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RTD Class-AA Replacement With High-Accuracy Digital Temperature Sensors in Field (Rev. A)
Texas Instruments | RTD Class-AA Replacement With High-Accuracy Digital Temperature Sensors in Field (Rev. A) | Application notes | Texas Instruments RTD Class-AA Replacement With High-Accuracy Digital Temperature Sensors in Field (Rev. A) Application notes
Application Report
SNOAA16A – November 2018 – Revised August 2019
RTD Class-AA Replacement With High-Accuracy Digital
Temperature Sensors in Field Transmitters
Amit Ashara
Field transmitters are used extensively in factory automation and control-to-sense process parameters like
temperature, pressure, and flow rate, to name a few. This information is then relayed to a programmable
logic controller (PLC) to make real time decisions that impact the efficiency and reliability of an industrial
system. The sensors used in the field transmitters are mostly analog sensors that must be sampled
accurately using an analog front-end (AFE). Due to the operational conditions that arise from the
placement of the field transmitters, it may be subjected to wide varying temperature conditions and hence,
require some form of temperature compensation. Traditionally, accurate temperature sensors like ClassAA resistance temperature detector (RTD) are used in such temperature compensation systems.
Texas Instruments now offers the TMP117, which is a high-accuracy and low-power integrated
temperature sensor, that can effectively replace Class-AA RTD in a host of field transmitter applications.
This application note intends to serve as a comprehensive design guideline for customers looking for
precision sensing with field transmitters, while drastically reducing the overall system complexity,
development time, and cost when compared to an RTD.
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
System Description .......................................................................................................... 3
Related Designs ............................................................................................................ 19
Summary .................................................................................................................... 20
References .................................................................................................................. 20
Temperature Transmitter Block Diagram ................................................................................. 2
2-Wire RTD Circuit
.......................................................................................................... 4
4-Wire RTD Circuit .......................................................................................................... 6
Accuracy Chart for TMP117 and RTD .................................................................................... 7
3-Wire Ratiometric RTD Circuit ............................................................................................ 9
Current Source Mismatch Compensation for RTD .................................................................... 10
TMP117 Block Diagram for CJC ......................................................................................... 11
RTD Top Layer Placement................................................................................................ 12
RTD Internal Layer Placement ........................................................................................... 13
RTD Bottom Layer Placement ............................................................................................ 14
TMP117 Placement ........................................................................................................ 15
TMP117 3D Placement View ............................................................................................. 16
RTD Software Time Graph................................................................................................ 18
TMP117 Software Time Graph ........................................................................................... 19
TIDA-010019 Block Diagram ............................................................................................. 20
Submit Documentation Feedback
RTD Class-AA Replacement With High-Accuracy Digital Temperature
Sensors in Field Transmitters
Copyright © 2018–2019, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Constant Value per Standards ............................................................................................. 3
RTD Accuracy by Class and Type
TMP117 Accuracy Specification ........................................................................................... 7
ADC Specification and Parameters ...................................................................................... 16
SMBus is a trademark of Intel Corporation.
A field transmitter is a device that can convert the signal produced by a sensor into an instrumentation
signal which can then be transmitted to an indicating or controlling device. The field transmitter often
combines both the sensor and the transmitter in a single system. Figure 1 shows the block diagram for a
temperature transmitter for a thermocouple with Cold Junction Compensation (CJC). As can be seen in
the block diagram, a typical signal chain has an AFE that can convert the analog signal from a sensor to a
digital signal. The signal can be processed by a microcontroller (MCU), and the data can be transmitted
wirelessly or over a wired bus depending on the system requirements.
Figure 1. Temperature Transmitter Block Diagram
One of the most common uses for high-accuracy RTDs is in temperature transmitters where RTDs are
used as the main precision element for cold junction compensation (CJC). The following sections will
briefly describe a typical temperature transmitter with an RTD as the CJC element. Also, while the RTD
can conceptually be treated as a sensor, the designer must carefully consider which components to use
and where to place them to achieve a high degree of precision for temperature compensation. Equation 1
shows a simplified version of the resistance equation.
RT = R0 × (1 + A × T + B × T2 + C × T3 × (T – 100))
RT is the resistance at temperature T°C
R0 is the nominal resistance at 0°C
A, B and C are constants used to scale the RTD.
Table 1. Constant Value per Standards
Temperature Coefficient (α)
0.003850 Ω/Ω/°C
3.908 × 10–3
–5.8019 × 10–7
–4.2735 × 10–12
3.9848 × 10
–5.870 × 10
NOTE: This is for temperature below 0°C only; C = 0.0 for temperatures above 0°C.
RTD Description
An RTD most commonly consists of a thin gauge pure metal platinum wire wound on a ceramic housing
(wire-wound) or in the form of a metal-coated substrate (film-type). Table 2 shows the accuracy for
different RTD type by class. RTD typically are 100-Ω platinum type, but can also be in a 500-Ω or 1000-Ω
type. The basic theory of operation for an RTD is based on the change of resistance of the platinum wire
with temperature. This temperature coefficient of resistance is characterized by the parameter α; and is
the linear approximation of the resistance versus temperature between 0°C and 100°C.
Table 2. RTD Accuracy by Class and Type
Wire-Wound
Value (°C)
Resistance at
0°C (Ω)
Error at 100°C
(Ω)
Error Over WireWound Range (°C)
–50°C to +250°C
0°C to +150°C
± (0.1 +
0.0017×T)
100 ± 0.04
–100°C to +450°C
± (0.15 +
0.002×T)
0.01×T)
An RTD construction topology may be a 2-wire, 3-wire, or 4-wire type described in the following sections.
2-Wire RTD
Figure 2 shows a 2-wire construction for an RTD. It is the least accurate construction and is used mostly
when there are short lead wires or when accuracy is not a consideration, as the resistance of the lead
wires also add to the measured resistance.
Figure 2. 2-Wire RTD Circuit
Figure 3 shows a 3-wire construction for an RTD. It is the most commonly used construction in industrial
application. The third wire provides a method for removing the average lead wire resistance from the
sensor measurement.
Figure 4 shows a 4-wire construction for an RTD. In this construction, the actual resistance of the lead
wires can be determined and removed from the sensor measurement. The current flows between leads 1
and 4, and the voltage sensing is done between leads 2 and 3. Almost no current flows in leads 2 and 3,
therefore the measurement of the voltage across the sense element is very accurate. If there is some
distance involved, however, this method is expensive.
TMP117 Description
The TMP117 is a high-precision digital temperature sensor which provides a 16-bit result with a resolution
of 0.0078°C and an accuracy of up to ±0.1°C across the –20°C to +50°C temperature range with no
calibration. The TMP117 is I2C- and SMBus™ interface compatible, has a programmable alert function,
and can allow up to four devices on a single bus. The overall accuracy of the TMP117 across its operating
range is given in Table 3.
Table 3. TMP117 Accuracy Specification
–20°C to +50°C
±0.1°C
The accuracy of the TMP117 versus an RTD is plotted in Figure 5 across the operating temperature range
of –55°C to +150°C. It is evident looking at the Figure 5 that the TMP117 with no calibration has the same
or better accuracy as an RTD Class-AA sensor. Note that this is the raw accuracy of the two devices and
that the final system layout has a minor effect on the TMP117 and a major effect on the accuracy of an
RTD sensor due to a number of parameters like the choice of ADC, layout of signal traces, component
tolerances, and so forth. For further details on how to calculate the system level accuracy of an RTD
sensor, refer to . As can be seen in the reference article, the extensive calibration required for an RTD
system implementation is not necessary for the TMP117.
Figure 5. Accuracy Chart for TMP117 and RTD
Thermocouple Temperature Transmitter With CJC
Having gone through some basics on RTD, this section will elaborate on temperature transmitters that use
RTD for CJC. Temperature transmitters commonly use thermocouples because they can withstand
temperature extremes. A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metals joined together to form two
junctions. The voltage generated by this construction is a function of the temperature difference between
the two junctions and is referred to as the Seebeck effect. The sensing junction is commonly referred to as
the hot junction, while the measuring or reference junction is referred to as the cold junction. The cold
junction consists of a third metal like copper, therefore, the temperature must be accurately known for the
cold junction to determine the actual temperature at the hot junction.
An RTD in 3-wire construction is commonly used to measure the cold junction temperature due to its
accuracy and repeatability of the measurements. Other temperature-sensing elements like thermistors
may be used, but this requires a substantial amount of software for the linearization of the curve, and
accuracy may be a problem. An RTD as the CJC element, requires special circuit handling to make sure
that the accuracy can be maintained. A very common yet effective circuit for RTD uses a ratiometric
measurement as shown in Figure 6.
As can be seen in the representative circuit diagram, the system requires a precision ADC with current
source muxing and high resolution. Even though the reference voltage is generated using the same
current source, the temperature tolerances of the resistor need to be stringent to avoid a large change in
the reference voltage due to temperature drift caused by the resistor. Thus, the cost of the three crucial
components, namely the RTD, the ADC, and the reference resistor, is much higher due to the system
performance requirement.
Figure 6. 3-Wire Ratiometric RTD Circuit
CJC Circuit Analysis for RTD
As shown earlier in Figure 6, for measuring the cold junction temperature with a 3-wire RTD, currents I1
and I2 are sourced by the ADC into the leads 1 and 2 of the RTD. This results in the voltage difference,
VDIFF1, that is generated across the leads and then sampled by the ADC. The sum of the currents I1 and I2
is used to generate a reference voltage across the reference resistor RREF. Ideally, the two currents should
match. Like in any real system, however, there is a certain amount of mismatch.
To compensate for the mismatch, the current sources are then swapped so that current I1 and I2 are now
sourced by the ADC into leads 2 and 1 (as shown in Figure 7). As the sum of the current does not
change, the reference voltage generated across RREF remains the same. On conversion, the VDIFF2 voltage
sensed by the ADC causes the mismatch to be effectively eliminated when the VDIFF2 is averaged with the
VDIFF1.
Figure 7. Current Source Mismatch Compensation for RTD
The effective VDIFF can now be converted to a temperature using Equation 1, or by means of a look-up
table in a MCU. While this seems very effective, the MCU has to perform two conversions to get an
accurate temperature measurement. This is one of the most crucial steps in temperature measurement for
the cold junction.
The ADC that is used for such a conversion would require to be a specialized ADC to allow muxing the
current source that may not be a low-cost ADC. Also, the reference resistor that used RREF must be a
precision resistor with a tolerance of 0.1% or better so that the temperature change at the cold junction
does not cause the reference voltage to shift. This is not a trivial cost increase for the system due to
requirements for specialized components.
CJC Circuit Analysis With TMP117
The circuit for CJC can be incredibly simplified using the TMP117 high-precision digital temperature
sensor. Figure 8 shows a typical block diagram for the application of TMP117 in CJC. The external
components required to sense the temperature with the TMP117 is limited to a minimum of two pullup
resistors for the I2C-interface and one decoupling capacitor. At the same time, these components do not
require high tolerances, which drastically decreases the cost of the system implementation. Also the large
number of components for the temperature compensation circuit with RTD is no longer required and a
simpler but precise ADC can be used for sensing the thermocouple.
Figure 8. TMP117 Block Diagram for CJC
Component Placement Analysis
The following images show the placement and routing of a high-precision sigma-delta ADC along an RTDbased CJC design. For reference, the isothermal block shown is approximately 740 mils wide.
NOTE: One mil is equal to one-thousandth of an inch.
Figure 9. RTD Top Layer Placement
Figure 10. RTD Internal Layer Placement
Figure 11. RTD Bottom Layer Placement
As can be seen in Figure 9 to Figure 11, a lot of the components for the design must be squeezed into a
small space, which complicates the routing and requires EMI and noise consideration. At the same time,
the circuit designer may have to perform multiple iterations of the board development based on the
simulation and actual results from testing, which increases the cost and time for the development of the
field transmitter.
Figure 12 shows the same component placement for the TMP117 in a isothermal block.
Figure 12. TMP117 Placement
Figure 13. TMP117 3D Placement View
Figure 13 shows a 3D model of the same placement. For reference, the end-to-end placement of the
TMP117 and its decoupling capacitor is approximately 220 mils. The pullup resistors are not required in
the thermally-critical area, thus reducing the complexity of the layout. As a digital temperature sensor, the
communication noise may have a small effect on the temperature sensed by the TMP117. This saves a lot
of time and redevelopment costs for the system designer.
Energy Consumption Analysis
The previous section highlighted the effect of an RTD on the cost of the system. This section highlights
the effect an RTD-based system has on power consumption. A field transmitter may be battery-powered
or line-powered. In the former case, it is necessary that the amount of energy consumed is as low as
possible. The energy consumed by a circuit can be described by Equation 2.
Energy = Voltage × Current × Time
For further analysis, this example uses a precision ADC with the specifications for recommended
operating conditions listed in Table 4. This ADC is a reference design for a temperature transmitter with an
RTD element for CJC.
Table 4. ADC Specification and Parameters
IAVDD¹ ²
Core supply current
µA
IIOVDD¹
IO supply current
IAVDD-Increase¹
Independent of mode
IREF¹
Reference Current
FSAMP¹
NOTE: 1. All parameters assume a supply voltage of 3.3 V.
2. Gain of 16 for RTD measurement
To solve the energy equation, the designer must calculate each part of the equation separately. As
already established to improve the loss of accuracy arising due to current mismatch, the designer must
perform the data acquisition twice. Hence, total active time for the RTD measurement can be calculated in
Equation 3:
Time = 2 ÷ FSAMP
So, Time = 2 ÷ 25 Hz = 80 ms
The total current consumed during the active time is a sum of the current as given in Table 4 and can be
calculated in Equation 4:
Current = IAVDD + IIOVDD + IAVDD-Increase + 2 × IREF
So, Current = 235 µA + 20 µA + 19 µA + 2 × 250 µA = 774 µA
The supply voltage is 3.3 V for both the core and the IO, therefore, this data can now be fed back into
Equation 2.
Energy = 3.3 V × 774 µA × 80 ms = 204.336 µJ
The energy consumed by the ADC during RTD measurements shown here are for the typical condition,
assuming that there is instantaneous communication between the MCU and the ADC. In real systems, this
is a non-zero time parameter, along with the actual current consumption for the ADC, is based on the
operating environment. Also, this does not take into account the current consumption by the MCU, which
is waiting on the conversion result to perform CJC.
When the CJC system is based on the TMP117 to achieve ± 0.1°C accuracy, the operating conditions
specified is for eight averages with a total active time of 125 ms. The quiescent current during an active
measurement as per the TMP117 datasheet is 135 µA. Solving Equation 2 for TMP117 results in:
Energy = 3.3 V x 135 µA × 125 ms = 55.6875 µJ.
The energy savings is almost 73% for the TMP117 compared to the RTD-based temperature sensor.
Section 2.4 shows how this energy savings can have a more profound effect at a system level.
Self-Heating Analysis
A critical factor that engineers must take into account when designing a system with an RTD sensor is to
calibrate the system for the effects of self-heating from the sensor. All three of the RTD constructions
shown in this document require a constant current source to drive a known current through the RTD
sensor to measure a voltage that is proportional to the resistance, and in turn is proportional to the
temperature. If the constant current source is too small, then the voltage is too small by Ohm's law.
Hence, TI recommends that the system designer increase the current flowing through the RTD sensor to
make the measurements more accurate.
The effect that self heating, however, must also be factored into the overall accuracy. The temperature
rise due to self heating is given by Equation 5.
ΔT = (I² × RRTD) × θ
ΔT = the change in temperature due to self heating
I = the excitation current
RRTD = the resistance of the RTD at the temperature of measurement
θ = the self heating coefficient in °C/mW
As the excitation current is increased, the temperature rise due to self heating increases by a square
factor. Also, with the changing RTD resistance, the effect of self-heating at higher temperatures of
operation is more pronounced. There are techniques to compensate or reduce the effect of the drift error
so introduced, which require either a full-scale calibration or specialized sigma-delta converters. In either
case, the cost and complexity of the RTD-based compensation circuit increases.
On the contrary, with the TMP117, the average power is very small due to significant standby time
between short temperature conversion time. This makes the self-heating effect negligible and simplifies
the system designer's task, as they have one less effect to consider that impacts the accuracy of the
The previous sections described the design considerations of RTD vs TMP117 that must be carefully
understood and analyzed by a system designer. However, these considerations also manifest in terms of
software development. In both system examples of RTD and TMP117-based CJC, the thermocouple
output must be sampled by the AFE. As described in Section 2.3.4, however, the RTD must be sampled
twice to reduce the effect of the mismatch due to the current source on the RTD measurement. Taking the
sampling rate of 25 SPS as mentioned in Table 4, the software flow is graphically shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14. RTD Software Time Graph
As can be seen in time graph for RTD, the MCU must remain in idle time longer and also process the data
from the AFE more times, thus resulting in higher energy consumption from a system perspective.
However, this can be simplified with the TMP117 (see Figure 15).
Figure 15. TMP117 Software Time Graph
As seen in the TMP117 software time graph, the TMP117 temperature sensing can be started in parallel
to the thermocouple data acquisition. This allows the MCU to spend far less time in active and idle state,
and more time in an ultra-low power state, thus reducing the overall system energy consumption. The
actual value for the savings would vary from the choice of MCU selection, but is significant nonetheless.
TIDA-010019 demonstrates design and evaluation of several different CJC blocks using a selection of
analog and digital IC temperature sensors alongside an RTD solution. Figure 16 shows the functional
blocks of the design, which include the TMP117 (digital) and LMT70 (analog) ultra high accuracy
temperature sensors, as well as the LMT01 (2-pin pulse) and the TMP235 (analog) temperature sensors
to span the range of accuracy and features. For more information, the design guide and design files can
be found at http://www.ti.com/tool/TIDA-010019..
MUX PGA
û™
MSP430FR2433
LMT70
ADS112U04
INA317
Figure 16. TIDA-010019 Block Diagram
This application report described two methods for CJC for temperature transmitters with the same level of
accuracy. A system-based on TMP117 high-precision temperature sensor helps reduce system design
complexity, and lower system cost and development time compared to an RTD class-AA sensor. At the
same time, the energy savings of at least 73% helps improve the overall life of temperature transmitter in
field. The same method can be applied by system designers to other field transmitters where temperature
compensation is required, and they can realize more simple and cost-effective systems without the need
for extensive calibration with the TMP117.
The following related material have been used for the application report:
• TMP117 ±0.1 °C Accurate Digital Temperature Sensor.
• Excitation Current Mismatch Effects in Three-wire RTD Measurement Systems.
• RTD Replacement for Cold Junction Compensation Reference Design in a Temperature Sensor
(TIDUEE1)
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
Changes from Original (November 2018) to A Revision ................................................................................................ Page
Edited application report for clarity. ..................................................................................................... 1
Updated Figure 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1
Updated Section 3 ....................................................................................................................... 19
Added the reference design to Section 5 ............................................................................................. 20
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Donald Eugene Blair-Sanford (né le  à Inglewood (Californie)) est un athlète américain naturalisé israélien en 2012 pratiquant le 400 mètres.

Biographie

Lors des Championnats d'Europe d'athlétisme 2012 où il représente pour la première fois Israël, il termine  du 400 m, en 45 s 91. Son record est de 45 s 21 réalisés à Eugene en 2010, alors qu'il était Américain.

Palmarès

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sprinteur américain
Athlète israélien
Coureur de 400 mètres
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016
Naissance en février 1987

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text:
BREAKING News From MAD DOG… It's BRUTAL And BLUNT
Posted By: Chris Badger Thomas September 25, 2018
Defense Secretary Jim Mattis on Monday warned Iran against threatening the U.S. with retaliation for a terror attack over the weekend that killed at least 25.
Iran's Revolutionary Guards have charged that the U.S., Saudi Arabia and Israel were behind the attack Saturday in the oil province of Khuzestan and vowed to "take revenge," but Mattis said it was "ludicrous to suggest we had anything to do with it." Military News
"We've been clear; they shouldn't take us on like that. The only reason that the murderer Syrian president Bashar-Al Assad is still in power is that Iran has stuck by him … and funded him. We see the same kind of malfeasance down in Yemen, where they're fomenting more violence. We've seen their disruptive capabilities demonstrated. It's time for Iran to shape up and show responsibility,'' and not continue a role "as a revolutionary organization that is intent on exporting terrorism, exporting disruption across the region."
Iranians chanted "Death to the U.S." and "Death to Israel," as they blame Israel and the U.S. for the attack that left 29 killed and 70 wounded.
Ahvaz is home to a large and restive Sunni Arab population whose activists have pressed for separation from overwhelmingly Shiite Iran, but Hassan Salami, acting commander of the Revolutionary Guards, said at a funeral for one of the victims that Iran would "take revenge" against the U.S. and its allies.
"You are responsible for these actions; you will face the repercussions, We warn all of those behind the story, we will take revenge!"
The statement underlined that Iranian intelligence and security bodies hold good intel on the backup lines and location of those who lead the evil and criminal terrorists, "deadly and unforgettable revenge will be taken from them in the near future".
"The Americans do not want security in Iran and they want to foment chaos and they want to create the conditions needed for them to return to the country one day and become masters of people similar to the past, but none of these are possible; these are raw imaginations and the US will never attain these goals.
It is fully clear to us who and which group has carried out the act and to whom they are affiliated. The US supports all small countries in the region which are mercenaries of Washington.
The Americans provoke them and provide them with the necessary means to commit these crimes."
Be sure to follow us on Nation In Distress and America's Freedom Fighters on Facebook

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Red Tide by G. M. Ford
Order: USA Can
William Morrow, 2004 (2004)
Reviewed by Mary Ann Smyth
This novel moves at a fast pace – one you must pay attention to or you'll get lost. Frank Corso, reclusive best-selling author and rogue journalist (right away I liked him - he marches to his own tune) is attending his best friend's photographic exhibit, when terrorists strike at a bus tunnel in Seattle. The suspense builds, and eventually reaches a crescendo in the unusual locale of a cruise ship.
A deadly virus is blown into the air and kills almost on contact. This first attack is followed by threats of more coming, indicating that further strikes will be even more deadly. A race is on to find the people responsible and prevent deaths that could reach planetary proportions. This is where the author reaches into today's headlines to accost our officials about their policies. Rather like the Michael Moore of fiction, he bemoans the inability of government agencies to work in unison. He berates big business for creating monstrous situations, then backpedaling when it comes to accepting the blame and making restitution.
The author's flannel-mouthed mayor resembles some of our elected dignitaries. Our poor standing in the world's eye is not just a figment of Ford's literary imagination. He has woven a scenario that is pure fiction. But the scary part is that if we as a nation don't smarten up, we could find ourselves reliving his novel in real life. Red Tide is an exciting read, which also provides food for thought.
Note: Opinions expressed in reviews and articles on this site are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of BookLoons.
Find more Mystery books on our Shelves or in our book Reviews


text:
Leland B. Martin Talks with MEF on Boomerang Reboot, Playing a Bisexual TV Character, and Penny Lane Foundation
Kiara Manning March 29, 2019
Becoming an actor was never in Leland B. Martin's plans. He was headed on the straight and narrow path of becoming a financial advisor when he realized his true calling in life. Acting.
It was one faithful lunch that changed the scope of his life, as he discovered a storefront sign that read "casting." He walked in, met the store owner, and began taking acting lessons on Tuesday and Thursday nights. Now years later he is a series regular on BET's Boomerang.
Boomerang is the new half-hour comedy based on the 1992 film of the same name that starred Eddie Murphy, Halle Berry, and Robin Givens. The series follows the character's children as they try and make a name for themselves while also navigating relationships, sex, gender politics, friendship and love. Martin portrays Ari Thomas, the sexually fluid, unapologetic and ambitious best friend among the group. The project is spearheaded by Lena Waithe and Ben Corey Jones. Halle Berry also serves as executive producer.
Prior to pursuing acting, Martin did what most people usually do. Go to college, get a degree and get a job. After obtaining a degree in business, he entered an entry level position at a financial institution where he soon realized that the 9 to 5 life wasn't for him.
"I didn't like it. It didn't work for me at all. The monotony of the 9 to 5. I didn't feel like I was going to be living my best life in that particular way and that particular job." As soon as Martin started taking acting classes it didn't take him long to fall in love with the craft. "It made my heart flutter."
"It just made me feel alive. It was kind of a no brainer for me to put everything I had into this acting thing. Stability aside and money aside, I wanted to live to really really live. Acting was what I felt was going to be a key to that and my happiness."
How He Landed Boomerang
Boomerang came to Martin through his agency and manager. He went through 4 auditions including performing for Lena Waithe, Dime Davis and Ben Cory Jones before landing the role of Ari. He was put through to the network execs for Paramount and BET where they decided that he was the right person for the job.
Taking on A 90s Classic
Taking on reboots can come with an extreme amount of scrutiny from fans and critics alike, especially when it doesn't live up to the original. When it came to tackling this role, Martin felt no pressure at all trying to live up to the previous film. Martin put in the work and did what he knew how to do best, which was study his script and delve into his character. "I didn't necessarily feel any pressure in bringing anything into the role except for bringing myself and a true representation of that character. I knew the rest would fall into place," said Martin.
Portraying Ari
Leland B. Martin pulls from a range of different influences to portray Ari. Being that Martin is a heterosexual male, he draws inspiration from family members and friends to accurately tap into his character. "You know just drawing inspiration from real life and real people and not just the sexual side of it as well because there's so much more to Ari. He's funny, he's ambitious, he's smart, there's so many different sides to him. I pulled from a lot of different influences to play this role."
When Martin was faced to make a decision on playing a character that was bisexual, there were a few things he needed to consider. People's opinions and how they would think of him was at the top of the list. However, there was one factor that debunked all the rest of his doubts, and that was working with the great Lena Waithe, who is a proud member of the LGBTQ community.
"I've been a fan of her work for the longest and she always has something to say and there is not just a gratuitous sexual thing where this is all it's about. There are so many sides of the character, and the character has so much meat and so much depth to him and so many people who see themselves in this role. I knew that I would be saying something dynamic and doing something to uplift the culture by playing this role," said Martin.
Lack of Bisexual Characters on Television
At the moment there aren't many bisexual characters on television, especially people of color. Martin expressed how there weren't any bisexual characters like his own on television right now. The actor feels that sometimes the black community can be hyper masculine leading homosexuality to be something people tend to shied away from.
"Parents are teaching their kids what to be and what not to be as opposed to being open to their children's sexualities. That hyper masculine agenda is kind of being pushed through the black community I feel like in certain ways."
The actor is confident that his character is opening doors for people to truly embrace bisexual individuals and see how beautiful and unapologetic they are. "I feel like this particular character is making the culture better and doing something dynamic in this day and age."
Why People Should Watch Boomerang
It's entertaining. At the end of the day, through all the shows different topics on particularly heavy subjects, Martin wants viewers to know the show is first and foremost very entertaining. He wants the audiences forget about all their troubles when they watch Boomerang. "On Tuesday nights I want to be your release from the world, your escape from your everyday life. I want you to watch Boomerang and just forget about your problems of the day," he said.
The Penny Lane Foundation
Aside from acting, Martin also does work with The Penny Lane Foundation, which allows him to work with troubled youth who are in the system. Their goal is to expose kids to opportunities that they don't usually have.
"We have kids that are behind on their high school credits and help them to graduate or maybe get into vocational school where they can maybe learn a trade and take that with them for the rest of their life and they'll be able to learn and provide for themselves," he said.
The Penny Lane Foundation also helps pay for community college, transitional living, and possibly reuniting kids with their families. Martin has worked with the foundation for the last 4 years.
"Not all the kids that came through our doors were successful, but we had quite a number of kids who actually turn their life around because of that and I'm very very proud."
Catch Boomerang on Tuesdays at 10/9c on BET.
Follow MEFeater on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and Pinterest for more updates.
Tags BET Boomerang Entertainment Leland B. Martin Sexuality television
Kiara Manning
Writer. Fashion enthusiast. Journalist. Email: kiaram@mefeater.com
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text:
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// This is generated code.
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// Code is generated using LLBLGen Pro version: 4.2
// Code is generated on:
// Code is generated using templates: SD.TemplateBindings.SharedTemplates
// Templates vendor: Solutions Design.
// Templates version:
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
using System;
#if !CF
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
#endif
using System.Collections.Generic;
using AdventureWorks.Dal.FactoryClasses;
using SD.LLBLGen.Pro.ORMSupportClasses;

namespace AdventureWorks.Dal.HelperClasses
{
	///
	/// Helper class which will eases the creation of custom made resultsets. Usable in typed lists
	/// and dynamic lists created using the dynamic query engine.
	///
	[Serializable]
	public partial class ResultsetFields : EntityFields2, ISerializable
	{
		/// CTor
		public ResultsetFields(int amountFields) : base(amountFields, InheritanceInfoProviderSingleton.GetInstance(), null)
		{
		}

		/// Deserialization constructor
		/// <param name="info">Info.</param>
		/// <param name="context">Context.</param>
		protected ResultsetFields(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) : base(info.GetInt32("_amountFields"), InheritanceInfoProviderSingleton.GetInstance(), null)
		{
			List<IEntityField2> fields = (List<IEntityField2>)info.GetValue("_fields", typeof(List<IEntityField2>));
			for (int i = 0; i < fields.Count; i++)
			{
				this[i] = fields[i];
			}
		}

		/// Populates a <see cref="T:System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo"/>with the data needed to serialize the target object.
		/// <param name="info">The <see cref="T:System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo"/> to populate with data.</param>
		/// <param name="context">The destination (see <see cref="T:System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext"/>) for this serialization.</param>
		public virtual void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
		{
			info.AddValue("_amountFields", this.Count);
			List<IEntityField2> fields = new List<IEntityField2>(this.Count);
			for (int i = 0; i < this.Count; i++)
			{
				fields.Add(this[i]);
			}
			info.AddValue("_fields", fields, typeof(List<IEntityField2>));
		}

		#region Included Code

		#endregion
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Bronchial thermoplasty is new treatment and a possible option for some people with severe asthma who find that the usual medication doesn't control their asthma.
It has been performed overseas on a small scale for a few years, and is available in Australia in some public and private hospitals.
Asthma Australia welcomes new approaches to treat asthma. Bronchial thermoplasty is an interesting technique with some promising results. Experience with this technique is small and Asthma Australia believes there should be a registry of patients undergoing this therapy ideally with a panel of asthma experts reviewing potential subjects.
If you would like to learn what happens during the treatment and who it's for along with the pros and cons of undergoing bronchial thermoplasty then read more.
It's worth noting that there are a number of respiratory doctors that have expressed concerns about such a new procedure and the short- and long-term effects it might have.
A bronchoscopy is performed - that means the doctor puts a small tube down into your lungs as far as they can. It is then used to heat around half a centimetre of the walls of your airways, which affects the muscle in there and reduces its ability to contract and narrow the airway. The tube is then pulled out about half a centimetre and the heat is applied again. This continues (about 60 or 70 times) until a whole area of your lung has been treated. Each procedure takes around an hour, and they treat different areas of your lung each time. You have to have three treatments to get to as much of the lungs as they can, and these usually happen about three weeks apart. The surgery involves an overnight stay in hospital, with the procedure being performed under general anaesthetic.
What effect does it have, and for how long?
Trials have been done of this procedure, and patients have shown a reduction in severe attacks, visits to hospital, and in some cases a reduction in days off work. There is no improvement in lung function e.g. in the results of a breathing test (spirometry). The longest follow up from a study has been five years after the procedure, and the results appear to have been maintained for that time, but we don't know about the long-term effects.
Who can access the treatment?
Bronchial thermoplasty is only available following a specialist review, for people aged over 18 with severe persistent asthma that is not well controlled despite taking daily combination preventers. It's not suitable for those with a pacemaker or other implanted electronic device, or if you are unable to cope with the procedure.
Unfortunately, no. Trials showed that around 80% of people who had the procedure got a benefit, though interestingly, 64% of the people who had a 'sham' treatment (where they had the bronchoscopy but no heat applied) also had improvements. There were around 5% of people who actually had to increase their dose of inhaled corticosteroid preventer medication by 50% or more after the procedure.
Does it get rid of asthma?
No, unfortunately we still haven't found a cure for asthma. Patients who have had this procedure still need to take their asthma medications every day.
In the studies that have been done, there have been no deaths as a result of the procedure. The procedure itself will tend to make your asthma a little worse temporarily, but this generally resolves within 7 days. However some people in the trials have been admitted to hospital due to an exacerbation of their asthma after the procedure.
This procedure is not currently available under Medicare, so normal private costs would apply for the hospital, the procedure, and the doctor's time. The specialist performing the procedure would be able to provide details of likely out of pocket expenses.
There are a few specialists in Australia who are currently performing bronchial thermoplasty in some public and private hospitals. To see a specialist who does this treatment, you need a referral from your GP or respiratory specialist.
If you feel your asthma could be better controlled, you should talk with your own doctor about your treatment. If you are interested in this procedure they can help you balance the risks and cost against possible benefits before deciding this therapy is appropriate.


This week the challenge is Critters!
Hey you wonderful crafty people!! Did I mention I love getting to work with new artists? This week I got to play with Elephant Quote by Beccys Place!! And I had so much fun getting to do this very realistic elephant!!
All the materials were pretty much scrap paper I had sitting in the drawer... I did use some CTMH Green enamel triangles and the bamboo cut is from the Cricut Life's a Beach cartridge.
Thanks so much for stopping by!! Now go play with the critters!!
Beautiful card, Sara. Love your colouring of this magnificent animal. Looks so real!
Amazing! The detail you have in that elephant is fantastic! Thank you for joining us at Tuesday Morning Sketches.
Beautiful! I love the elephant!
Beautiful card. This one could go either male or female, and I like that about it. We see so few cards that work for men. Thank you for joining us this week at TMS. We hope to see you again.


text:
SPC Names its Counseling Labs in Honor of Dr. George Jefferson
Friends and faculty gathered Wednesday, December 2, with their well-wishes to an original Regent University School of Psychology & Counseling (SPC) faculty member. Dr. George Jefferson is retiring after serving for 31 years as a professor in Regent's Master's in Counseling program.
https://youtu.be/iS99uSQKD7E
"George was particularly good in terms of emotional intelligence, the ability to track people emotionally and relate with them on a level to relate to their emotional responses," said Dr. William Hathaway, SPC dean. "He knew what someone was feeling and how to connect to that in a way that allowed you to direct the conversation and the relationship in helpful ways for the individual."
The SPC will forever remember his legacy by renaming its counseling labs after him. This area of the Classroom Building houses therapy-type rooms where students sit with clients as they would in a mental health professional's office. Cameras and recording devices capture the mock counseling session, and professors provide their perspectives on each interaction, breaking it down phrase-by-phrase.
"George Jefferson was a particularly great professor in the area of counseling skills," said Hathaway. "This is really the area of skill that all counselors need. To some extent, being a good counselor is being able to relate to people well, being able to connect to them, to be a good support. That's a natural ability that some people have, but it's also an ability that can be taught if you have a skilled professor. He did this as well as anyone. He did this par-excellence."
"People need to be heard so they can sort themselves out," said Jefferson. "A counselor's task isn't so much to show or tell people what to do, but to help them sort out what the options are in God's world, so they can choose the options that fit them."
Paraphrasing Scottish author and minister George McDonald, Jefferson says the true job is not to even teach them how to think, but to point them to Christ who can teach them anything. He says we receive the concept of counseling from the Bible.
"It's a biblical kind of idea. Before there were professional counselors, there were good prophets, pastors and shepherds who did that work," said Jefferson. "What I really focus on and believe is so important is to discover that we can be present to somebody in a way that is meaningful to them and to me. It isn't like it's giving, giving, giving. There is a great satisfaction in discovering life together. It's a growing process for a counselor and for students.
Jefferson is remembered for his ability to emotionally relate with others and explain complex topics with wit and good humor, particularly his incredible repertoire of quotes and sayings from philosophy and pop culture that he'd rattle-off at just the right moment during closing prayers or hallway conversations.
"He's inspired multiple generations of people to go into professional counseling," said Hathaway. "One of the things we hear consistently from employers, people who they work with in the community, is that our students are very well trained in these basic counseling skills. To a large part of it, that's Dr. Jefferson's legacy."
Jefferson left such a legacy by empowering counselors to change lives. A plaque outside of the counseling labs pays tribute to this. He is considering adjunct teaching in retirement.


Lunaria Emporium is the hypergrid-accessible store on Ourgrid.Life for unique products created solely by Luna Lunaria that can be purchased with Gloebits. The Emporium is not a mall, and does not resell or distribute products from other creators or grids. The store is large, with multiple rooms that include themes such as Christmas, Gothic, Vampire, Arcane Magic, Castles, Steampunk Airships, Medieval, Japanese/Asian, Greek and Roman, Statuary, Decor, and large Venues. There are also viewing platforms where you can walk through all of the structures available for purchase.
Give Gold to lunalunaria ?
Hi Coder. All content at my store was created by me and does not come from anywhere else. Some of my content here I also sell on my store on the SL Marketplace. None of my items have been licensed for sale or distribution on Sacrarium.


7 Jan - 12 sec - Uploaded by FoundEffects Company Cutlery Sound Effect. 16 Mar - 5 sec - Uploaded by Free Sound Effects Free sound effects of cutlery or silverware making noise. -- Videos You Might Like -- Hand. 26 Feb - min - Uploaded by SoundEffects (10 Hours) 10 hours of cutlery sounds. Cutlery Sound Effects (10 Hours). SoundEffects (10 Hours.
All Cutlery Sounds in both Wav and MP3 formats Here are the sounds that have been tagged with Cutlery free from javierlopezcantu.com Cutlery and crockery sound effects. From plates, dishes, bowls, mugs, cups, teapot and all other crockery to cutlery such as the humble knife, fork and spoon, this. The most popular site for professional sound effects in the world.: cutlery sounds.
Search for sound effects. Found 4 results for 'cutlery' freeSFX Free Sound Effect Results Tray of Metal Cutlery Being Spilled Onto Hard Surface. Household >. freeSFX Free Sound Effect Results. Set Silverware Down on Table. Household >Cutlery Drop Several Silverware Utensils on Hard Surface. Household >. Download Cutlery sounds stock sound clips starting at $2. Download and buy high quality Cutlery sound effects. BROWSE NOW >>>. Search results for Household and Cutlery Dishes Glasses at Sounddogs. Click here to order this Sound Effects or Production Music Track. Click here for more. Get cutlery royalty free music & sound effects on AudioJungle. Buy cutlery music and sounds from $1.
Get Cutlery Sorting Sound Effect royalty-free stock music clips, sound effects, and loops with your Audioblocks by Storyblocks membership. Bars Restaurants, Restaurants, Restaurant,Chatter,Cutlery. Artist: sounddogs. Sound Effects Bars and Restaurants Sound Effects and Royalty Free Sound. A cutlery set (knife and fork) in use. That means hitting a plate. Scraping a plate , Bad habit, good sound effect Sounds of forks and plates clinking in a sink. Crowd, Int, Large, Bar, Cutlery Sound Effect. By Pro Sound Effects Suite. • 1 song, Play on Spotify. 1. Crowd, Int, Large, Bar, Cutlery Sound Effect.


text:
Q: How can I determine next closest day based on the weekday in objective c? How come the following still displays in GMT? I am trying to get it to display in EST Toronto so I Set the NSTimeZone to localTimeZone
NSDateFormatter *dateFormatter = [[NSDateFormatter alloc] init];
    [dateFormatter setDateFormat:@"yyyy-dd-MM"];
    NSString *todayDateString = [dateFormatter stringFromDate:[NSDate dateWithTimeInterval:[[NSTimeZone localTimeZone] secondsFromGMT]
                                                                                sinceDate:[NSDate date]]];
    [dateFormatter setDateFormat:@"yyyy-dd-MM hh:mm:ss +0000"];

    NSDate *bus500_monday_To_Friday_T1 = [dateFormatter dateFromString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ 06:40:00 +0000", todayDateString]]; // 6:40 AM
    NSDate *bus500_monday_To_Friday_T2 = [dateFormatter dateFromString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ 07:50:00 +0000", todayDateString]]; // 7:50 AM

    NSLog(@"%@", bus500_monday_To_Friday_T2);

A: If I understand correctly that you need today's date in your strings other than manually changing hardcoded strings, then you should use this code:
NSDateFormatter *dateFormatter = [[NSDateFormatter alloc] init];
[dateFormatter setTimeZone:[NSTimeZone systemTimeZone]];
[dateFormatter setDateFormat:@"yyyy-dd-MM"];
NSString *todayDateString = [dateFormatter stringFromDate:[NSDate date]];

[dateFormatter setDateFormat:@"yyyy-dd-MM hh:mm:ss +0000"];
NSDate *bus500_monday_To_Friday_T1 = [dateFormatter dateFromString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ 06:40:00 +0000", todayDateString]]; // 6:40 AM
NSDate *bus500_monday_To_Friday_T2 = [dateFormatter dateFromString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ 07:50:00 +0000", todayDateString]]; // 7:50 AM
//use above code for all other date variables too.

// rest code would be same

After this, you can use date comparisons methods to know which next bus time is nearest to current device time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Well, what it matters is that according to the CDC at least 50% of sexually active people will have genital HPV at some time in their lives… that's scary! Hopefully the vaccine will help a lot!
Genital warts are the most infectious type of warts and vaccination will certainly prove useful to avoid them.


text:
21st Century Elections
Posted by mtk in elections, NYC, S.F., San Antonio
2000, 2004, barack, Bush, chief, City, count, editor, F.Kennedy, fiasco, Filippacchi, Florida, frank, George, Hachette, in, Jeb, John, Jr., Karl, kerry, Lalli, lawsuits, loss, magazine, manhattan, new, obama, publisher, Rove, swiftboat, vote, W., york
In Spring of 2000, Hachette-Filippacchi Inc.,hired me and a half-dozen others to work as independently-contracted temporary employees to fact-check and conduct research for George magazine – whose founder and editor-in-chief John F. Kennedy, Jr. had been killed in a light-plane crash amidst fog off the coast of Maine eight months before. They hired us to ensure George remained, in the wake of its founder's passing, an audible element of the political discourse during the Election of 2000.
As a national magazine which was read by hundreds of thousands of voters in many states, particular focus was paid to the Presidential Election between Vice President Al Gore and George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas.
My fellow employees, under Editor-in-Chief Frank Lalli, were a tight-knit, smart and savvy crew. In fact, on Election Night we were all together at Mr. Lalli's beautiful upper westside home where he had invited us to watch returns. But Karl Rove's fat face and a flipped state later, many of us were back in the office. A few of us stayed up most of the night and by 10 a.m. I was not alone in the office when I was posting coverage of Florida on the George website.
Though admittedly not a heavy-hitter politically, George was engaged throughout the Election and maintained an immense audience of voting readers before the magazine was finally brought to an end in 2001.
In 2003 I covered Schwarzenegger's Election via Recall of Davis for KPFK, 90.7fm Los Angeles.
I also covered The Election of 2004 and the Presidential Race between George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry for KPFK, 90.7fm Los Angeles and in part for Pacifica Radio. Some of that 2004 Election work exists here and online at Pacifica's Audioport and in the Pacifica Radio Archives, but I have complete digital copies of everything I did for KPFK and Pacifica between 2003 and 2005 backed up on disc in my studio as well.
In 2008, I was no longer working as a journalist, but did cover Obama's Victory in Iowa for KPFK and produced short Audio-Visual Installments for Freshjive on the Internet. These were amateurish and clunky by design, yet carried considerable data for anyone who had tuned in to the broadcasts I produced for KPFK four years before.
When Obama won in '08, I was with Lloyd Dangle, who hosted a book signing and Election Night Returns Party at the Riptide in San Francisco. Earlier in the day I had a drink with former SF Mayor Willie Brown at the St. Regis – we discussed Alaska Governor Sarah Palin's plans for appointing a Senator to replace disgraced Alaska Senator Ted Stevens, forced to retire.
This year,I did not work as a journalist, but rather observed as a reader of the news media and a regular Californian voter.
The biggest single predictor of the elections of the 21st century has to be the margin of difference in registrations for the two major parties.
There are many reasons for this: smaller parties are being absorbed and disappearing for lack of membership, corporate interests fund the two major parties only, people threatened by one of the two parties runs to join the other and the demography of the nation is changing.
I have successfully predicted the last two elections as a result of my study of data and my knowledge of voting history. I think I see the electorate again.
Some points on 21st Century US Elections:
It's impossible to write a blog about all my experiences voting and covering General Elections in the United States in the 21st Century, but suffice it to say there is a distinct difference between these and the Elections of the latter half of the 20th century, in which I also participated.
Much of this is discussed in my talk Political Media, Messages and More.
2003 was the Recall Election and spawned recalls in the 21st Century because of Schwarzenegger's success.
2008 was the Youtube Election.
2012 was the Twitter Election.
Money and media are the driving forces of what has become a political system mired in divided, brutal contests between two immense parties which are financed primarily by corporations and special interest groups that define their policies.
We are in desperate need of a new Federal Elections Reform Act, as was passed in the early 1970's.
Our democracy is sick. Hardly half the people with the right to vote even participate.
We need to update, nationalize and standardize voting procedures and make them more secure. We need to increase registration and participation. We need to subsidize the creation and maintenance of additional parties in the face of the massive expenditures made by Republicans and Democrats that have taken elections out of the reach of the common person. We need proportional representation in Congress.
Have been saying all of this for years, and it has only gotten worse. Here's hoping the young people who are increasing in numbers at the polls pull off what my generation couldn't.
The Marathon Project
Posted by mtk in audio, NYC
1998, 1999, 2000, century, City, collage, collected, digital, early-21st, Found, Karthik, late-20th, M.T.new, marathon, microphone, mini-disc, mtk, Project, sound, york
an audio project I worked on for three and a half years.
[and here is some of the audio streaming online since 2004]
I worked on this all summer of 2001 – getting an engineer to master it, making the packaging – and just when I was getting ready to release it, the attacks of September 11th changed the entire environment.
This is the last copy I personally have of an edition of 101.
$1000 and it's yours autographed specially.
Where They Stand, The Source Magazine, 2000
Posted by mtk in clips, journalism, NYC, press clips, protest
2000, 3, acoli, angola, aug, Karthik, leonard, magazine, mtk, mutulu, peltier, shakur, source, stand, sundiata, the source, three, thyagarajan, where
The Source had a circulation of 450,000+ at the time, so maybe a half a million people saw this piece – my widest reach at the time.
MTK, age 33 in NYC.
Longest Day of the Year 2000
Posted by mtk in essay
1997, 2000, base, celebrity, designated, larry, malle, manhattan, mourner, NYC, pine, shawn, sighting, street, towers, wall, wallace, wtc
It was a bright spring day, and I was coming out the glass doors of my office building in the central village when I suddenly felt as though I had walked into a Woody Allen movie. Through the glass of the open door, I saw playwright, actor and artist Wallace Shawn coming down the street carrying a large, heavy duffel bag containing some odd-shaped things that looked like bowling pins.
It was 1997 and I had just seen The Designated Mourner, Mike Nichols' film of Shawn's year-old play first performed at the Royal National Theater, London. I was so surprised I nearly struck him with the door and so he looked up and caught my eye. I paused there in the middle of the sidewalk and just stared at him and he gave me a little smile as he continued down the block.
I came to learn later that the famously private Shawn often made his way about the island on foot carrying a heavy bag – as a kind of improvisational exercise perhaps, but described in one article as an eccentricity.
I told this anecdote over and again in my New York life until the summer of 2000 when it became appended, after I read a tiny theater listing in The Village Voice:
The Designated Mourner
Wallace Shawn's wonderfully nasty and clever drama returns to the New York stage. This three character piece examines the aftermath of a war in an unnamed country in which notions about high and low culture have murderous consequences. In this incarnation, Shawn and Deborah Eisenberg. Andre Gregory directs. 21 South William Street, 21 South William,532-8887 (Soloski)
Louis Malle, Andre Gregory and Wallace Shawn were at the heart of one of the most important movements in theater in New York in the latter half of the twentieth century. They took responsibility for the barbaric provincialism of the North and West more than nearly any white artists in the field and created storytelling of examined intellectual tenor.
On the summer solstice of the year 2000, I took the 6 train down to Wall Street and walked to an old, crumbly house at 21 South William, at the base of the World Trade Center Towers. I was sitting on the warm stone steps of the little house – still in sunlight on the longest day of the year – when I looked up to see a small, slowly moving figure walking toward me. It was Wallace Shawn. He wore dark clothes and a light, thin scarf around his neck that he was worrying at a little as he walked. He seemed to be in a placid, meditative, pre-performance state. I was awaiting a companion and was the only person sitting outside the small theater when he arrived.
He nodded and smiled as he approached. I stood and quickly congratulated him saying I felt The Designated Mourner was one of the most important American plays of the era. He smiled, thanked me and asked if I had a seat. I told him I hadn't yet, but hoped to by waiting list or if not, then at another performance that summer. He said he hoped so, too and went inside.
The show was sold out and when my friend arrived we went in to add our names to the waiting list – we were numbers 7 and 8. Ten minutes before curtain the stage manager came down a set of small stairs into the foyer to announce there were 6 seats available. There was a group of three atop the waitlist and two couples ahead of us and I assumed at that moment we weren't going to be seeing the play that night but suddenly, there was some discussion at the stage manager's podium.
The couple ahead of us was trying to decide if they wanted to be split-up for the evening as there was only one seat left after the first five guests were seated. They took what felt like an interminably long time to decide – curtain time had passed. Finally, they agreed they would go to an early dinner rather than be split up and gave up the remaining seat. My close friend Daniel encouraged me to go take it. I paid the $10 fee and ran up the stairs toward the performance space.
The stairwell and indeed the whole house was dark save for a line of yellow electric lamps with yellow bulbs meant to guide the audience to the room in which the performance was to begin. A wonderful old and musty smell hung in the air. I followed the lights slowly until my eyes adjusted and I had some grasp of which floor they were headed toward and then ran the last flight in order to get to the performance which I was sure had begun. At the top of the stairs I nearly ran into Wallace Shawn who was standing, holding a chair and waiting.
"Oh good," he said, "You made it."
He carried the chair to a place at the edge of the audience, set it down, gestured for me to sit and then made his way to the carefully lit back of the room that was the performance area. There was no stage between audience and performer, just a subtle line on the floor, created from where the chairs ended and the lighting began.
Shawn then turned and faced the audience. The lights were dimmed quickly and he struck a match and lit a small piece of paper on fire which floated as it turned into ash, slowly up to the ceiling, "I" he recited, "am the designated mourner."
The Voting Chamber, installation, 2000
Posted by mtk in Austin, collage, elections, installations, journalism, MTKinstalls, protest
1st, 2000, austin, Barnes, Bush, canvas, chamber.movements, currency, death, gallery, George, John, Karthik, killed, logo, m.t., March, McCain, mtk, No, Odell, painting, party, Penalty, primaries, Primary, real, Republican, rights, State, super, texas, the, thyagarajan, timeline, Tuesday, voter, voting, W., wrongly
The Voting Chamber was an art installation at Movements Gallery in Austin, TX, six blocks from Governor George Bush's Mansion, and the exhibition was open during the Super Tuesday Presidential Primaries of Election 2000 and the South x Southwest (SXSW) Arts and Music Festival of that year.
No Real Choice [2000], 5' x 3'8", acrylic, currency on canvas
The Voting Chamber (metal rods, fabric curtain, tabletop, audio component
Civic Dimension (acrylic on stairwell walls; chalk on pavement
Internet Component, including data from State Website and Death Penalty Opponents
I flew into Austin from Brooklyn and immediately went to a local chapter meeting of an anti-death penalty group and introduced myself publicly as an artist planning to do an installation at Movements Gallery on 6th Street:
installed for about ten days:
OPENING RECEPTION: FEBRUARY 22, 2000
GEORGE WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY
MOVEMENTS GALLERY
SIXTH STREET
"THE VOTING CHAMBER"
FEBRUARY 22-APRIL 22, 2000
A MULTIMEDIA INSTALLATION IN PROXIMITY TO THE TEXAS GOVERNOR'S MANSION
THE STATE OF TEXAS EXECUTES MORE PEOPLE THAN ANY OTHER JURISDICTION IN THE WESTERN WORLD. THE CURRENT GOVERNOR OF TEXAS (1994-2000) HAS OVERSEEN THE EXECUTION OF MORE PEOPLE THAN ALL FIVE PREVIOUS GOVERNORS TAKEN TOGETHER. HE IS CURRENTLY RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND EXECUTING AT LEAST 18 MORE PEOPLE.
ACCORDING TO A TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY STUDY, MOST TEXANS FAVOR ALTERNATIVES TO THE DEATH PENALTY OR ARE UNDECIDED:
47.5% FAVOR LIFE SENTENCE
39.5% FAVOR EXECUTIONS
13% ARE UNSURE
Source: http://www.lonestar.texas.net/~acohen/tcadp
"THE VOTING CHAMBER" HAS BEEN DESIGNED BY NEW YORK-BASED FORMER TEXAS RESIDENT AND UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS GRADUATE M.T. KARTHIK, TO PROVIDE A PLACE TO REHEARSE FOR THE UPCOMING PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES AND ELECTIONS.
The State posts the Execution Schedule online
Texas State Execution Schedule: 23 Feb – 27 APR 2000
23 FEB 2000 Cornelius Goss, born May 25, 1961
24 FEB 2000 Betty Beets, born March 12, 1937
01 MAR 2000 Odell Barnes,Jr., born, March 22, 1968
15 MAR 2000 Timothy Gribble born, August 27, 1963
22 MAR 2000 Dennis Bagwell born, December 27, 1963
12 APR 2000 Orien Joiner, born, October 27, 1949
18 APR 2000 Victor Saldano, born October 22, 1971
26 APR 2000 Robert Carter, born March 7, 1966
27 APR 2000 Robert Neville, born October 5, 1974
27 APR 2000 Ricky McGinn, born March 11, 1957
Source: http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/statistics/stats-home.htm
OUTLINE FOR INSTALLATION
"No Real Choice 2000" (5' x 3'8", acrylic, water, American currency on canvas)
"The Voting Chamber" (metal rods, fabric curtain, tabletop, agit-propaganda, and audio component)
"Civic Dimension" (acrylic on stairwell walls and sheetrock; chalk on pavement)
4. "Internet Component"
THE INSTALLATION:
"No Real Choice 2000" was installed on the wall opposite top of the stairs to Gallery space. The 33' wall was painted sympathetic to currently existing artwork in gallery while extending the theme of the canvas, including:
"The Voting Chamber," a simulated voting booth: U-shaped curtain rod with a red curtain. This curtain is to be drawn around individual viewers to simulate a voting booth and allow a private viewing space of the canvas and of specific propaganda material. A looped, repeating audio component of the attorney of one of those on Death Row was played next to an empty chair.
The stairwell from the street to the Gallery floor and the sidewalks from the Governor's Mansion to the gallery door (as practicable) were marked to point to the booth and to present statistics (see Statistics that follow) regarding the death penalty in Texas.
The Internet component contained elements: from http://www.georgewbush.com, the "Calendar of Events" describing the Governor's current itinerary, and from http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us, the "Calendar of Executions." and etc
CONCLUSION, 2008
It's taken me more than eight years to write anything of what happened in Austin in the Spring of 2000. I installed The Voting Chamber and came to find out that Odell Barnes, Jr., was scheduled to die though likely innocent of the murder of which he was convicted.
The installation included an empty chair with the name "Mr. Bush" taped to the back, sitting beside a cassette player that continuously played a ten-minute audio loop of Mr. Barnes' lawyer explaining that he needed more time to present the strong evidence of a frame-up he had discovered in Odell's case.
The installation inspired a march of hundreds in Austin who chanted as they marched around the Governor's Mansion against the Death Penalty:
This all occurred during the Super Tuesday Presidential Primaries as George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas, fought Arizona Senator John McCain for the Republican nomination, Spring 2000. The installation was up during the SXSW music festival, and the venue was a site for the Austin festival so thousands saw it.
George W. Bush and The State of Texas murdered the innocent 22-year-old, Odell Barnes, Jr. on March 1st of the year 2000. The message was clear as Bush ran for President on an active record of becoming the single individual Governing the execution of more people in U.S. history.
Odell Barnes, Jr.s' last meal request was for "justice, equality and world peace,"
and his last words were:
"I thank you for proving my innocence although it has not been acknowledged in the courts. May you continue in the struggle and may you change all that's been done here today and in the past."
Nine months later, George W. Bush was appointed President of the United States by the Supreme Court – contravening democracy at the most basic level – thanks to massive problems with vote counting and issues of voter suppression in the State of Florida, where Bush's own brother, Jeb, was Governor.
The canvas "No Real Choice 2000," finished two months before the election, was startlingly prophetic.
Shanti, fiction, 1999
Posted by mtk in clips, fiction, NYC, press clips
2000, Condé Nast, Conde, Inc., Jane, Karthik, magazine, mtk, Nast, Shanti, short, story, thyagarajan
Condé Nast, Inc., featured my short story, Shanti, in the January/February 2000 issue of JANE magazine, which it had very recently purchased from Fairchild Publishing.
This was the very first issue of Jane as published by CN.
I can remember feeling thrilled because my check had the logo of The New Yorker prominently printed on it – as a design element! My one and only check from CN in the 1990's.
I got paid on December 31, 1999 to be exact. Which means this may have been the last piece of fiction published by Condé Nast, Inc., in the 20th century – no idea if so, I just know the first thing I bought was a pair of long, camel-colored boots for my editor, and the second was rent in Brooklyn.
I was paid what I asked for as a freelance writer with the intention of setting a rate: $1 a word.
Shanti is a chapter in my first novel, Mood [1997]


On March 14, 2013, about 2,000 internally displaced people and villagers from the Wei Gyi dam area gathered at Ei Htu Hta Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp on the Salween riverbank to mark the International Day of Action Against Dams and for Rivers in an event organized by Karen Rivers Watch (KRW) and its local member Salween Eyes (SEE).
The event was organized to raise local voices about current and future impacts and included environmental activists from other areas. The ceremony was also attended by community leaders from Dawei, who are resisting massive development projects in their area, including dams.
Our priority need is: Peace, Peace, Peace!
What we want is: No dams on the Salween River!
Why we are calling for this: Our Salween River must flow free!
All planned dams on the Salween River must be stopped!


text:
Q: Inherit from multiple partial implementations of an abstract base class? Is it possible to have a number of partial implementations of an abstract interface, and then collect these partial implementations into a single concrete class by using multiple inheritence?
I have the following example code:
#include <iostream>

struct Base
{
    virtual void F1() = 0;
    virtual void F2() = 0;
};

struct D1 : Base
{
    void F1() override { std::cout << __func__ << std::endl; }
};

struct D2 : Base
{
    void F2() override { std::cout << __func__ << std::endl; }
};

// collection of the two partial implementations to form the concrete implementation
struct Deriv : D1, D2
{
    using D1::F1; // I added these using clauses when it first didn't compile - they don't help
    using D2::F2;
};

int main()
{
    Deriv d;
    return 0;
}

This fails to compile with the following errors:
main.cpp: In function 'int main()':
main.cpp:27:11: error: cannot declare variable 'd' to be of abstract type 'Deriv'
main.cpp:19:8: note:   because the following virtual functions are pure within 'Deriv':
main.cpp:5:18: note:    virtual void Base::F1()
main.cpp:6:18: note:    virtual void Base::F2()

A:
Is it possible to have a number of partial implementations of an abstract interface, and then collect these partial implementations into a single concrete class by using multiple inheritence?

Yes.
Each Base base class subobject brings two pure virtual functions. How many of those base subobjects do you want in Deriv?

*

*If you want 2 Base base class subobject, Deriv::D1::Base and Deriv::D2::Base (so conversions from Deriv& to Base& would be ambiguous) then you will have 4 different virtual functions in Deriv: Deriv::D1::Base::F1(), Deriv::D1::Base::F2(), Deriv::D2::Base::F1(), Deriv::D2::Base::F2(). Only the first and last ones are implemented, so the two middle ones are pure virtual: Deriv::D1::Base::F2(), Deriv::D2::Base::F1(). You have two entirely independent inheritance relations: Deriv inherits from D1 and Deriv inherits from D2.

*If you want only one Base base class subobject Deriv::Base, then you will have only 2 different virtual functions in Deriv: Base::F1(), Base::F2().

Non-virtual inheritance in C++ is "concrete" inheritance, like containment: struct D : B means that for each D object there is exactly one B base class subobject, just like struct C { M m; } means that for each C there is exactly one M class member subobject. These relations are one-to-one.
OTOH, virtual inheritance is a more "abstract": struct D : virtual B means that for each D object is associated with a B base class subobject, but this relation is many-to-one, like struct C { M &m; }.
In general, for any derived class D (here Deriv), and for any virtual base B of D (here Base), all the base classes of D virtually derived from B (here Deriv::D1, Deriv::D2)  contribute to the overriding of the virtual functions in the base class:

*

*Base::F1() is overridden by Deriv::D1::F1()

*Base::F2() is overridden by Deriv::D2::F2()
Non-virtual and virtual inheritance are very different inheritance relations, just like if non-virtual member functions and a virtual function introduce different relations between functions with the same signature in derived and base classes (hiding vs. overriding).
Like virtual and non-virtual functions, virtual and non-virtual base classes must be used in different situations (and one is not "better" than the other in general).
How to "fix" your code without virtual inheritance?

struct Deriv : D1, D2
{
    using D1::F1; // I added these using clauses when it first didn't compile - they don't help
    using D2::F2;
};

Yes: using declaration control name-lookup, so they affect visibility and ambiguity issues, not virtual functions overriding.
With your original non-virtual inheritance based design, in order to make Deriv a concrete class, you would have to explicitly implement both F1() and F2() virtual function signatures (there are 4 virtual functions in Deriv, but with only 2 different signatures), so you need 2 function definitions:
struct Deriv : D1, D2
{
    void F1() override { D1::F1(); }
    void F2() override { D2::F2(); }
};

Note that Deriv::F1() overrides Deriv::D1::F1() and Deriv::D2::F1().

A: Try inheriting virtually from Base:
struct D1 : virtual Base
{
    void F1() override { std::cout << __func__ << std::endl; }
};

struct D2 : virtual Base
{
    void F2() override { std::cout << __func__ << std::endl; }
};

Without the virtual inheritance, your multiple inheritance scenario looks like inheritance from two separate and incomplete base classes D1 and D2, neither of which can be instantiated.


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