of synaptic transmission in Drosophila, we used the fly´s visual system.
Drosophila melanogaster of the Canton Special (CantonS) strain were cultured at 25°C with a 12-hour light, 12-hour dark cycle on our regular lab food. Our regular lab food is composed of 6.5% yeast (Type E 50, lipid contend in dry mass: 2%; Sensient Flavors, Strasbourg, France), 6.5% corn meal (Eurogerm, Saint-Apollinaire, France), 1% agar-agar (Kalys Gastronomie, Bernin, France) and 0.5% Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate (Prolabo). PUFA-free food lacked corn meal and contained 17% yeast, 1% agar-agar and 10% crystal sugar (Beghin Say, Lille, France) to adjust the level of calories. To test the effect of specific fatty acids, each one was added to this PUFA-free medium at the following concentration: 5 mM stearic acid (18:0, Ref. 9459.1 Carl Roth), 2.5 mM oleic acid (18:1, Ref. 14429J, INTERCHIM), 5.7 mM linoleic acid (C18:2 omega-6, Ref. 13558X INTERCHIM), 2.3 mM linolenic acid (C18:3 omega-3, Ref. 09072H INTERCHIM), 25.1 μl/ml walnut oil, and 4,8 μl/ml linseed oil (Bio Planete, Bram, France), as previously done [24,25]. The detailed composition of the walnut oil and linseed oil can be seen in S1 Table. To insure adequate intake in vitamin A, 0.4 μM of beta-Carotene  (22040 Sigma-Aldrich) was added to each medium.
Positive phototaxis was measured as described by Benzer, 1967 . Briefly, a countercurrent apparatus was used to fractionate a population of 20–25 naïve CantonS male flies (2–9 days old). To avoid variation in performance linked to circadian rhythm, experiments were carried out between 1 and 3 hours after lights on (corresponding to 8:00–10:00 AM). Experiments were always carried out in the same room at 25°C. All flies of one group started the first trial in the same vial (vial 0). They were forced to the bottom of the vial, the apparatus was placed horizontally, and the flies were given the chance to walk 11.5 cm towards a light source within seven seconds (18W cool white, Sylvania Luxline Plus F18W). This duration was chosen based on preliminary experiments to allow our diet manipulation either to increase or decrease the behavioral performance. Flies, which walked towards the light source, were shifted to the next vial (vial 1). This procedure was repeated 5 times in total. At the end, all flies were distributed into vials 0 to 5 depending on how often they walked towards the light source. We calculated a phototaxis index ∑(i*Ni)/N with N representing the total number of flies assayed, i the tube number (0–5), and Ni the number of flies in the ith tube at the end of the experiment.
ERGs were obtained and evaluated as described recently [28,29]. Briefly, 3- to 7-day-old male CantonS flies were immobilized in a cut-off tip. The indifferent electrode was placed in the proboscis while the recording electrode was placed in contact with the eye. After 5 minutes of dark adaptation, a stable baseline was obtained and a 1 s light stimulus was applied. ERG plots were obtained by calculating the mean of 10 light stimuli per fly. The sustained negative potential (SNP) was defined by the lowest value prior to the "off"-transient, the "on"-transient by the highest value after the onset of the light stimulus. The "off"-transient was defined by subtracting the lowest value after the offset of light from the sustained negative potential.
Locomotor activity was assayed between 1 and 3 hours after lights on. Single 2- to 9- day-old Drosophila male flies were introduced into a chamber created by placing a watch glass (3.5 cm2) on a glass plate using an aspirator . The chamber was positioned under a digital monochrome camera (Bosch LTC0355/50) and locomotor activity was automatically recorded for 10 minutes with 5 frames per second. Data acquisition and analysis were automatically performed using EthoVision software (Noldus, Wageningen, Netherlands).
Lipids were extracted from Drosophila heads (3 pools of 30 heads) according to the Folch method and submitted to transmethylation of the fatty acids using boron trifluoride in methanol according to Morrison and Smith [31,32]. Fatty acid methyl esters were subsequently extracted with hexane and analyzed using gas chromatography on a Hewlett Packard Model 5890 gas chromatograph (Palo Alto, CA, USA) using a CPSIL-88 column (100 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.20 μm film thickness, Varian, Les Ulis, France) equipped with a flame ionization detector. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas (inlet pressure, 210 kPa). The oven temperature was held at 60°C for 5 min, increased to 165°C at 15°C/min and held for 1 min and then to 225 C at 2°C/min and finally held at 225°C for 17 min. The injector and the detector were maintained at 250°C. Fatty acid methyl esters were identified by comparison to commercial and synthetic standards (Sigma Aldrich, L'Isle d'Abeau, France). The data were processed using the EZChrom Elite software (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France) and reported as a percentage of the total fatty acids.
All data were transferred to Prism 5.0d (GraphPad) for statistical analysis and tested for normal distribution using the D´Agostino and Pearson omnibus normality test.
Two pairs of data (for example between data obtained from flies raised on low-PUFA diet and on high PUFA diet) were analyzed using the paired-t-test if they had passed the normality test. Pairs of data, which did not pass the normality test, were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test.
Groups of more than 2 data sets, which were normally distributed, (for example flies raised on low-PUFA diet, on high-PUFA diet, and high-PUFA+18:0) were compared with the one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) test followed by a Bonferroni's post-hoc test. Groups of multi-data sets, which were not normally distributed, were analyzed by a Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test followed by a Dunn's post-hoc test. Data sets with N ≤ 10 were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests.
The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of a lack of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on the neuronal function in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, we first developed a Drosophila diet with a very low PUFA content. Hereafter it is referred to as "low-PUFA diet". This diet lacked maize, which is the main source of PUFAs in our regular laboratory Drosophila food. We analyzed the fatty acid composition of this diet using gas chromatography (GC), and compared it to our regular lab food, which we called "high-PUFA diet" (Fig 1A, SF1). Although our low-PUFA food had a fair amount of non-essential saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, the absolute amount of PUFAs was reduced by more than 90% compared to the high-PUFA diet (Fig 1A).
Fig 1. Fatty acid contents in fly food and fly heads.
(A) relative amounts of saturated fatty acids (SFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in two Drosophila diets (high-PUFA diet in black, low-PUFA diet in orange) (N = 4). (B) relative amounts of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in Drosophila heads (N = 3 groups of 30 heads). FA contents are indicated in black when flies were raised on a high-PUFA diet or orange when flies were raised on a low-PUFA diet. Bars in orange and black indicate that flies were raised on low-PUFA diet enriched with walnut oil (WO) or linseed oil (LO), which both contain non-essential and essential FA, single non-essential fatty acid (C18:0 or C18:1) or single essential fatty acids (C18:2 or C18:3). The orange and black diagonally striped bar on the very right indicates FA contents of fly heads when animals were raised on a low-PUFA diet and then were fed with a low-PUFA diet enriched in C18:3 for 48 hours during their adulthood. A complete FA analysis and absolute values can be observed in SF1, SF2, and ST2. Data in B represent mean ± SEM.
We next measured to what extent the FAs present in the fly reflect the FAs present in their diet. For this experiment only fly heads, mostly consisting of eyes and brains, were used. We found that animals raised on the low-PUFA food had similar amounts of SFAs and MUFAs in their heads as did flies fed with the high-PUFA diet, but their PUFA content was reduced by 72% (Fig 1B). We then analyzed the change of the most abundant PUFAs in Drosophila heads, which were omega-6 linoleic acid (C18:2) and omega-3 linolenic acid (C18:3). The relative amount of C18:2 dropped by 80% and the relative amount of C18:3 by 50% in fly heads when the animals were bred on a low-PUFA diet (Fig 1B, see also S2 Fig and S1 Table for absolute values).
Next, we used two different methods to recover the PUFA contents in the heads of flies raised on low-PUFA food. First, we added walnut oil or linseed oil to the low-PUFA diet. These oils are respectively rich in linolenic and linoleic acids (S1 Table). Walnut oil, which contains high amounts of C18:2 and low amounts of C18:3, induced the increase of both linoleic and linolenic acids in fly heads. The diet supplied with linseed oil, which contains high amounts of C18:3 and low amounts of C18:2, induced a significant increase of linolenic acid in the fly heads but did not change linoleic acid.
Then, we added single fatty acids to our low-PUFA food source. Those fatty acids were either saturated FA stearic acid (C18:0), or mono-unsaturated FA oleic acid (C18:1), or one of the two PUFAs C18:2 or C18:3. All share similar 18-carbon-long chain and diverge only in the number of unsaturations. Furthermore, all those FAs are commonly found in the fly´s natural food source and make up the great majority of the FA in the two vegetable oils mentioned above. An additional supply of the non-essential fatty acids C18:0 and C18:1 to the low-PUFA diet led to no obvious change in the fatty acid composition of the heads (Fig 1B). However, the total MUFA content in flies raised on low PUFA, low PUFA + C18:0 or, low PUFA + C18:1 was slightly increased in comparison to a diet rich in PUFAs. As presented in Fig 1B, the supply of C18:2 or C18:3 in the low-PUFA food rescued the amount of C18:2 or C18:3 in fly heads.
We next wondered whether the PUFA amount in fly heads, which developed on low-PUFA food could be increased when flies were fed with a specific fatty acid only after adulthood. Therefore, we raised Drosophila on low-PUFA food until adulthood. Then, we transferred the adults on low-PUFA food supplemented with C18:3 for 48 h. By ingesting this transitory enriched diet the flies could compensate their lack of PUFAs in their heads. This procedure significantly increased the amount of C18:3 (Fig 1B).
After manipulating the amount of PUFAs in the fly heads, we tested the effect of such manipulation on the nervous system function. Therefore, we adapted the well-established fast positive phototaxis test (see Material and Methods). The visual ability to react to light in this test is represented by a positive phototaxis index (PPI). While flies bred on a regular diet had a PPI of 0,54 ± 0,022, flies raised on low-PUFA food showed a significant reduction in their PPI of 0,28 ± 0,031 (p < 0,0001; t-test, Fig 2A). To test whether this deficit in visual capacities was specific to the absence of PUFAs we first added walnut oil, or linseed oil, to the low-PUFA diet to rescue the levels of C18:2 and C18:3, respectively. Additional supply with either of the two oils rescued a control-like PPI. The addition of linseed oil, which only increased C18:3 in fly heads, even led to an increase in the fly´s phototactic response. We also tested the effect of single fatty acid components for their capacity to rescue the low PPI of PUFA depleted flies. As expected, an additional supply of the non-essential fatty acids, like C18:0 or C18:1 was unable to rescue the low PPI of PUFA-starved flies. In contrast, a full rescue was obtained when adding either C18:2 or C18:3.
Fig 2. Lack of essential PUFAs leads to a decrease in the visual positive phototaxis behavior.
(A) Flies raised on the low-PUFA diet show reduced response to light in the positive phototaxis test when compared to flies which were raised on the high-PUFA diet (t-test; ****p < 0.0001). This defect could not be rescued by adding non-essential fatty acids (C18:0 or C18:1) (1-Way-ANOVA; ****p < 0.0001). Adding either oils (WO or LO) that contain both C18:2 and C18:3 in different ratio or single essential PUFAs (C18:2 or C18:3) rescued positive phototactic behavior (1-Way-ANOVA; ****p < 0.0001 or p*** < 0.001, respectively), The observed reduction in phototactic behavior is also rescued when flies were raised on the low-PUFA diet, and then were fed with low-PUFA diet + C18:3 for 48h only during adulthood (KW-test; ***p < 0.001) (N = 25). The significance levels indicate the results of the applied post-hoc tests. Detailed information about statistical values can be found in S3A Table (B) The basal locomotory test shows that the visual phenotype observed in A is not due to general locomotory impairments. Data represent mean ± SEM (N = 18, 1-Way-ANOVA or KW-test; ns: p > 0.05). Detailed information about statistical values can be found in S3B Table.
Flies raised on the C18:3 enriched diet even showed even an increased PPI in comparison to flies raised on the regular high-PUFA diet. Since we let the tested flies develop on a specific food source, we tested whether the low PPI in PUFA- depleted flies was caused by the absence of PUFAs during preimaginal development or adulthood. To answer this question, we raised flies on low-PUFA food and transferred them for 48h after adult hatching on a low-PUFA diet that contained C18:3. Such shifted flies were able to incorporate C18:3 only during this period of time (Fig 1B) and showed a rescued PPI (Fig 2A). This result strongly suggests that the decreased PPI in PUFA-depleted flies was not caused by a general developmental impairment of their visual system but rather by a transient lack of PUFAs needed for proper signal transmission during adulthood.
Since the phototaxis test depends on the fly's ability to move, we tested whether the low PPI in PUFA-starved flies was due to defects in visual signal transmission or to a general locomotion impairment. As shown in Fig 2B, no matter on what food source they were raised, all flies showed the same level of locomotor activity. We also tested if the fly's sensorimotor responses were not affected by the diet by measuring negative geotaxis. Again all animals behaved equally in this assay (S3 Fig). Altogether our behavioral data indicate that flies raised in the absence of PUFAs suffered of specific visual defects. Adding either C18:2 or C18:3, or both PUFAs, in the form of walnut oil or linseed oil enabled us to restore the normal function of the visual system.
Our data indicated that PUFA-starved flies suffered specific deficits in the fast positive phototaxis test. However, it remained unknown whether this deficit was caused by the inability of the photoreceptor neurons to depolarize or to transmit the signal to their post-synaptic partners. To answer this question we performed extracellular electroretinographic recordings (ERG) in flies raised on the different diets. During those ERGs the response of the flies' eyes to light is detected by a recording of sum potentials of the photoreceptors and their postsynaptic partners. The typical ERG trace of a wild-type fly raised on regular high-PUFA diet. It can be dissected into 3 components (Fig 3A). The sustained negative potential (SNP) reflects the depolarization of photoreceptors during a light stimulus. The "on"- and "off"-transients appear at the beginning and at the end of the light stimulus respectively and reflect the proper signal transmission from photoreceptor neurons to their postsynaptic partners [28,33,34]. The photoreceptors of flies raised on the low-PUFA diet depolarized normally, as illustrated by normal SNP amplitude. On the contrary, their ERGs revealed a decrease in their "on"- and "off"-transients indicating defects in signal transmission from photoreceptor cells to their postsynaptic partners (Fig 3A and 3B). As it was the case for the phototaxis test, an additional supply with non-essential fatty acids C18:0 and C18:1 did not restore the amplitude of the "on"- and "off"-transients. A rescue of the "on"-transient could be obtained only with additional doses of C18:3, walnut oil, and linseed oil in low-PUFA food. All those diet supplements increased the amount of C18:3 in fly heads (Fig 1B). The "off"-transient was also restored by adding C18:2 alone.
Fig 3. Lack of essential PUFAs causes defects in visual signal transmission.
(A) Representative traces of electroretinographic recordings (ERGs). (B) Quantification of the sustained negative potential (SNP) reveals no nutrition-related differences in photoreceptor depolarization. "on"- and "off"- responses were significantly decreased in flies raised on the low-PUFA diet in comparison to flies raised on the high-PUFA diet (Mann-Whitney test; **p < 0.05 or ****p > 0.0001, respectively). The "on"-response could be rescued by adding either C18:3, WO, or LO to the low-PUFA diet (KW-test; **p < 0.01 or ***p < 0.001). Adding either WO, LO, C18:2, or C18:3, to the low-PUFA diet rescued the "off" response (KW-test; ***p < 0.001). Both defects in the "on"- and the "off"-responses of flies raised on the low-PUFA diet could be rescued with 48h of adult diet on high-PUFA + C18:3 (KW-test; p* < 0.05 or p** < 0.01, respectively). Data represent mean ± SEM. (N = 10, ns: p > 0.05). The significance levels indicate the results of the applied post-hoc tests. Detailed information about statistical values can be found in table ST3C, D and, E.
Confirming that the defects in visual signal transmission were not due to developmental problems, we could observe the rescue of both, the "on"- and the "off"-responses when flies were raised in absence of PUFAs and transferred on low PUFA + 18:3 for 48 h during adulthood. Taken together we conclude that the presence of PUFAs is essential for proper signal transmission from photoreceptors to their postsynaptic partners.
In this study we successfully established and tested a low-PUFA diet in Drosophila. This diet contained high amounts of SFAs but very low concentrations of PUFAs (Fig 1A). Flies, which developed on this food source, have extremely low levels of PUFAs in their heads. On the contrary, the amount of SFAs remained stable, most likely because these compounds have been metabolized in anabolic pathways or transformed to MUFAs by the activity of delta-9-desaturases like Desat1.
The use of the low-PUFA diet for the rearing of PUFA deficient flies unveiled the requirement of PUFAs for the proper function of the fly's visual system. We showed by using the positive phototaxis test that PUFA-depleted flies are unable to detect light properly. By means of electrophysiology our data indicate that visual synaptic transmission in PUFA-starved flies was impaired at the first optical synapse.
Photoisomerized rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells (PRZ) was shown to activate the phospholipase Câ (PLC) . The PLC enzyme then hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into 1,4,5-inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and a proton. The activation of this second messenger cascade leads to the opening of two ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) and TRP-like (TRPL), the efflux of calcium and the depolarization of the photoreceptor cells [36–40]. Multiple studies aimed at identifying the TRP and TRPL agonists and DAG or PUFAs remained the strongest candidates[41–49].
DAG contains a glyceride backbone to which two fatty acid chains are covalently bound. Those chains could be SFAs, MUFAs, or PUFAs. For a long time it was believed that after the income of light PUFAs are cleaved of the glyceride backbone of DAG. Those free PUFAs bind directly to TRP and TRPL, induce their activation and lead to the depolarization of photoreceptors [45,47,48].
On the contrary, Delgado et al. found, that the whole DAG is the agonist of TRP. Moreover, they describe 10 different DAG species in Drosophila eyes. They examined which of those are present in the flies´ eyes, produced in a light-dependent manner, and though could be linked to visual signal transmission. It turned out that all unsaturated DAGs, and not necessarily those containing PUFAs, accumulate after light exposure and might therefore be the substrates for TRP . Hence, free PUFAs are not needed for photoreceptor depolarization.
The dispensability of dietary PUFAs that are used to synthetize DAG, containing PUFAs for photoreceptor depolarization could also be confirmed in our study. We clearly show that a lack of dietary PUFAs does not affect the SNP amplitude. Moreover, we demonstrated that the absence of PUFAs specifically induces defects in signal transmission between photoreceptors and their postsynaptic partners.
The first optical synapse in Drosophila vision is a tripartite synapse, which involves the presynaptic PRZ, the postsynaptic neurons and glial cells . Photoreceptors sense the income of light, depolarize, and release the neurotransmitter, histamine, into the synaptic cleft . There, histamine binds to the postsynaptically expressed receptor, a histamine-gated chloride channel encoded by hclA [52–54]. Glial cells, which are in close proximity to this synapse, are believed to remove histamine from the cleft and to metabolize histamine into an inactive metabolite, carcinine [50,55,56]. The malfunctioning of all three of these cell types has been reported to decrease vision and to lead to blindness [33,34,54]. Our electrophysiological approach does not allow us to attribute the drastic reduction in the size of the "on"- and "off"-transients in PUFA-starved flies to one of those three cell types.
However, several studies in cultured human or mouse cells, as well as the neuromuscular junction of C.elegans, have shown that PUFAs are essential for proper neurotransmitter release or the recycling of synaptic vesicles after neurotransmitter release [7,57–59]. In detail, the binding of PUFAs to presynaptic syntaxin changes this protein´s conformation. This allows the formation of the ternary SNARE complex, which promotes vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release (exocytosis) [60–63].
In addition, PUFAs are enriched in synaptic vesicles [64,65]. As in mammals, invertebrate photoreceptors function through graded potentials rather than action potentials leading to a high consumption of the continuously used synaptic vesicles. Synaptic vesicles are very small in diameter (30–40 nm) and their membrane is highly curved. The degree of membrane curvature, and therefore the size of synaptic vesicles, is highly dependent on the composition and the orientation of its membrane lipids. In C.elegans a lack of specific PUFAs leads to enlarged synaptic vesicles, which causes defects in vesicle recycling (endocytosis) after neurotransmitter release . Therefore, the defects in signal transmission observed in this study might be due to inefficient exocytosis or endocytosis in the photoreceptors.
Another explanation for the observed transmission problems might be the dysfunction of glial cells due to the lack of PUFAs. In the mammalian brain the metabolism of fatty acids, including the elongation and breakdown of PUFAs, takes place in astrocytes [66,67]. We also reported the efficacy of dietary PUFAs in the prevention of glial activation in the rat retina and retinal structure in a model of glaucoma . Several studies on vertebrates have already shown that an imbalance in glial fatty acids can alter neuronal function [68,69]. Moreover, the direct function of glial-derived PUFAs on synaptic transmission is discussed. However, the precise role of astrocyte PUFA metabolism and its secretion on synapse function remains poorly known . A recent Drosophila study found that some fatty acid metabolizing genes (for example: Desat1 and CG1998, a putative fatty acid hydroxylase) are also enriched in the glial cells of invertebrates . Therefore, invertebrate glial cells might also support neurons with PUFAs and thereby impact signal transmission.
We first established an easy and cheap way to breed Drosophila on a PUFA-deficient diet, and to manipulate the amounts of some PUFAs such as omega-3- and omega-6-PUFAs. Second, using the fruit fly´s visual system we tested the synaptic properties resulting from the PUFA deficit. Third, we showed that the omega-3-PUFA (C18:3) fully rescued low-PUFA diet related defects, whereas the omega-6-PUFA (C18:2) only partially rescued the visual electrophysiological defect. We believe that this approach may be further used to screen for genes involved in the PUFA uptake, transport and metabolism in Drosophila and to study the action of PUFAs on the synapse function.
S1 Fig. Relative amount of fatty acid contents in fly heads and fly food.
A-I, Relative amount of fatty acids in fly heads at the age of 2–9 days. (A) Flies were raised on a high-PUFA diet. (B) Flies were raised on a low-PUFA diet. (C-H) Flies were raised on a low-PUFA diet supplemented with either C18:0, C18:1 C18:2, C18:3, walnut oil, or linseed oil. (I) Flies were raised on a low-PUFA diet and transferred on a low-PUFA diet supplemented with C18:3 for 48 h during adulthood. (J) Relative amount of fatty acids in fly heads at the age of 3 weeks. (K,L) Relative amount of fatty acids in fly food.
S2 Fig. Absolute amount of fatty acid contents in fly heads.
Data represent the average of 3 groups of 30 heads.
S3 Fig. Negative geotaxis assay.
S1 Table. Fatty acid contents in walnut oil and linseed oil.
S2 Table. Absolute amount of fatty acid contents in fly heads (in μg/head).
(A-B) Detailed statistical values corresponding to data shown in Fig 2A and 2B. (C-E) Detailed statistical values corresponding to data shown in Fig 3B: SNP, "on"-transient, and "off"-transient.
We thank Serge Loquin and José Solonot for their technical help. We also thank Bernhard Hovemann and Raphael Stoll for providing the ERG setup. We thank Véronique Thavot for performing preliminary experiments and James Pritch for comments on the article.
Conceived and designed the experiments: ABZ JFF LB YG. Performed the experiments: ABZ CM SG. Analyzed the data: ABZ SG JFF LB YG. Wrote the paper: ABZ JFF LB YG. Performed preliminary experiments: TG.
5. Tanaka K, Farooqui AA, Siddiqi NJ, Alhomida AS, Ong W-Y. Effects of docosahexaenoic Acid on neurotransmission. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2012;20: 152–7.
11. Galli C, Risé P. Origin of fatty acids in the body: endogenous synthesisversus dietary intakes. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2006;108: 521–525.
15. Chong EW-T, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, Simpson JA, Guymer RH. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960). 2008;126: 826–33.
Is the Subject Area "Depolarization" applicable to this article?


text:
Q: How to get JSON parameter from URL Hello I'm coming from Get JSON object from URL
I tried to get marketCap->usd.
Can anyone tell me what I'm doing wrong please?
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'http://coinmarketcap.northpole.ro/api/v5/ZCL.json');
$result = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);

$obj = json_decode($result);
echo $result->marketCap->usd;

A: Change echo $result->marketCap->usd; for echo $obj->marketCap->usd;
You have saved the data decoded in $obj.

A: Last line of your code should be
echo $obj->marketCap->usd;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There were bandages everywhere in the Giants' locker room Monday morning. Big, thick white gauze wrapped around broad biceps and elastic dressings on puffy elbows, wrists and hands. Sunday, after all, had brought a tough game against the Giants' oldest rival, the Washington Redskins.
But the most common injury was the result of contact with the real bane of the players at Giants Stadium: the artificial playing surface.
Turf burn is the stinging, pernicious hazard of professional football players who chase and collide with each other at high speeds on an abrasive outdoor carpet.
It is not the most serious injury players link to artificial turf -- that would be ligament damage and concussions -- but after a game, turf burn is the most universal, a readily apparent and repulsive wound found at every third locker.
From the top of Bratzke's shoulder to the knob of his left elbow, a layer or two of skin was missing from his arm. It is a big arm, a biceps of maybe 19 inches. It was a big burn.
Across the room, safety Tito Wooten held up his forearm. There was a blood-red swath several inches wide from his wrist to his elbow.
Turf burn at Giants Stadium was probably more epidemic over the weekend for two reasons: it is a new turf, which usually means better traction for shoes and skin, and it was an extremely hot day.
For most games, players will try to cover as much of their bodies as they can, using long-sleeved T-shirts, elbow pads and gloves to avoid direct contact with the turf. But artificial turf radiates heat. Stand on the sideline and look across to the other side and you will see the heat rise off it, like a highway on a summer day.
Sunday's temperatures were in the high 80's. Television broadcasters said during the game that the temperature on the artificial surface had reached 120 degrees.
So players had shed much of the protective clothing they might usually wear on a nongrass field. And they paid for it later.
The Giants' disgust with the artificial turf was more apparent this week because the team had played two preseason games on a highly popular experimental grass field last month. The grass field was removed Aug. 21.
John Mara, the Giants' executive vice president, has expressed his support of a grass field at Giants Stadium, though he acknowledges that there are some logistical problems given all the use the stadium gets. But Mara would like to see the grass field installed permanently by next football season.
The makers of artificial turf, and even some of its critics, say there is no medical proof that the surface causes the serious knee and head injuries most players have come to associate with it. It's an unfounded prejudice, they say.
Football is such a violent game that there is no definitive way to identify and corroborate the exact factors in any injury. Proving that artificial turf is dangerous may be impossible.
The work force in football, a group that ownership pays an average annual salary in excess of $1 million, despises the stuff, and not just because it leaves hunks of its skin on it every game.
The players are thoroughly convinced that it causes injuries, and they say it makes their joints ache for days after playing games on it. The distaste for artificial turf is so pervasive among the players that forward-thinking teams have torn up their artificial turf and replaced it with grass because the teams know it makes them more attractive to free agents perusing the league for a new home.
What more does anyone, and that includes ownership in the National Football League, need to know about these phony fields?
Artificial turf is too unforgiving for football -- too hard, too hot, too abrasive. Besides, if nothing else, it is out of place. What outdoor sport isn't better on a natural surface?


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text:
In Africa, it is told, Bamboula means "to dance, to celebrate" and the Bamboula Ltd. collection of products celebrates African artisans and their traditions.
Welcome to Bamboula's new website where we celebrate the creativity of skilled African artisans blending authentic traditional forms and contemporary functions.
We are an importer and wholesaler of home and fashion accessories located in Kutztown, PA. As we start our 30th year, we are expanding our focus on handwoven natural fiber products, especially baskets and totes from the five African countries where we are currently sourcing them, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.
We partner with African artisans to design new products for the US market and beyond. Our mission has always been to create regular work and income for our artisan partners in rural areas in Africa, while assisting them to increase their production capacity, and to build sustainable businesses in their local communities. Most of our artisan partners are women who are also responsible for growing food for their families. In all of our operations, we are guided by Fair Trade principles.
Jasperdean Kobes, the company's CEO and owner, developed her passion for Africa while working in Ethiopia and Kenya as a Peace Corps Volunteer and Program Director, respectively. Before buying the Bamboula in 1989, she worked in various positions to promote economic development in several Africa countries.
Join our celebration and experience the spirit of Africa!
Protecting your private information is our priority. This Statement of Privacy applies to Bamboula Ltd and governs data collection and usage. For the purposes of this Privacy Policy, unless otherwise noted, all references to Bamboula Ltd include 164 West Walnut St. The Bamboula Ltd website is an Online Retail site. By using the Bamboula Ltd website, you consent to the data practices described in this statement.
In order to better provide you with products and services offered on our Site, Bamboula Ltd may collect personally identifiable information, such as your:
If you purchase Bamboula Ltd's products and services, we collect billing and credit card information. This information is used to complete the purchase transaction.
We do not collect any personal information about you unless you voluntarily provide it to us. We will use your information for, but not limited to, communicating with you in relation to services and/or products you have requested from us.
Bamboula Ltd collects and uses your personal information to operate its website(s) and deliver the services you have requested.
Bamboula Ltd does not sell, rent or lease its customer lists to third parties.
Bamboula Ltd secures your personal information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. Bamboula Ltd uses the following methods for this purpose:
When personal information (such as a credit card number) is transmitted, it is protected through the use of encryption, such as the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol.
We strive to take appropriate security measures to protect against unauthorized access to or alteration of your personal information. Unfortunately, no data transmission over the Internet or any wireless network can be guaranteed to be 100% secure. As a result, while we strive to protect your personal information, you acknowledge that: (a) there are security and privacy limitations inherent to the Internet which are beyond our control; and (b) security, integrity, and privacy of any and all information and data exchanged between you and us through this Site cannot be guaranteed.
E-mail Communications
From time to time, Bamboula Ltd may contact you via email for the purpose of providing announcements, promotional offers, alerts, confirmations, surveys, and/or other general communication.
If you would like to stop receiving marketing or promotional communications via email from Bamboula Ltd, you may opt out of such communications by emailing info@bamboulaltd.com and writing UNSUBSCRIBE in the subject line.
Bamboula Ltd reserves the right to change this Privacy Policy from time to time. We will notify you about significant changes in the way we treat personal information by sending a notice to the primary email address specified in your account, by placing a prominent notice on our site, and/or by updating any privacy information on this page. Your continued use of the Site and/or Services available through this Site after such modifications will constitute your: (a) acknowledgment of the modified Privacy Policy; and (b) agreement to abide and be bound by that Policy.
Bamboula Ltd welcomes your questions or comments regarding this Statement of Privacy. If you believe that Bamboula Ltd has not adhered to this Statement, please contact Bamboula Ltd at:
Bamboula Ltd
164 West Walnut Street
Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530
info@bamboulaltd.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Buy the newest acrylic paint to figures with the best sales and promotions. Find cheap offers for acrylic paint to figures in our online store.
The colors are designed to paint clothes from the time, allow a quick and straight way to paint the base color, make the highlights and the shades.
High quality results with little effort or complication.
Our figure series paints can be applied by both brush and airbrush. When airbrushing we recommend diluting with 40% AK 712 thinner. Tap water can be used; however, we recommend our specific thinner AK 712 for best results.
_ AK3002 Black Uniform Base/poner los otros nombres.
_ AK3003 Black Uniform Light Base.
_ AK3004 Black Uniform Dark Light.
_ AK3005 Black Uniform High Light.
_ AK3006 Black Uniform Shadow.
_ AK3007 Black Uniform Dark Shadow.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. Specially formulated by our artistic department to paint skin and flesh tones in miniature; offering an ultra matte finish, just the right drying time the painting of figures has never been easier. Designed for brush application Flesh and Skin Colors can be applied by airbrush; dilute with AK 712 thinner for acrylic paint and you are good to go. These colors have been designed to paint a standard skin color and can be used on any type of figure with excellent results. Changing the base color by adding varying amounts of included tones allows for endless possibilities in the creation of flesh tones affected by time, sun exposure, geography, and race. Flesh and Skin Colors will allow you to achieve high quality results with little effort or complication.
_ AK3015 Dark Shadow Flesh.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set, has been specially formulated by our art department for painting the legendary M-44 uniforms used by German troops during WWII. These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. Paints are matte, of extremely high quality, and offer superior covering abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. High quality results with little effort or complication.
_ AK3022 M-44 Light Spots & Dots.
_ AK3023 M-44 Dark Spots & Dots.
_ AK3024 M-44 Light Green Dots.
_ AK3025 M-44 Midtone Green Dots.
_ AK3026 Global Light Shade.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. Specially formulated to paint accessories, leather, buckles, buttons, boots, etc. on miniature figures from any period. These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. These high quality paints offer superior coverage, drying to a matte finish maximize your ability to recreate any type of accessory. High quality results with little effort or complication.
_ AK3034 Leather Dark Shade.
_ AK3035 Silver & Metal.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set has been specially formulated for painting figures dressed with the Splittermuster type camouflage uniform. These uniforms were used by soldiers of the regular army (Wehrmacht), paratroopers (Fallschirmjäger) and troops who served in other branches of the military. Splittermuster was the standard camouflage of the German army in WWII. These colors are fully representative of this type of camouflage. These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. Paints are matte, of extremely high quality, and their covering and drying abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. High quality results with little effort or complication.
_ AK3042 Splittermuster Brown Spots.
_ AK3043 Splittermuster Green Spots.
_ AK3045 Splittermuster Light Shade.
_ AK3046 Splittermuster Shadow Shade.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set has been specially formulated by our art department for painting the autumn/winter variations of the uniforms used by the Waffen SS during WWII These colors are fully representative of this type of camouflage. These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. Paints are matte, of extremely high quality, and their covering and drying abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. High quality results with little effort or complication.
_ AK3051 Waffen Fall/Winter Base.
_ AK3052 Waffen Fall/Winter Highlights.
_ AK3053 Waffen Fall/Winter Dark Spots.
_ AK3054 Waffen Fall/Winter Orange Spots.
_ AK3055 Waffen Fall/Winter Brown Spots.
_ AK3056 Waffen Fall/Winter Shadow Base.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set has been specially formulated for painting the legendary spring/summer uniforms used by German troops during WWII. Paints are matte, of extremely high quality, and their covering and drying abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. High quality results with little effort or complication.
_ AK3071 M-43 Uniform Green Olive.
_ AK3072 M-42 Uniform Green Ochre Khaki.
_ AK3073 Red Brown Leather.
_ AK3074 US Olive Drab.
_ AK3075 US Filed Drab.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of three colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This smart set has been specially formulated for painting WWI figures with British uniforms. In this set, you will find the base color, shadow and light to paint the characteristic uniforms used by these troops. They can also be used also represent some uniforms of the British Army in WWII, as these color tones were also used in that conflict too.
_ AK3081 WWI British Uniform Base.
_ AK3082 WWI British Uniform Light.
_ AK3083 WWI British Uniform Shadow.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of three colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This smart set has been specially formulated for painting figures with WWI German uniforms. In this set, you will find the base color, shadow and light to paint the characteristic Field Grey uniform used by these troops. They can also be used to represent German WWII uniforms, as these color tones were also used in that conflict, along with others.
_ AK3091 WWI German Uniform Base.
_ AK3092 WWI German Uniform Light.
_ AK3093 WWI German Uniform Shadow.
Blue Horizon uniform used by these troops.
Set of acrylic paints designed for brush application. This set has been developed to paint figures with tropical uniforms used by the German Army in Africa and Sicily during WW2, called Deutsche Afrika Korps (D.A.K.). These uniforms were widely used by the German soldiers of all branches, regular, paratroopers, air force and several troops more. In this set you will find the basic colors for these uniforms, you can mix them to achieve diverse shades, as depending on their origin they could change. These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. Paints are matte, of extremely high quality, and their covering and drying abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. .
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set has been specially formulated for the decoration of figures with uniforms, clothes or garments in any shade of blue. The set is made up of six jars with different tones of blue, so that either individually or mixed together, you can decorate your figures with any blue parts. Perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. Paints are matte, and their covering and drying abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. High quality results with little effort or complication.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set has been specially formulated for the decoration of figures with uniforms, clothes or garments in white or winter white uniforms of any army and period. The set contains six jars with different tones of white and two colors for the shadows, can be mixed together to get mode variants of tones and you can decorate your figures with any white parts.
These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. Paints are matte, and their covering and drying abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. High quality results with little effort or complication.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set has been specially formulated for the decoration of figures with uniforms, clothes or garments in any shade of yellow. The set is made up of six jars with different tones of yellow, so that either individually or mixed together, you can decorate your figures with any yellow parts.
Belonging to our Figure Series line of high quality acrylic paints this set of six colors have been designed to offer optimal coverage when applied by brush. This set has been specially formulated for the decoration of figures with uniforms used during the Vietnam War by the U.S. Army. In this set you will find all the necessary colors to paint all the green colors used by ground forces and also all the camouflages available at the time: from the tiger camouflage to woodland camouflage and leaves camouflage for the helmets. These paints offer the perfect balance between fusion of colors, opacity and intensity. Your figures deserve to be treated like works of art; AK offers the widest range of specialty acrylic paints for uniforms and figures of any era. Our strict formula contains the highest quality pigments, and has been strictly tested under all conditions by the best modelers. Resistant to light, AK paints offer long lasting durability for your scale figures. Paints are matte, and their covering and drying abilities are designed to maximize your potential for figure painting. High quality results with little effort or complication.
_ AK3075 US Field Drab.


Starting this morning you can call (863) 576-7686 for the latest BikeLakeland ride news. The recording will list our next ride date, time, and meet location.
In case of inclement weather, you can call the number to see if the ride has been cancelled. Since the weather changes so fast in Lakeland, we recommend calling about two hours before the ride.
We look forward to seeing you for our next ride!


When traveling, people usually want to try something new.
New, that is, as far as a place to eat. There's that adventure aspect.
Well, it was somewhere for those who live there. But to us, there wasn't a lot of civilization 20 or so miles before we arrived, and upon leaving, it was the same way in the other direction.
I can't remember the name of the town, but I believe it was Grove Hill. We had gotten off the main highway to take a break and check out our GPS to see how to get where we wanted to go.
After a few minutes of checking and not arriving at a different decision about how to head north, my wife and I decided to have some lunch.
The road we took off the main highway into the town took us along the side of a courthouse complex. It was a rather large building. This had to be the county seat, I guess. I didn't know.
We were traveling on the road parallel to the front of the courthouse, but about a block away. We turned toward the building wondering what was in the neighborhood.
The road curved to the right and away from the courthouse. Before I realized it, we were already back to the road we had come into town on.
But wait, there was a restaurant to the northeast of the courthouse that we had just passed. I figured they had to have somewhat decent food. We turned around and decided to give it a try.
I found out that not only did the Courthouse Square Deli and Bakery serve good and reasonably priced food, but they were located in a building that once housed the Clarke County Democrat, which apparently was a weekly newspaper. I once worked on two weeklies.
The paper served the area from 1856 until 1941, al least that's what the lettering on the building indicated.
As usual my wife got a salad and water and I had coffee and a Philly cheese steak sandwich.
There was a homey atmosphere to the place, and since it was early afternoon, the courthouse workers had apparently already made their appearance at the regular lunchtime hour.
There were a few patrons in the spacious building, enjoying the socializing that comes with a small town restaurant.
We enjoyed the meal and soon set out upon our adventure.


Selling staffing? Follow the money!
Wondering where to focus your sales efforts in the coming months? Follow the money! The following chart from McKinsey & Company shows a few industries that tend to benefit during recessions. And as the money flows, so will the jobs and the need for staffing and recruiting services.
Site SEO: How will Google's changes affect staffing firm websites and SEO?
Ask Haley: What's the best marketing investment right now?
What better way to say Happy Holidays and reinforce your brand, than with a custom Holiday Card. Haley Marketing designed the cards for PEG-Industrial Resources, playing off their new logo and their name to portray a unique holiday greeting.
Ask Haley: How can small staffing firms compete with the big boys?


Along the way, they've stayed in everything from Airbnb rentals and posh resorts to luxurious bush camp. A few months later, the duo also made their way to Montego Bay in Jamaica to celebrate the.
Fall in love with Jamaica at VisitJamaica.com – the official source for vacation planning. Discover things to do, hotels, history, culture and itineraries.
Montego Bay, Jamaica is a vacation destination for people who want to have an adventure in the midst of paradise. There are a wide variety of attractions in Montego Bay catering to the active and adventurous traveler.
A Jamaica vacation is a feast for the senses. Music, food, and incredible scenery – Jamaica is a place with a passion for life. With lush tropical forests, beautiful beaches and reef-protected waters, it's a nature lover's playground.
Families, who vacation together, stay together. to sandy seashores is still a popular choice in 2017 – destinations like Aruba, Punta Cana, Montego Bay and San Juan are top beach getaways – but the.
Spirit has budget flights to both Montego Bay and Kingston, and Jamaica marks the holiday with. Hotel Vermont is a sleek, lake-adjacent lodging option complete with free bike rentals. The.
Some of the top deals include $71 one-way flights from Fort Lauderdale to Puerto Rico, $99 one-way flights from Orlando to Havana, $114 one-way flights from Orlando to Mexico City, and $129 one-way.
There are $59 one-way flights from Fort Lauderdale to the Bahamas, for example, as well as $99 flights to Costa Rica and $119 flights to Montego Bay, Jamaica. Travel dates for most routes are.
Welcome to Sunscape Cove Montego Bay Unlimited-Fun. ® for the kid in everyone. Sunscape Cove Montego Bay is a resort dedicated to the Sun Club experience offering an elevated Unlimited-Fun® Caribbean escape, where all-inclusive is redefined. Situated on a private peninsula, this charming two-story beachfront resort offers perfectly decorated accommodations surrounded by the Montego Bay.
Travelers heading out of Houston will also find flights to Belize City starting at $128 one-way, and flights to Montego Bay for $208 one-way. The sale runs through 11:59 p.m. on Dec. 28, with domestic.
Welcome to our vacation home. This lovely villa is a bright and spacious vacation home with over 3000 sq/ft and 4 master suites. All the master suites have their own private bathrooms.
WELCOME TO Sunscape Splash Montego Bay Unlimited-Fun ® for the kid in everyone Located on a secluded peninsula in Montego Bay with over 1,800 feet of powdery beach and overlooking the Caribbean Sea, Sunscape Splash Montego Bay offers a fun-filled getaway with all of the privileges of Unlimited-Fun ®, where everything is included. Our Unlimited-Fun ® experience is redefining all.
Fort Lauderdale has some of the top international deals, with flights starting at just $69 to Belize City and Nassau, while flights to Montego Bay start at $119. You can also fly to Cancun, which took.
The Loyola Marymount University men's team, coached by Lathrop graduate Mike Dunlap, captured the championship in the Jamaica Classic with a 65-56 victory over Ohio University on Sunday in Montego Bay.
Bambu Villa Nine miles west of Montego Bay is a large private site overlooking perhaps the most glorious view of sea and sky on Jamaica's renowned North Coast. Elegantly perched on eight and a half acres is Bambu, a grand six-bedroom private villa distinguished by its classic architecture and appreciated by discerning vacationers.
The main difference between the hotels is that the EP hotels allow you to "pay-as-yougo" through the vacation, while the AI makes you. Many, if not most businesses, operating in Montego Bay, Ocho.
WCCO-TV anchor Angela Davis' 20th wedding anniversary and vow renewal ceremony. a terrible storm destroyed plans for a beachfront ceremony in Montego Bay. "Torrential rain and heavy wind," Davis.
Vacation rentals, villa rentals, condo rentals or apartment rental accommodation homes or stand alone villas are for rent in Jamaica in the Caribbean.Jamaica boasts the best golf courses in the West Indies, some of the finest diving waters in the world, and good river rafting too.
Graham, at the time living in Montego Bay, Jamaica, said yes. Jean Hopfensperger is the religion, faith and values reporter for the Star Tribune. She focuses largely on religious trends shaping.
From Florida, you can fly to Grand Cayman for $211 round-trip, to Providenciales in Turks and Caicos for $231 round-trip, to Nassau, Bahamas for $254 round-trip, and to Montego Bay, Jamaica for $227.
Book the Holiday Inn Resort Montego Bay, Jamaica – All Inclusive – This all-inclusive, family-friendly resort meets a half-mile of private white-sand beach, 16 km (10 mi) from downtown Montego Bay.
With Southwest's international network, travelers can book a sale flight to Cancun, Los Cabos or Montego Bay for less than $300 round-trip. The sale is valid on domestic travel from May 8 through June.
International flights are on sale starting at $59, and destinations include Grand Cayman, Cancun, Cabo, San Juan, Belize city, Montego Bay, Nassau, among others. The cheapest flights are out of Fort.


1. Tell us a little bit about yourselves, your background and your areas of expertise. What attracted you to this sector?
We have collaborated since 2007 to help promote positive touch activities in the home, school and wider community. We then combined our joint experience to develop the Story Massage project and share respectful touch with all ages and abilities.
Mary: I am an award-winning complementary therapist and author of four books on massage, including Healing Touch for Children (Gaia, 2009). I regularly talk at conferences and I write articles for national magazines on the power of positive touch for children in the family home. I have worked in palliative care since 2000.
2. Can you explain what story massage for children is? It is something anyone can do? Is it appropriate for a specific age group?
Story Massage involves the use of ten simple massage movements (through clothes), which are associated with spoken words to build up an engaging story. Tracing a large circle on a child's back, for example, can depict the sun, while raking with the fingers can represent lions' claws.
The concept of story massage is certainly not new. Indeed, it is as natural and intuitive as both sharing touch and telling stories. Most of us can remember writing our names, adding numbers or drawing pictures on friends' backs as a creative guessing game. These action games, songs and rhymes are a form of story massage. They have long been enjoyed as a fun and nurturing activity, but we are extending this so they become a way of communicating, engaging interest and encouraging skills such as fine motor coordination and emotional literacy.
Our story massage strokes can be shared wherever is accessible and acceptable for a child – back, hands, feet, arms, legs... No oil is used and children do not need to remove any clothes.
Storylines and massage moves can be adapted to suit the individual needs of children of varying ages, personalities and temperaments – so it is fully inclusive. It has been used with people ranging from babies to the elderly in care homes, and everyone in between!
3. What's the best way to learn how to do story massage? Is formal training required?
We would suggest that you start by reading our book Once Upon a Touch… Story Massage for Children (Singing Dragon Books, £11.99) which is available from our website or from Amazon, bookshops and public libraries.
This includes instructions and illustrations for the ten main strokes, plus a selection of over 25 massage stories for you to try at home.
Meditative stories. Calming stories can help to relax the mind and body, easing tension and the cumulative effects of stress. Children can learn the essential skill of conscious relaxation through first-hand experience of recharging and refreshing mind and body to be better able to cope with the constant demands and expectations of everyday life.
Story massage as therapy. Story massage can help build trust through a shared connection. Over time, it can encourage the discussion of concerns and anxieties in a calm, safe environment. It offers an opportunity to engage in experiences that provide a context for the use of emotional language so a child has the words to verbally express feelings. Stories can be chosen on topics such as "first day at school" or "a new baby in the family".
Story Massage is now part of the sensory curriculum in many special schools. We have heard from sensory coordinators who find that the combination of positive, nurturing touch with the familiar words of stories helps encourage communication and meaningful engagement even among those with the most profound disabilities.
It can also be used an intensive interaction with colored lights and music to accompany the activity. It is such a simple concept that it can easily be shared with parents of children with special needs and enjoyed as a fun, touch-based activity in the family home.
Another boy with verbal dyspraxia and has gradually started to read the story at the same time as the massage takes place. This has boosted his confidence and self-esteem.
For several children, the combination of words and touch has helped them to remember a sequence of events, actions or words.
Story Massage has been used as a social story to help children prepare for a something such as going to the dentist, or for transition from one activity to another, or one class to another.
6. What are the main strokes?
There are ten simple massage strokes that form the basis of story massage. These strokes each have a child friendly name, such as The Wave or The Bounce, and an easy-to-recognize symbol making it accessible for all ages and abilities.
An example of one of the strokes is The Circle. To do this you rest one hand on your child's shoulder. With the flat of the other hand, make a large, circular movement on the back. This can be in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. It can be applied on different parts of the body with varying pressures and speeds depending on the accompanying words. Within a story this may represent many diverse objects, actions or emotions – ranging from a cake or a face, to dancing or a feeling or completion.
7. What tips or advice can you give to people who want to try story massage with their children, grandchildren, or students?
The most important thing is to remember that this is a fun activity that is respectful and child-centered. Never force a child to take part if they don't want to. Children should be asked if they would like to have a story massage, and then afterwards the person giving the story massage should thank the person receiving the massage.
Listen to feedback from your child and adapt it using favorite strokes and stories to make the child feel extra special. The intention of story massage is sharing safe, healthy and positive interaction with others. It is great fun to adapt or invent stories to make them relevant to your own family. It is creative, interactive and personalized, making it a wonderful activity to make your own as part of quality family time together.
8. What's the most interesting or surprising thing you've seen or learned related to story massage, or what's one thing people would be surprised to learn about story massage?
We have been surprised by the way that it has been used in so many different settings with people of all ages and abilities. It is so simple that it can be used anywhere and everywhere – no preparation is needed and no special equipment is required. We have heard from people using story massage in refugee camps in Turkey and Calais, nursery schools in Kenya, community projects in Nepal, townships in South Africa and with street children in Vietnam. It is so amazing to be part of a project that is making such a real difference to the lives of people all over the world.
In April 2012, Mary was invited to travel to Japan by Cocoro Charity to introduce story massage for children suffering in the aftermath of the tsunami. With the help of social workers and bereavement specialists, a massage story called The Smiling Flowers was written especially for the children. The story was based on the healing power of nature and designed to help with the emotional trauma they were all experiencing.
Mary took the story to kindergartens and nursery schools and found it a really humbling experience. They children and teachers loved it, and the children smiled, many for the first time since the disaster, and immediately wanted to take it home to share it with family and friends.
The local social welfare team felt that it had been an emotionally healing experience for everyone on so many levels. The children have now written many more stories and continue to share them in schools and in the family home as part of the healing process. This was the start of the Story Massage project.
To celebrate this blog, we're happy to send you a free copy of The Smiling Flowers Story Massage, which has now been translated into many different languages. Simply email us at info@storymassage.co.uk.
We love to stay in touch with people and share the benefits of story massage. There's lots of information on our website: www.storymassage.co.uk, where we have a regular blog about the ways that story massage is being used and new massage stories.
We also have an active Facebook page and Twitter feed. We have uploaded many different massage stories in action on our YouTube channel.
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The Southern Cross, also known as the Crux, is the smallest known constellation. Thanks to its small area and bright stars the Southern Cross is one of the brightest constellations in the sky.
The Southern Cross lies in the southern hemisphere of the sky. Its stars have been used for navigation for ages, but due to the precessional motion of the Earth this constellation is invisible to Europeans. The characteristic feature of this smallest constellation is its striking resemblance to the Latin cross. The brightest stars in this constellation are Acrux and Alpha Crucis.
The Southern Cross is a special and exceptional constellation. It became a national symbol of countries like Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Papua New Guinea or Samoa. The Southern Cross even appears on national flags! The Aboriginal tribes living in Australia considered the Southern Cross as a symbol of animistic ghosts which played a crucial role in their local beliefs. For the Aborigines the Southern Cross was the embodiment of an opossum sitting on the tree.
Thanks to Ptolemy's records the Southern Cross is known to have been perfectly known in the ancient times. The ancient Greeks considered it as part of the constellation Centaurus. Unfortunately, about 500 AD the constellation Crux became invisible to Southern Europeans.
This famous constellation which was forgotten for centuries returned to grace over one thousand years later in the age of great geographical discoveries. Andrea Corsali, an Italian navigator and spy, marked the Southern Cross on the map during his voyage around Africa. In subsequent years this exceptionally beautiful and bright constellation was commonly marked on astronomical maps and through subsequent centuries it inspired talented painters and artists.


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Hwang, Dunsby Win Races To Represent Easton In State Legislature
Easton First Selectman Adam Dunsby won a race for the State House to represent Easton. Photo Credit: Contributed
EASTON, Conn. — In Easton's only State Senate race for District 28, Republican incumbent Tony Hwang defeated Democratic challenger Philip Dwyer, according to the Fairfield Citizen.
In the race for Easton's only seat in the State House of Representatives, Republican Adam Dunbsy beat Green Party candidate Bonnie Troy for the District 135. They were competing for a seat held by John Shaban, who ran for Congress. Dunsby is the First Selectman of Easton, a position he intends to keep.
For Registrar of Voters, Democrat David Smith and Republican Vincent Caprio were re-elected.
For the U.S. House, Rep. Jim Himes, a Democrat, defeated Shaban, a Republican from Redding.
For the U.S. Senate, Sen. Richard Blumenthal, a Democrat, won re-election by topping Republican challenger Dan Carter of Bethel. Carter did not seek re-election to the State House due to his Senate run.


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Watch: 'Shoot the Moon' Doc Focuses on an Elevator to Reach Space
by Ethan Anderton
There's hope of consumer flights to space beginning as early as 2016 with SpaceX breaking ground on a commercial spaceport in Texas recently. But there might be another way for people to head into space if Michael Laine has anything to do with it. Laine has a team for a project called LiftPort, which can most simply be explained as an elevator that could take people to space. While that sounds like something a child could come up, or even something out of Looney Tunes, Laine is deadly serious about the project, and thinks he has all the practical science and plans figured out, now he just needs the awareness, desire and support from the public, and a documentary called Shoot the Moon might just help with that. Watch below now!
To get acquainted with the project, here's the video from the doc's funded Kickstarter campaign:
And now here's the official trailer that they've put together since getting funding (via SlashFilm):
Funnily enough, LiftPort was a Kickstarter project to begin with, and now there's a Kickstarter about that Kickstarted project, and our nose just started bleeding. Here's the official synopsis if you need it laid out:
12 men have set foot on the moon, and getting them there cost $25.4 billion dollars. The last moonwalk ended more than 40 years ago. Two men, Michael and David, are dedicating their lives to creating the next great leap for humanity, and they think they can give us permanent access to the moon for less than a billion dollars.
We're filming their journey to build an elevator to space.
Their quest has reached a critical juncture. They're taking on their biggest experiment yet: making a robot climb the tallest free-standing human structure in existence, and we're capturing it all on film. The lead up. The experiment. Everything.
If anything, this looks like a wholly interesting venture both in documentary form and as a project for people to gain access to space. With Interstellar getting closer, the prospect of being able to bring people to space easier and with far less cost than one might anticipate, maybe when the time comes for mankind to have to leave this planet, it won't be so hard of a venture after all. But we're getting ahead of ourselves. For now, we're very interested in seeing how the documentary from Brooklyn filmmaker Benjamin Ahr Harrison turns out, and we hope LiftPort gets enough interest to become a reality. Sound cool?
Find more posts: Documentaries, To Watch, Trailer
Real life Arthur C Clarkes Fountains of Paradise
Snowmanfloza on Sep 26, 2014
We will see. I have heard so many arguments as to why it can't happen.
DAVIDPD on Sep 26, 2014
There are apparently two documentaries on this subject: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1704207196/sky-line-the-space-elevator-documentary?ref=nav_search
major3000 on Sep 29, 2014


Diana Verdier is presumed innocent, until proven guilty in a court of law. Not all of outcomes are known or final.
Is Diana Verdier a criminal?
Diana Verdier is innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
What was Diana Verdier arrested for?
When was Diana Verdier arrested?
How old was Diana Verdier at the time of the arrest?
Where was Diana Verdier arrested?
Diana Verdier was 507 tall according to the Georgia Law Enforcement report.
When was Diana Verdier born?
Diana Verdier was born on February 13,2019.
Diana Verdier ( Female ) was 60 years old at the time of the arrest. was arrested on 2019-02-12 03:50:00. Was arrested in RINGGOLD, Georgia. The address information we have on record is: 540 YATES SPRINGS RD RINGGOLD GA 30736.
Below you can find more information about the charges of Diana Verdier (if available).
This official record of Diana Verdier is redistributed by FindMugshots.com and is protected by publishing, constitutional and other legal rights. The official record was collected from local law enforcement agencies of Georgia. Not all of outcomes of this arrest report are known or final.
Not the Diana Verdier you were searching for? Use the search bar above to find the correct record or view all results for Diana Verdier in All States.


Fat-shaming. Discrimination? Or is it just simple bullying?
It's now acceptable to call people fat and tell them they should lose weight. You are just concerned about their health, after all. Right? Let's try it: For the next overweight woman you see on the street, let her know she's overweight. More points for using the medical term obese. Better yet, you see someone with more pounds than you like on TV, write them an e-mail and tell them they are only worth their weight. Period.
Kenneth Krause of Wisconsin did just that to a local TV newswoman. And, thanks to an on-air response from the recipient — WKBT news anchor Jennifer Livingston — La Crosse, Wis., has become de facto Ground Zero in the debate over fat-shaming, one of the few remaining publicly approved forms of overt discrimination.
Livingston's husband, Mike Thompson, an evening news anchor at the station, posted the e-mail to his WKBT Facebook page. The response, while probably not as sweet as frosted chocolate-chip brownies, was touching. Hundreds of supportive e-mails and social media messages poured forth, and local Wisconsin radio stations began talking about the incident.
Livingston took to the air to address the note and the ensuing buzz, as it became apparent to her that silence wouldn't be as effective as her voice. She never named Krause; the Associated Press did that. But Livingston didn't mince words as she called out the bully.
Listing her accomplishments, Livingston declared, "I am much more than a number on a scale!" And she spoke up for more than just herself.
It's already a flavorless trope: the female body as object belonging to the public domain. Every woman who runs for public office is taught to be steeled against the attacks that will come because of her gender. Every public figure is subject to the scrutiny of anyone with an opinion who feels it's appropriate to weigh in on the appearance of the celebrity.
But let's get to the meat of the matter here. Krause's e-mail was a textbook example of an anti-woman rant. Levying insult poorly veiled as concern for Livingston's health, Krause asserts that the anchorwoman's weight could be setting a poor example and could potentially make young girls in their community believe that there's nothing wrong with being fat and, more likely, not attractive to his personal standard. The horror! Couching body-size prejudice in terms of caring about the health of a stranger is ridiculous. It's doubtful that Krause has ever sidled up to a slender person to inquire how long it's been since her last blood test or eye exam. It's equally doubtful he sent a similar e-mail of "concern" to actor John Goodman or radio host Rush Limbaugh.
Total health is far more complex than what meets the eye. And for one so concerned with the health of a news anchor whom he admitted he rarely watches on air, what might be the effect of devaluing her as a person? What could be the emotional impact of abusive language and judgment hurled toward her like slop to hogs?
Cases of discrimination toward heavy people in the workplace, in schools and even within the health-care system that works to treat obesity, is rising, according to a number of organizations. But unlike race or religion, there are no federal laws making it illegal to discriminate against a person based on his or her weight. Michigan stands alone as the only state in the Union in which discrimination on the basis of a person's weight is illegal.
Discrimination doesn't happen in a vacuum. It comes about because of opinions and prejudices, often taught while a person is young. Disliking people because of the size of their bodies is no different than disliking someone because of the color of her skin.
Fat-shaming is not acceptable. Shout that from a rooftop.


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VOP Arrest Procedures
Call an attorney at Meltzer & Bell, P.A. to find out more about the procedures that apply after an arrest for a violation of probation. We represent clients throughout West Palm Beach and Palm Beach County, FL. Our criminal defense attorneys represent clients on misdemeanor probation violations and felony probation violations throughout Palm Beach County, FL. Call (561) 557-8686 today.
The courts in the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit in Palm Beach County have enacted certain administrative orders. Administrative Order Number 4.402 – 9/08 addresses the warrantless arrest for violation of probation and community control. The administrative order was signed by the Chief Judge in chambers at the courthouse in West Palm Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida, on September 27, 2008.
The establishment of procedures for arrests without warrants for violation of probation and violation of community control would promote the efficient and uniform administration of justice.
The courts have recognized that Florida Statute section 948.06(1) (2007), authorizes any law enforcement officer to arrest, without warrant, a probationer or offender in community control who has violated his or her probation or community control in a material respect, and forthwith return him or her to the court granting such probation or community control. Additionally, Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.130(a) requires a first appearance within 24 hours of arrest.
Pursuant to the authority conferred by Florida Rule of Judicial Administration 2.215, the court set up certain booking procedures for the warrantless arrest of a person accused of a probation violation.
Booking Procedures for Probation Violations
The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office will notify the Clerk of Court and the Probation Office immediately upon a probationer from this County being booked into the Palm Beach County Detention Center.
The Sheriff is directed to prepare a separate booking for every violation of probation or community control. To facilitate this, law enforcement is directed to prepare a separate probable cause affidavit for each violation of probation or community control.
Immediately following the arrest without a warrant of a probationer or offender in community control, or no later than the first working day following the arrest, the Sheriff shall notify the supervising authority (i.e. Department of Corrections or Pride, Inc.) of the arrest.
A probationer or offender in community control arrested without a warrant shall not be eligible for release prior to his or her appearance before the first appearance judge, or the judge placing him/her on probation or community control.
First Appearance on a Probation Violation in Palm Beach County
The probationer or offender in community control shall be brought within 24 hours of his or her arrest to a first appearance hearing, before the court granting such probation or community control within the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, or if arrested on a weekend/holiday before the first appearance judge, to determine if there is probable cause to believe the probationer or offender in community control has violated his or her probation or community control in a material respect.
If probable cause is not found, the judge may grant an additional 72 hours for probable cause to be presented to the court or may order the individual's release on his or her own recognizance (O.R.).
If probable cause is found, the probationer or offender in community control shall, subject to the judge's discretion be released on bond, or be ordered held in custody.
Out of Palm Beach County Probation and Community Control
If the court granting such probation or community control is outside the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, the probationer or offender in community control shall be brought before a judge within 24 hours of his or her arrest for a first appearance hearing, to determine if there is probable cause to believe the probationer or offender in community control has violated his or her probation or community control in a material respect.
If probable cause is found, the probationer or offender in community control shall, subject to the first appearance judge's discretion be released on bond, or be ordered held in custody.
For those offenders held in custody, the clerk shall schedule the probationer or offender in community control for another appearance before the first appearance judge within 10 days, to determine if the Palm Beach County Sheriff, State and/or the Department of Corrections have made sufficient arrangements for the individual's return to the court granting such probation or community control.
If still in custody after 10 days, and a warrant and/or hold has not been issued, then absent good cause to the contrary the individual shall be released on his or her own recognizance (O.R.).
Violation of Probation Affidavits
Within 10 working days following notification by the Sheriff in Palm Beach County of the arrest of a probationer or offender in community control, the supervising authority (i.e. D.O.C. or Pride, Inc.) shall file an affidavit of probation or community control violation.
If such affidavit is not filed within 10 days, an offender in custody shall be brought back before the court and, absent good cause to the contrary, shall be released on his or her own recognizance (O.R.).
VOP Hearings in Palm Beach County, FL
In all felony cases where the probationer has posted bond or been released on his own recognizance prior to the preliminary hearing, the preliminary hearing shall be heard on the third Friday following the release on bond or recognizance.
In all misdemeanor and traffic crime cases where the probationer has posted bond or been released on his own recognizance, prior to the preliminary hearing shall be heard on the trial court's next scheduled monthly VOP date (the Deputy Administrative Judge for the County Court Criminal Division shall be responsible for providing the Clerk's Office with the master schedule.)
All hearings subsequent to the first appearance hearings contained herein shall be scheduled by the court placing the individual on probation and/or community control.
Danger to the Public Hearings in Palm Beach County
If the offender is under supervision for any offense listed below, the court will hold a "danger to the public hearing" and make a finding that the probationer or offender is not a danger to the public prior to release. Florida Statute Chapter 794; Florida Statute Section 800.04(4),(5), or (6); Florida Statute Section 827.071; Florida Statute Section 847.0154.
A "danger to the public hearing" will be held if the offender is a registered sexual predator, a registered sexual offender, or is under supervision for a criminal offense for which he or she would meet the registration criteria asset forth in Florida Statute §§775.21,943.0435 or 944.607.
Community Control
Felony Violation of Probation
Misdemeanor VOP
Technical Violations
VFOSC
VOP Hearing