Your pets deserve to be healthy, just like you.
Faim Museau natural pet food is the best raw food you can feed your pet.
Choosing raw food is choosing to have a healthy pet.
Raw food allows for the proper development of joints and muscle tissues during your puppy's growth. Dogs and cats benefit from gradual growth at a proper pace. For older animals, maintaining healthy joints and muscle mass is important. Faim Museau natural raw food helps prevent joint problems while offering your companion increased mobility ensuring it is more comfortable when getting around. Your animal will benefit from a better quality of life meaning you can therefore enjoy their company for a longer period of time.
Natural food is easily identified by the dog or cat's organism because all nutrients come from unprocessed foods. By providing a diet designed specifically for each breed, intolerances and allergies are practically non-existent or when present, easily identifiable and manageable. Moreover, a number of dogs and cats saw their symptoms of intolerances and allergies disappear completely after a change to Faim Museau natural food.
By combining a well-balanced diet with physical activity and a healthy and stimulating living environment for your pet, you can help maintain your pet's ideal weight thereby reducing the risk of obesity related illnesses.
In the wild, food is intended to be digested by the enzymes it contains. Since processed food found on shelves is deprived of enzymes, the pancreas must work harder in an effort to help digest the food. Subjecting the pancreas to a steady diet of processed food for a lengthy period of time can cause it to malfunction. While a processed diet can take up to 12 hours to digest, an appropriate natural diet is digested more rapidly (4 hours). In addition, a natural diet is almost entirely digested by the organism resulting in smaller, less foul-smelling stools.
Natural food is made up of between 60% and 70% water. Carnivores hydrate themselves partly with the food they consume. Having evolved as a hunter for millions of years, your pet hydrated itself primarily via its food. It is therefore unnatural for the dog or cat to consume large quantities of dry food. Your pet continually finds itself in a state of chronic dehydration when fed a steady diet of dry food. This state of chronic dehydration can cause multiple health problems. It is therefore vital to feed your pet hydrated food, such as Faim Museau formulas, that are biologically developed for each individual breed.
Domestic pet owners believe that dry food acts as a "tooth brush". This is a myth! If this was a fact, veterinarians would never conduct teeth scaling procedures on your pet. In reality, dental cleanings represent approximately 50% of veterinary surgical procedures. When we observe dogs eating nuggets, we notice that most of them swallow their food without chewing it! It's chewing on objects and bones that helps keep your dog's teeth clean. Faim Museau's 100% natural recreational bones are THE perfect "tooth brush". In addition, they also provide cats and dogs with hours of fun and relaxation.
When developing Faim Museau formulas, we verify the source and quality of each of the ingredients. By choosing meats free from hormones and antibiotics as well as organic certified plants, we can guarantee that Faim Museau medallions are of the highest quality. By feeding your dog Faim Museau, you ensure that your dog's immune system is healthy and efficient. Your pet will be physically fit thereby helping reduce veterinary costs.
If your dog or cat seems to lose its appetite or refuses to eat dry food, Faim Museau is THE solution! You can consult our team of experts for advice on how to introduce our products to your pets. We can guide you through the transition process and your dogs and cats will rediscover the joys of eating well.
You could have knitted yourself a tuque with the pet hair collected from your floors? You've had enough of picking up pet hair in your house? An appropriate diet such as Faim Museau provides all the nutrients necessary to keep your dog's fur healthy, shiny and soft and…on your pet. In fact, we notice that after only a few weeks on the natural food based diet, loss of pet hair is reduced significantly.


This is only a proposal without any budget limitation. The concept was to design a summer window for a fashion brand that took part in New York Fashion Week 2016.
Desigual is a casual clothing brand based in Barcelona, Spain. Founded by a Swiss man Thomas Meyer in 1984. Desigual in Spanish means uneven/unequal and the concept is applied in the brand design, through the use of asymmetry, patchworks, prints, graffiti art, and splashes of intense colour.
The project involved the design of two window display for the summer season. One for a large window at the front of the store with a dividing panel in the middle and a small window which in real life, would be somewhere off the main foot traffic. Both windows had to follow the same theme. I called the theme Summer in the City. Summer in a very hot climate can be hard to bear, without much greenery and water to cool down the end of the day is a blessing.
My large window is based on an idea of a play. A bunch of friends feel comfortable with each other jumping across cascading water. The heat is making them crazy, they feel free and they need to cool down, la vida es loca (life is crazy) as Desigual motto says.
The smaller window is inspired by a city seen as a concrete jungle. A couple of friends are hanging out in the skatepark preserving their energy chilling out.


All the prints are rolled in a very solid cardboard tube and the print is first rolled up in a polypropylene bags for added protection.
We retain all reproduction rights and copyrights. The purchase of this print does not transfer reproduction rights.


text:
Sven Tippelt (* 3. Juni 1965 in Leipzig) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Gerätturner. Seine größten Erfolge auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene, darunter drei Medaillen bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1988, errang er im Mehrkampf, am Barren und im Ringeturnen.

Sportliche Erfolge

Sven Tippelt gewann bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1988 in Seoul für die Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR) startend eine Silbermedaille im Mannschaftsmehrkampf sowie je eine Bronzemedaille in den Einzelwettbewerben im Barren- und im Ringeturnen. Im Einzelmehrkampf belegte er den vierten Platz. Vier Jahre später erreichte er bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1992 in Barcelona mit der deutschen Mannschaft den vierten Platz im Mannschaftsmehrkampf. In den Einzelwettbewerben gelang ihm hingegen an keinem Gerät der Einzug in die Finalrunde.

Bei den Turn-Weltmeisterschaften gewann Sven Tippelt mit der DDR-Mannschaft 1989 eine Silbermedaille sowie 1985 und 1987 eine Bronzemedaille im Mannschaftsmehrkampf. Darüber hinaus belegte er bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1987 den dritten Platz am Barren. Dabei turnte er an diesem Gerät erstmals die später nach ihm benannte Tippelt-Kontergrätsche, die in den als Code de Pointage bezeichneten internationalen Wertungsvorschriften des Internationalen Turnerbundes unter der Bezeichnung "Tippelt" als Übung der Schwierigkeitsstufe D gilt. Ein Jahr später turnte er bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen am Pauschenpferd ein weiteres später nach ihm benanntes Element der Schwierigkeitsstufe C.

In den Jahren 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989 und 1990 wurde er DDR-Meister im Einzelmehrkampf. Darüber hinaus gewann er die DDR-Meisterschaften 1985 und 1986 am Barren, 1986 und 1988 im Ringeturnen sowie 1986 im Bodenturnen und am Reck. Auch sein Vater Frank Tippelt war in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren mehrfach DDR-Meister im Geräteturnen. Die fünf Einzeltitel von Sven Tippelt bei den DDR-Meisterschaften 1986 stellen eine Leistung dar, die erst 2008 von Fabian Hambüchen bei den Deutschen Meisterschaften wiederholt wurde.

1988 erhielt Tippelt den Vaterländischen Verdienstorden in Silber.

Leben nach dem Leistungssport

Nach den Olympischen Spielen 1992 zog sich Sven Tippelt verletzungsbedingt vom internationalen Leistungssport zurück, in den Folgejahren startete er bis zum Jahr 2000 in Bundesligawettkämpfen. Seit dem Ende seiner aktiven Laufbahn fungiert er als Trainer und Kampfrichter für den nordrhein-westfälischen Verein TuS Leopoldshöhe. Er hat einen Abschluss als Diplom-Sportlehrer von der Deutschen Hochschule für Körperkultur in Leipzig. Der Sportverein SC DHfK Leipzig war sein Heimatverein. Nach einer Umschulung ist er seit 2001 als Physiotherapeut tätig. Zum 1. November 2008 wurde er Landestrainer Kunstturnen beim Niedersächsischen Turnerbund.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Sport-komplett.de: Turnen - Weltmeisterschaften Herren
 Sport-komplett.de: Turnen - DDR - Meisterschaften Herren
 Was macht eigentlich... Sven Tippelt? Interview mit dem Turnmagazin LEON, Ausgabe 6/2006

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1988
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1992
Turner (DDR)
Olympiateilnehmer (DDR)
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Silber
Sportler (Leipzig)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1965
Mann
DDR-Meister (Turnen)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I set up my tent, sleeping bag and pad – all normal, next I hang a giant tarp over my tent – I don't bring a tarp when backpacking either, but I was happy to have it as I had a place to go outside of my tent and still be out of the rain. I then think it's time to hang my bear bag and I better go through my backpack and get all the things with a scent out so I can hang them up as well. As I'm going through my pack, it turns into the LL BEAN backpack that I had in high school – I start pulling out empty granola bar wrappers from the pouch in the front and when I get to the main pouches…..I start pulling out— stuffed animals???? I'm talking TONS of stuffed animals!! So I start making a pile and thinking who can I call to come pick these up for me — you know leave no trace and all (I'm very eco- conscious….even in my dreams haha!) As I'm looking at this mound of stuffed animals I start getting annoyed with myself for the unnecessary weight I had been carrying around in my pack. The ONLY other thing in my bag was my new kindle – LOL.
I woke up feeling amused- it is so funny what your brain comes up with sometimes while you are sleeping. I tell ya, I could start a blog on all the weird dreams I have too- LOL! This is really not even that strange compared to most of them. One of my favorite dreams is one where I was in Australia holding a koala and I woke up petting Willow's tail. And NO, I do not sleep with stuffed animals – I have Jo, Willow and on very rare occasions Gizmo.
Anyway I just let Jo out and was snowing like CRAZY!! It didn't last very long, but it was fun to watch and Jo always loves to run around in the snow. 🙂 So I figured I may as well blog as it's too late to go back to sleep and too early to get up.
← FINALLY got to use my Snowshoes!!
haha – I know right?? So weird – and they weren't even toys for JoJo!! Just like random stuffed animals of all different sizes!


text:
Disability Pride: What it means to the LADD community
Ashley Miller, Sheila Richardson and Jenny Crowe at the 2017 Disability Pride March.
As part of the 30th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, many are celebrating Disability Pride this month. But what is Disability Pride? It can mean different things for different people, but generally can be thought of as taking pride in your whole self, including your disability. On LADD Live last week, we talked about the ADA and Disability Pride, then asked members of the LADD community to share something they're proud of in their lives.
Here's what they had to say.
"I'm proud of speaking up for myself. Stepping out sometimes and believing in what you do and what other people do is very important even if you may have autism. My disability never defined me. I'm really coming out of my shell with gardening classes. I was in a cocoon for so long, but I'm becoming a butterfly." – Jenny
"I'm proud of my fitness and getting involved." – Josh
"I'm very proud of how I have changed and become a good roommate. I'm proud of being able to be in the world and have friends and be involved in the LADD marketing committee." – Kathleen
"I'm proud to share my time and talent with my PowerPoints and presentations." – Adam
"I'm proud that I exercise four days a week." – Maggie
"I'm proud of being myself and doing what I can do, drawing pictures and making people happy." – Neil
"I'm proud to be best friends with Neil and work at the Museum Center." – Bryan
"I'm proud of being joyful and a responsible cat owner to Annabelle." – Margot
"I'm proud to be filmmaker and proud that I'm able to control my emotions." – Marc
"I'm proud of the way my mind works. It works in a unique way that can also be really helpful." – Jason
The ADA and me
The future of community living for people with disabilities
Virtual gatherings lift up LADD community member
LADD families reunite and reconnect
Racism, inclusion and justice
Forging a path forward

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Now that the largest church in our area is promoting the Alpha Course, I predict that it won't be long before it gains widespread acceptance. Your booklet is the best resource I have found to wake Christians to what is perhaps the greatest danger the American Church has faced in a long time. Keep up the great work that you and your associates are doing!
Many churches are blindly recommending this course and actually teaching it because many of our leaders aren't using discernment , don't care, or worse support the misleading and false teaching in the Alpha Course. This booklet is a fair, concise, to the point, and easy to understand description of the dangers of the Alpha Course. I'd pass out many of these little booklets to anyone who is considering this course, especially new Christians or unbelievers.
My hubby and I did this course many years ago but did not realize what all it entailed and its history. It scares me how easily and innocently we can be deceived! The term to be "Bereans" has taken on a whole new meaning. Thru all these booklets (and lighthouse trails and other discernment ministries) I've been challenged to question everything against scripture. It's not out of being paranoid but understanding how crafty satan is and our personal responsibility to search the scriptures daily!


The University of Ballarat has published a research paper claiming that 89 per cent of BitTorrent files it examined over a certain period infringed copyright, a result immediately hailed by the Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft (AFACT) as a victory in its war against file sharing.
In the report — available in full from AFACT's website (PDF) — researchers from the university's Internet Commerce Security Laboratory analysed the most popular BitTorrent trackers on the Torrentz website on 21 April 2010 and scraped the information from them.
Torrentz is a search engine that combines results from many different BitTorrent search engines, so the BitTorrent servers traced by the University of Ballarat consisted of sites as diverse as Demonoid, Mighty Nova, TorrentBay, BitReactor and so on.
It appears that more than a million individual torrent files were tracked from the servers. But in the end, the university found that just 4 per cent of torrents — more than 15,000 &mdash were responsible for 90 per cent of seeders. In the BitTorrent system, a seeder is a BitTorrent user who has downloaded all of one file and is now hosting it rather than simultaneously downloading chunks.
"In summary, our results indicate that 89 per cent of all torrents from our sample are confirmed to be infringing copyright, both by the number of files and total number of current seeders," wrote the university in its paper. "Of the torrents in the top three categories (movies, music and TV shows), there were no legal torrents in the sample."
According to Paul Watters, director of the laboratory, a total of 117 million downloads had been completed across more than 1 million torrent files.
AFACT, which represents a number of content providers such as film and television studios including Village Roadshow, assisted the university with its work, and immediately jumped on the paper, stating it showed that legitimate use of the BitTorrent software was minor.
"All it takes is an internet connection and the BitTorrent software to efficiently distribute large files amongst users," said Neil Gane, executive director of AFACT. "It may be a legitimate software but, as we have always maintained, it is the preferred software for sharing unauthorised copyright content. The research found that movies and TV shows made up 72 per cent of all torrent traffic yet not one copy was legitimate."
And actor Roy Billing — who has had roles in Underbelly, for example, said file sharing was having "a detrimental effect on the movie and TV industry", with "no returns" going back to content creators.
The news comes as iiNet (which has been enmeshed in an ongoing court case with AFACT over claims its customers infringed copyright through BitTorrent) this week stepped up a war of words with the organisation.
Yesterday, iiNet chief executive Michael Malone posted a link (PDF) to a letter iiNet chief regulatory officer Steve Dalby had written in reaction to an article involving AFACT in industry newsletter Communications Day. In the article, AFACT said it wanted to see internet service providers (ISPs) collaborate with content providers on an industry code to tackle copyright infringement.
"AFACT have made it very clear — their idea of cooperation is for ISPs to disconnect their customers when they demand it. If we don't do their bidding they'll tie ISPs up in the courts. That's not cooperation, that's an attempt at coercion and is, therefore, a poor model for a commercial relationship or an industry code of conduct."


text:
CREATING FAMILY TRADITIONS

© 2004 by Gloria Gaither and James Dobson, Inc.
published by Multnomah Gifts",
a division of Mulinomah' Publishers, Inc.
P.O. Box 1720. Sisters. Oregon 97759

Artwork © 2004 by Carrie Hartman

www.carriehartman.com

Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are taken from:

_The Holy Bible_ , New International Version
©1975, L984 by International Bible Society,
used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House

_Multnomab_ is a trademark of Mulinomah Publishers, Inc., and is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The colophon is a trademark of Mulcnomah Publishers, Inc.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without prior written permission.

For Information:
MULTNOMAH PUBLISHERS, INC. P.O.BOX 1720♦SISTERS. OR 97759

eISBN: 978-0-307-56387-3

v3.0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaBook


A computer station is located on site and wireless Internet access is complimentary. A business center is on site at this 3-star property. This business-friendly hotel also offers a fitness center, a rooftop terrace, and a library. Limited onsite parking is available on a first-come, first-served basis (surcharge).
Lelux Hotel is a smoke-free property.
Located in Ville-Marie, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Sainte-Catherine Street and St. Denis Theatre. The Underground City and Old Port of Montreal are also within 1 mi (2 km). Berri-UQAM Station is only a 3-minute walk and Beaudry Station is 8 minutes.
Along with a fitness center, this smoke-free hotel has a rooftop terrace and self parking. WiFi in public areas is free. Additionally, a microwave in a common area, a business center, and dry cleaning are onsite.
All 60 rooms offer free WiFi, pillowtop beds, and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Room service, coffee makers, and free local calls are among the other amenities available to guests.
Lelux Hotel offers 60 air-conditioned accommodations with coffee/tea makers and hair dryers. Beds feature pillowtop mattresses. Flat-screen televisions come with cable channels. Bathrooms include shower/tub combinations and complimentary toiletries. This Montreal hotel provides complimentary wireless Internet access. Business-friendly amenities include desks and phones; free local calls are provided (restrictions may apply). Housekeeping is provided daily.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Following the increased interest in autonomous vehicles research a number
of datasets have been released that address Visual Place Recognition (VPR)
and/or Visual Localization (VL) from the perspective of the self-driving car,
e.g. \cite{warburg2020mapillary, RobotCarDatasetIJRR}.
Other datasets were recorded from modalities such as ground robots
\cite{leyva2019tb}, a railroad system \cite{olid2018single}
handheld-devices \cite{taira2018inloc}
or aerial platforms in indoor \cite{Burri25012016} or
low-altitude-outdoor environments \cite{maffra2018tolerant}.
However, they all share a similar camera
perspective where the scene is close to the camera's position and the
camera is oriented mostly in an upright manner.

On the other hand there is an increasing number of applications for
autonomous flying vehicles in large-scale outdoor scenarios e.g. logistics
\cite{scott2017drone}, patrolling \cite{girard2004border}, inspection
\cite{nikolic2013uav}
and even personal transportation \cite{planing_pinar_2019}.
As regulatory bodies start to plan to integrate
autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles into regular airspace by the end of the
decade \cite{undertaking2018european} there
will be a need for alternatives to satellite-based navigation.  One could
argue that at high altitudes the reception quality of satellite signals
would be favorable. However, global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) are
very vulnerable to accidental or malicious radio frequency interruptions
(jamming) or fake signals (spoofing) \cite{9340116}. Safe aviation requires
back up systems, especially without a human pilot. True autonomous flight
thus can only become a reality at large scale if back up systems for
GNSS-failure exist.

In VPR it is the goal to retrieve a coarse camera pose for a given image by
querying a large database of geotagged images for instances
of the same place. This can then be followed by a VL-based pose refinement step
in a coarse to fine manner \cite{sarlin2019coarse}. Both techniques together
provide the capability to retrieve a drift-free 6-DoF global position estimate
in absence of GNSS but require a database with precise reference imagery.
The database is often built using traversals of the
same place at different times. Similar to \cite{vallone2022danish}, we
instead use publicly available geodata to render reference imagery and
dense depth maps.

Matching query and reference imagery is challenging due to variation in appearance
induced by illumination, weather and seasons, as well as viewpoint variations.
Learned global and local image descriptors such as NetVLAD
\cite{arandjelovic2016netvlad} and D2-Net \cite{dusmanu2019d2} have shown promising performance in the context
of large-scale autonomous navigation scenarios \cite{zaffar2021vpr,sattler2018benchmarking}.
Our experiments, however show, that the performance degrades drastically when faced with in-plane rotations,
which is typical for an aerial setting with a downward-facing camera.
Based on recent work by Parihar et al. \cite{parihar2021rord} we show how
rotation-robust features provide promising results both for VPR and VL
highlighting the need to adapt current state-of-the-art
techniques to the aerial scenario.

By releasing our dataset we hope to support the aerial robotics community in
developing and extending VPR and VL techniques to the aerial scenario
to enable safe autonomous flight in large-scale environments.

\section{Related Work}

VPR and VL datasets usually follow a
structure where a set of query images that capture the view of a device or a
vehicle are accompanied by a set of geotagged reference images from
one or multiple temporally separate traversals of the same spatial locations.
Based on their geotags the reference images provide a coarse position estimate.
These can subsequently be used as a starting point for a pose refinement step.

Based on the modality from which the query and reference images were captured these
datasets can be categorized into ground-to-ground, aerial-to-aerial or aerial-to-ground
datasets. Ground-to-ground datasets such as \cite{torii2013visual, warburg2020mapillary,leyva2019tb,olid2018single, taira2018inloc}
use the same sensor setup to collect query and reference images.
The same is true for aerial-to-aerial VPR datasets such as \cite{Burri25012016, maffra2018tolerant}.
More recently aerial-to-ground datasets have introduced the idea of using
external geodata for geolocating ground vehicles from aerial imagery such as orthophotos.
External geodata provides access to a vast amount of georeferenced imagery
with city-wide \cite{lin2015learning} or even nation-wide geographic coverage
\cite{vallone2022danish}. We adopt the same idea but use it for a high altitude
aerial-to-aerial scenario.
Most related to ours is the work by Zaffar et al.
\cite{zaffar2019state}. It investigates an aerial-to-aerial dataset and
poses the question whether off-the-shelf VPR-techniques
can cope with the viewpoint variation imposed by the 6-DoF movement of aerial
platforms compared to the lateral movement of ground platforms. Its scope,
however, is limited to scenarios with low-altitude drone flight at building
level. In contrast to the previously published VPR datasets, ours centers around
images taken from a vantage point hundreds of meters above ground with a
downwardfacing camera which opens up a new research direction for VPR and VL
dealing with challenges induced by the large distance to the scene and in-plane
rotations.

\section{The VPaiR Dataset}

VPAIR is a dataset for evaluating visual place recognition and localization in a large-scale
aerial environment.
Our goal was to collect data over a wide area of surface
types to be challenging and representative. The VPAIR dataset was
recorded with a light aircraft over a
region between the city of Bonn, Germany, and the Eifel mountain range at 300 to
400 meters above ground covering a distance of 107 kilometers. For a depiction
of the flight path see Fig. \ref{fig:flight_path}. The dataset includes
camera images from a downward-facing camera and timestamped reference
poses recorded with a precise satellite and inertial navigation system
(GNSS/INS). The sensor data was recorded on October 13, 2020 in a single pass.
It is complemented with high resolution 3D rendered and geotagged reference
imagery for the geolocalization task, dense depth maps and metadata that describes the dominant
surface type visible in the image for evaluation purposes. In total
there are 2788 query images and 12788 database images.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{figs/flight_path_2.png}}
\caption[]{{Recording area. The flight trajectory covers various types of landscapes, i.e. urban, rural, forestry and agricultural, and is
107 km long in total.}}
\label{fig:flight_path}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Sensor Setup}

The data was collected onboard a lightweight 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft
with a nominal cruise speed of around 150 km/h. The payload consists of
a monocular color camera recording with 1600x1200 resolution at 25 Hz and
a dual antenna Ellipse-D GNSS/INS navigation system from SBG which provides
accurate 6-DoF poses with an expected uncertainty of 0.05$^{\circ}$ in
rotation and less than one meter in position. The image data is downsampled
to 800x600 pixels and 1 Hz for this dataset
to limit the total file size and increase its practicality while maintaining
visual coverage of the full trajectory.

All items of the payload were placed close to each
other below the wing with the camera facing down except for the GNSS
antennas which were mounted on the top of the wing. We measured the distances
between all parts of the payload carefully and provide a schematic in Fig.
\ref{fig:payload}.

The Camera and INS are synchronized
through hardware triggering ensuring accurate timestamps. The camera's
timestamps correspond to the beginning of exposure. The exposure time was
fixed to 5 ms at the day of capture. We used the official ROS
implementations of the sensor drivers and adapted them for timestamp
synchronization. The camera intrinsics and the extrinsics between
IMU and camera were obtained by using the Kalibr calibration toolbox
\cite{rehder2016extending}.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \centerline{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{figs/payload_positions_aircraft_v3.png}}
  \caption[]{Diagram of the light aircraft (top and front view) and the sensors
    locations.
    The distances between the GPS Antennas and INS have been
    measured manually while
    the distances between the sensors are obtained via a camera-inertial
    calibration process.
    The coordinate frames show the origin and direction of each sensor
    mounted
    to the vehicle with the convention: x-forward (red), y-right (green),
    z-down (blue).}
  \label{fig:payload}
  %
  \end{figure}

\subsection{Reference Imagery}

Each image from the onboard camera is paired with a spatially aligned
reference image, dense metric depth map and metadata describing the dominant
type of land cover (i.e. urban, agricultural, forestry).
The reference images and depth maps
are rendered using a self implemented 3D engine in OpenGL in conjunction
with publicly available orthophoto imagery and
3D surface models. The latter are provided by Geobasis NRW, a state funded
geodata repository, that is accessible with a permissive open data license
and covers the complete
territory of the state of Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany\footnotemark[1].
Land cover information is also obtained via Geobasis.
The surface model is represented by
a 3D point cloud with approximately 0.5 m accuracy of not only the ground
but also vegetation
and buildings derived from airborne laser scans. The orthophotos were
captured between 2019 and 2021
and are provided with a ground resolution of 0.1 m per pixel.

\begin{figure*}[t]
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figs/sample.png}}
\caption[]{{A sample from the dataset. Left to right: query image, reference image and metric depth map.}}
\label{fig:sample}
\end{figure*}

\footnotetext[1]{Data was accessed via https://www.geoportal.nrw and is
redistributed according to Data license Germany - Zero - Version 2.0 http://www.govdata.de/dl-de/zero-2-0}

The 3D point cloud is processed by the 3D rendering engine to a mesh and
then textured using the orthophotos. Given
a 6-DoF pose and an intrinsic camera model the engine is then able to output
a perspective image that very closely mirrors the original view.
When creating the reference imagery for this dataset, however, we disregard
roll, pitch and yaw by setting them to a constant angle resembling a perfectly
downwardfacing camera where the top of the image is facing in north direction.
In addition to the image pairs we include 10.000
distractor images, that were sampled from a geographically separate region
in a grid pattern within an area of 400 km$^2$ near the
city of Duesseldorf.

\section{Experimental Setup}
Given a query image from an onboard camera the goal of VPR is to recognize
images of the same place within a large collection of georeferenced images.
Based on this match we are then provided with a course location
estimate. Proceeding with a coarse position estimate and information about the
3D scene structure it is then the goal of VL to refine the estimate and provide
a 6-DoF pose. We use the off-the-shelf rotation-robust descriptors (RoRD) from Parihar et al. \cite{parihar2021rord}
for both the VPR and VL task and compare them to NetVLAD and SIFT/D2-Net respectively.

\subsection{Visual Place Recognition}

Each reference image in the dataset is described by a set of local descriptors which are then
all stored in a database. For each
query we retrieve the $k=10$ nearest neighbors of each query's feature descriptors. The
retrieved features are then associated with their source images. Finally, a ranking
can be computed based on the occurrence of retrieved features per database image.
The highest ranking reference images constitute the place candidates.

We compare this VPR pipeline based on local features against a widely
used off-the-shelf technique NetVLAD \cite{arandjelovic2016netvlad} which
has exhibited favorable performance in aerial \cite{zaffar2019state} and
large-scale autonomous navigation scenarios \cite{zaffar2021vpr}
in the past. We use the standard Recall@$n$ metric for evaluating the VPR
techniques with a distance threshold of 100 m.

\subsection{Visual Localization}

Assuming that the correct image was retrieved the pose is refined
based on a PnP solver. Given a set of 2D-3D point correspondences it estimates
a 6-DoF pose by minimizing the reprojection error in the camera plane. Our
VL pipeline works as follows.
First 2D-2D matches between query and reference image are obtained with
the rotation robust descriptors. Then, similar to \cite{vallone2022danish}
we retrieve 3D scene information by back-projecting the rendered image based
on dense metric depth maps thereby obtaining the 3D global scene coordinates
for each matched keypoint. Finally, the PnP solver provides the 6-DoF pose.
We compare the usage of RoRD against two off-the-shelf baselines,
namely SIFT and D2-Net evaluating on the absolute pose error metric \cite{sattler2018benchmarking}.

\section{Results}

Table \ref{tab:vpr} and \ref{tab:vpr_landcover} show that the VPR-technique
based on off-the-shelf local descriptors compares favorably to the global image
descriptor NetVLAD. Performance is generally better in scenes that depict urban
environments which might be less subject to appearance change than scenes depicting agricultural environments or forests.
Table \ref{tab:vpr_angle} compares the place recognition performance when
controlling for the difference in heading.
NetVLAD suffers drastically from in-plane rotation while RoRD-VPR's
performance drop is less significant.

We note that our VPR pipeline based on
local features requires hundreds of retrieval operations per image compared
to a single one when using global image descriptors like NetVLAD.
The runtime and memory requirements are therefore impractical with a large
database especially on constrained mobile platforms.
This highlights the need for rotation robust global image descriptors.

Finally, Table \ref{tab:visloc} shows that RoRD outperforms
D2-Net and SIFT in the visual localization task. D2-Net is a learned image
descriptor that is based on the same architecture but not rotation robust.
SIFT is rotation-invariant but suffers
from the appearance change between query and reference images.

\begin{table}[]
  \centering
  \caption{VPR Evaluation based on Recall@n.}
  \begin{tabular}{@{}llll@{}}
  \toprule
           & R@1  & R@5  & R@20 \\ \midrule
  NetVLAD  & 10.2 & 22.6 & 35.7 \\
  RoRD-VPR & \textbf{38.7} & \textbf{50.1} & \textbf{58.8}
  \end{tabular}

  \label{tab:vpr}
  \end{table}
\begin{table}[]
  \caption{Recall@5 grouped by dominant scene surface type}
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{llll}
  \hline
            & urban & agricultural & forestry \\ \hline
  NetVLAD  & 31.1  & 15.6         & 5.5      \\
  RoRD-VPR & \textbf{77.4}  & \textbf{27.4}         & \textbf{16.9}
  \end{tabular}

    \label{tab:vpr_landcover}
    \end{table}
    \begin{table}[]
      \caption{Effect of varying difference in heading between query and reference images on Recall@5. Without distractors. }

      \centering
      \begin{tabular}{lllll}
      \hline
      Heading difference  & 0$^{\circ}$ & 30$^{\circ}$& 90$^{\circ}$ &135$^{\circ}$ \\ \hline
      NetVLAD  & 66.1        & 34.4 & 23.3 & 17.7         \\
      RoRD-VPR & \textbf{71.4} & \textbf{69.4} & \textbf{56.9}& \textbf{51.2}
      \end{tabular}
      \label{tab:vpr_angle}
      \end{table}

\begin{table}[]
  \centering
  \caption{Ratio that satisfies both translational and rotational thresholds measured in absolute pose error.}
  \begin{tabular}{lll}
  \hline
          & 25m/5$^{\circ}$ & 50m/10$^{\circ}$ \\ \hline
  SIFT    & 6.2             & 15.9             \\
  D2-Net  & 2.9             & 7.0              \\
  RoRD-VL & \textbf{10.6}            & \textbf{27.8}
  \end{tabular}

  \label{tab:visloc}
  \end{table}

\section{Conclusions}

We propose VPAIR - a challenging dataset for aerial visual place recognition and localization.
Experiments based on off-the-shelf image descriptors highlight the need for rotation robust and
runtime efficient VPR and VL techniques. By releasing the dataset to the community we hope to
foster research in large-scale aerial geolocalisation.

\addtolength{\textheight}{-12cm}

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

\section{INTRODUCTION}

Following the increased interest in autonomous vehicles research a number
of datasets have been released that address visual place recognition (VPR) from the perspective of the
self-driving car, e.g. \cite{torii2013visual,
warburg2020mapillary}.
Other datasets were recorded from modalities such as ground robots
\cite{leyva2019tb}, a railroad system \cite{olid2018single}
handheld-devices \cite{taira2018inloc}
or aerial platforms in indoor \cite{Burri25012016} or
low-altitude-outdoor environments \cite{maffra2018tolerant}.
However, they all share more or less a similar camera
perspective where the scene is close to the camera's position and the
camera is usually oriented in an upright manner.

On the other hand there is an increasing number of applications for
autonomous flying vehicles in large-scale outdoor scenarios e.g. logistics
\cite{scott2017drone}, patrolling \cite{girard2004border}, inspection
\cite{nikolic2013uav}
and even personal transportation \cite{planing_pinar_2019}.
As regulatory bodies start to plan to integrate
autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles into regular airspace by the end of the
decade \cite{undertaking2018european} there
will be a need for alternatives to satellite-based navigation.  One could
argue that at high altitudes the reception quality of satellite signals
would be favorable. However, global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) are
very vulnerable to accidental or malicious radio frequency interruptions
(jamming) or fake signals (spoofing) \cite{9340116}. Safe aviation requires
back up systems, especially without a human pilot. True autonomous flight
thus can only become a reality at large scale if back up systems for
GNSS-failure exist.

In VPR it is the goal to retrieve a coarse camera pose by querying a large
database of prerecorded and geo-tagged images for instances of the same place,
typically using global descriptor methods, e.g NetVLAD \cite{arandjelovic2016netvlad}.
In a typical implementation this would be followed by a geometric verification
\cite{hausler2021patch} and/or pose refinement step via local feature
extraction and matching providing an accurate 6-DoF.

In this paper we present a large scale dataset for
aerial visual localization. It was recorded with a light aircraft over a
region between the city of Bonn, Germany, and the Eifel mountain range at 300 to
400 meters over ground covering a distance of 138 kilometers. For a depiction
of the flight path see Fig. \ref{fig:flight_path}. The dataset includes camera images
from a downwardfacing camera, inertial data and reference poses recorded with a precise inertial
navigation system (INS). The flight path was chosen
such that it covers various types of surface characteristics. We

Vorteile, einzigartigkeiten
depth maps, auswertung mit corine

\section{PROCEDURE FOR PAPER SUBMISSION}

\subsection{Selecting a Template (Heading 2)}

First, confirm that you have the correct template for your paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the US-letter paper size.
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\begin{itemize}

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$$

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\subsection{Some Common Mistakes}
\begin{itemize}

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\end{itemize}

\section{USING THE TEMPLATE}

Use this sample document as your LaTeX source file to create your document. Save this file as {\bf root.tex}. You have to make sure to use the cls file that came with this distribution. If you use a different style file, you cannot expect to get required margins. Note also that when you are creating your out PDF file, the source file is only part of the equation. {\it Your \TeX\ $\rightarrow$ PDF filter determines the output file size. Even if you make all the specifications to output a letter file in the source - if your filter is set to produce A4, you will only get A4 output. }

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\subsection{Headings, etc}

Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary text head because all subsequent material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles named  Heading 1 ,  Heading 2 ,  Heading 3 , and  Heading 4  are prescribed.

\subsection{Figures and Tables}

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\begin{table}[h]
\caption{An Example of a Table}
\label{table_example}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|}
\hline
One & Two\\
\hline
Three & Four\\
\hline
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\end{table}

   \begin{figure}[thpb]
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      \framebox{\parbox{3in}{We suggest that you use a text box to insert a graphic (which is ideally a 300 dpi TIFF or EPS file, with all fonts embedded) because, in an document, this method is somewhat more stable than directly inserting a picture.
}}

      \caption{Inductance of oscillation winding on amorphous
       magnetic core versus DC bias magnetic field}
      \label{figurelabel}
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Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity  Magnetization , or  Magnetization, M , not just  M . If including units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the example, write  Magnetization (A/m)  or  Magnetization {A[m(1)]} , not just  A/m . Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write  Temperature (K) , not  Temperature/K.

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\addtolength{\textheight}{-12cm}

\section*{APPENDIX}

Appendixes should appear before the acknowledgment.

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The preferred spelling of the word  acknowledgment  in America is without an  e  after the  g . Avoid the stilted expression,  One of us (R. B. G.) thanks . . .   Instead, try  R. B. G. thanks . Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page.

References are important to the reader; therefore, each citation must be complete and correct. If at all possible, references should be commonly available publications.

\cite{IEEEexample:article_typical}

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Kheper Home | Chakras Main Page | Kundalini main page | Kundalini - essay by Tony Fearnside | Topics Index | New or updated | Search
Understanding kundalini | A Kundalini Experience | Kundalini effects | Kundalini references
Understanding Kundalini
Kundalini is a fascinating subject for esotericists – perhaps the most fascinating, because it is not explained by science or religious dogma, and yet is mentioned in many of the ancient wisdoms: Egyptian, Greek, Hinduism, Buddhism, esoteric Christianity, etc.
Kundalini arousal, particularly partial arousal, is more prevalent than usually imagined. It is also a process that is more commonly addressed in occult/esoteric circles than scientific writings; indeed it could be said that medical science shows little appreciation of, nor understanding of, kundalini. And yet it is rarely reported in an objective way, nor discussed openly, so that the student has to glean what he or she can from a variety of sources.
What is Kundalini?
The name is Sanskrit in origin and is the name by which the process is currently known in the west as well as in India. The name is feminine and refers to a coil, so kundalini is sometimes likened to a coiled serpent and the process is sometimes called serpent power. Put simply, it is a release of energy that can result in spiritual transformation so that the recipient is more perceptive, and more in touch both with nature and with the divine. In this respect it ranks with (or more likely, out-ranks) other processes that have been recognised as having transformative effects, including near death experiences, revelations, channelled messages, encounters with extra-terrestrials, powerful dreams and other "religious experiences". Kundalini is generally reckoned to be a feminine force.
As a release of energy in human bodies, it can be expected that the effects of kundalini can vary in intensity and in symptoms, from person to person. To judge from contemporary literature, this is indeed the case. Moreover the release often occurs spontaneously: not only when deliberately initiated.
When and where does Kundalini start?
Spontaneous Kundalini arousal whether full or partial is often associated with a history of meditation, yoga or prayer. Typically, the energy release begins in the lower part of the body and moves upwards. It often starts in the feet, but many say that it starts with the lower chakra, the mooladhara, that is located near the perineum. It does not necessarily originate in the lower parts of the body, however, and can start at the crown or heart chakra, for instance. The order and progression of the energy through the chakras varies with each individual. This internal transfer of energy, which can be extremely powerful, is accompanied by many different feelings, usually new to the recipient and is therefore bewildering or even frightening. Spontaneous arousal can occur at any age.
Unless otherwise attributed or quoted, all material on this page authored by myself is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial license version 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5.
This license does not cover images or quoted material by others
images not loading? | error messages? | broken links? | suggestions? | criticism?
text content by Tony Fearnside (email janton(at)netspeed(dot)com(dot)au
page uploaded 20 July 2005


Why is this bear in color and texture reminded me of the moss that is often found in our autumn woods. So, Teddy bear is sewn entirely by hand from German mohair. Full of sawdust and metal granulate. The legs are mounted on the pins, the face on the rocker pins to be able not only to spin but to bend over. The eyes of German glass. Growth bears about 14 cm in standing tall. On the specifics of the pattern can only sit. The hat anf the collar are removable.


I thought I'd check out the Rich Ajax Platform and see how well my RCP skills carry across. My first impressions are that I'm feeling pretty much at home on the RAP.
The vision of single sourcing is upon us and has huge potential to vastly reduce the amount of code we need to write where similar functionality is to be delivered on both a web browser and a rich desktop client.
I've put together a fairly primitive chat room that uses the rich ajax platform we've all been hearing a lot about. If you'd like to install it and have a look at the code you can follow the steps below.
With Eclipse up and running, select the Help > Software Updates... menu entry.
Select the Available Software tab and click the Add Site... button.
In the upcoming Add Site dialog, enter enter the RAP Update Site URL http://download.eclipse.org/technology/rap/update-site. Click OK to create the new update site entry.
The Install wizard will let you review the selected items to install, confirm with Next to continue the installation.
Accept the terms in the license agreement and click the Finish button.
The feature and plug-ins will now be downloaded from the site and installed locally. Note that you may be prompted to confirm if it is ok to install unsigned jar files.
Confirm the following prompt to restart Eclipse.
After Eclipse restarts, a welcome page is displayed. Select the Rich Ajax Platform (RAP) section and choose Install Target Platform on the following page. In the upcoming dialog confirm the default values, which starts the target installation process.
Right click the galang.research.rap.app.launch , click run as , click galang.research.rap.app, click send message and you should get the following. Notice the validation messages working just like they do in RCP.
Start up Internet Explorer/Other, copy and paste the url and append &theme=org.eclipse.rap.dw.demotheme to see RAP themes in action and to simulate another chat client. Feel free to leave a comment if you have any trouble installing. Ill try to answers as soon as I can.


A turnout of 1057 – the weekend's fourth-highest league attendance in Scotland – squeezed into the Capital venue for the match of the day in the lower leagues. However, in truth, it failed to live up to its pre-match hype.
Jim McInally and his Peterhead players headed down the tunnel at full-time the more satisfied having maintained their five-point advantage over the Citizens at the top – although new dad Rory McAllister passed up three gilt-edged chances in the opening 45 minutes that would have put the Blue Toon out of sight.
City upped their game in the second half with Bradley Donaldson and Blair Henderson both heading wide of the target when they perhaps should have done better.
However, Clyde's last-gasp win against Annan means Danny Lennon's side are now just a point behind City with six games left to play despite their four-point deduction earlier this month for fielding an ineligible player.
The Bully Wee welcome Peterhead to Broadwood in 12 days with Clyde visiting City just a week later.
"We were disappointing in the first half and Peterhead could have been two or three up to be honest," City boss James McDonaugh said afterwards. "But I think the game turned after the break and we then became the team looking to try and win the game.
"Callum [Antell] kept us in it with some key stops and they really should have been 1-0 up inside the first minute. He's earned another clean sheet, his 15th of the season so that's a fantastic return. He allowed us a chance at half-time to fix a few things. We were good in the second half up to a point where we probably didn't create enough.
"It would have been a great game to win and a bad game to lose. We're not happy with a draw but we're still hanging in there with six games to go. The best team wins the league so if Peterhead do go to cross the line in first then that's four times we've played them and they haven't beaten us so that's credit to my guys.
McAllister passed up the first of a hat-trick of opportunities inside 30 seconds when he profited from Marc Laird's slack pass to run through on goal. The former Inverness striker looked destined to score but was denied by an excellent stop from Antell, whose outstretched hand pushed the ball to clip the outside of the post.
It was Donaldson's turn to then be dispossessed just moments later that allowed McAllister through again but Antell stood firm to hold the shot.
A Willie Gibson free kick had the Welshman scrambling in the home goal just before the half hour, but the former Hibs keeper used every inch of his 6ft 3in frame to tip the ball over.
McAllister spurned another chance in front of goal before Scott Shepherd threatened at the other end but was let down by his cutback from inside the box.
The hosts increased the tempo in the second half as they sought that elusive goal that would narrow the gap to two points, and despite efforts from Henderson, Donaldson and captain Craig Thomson, the Peterhead goalkeeper, Greg Fleming, enjoyed a fairly tame afternoon.
Edinburgh City: Antell, Donaldson (Galbraith 67), Thomson, McIntyre, L Henderson, Black, Balatoni, Laird, B Henderson, Shepherd (Rodger 87), Watson (Taylor 76). Subs: Morton, MacDonald, Kennedy, Diver.
Peterhead: Fleming, Home, Boyle, Brown, Dunlop, Dow (Eadie 83), Stevenson (Willis 19), Brown, McAllister, Sutherland (Willox 69), Gibson. Subs: Henderson, McCracken, McDonald.


text:
Q: react-native facebook login using FBSDK login confirms without any permission page I have added gif here
is this the correct way of working because i have seen many login application through facebook which asks for permission
Sorry i have started recently working on facebook api and don't have sufficient knowledge on api
Facebook would login without prior asking of permissions and i have facebook lte app installed and i was logged in it.

A: This behavior is expected. We try to skip the re-confirmation dialog if you've installed the Facebook app. To confirm you've logged in the app successfully. Please go to your Facebook on desktop, open setting https://www.facebook.com/settings?tab=applications and make sure your app is listed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


LAWRENCEVILLE, Ga. - Authorities say police officers in an Atlanta suburb shot and killed a man they describe as suicidal and armed with a deer rifle.
Police were called to the man's Gwinnett County home around 6:30 p.m. last night, responding to reports of a suicide attempt.
Gwinnett County police Cpl. Jake Smith said they found 32-year-old James Clark outside the home with the rifle.
Police tell The Gwinnett Daily Post that officers negotiated with the man for a short time before two officers fired, killing him.
Gwinnett County is just northeast of Atlanta.


text:
of Victoria University
Search USEC
the university of victoria foundation
The University of Victoria Foundation supports the university in its mission to provide inspired teaching, opportunities for real-life learning and internationally renowned research. Through the foundation, a donor's vision and subsequent gift becomes a long-term investment that has far-reaching benefits for the university in perpetuity.
"Thanks to the generosity of donors, almost $8 million in new funding was added to the University of Victoria endowments this year. This is investment is a show of confidence for the future of the university. All of us who are part of the University of Victoria Foundation are proud of the continued role the Foundation plays, on behalf of our donors, in fueling innovation, dynamic learning and continued excellence at the University of Victoria." —Tamás ("Tom") Zsolnay President, University of Victoria Foundation
The University of Victoria Foundation was established in 1954 by the University of Victoria Foundation Act. As at March 31st, 2018 the Foundation is responsible for managing more than $450 million in assets and administering over 1,300 endowment funds that disburse more than $15 million annually for scholarships, bursaries, and other university purposes. These endowment funds are supported by generous donations from individuals, corporations and foundations that play a vital role in promoting a continued interest in the university and in higher education more broadly. The Foundation is a registered charitable organization under the Income Tax Act and is exempt from income taxes. Discover your options for contributing to the future of the university through the foundation.
The Foundation's Personal Information Protection Policy complies with British Columbia's Personal Information Protection Act, which sets out the ground rules for how BC businesses and not-for-profit organizations may collect, use and disclose personal information.
For information about the Foundation, please contact usec2@uvic.ca or 250-721-8102.
You can also learn about the Foundation for University of Victoria or the U.S. Foundation.
Webvote
The Privacy and Access Office now reports to the General Counsel.
Privacy and access webpages are found here.
Schedule of dates reserved for meetings (2016-2017)
Ten-year sessional calendar (2015-2025)
More about dates
MWB A138
usec@uvic.ca


Outdoor Running In Cold Weather Burns More Calories!
After the celebrations and indulgence of the festive period, the New Year is the perfect time to detox and kick start a healthy routine.
Kick start your weight loss with these 3 key running techniques and tips.


text:
On Spiegelman's Maus
March 29, 2014 By Andres Dietz-Chavez in Rambling Tags: comics, graphic novel, Holocaust, Maus, Spiegelman	Leave a comment
I have been to Auschwitz. Walked the compound, descended into its gas chambers, peered into the ovens. I was a teenager then, well acquainted with the atrocities of the Second World War and the subsequent fallout. Yet my memories of the camp are not of death and terror but of a neatly manicured complex with a somber affectation. It struck me as being maintained more as a memorialization of death itself, rather than a reminder of the horror.
After that visit I struggled to understand why I was not moved more by what I had seen. For a time I assumed it was my age. I then accused the passage of time and its constant distancing of the event from my own life. I even considered that perhaps I was simply disinterested, or worse, callous. Even after reading texts that provided the numbers and details of the Holocaust, I still found myself disaffected. So it was with renewed curiosity that I found Maus accomplishing what everything else had failed to do.
My reading of Maus left me with the impression that the first book served to acquaint the reader with the people and the setting. While this was not necessarily deliberate, its slow pace allowed me to develop an understanding of who these people were and, more importantly, that they actually were. On this framework was presented the second book, which I found to be the most powerful of the two.
Maus II was where I first found myself feeling and appreciating the suffering that occurred during the years of the Third Reich. Spiegelman's intertwining of his own domestic trials with those faced by his father, for example, managed to remove the temporal distance of the Holocaust. No longer was it just a memory; now it was a specter that continued to haunt all those it could touch, something not quite live nor dead, but present nonetheless.
Then there was the medium itself. I would have imagined that a graphic novel, where the victims were cast as mice and the persecutors as cats, would be a childish recounting of what occurred. Yet it proved to be exactly the opposite. Perhaps part of its effectiveness has to do with how intimately familiar readers are with the human form. I imagine that a reader is likely to view any depiction of a human, no matter how stylized or accurate, to be simply a caricature, something removed from him or herself. Spiegelman, in choosing not to use humans, forces the reader to focus on what is occurring rather than the fact that it is a "cartoon," and this allows the story to come out in full force.
Even the simplicity of the panels proved to be a strength. In my own reading, I was not bogged down by the numbers of lives taken or the names of cities that I could barely pronounce. Instead of these abstractions I was presented with small, finely crafted depictions that drew my attention to that which mattered. The Holocaust is remembered for its concentration camps, its furnaces, all the items that were taken from the victims. This is of course depicted in Maus. But these things are meaningless without its humanity, and it seems incredibly difficult to remind an individual that an object once had a life force attached to it—a man, a woman, a child whose life touched it or was touched by it.
It could be that we tend to focus on the material as a reaction to not being able to feel and comprehend what occurred. In turning to the only thing we can grasp—the materials and objects used to visualize the Holocaust—we are attempting to find some footing from which to take it all in. But in so doing we lose the human aspect.
It's because of this that I think the simplification of the tale—into a minimalist's visual journey—allows, if not invites, the reader to ignore everything else and focus on what is to be felt. With the visual we are often expected to simply take in what we are witnessing, allowing whatever we feel to blossom. Reading traditional literature is more a matter of active cognition than it is of passive feeling, and this can pollute—or distract from—the actual appreciation of what is being expressed.
I see a degree of ingenuity in Spiegelman's Maus, even if its inception was mostly a matter of serendipity. Through his graphic novel, he has stripped away all of the historical detritus that has accumulated over the years, removed the need to moralize and process, and given the reader an opportunity to simply bear witness.
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