The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) has adopted the principles of positive youth development as the underpinnings for advancing its public health program and policy objectives regarding young people. Since the mid-1990s, NYSDOH has made consistent and steady progress in embracing and implementing youth development approaches.
In 1998, together with the NYS Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS), the Department formed the Youth Development Team, a public-private partnership comprised of over 40 organizational members. The Youth Development Team promotes a shift in policies and programs to focus on youth assets and strengths, rather than deficits; to perceive youth as problem-solvers, rather than problems; and to respect youth as capable of helping themselves as well as others.
In 1999, through the advent of a new initiative known as ACT for Youth, the NYSDOH mobilized significant resources to advance youth development statewide. Youth development concepts and models are now well-established in programs administered by the AIDS Institute and the Center for Community Health's Bureau of Child and Adolescent Health.
In 2003, the Department instructed newly funded prevention programs to view peer programs as youth development programs and provided guidance for measuring and evaluating assets and strengths of peer educators.
In 2005, a competitive solicitation to continue the ACT for Youth initiative was issued. In January 2006 awards were announced for 12 local collaborations and a Center of Excellence.
In 2006, a Supplement of the "Journal of Public Health Management and Practice" highlighted significant progress in adoption of youth development principles within the Department, by funded programs and in communities across the state.
In 2007, in conjunction with the ACT for Youth annual conference, a Governor's Proclamation designated May 1, 2007 as "Youth Development Day" in NYS (PDF, 78KB, 1pg.).
To build upon this momentum, the Department has developed "Guidelines for Integrating Youth Development into Health Department Programs".
The Department encourages providers, educators, funders, policy-makers, researchers and others to assess the extent to which program and services exemplify principles of youth development and take steps to further promote public health through integration of youth development principles.


text:
The flag of Senegal
Senegal project improves food safety capability
By News Desk on September 23, 2020
Senegal has improved detection of residues and contaminants in food products thanks to international help.
The four-year project strengthening laboratory capabilities for analyzing veterinary drug residues and contaminants in food began in 2016. It is expected to boost consumer and market confidence and make the country's exports of agricultural and food products more competitive.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), trained 10 experts at four national labs to screen a range of residues and contaminants in foods that could cause health risks for consumers. Lab staff received method-validation protocols and training on analytical measurement uncertainty, proficiency testing and data analysis.
The technical cooperation project is part of the food and environmental protection sub-program of the Joint FAO/IAEA Program of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture.
Improved situation
Dr. Assiongbon Teko-Agbo, head of the Laboratoire de contrôle des médicaments vétérinaires (LACOMEV), said outsourcing of analytical tests was cumbersome and time consuming.
"Before our advanced analytical capabilities were established, we were severely hampered and had to send scientists carrying several food samples abroad to laboratories in countries such as Morocco and France to test for food hazards," he said.
Veterinary medicines and pesticides are used in food production to control animal and plant diseases and pests. However, these residues and contaminants such as mycotoxins, biotoxins and toxic metals can pose a health risk to consumers. Testing checks products containing high levels of these substances are not in the food supply chain.
Through the IAEA technical cooperation program, equipment to identify these hazards, including a radio receptor assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer, were delivered along with training on how to use them. The IAEA also provided lab information management systems and consumables.
Increased capability
The radio receptor assay method tests for more than 10 groups of veterinary antimicrobials and pesticide residues as well as mycotoxins in milk, meat, eggs, fish, honey, grains and animal feed.
The volume of food products analyzed for residues and contaminants has increased from 800 to 4,000 tons per year since 2017, according to the National Laboratory for Analysis and Control (LANAC).
Thanks to the project, LACOMEV was given responsibility for the national residue monitoring program for aquaculture products in 2017. Senegal's fish product exports had an average of more than €300 million ($352 million) worth of annual earnings between 2016 and 2019, according to the Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy.
LACOMEV has also trained more than 100 scientists from 15 French-speaking African countries and currently hosts up to 10 fellows and scientists each month.
Another lab in the project, the Food Technology Institute (ITA), was approved to ISO 17025 by the French accreditation committee (COFRAC) for aflatoxin analysis.
(To sign up for a free subscription to Food Safety News, click here.)
Tags: International Atomic Energy Agency, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, Senegal, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, veterinary medicines

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Natural Theology, Or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity ...
Door William Paley
STATE OF THE ARGUMENT CONTINUED.
SUPPOSE, in the next place, that the person who found the watch, should, after some time, discover, that, in addition to all the properties which he had hitherto observed in it, it possessed the unexpected property of producing, in the course of its movement, another watch like itself (the thing is conceivable); that it contained within it a mechanism, a system of parts, a mould for instance, or a complex adjustment of lathes, files, and other tools, evidently and separately calculated for this purpose; let us inquire, what effect ought such a discovery to have upon his former conclusion,
I. The first effect would be to increase his admira. tion of the contrivance, and his conviction of the consummate skill of the contriver. Whether he regarded the object of the contrivance, the distinct apparatus, the intricate, yet in many parts intelligible mechanism, by which it was carried on, he would perceive, in this new observation, nothing but an additional reason for doing what he had already done,- for referring the construction of the watch to design, and to supreme art. If that construction without this property, or which is the same thing, before this property had been noticed, proved intention and art to have been employed about it; still more strong would the proof appcar, when he came to the knowledge of this farther property, the crown and perfection of all the rest.
II. He would reflect, that though the watch before him were, in some sense, the maker of the wateh, which was fabricated in the course of its movements, yet it was in a very different sense from thàt, in which a car
penter, for instance, is the maker of a chair; the author of its contrivance, the cause of the relation of its parts to their use. With respect to these, the first watch was no cause at all to the second ; in no such sense as this was the author of the constitution and order, either of the parts which the new watch contained, or of the parts by the aid and instrumentality of which it was produced. We might possibly say, but with great latitude of expression, that a stream of water ground corn: but no latitude of expression would allow us to say, no stretch of conjecture could lead us to think, that the stream of water built the mill, though it were too ancient for us to know who the builder was. What the stream of water does in the affair, is neither more nor less than this; by the application of an unintelligent impulse to a mechanism previously arranged, arranged independently of it, and arranged by intelligence, an effect is produced, viz. the corn is ground. But the effect results from the arrangement. The force of the stream cannot be said to be the cause or author of the effect, still less of the arrangement. Understanding and plan in the formation of the mill were not the less necessary, for any share which the water has in grinding the corn: yet is this share the same, as that which the watch would have contributed to the production of the new watch, upon the supposition assumed in the last section. Therefore,
III. Though it be now no longer probable, that the individual watch, which our observer had found, was made immediately by the hand of an artificer, yet doth not this alteration in anywise affect the inference, that an artificer had been originally employed and concerned in the production. The argument from design remains as it . Marks of design and contrivance are no more accounted for now, than they were before.
In the same thing, we may ask for the cause of different properties. We may ask for the cause of the colour of a body, of its hardness, of its heat ; and these causes may be all different. We are now asking for the cause of that subserviency to a use, that relation to an end, which we have remarked in the watch before
No answer is given to this question, by telling us that a preceding watch produced it. There cannot be design without a designer ; contrivance, without a contriver, order, without choice; arrangement, without any thing capable of arranging ; subserviency and relation to a purpose, without that which could intend a purpose; means suitable to an end, and executing their office in accomplishing that end, without the end ever having been contemplated, or the means accommodated to it. Arrangement, disposition of parts, subserviency of means to an end, relation of instruments to a use, imply the presence of intelligence and mind. No one, therefore, can rationally believe, that the insensible, inanimate watch, from which the watch before us issued, was the proper cause of the mechanism we so much adinire in it;-could be truly said to have constructed the instrument, disposed its parts, assigned their office, determined their order, action, and mutual dependency, combined their several motions into one result, and that also a result connected with the utilities of other beings. All these properties, therefore, are as much unaccounted for, as they were before.
IV. Nor is any thing gained by running the difficulty farther back, i, e. by supposing the watch before us to have been produced from another watch, that from a former, and so on indefinitely. Our going back ever so far, brings us no nearer to the least degree of satisfaction upon the subject. Contrivance is still unaccounted for. We still want a contriver. A designing
mind is neither supplied by this supposition, nor dispensed with. If the difficulty were diminished the farther we went back, by going back indefinitely we might exhaust it. And this is the only case to which this sort of reasoning applies. Where there is a tendency, or, as we increase the number of terms, a continual approach towards a limit, there, by supposing the number of terms to be what is called infinite, we may conceive the limit to be attained: but where there is no such tendency, or approach, nothing is effected by lengthening the series. There is no difference as to the point in question (whatever there may be as to many points), between one series and another; between a series which is finite, and a series which is infinite. A chain, composed of an infinite number of links, can no more support itself, than a chain composed of a finite number of links. And of this we are assured (though we never can have tried the experiment), because, by increasing the number of links, from ten for instance to a hundred, from a hundred to a thousand, &c. we make not the smallest approach, we observe not the smallest tendency, towards self-support. There is no difference in this respect (yet there may be a great difference in several respects) between a chain of a greater or less length, between one chain and another, between one that is finite and one that is infinite. This very much resembles the case before us. The machine which we are inspecting, demonstrates, by its construetion, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver; design, a designer; whether the machine immediately proceeded from another machine or not. That circumstance alters not the case. That other machine may, in like manner, have proceeded from a former machine: nor does that alter the case; contrivance must have had a contriver. That former
one from one preceding it: no alteration still; a contriver is still necessary. No tendency is perceived, no approach towards a diminution of this necessity. It is the same with any and every succession of these machines; a succession of ten, of a hundred, of a thousand; with one series, as with another; a series which is finite, as with a series which is infinite. In whatever other respects they may differ, in this they do not. In all equally, contrivance and design are unaccounted for.
The question is not simply, How came the first watch into existence? which question, it may
pretended, is done away by supposing the series of watches thus produced from one another to have been infinite, and consequently to have had no such first, for which it was necessary to provide a cause. This, perhaps, would have been nearly the state of the question, if nothing had been before us but an unorganised, unmechanised substance, without mark or indication of con. trivance. It might be difficult to show that such substance could not have existed from eternity, either in succession (if it were possible, which I think it is not, for unorganised bodies to spring from one another), or by individual perpetuity. But that is not the question now. To suppose it to be so, is to suppose that it made no difference whether he had found a watch or a stone. As it is, the metaphysics of that question have no place; for, in the watch which we are examining, are seen contrivance, design; an end, a purpose ; means for the end, adaptation to the purpose. And the ques. tion which irresistibly 'presses upon our thoughts, is, Whence this contrivance and design? The thing required is the intending mind, the adapting hand, the intelligence by which that hand was directed. This question, this demand, is not shaken off, by increasing a number or succession of substances, destitute of these


SOUTH BEND — In today's political climate, Pete Buttigieg's presidential aspirations are resonating for a variety of reasons: He's a millennial, a war veteran, well-educated, gay. And, to some acclaim, he's taking on Mike Pence.
Buttigieg hopes to convince voters in a crowded Democratic presidential field that his experience leading South Bend qualifies him to try on a bigger stage.
"I hope the South Bend model is one that can help demonstrate on a much larger scale, but with very similar pressures, how it can be done through good government, tough choices and the right kind of leadership," he told a group of reporters after the March 12 State of the City address.
As mayor, Buttigieg sought to identify which homes to tear down or save. A task force he organized listed 1,900 vacant homes, of which 1,275 were abandoned and had code violations no one was addressing.
Buttigieg decided to promote an aggressive timetable — 1,000 homes in 1,000 days.
"That was a way to hold the administration and, especially me, accountable that we got there," said Buttigieg in a phone interview with IndyStar.
The city leveled fines that added up to thousands of dollars, in certain cases, to pressure homeowners to make repairs or have their houses demolished. It also charged homeowners for the cost of tearing down those houses.
As a councilwoman, she said, she brought her community's perspective to the mayor and the city altered course. The city, she said, has begun working more closely and cooperatively with homeowners from her area in the past few years to help them repair, instead of lose, homes.
South Bend began providing more incentives for people in poorer areas to fix up their homes, she said, including a $2 million grant program for home repair and a $2 million program to provide affordable housing.
Forty percent of African-American households in the city fall below the poverty line, nearly twice the national average for such households, according to a report by the Washington-based nonprofit advocacy group Prosperity Now. Thirty-three percent of Hispanics are below the poverty line, 10 percentage points above the national average.
The most prominent is called Eddy Street Commons. Just off campus, it's reminiscent of the redevelopments in downtown Carmel and Fishers, with multistory buildings that have first-floor retail and upper-floor apartments. The commercial area is surrounded by massive new homes.
When Buttigieg took office, the city's tallest high-rise was vacant and crumbling, night life was nearly nonexistent and the two main roadways were set up as high-speed, one-way thoroughfares with timed lights to get people in and out as quickly as possible.
Mark McDonnell, owner of LaSalle Grill, said that people didn't want to live or hang out downtown as recently as a few years ago. They drove to work, he said. And then they drove home. He can't believe the change brought about by the city's investment.
The mayor also spearheaded a $700,000 effort, which was privately raised, to create a laser-light display along the St. Joseph River trail downtown. Every night, the lasers spectacularly light up a small waterfall that stretches across the river.
"I think if you ask not just me, but a lot of Republicans in South Bend, they'd have to admit that Pete has done a good job in a lot of ways," Teshka said. "He's done a great job of attracting new and exciting economic development opportunities. He's got an eye for attracting young, innovative talent to the city and really breathing new life into an administration that could have been described before as old and maybe not so forward-thinking."
Buttigieg's administration has drawn attention locally by spending $2 million in court fees and legal settlements over a police phone-tapping incident that's still before the courts. It's the most expensive case in the city's history.


Master Blacksmith, Mark Constable, shows us how to make a portable forge out of a metal bucket, a metal pipe and a foot pump. Mark has found this an ideal way to produce a working charcoal fire without the need for electricity. He expertly fashions a fire steel on his forge to create sparks with a flint. Mark`s son Harry shows us how char cloth, made from natural fibre, can be ignited by a single spark and then used to light a tinder bundle to start a bigger fire.
Enjoyed greatly. Made your own forge system never saw a portable one great job. Thanks.
Like your resourcefulness. Nice video. Thanks for sharing.
Our very favourite blacksmith in full flow at his forge (alfrescoforge.co.uk/mc/home.html) Many thanks to WoodlandsTV for filming this at the Yorkshire Arboretum – really interesting footage!


text:
Degrees and Majors Authorized
CIP Code
50070101 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Art
23010101 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in English
16999901 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Foreign Languages and Literatures
45090102 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Global Studies
54010100 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in History, General
45060500 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in International Economic Affairs
38010100 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Philosophy
45100101 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Political Science
50050101 BA Bachelors Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Theatre
52030100 BBA Bachelors Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Accounting
52060101 BBA Bachelors Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Economics
52080101 BBA Bachelors Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Finance
52020101 BBA Bachelors Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Management
52120101 BBA Bachelors Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Management Information Systems
52140101 BBA Bachelors Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Marketing
52150100 BBA Bachelors Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Real Estate
50070101 BFA Bachelors Bachelor of Fine Arts with a Major in Art
50050101 BFA Bachelors Bachelor of Fine Arts with a Major in Theatre
30000001 BIS Bachelors Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies
50090101 BM Bachelors Bachelor of Music with a Major in Music
45020100 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Anthropology
26010101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Biology
40050100 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Chemistry
11010101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Computer Science
45040101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Criminology
45060100 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Economics, General
50060201 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Film and Video Production
45070100 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Geography
40060101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Geology
51000101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Health and Community Wellness
09040101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Mass Communications
27010101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Mathematics
52021300 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Organizational Leadership (eMajor Affiliate Institutional Program)
40080101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Physics
45100101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Political Science
42010101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Psychology
30170100 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Social and Behavioral Health
45110100 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Sociology
31030101 BS Bachelors Bachelor of Science with a Major in Sport Management
13120201 BSED Bachelors Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Elementary Education
13131401 BSED Bachelors Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Physical Education
13100100 BSED Bachelors Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Special Education and Teaching, General
51020301 BSED Bachelors Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Speech-Language Pathology
51380101 BSN Bachelors Bachelor of Science in Nursing
51380105 BSNC Bachelors Bachelor of Science in Nursing, RN to BSN
44040101 CERG Advanced Certificate Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Public Management
45010201 CERG Advanced Certificate Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Data Analysis and Evaluation Methods
45079901 CERG Advanced Certificate Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Geographic Information Systems
30140101 CERG Advanced Certificate Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Museum Studies
44020101 CERG Advanced Certificate Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Nonprofit Management and Community Development
54010501 CERG Advanced Certificate Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Public History
51380201 CERM Advanced Certificate Post-Master's Certificate In Health Systems Leadership
51389901 CERM Advanced Certificate Post-Master's Certificate In Nursing Education
45040100 MA Masters Master of Arts with a Major in Criminology
23010101 MA Masters Master of Arts with a Major in English
54010100 MA Masters Master of Arts with a Major in History, General
42010101 MA Masters Master of Arts with a Major in Psychology
45110100 MA Masters Master of Arts with a Major in Sociology
52030100 MACC Masters Master of Professional Accounting
13120601 MAT Masters Master of Arts in Teaching
52020100 MBA Masters Master of Business Administration
13131501 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Reading Instruction
13120501 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Secondary Education
13120201 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Elementary Education
13040101 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Educational Leadership
13050101 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Media
13110101 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Professional Counseling
13100100 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Special Education and Teaching, General
51020301 MED Masters Master of Education with a Major in Speech-Language Pathology
50090101 MMUS Masters Master of Music with a Major in Music
44040100 MPA Masters Master of Public Administration
11070101 MS Masters Master of Science with a Major in Applied Computer Science
26010101 MS Masters Master of Science with a Major in Biology
27019901 MS Masters Master of Science with a Major in Mathematics
31050400 MS Masters Master of Science with a Major in Sports Management
51380105 MSN Masters Master of Science in Nursing
13120201 EDS Education Specialist Specialist in Education with a Major in Elementary Education
13120501 EDS Education Specialist Specialist in Education with a Major in Secondary Education
13040101 EDS Education Specialist Specialist in Education with a Major in Educational Leadership
13050101 EDS Education Specialist Specialist in Education with a Major in Media
13110101 EDS Education Specialist Specialist in Education with a Major in Professional Counseling
13100101 EDS Education Specialist Specialist in Education with a Major in Special Education
42280201 PHDPCS Doctorate Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology: Consciousness and Society
13040600 EDDHEA Doctorate Doctor of Education in Higher Education Administration
51381701 EDD Doctorate Doctor of Education with a Major in Nursing Education (online)
13999901 EDD Doctorate Doctor of Education with a Major in School Improvement
13110101 EDDPCS Doctorate Doctor of Education in Professional Counseling and Supervision
CIP Code: 50070101
Degree: BA
Degree Level: Bachelors
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Art
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in English
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Foreign Languages and Literatures
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Global Studies
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in History, General
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in International Economic Affairs
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Philosophy
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Political Science
Degree Name: Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Theatre
Degree: BBA
Degree Name: Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Accounting
Degree Name: Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Economics
Degree Name: Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Finance
Degree Name: Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Management
Degree Name: Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Management Information Systems
Degree Name: Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Marketing
Degree Name: Bachelor of Business Administration with a Major in Real Estate
Degree: BFA
Degree Name: Bachelor of Fine Arts with a Major in Art
Degree Name: Bachelor of Fine Arts with a Major in Theatre
Degree: BIS
Degree Name: Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies
Degree: BM
Degree Name: Bachelor of Music with a Major in Music
Degree: BS
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Anthropology
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Biology
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Chemistry
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Computer Science
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Criminology
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Economics, General
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Film and Video Production
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Geography
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Geology
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Health and Community Wellness
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Mass Communications
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Mathematics
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Organizational Leadership (eMajor Affiliate Institutional Program)
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Physics
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Political Science
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Psychology
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Social and Behavioral Health
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Sociology
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science with a Major in Sport Management
Degree: BSED
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Elementary Education
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Physical Education
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Special Education and Teaching, General
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science in Education with a Major in Speech-Language Pathology
Degree: BSN
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Degree: BSNC
Degree Name: Bachelor of Science in Nursing, RN to BSN
Degree: CERG
Degree Level: Advanced Certificate
Degree Name: Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Public Management
Degree Name: Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Data Analysis and Evaluation Methods
Degree Name: Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Geographic Information Systems
Degree Name: Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Museum Studies
Degree Name: Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Nonprofit Management and Community Development
Degree Name: Post-Baccalaureate Certificate In Public History
Degree: CERM
Degree Name: Post-Master's Certificate In Health Systems Leadership
Degree Name: Post-Master's Certificate In Nursing Education
Degree: MA
Degree Level: Masters
Degree Name: Master of Arts with a Major in Criminology
Degree Name: Master of Arts with a Major in English
Degree Name: Master of Arts with a Major in History, General
Degree Name: Master of Arts with a Major in Psychology
Degree Name: Master of Arts with a Major in Sociology
Degree: MACC
Degree Name: Master of Professional Accounting
Degree: MAT
Degree Name: Master of Arts in Teaching
Degree: MBA
Degree Name: Master of Business Administration
Degree: MED
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Reading Instruction
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Secondary Education
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Elementary Education
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Educational Leadership
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Media
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Professional Counseling
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Special Education and Teaching, General
Degree Name: Master of Education with a Major in Speech-Language Pathology
Degree: MMUS
Degree Name: Master of Music with a Major in Music
Degree: MPA
Degree Name: Master of Public Administration
Degree: MS
Degree Name: Master of Science with a Major in Applied Computer Science
Degree Name: Master of Science with a Major in Biology
Degree Name: Master of Science with a Major in Mathematics
Degree Name: Master of Science with a Major in Sports Management
Degree: MSN
Degree Name: Master of Science in Nursing
Degree: EDS
Degree Level: Education Specialist
Degree Name: Specialist in Education with a Major in Elementary Education
Degree Name: Specialist in Education with a Major in Secondary Education
Degree Name: Specialist in Education with a Major in Educational Leadership
Degree Name: Specialist in Education with a Major in Media
Degree Name: Specialist in Education with a Major in Professional Counseling
Degree Name: Specialist in Education with a Major in Special Education
Degree: PHDPCS
Degree Level: Doctorate
Degree Name: Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology: Consciousness and Society
Degree: EDDHEA
Degree Name: Doctor of Education in Higher Education Administration
Degree: EDD
Degree Name: Doctor of Education with a Major in Nursing Education (online)
Degree Name: Doctor of Education with a Major in School Improvement
Degree: EDDPCS
Degree Name: Doctor of Education in Professional Counseling and Supervision


text:
The Captioned Life
TV & Movie Reviews 31 Interviews 41 Pop Culture 35 Comics 41 Interviews With Comics Professionals 23 Behind The Panels 2 Announcements & Trailers 6 Trivia 2 Batman 5 Current Events 6 MCU 18 Was It Great Or Were We 8? 2 Hawkeye Series 5 Cosplay 2 Podcast Recommendations 1 Holidays 6 BIPOC 13 LGBTQ 2 Local Comic Shops 2 Theme Parks 1 Conventions 1 Events 2 Webcomics 2 DC Comics 3 DC Studios 4 DCEU 4 Anime 1 Gaming 1 Marvel 1 Comic Watchers 2
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#53 "Maus" & The McMinn County School Board
Recently, the McMinn County school board in Tennessee decided to ban the classroom use of the graphic novel Maus, which depicts a firsthand account of the Holocaust via anthropomorphic animals. The decision was met with criticism across the United States and has been the subject of extensive news coverage, as well as social media mentions.
Interviews Comics Current Events
Recently, the McMinn County school board in Tennessee decided to ban the classroom use of the graphic novel Maus, which depicts a firsthand account of the Holocaust via anthropomorphic animals. The decision was met with criticism across the United States and has been the subject of extensive news coverage, as well as social media mentions. It has also led to a surge of the book back to the top of numerous best-seller lists and even selling out on Amazon. In this episode of The Captioned Life Podcast, Sean and Kevin talk with educator Jill Gerber, and the Coalition Coordinator for Banned Books Week at the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, Betsy Gomez, to discuss the controversy and its impact on teachers, students, parents, and beyond. This is a timely conversation about the relevance of graphic novels as educational literature and the alarming trend of banning non-traditional texts from school libraries and curricula.
About The Guests
Jill Gerber is an award-winning K-12 educator of twenty years and a longtime advocate of graphic literature in the curriculum to reach all learners. In addition to presenting workshops on the integration of comics in the classroom, she cowrites about innovative viewpoints on comics and KidLit in education on the blog, Perceptive Gaze. She teaches at Rowland Hall in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Betsy Gomez is the Banned Books Week Coalition coordinator and former editorial director for the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, a nonprofit organization dedicated to defending the First Amendment rights of the comics community. Gomez manages resources, programming, and editorial content for bannedbooksweek.org and advises CBLDF on educational and free expression matters. Gomez is the editor of CBLDF's book about the women who changed free expression in comics, CBLDF Presents: She Changed Comics. With an extensive background in educational publishing, Gomez has worked as a content developer and editor for several companies, including Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Pearson Education, among others. Gomez's work combines her love of comics with her passion for education and the right to read.
Jill Gerber
Jill's Twitter, @GerberJill
Jill's website, Perceptive Gaze
Betsy Gomez and the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
Comic Book Legal Defense Fund website
Comic Book Legal Defense Fund Case Study: Maus
Maus and the McMinn County School Board
Newsweek article, "Pulitzer-Winning Graphic Novel 'Maus' Banned by Tennessee School Board for Language, Nudity"
Meeting Minutes - McMinn County School Board, January 10th, 2022
The Captioned Life Podcast website
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Show Credits
Kevin Stahlecker - Cohost, producer, Gamemaster
Sean Winningham - Cohost, producer, media editor
Image used in the show: "Comic Books" by Steven Miller, used under CC BY 2.0 / Desaturated from original.
A show for the most casual and dedicated fans of comics. Join Sean as he discovers what the world of comics and graphic novels has to offer from one-on-one interviews with industry professionals, round table discussions with passionate fans, and reviews on the latest comics, tv shows, and movies. New episodes every week. The Captioned Life is a part of the Comic Watch family.
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Sean Winningham - Host, producer, & editor
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Music used in the show: "Fine Line" by Geographer
Betsy Gomez
Interviews Episodes
#83 ThoughtScape Comics With Matt Mair Lowery
#81 Your Friendly Nerdy Neighborhood With Lauren Smith
Comics Episodes
#84 Superman: Son Of Kal-El With Bethany W. Pope
Current Events Episodes
#80 The Best And Worst Of 2022 With Kevin Stahlecker
#66 D23 Expo News (2022) With Rianna Paez "Marvel Twin"
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My sixth and final Twin Towers Estate book, Versus, has just hit Kindle, and as you might expect if you've read the previous books, it's a tense and bloody finale. To celebrate, you can now grab Hero, Villain and Versus – the full Gang Wars trilogy – on my Amazon store in onegreat-value Kindle trilogy, for just £1.99.
The story began in Hero, where beleagured ex-cop Nathan Pang was faced with a difficult choice: do you intervene when an innocent person is assaulted by a gang of thugs, or do you look away? Pretend nothing's happening?
For Pang, the decision sends devastating shockwaves through his family's lives. And when his son is targeted for revenge, he finds himself drawn back to the Twin Towers Estate, where two gangs are on the brink of all-out warfare.
Villain introduced eleven-year-old Poppy, an estate dweller who wears the trousers in her home, following her father's downward spiral into depression. But when the criminal gang who reign over Gladstone Tower threaten to destroy her family, Poppy's decision to fight back leads to violence and terrible tragedy.
Their stories come together in Versus, the thrilling and bloody climax, and now you can read the entire tale, with extra bonus chapters and content, in the complete Gang Wars Trilogy.


If you want to buy a Comeaux High School yearbook or sell your Comeaux HS yearbook, this is the place to do it. Just make a post below to find another person who went to school in Lafayette to make the trade.
You can share memories of those activities that you were involved with at Comeaux HS and you can view other alumni and read what other former students have posted about the time they spent at Comeaux.
In need of a yearbook!
looking for 1985 or 1986 yearbook.
Looking for a 1993-94 or a 1994-95 yearbook to purchase or if you would be willing to scan a few photos for me that works too.
In a recent move I have lost my 1994 yearbook. Does anyone know where I can obtain one?
I never did purchase my senior yearbook and I would like to purchase one if anyone knows how and where I can get one. Thanks!
in 88/89 I spent a year as an exchange student at comeaux high. i never received my yearbook. is there any chance to get one? would be great.
I would like to have the 1983 yearbook. Mine was stolen and I would like to replace it. I would love to see the faces of my old friends once again.
I would like to get a copy of the 1972 yearbook.


text:
Ten Books on Slavery You Need to Read
You can't talk about race until you fully understand America's past.
By SVEN BECKERT
Sven Beckert is professor of American history at Harvard and author of Empire of Cotton: A Global History, just published by Alfred A. Knopf.
Without understanding the past, it is difficult to grapple with the present. This became quite clear in the wake of the tragic attack in Charleston, when public dialogue swirled with myths, wishful thinking and deeply ideological readings of history, all too often camouflaged as solid historical analysis. Now, 150 years after emancipation, it is high time to confront the legacy of slavery. No one alive today was enslaved or enslaved others, and no one bears personal responsibility for the brutal institution—but we live in its shadow, and contemporary debates on race relations cannot proceed without first acknowledging that.
Indeed, without understanding slavery, it is impossible to understand the history of the United States. Over the course of more than two centuries, millions of Americans were enslaved, producing most of the commodities—from tobacco to rice, sugar to cotton—that established America on the world scene. As I write in my book, Empire of Cotton , American slavery (and the cotton it produced) was crucial to the development of global capitalism. Slavery transformed the nation's politics, too, eventually resulting in a devastating civil war—the most deadly war in the history of the United States. As we know, slavery left a deep legacy of inequality and racism, one that is still visible today a century and a half after emancipation. But the struggle against slavery also inspired some of the finest values and politics in American history, from Republican Thaddeus Stevens' determined fight for emancipation to Frederick Douglass' eloquent appeal to the enlightenment tradition of equality.
Considering the importance of "the peculiar institution" to the United States, it is not surprising that the writing on the history of slavery is rich—it is, in fact among the best researched stories of the American past. American historians have been at the forefront of disentangling slavery's history, producing some of the most original, important and freshest historical works of the past century. These works all emphasize the centrality of slavery to the American experience, show that slavery needs to be understood as the national story that it was, describe in harrowing detail the unfathomable violence that descended upon enslaved African Americans, and demonstrate conclusively how the theft of enslaved workers' labor and a sharpening racism has affected the nation's society, politics and economy.
It is almost impossible to identify just 10 "must read" books—there are scores of indispensable studies—but to understand the impact of slavery on the economy, politics and society of the United States and its colonial antecedents, the following books are crucial. They take the reader into the slave quarters of Virginia and onto the cotton plantations of South Carolina, explore the most intimate gender relations within plantation households and the broader political struggles in the halls of power in Washington D.C., and illuminate the role of American slavery in the global economy as well as its role in creating some of the nation's most cherished institutions.
Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America . A survey of slavery's very long history in North America, showing how the institution changed over time and how it differed from state to state.
Stephanie Camp, Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South explores the world of enslaved women, and, as the title suggests, focuses on their ability to resist the enormous oppression they lived under. From sewing fancy dresses to putting up a picture of Abraham Lincoln, enslaved women tried to maintain some of their dignity and push back against the overwhelming power of their captors.
Drew Faust, James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery . A careful study of one of South Carolina's most important planters, the man who declared that cotton was "king," this book pays close attention both to life on the plantation and Hammond's pro-slavery politics.
Eric Foner, Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy . Foner examines the aftermath of emancipation, showing how the struggle for freedom unfolded on plantations, in state houses and within the federal government, and how formerly enslaved workers pushed for a capacious understanding of freedom that included social, political and economic rights..
Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton and the Authenticity Trap
By DAVID GREENBERG
How Does Trump End?
Is Bernie Sanders a Socialist in Name Only?
By FREDRIK DEBOER
Thavolia Glymph's Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household is a brilliant analysis of the relations between black and white women, enslaved and free, in the plantation households of the South, a relationship full of violence.
Steven Hahn's Pulitzer-Prize winning A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration charts the long-term history of African-American politics and how that politics emerged during the era of slavery. It's an extraordinarily creative reading of political life on the plantation, and beyond.
Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market . An examination of the heart of slavery—the slave market—that provides a wrenching analysis of the processes through which millions of people were made into commodities.
Manisha Sinha's The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina focuses on slave owners' political mission to create a state whose central duty was the defense of slavery. Sinha shows that nowhere did the politics of slavery take on a more radical and anti-democratic form than in antebellum South Carolina.
Alan Taylor, The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772-1832 is a dazzling (and Pulitzer Prize winning) account of the politics of slavery in Virginia in the age of revolution. Moving effortlessly from the plantation to global politics, Taylor shows how enslaved workers played an important role in the struggle with the British, and how important slavery was to both the creation of the American republic and the fault lines that would eventually result in a war between the states.
Craig Wilder's Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's Universities addresses slavery's impact in a place few have looked before—the nation's institutions of higher learning. He shows how enslaved workers helped build the nation's most elite universities and how these institutions all too often defended the interests of powerful slaveholders and gave "scientific" legitimacy to racism.


Systems for the education of engineers in the US and the EU differ in significant ways. In this chapter we describe and reflect upon differences in accreditation policies and procedures, curriculum structure and content, admissions criteria and student mobility. Within the US there is a surprising uniformity among both private and public university programmes in engineering education, due in large part to the acceptance of ABET's (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) authority in setting standards for curriculum content. Within the EU there is greater programme variety, although some degree of harmonization is in the works due to the Bologna Declaration. We describe and analyze current efforts in Europe aimed at establishing a pan-EU authority for accreditation - the EUR- ACE Framework. One topic in curriculum structure draws our attention - the perceived value of liberal studies in engineering and the potential for significant reform of the engineering curriculum in this regard. Criteria for admission to university study in engineering differ among the different members of the EU. In the US, criteria are more or less the same whether the student applies to MIT or the University of Michigan. Understanding these differences is essential if transatlantic cooperation in higher (and vocational) education is to be achieved as is the intent of a new EU-US programme - The Atlantis Programme (2006-20013).


Are employers required to issue SPDs in languages other than English?
"The foreign language requirements apply when a certain number of plan participants speak the same foreign language.
For plans covering fewer than 100 participants at the beginning of the plan year, the foreign language requirements apply if 25 percent or more of the participants are literate only in the same foreign language.
10% or more of all plan participants are literate only in the same foreign language.
'This booklet contains a summary in English of your plan rights and benefits under Employer A [Welfare Benefit] Plan. If you have difficulty understanding any part of this booklet, contact Mr. John Doe, the plan administrator, at his office in Room 123, 456 Main Street, Anywhere City, State 20001. Office hours are from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. You may also call the plan administrator's office at 202-555-2345 for assistance.'"


Open Campus is a GKSS programme to enable mass access to technological resources and tools, promote open innovation and elevate collaboration economy in the Northern Cape.
The meetup events will be hosted at various campuses for students in Kimberley. Students will connect, learn, share and help each other grow with each other's skills/knowledge.
Why is open source good?
Hpw much is Python related to open source?
What are the projects related to open source?
Does open-source contribution help to get a good job?
Software-as-a-service is another topic that has been around and has begun its "rehashing" phase. Like the cloud, SaaS was heavily discussed at this year's Interop, but there was almost no new information.
As with BYOD, there is considerable concern over the Internet of Things. This concept, connecting nearly any device — sensors, medical equipment, appliances, and the list goes on and on — to your company network, sends shivers down the spines of IT admins everywhere.
Another IT buzzword, big data is the concept of large, aggregated data sets that can be used to do things like predictive modeling. It can also be a burden on IT departments.


While Connecticut taxpayers will not be voting for Governor Malloy at the end of the year, he seems determined to make the remainder of his tenure as painful as possible. The least popular governor in America used his veto powers, once again, to thumb his nose at the legislature and the people of Connecticut.
There was the bipartisan bill to prevent cuts to legislatively approved Education Cost Sharing funding, as the Governor did last year. There was the bill to expand tax credits as a way to promote the creation of manufacturing apprenticeships, something our state sorely needs. And there was the bill backed by the Connecticut Education Association to enhance teacher and student safety in the classroom.
The governor rejected all of these efforts to make Connecticut a better place to live.
He does this despite continuous reports of the state's shrinking labor force and calls by manufacturers to provide more training to create the skilled workforce they need. He ignores the state housing market's inability to show a broad-based recovery because of years of people moving out of our state. Even though the state faces projected budget deficits, he throws millions of tax dollars to bribe businesses to stay in Connecticut that create only a few more jobs. Meanwhile GE and Aetna sought better locations for their headquarters. The businesses that still struggle here could benefit from lower costs that would allow them to be more profitable, not short-term handouts.
If there has been anything positive regarding Governor Malloy's tenure, it is the result of more Republicans being elected to the legislature to counter his poisonous policies. Our numbers allowed us to defeat tolls and tax increases. It also enabled us to pass a new, more fair education costs sharing formula.
It took a while, but legislative Democrats finally realized that working with us was their best option. This enabled us to produce more truly bipartisan legislation than our state has seen in a long time.
Even though Governor Malloy vetoed some of this legislation, I am confident that when Democrat and Republican legislators return to the Capitol the week of June 25, we will have the votes to override most, if not all of the vetoes. That is because it is not about partisan politics. It is about doing what's best for the people of our state.
Governor Malloy may still have his tantrums, but he will quickly be in our rearview mirror. Connecticut can then embark on a bright new future.
Editor's note: Boucher represents the communities of Bethel, New Canaan, Redding, Ridgefield, Weston, Westport and Wilton.
On Thursday, June 7, 2018, we held a successful event with the screening of "Wasted! The Story of Food Waste" an award-winning documentary film that addresses the issue of food waste.
We would like to thank our community partners who supported this event. First of all, we want to thank the New Canaan Nature Center, which hosted the event, and ACME, which donated food and refreshments. Next, big thanks go to our community partners who took time after their work busy days to present their programs that help address the issue of food waste. Special thanks go to Carol McDonald and Bethany Zaro of New Canaan Human Services and New Canaan Food Bank, Janet King of Person To Person, Nick Skeadas of Curbside Composting and Nicole Straight of Food Rescue US.
Given the positive response to the film, we hope to show it again in New Canaan soon. Over 30 percent of all food produced in the United States is currently wasted, and 90 percent of that food waste goes into landfills where it takes years to decompose. By addressing food waste we can all be part of a better future.


The Fate of the Sticks!
Hi everyone! I'm back! What do you think of the new look?
I had a great Christmas and wonderful New Year. How about you?
I've got a bunch more to tell you about, pictures to share, etc. But, one day at a time, folks!
My favorite project over the past month was a big hit, and I couldn't wait to share it with you. JD and I hosted my parents and uncle for a few days prior to Christmas. We were eating in most nights, and I wanted a way to kind of, er, control the chaos of four helpful adults, especially during meal times. I thought back to when I was a Girl Scout at Scoutshire Woods, and at meals, we chose our "chores" by picking a wooden stick out of a cup. If it can work for the Girl Scouts, why wouldn't it work for middle-aged family members?
The only rule was that each person had to abide by the "fate of the sticks"… there was no putting back something you didn't want. If you could convince someone to trade with you, that was ok. (My mom loves putting away leftovers and decided to trade with my dad after a meal when she got "dishwasher" and he got the "leftover" one.) But you couldn't put your stick back.
Of course, this didn't stop two rascals that shall remain nameless (hint: I am married to one and the other is my mother) who decided to make their own sticks to throw in. It was Christmas, after all, and they both wanted to open presents. So my mom dug through my craft table to find the package of extra wooden sticks to make her own. But, JD just decided to eat a popsicle and use that stained-red stick as an alternative, regardless of the big size difference!
When I noticed the "new" chore sticks, we all shared quite a laugh.
For a small amount of effort, this do-it-yourself sanity-saver was an awesome way to control the madness and question-asking in the kitchen. Best of all, it was a great ice-breaker and a lot of laughs.
Next time, your daddy said he's bringing his own sticks: ie: an ample supply of "Free"s just in case.
hahaha I love that stick idea! So great!!


Nevada Eye and Ear was proud to be able to sponsor two teams for the Somerset Academy First Annual Charity Golf Tournament last weekend at the beautiful Legacy Golf Course. Somerset Academy (Stephanie Campus) in Henderson is a charter school with a mission to "prepare students to excel in academics and attain knowledge through life-long learning." Nevada Eye and Ear is not only dedicated to offering the highest quality care for our patients, we are also committed to strengthening our community through our support for important organizations like Somerset Academy. Our thanks to all of our team members for making Saturday a memorable one on the course and in the lives of the students at Somerset Academy.


Ever since the stream where we first saw the Dragon Ball mechanic for Dragon Ball FighterZ, fans have been pretty vocal on both ends of the spectrum.
One side has been claiming that the mechanic was cheap and doesn't belong in a game like this, and the other side has been saying the mechanic seems fun and won't cause any issue. We've leaned towards not wanting the mechanic in, but most of that is due to the vagueness of how the mechanic works, due to it being a secret.
Well finally with this scan translation we can put all of the side talk to rest and break down how this mechanic works, so that everyone can base their opinions off of cold hard facts.
First off, acquiring a dragon ball is done through comboing your opponent, or having your opponent combo you. Depending on the number of hits in the combo, you can receive a dragon ball. It also seems like whenever you get a dynamic combo, you receive a dragon ball.
Please Fully Heal Me – Heals your character 100%.
Please Bring My Nakama (Team Member) Back To Life – Revives a dead team member with 20% HP.
Please Grand Me Ultimate Power – Adds a Sparking! Icon to that character. If they used one, it'll be refilled. If not, they'll have 2.
Please Grant Me an Undying Body – Regenerates the blue health of your entire team.
With all of this information in mind, has your opinion on the Dragon Ball mechanic changed, or have you doubled down? Let us know, and check out the scan for more details!
So all that matters is the final Dragonball. Sounds cheap.


You are getting sleeepy... verrry sleeeepy. Now at the snap of our fingers, you will wake up, make us all a turkey sandwich and bring it on over to the GigSalad office. (Shouldn't we be requesting a salad since it's Gig... "Salad?") Well... you won't be hiring us as your hypnotist, so no need to worry about funny business like that. Nothing is more entertaining and out-of-this-world than participating and watching your friends get hypnotized. They'll cluck like chickens and dance just like Michael Jackson. So if you're in for a good laugh, check out these hypnotists. Search for Hypnotists in Montreal, Quebec above.
Please note that these Hypnotists may also travel to Pointe-aux-trembles, Montreal-Est, Lachenaie, Rivière-des-prairies, Anjou, Saint-paul-l'ermite, Boucherville, Long Point, Charlemagne, Montreal-Nord, Saint-Leonard, Saint-vincent-de-paul, Sainte-Julie, Côte Saint Michel, Saint-Amable, L'assomption, Vercheres, Fabreville, Saint-Edouard-de-Napierville, Saint-Sulpice, La Visitation-de-lIle-Dupas, Calixa-Lavallee, Pont-viau, Saint-Lambert, L'epiphanie, Saint-Hugues, LEpiphanie, Saint-bruno-de-montarville, Laval, and Laval.


text:
Westbound I-694 reopens after semi crash in Little Canada
Donaldson's goal with Twins: 'I want to impact the entire organization'
Music 423212993
The Twin Cities' 5 big stadium concerts of the summer
May 19, 2017 — 3:48pm
Billy Joel hasn't released an album of new pop material since 1993's "River of Dreams." But he still performs once a month at New York's Madison Square Garden and then takes to the road in the summer. This year, Mr. New York State of Mind is bringing "Uptown Girl," "Just the Way You Are" and "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me" to the Twins ballpark. (July 28, Target Field.)
This is how Florida Georgia Line rolls: The hit country duo brings a dated pop act (the Backstreet Boys) and a passé rapper (Nelly) to a stadium near you. Between them, they've got a jukebox full of hits that you probably wouldn't find in any jukebox anywhere or even on someone's playlist: "Cruise," "Dirt," "I Want It That Way," "As Long as You Love Me," "Hot in Herre" and "Country Grammar." Push "Play." (July 29, Target Field.)
After years of feuding, Axl Rose is back with key Guns N' Roses mates Slash and Duff McKagan. Last year's tour marked their first collaboration since 1997, though the mercurial Rose has been touring with various replacements on and off. This lineup should present an appetite for rock' n' roll. (July 30, U.S. Bank Stadium.)
One of the highlights of Justin Bieber's tour last summer was him bouncing and singing on a huge trampoline suspended over the floor at Target Center. Will the Biebs pull off the same tricks in a stadium? At least he's still touring behind his best album, "Purpose," which earned him critical acclaim and four Grammy nominations. The Twin Cities is the fourth stop on the U.S. leg of his stadium tour. (Aug. 18, U.S. Bank Stadium.)
Long accused of being U2 wannabes, Coldplay is getting its stadium opportunity following its seventh studio album, 2015's "A Head Full of Dreams." It's hardly an album full of hits, but charismatic frontman Chris Martin can always rely on his catalog of triumphs including "Yellow," "Clocks" and "Viva la Vida." Tove Lo opens. (Aug. 12, U.S. Bank Stadium.)
Jon Bream
Business Federal government wants to put a stop to the petting zoo in the sky
Twins Donaldson's goal with Twins: 'I want to impact the entire organization'
More From Variety
Cleveland bishop named Philadelphia's next archbishop
The Vatican announced Thursday that the bishop of Cleveland will become the new leader of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, making him the first Hispanic archbishop to lead the region's 1.3 million-member flock.
After 40 Years, Grammy show producer bows out his way
With this Sunday's Grammy ceremony to be his last after 40 years of producing it, Ken Ehrlich could be excused for creating a few moments in the show to look back on his own legacy, which includes creating indelible moments that will live in the pop conscious forever: Aretha Franklin singing "Nessun dorma," Beyoncé shaking and shimmying alongside Prince, and Eminem and Elton John performing together.
Dozens of world leaders descended upon Jerusalem on Thursday for the largest-ever gathering focused on commemorating the Holocaust and combating rising modern-day anti-Semitism — a politically charged event that has been clouded by rival national interpretations of the genocide.
A woman convicted of manslaughter for urging her suicidal boyfriend to kill himself in 2014 is set to leave jail Thursday morning.
The founder of an Arizona pharmaceutical company is expected to be sentenced in Boston's federal court Thursday for his role in a bribery and kickback scheme that prosecutors said helped fuel the opioid crisis.
Summer Fun 2017: GNR, Coldplay and Bieber make it the summer of the stadium concert in the Twin Cities
Foxy Tann is the block-party queen of summer in the Twin Cities
Lizzo reveals even more in overdue Rolling Stone cover story ahead of Grammys • Music
Judge denies founding drummer's right to play with Aerosmith at Grammys • Music
Aerosmith rejects its drummer before this weekend's performance at the Grammys • Music
How short is too short for a concert? Twin Cities fans, promoters weigh in • Music
Dance inspired by Beatles' 'Sgt. Pepper' is guaranteed to raise a smile • Music


*0cm of fresh snow has fallen since yesterday morning and at 6:10am today the temperature was -1°c. This morning's beautiful weather brings us now 3 days in a row of amazing spring weather.
Today i will be making my way over to Niseko Village and look forward to putting in some turns higher up on Snorkel, Ukairo and Wonderland. Later in the morning i will be working on more panoramas so if you see me with my tripod stop and say hi – you will find me on Namara and all over the resort.
A couple shots from yesterday.


text:
Prugnanes (in catalano Prunyanes) è un comune francese di 110 abitanti situato nel dipartimento dei Pirenei Orientali nella regione dell'Occitania.

Società

Evoluzione demografica

Note

Altri progetti

Prugnanes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Desalination - Team E
From processdesign
Revision as of 12:23, 11 March 2016 by Jstolley (Talk | contribs)
Group E Corporation
Authors: Hassan Ali, Woo Soo Choe, Brett Sleyster, Jake Stolley
Instructors: Fengqi You, David Wegerer
Outlined in this report is the project model report for the proposed desalination plant in Los Angeles, California which will provide drinking water to local citizens using reverse osmosis process. This location was chosen due to the region's propensity for droughts in recent years. The fresh water resources in California have plummeted as water prices have risen 3-4% each year. This is only expected to continue. Other companies have worked deals with the Californian government to create desalination plants that provide a new fresh water drinking source. This suggests that there is a strong market here with potential growth.
The plant will have an output of 15 million gallons per day, which is about medium size relative to other plants. Thus the build time will be about one year. The plant will run for 30 years, with 350 days per year of use. Shutdown time will be used for cleaning and maintenance of equipment. The plant will be built on Long Beach, 500 meters from the coast nearby the Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant (LBWP). The input will withdraw 70.5 million gallons per day of seawater that will be used for reverse osmosis and dilution of brine.
Reverse osmosis was chosen as the desalination method for its low energy cost and flexibility. We designed a process that will pretreat the seawater to remove waste, colloids, bacteria, and membrane-damaging scalants. Once this seawater is treated is pumped to heavy pressures through a reverse osmosis system. After doing process optimization under various system parameter changes, we found a continuous, single stage, five element reverse osmosis process to be best. It produces a near 30% recovery. We reduce energy costs by including a pressure exchanger between our concentrate outlet and adjusted feed into the reverse osmosis system.
After performing mass and energy balances, we were able to size equipment and find our permeate composition. It turns out our process will meet L.A. standards for drinking water quality. However, post treatment will be done by the local LBWP to make the water taste better and be non-caustic to pipes. This will reduce "in-house" costs. Many environmental considerations were made, to meet our environmental standards. We meet EPA salinity requirements for our brine waste by diluting it. We also don't use a lot of energy and thus reduce our fossil fuel consumption and CO2 generation. To be safe, we work well under max pressure limits for our equipment. We make sure we are ethical and meet all standards that our local county requires of us.
After an economic evaluation at a conservative well-water price of $700 per acre-foot, we realize that our revenue is way too low to cover our costs. Capital costs are especially large with regards to our large water tanks. We find that we reach a 10 year NPV breakpoint of $2104 per acre-foot after performing a sensitivity analysis. The Carlsbad Plant in San Diego worked out a deal for $2257 per acre-foot.
As we have met all design constraints for this project, we hope to convince policymakers to adopt our project at least $2104 per acre-foot water. If this deal is reached, we recommend that this project and design be funded. There is future work to be done to improve costs such as performing pump optimization. However, this work is minimal and won't harm our bottom line if we reach our proposed price points.
3 Location and Market Analysis
4 Design Basis and Technical Approach
5 Desalination Overview and Alternatives
6 Process Overview and Alternatives
6.1 Pretreatment
6.2 Desalination (Reverse Osmosis)
7 Post Treatment
7.1 Brine Treatment and Byproduct Waste
8 Process Details and Equipment Sizing
8.1 Filters and UV Treatment [Pretreatment]
8.2 Ion Exchanger [Pretreatment]
8.3 Reverse Osmosis System [Desalination]
8.4 Seawater Holding Tank and Dilution Tank [Brine Treatment]
9 Process Optimization
10 Ethical, Environmental, and Societal Considerations
11 Economic Analysis
12 Conclusion and Recommendations
13 Appendices
13.1 Appendix 1: Design Basis
13.2 Appendix 2: Process Flow Diagram
13.3 Appendix 3: Mass and Energy Balance Tables
13.4 Appendix 4: Effluent Summary
13.5 Appendix 5: Cost of Production
13.6 Appendix 6: Economic Anlaysis
13.6.1 Case I
13.6.2 Case II
13.6.3 Case III: Carlsbad
13.6.4 Case IV: Breakeven (NPV = 0 at 10 years)
13.6.5 Case V: Breakeven (NPV = 0 at 10 years)
13.6.6 Case VI: Breakeven (NPV = 0 at 10 years)
13.7 Appendix 7: ROSA Simulation Outputs
Due to a combination of various factors--including rising human population, climate change, increased energy consumption, and land erosion--the availability of fresh water as a resource for human consumption has been dwindling. This has had a negative impact on the world, but this impact has been especially felt in areas with natural shortages in fresh water. Desert regions, such as Saudi Arabia, have resorted to desalinating seawater at the coast and transporting up to their cities. This encompasses their entire freshwater system as very few natural water sources remain. In the United States there is a region which has shown increasing signs of following in the footsteps of Saudi Arabia and becoming fully reliant on desalination: Los Angeles, California.
Location and Market Analysis
In this project, Los Angeles was chosen as the location our plant, because the area has been subject to a severe drought for the last four years, as shown in Figure 1. The rapid decrease in the available water has caused permanent damages to the ground, decreased the amount of water in the reservoir from 45% to 25%, and reduced the amount of hydroelectric power produced in the state. Such deficiency in usable water has increased the water prices in Los Angeles by 6-7% annually for the last decade and is expected to rise by 3.4% annually for typical customers for the next five years. For customers who use more than 20000 gallons a year, the bill is expected to increase by 34% by 2021. This price increase is occurring because of both drought and maintenance. [1]
Figure 1. California Drought Index.
As of March 2015 the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was willing to pay as much as $700 per acre-foot of water to farmers in the Sacramento Valley, so we assume this will be the target price of the water produced by the this desalination plant.[2]
Currently, there is a plant in Carlsbad which supplies drinking water to the San Diego area. The plant can produce up to 50 million gallons per day and is the nation's largest water desalination plant. The water from this plant costs $2257 per acre-foot for the first 48000 acre-feet and about $2000 for any additional acre-foot. The county signed a contract with this plant to purchase the first 48000 acre-feet of water for the next 30 years.[3] Also, there is another desalination plant in Tampa that produces about 25 million gallons of water per day, and over 2000 other public and industrial plants with production capacity of over 300000 gallons per day. When conducting the economic analysis our plant, such numbers presented by other plants must be considered, so our project can yield positive profit.[4]
The profitability of the project is naturally heavily dependent on the price of water in California. If the drought ends, water supply will increase and the water price will drop significantly, but if the drought continues, the price of water in California could rise even more rapidly and allow desalination plants to be more profitable.[5] It may be difficult to make this plant profitable without a guaranteed purchase or other subsidy from the local governments because the presence of pre-existing plants maintains the water price relatively low. However, external sources of profit such as guaranteed purchase or subsidy are expected because the ramifications of not having desalination plant or other sources of water may be significantly more expensive than the subsidizing a desalination plant assuming the drought continues.[6]
Design Basis and Technical Approach
Figure 2. Vertical Well Feed
Considering the number of pre-existing desalination plant and the potential risk of the drought ending, our plant will be tentatively designed to produce 15 million gallons of drinkable water per day to homes and businesses in the Los Angeles county area. With a recovery rate of near 30%, and a requirement for diluting any brine, the input feed flowrate will be 70.5 million gallons per day. Following the similarly built Carlsbad plant, we expect the plant to last 30 years. The project building timeline is one year based on our relatively small plant size. We will run for 350 days a year while shutting down for cleaning and maintenance once every 3 months (based on DOW standards).[7] The plant will be built 500 meters from the coastline on Long Beach. A borehole will be drilled 10 meters into the ground. At this depth there should be seawater aquifers below the coast that regularly recharges itself with seawater from the ocean. A vertical well containing intake holes will be put into the borehole. The intake holes will be equipped with large size filters that can easily be replaced. At the surface, the well will be connected to a large-scale pump in a well pump house. From there, the seawater will be horizontally pumped into a seawater tank in the desalination plant. This will be considered the start of our process. The process ends after pretreatment, desalination, post treatment, and brine treatment are completed. Appendix 1 shows more details on the Design Basis.
The feed composition is assumed to be the standard seawater "average" based on the DOW Chemical ROSA 9.0 Technical Manual in Table 1. However, in reality the seawater composition at the plant site will have to be chemically tested. The final product will be based on L.A. standards for drinking water quality (Table 1). The specifications in the table are upper limits that we cannot exceed. We will aim to reach the salt level standards but any remineralization and pH treatment will be exported and paid for due to the added complexity and cost in making such a system in-house.
Due to the acidity of the desalinated water coming out of the reverse osmosis (RO) system (pH ~ 6), the pumps and pipes carrying the desalinated water for post treatment will likely corrode over time. We have decided to place the desalination plant by the Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant (about 50 meters away) to prevent pipe corrosion.
Table 1. Concentration of the standard seawater, the output from the RO system, and LA standard.
Desalination Overview and Alternatives
We first began our research into the current landscape of the desalination industry, particularly of plants that were built in the United States. We discovered there were many processes but the main ones included:
Membrane Separation (Forward Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis)
Thermal Separation (Multi Stage Flash Distillation)
Phase Change Separation (Freeze Separation)
Each process was analyzed for their pros and cons. For our project design, we decided to go with reverse osmosis as our desalination process. This is because it is the most commonly used process in the industry, and for good reason. Unlike thermal separation, which requires huge amounts of energy to supply heat, reverse osmosis is very energy efficient. This reduces energy costs that would be spread across the plant's lifetime.[8]
Forward osmosis is a newer technology being developed that also uses membranes to separate water and salt and may be more energy efficient overall than reverse osmosis. This is because forward osmosis doesn't require a pump to pressurize seawater through the membranes, but rather leaves a higher salt concentrated solution (AKA draw solution) on the other side of the membrane for the seawater to be drawn into. Then a second step is required to regenerate the concentrated draw solution and produce purified water.[9] We decided to move away from forward osmosis because it is a process that is still being refined and developed for desalination and lacks the data, programs, and technologies that reverse osmosis users benefit from. Additionally, a recent study from MIT has claimed that due to the inherent nature of forward osmosis requiring that seawater be drawn to a higher concentrated salt solution before the water and salt is separated, it cannot possibly be more energy efficient than reverse osmosis.[10]
Other processes such as freeze separation were too restrictive in their feed and process demands and required a lot of capital. Ultimately, reverse osmosis is simply the best process that exists for desalination and has been ranked the best when performance is evaluated in terms of technical, environmental, and economic aspects. It is a process that is flexible in water quantity, operation start-up and shut-off, and site location.
Nevertheless there are disadvantages to reverse osmosis that must be considered. The feed seawater must not be too salty and too low quality. The pressure to pump the seawater is enormous. The construction time is long for large plants. The capital costs are also high when compared with other processes such as thermal separation. But all of these disadvantages are ultimately outweighed by the advantages reverse osmosis provides.[8]
Process Overview and Alternatives
See Appendix 2 (Figure 1) for the Process Flow Diagram (PFD). The process itself is detailed below. The stream flow rates are in Appendix 2 (Table 1). We assumed 10 meters of pipe for every stream except the inlet and outlet streams of the entire PFD.
After the 10 meter vertical well pumps seawater from the Long Beach coast, the feed is pumped 500 meters to a seawater tank that makes it easy to shut-down the system and reduce the large volume of flow. The level control keeps the seawater from overfilling the tank. From there, part of the seawater goes to brine treatment while the rest go to pretreatment. The purpose of pretreatment in the desalination process is to prevent equipment damage by removing particles and microorganisms from the water. A variety of pollutants -- including calcium carbonate, sulfates, silica, clay, bacteria, and other colloids and microorganisms -- can disrupt the reverse osmosis process. Media filtration uses fine grains such as sand or anthracite to filter the particles. We used a large filter to catch larger particle material (e.g. sand). However, simple filtration is not enough to prevent colloid fouling. An ultrafilter (i.e. microfiltration) is used to remove virtually all suspended matter, effectively preventing colloid fouling. The costs associated with ultrafiltration are not prohibitive in terms of the project's budget.[11]
Reverse osmosis systems can also be disrupted by the growth of microbiological films of bacteria on the film and pipe walls. They are typically treated as colloids during pretreatment, and most organisms are removed from the water by ultrafiltration, but this does not remove the smallest of organic particles. DBNPA is the most effective biocide, but these aren't often used and have to be removed from the water. Chlorination is an effective way to remove bacteria, but it can cause degradation of the membrane, and must be removed before the reverse osmosis occurs. In our process we will use UV irradiation to remove any organic material that passes through the microfilters.[11]
Scaling can reduce the flux across the membrane and can build up in pipe corners, causing backup. It is caused by inorganic salts -- specifically sulfates and calcium and magnesium carbonate -- present in the water. Scaling can be prevented and/or controlled with acids, antiscalants, or ion exchange softening. Antiscalants are good for removing sulfates, but not much else. Acidification will only be effective at removing CaCO3 from water but, the decreased pH may deteriorate the membrane and pipes, so it may require future research.[11] Ion exchange is very expensive and requires more capital to undergo, but is overall the more effective option.
The ion exchanger is a pretreatment system which acts as a method to fight membrane scaling in reverse osmosis. The ion exchanger works by using sodium carboxylate as a resin which will react with Chlorine and Magnesium ions, removing them from the feed. The sodium is substituted out and enters the feed stream, increasing the overall sodium level and TDS. The lack of magnesium and chlorine ions means that there is nothing to react with the carbonates to form scaling salts on the membranes.
Desalination (Reverse Osmosis)
Two pumps (P-105 & P-106) take the adjusted feed seawater up to 58 bar. However, before this pumping occurs, about 70% of the original stream gets separated and heads into a PX Pressure Exchanger. This separated stream later joins together with the pumped stream to enter the reverse osmosis system at the required pressure of 58 bar. The streams can combine together as they have equal pressure. It is the concentrate stream from the output of the reverse osmosis system that transfers its energy to the adjusted feed in the PX Pressure Exchanger.
Figure 3. Inside look of pressure exchanger
The pressure of the concentrate stream is about 57 bar and it is fed into an exchanger which works by using vessel that resembles a small pipe within a rotating wheel. The low pressure (LP) feed enters the vessel at 1 bar (see Figure 3). The feed turns and is pushed out into an outlet pipe by the high pressure (HP) concentrate stream at ~57 bar. The feed is now a HP stream via this exchanged energy. The now LP concentrate stream turns and is pushed out into an outlet pipe by the LP feed entering the vessel.
98% of the energy within the concentrate stream can be recovered via the PX Pressure Exchanger.[12]Thus, the now HP feed stream is not quite 58 bar and will need to be pumped by a small booster pump (P-107).
When designing a reverse osmosis system, we need to make decisions on what specific kind of reverse osmosis system will be implemented. When making the decision, we investigated the advantages of different types of reverse osmosis among the following options: batch vs. continuous process, number of stages, and number of elements.[13] Our decision was made based on process optimization which is described later in this report. The end result of that optimization was to go with a single stage, continuous process with five elements in series.
The permeate is sent to post treatment after the salt content is analyzed and controlled if too high or too low due to any unexpected errors. As stated above, the post treatment process will be done 50 meters from our plant by the Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant. The reason we aren't performing post treatment "in-house" is due to the increased cost it would take for us to build and run the equipment for post treatment. We have the option to use the government's water treatment facilities that already exist and our 15 million gallons per day output is a relatively small addition to the large Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant. We will assume any costs to post treatment will be pushed to the consumer in the price of purchasing the drinking water from the Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant.
Post treatment at any facility works to bring water to "taste standards". The water that is the permeate of our process is already meeting L.A. drinking standards as shown above in Table 1 after our mass balance calculations around the reverse osmosis system (Appendix 3, Table 1). The post treatment increases the pH from 6.3 to 7.3 with the addition of base and then adds minerals like fluoride, calcium, and magnesium back in to improve taste.
Brine Treatment and Byproduct Waste
A natural consequence of a reverse osmosis procedure is that a lot of salt will be leftover from the membrane separation in a very concentrated form. This is called "brine" and will have to be taken care of. According to EPA requirements, the salt concentration of water entering the environment (via land or sea) cannot be higher than 40,000 ppm.8 The salt concentration of our brine is much higher (around 70,000 ppm). Thus, the brine must be removed or treated. We decided to treat the brine by diluting it as removing brine can be difficult and may require lots of land (e.g. evaporation ponds).
After the concentrate exchanges energy in the energy exchanger, it becomes a low pressure stream. It is pumped into a dilution tank and mixes with 18.2 million gallons per day of seawater from the inlet to become diluted brine which is pumped 600 meters out to sea.
The waste byproducts are the solid buildup on the filters and membranes. The filters and membranes also have a set lifetime and thus will also need to be removed. The waste is all non-hazardous and thus can be put in the municipal dump.
Process Details and Equipment Sizing
Filters and UV Treatment [Pretreatment]
The cost of our ultrafiltration system is estimated using data from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.[14] It estimated the cost of the cost of the ultrafiltration $0.057 per 1000 gallons and the construction and capital costs are $0.39 per gallon per day. The cost of UV treatment is based off of units available from buyultraviolet.com for units that can treat about 450 gallons per minute.[15] Due to the water having to be in relatively small pipes for treatment we do not expect the costs to scale very much, so we believe these units to be an accurate cost estimate.
Ion Exchanger [Pretreatment]
The ion exchanger was sized using data from DOW. Our process will use 60 vessels with ion exchange beds of volume 5.73 m3. With a flow rate of 30 bed volumes/hour (10,312.2 m3/hr) the system of beds has a capacity of 125% of the feed. This allows for periodic regeneration of the resin, a weak acid cation resin (DOW MAC-3 Resin). This weak cation resin will remove cationic calcium and magnesium from the water to prevent scaling. The mass flow was calculated via a mass balance on the ion exchanger (Appendix 3).
Reverse Osmosis System [Desalination]
Each of the 2607 Reverse Osmosis SW30HRLE-440i [Seawater 30 High Rejection Low Energy 440 ft2 interlocking cap membrane] units have the same dimensions. A, the net length, is 1016 mm. B, the total length including the endcap, is 1029 mm. C, the diameter of the filter element, is 201mm. D, the diameter of the permeate pathway, is 29 mm. For a single stage, we have five of the elements in series so the overall length of a single stage is expected to be roughly 5145 mm. The membrane material is polyamide thin film composite. It will last three years. Operating Conditions [ROSA 9.0]:
Temperature: 30oC
Flow Rate: 52.3 Million gal per day
Recovery: 28.7%
Figure 4. Diagram of Dow FILMTEC SW30HRLE-440i
Cleaning Schedule:
Conservative Estimate: Once every three months (three days available for cleaning)[7]
DOW FILMTEC Cleaning Conditions
The normalized permeate flow drops 10%
The normalized salt passage increases 5 - 10%
Seawater Holding Tank and Dilution Tank [Brine Treatment]
The initial seawater holding tank works as a buffer to prevent surges and help perform shutdowns quickly and easily. We expect to run continuously for 350 days a year with the rest of the available time spread out and used for shutting down the plant for cleaning membranes, filters, and the fixing of unexpected errors. There is a big tradeoff between having a holding tank with high retention time and having a holding tank with low cost. With that in mind, we erred on the side of lowering capital cost and went with a retention time of one hour. The volume could be found by multiplying the retention time with the feed flow rate (Stream 1). We assumed that a good height to width ratio for a large water tank would be 4:1.
A mass balance was done around the dilution tank to find what amount of seawater would be necessary to dilute the brine to 45,000 ppm salinity (Appendix 3; Table 3). With this the feed flow rate into the tank could be found. It was found that it takes about 20 minutes of retention time for good dilution of the brine in seawater.8 We again assumed that a good height to width ratio for a large water tank would be 4:1.
We assumed a corrosion allowance of 4 mm wall thickness. We calculated wall thickness using vessel pressure, hoop stress, longitudinal stress, and weld factor. Each tank is made with SS316 to protect against corrosion.[16]
Table 2. Tank sizes.
Table 3.Optimization Criteria
In order to optimize the reverse osmosis system, numerous simulations were run. Three representative cases are reported as shown above (Table 3). The objective of the optimization was to minimize the required water price to break even in 10 years. In order to achieve this goal, the balance between the capital cost from the number of the filter elements and utility cost from energy consumption was weighed. Before the energy recovery system was implemented, the general trend was that if we have more filter elements in series, overall recovery increases but recovery rate per filter decreases, and we need more filter elements. While increasing the elements in series increase the required number of filters, and thereby increases the capital cost, we require less energy to produce the same amount of water. After the energy recovery system is implemented, the correlation between the number of elements in series and the required energy becomes more complicated because high pressure concentrate is used to pressurize the feed. However, the trade-off between the utility cost and capital cost still exists. Of the three cases shown above, single stage, five elements RO system turned out to be the most optimal solution because single stage, single element system required higher utility cost and two stage system slightly did not meet the LA standard. Detailed information which was used for the optimization is available in Appendix 3 and in Appendix 6.
Ethical, Environmental, and Societal Considerations
There are a few key considerations we have followed to meet ethical, environmental, and societal guidelines and requirements:
Meet L.A. Drinking Water Standards
Correct ion concentration
Moved near water treatment plant
Pipes will not corrode from low pH
Working below pressure limits
Water will be locally served and meet taste standards
Via Post Treatment mineralization
Follows EPA Environmental Salinity Requirements
Reduced Energy Requirements
PX Pressure Exchanger
Optimized RO System
Reverse Osmosis is itself Energy Saving
For further environmental considerations, see effluent summary in Appendix 4.
The pricing of the majority of the process was completed using the Aspen Economic Analyzer, however we had determine costs for the ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis membranes, and the ultraviolet treatment was completed separately. This led to a total ISBL of $56 MM, OSBL of $22.4 MM, Engineering Costs of $22.4 MM and a Contingency of $7.8 MM. We also chose a working Capital of $10 MM. This working capital is sufficient because we have no raw materials costs. We also had FCOP of $5.2 MM and VCOP of $3.5 MM.
We originally were planning on pricing our water at $700 per acre-foot, but after doing economic analysis we had a 10 year NPV of $-76.2 MM. After determining did a sensitivity analysis and determined that if our water was priced at $2104 per acre-foot we could have an NPV of $0 after 10 years and if we were able to get the same price of $2257 per acre-foot as the plant in Carlsbad we would have a 10 year NPV of $8.3 MM which increases to $41.1 MM at 20 years. For more detailed data about the economic analysis see Appendix 6.
Our mission was to create an economically viable process that will desalinate water for human consumption in the L.A. County. We have found after research and optimization that the best process to undergo desalination is a continuous single stage, five elements reverse osmosis system. Our process can meet the required L.A. drinking water standard and we have set up plans for post treatment at a local water reclamation site. While meeting the drinking water standards, we also met our ethical, environmental, and social standards.
Nevertheless, at a sale price of $700 per acre-foot, our proposed desalination plant in Los Angeles, California looks to be a very expensive project to undergo. Without any sort of government assistance to carry the heavy capital costs of such a project, we would suggest the plant not be built. However, after performing a sensitivity analysis at higher (and less conservative) price points we reached a breakeven point in 10 years with a sale price of $2104 per acre-foot of drinking water. Research has shown that the droughts striking California look only to get worse in the near future. With limited freshwater resources, there is no option other than to consider desalination. Therefore it is reasonable to expect we could get near the same price deal as local desalination plants like the Carlsbad Plant ($2257 per acre-foot) As we have met all design constraints for this project, we hope to convince policymakers to adopt our project at least $2104 per acre-foot water. If this deal is reached, we recommend that this project and design be funded.
However, there are ways to improve our design with future work. Right now all the pipes diameters are based on having a flowrate of 1.5 m/s. But in reality, we'd need to use standard piping sizes to get more accurate pricing and energy costs. Also, in reality we would be purchasing some of these vessels in bulk quantities (i.e. bulk filters) so the price could be lowered with negotiation and economies of scale. We also have pumps that are providing very little pressure for their high cost. We can remove these pumps and simply run at higher pressures earlier. We can potentially reduce early energy costs by building a "floating" desalination plant in the sea to reduce pumping distance from the well.
Appendix 1: Design Basis
Appendix 2: Process Flow Diagram
Appendix 3: Mass and Energy Balance Tables
Table 1. Mass balance on 1 stage 5 element RO system, where "out" is the sum of all the concentrate and permeate.
Table 3. Mass balance on 2 stage 5,5 element RO system, where "out" is the sum of all the concentrate and permeate.
Table 4. 1 stage 5 elements CO3, HCO3, and CO2 ion mass balance
Table 5. 1 stage 1 element CO3, HCO3, and CO2 ion mass balance
Table 6. 2 stages 5,5 elements CO3, HCO3, and CO2 ion mass balance
Table 7. Energy balance on 1 stage 5 elements RO system
Appendix 4: Effluent Summary
Appendix 5: Cost of Production
Appendix 6: Economic Anlaysis
Case I
Water is $700; RO with 1 stage and 5 elements
Case II
Water is $1400; RO with 1 stage and 5 elements
Case III: Carlsbad
Case IV: Breakeven (NPV = 0 at 10 years)
Case V: Breakeven (NPV = 0 at 10 years)
Water is $2112; RO with 2 stages and 5,5 elements
Case VI: Breakeven (NPV = 0 at 10 years)
Water is $2138 with 1 stage and 1 element
Appendix 7: ROSA Simulation Outputs
Table 1. System detail of 1 stage 5 elements RO system
Table 3. System detail of 2 stage 5,5 elements system
Table 4. 1 stage 5 elements RO system concentrations and pH in each stream
Table 5. 1 stage 1 element RO system concentration and pH in each stream
Table 6. 2 stage 5,5 elements RO system concentrations and pH in each stream
^ Pacific Institute: The California Drought. 2014.
^ Hessel, Phil. "Dry Southern California Offers Northern Farmers Top Dollar for Water". NBC News. March 18, 2015.
^ Carlsbad Desalination Plant. "Project Overview". January 2016.
^ Leven, Rachel. "U.S. Desalination Industry Grows Since 2000; See as Essential to Meeting Supply Needs". Bloomberg BNA. August 21, 2013.
^ Southern California Public Radio. "Where is California water use decreasing?". December 2015.
^ Weiser, Matt. "Could desalination solve California's water problem?". The Sacramento Bee. October 18, 2014.
^ a b Bates, Wayne. "Cleaning your RO". Hydranautics.
^ a b Republic of Mauritius NY. "Technical Aspects of Desalination Plant". Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management.
^ Mallinson, Alissa. "Study Shows Forward Osmosis Desalination Not Energy Efficient." MIT News [Boston]. July 23, 2014.
^ O'Hern, Sean C., Karnik, Rohit. Nanofiltration across Defect-Sealed Nanoporous Monolayer Graphene. American Chemical Society 15.5 (2014); 3254-260.
^ a b c Desalination Pre-treatment. Lenntech.
^ Desalination Product and Applications Catalog 2013. "Advance Technologies for Seawater Reverse Osmosis and Brackish Water Applications". Energy Recovery, Inc. 2012-2014.
^ FILMTEC Reverse Osmosis Membranes. "Water & Process Solutions Technical Manual." Dow Chemical Company.
^ Qiang He and R. Bruce Robinson Membrane Filtration Systems. "Membrane Module Costs." University of Tennessee at Knoxville. December 2014.
^ Atlantic Ultraviolet Corporation. "Megatron Water Disinfection System."
^ Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.
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