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Layer Seven DDoS Attacks
Posted in Hacking on May 11, 2018
What is Layer 7?
The process of sending and receiving data from one host to another, data encapsulation, is possible due to the existence of a seven layer protocol suite presented as the OSI model (see diagram 1).
Although while examining DoS attacks, we'll occasionally refer to various layers of this OSI model, special emphasis is to be laid upon the seventh layer, the application layer. In essence, it procures an interface to end-user tasks, and facilitates programs such as web browsers, email services, and photo applications in sending network communications (e.g., SMTP or HTTP).
layer seven DDoS Attacks Compared to Other Types
The tendency of DDoS attacks shows infallibly that perpetrators take aim and move up the OSI network model over time. The relocation of the prime target is logical, since more DDoS defence systems focus their primary detection powers on lower layers (Imperva, 2012). Therefore, attacks on the web application layer are increasingly popular. Furthermore, layer seven penetration, the top layer in the OSI model, provides an outlet on a business logic layer, which is considered an abstract extension of the aforementioned network protocol suite (F5 Networks, Inc. 2013).
Given that the internet is built vertically by multiple protocol layers, it would be perfectly understandable if internet DDoS attacks assume a vertical classification, as well (Abliz, 2011).
If we adopt this approach, some common types of DDoS attacks include:
IP attacks on the network bandwidth – Layer 3 (Network Protocol)
TCP attacks on server sockets – Layer 4 (Transport Protocol)
HTTP attacks on Web server threads – layer seven (Application Protocol)
Web application attacks on CPU resources – layer seven+
(Imperva, 2012)
Now that we grasp the difference between DDoS attacks, in terms of OSI model classification, let's go through some general features that distinguish layer seven DDoS attacks from others:
While network layer DDoS attacks attempt to overwhelm the victim server with bogus requests, the application layer DDoS attacks rely on legitimate ones (Beitollahi & Deconinck, 2011).
In layer seven DDoS attacks, attacking computers have to set up a full TCP connection. Thus, while providing genuine IP addresses is something you cannot dispense with, the entire action proceeding may seem legitimate in the absence of traffic spikes. They may virtually swindle even a vigilant DDoS defence mechanism, and they're stealthy. (Manthena, 2011).
A layer seven DDoS attack, in contrast to the others, may exploit vulnerabilities in application software, thus circumventing detection and aiming directly at the targeted Web server (Manthena, 2011). In other words, they are more sophisticated, since they do not count entirely on a brute force to achieve desired ends.
Perhaps the most notable difference; so-called volumetric DDoS attacks strive to bring down network infrastructure and servers by employing high-bandwidth-consuming flooding. That benefits from an inherent blind spot of the internet medium. On the other hand, layer seven DDoS attacks take the victim server in the rear, first engaging well-known applications such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP), or Domain Name System (DNS) (Arbor Networks, Inc. 2012).
The goal of application layer DDoS attacks usually have nothing to do with overwhelming bandwidth. Some IT experts call them "low and slow" for a reason. Frequently, at close range are exhausted CPU or memory resources. Hence, layer seven DDoS leverage as well inherent flaws and limitations of applications, for example, system resources are always finite. There's surprise here actually. Heavy resource consumption will eventually render the server incapacitated (Imperva, 2012).
Protection and mitigation of common volumetric attacks is something that IT specialists are well familiar with. In contrast, layer seven DDoS attacks often stand as a more formidable challenge (Breaking Point Labs, 2011).
The outlined picture of importance and future prevalence of application layer DdoS attacks was shared by experts from the OWAS Foundation in 2010: "We believe layer seven attacks may supersede layer four as the modus operandi of DDoS botnets in this new decade (Breaking Point Labs, 2011, par. 5)."
Layer Seven DDoS Attacks Statistics
To continue the layer seven DDoS topic, let's review a couple of interesting sources of relevant statistics. First, according to Arbor's statistical information, with an over 102% increase of DDoS attack size when compared to the previous year, 2010 appears to be a cornerstone in DDoS evolution. A year later, a Radware Security Survey: Attack Count by Type and Bandwidth claims that application layer attacks are prevalent:
In 2012, Prolex's annual report mentioned a 42.97 % growth in layer seven DdoS attacks.
Total Application Layer Attacks 2011 vs. 2012
In addition, quarterly reports by Prolex show a definite tendency of increasing popularity, particularly of HTTP GET DDoS attacks in the period from April 2012 to June 2013.
Why Are Application-Layer DDoS Attacks Such a Vexing Threat?
The top layer of the internet protocol suite has two main categories of protocols: protocols that directly service users (e.g., HTTP, FTP, IMAP, Telnet, SMPT/POP, IRC, XMPP, SSH etc.) and support protocols that underpin various system functions (e.g., DNS, SNMP, BOOTP/DHCP, TLS/SSL, SIP, RTP, NTP etc.) (Abliz, 2011).
Here are seven reasons of why layer seven DDoS attacks represent such a vexing threat:
May affect many different applications
Any one of the protocols examined above may be subject to a DDoS attack (Abliz, 2011). Many of them target HTTP to exhaust a web server's vitality (Breaking Point Labs, 2011).
Highly-targeted strikes
According to general practice, layer seven DDoS attacks are often customized to target a specific web application. For example, web servers that run a combination of Java, PHP5, and ASP.NET may be targeted by specially crafted HTTP requests, which may collide with the web server's hashing operation "when unique requests return non-unique and overlapping responses (Katz, 2012, p. 3)." A great amount of these "hash-busting" requests sent in a short time, like a MG-42 machine gun, would deplete essential web resources and create a denial of service.
Simplicity of layer seven
It's thought that if thousands of users simultaneously keep pressing the refresh button on their browsers, that would crash the server soon or later. Whether or not it's possible, many hacktivists use layer seven DDoS attacks time and again. An unsophisticated "low and slow" attack, for instance, is the one that struck a major credit card company that ceased providing services to WikiLeaks in 2010. In this case, the first experienced downtime was caused by a brute-force HTTP traffic flood towards application, originating from approximately 940 computers (Katz, 2012).
Maximum Results with Limited resources
Unlike other denial of service attacks, layer seven requires very little investment by attackers. In fact, along with the ulterior nature of the weaponry in question, a feasible execution presupposes tactics reminiscent of guerrilla warfare (Kenig, 2013).
Conducive to collateral damage
Application layer DDoS attacks carry a special mark. A DNS attack, for instance, directed at single DNS provider, may spread and affect all of its customers (Arbor Networks Inc., 2012).
Appearance of legitimacy
Slow traffic, legitimate as far as protocol rules and rates are concerned, and normal and complete TCP connections, are the main prerequisites that entail the benign appearance typical of layer seven DdoS attacks.
Bypass one security shield or take the "shortcut"
As a usual practice, applications that are subject to attack are usually "allowed" through security devices such as firewalls or IPS devices (e.g., HTTP or DNS traffic) (Arbor Networks, Inc. 2012). Hence, one security layer can be eliminated with ease.
In addition, whereas a Network DDoS attack operates in the logical "Access Zone," an application DDoS attack targets the "Application Zone." That consists of the web front-end and the data storage for it. In order for an application DDoS attack to be successful, it has to go around the entire set of "Access Zone" devices and mechanisms in place, take advantage of a security gap on the "Application Zone," and then finally inject a payload that goes on to establish a direct communication line with the web server, to strike either the server itself or application (Imperva, 2012).
Layer seven DDoS methods and attacks
Types of common layer seven DDoS attacks
They're divided into four basic categories:
Request-Flooding Attacks
High rates of seemingly legitimate application requests, such as HTTP GETs, DNS queries and SIP INVITEs), deluge web servers to degrade and disrupt its normal functioning.
Asymmetric Attacks
"High-workload" requests that take a heavy toll of server resources such as CPU, memory or disk space.
Repeated Single Attacks
An isolated "high-workload" request being sent across many TCP sessions, a stealthier way to combine asymmetric and request-flooding layer seven DDoS attacks.
Application-Exploit Attacks
The attack vectors here are vulnerabilities in applications, for instance, hidden-field manipulation, buffer overflows, scripting vulnerabilities, cross-site scripting, cookie poisoning, and SQL injection.
(Arbor Networks, Inc. 2012)
Layer seven DDoS methods
First and foremost, it's important to note that this means of attack manages to complete the three-way TCP handshake, hereby evading devices and measures that give protection against layer four DdoS attacks. These attacks often appear normal and fly under the radar. The second phase of the DDoS attack is different, however, contingent on application type and the methodology chosen by the aggressive side. Some examples of HTTP attacks:
HTTP GET
This approach uses GET requests; meant to acquire particular data at a URL point. By entering a URL in the relevant bar, a GET request is also ready (Pornin, 2013).
HTTP GET flooding is when many of these requests, sometimes tens of thousands, are sent within a short period of time, attempting to drain server resources. Simplicity itself makes this type of DDoS attack more common.
Other HTTP GET-based methods are HTTP Malformed Attacks that dispatch invalid HTTP packets (e.g., ZafiB worm), and HTTP Idle Attacks that slowly send incomplete HTTP requests (Arbor Networks, Inc. 2012).
HTTP POST
This method employs HTTP POST requests used with forms whose entire set of headers is sent correctly, including the Content-Length number. However, the distinction here is a POST message body that is sent at a very low rate (Content-Length transmitted byte by byte). They preclude connection from proper completion (Imperva, 2012). Hence, practically any website that has forms accepting HTTP POST requests (for example, submitting feedback, login, uploading photo/video attachments, sending email and etc.) is susceptible to this method (The OWASP Foundation, 2010).
HTTP Slow Read
The modus operandi here functions the other way around, the data isn't being pushed slowly to the server, the malicious entity himself forces the targeted server to forward a large amount of data, which, in turn, is read again in a drawn-out, protracted manner. When the connection process is established, the attacker produces a tiny receive window, which compels the server to break down the response to many small fragments that'll fit the buffer size, leading eventually to extremely slow ongoing responses (Imperva, 2012).
As the author of this method says, "the idea of the attack I implemented is pretty simple; bypass policies that filter slow-deciding customers, send a legitimate HTTP request and read the response slowly, aiming to keep as many connections as possible active (Henderson, 2012, par. 3)."
Although HTTP is the most targeted protocol, other application types are attacked as well, such as; DNS dictionary attacks, VoIP (SIP INVITE Flood Attack), SMTP buffer overflow attacks. (Arbor Networks, Inc. 2012).
Layer seven DDoS Tools
LOIC (Low Orbit Ion Cannon)
Originally created as a network stress testing application, LOIC is now a widely-used open-source flooding tool used for DDoS attacks by Anonymous. It generates illegitimate UDP, TCP, or HTTP (HTTP GET method) packets that inundate a web server under attack. For coordinated DDoS attacks, hacktivists often recourse to the Hive Mind mode in order to harness a great number of computers. (http://security.radware.com/knowledge-center/DDoSPedia/loic-low-orbit-ion-cannon/)
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) allows remote control of many machines, such as botnets. No advanced IT literacy is needed to use LOIC, which that predisposes it to drawing more people to hacktivists' causes. (http://ethicalhackingtech9.blogspot.com/2013/01/loic-low-orbit-ion-cannon-ddos-tool_11.html, 2013)
Convenient as most mobile objects are, the mobile version of LOIC represents an attack page that contains JavaScript attacking code, which is downloaded automatically to the visitor's browser and executed. Then, the script generates a new image, a victim's web page, which goes under DDoS assaults as long as it remains open on the visitor's browser.
The accessibility, simplicity, and normal appearance of this tool gives a feeling of safety, especially when it comes to users that are concerned about breaking the law. (Imperva, 2012)
Speaking of legal implications, the use of LOIC isn't anonymous, which means that perpetrators may be revealed through the chain of causation attacking IP addresses to ISPs. A good idea would be to route the strike through anonymizer, such as Tor or I2P.
"If you try to run it through the Tor network…layer seven attacks… it's like a guided missile: it just sends a few packets that do not harm anything, and when it gets to the server, bang! The server becomes unavailable." (David B, 2012, par. 12)
R.U.DY (R U Dead Yet?)
A perfect description is provided by http://www.ehacking.net (2011, par. 4):
"R-U-Dead-Yet, or RUDY for short, implements the generic HTTP DoS attack via long field submissions [HTTP POST]. This tool runs with an interactive console menu, automatically detecting forms within given URL, and allowing the user to choose which forms and form fields are desirable to use for the parameters within a configuration file. In version 2.x RUDY supports SOCKS proxies and session persistence using cookies when available."
Slowloris
Slowloris is a GET-based DDoS instrument founded on the concept of exhausting server resources with limited investment in the process. Since the sole target is usually the web server, excluding other services, this tool passes as more stealthy than most. (Imperva, 2012)
Slowloris directly implements HTTP GET attack postures. Once the penetration reaches the application zone, the attacker launches a multitude of requests that have incomplete and time-delayed HTTP refer headers. That's done in order to keep the HTTP connection open for as long as is needed to deplete the web server threads or resources. (The OWASP Foundation, 2010)
When the server receives a partial HTTP header, it assumes that a user is on an unreliable and slow network, and the rest will arrive in fragmented packets. Instead, the request usually never gets completed and, "to express its gratitude to bad customer service," ties up incoming lines.
Slowloris isn't a flooding tool, and normally only a minimally distributed effort is needed to work. Some web servers that are vulnerable to this attack include: Apache 1.x, Apache 2.x, dhttpd, and GoAhead WebServer. (http://www.bullten.com, 2011)
Regarding the Slowloris subject, an interesting case was the hunt of hacktivists participating in DDoS attacks on the U.S. Department of Justice, whitehouse.gov, and music label UMG. That happened immediately after the arrest of Kim Dotcom in January 2012. An unknown hacker succeeded in smuggling a Zeus trojan in a publicly available Slowloris tool. As a result, every hacktivist who downloaded the application had their own PC compromised. (Bangeman, 2012)
Dirt Jumper – Method: HTTP flood, SYN flood, POST flood, and more.
Tor's Hammer – Method: Slow POST
Nuclear DDoSer – Method: Slowloris, Slow POST
Railgun – Method: Slowloris or Slow POST
Just like how everything in this paper revolves around the number seven, this conclusion will provide seven basic things you should know about layer seven DDoS attacks:
They attack the top layer OSI model.
They have low bandwidth consumption.
They have a legitimate and stealth appearance.
They're mostly non-volumetric.
They're increasingly popular.
There are a variety of methods, targets, and open-source tools.
They're difficult to defend against.
INTERESTED IN LEARNING MORE? CHECK OUT OUR ETHICAL HACKING TRAINING COURSE. FILL OUT THE FORM BELOW FOR A COURSE SYLLABUS AND PRICING INFORMATION.
Ethical Hacking Instant Pricing – Resources
Abliz, M. (2011). internet Denial of Service Attacks and Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://people.cs.pitt.edu/~mehmud/docs/abliz11-TR-11-178.pdf
Arbor Networks, Inc. (2012). The Growing Threat ofApplication-Layer DDoS Attacks. Retrieve on 13/10/2013 from http://whitepapers.datacenterknowledge.com/content12127
Bangeman, E. (2012). Slowloris DDoS tool used by Anonymous hacked to include Zeus trojan. Retrieved on 13/10.2013 from http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/03/slowloris-ddos-tool-used-by-anonymous-hacked-to-include-zeus-trojan/
Beitollahi, H. & Deconinck, G. (2011). Tackling Application-layer DDoS Attacks. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://www.esat.kuleuven.be/electa/publications/fulltexts/pub_2334.pdf
BreakingPoint Labs, 2011. Application-Layer DDoS Attacks Are Growing: Three to Watch Out For. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://blogs.ixiacom.com/ixia-blog/application-layer-ddos-attacks-growing/
(2012). Generations of DoS attacks 2: Layer 4, layer seven and Link-Local IPv6 attacks. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://privacy-pc.com/articles/generations-of-dos-attacks-2-layer-4-layer-7-and-link-local-ipv6-attacks.html
F5 Networks, Inc. (2013). Mitigating DDoS Attacks with F5 Technology. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://www.f5.com/pdf/white-papers/mitigating-ddos-attacks-tech-brief.pdf
Henderson, N. (2012). Slow Read DOS Attack Created by Software Engineer Shows HTTP Server Vulnerability. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/slow-read-dos-attack-created-by-software-engineer-shows-http-server-vulnerability
http://www.bullten.com (2011). What is SlowlorisDOS Attack and How to Mitigate Its Effect. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://www.bullten.com/blog/what-is-slowiris-ddos-attack-and-how-to-mitigate-its-effect/
http://ethicalhackingtech9.blogspot.com
(2011). LOIC-Low Orbit Ion Cannon- (DDoS) tool. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://ethicalhackingtech9.blogspot.com/2013/01/loic-low-orbit-ion-cannon-ddos-tool_11.html
http://unknownhad.wordpress.com
(2013).What is DDOS layer seven and Layer 4 and Low-Rate Ddos. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://unknownhad.wordpress.com/2013/03/16/what-is-ddos-layer-7-and-layer-4-and-low-rate-ddos/
Imperva (2012). Denial of Service Attacks: A Comprehensive Guide to Trends, Techniques, and Technologies. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from https://www.imperva.com/docs/HII_Denial_of_Service_Attacks-Trends_Techniques_and_Technologies.pdf
Katz, O. (2012). Protecting Against Application DDoS Attacks with BIG-IP ASM A Three Step Solution. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://www.f5.com/pdf/white-papers/ddos-attacks-asm-tb.pdf
Kenig, R. (2013). Why Low & Slod DDoS Application Attacks are Difficult to Mitigate. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://blog.radware.com/security/2013/06/why-low-slow-ddosattacks-are-difficult-to-mitigate/
LOIC (Low Orbit Ion Cannon). Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from
http://security.radware.com/knowledge-center/DDoSPedia/loic-low-orbit-ion-cannon/
Manthena, R. (2011). Application-layer Denial of Service. Retrieve on 13/10/2013 from
http://forums.juniper.net/t5/Security-Mobility-Now/Application-layer-Denial-of-Service/ba-p/103306
Ponin, T. (2013). Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from
http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/29220/what-is-http-get-post-flooding-attack
Scanlon P. (Arbor Networks, Inc.) (2012). DDoS Threat Trends and Data. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from https://www.arbornetworks.com/docman-component/doc_download/500-arbor-2010-security-report-findings.
The OWASP Foundation (2010). H…..t…..t….p…….p….o….s….t . Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from https://www.owasp.org/images/4/43/Layer_7_DDOS.pdf
Diagrams:
Diagram 2 – Based on 4 Massive Myths of DDoS by Carl Herberger, Myth # 2 Graph. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://blog.radware.com/security/2012/02/4-massive-myths-of-ddos/
Diagram 3 – Based on Global DDoS Attack KEY METRICS by Prolexic. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://www.prolexic.com/knowledge-center-ddos-attack-report-2011-2012-metrics-graph.html
Diagram 4 – Based on information provided by Prolexic Technologies Inc. on page 9 of Prolexic Quarterly Global DDoS Attack Report Q 2013. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from http://www.prolexic.com/knowledge-center-ddos-attack-report-q2-2013-vs-q1-2013-metrics-graph.html
Diagram 5 – Based on a graph provided by Imperva on page 3 of Denial of Service Attacks: A Comprehensive Guide to Trends, Techniques, and Technologies. Retrieved on 13/10/2013 from https://www.imperva.com/docs/HII_Denial_of_Service_Attacks-Trends_Techniques_and_Technologies.pdf
Dimitar Kostadinov
Dimitar Kostadinov applied for a 6-year Master's program in Bulgarian and European Law at the University of Ruse, and was enrolled in 2002 following high school. He obtained a Master degree in 2009. From 2008-2012, Dimitar held a job as data entry & research for the American company Law Seminars International and its Bulgarian-Slovenian business partner DATA LAB. In 2011, he was admitted Law and Politics of International Security to Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands, graduating in August of 2012. Dimitar also holds an LL.M. diploma in Intellectual Property Rights & ICT Law from KU Leuven (Brussels, Belgium). Besides legal studies, he is particularly interested in Internet of Things, Big Data, privacy & data protection, electronic contracts, electronic business, electronic media, telecoms, and cybercrime. Dimitar attended the 6th Annual Internet of Things European summit organized by Forum Europe in Brussels.
Data and System Ownership in the CISSP
Information and Asset Classification
Cyber Threat Analysis [Updated 2019]
4 responses to "Layer Seven DDoS Attacks"
cleyton says:
Very very very Good
Galen says:
Thanks for elaborating the problem…
What is the solution of these types of attacks?
Any security appliance that you could suggest protecting againts these attacks?
Dimi says:
Hi Peter, sorry for the late reply. If we get right to the point, I think often is not that simple to stop DDoS right off the bat. Generally speaking, most of the time is more like mitigating than fending off the entire blow. It's really a complex topic,there is no all-round ultimate solution, and everything should be decided upon case-by-case basis. In fact, that's why this subject is literally hot. My suggestion is to check out this article — Layer 7 DDoS: Detection & Mitigation http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/layer-7-ddos-attacks-detection-mitigation/. I don't say that it has all the answers, but it is a starting point on which you could build.


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Driver inattention or failure to comply with posted speed limits can make working on a road under live traffic a dangerous situation for civil construction workers.
CCF Member Stornoway has been working with the Department of State Growth in Tasmania to trial temporary 'rumble strips' to help improve worker safety at selected road maintenance sites.
While removable rumble strips have been used effectively at roadworks sites in NSW, Queensland and WA, this trial is the first time the device has been used for this purpose in Tasmania.
The intention is that the vibration and sound when driving over the rumble strips will serve as an extra reminder to motorists to slow down and be alert that road workers are nearby.
The rumble strips are removed when workers leave the site at the end of each day. The strips have no impact on the vehicle and will not cause any damage to tyres or vehicles.


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Ozzy Osbourne Hospitalized Following Complications From the Flu
Feb 6, 2019 at 14:27 pm UTC / Last Updated at Jun 10, 2019 at 21:48 pm UTC By TheBlast Staff
Ozzy Osbourne has been hospitalized as he recovers from the flu and things were bad enough that wife Sharon Osbourne and son Jack rushed to the hospital to be by his side.
Sharon shared the news on Twitter on Wednesday afternoon, writing, "As some of you may have heard, Ozzy was admitted to hospital following some complications from the flu."
She continued, "His doctors feel this is the best way to get him on a quicker road to recovery. Thanks to everyone for their concern and love."
According to our sources, Ozzy checked into Keck Hospital of USC on Monday. We're told Sharon and Jack showed up at the hospital with security in tow.
Shortly after arriving, our sources say Sharon left and returned a short time later with a suitcase and a blanket — a sure sign she planned to stay by Ozzy's side.
Sure enough, Sharon skipped Tuesday's episode of "The Talk."
Last week, Ozzy Osbourne announced that he was postponing the European leg of his tour with Judas Priest due to illness. He also postponed other shows due to the flu.
Ozzy released a statement after the cancellation, saying, "I'm completely devastated for having to postpone the European leg of my tour. It just seems that since October everything I touch has turned to s—. First the staph infection in my thumb and now coming down with the flu and bronchitis."
He continued, "I want to apologize to all of my fans who have been so loyal over the years, my band, my crew and to Judas Priest for letting you all down. However, I promise the tour with Judas Priest will be completed. It's being rescheduled right now to start in September. Again, I apologize to everyone. God Bless. Love you all, Ozzy."
Elton John and Ozzy Osbourne Are Making New Music Together
Paparazzi Photos Show Frail Ozzy Osbourne Walking With A Cane As Daughter Kelly Slams 'Death Bed'…
Kelly Osbourne Reveals Truth Behind Father Ozzy Osbourne Death Bed Rumors
Ozzy Osbourne's Daughter, Kelly, Slams Fake News Reports That Her Dad Is On His 'Deathbed'
Kelly Osbourne Admits to Having an Alcohol Addiction
Ozzy Osbourne's Former Mistress Michelle Pugh Opens Up On Instagram About Their Affair

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Looking for a band to see this weekend? SuperGluded is now on your iPhone keeps you tied to the music shows you care about wherever you go. Described as the live music is such a collective experience, SuperGlued is aimed at intertwining online social aspects with live concerts. You can use the SuperGluded iPhone app to find local gigs, music festivals and shows you want to attend. You can either browse shows or do keyword searches by artist or venue name.
What's cool about this app is the discussions that take place within the app both before and during the show. For example, you're at the CMJ Music Marathon in NY next week and want to know how long till the next band comes on. Just post the question in SuperGlued. Or you might not know what song is playing, shame on you. Then go head and ask the community. Some other practical examples could be how long is the line, can we bring blankets/cameras/bottles, where is the fastest bathroom, how much for the all beef hot dogs, or maybe even whats your number?
Another part of the SuplerGlued app is photo gallery feature that you can use to show off your photos from your iPhone or check out what people are posting up. You can tie your account into Twitter also to get updates that way. Get the free SuperGlued app and have fun and stay glued in to your favorite shows at all times.
AppSafari review of SuperGlued was written by Joe Seifi on October 17th, 2009 and categorized under App Store, Calendar, Events, Local, Music, Photos, Social. Page viewed 3848 times, 1 so far today. Need help on using these apps? Please read the Help Page.


Ubisoft Forums > For Honor > General Discussion > No Orders Related to Elimination and Skirmish???
View Full Version : No Orders Related to Elimination and Skirmish???
as the title said, is it only me or you guys also never got any orders related to elimination and skirmish anymore??
Current state of those 2 modes are miserable. Always low activity, even if they are medium activity I could not find any match.
Im on PS4, I already created similiar thread last week.
Skirmish I can understand why it is low. It is basically a gank fest. Elimination can be a very interesting mode to play though. Maybe if they could have it give more XP people would play it more?
Hmm, I'm on Ps4 too. There are definitely Orders for both. I think its called Skirmish Warrior and ...forgot the other. But i'm 100% sure i saw an elimination one too.
And dont know why but for me it always shows High activity on these Gamemodes. I rarely play them, so i dont really know how long it actually would take to find a match and High activity is really true.
I believe orders are meant to be random - and I do recall asking the team if there's a potential issue with orders, but have yet to receive a reply. I can ask them to look into it again.
It's fine on PC, could be a console/PS thing. Thursday we had a skirmish order, today there is an elimination order.
I got the play 3 skirmish and the 12 eliminations in elimination mode, today. Ps4 here.


Chris Cooley, who hosts a radio show in Washington, knows all about the injury i sues the Washington Redskins have at the tight end position.With that in mind, the Terry Bradshaw Jersey 33-year-old former Redskin is offering his services.MORE: Best tight ends in 2015 | Washington won't change name, new stadium or not"I just think I've got a shot at helping a team," Cooley said on ESPN 980. "If you want it to be here, if this team wants it to be here, it can be here now. I'm going to play somewhere."On the show, Cooley said his agent offered the team a minimum-salary deal with a portion donated to charity. He even a sured the Redskins he wouldnt air any dirty laundry on his radio show after Kevin Greene Jersey his contract runs out. Cooley went as far to say recent injuries to tight ends Niles Paul and Logan Paulsen were "strikes of fate.""It hurts to beg," Cooley said. "I'm literally begging."Cooley had a workout with the Cardinals earlier in the offseason and claims to be in playing shape. He said three of the four decision-makers in the Redskins organization, owner Artie Burns Jersey Dan Snyder, president Bruce Allen, general manager Scot McCloughan and coach Jay Gruden, are willing to bring him back to the team. However, he didnt specify which of the four Eli Rogers Jersey is reluctant."This is a functioning organization at this point," Cooley said. "And I like that."Cooley played his entire nine-year career in Washington. He retired in 2013with 94 career starts and 33 receiving touchdowns.


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Office Chair Back Support
By John Triano, DC, PhD
Office Chair Ergonomics Video
For many people who work in an office setting, sitting in an office chair without adequate back support can create a great deal of stress on the lower back. This is largely because in the seated position, the lumbosacral discs are loaded three times more than standing, and sitting without back support usually leads to poor posture, which stresses the soft tissues and joints in the spine. For many people, sitting in an office chair either causes or exacerbates lower back pain.
See Ten Tips for Improving Posture and Ergonomics
Part of the problem is that today's lifestyle often includes long periods of sitting - at work, during the commute to and from work, at home watching TV or at the computer, watching kids' soccer games, and so on. And it's in this sitting position that poor postural habits tend to develop - hunching over, slouching in the chair, etc.
When sitting in an office chair, shifting one's weight forward increases stress on the soft tissue, joints, and discs, and this in turn can create muscle tension and pain in the lower back and legs (e.g. sciatica).
Office Chair Lumbar Back Support is Important
The lower portion of the spine, just above the buttocks, naturally curves inward toward the belly (the lordotic curve). A lumbar back support helps promote good posture by simply filling in the gap between the lumbar spine and the seat, supporting the natural inward curve of the lower back.
Without lumbar back support, it's more difficult to maintain the correct posture - and the lumbar spine and large muscles in the lower back have to work harder to support the proper curvature and alignment. Over time, as the body tires, the muscles holding the spine in such a position tend to become weak, and the head and upper back tend to lean forward to compensate the weakening of the lumbar muscles. The natural tendency is to slouch and/or lean forward in the office chair.
Types of Lumbar Support and Ergonomic Office Chairs
With good lumbar back support from the office chair, the muscles surrounding the spine are relieved of much of the responsibility of having to keep the spine naturally curved. This support is especially important when seated for a long period.
Positioning an Office Chair for Back Support
In addition to lower back support, there are many simple ways to make sure that one's office chair provides the right support for the back and neck. For example, for computer users:
The office chair should have elbow supports to avoid strain on the neck. Elbows should be able to comfortably rest on the elbow supports at a right angle.
Knees should be bent at a right angle, with a footrest to elevate the feet while sitting in the office chair, if necessary.
Eyes should be able to look straight ahead at the computer while seated in the office chair.
For more guidelines on how to best support the back and spine while sitting in an office chair, see Choosing the Right Ergonomic Office Chair
Next Page: Types of Lumbar Support and Ergonomic Office Chairs
How Poor Posture Causes Neck Pain
Choosing the Right Ergonomic Office Chair
Treatment for Neck Strain or Sprain Video
Good Posture Helps Reduce Back Pain
Ergonomics of the Office and Workplace: An Overview
Office Chair Advice
Ergonomics Topics
Good Posture
Ergonomics Videos
Most Popular Ergonomics Articles
Office Chair: How to Reduce Back Pain?
Ten Tips for Improving Posture and Ergonomics


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Reclassification of 37 species under the Nature Conservation Act now in Effect
https://www.newground.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/newground-news-updates-1.png 800 442 NewGround Pty Ltd NewGround Pty Ltd https://www.newground.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/newground-news-updates-1.png May 17, 2017 May 17, 2017
Effective from 12 May 2017, the conservation status of 37 wildlife species has been reclassified under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld). The 37 species consist of 14 flora species and 23 fauna species. For the most part (32 of the 37 species), the amended conservation status represents a more threatened status while the balance five (5) species have been reclassified to a less threatened status. A list of the re-classified species can be found on the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (DEHP) website – http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/threatened-species/category-changes.html.
Some reclassifications of note include:
Greater glider (Petauroides volans) has been stepped up from Least Concern to Vulnerable. The greater glider is associated with eucalypt forest and woodland habitats and is distributed from the Windsor Tableland in North Queensland through to central Victoria. It tends to be found from sea-level to 1200 m above sea level (Threatened Species Scientific Committee, 2016). The broad nature of associated habitats and it's coastal/near coastal zone distribution suggests that the greater glider could become a matter of interest to a range of development sites and activities. The greater glider is also listed as vulnerable under the Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth).
Woolly wrinklewort (Rutidosis lanata), a native daisy – stepped down from Vulnerable to Near Threatened. Woolly wrinklewort, a type of daisy; is regularly recorded in Queensland's Surat basin. This species was reclassified to Vulnerable from Endangered in May 2014. This species has been recorded on several occasions over the years by New Ground. It is likely that the extent of survey effort undertaken in the Surat basin gas fields has broadened the previously known extent of distribution/abundance of the species.
Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola) has gone from Endangered to Extinct in the Wild. The Bramble Cay melomys was only found on Bramble Cay, a small (4-6 ha) vegetated coral cay (an island composed of coral rubble and sand) in the far northeast of the Torres Strait (DOE, 2017). Available evidence indicates that the anthropogenic climate change-induced impacts of sea-level rise, coupled with an increased frequency and intensity of weather events that produced damaging storm surges and extreme high water levels, particularly during the last decade, were most likely responsible for the extirpation of the Bramble Cay melomys from Bramble Cay (EHP, 2016).
A number of migratory bird species (associated with coastal habitats) have been stepped up from Special Least Concern to Endangered or Vulnerable. This change will have ramifications for the planning in relation to some coastal development activities.
Refer to https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/acts_sls/Acts_SL_N.htm to view the Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006, which lists the conservation status of species in Queensland.
Other environmental planning changes that have resulted from the reclassification include the scope of the Protected Plants regulatory framework and the Environmental Offsets Policy. The Department of Environment and Heritage's Protected Plants Flora Survey Trigger Map has been updated to reflect the revised plant classifications. This could have ramifications for a range of projects, potentially triggering (or removing) a need for a protected plants clearing permit or exemption. The flora survey trigger map can be accessed at http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/licences-permits/plants-animals/protected-plants/map-request.php.
Further, the Environmental Offsets Policy and Environmental Offsets Regulation 2014 have been revised to reflect species reclassifications. This could have impacts on environmental offset requirements for a given project.
Feel free to contact Nelson Wills (07 5575 7308 or nwills@newground.com.au) should you have any questions on the above.


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