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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM STEMBARK EXTRACT OF Uapaca pilosa Hutch
Uapaca pilosa (Hutch.) a plant used in some parts of Africa in the treatment of dysentery, menstrual pain, fever, constipation, erectile dysfunction, skin infections, female sterility, pile, rheumatism, emetic, tooth-troubles and fatigue. The dried plant was extracted, the extract was subjected to phytochemical investigation using standard method revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and glycocides. Extensive silica gel column chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction of the stem bark extract, the most active of all the fractions, led to the isolation of two compounds GF1 and GF2. Their identities were determined by analysis of their spectral data using FTIR, 1D and 2D NMR. The structures of the compounds were supported by comparing their spectral data with the literature. GF1 was found to be betulin while GF2 was found to be beta-sitosterol. The antimicrobial screening of the crude extract and fractions using agar well diffusion method showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhii, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The Zone of Inhibition of the plant extract against selected microorganisms ranges from 13mm to 17mm against
Staphylococcus aureus, 10mm to 14mm against Bacillus subtilis, 12mm to 15mm against Shigella dysenteriae, 15mm to 18mm against Escherichia coli and 10mm to 11mm againstSalmonella typhii. The MIC and MBC for the extract, fractions and isolated compounds were also determined. The range of Minimum Inhibitory concentration is between 6.25 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 25 mg/mL for Shigella dysenteriae, 6.25 mg/mL for Bacillus subtilisand 12.50 mg/mL for
Escherichia coli while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration range between 12.50 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 50 mg/mL for Shigella dysenteriae, 12.50 mg/mL for Bacillus subtilis and 25 mg/mL for Escherichia coli. This study on the stem bark
extract from Uapaca pilosa, used traditionally in some parts of Africa as a medicinal plant for the treatment of various ailments has confirmed that it has antimicrobial activity against the microbes that cause some of these diseases.
1.1 Statement of the Research Problem
1.2 Aim of the Research
1.3 Objectives of the Research
1.4 Justification of the Research
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Euphorbiaceae Family
2.2 The Uapaca genus
2.3 Uapaca pilosa
2.4 Taxonomy of the Plant
2.5 Traditional Uses of Uapaca pilosa
2.6 Medicinal Importance of Other Uapaca Species
2.7 Some Compounds Isolated from Uapaca Species
2.8 Some Compounds Isolated from Euphorbeceae Family
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1.0 Materials
3.1.1 Equipment
3.1.2Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
3.2.0 Methods
3.2.1 Extraction of Plant Material.
3.2.2 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
3.2.2.1. Test for Reducing Sugars (Molischs test)
3.2.2.2 Test for Tannins (Ferric Chloride test)
3.2.2.3 Test for Flavonoids (Shinoda test).
3.2.2.3.1 Magnessium Chips test
3.2.2.3.2 Sodium Hydroxide test
3.2.2.4 Test for Anthraquinones
3.2.2.4.1 Free Anthraquinones
3.2.2.4.2 Combined Anthraquinones
3.2.2.5Test for Saponins (Frothing test)
3.2.2.6 Test for Glycoside (FeCl3 test)
3.2.2.7 Test for cardiac glycoside (kella-killani test)
3.2.2.8 Test for Steroids/Triterpenes
3.2.2.8.1 Liebermann-Buchard test
3.2.2.8.2 Salkowski test
3.2.2.9. Test for Alkaloids
3.2.3.0Antimicrobial Studies of Extracts and Isolated components
3.2.3.1 Preparation of the Plants Extracts for antimicrobial screening
3.2.3.2Preparation of culture media
3.2.3.3Susceptibility Test
3.2.3.4Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.2.3.5 Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
3.2.3.6 Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC)
3.3.0 Column Chromatography30 3.3.1Chromatographic Separation
3.3.1.1Column Chromatography of ethyl acetate Fraction of Uapaca pilosa
3.3.1.2Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography of the Sub-fractions (SF1 and SF2)
3.4 Melting Point Determination
3.5 Spectral Analysis32
4.1 Result of Extraction of the Stembark of Uapaca pilosa
4.2. Result of Phytochemical screening
4.3 Result of antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts
4.4 Result of Chromatographic Separation
4.5 Column Chromatography of Ethyl acetate fraction
4.6 Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Isolated Compounds
4.7 Result of Thin layer Chromatography analyses of GF1 and GF2
4.9 Spectroscopic Analyses of GF1 and GF2
4.10 Antibacterial Activity of Isolated Compounds
4.10.1 Antimicrobial Activity of GF1 and GF2
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Extraction of the stem bark of Uapaca pilosa
5.2 Phytochemical Screening of the Stem bark of Uapaca pilosa
5.3 Antimicrobial Screening of Stem bark of Uapaca pilosa
5.4 Isolation, Purification and Characterisation of Isolates from Uapaca pilosa
5.4.1 Isolation and Characterisation of GF1
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS70
Over the years the world traditional medicine has been known to take its source from higher plants and their extracts in the treatment of diseases and infections (Sofowora, 1983). Until 19th century, when the development of chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry started, medicinal plants were the sources of active materials used in healing and curing human diseases. Before the advent of modern methods of producing drugs, medicinal plants such as Allium sativum, Azadirchata indica and Citrus limonum were used in treating both malaria and typhoid fever. Also some plant leaves were used in treating skin rashes and to heal wounds. Likewise, modern pharmaceuticals rely heavily on these medicinal plants for their raw materials such as cocoa leaves and opium plant from papaver species for analgesics. The active principles of plants differ from one plant to another due to the diversity in biological activities (Sofowora, 1983; Kubmarawa et al., 2007; Krishnaiah et al., 2009).
Traditional medicinal practice has been established for centuries in many parts of the world. Numerous plants and herbs are used globally by traditional medicine practitioners. The practice is known to vary from one country to another (Sofowora, 1984). Extracts from the various plant parts (leaves, stem bark and roots) of various higher plants are used in herbal medicine production (Sofowora, 1983, 1984, 1993). Plants` extracts are given singly or as concoctions for the treatment of various ailments. In actual sense more than 75% of the world population depend on these various forms of concoctions and herbal decoctions for the treatment of infections (Robenson and Zhang, 2011). Phytochemical constituents are the basic raw materials source for the establishment of pharmaceutical industries (Mothana and Lindequist, 2005; Wojdylo et al., 2007). The constituents present in the plant play vital roles in the crude drugs identity. Phytochemical screening is very important in identifying new sources of therapeutically and pharmacologically important compounds like alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids (Akindele and Adeyemi, 2007).
Some plants such as Aloe vera, Alliium sativum, Maranta arundinacea, Pimpinella anisum and Arnica montana widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Southern part of North America have been reported to be the basis of treatment in human diseases and also as useful components in the development of new active components (Boudreau and Beland, 2006; Bunyapraphatsaraet al., 1996; Alan et al., 1995). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 % of the world"s population relies mainly on herbal medicine for primary healthcare (Hong et al., 2010). In China, traditional medicine is largely based on around 5000 plants which were used in treating 40 % of urban patients and 90 % of rural patients (Abdel-Azim et al., 2011). In industrialized countries, plants have contributed more than 7000 compounds used in the pharmaceutical industries including ingredients in heart drugs, laxatives, anti-cancer agents, hormones, contraceptives, diuretics, antibiotics, decongestants, analgesics, ulcer treatments and anti-parasitic compounds (Simo, 2012). About 25 % of all prescription drugs dispensed by Western pharmacists is likely to contain ingredients derived from plants (Simo, 2012). These include: Laevodopamine from tropical legume Mucuna deeringiana, used for treating Parkinson disease (dos Santos et al., 2012). Picrotoxin derived from Anaminta cocculus, a tropical climbing plant from south East Asia, is used as a nervous system stimulant and in cases of barbiturate poisoning (Abebe and Haramaya, 2013). Reserpine, extracted from the root of the serpent-root, Rauwolfia serpentine, is used for lowering blood pressure, as a tranquilizer and in India as a remedy for snake bites (Unnikrishnan, 2004). Eucalyptol obtained from species of eucalyptus, is a well-known antiseptic used in throat medicines, cough syrups, ointments, liniments, as inhalant for bronchitis and asthma. Eucalyptus is used throughout the world and is regarded as a universally available product (Eschler et al., 2000). Cultivation has replaced wild collection for the supply of some essential drugs used in modern medicine. The Madagascar rosy periwinkle (Cathrathus roseus) is widely cultivated in Spain and Texas for its alkaloids vinblastine and vinscristine, which are used for treating childhood leukaemia and hoolgkin disease (Bauer et al., 1996).
The best known example is probably aspirin, chemically related to a compound that was first extracted from the leaves and bark of willow tree, Salix alba and a herb meadow sweet, Filipino dula malaria. The anti-malarial drug quinine, extracted from the bark of a South American tree, Cinchona ledgeriana, was first brought to Europe (where malaria was widespread) in early 17th century by Jesuit priests (Fruhstorfer et al, 2001). It was once remarked that Oliver Cromwell died of malaria because he refused to be treated with a "Jesuit" medicine. Synthetic guanine has now been developed for drug use, but the bark is still in use to treat certain heart arrhythmias and commercially sold as a bitter flavouring agent well known in tonic water (Fruhstorfer et al, 2001).
Also, the bark of yohimbe, Pausinnystalia yohimbe is used extensively in traditional healthcare system in West Africa (Robber and Tyler, 1999).
About half of the number of death recorded in the tropical countries are largely due to infectious diseases (Iwu et al., 1999). This can be linked to the increasing bacterial resistance to antibacterial drugs (Ojiako, 2014). Hence there is need to develop a more convenient and very active therapeutic antimicrobial agents.
The aim of this research work is to isolate and characterise bioactive components present in the plant.
i. phytochemical screening of crude plant extracts,
ii. antimicrobial screening of the crude extract of the plant,
iii. isolation and identification of phytochemicals present in the extracts and
iv. antimicrobial screening of isolated/identified compounds.
Uapaca pilosa (Hutch) has been used in many tropical communities in traditional medicine for the treatment of protozoa, bacteria and fungi infections. To the best of our knowledge, the phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity studies of Uapaca pilosa have not been studied. Hence there is need to validate the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant.
ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FREE AND IMMOBILIZED ALPHA-AMYLASE FROM BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM STORED PAP (OGI)
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH "SPOILED" TOMATOES IN GWAGWALADA
EXTRACTION, ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTI–MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF BRIDELIA FERRUGINEA BARK EXTRACTS
DETECTION AND PCR CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENTEROTOXIN GENESFROM MASTITIC COW MILK AMONG SOME DAIRY HERDS IN, NIGERIA
CHARACTERIZATION, INSECTICIDAL AND MOSQUITO REPELLENT PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS LEAVES


Excellent furnished apartment for four persons - 120 m2 in the center of the old town - two bedrooms / one with a cot / room, kitchen, bath / bidet, shower, washing machine / three terraces.
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A splendid place to head to if you want reasonably priced fashion. Garments from all around the country as well as Turkey, Thailand and Malaysia are on sale here, at quite affordable, negotiable prices. The mall contains a small café that offers local snacks and beverages for that energy shot during an exhausting day out.
Shops within the mall do not accept international credit or debit cards. Some shops may accept Iranian cards only.


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Tag: Open Source
What's Killing Linux and Software Freedom?
I know many will say "we knew that already" when they read what I'm about to write, but I just came to this realization today. I was reading a blog title "I miss using Linux". The author was describing some of the reasons he can't avoid using Windows.
There are many good reasons like the ones he offers. Some people want to game, but game companies just don't make games for Linux because it isn't popular enough. Others need certain programs that are only available for Windows. Whatever the reasons, it's not going to be the "year of the Linux Desktop" any time soon.
One part that really stood out to me about the post was the reiteration that Photoshop was a main reason for not using Windows. I would actually go so far as to say that the entire creative suite is a major reason more people don't switch to Linux completely.
Sure, one could possibly run it in a VM but that's not a good solution. If you need a VM of Windows, why not just run Windows, right? That's the correct reasoning if you ask me, and I'm a Linux advocate. The problem could be that more people are procrastinating truthfully. They simply don't want to switch completely or don't feel comfortable enough in Linux to use it full time. I don't think this is the prime reason, but for some it could be a factor.
Adobe is the problem, at least in my mind. Adobe is the last non-open company. Microsoft office uses an open document format finally. There is a lot of compatibility with Open Office. Most other programs have decent open source alternatives. Even Photoshop has a decent open source alternative in the Gimp, but some people don't think it is enough. Adobe has a lock on a lot of the media on the web right now with Flash, even though there are better alternatives to using Flash, most sites use it.
Adobe is holding back Linux. Rather, our dependency on Adobe products is holding back Linux tremendously. There would be a lot more people to adopt Linux if the Creative Suite was available in it. There would be a lot of people adopt Linux is Flash was no longer the defacto standard for media on the web.
Apple has the right idea by not including Flash support on the iPhone. This will help push us away from the closed-standard. I'm for this change.
Author RandyPosted on July 16, 2010 July 16, 2010 Categories Apple, Internet, Linux Stuff, Operating Systems, technology, Web DevelopmentTags adobe killing linux, linux, Open SourceLeave a comment on What's Killing Linux and Software Freedom?
Free Software Everyone Should Know About
Most computer users aren't "savvy". They know how to turn the computer on, how to open up "the internet", and maybe how to write an email. To some, computers are scary devices. To others, computers are something they use daily but couldn't fix on their own. To the non-savvy computer user, open source software is a foreign term.
Most computer users aren't "savvy". They know how to turn the computer on, how to open up "the internet", and maybe how to write an email. To some, computers are scary devices. To others, computers are something they use daily but couldn't fix on their own. To the non-savvy computer user, open source software is a foreign term. It's geek speak. It's mumbo jumbo. Whether one is a savvy user or a beginner, they should be aware of what open source software has to offer them.
In order to understand what open source software is, it is important to know a little about how computers work and why software is normally so expensive to begin with. So a little "Intro to computers" is in order.
Computers need software to operate. The main software on a computer is it's operating system. This software allows the user to interact with the hardware. When the user presses a mouse button, a signal is sent to the computer's hardware, the hardware asks the operating system what it's supposed to do with this signal. The operating system tells the hardware what to do next and then tells the other software on the computer what has happened. The other software then reacts to the event. The click event is registered and the process pretty much goes back in reverse. The software that handled the click event tells the operating system what happened. The operating system tells the hardware. Finally the user sees or hears the effect of their click of the button on the screen/speakers/both.
The operating system is very important. Most people use a form of Microsoft's Windows operating system. Other examples of operating systems include Apple's Mac OS X, Linux, and FreeBSD. Windows and OS X are considered proprietary or commercial software. OS X comes on Macs, and Windows comes on most PCs. However, neither are free. They are part of the price paid for the new computers.
So this leads us to our first examples of open source software. Linux and FreeBSD are open source software. Proprietary or commercial software is normally "closed source", meaning the source code is a secret that only the software company can look at. Windows is completely closed source. OS X is to an extent. Much of the software at the core of OS X is built from open source software. Windows has an arguably unfair share of the market because Microsoft positioned themselves to have their version of DOS included on most new computers back in the old days and that has carried over to Windows. Many people argue that Windows is easier and that is why it has such a huge market share. However, it's arguably easier for most people because of it's huge market share making it more familiar.
This market share allowed Microsoft to position itself in other software markets as well. For instance, today Microsoft's Office Suite controls a huge market share as well. This creates a circular problem in that everyone who wishes to open an Office document whether it be a spreadsheet, presentation, or memo, has to have Office installed on their computer. However, it can also be stated that Microsoft finally delivered a standard on all these products. Back in the day there were many word processors and if person A wrote a document in Word Perfect, it was difficult for person B to open the document in Word.
There is a better solution to the document standards though. The documents should be a standard, and that standard should be open. Meaning anyone who wants to write a word processor should adhere to the standard document type. It's the same concept that we use today for our web browsers. It is important that all web sites have standard coding that all browsers can read. Microsoft tried to set that standard as well, and to this day Internet Explorer is one of the least standards compliant browsers available. Microsoft knew that if they controlled the standard, then everyone would have to use their products.
Now that all of that is out of the way, lets look at some of this open source software. Open source software is, as its name implies, software who's source is open for public viewing. Anyone is free to view, edit, and redistribute the software with or without the modification. This also means that open source software tends to be free, and in most cases, can be downloaded for free. Here is a list of common alternatives. I will post links at the end of the article that will lead to the download page or home page for all these applications.
If one needs an office suite, why pay $100 to $400 for Microsoft Office when OpenOffice is free. OpenOffice has a word processor, database app, presentation app, and spreadsheet app. Granted, there are a few features that Microsoft has that OpenOffice doesn't, but most of those features wouldn't be used by the average user. If one finds that OpenOffice doesn't do the trick, then they can look into purchasing Microsoft's Office suite, but if it's not needed why waste the money.
For email, most people probably have a web-base mail account. However, for those that use Outlook or Outlook express, perhaps Mozilla's Thunderbird is a better alternative.
Window Media player and Apple's iTunes software are both free but they aren't open source. For music, SongBird is a great alternative. It has the look and feel of iTunes but doesn't force the iTunes music store down the user's throat. It also has many plugins/extensions that one can install with a click of the mouse. Such extensions include: automatic lyric display, automatic album art, artist bio, discography, etc. It also has many available themes.
Browsing the web is easy with Windows right out of the box. Internet Explorer is built-in. However there are a few things people don't realize about Internet Explorer. Ever notice how everyone's home page is set to MSN? Microsoft rakes in millions just from the advertising on that site. It's a simple tweak that most people don't realize. Also, what about the user's browsing habits. That's some very powerful information to have. With it they could pinpoint advertise and make even more money, or sell the info to others. The point is, Internet Explorer is all about invading your privacy. This coupled with the fact that it's probably the least secure browsers one can use, and it stands to reason that we should all be using something else. Thankfully there are plenty of alternatives to Internet Explorer. Try out Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, or Flock. They are all very good choices to replace IE.
For photo editing needs, The Gimp makes a pretty good Photoshop replacement. It can do many of the same things. Granted, it's nowhere near as robust as Photoshop, it will surprise many of the most skilled "shoppers" out there.
For chatting with friends, an IM application is usually installed. These include Yahoo, MSN, AIM, Google Talk, and MySpace IM. Well all of those could be replaced with a single program called Pidgin. Pidgin is a great instant messenger application and uses very little system resources compared to any one of these.
Finally, after replacing all of the core software titles on a system, why not replace the operating system itself. Many people have switched to Linux and are happy. Linux is a monster as a server OS and it's actually a very good desktop OS as well. The most popular (at least for desktops) Linux distribution available today is Ubuntu. It is one of the easier distributions. There is also a huge community available to help with any problems that may arise.
In conclusion, it is quite possible to legally use a computer without paying a single penny for any of the software installed on it. Not only is this software free, but it's also very robust and can fill even the most demanding user's needs. There's always a chance that open source isn't a good choice for some users, but most will find it very useful.
Here is a complete list of the software mentioned in this article and links to learn more about or download the software.
General Information about Linux
DistroWatch – A list of all popular Linux distributions
FreeBSD and other free operating systems other than Linux:
FreeBSD Project Site
OpenOffice:
http://openoffice.org
Thunderbird:
http://www.mozillamessaging.com/en-US/thunderbird/
SongBird:
http://getsongbird.com/
Video Lan Media player
http://mozilla.com
http://www.opera.com/
Flock:
http://flock.com/
The Gimp:
http://www.gimp.org/
Pidgin:
http://pidgin.im/
Other helpful links:
Comprehensive list of Open Source/Free software
The Free Software Foundation
Sourceforge – search for open source software.
Author RandyPosted on March 19, 2009 March 20, 2009 Categories Apple, Applications, Linux Stuff, Open Source, Operating SystemsTags free software alternatives, linux, Open SourceLeave a comment on Free Software Everyone Should Know About
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Police ID Suspect In Fatal Shooting At Nashville Mexican Restaurant
Posted: 10:30 PM, Sep 30, 2018
Police have been investigating the shooting death of a man on Nolensville Pike. The man was found shot in the torso in the 4100 block at Las Cazuelas just before 8:45 p.m. Sunday.
Police have identified one of two suspects wanted in connection with a fatal shooting at a Mexican restaurant in South Nashville.
An investigation got underway after 34-year-old Mario Alberto Garcia Lopez was found shot in the torso at Las Cazuelas, located on Nolensville Pike, just before 8:45 p.m. Sunday.
He died at the scene. Authorities said a motive is not known at this time.
BREAKING: Juan J. Chapa, 30, identified as one of two suspected murderers who killed Mario Alberto Garcia Lopez, 34, inside a restroom of Las Cazuelas Mexican Grill on Nolensville Pk Sunday night. Lopez was clearly targeted. See Chapa or his accomplice? Please call 615-742-7463. pic.twitter.com/Ha684434Tu
— Metro Nashville PD (@MNPDNashville) October 1, 2018
Metro Police said 30-year-old Juan J. Chapa has been identified as a suspect in the case. He and his alleged accomplice were seen on surveillance video entering the restaurant.
Police said Chapa and the accomplice casually walked into the restaurant and went directly to Lopez, who was seated at the bar. After speaking with Lopez for a short time, the two persuaded him to go with them into the restroom, investigators said.
Shots were heard and, according to witnesses, the two suspects walked out of the restaurant into the parking lot.
Detectives found photos of the two suspects on social media. However, the names given on social media were fictitious and Chapa's true name was just confirmed.
Anyone seeing Chapa or knowing the identity of the alleged accomplice was urged to immediately contact Crime Stoppers at 615-742-7463. Callers can remain anonymous and qualify for a cash reward.


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Q: How to use scrollreveal js offline? I need to use scrollreveal js on my website. But I cannot use it online all the time.
So can anyone help me find out how to use scrollreveal js offline
Need to use scrollreveal js offline

A: Just save content as js file to project folder.
https://unpkg.com/scrollreveal@4.0.0/dist/scrollreveal.min.js

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If there's a Creator...
If there's a Creator, why is suffering permitted? Perhaps we are looking at life in the wrong way, it's not about ease and safety. It's about living a more free and abundant life, about loving one another, about knowing the Creator intimately. Life is not supposed to be me-centred, it's other-centred.
Haven't we all heard this question? 'If there's a Creator, why does he allow suffering in the world?'
Or it might be, 'Why did he let my wife/husband/child/parent/friend die?', or ,'Why didn't he stop a terrorist incident?'.
Why are there earthquakes, why is there disease?
It's a question that comes from a great missing of the point. Our Father didn't promise us lives without trouble. Indeed, Yahshua specifically told his followers that they would face severe trouble in the world.
He himself faced ridicule, scourging, and a ghastly death. Why would we expect to suffer any less? And if we who have trusted in him and follow him face hardship, danger and loss, why would those who have not trusted and followed expect a better deal?
The fact is, he did not necessarily come to bring us health and happiness and security in this life, he came to set us free and pour into us the essence of a new life - a life that will never end. We begin to live the new Kingdom life now even while we still struggle daily in our old, temporary lives.
We rarely think about the alternative to a universe in which suffering is allowed. The alternative would be no free will, no self determination. Only chaos (in the mathematical sense) makes life possible.
Why is this so hard to grasp, so hard to come to terms with?
Perhaps it all depends where we are standing as we review the situation.
The view from this world - Looking at it from the perspective of this life alone it is natural for people to want comfort and security. If we expect to die and pass into an empty obscurity, why would we search for anything else but benefit now? More money, more fun, better health, more happiness, more time, less work, more to eat but a slimmer body, less working out but better fitness, less effort but more achievement. Are these reasonable goals? No!
As long as we think of heaven as a place of lazy happiness and easy joy we are trying to find the wrong reward. And if the truth be known, we are still wanting to enjoy that reward in this life.
The view from the kingdom of heaven - But Christ did not come to reward us. We did not (and cannot) earn a reward. We are too often like children opening a wrapped gift and saying, 'But I didn't want a key, I wanted a doll's house. This comes from a failure to understand from a grown-up perspective. Which is best for us, a doll's house now or the key to our Father's house so we can freely come and go?
We need to learn to live our lives from this new perspective. It's not healing now, or food now, or safety now that truly matters. By comparison with receiving the heavenly and eternal healing, food and safety and having them in the here and now are of little value.
Heaven invades the world - And if this is all true, why do we see people healed when we pray for them? Why did Yahshua tell his followers, 'Ask anything in my name and it will done for you by my Father in Heaven'?
One of the greatest joys and privileges we have as believers is the gift of being able to come to the Father in the name of the Son. It is one of the means by which the kingdom of heaven invades this physical universe in which we live. Other ways include direct communication through the action of the Holy Spirit in our hearts, through dreams and visions, in prophecy and teaching, words of comfort and wisdom, and above all the growing knowledge believers have of the Father's heart and nature.
Some will say, 'But it doesn't always work!' This is true, sometimes we pray for healing and there is no perceived change. It might be due to lack of faith in the heart of the one who asks or of the one who is prayed for. But it might also be because we have not clearly heard the Father's will and purpose. It may be because we give up instead of persisting in prayer. And sometimes it may even be because the hard experience is essential for our eternal well-being or for someone else's.
We need to become like Yahshua who said, 'If it's possible, let this cup pass from me. But even so, Father, let your will be done here, not mine.'
Isn't this what Paul had in mind when he wrote, 'Let your bodies be made spiritual sacrifices'? We must lay down our lives daily. Lay them down and not take them up again. Lay them down and leave them for Papa to use and bless in his own way and at a time of his choosing.
And while we are here, in this world, it is our responsibility to help other people whenever we have the means to do so. We must pray for the sick and feed the hungry. We are the hands and feet of Jesus.
What does it mean to you, personally, to 'let your body be made a spiritual sacrifice'?
How do you answer someone who says that unanswered prayer shows you lack faith?
Has anyone ever said that to you or someone you know?
Chaos theory - Wikipedia
God and suffering - Christianity explored
Knowing the love of Christ - Assembling of the church
Living in two worlds - Lifestream
Suffering - T Austin-Sparks
Labels: creator, Death, heaven, Jesus, Kingdom, loss, pain, suffering, trouble, Yahshua
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Obey, obey, obey
The gun of self defence?
Leading, Matthew 1:1-17
A joy, not a burden
Penzias, Wilson and some noise
Ecotricity - greener, greener, green


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On June 5, 2018, the Detroit Red Wings named Ben Simon the 11th head coach in Griffins franchise history.
Simon served the previous three seasons as an assistant in Grand Rapids under Todd Nelson, now an assistant coach with the NHL's Dallas Stars.
The 40-year-old Simon played an integral role in helping the Griffins win the club's second Calder Cup in 2017 and post the third-most regular season wins in the AHL since 2015-16 with a 133-78-4-13 (0.621) record. Grand Rapids reached the Calder Cup Playoffs during each of the last three seasons and tallied the second-most postseason victories on the circuit (22-11 record) since 2016.
Appearing in 21 games and scoring nine points (4-5—9) with the Griffins in 2006-07 as part of an 11-year professional playing career, Simon is the third former Griffins player to serve as Grand Rapids' head coach, joining Nelson (2015-18) and Danton Cole (2002-05).
In his first stint as a professional head coach in North America in 2013-14, Simon became the second head coach in ECHL history to reach the Kelly Cup Finals in his initial season, as he guided the Cincinnati Cyclones to a 41-23-4-4 (0.625) regular season record – the fifth-best mark in the Eastern Conference – before falling in six games to the Alaska Aces.
Simon began his coaching career as a player/head coach of the Elite Ice Hockey League's Sheffield Steelers in 2010-11. Competing in the United Kingdom's top league, he led Sheffield to a 43-10-0-1 record (0.806) and helped the club capture the regular season championship.
A fifth-round draft selection by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft, Simon logged 81 career games in the NHL between Atlanta (2001-04) and Columbus (2005-06) and tallied four points (3-1—4). In total, Simon appeared in 762 regular season pro games from 2000-11 – which included 481 AHL contests – and recorded 297 points (119-178—297) and 771 penalty minutes from his forward position. In 84 postseason appearances, he added 28 points (14-14—28) and 131 PIM. Simon claimed consecutive league championships, as he helped the Orlando Solar Bears win the IHL's Turner Cup in 2001 before hoisting the Calder Cup with the Chicago Wolves in 2002.
Prior to his pro career, Simon played four seasons at Notre Dame (1996-2000), where he posted 130 points (44-86—130) in 144 games. He served as captain his senior season and was later named to Notre Dame's All-Decade First Team for 1990-2000.


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text:
Exec Summary
Chapter 1 : Climate Finance & CDM's
Box 1 : Tracking the WB at COP17
Chapter 2 : A critical Geography of CDM
Chapter 3 : South Africa
Box 2 : Egypt
Chapter 4 : Niger Delta
Chapter 5 : East Africa
Chapter 6 : Mozambique
Chapter 7 : Disempowering hydropower in Ethiopia, the DRC and Egypt
BOX 4: Grand Inga, grand illusions
Chapter 8 : Jatropha and 'climate-smart' agriculture in Kenya and Mozambique
BOX 5: Climate-'smart' agriculture and soil-carbon credits
Chapter 9 : Conclusion
Appendix : The media's blind faith in markets
CDM's Cannot Deliver in Africa
A report by CCS and EJOLT
The prey of uncertainty: Climate change as opportunity: Jerome Whitington
In this article I describe the post-Copenhagen moment in carbon markets and climate politics as one characterised by deep uncertainty. Uncertainty describes the social experience of emerging climate policy, but it is also business strategy. Uncertainty is necessary for markets to function. To understand this, I look toward practices of capitalism, which produce the future as indeterminate. Uncertainty is generated by business practices of treating conventions – rules and institutions, but also social conventions such as people's 'green' expectations – in terms of their material opportunities. Treating conventions as always open to negotiation requires an ambitious or speculative ethos. Rather than projecting a stable vision of reality, nature or truth, these practitioners constantly ask, what can we do with these possibilities? I project that the near future will involve a proliferation of low-value, nontransparent carbon markets without any binding global cap on emissions.
The establishment of global carbon markets by regulatory fiat would mark the triumph of financial hegemony over the politics of climate change risk. Climate finance practitioners have first multiplied in numbers in the speculative lead-up to Copenhagen's COP15 and then spectacularly retreated to the wings to wait again for the signs of easy short-term profit, an ebb and flow marking new high tide for what Christian Marazzi (2010) has called the 'violence of financial capitalism'. Even so, the theme for 2010 was how carbon markets might still be a basis for accumulation in the absence of a global market organised around a comprehensive UN agreement.
It has become apparent that a major effect of the United States' re-engagement with the UN process has been to radically disorganise the agenda established under the Bali road map in 2007. The acknowledgement of the Copenhagen Accord by the conference of parties in 2009 served to substantiate the parallel, non-UN negotiating process organised around the Major Economies Forum in which the US holds a much better negotiating position. By the end of the UN meetings in Cancún in 2010, major elements of the US approach to negotiating a weak agreement had been incorporated in the agreed-upon text, and the extension of Kyoto after 2012 had been nearly killed through the work of Canada, Japan and Russia. As Martin Khor (2011) of the South Centre has put it, 'we now see quite unbelievably an attempt to dismantle even the weaker regime that we now have'. Perhaps most importantly, Kyoto's organising force as a binding legal agreement based on common but differentiated responsibilities – ultimately on the historical liability of industrialised countries – has been jettisoned.
The increasingly significant language of a bottom-up process, of a politically binding versus legally binding agreement, or of plural institutions signifies to carbon market makers that they cannot simply expect the world's governments to hand them a global market, ready-made as it were, as the basis for a coherent plan to deal with climate change. Put differently, their ability to define climate policy for their own ends had been called into question.
The disappointment is aptly demonstrated by Richard Sandor, who has sold his stakes in three climate exchanges for about $600 million, as ClimateWire reports, 'in light of the roller-coaster ride that now defines climate politics and carbon markets' (Kirkland, 2010). But disappointment at the rise of 'regulatory uncertainty' masks – or perhaps mimics – a deeper problematic of uncertainty at the heart of market mechanisms invoked to confront climate change. Sandor has been a speculator of the first order who staked his own fortunes on carbon market ambition. Moreover, persistent questions about the integrity of Sandor's approach dogged especially his now-defunct Chicago Climate Exchange. I want to foreground the role of uncertainty in these diverse configurations – ambition, speculation, integrity. These multiple, overlapping modes of uncertainty interact with and compound each other at the heart of the financialisation of climate change, which hinges on volatility and systemic play.
This 'roller-coaster ride' of climate politics and carbon markets demands attention, but not only because carbon markets pose a tremendous number of problems for which there may not be any solutions. Sandor notwithstanding, the view from anthropology helps to demonstrate that uncertainty is more than a set of problems needing to be fixed. There are important lessons to be learned for wagering the future of the planet on the promises and practices of speculation. Uncertainty is at the basis of the market perspective itself, especially in its understanding of 'nature' as always open to manipulation. Marilyn Strathern (1992: 142) argues that a transformation of Euro- American views of nature has accompanied late capitalism by calling attention to the rise of England's ambitious 'plasti-class', for whom everything is open to negotiation.1 If, through carbon markets, the atmosphere is becoming an object of management, then this must be understood in terms of the production of uncertainty as a matter of climate opportunism. Following an earlier formulation of Strathern's, I argue that market ambition relies on a manner of treating rules as artifacts, that is, as 'things' that can be worked on, manipulated or 'followed' in the sense of following an opportunity rather than fulfilling a requirement. The rules in question are the rules of carbon market policy, including accounting provisions, which become media for new market relations.
The opportunism of putting diverse relationships to work – including market relationships meant to do the work of regulating the climate – makes a future that is indeterminate.
The financial community, in the wake of the Copenhagen agreement, has begun to reassess its own expectations. 'Right now the word is uncertainty', a senior manager at one of the world's largest banks recently told a workshop of about 40 climate change and finance experts.2 In spite of a wealth of diverse concerns at this meeting of minds in Washington, DC, his argument for the day was to take to task the inability of regulators to provide the conditions in which market necessities would define climate policy. 'What little forward curve there is beyond 2012 has no liquidity because of regulatory uncertainty', he insisted. It is insufficient to view this statement only as a statement of fact. It is a speech act in the sense that it is vocalised from a specific perspective in order to achieve certain objectives. It resonates with disappointment, optimism, and ambition, each of which marks this man's relation to the uncertainties he faces as a market actor. In the act, it attempts to define climate change as a problem in terms of the needs of markets. It is a gamble. Not everyone present buys it. Hence, not only does he speak of uncertainty, but his voice also resonates with uncertainty: nobody knows what will happen after 2012. Copenhagen was a failure from our perspective. We are pressuring regulators to come to a decision. We cannot invest until they do, but we do not know if they are able to.
By way of contrast, those who champion climate justice as the basis for a climate agreement often have little patience with the demand for 'incentivising' polluters' actions through market mechanisms. A precise logic characterises climate justice demands presented at The World People's Conference of Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth in April, 2010, in Cochabamba, Bolivia (see also Bond and Dorsey, 2010). 'This needs not be confusing', writes one activist. 'It is simple…50% emission cuts by developed countries – 1990 baseline – No offsets – 1C – 300ppm'. More than a moral position, the logical clarity of many radical demands presents not a politics of risk but a politics of necessity augmented by remarkable demands for new programs of inclusive global democracy. As Anitra Nelson (2010) argues, such claims demonstrate the institutional weakness through which the climate crisis continues to unfold. Global institutions that could constrain polluters do not yet exist. By fiat, the largest polluters have the greatest say in negotiations – as in so many things – while they insist as their prerogative that a host of other political priorities should take precedence.
There is a saturation point concerning uncertainty and climate change. Beyond attempts to deliberately create confusion by undermining climate science, the scientific problem of climate change is almost exclusively a matter of anticipating an uncertain future.
While scientists have done a remarkable job in radically reducing uncertainties in our understanding of climatic processes, for policy purposes climate models are only models (Edwards, 2010). They are not representations of the future; yet, they still allow decision-making in the present. Action takes place in the ambiguity of anticipation. Yet, like corporate sustainability claims, scenarios are too often taken as matters-of-fact. Climate change focuses geopolitical anxieties surrounding military, population and energy scenarios with much higher degrees of uncertainty than atmospheric models. Knowing that things will change, but not knowing how they will change, requires a speculative attitude, but this attitude is itself dangerous.
At the same time, uncertainty goes to the heart of carbon market mechanisms, which differ from carbon taxes, for instance, because they invite speculative anticipation of the future. Moreover, carbon markets are highly dependent on optimising uncertainty in determining the stringency of the carbon cap, how permits are distributed and how carbon is quantified and monetised, each of which has proven extremely difficult in practice (MacKenzie, 2010; Callon, 2009; Lovell and MacKenzie, 2011). When, finally, the basic principles of the UN negotiations were undermined by the Copenhagen Accord, the saturation point seemed to be reached, and all of its 'hope' appeared retrospectively as so much misplaced expectation. In fact, expectation, like climate science or regulatory enforcement, is easily manipulated. The attempt to plan the climate's future for now has failed. Subsidiary uncertainties proliferate from there.
This paper proceeds in two respects. First, I examine several loci of uncertainty that defined debates at the interface of climate and commercial intervention in the wake of Copenhagen's COP15 in December 2009. Each locus demonstrates the interconnectedness of diverse 'uncertain variables' (Whitington, 2008). For instance, investment in renewable energy technology, on the one hand, depends on carbon market speculation, but not in the way coal-powered utilities think it does. On the other hand, it raises the spectre of geopolitical energy security, which in turn points to problems of military climate anticipation. In the second part, I examine expectations market makers have of climate policy makers as a way to characterise the state of carbon markets after the demise of a program to establish a single global market based on a legally-binding cap on global emissions. Understandably, my objective is not to thoroughly analyse each source or locus of uncertainty but to demonstrate uncertain interconnections from the perspectives of the actors themselves working at a particular moment in climate politics. Reciprocally, the basis for the analysis I present is itself always uncertain. Too often, in trying to understand what is happening, we are left to rely on statements that are very hard to interpret in a straightforward manner. In socio-technical systems (Barry 2001), uncertainty is what is left when facts cannot be taken at face value and system integrity is a constant unknown. Increasingly we find highly articulated strategies for working with uncertainty in practice, rather than simply trying to control it at all costs. Actors I describe are grappling with situations they poorly understand, and the play of uncertainty constitutes their sociological experience. Rather than attempt to eradicate interpretive uncertainty or establish factual reliability at all costs, I try to capture the ambiguities actors themselves are faced with.
← Carbon markets after Durban : Oscar Reyes
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CDM orgs
CDM Watch
Acción Ecológica – OCMAL
ANPED
BOG – Bogazici University
CDCA
CFJ – Citizens For Justice
EJOLT
ELN – Earthlife Namibia
ERA – Environmental Rights Action
FIOCRUZ – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
FOCUS – Association for Sustainable Development
GRAIN – Genetic Resources Action International
IFF – Interdisziplinäre Forschung und Fortbildung
JNU – Jawaharlal Nehru University
Nature Kenya
UAB – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
UKZN Centre for Civil Society
URV – Universitat Rovira i Virgili
WRM – World Rainforest Movement
Za Zemiata
CDMs can't deliver fb
@CDMAfrica
Click to Download report


text:
Civic Way, Poplar Bank, Huyton, Knowsley, Merseyside, L36 9GD
View Accessibility Symbols
Show Easy Read
Search Access Guide
Outside Access (Main Entrance)
Level Change (Main Entrance)
Inside Access
Eating and Drinking (The Bistro Cafe and Bar)
Eating and Drinking (Function Room Bar)
Other Floors
Standard Toilet(s)
You are on Introduction. Skip to the next section.
Services / facilities within the building include 2 function rooms, a cafe, meeting rooms, the Mayor's Parlour and individual rooms available for private bookings.
You are on Opening Times. Skip to the next section.
Please contact the venue for details of opening times and Opening times for the venue vary according to bookings/events taking place.
You are on Location. Skip to the next section.
There is a bus stop within 150m (164yds) of the venue.
The nearest National Rail station is Huyton.
You are on Parking. Skip to the next section.
The venue does not have its own car park.
Public Car Parks View
There is a car park for public use within 200m (approx).
The name of the car park is Archway Road Short Stay Car Park.
The car park is located on Archway Road.
On Street Parking and Drop-off Details View
On street marked Blue Badge bays are available.
The dimensions of the marked Blue Badge bays are 192cm x 650cm (6ft 4in x 21ft 4in).
On street Blue Badge parking is located on Westmorlands Road.
Clearly signed and / or standard marked parking bays are not available.
There is not a designated drop off point.
You are on Outside Access (Main Entrance). Skip to the next section.
This information is for the entrance located at the front of the building.
There is not level access into the venue.
The main door(s) open(s) automatically.
The door(s) is / are double.
The width of the door opening is 151cm (4ft 11in).
Second set of doors View
There is a second set of doors.
The door(s) open(s) automatically.
Comments View
There is a third set of doors ahead as you enter the building.
These doors are manual double doors.
The doors open both ways.
The doors are heavy.
The width of doors is 152cm.
There is a fourth set of doors.
These doors are to the right hand side as you enter the building.
The doors are manual double doors.
The doors open towards you (pull).
The width of the doors is 152cm.
You are on Level Change (Main Entrance). Skip to the next section.
There is a ramp/slope to access this area/service.
The ramp or slope is located to the left as you face the entrance.
The ramp/slope is moderate.
The ramp/slope is permanent.
There is a level landing at the top of the ramp/slope.
The ramp does not have handrails.
The width of the ramp/slope is 120cm (3ft 11in).
There is a/are step(s) to access this area/service.
The step(s) is/are located in front of the entrance.
There is/are 7 step(s) to the area/service.
There is not tactile paving at the top and bottom of the steps.
The step(s) is/are clearly marked.
The step(s) is/are medium height (11cm - 17cm).
There is a/are handrail(s) at the step(s).
The handrail(s) is/are on both sides.
The ramp/slope does bypass the step(s).
The ramp immediately to the front left of the building is steep and has handrails (photographs 1 and 2).
There is a second ramp to the very left of the building.
This ramp is moderate and does not have handrails (photographs 3 and 4).
You are on Reception. Skip to the next section.
The desk/counter is 2m (2yd 7in) from the main entrance.
There is level access to the desk/counter from the entrance.
The desk/counter is high (110cm+).
The desk/counter does not have a low (76cm or lower) section.
The lighting levels are medium.
There is not a hearing assistance system.
Just past the reception area and the third set of doors there is seating and tables.
The height of the lowest table is 43cm.
The height of the highest table is 73cm.
The seating has armrests.
You are on Inside Access. Skip to the next section.
There is level access to the service(s).
This venue does play background music.
Music is played throughout the venue during some events.
Motorised scooters are allowed in public parts of the venue.
The lighting levels are varied.
You are on Eating and Drinking (The Bistro Cafe and Bar). Skip to the next section.
The following information is for the cafe/bar.
The cafe/bar is located on the ground floor, to the rear left of the building.
The bar does serve food.
Full table service is not available.
Food or drinks are ordered from the service counter.
Food or drinks can be brought to the table.
There is not a lowered section at the counter.
No tables are permanently fixed.
No chairs are permanently fixed.
No chairs have armrests.
The nearest table is approximately 7m (7yd 1ft) from the main entrance.
The distance between the floor and the lowest table is 72cm (2ft 4in).
The distance between the floor and the highest table is 100cm (3ft 3in).
The standard height for tables is 72cm.
There is ample room for a wheelchair user to manoeuvre.
Plastic / takeaway cups are available.
Plastic / takeaway cutlery is available.
Drinking straws are available.
Children are welcomed in the bar area.
Menus are hand held and wall.
Menus are not available in Braille.
Menus are not available in large print.
Picture menus are not available.
Menus are clearly written.
Menus are presented in contrasting colours.
The type of food served here is hot and cold meals and snacks.
Opening Times View
Monday 08:00 - 14:00.
Tuesday 08:00 - 14:00.
Wednesday 08:00 - 14:00.
Thursday 08:00 - 14:00.
Friday 08:00 - 14:00.
Saturday Closed.
You are on Eating and Drinking (Function Room Bar). Skip to the next section.
The following information is for the bar.
The bar is located in the main function room.
The bar does not serve food.
The nearest table is approximately 10m (10yd 2ft) from the main entrance.
Menus are wall only.
Opening times for the venue vary according to bookings/events taking place.
You are on Other Floors. Skip to the next section.
Steps View
The floors which are accessible by stairs are G-1.
There are 15+ steps between floors.
The steps are clearly marked.
The steps are medium (11cm - 17cm).
The steps do have handrails.
The steps have a handrail on both sides.
There is a landing.
The area(s)/service(s) on the floors which are not accessible is/are meeting rooms, the Mayor's Parlour, a second function room and bar and standard toilets.
You are on Accessible Toilet. Skip to the next section.
There are accessible toilet facilities within this venue.
Location and Access View
The toilet is for the sole use of disabled people.
There is Braille, tactile and pictorial signage on or near the toilet door.
This accessible toilet is approximately 9m (9yd 2ft) from the main entrance.
This accessible toilet is located on the ground floor, in a corridor to the left as you enter.
There is level access to this accessible toilet.
Features and Dimensions View
This is a unisex toilet.
A key is required for the accessible toilet.
The key is a radar key.
The key can be obtained from reception.
The door opens outwards.
The door is locked by a locking handle.
The width of the accessible toilet door is 87cm (2ft 10in).
The door is heavy.
The dimensions of the accessible toilet are 150cm x 310cm (4ft 11in x 10ft 2in).
There is sufficient turning space in the cubicle for a wheelchair user.
There is a lateral transfer space.
As you face the toilet pan the transfer space is on the right.
The lateral transfer space is 87cm (2ft 10in).
There is a dropdown rail on the transfer side.
There is a flush on the transfer side.
The tap type is lever.
There is a mixer tap.
There is an emergency alarm.
The emergency pull cord alarm is not fully functional.
The alarm was out of reach (higher than 10cm (4") from floor) when surveyed.
Disposal facilities are available in the cubicle.
There is not a/are not coat hook(s).
Position of Fixtures View
Wall-mounted grab rails are available.
As you face the toilet the wall-mounted grab rails are on both sides.
There is not a shelf within the accessible toilet.
There is not a mirror.
The height of the toilet seat above floor level is 87cm (2ft 10in).
There is not a hand dryer.
There is not a towel dispenser.
There is a toilet roll holder.
The toilet roll holder can be reached from seated on the toilet.
The toilet roll holder is not placed higher than 100cm (3ft 3in).
There is a wash basin.
The wash basin cannot be reached from seated on the toilet.
The wash basin is placed higher than 74cm (2ft 5in).
The height of the wash basin is 78cm (2ft 7in).
Colour Contrast and Lighting View
The contrast between the external door and wall is poor.
The contrast between the internal door and wall is good.
The contrast between the wall-mounted grab rail(s) and wall is good.
The contrast between the dropdown rail(s) and wall is good.
The contrast between the walls and floor is good.
Baby Change Facilities View
Baby change facilities are located within the venue.
Baby change facilities are located in the accessible toilet.
The height of the baby change table once extended is 92cm (3ft).
You are on Standard Toilet(s). Skip to the next section.
Availability and Location of Standard Toilets View
Standard toilet facilities are available.
Access to Standard Female Toilet(s) View
The female toilet facilities that were surveyed are located on the ground floor, to the left as you enter.
The female toilet(s) is/are approximately 6m (6yd 1ft) from the main entrance.
Inside the venue, there is level access to the female toilet(s).
Lighting levels are bright.
Access to Standard Male Toilet(s) View
The male toilet facilities that were surveyed are located on the ground floor, to the left as you enter.
The male toilet(s) is/are approximately 10m (10yd 2ft) from the main entrance.
Inside the venue, there is level access to the male toilet(s).
There is a second set of standard toilets on the first floor.
These toilets are similar to the stand toilets on the ground floor.
You are on Additional Info. Skip to the next section.
Staff do receive disability awareness / equality training.
Documents are not available in Braille.
Documents can be requested in large print.
A bowl of water can be provided for an assistance dog.
An assistance dog toilet area can be provided onsite.
The assistance dog toilet area is located on the grassed areas.
A member of staff trained in BSL skills is not normally on duty.
Has something changed?
If our guide needs updating - just let us know using this form.
Please describe the change


text:
about Policy Research Centre
> Identification and ranking of Black spots: Sensitivity Analysis
Report number RA-2003-18
Title Identification and ranking of Black spots: Sensitivity Analysis
Authors Karolien Geurts
Tim Jacobs
Published by Policy Research Centre for Traffic Safety 2002-2006
Document language English
Partner(s) LUC (nu UHasselt)
Work package Other: Knowledge traffic unsafety
In Flanders, approximately 1014 accident locations are currently considered as 'dangerous'. These 'dangerous' accident sites or so-called 'black spots' are selected by means of their historic accident data for the period 1997-1999. More specifically, a combination of weighting values, respectively 1 for each light injury, 3 for each serious injury and 5 for each deadly injury (combination 1_3_5), is used to rank and select the most dangerous accident locations. In this paper a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the impact on the identification and ranking of black spots of 3 different weighting value combinations each representing a different attitude towards the traffic safety problem: avoiding all accidents (1_1_1), avoiding all deadly accidents (1_1_10) and avoiding all accidents with serious or deadly injuries (1_10_10). Results show that a different attitude towards the traffic safety problem and the choice of the corresponding injury weighting values does have important consequences for the selection and ranking of black spots and for traffic safety actions in general. Furthermore, a change in the traffic safety policy and the reflection of this choice in the injury weighting values will not only have an important impact on the number of accident locations that will change when selecting and ranking black spots, it will also have an important effect on the type of accident locations that are selected and accordingly on the resulting future traffic safety decisions.
Download RA-2003-18.pdf
The Policy Research Centre for Traffic Safety carries out policy relevant scientific research under the authority of the Flemish Government. The Centre is the result of a
cooperation between Hasselt University, KU Leuven and VITO, the Flemish Institute for Technological Research.
WP1: Data & Indicators
WP2: Risk analysis
WP3: Human behaviour
WP4: Development measures
WP5: Ranking & evaluation measures


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People are also concerned about bacteria and germs and don't want something where germs and other "gunk" can live and thrive.
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These are all important issues. What fills these needs better than solid surfaces? Solid surface delivers on all of these attributes.
High pressure laminate is the most basic of all synthetic countertops - and traditionally a very popular choice. Sold under such brand names as Formica, Wilsonart and Nevamar, it consists of brown paper impregnated with phenolic resin. The top layer of paper, which contains the pattern of color, is impregnated with melamine resin. The sheets are bonded together, then applied to fiberboard or particleboard during construction.
The latest material that's catching on is engineered quartz. The new quartz is nonporous and heat- and scratch-resistant, and comes in different colors. The stronger material is a mix of natural quartz that has been ground up and mixed with resin. The color and the look can be very soft or have larger particles. Quartz is more even so it's more uniform than granite. Quartz is one of the earth's most abundant materials and also one of the most intriguing.


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History of Asbestos in Hawaii
Home Legal Support In Your State History of Asbestos in Hawaii
Hawaii is home to one of the United States' most strategically significant naval installations, Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. From World War II to the 1980s, hundreds of navy ships were overhauled and repaired at Pearl Harbor. The machinery and equipment on battleships, destroyers, oilers, and submarines were routinely removed, repaired, and replaced to keep America's fighting fleet in the Pacific battle-ready.
Tons of asbestos was used on board navy ships up through the 1980s. Asbestos insulation was ideal for use on ships, because it was fireproof, waterproof, and an excellent insulator. Pipes, boilers, valves, turbines, pumps and other equipment were covered with asbestos block insulation, cloth, and pads. Pipe flanges were sealed with asbestos gaskets and valves were sealed with asbestos packing. Both navy seamen and civilian shipyard workers were exposed to excessive amounts of asbestos dust during ship overhauls and repairs at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard.
Asbestos was used at numerous other job sites in Hawaii. The Hawaiian Electric Company used asbestos at all of its power generating plants. Sugar mills made extensive use of asbestos to insulate boilers, pipes, and evaporators as sugar cane was processed into raw sugar. Hawaii's construction industry used asbestos-containing joint compound, wallboard, floor tiles, roofing material, siding, and plaster. Hawaii also has two oil refineries that used large amounts of asbestos insulation. Workers in these industries were exposed to excessive amounts of asbestos dust.
Tragically, many Hawaii workers also brought asbestos home on their clothes without realizing it. These workers and their families are at a heightened risk of mesothelioma.
Below is a list of occupations that put Hawaii workers at a known risk of asbestos exposure. If you worked in one of these occupations in the 1980s or earlier, there is a good chance that you were exposed to asbestos:
Longshoremen and Stevedores
Oil Refinery Workers
Shipyard Workers
JOB SITES WITH KNOWN ASBESTOS EXPOSURE
The following is a list of some of the Hawaii job sites where there is a documented use of asbestos products. If you or a family member worked at one of these places, you may be at a heightened risk of asbestos disease.
If you believe that you may have been exposed to asbestos at your own job, please contact a mesothelioma attorney for more information. There are many other job sites in Hawaii where asbestos was used.
Matson Container Station
Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard
Aloha State Sales
Lambert Cole & Co.
Vermiculite of Hawaii
Ala Moana Shopping Center
Gaspro Ltd.
Hawaiian Electric Co.
Kahe – all phases
Waiau – all phases
Amfac
Chevron Refinery (formerly Standard Oil)
Tesoro Refinery (formerly BHP)
Hawaiian Commercial Sugar
Matson SS Lines
Pioneer Mill Co.
Wailuku Plantation
Kauai Electric
Kohala Sugar
Kekaha Sugar
Big Island (Hawaii)
Laupahoehoe Sugar Co. – Okala Mill
Yamada Transfer
C and C, Inc.
Honokaa Sugar Co.
Hamakua Sugar Co.
MESOTHELIOMA IN HAWAII
The high levels of asbestos used in Hawaii, in particular at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, have taken their toll on the health of Hawaii workers, who have contracted the disease mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is a deadly cancer of the lining of the lungs and abdomen, which is caused by asbestos exposure.
Like other asbestos diseases, mesothelioma has a long latency period. This means that a person usually develops mesothelioma long after the initial exposure to asbestos – usually between 10 to 50 years later. Due to this latency period, the number of Hawaii mesothelioma deaths continues to rise even though asbestos is seldom used in Hawaii today.
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there were 57 mesothelioma deaths in Hawaii from 1999 to 2005.
HAWAII MESOTHELIOMA LAWYER
If you have been diagnosed with mesothelioma, and you believe you were exposed to asbestos in Hawaii, it is important that you contact a skilled attorney with experience in asbestos litigation. In addition, time is of the essence, because you have a limited amount of time to file suit.
We urge you to contact one of our mesothelioma lawyers for a free consultation. We can help you investigate the sources of your exposure, and determine what companies were responsible.


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