When considering the performance of Shopify sites, images are often one of the main contributors to poor load times. In this tutorial, I'll outline our process for optimizing all the images which are part of the theme assets.
a note on images in Shopify: Images in Shopify can be stored in three locations. There are backend images, associated with admin-accessible "objects" like blog posts, collections, products, and variants. Next, there are images entered through the Theme Editor or "Customizer", which can also be uploaded and managed under Settings > Files. Lastly there are theme images, which are pulled from the theme's asset folder. There are many image optimization apps for Shopify, but I haven't seen one which can handle all three types. Especially with custom developed or older themes it's often necessary to optimize these directly.
First you'll need to create a working directory, get app credentials, and set up config.yml. There's nothing fancy to the working directory - just an empty folder for you to work in. Create the folder, and navigate to it in a terminal window. Create a text file called config.yml. This is what themekit uses to authenticate (gain access), know which store, and which theme to pull from.
Then, replace the fields at the beginning with your particulars. Theme ID can be found by going to Themes > Customize and then looking at the number in the url. API Key is found by going to Apps > Manage Private Apps. Create a new one if there isn't one, and make sure it has permissions to access the themes. The API password will be generated when the app is created.
Once your config.yml file is ready, and saved in your working directory, you're ready to download the images.
In your terminal, run the command 'theme download'. You should see a progress bar appear, and if you have Finder or File Explorer open, then you'll see the files appearing there as they're downloaded.
Then, open ImageOptim and drag all the images into it to optimize them. There's something oddly satisfying about their drag-and-drop interface. Maybe it's just from optimizing images for years from the command line.
As it runs you'll see a little running total on the bottom of the total amount of space saved, and on each line the last column will have one or several names like "mozJPEG" or "Zopfli", which is the algorithm which resulted in the highest reduction for that image. Note: all algorithms it uses are lossless, so you don't have to worry about it affecting the quality of your images. It can take awhile since it is somewhat CPU intensive.
A note on image sizes: resizing some of these could drastically improve the reductions acheived, but only do this is if you're sure of all the places where the specific image is used. It's generally better to resize images at the theme level using the shopify img_url filter, in conjunction with html5 srcset attributes (shopify resizes and serves no bigger than needed, and srcset can only download the image needed depending on the device and pixel density of the screen displaying it).
Almost there! Once the images are optimized, we just need to upload them back up to the Shopify server to replace the old ones with the new ones. Run the command 'theme upload' to have themekit upload them automatically. It'll put them in the same theme that it pulled them from, so don't forget to make sure they actually end up in production (depending on your workflows this could be more complicated than just publishing the theme you've been working in).
Once the progress bar is completed and all the images are uploaded then you've successfully optimized all the theme asset images!
a note on image optimization for the web: there are two components to properly optimized images on a shopify site. There's optimizing the source, which is what we've done here - i.e. making the original file as small as possible and in the optimal format for its content, and then optimizing delivery, which is arguably the more important of the two. Optimizing the delivery of images is everything that happens between the image in a folder on a Shopify server, and it being downloaded to a user's device. This includes many layers, such as Liquid, where it can be cropped, reformatted, and sized to various dimensions, and distributed to the CDN with a versioned url, and the network and browser layer concerning how it's transmitted, how it's downloaded, and how it's displayed.
watch all the files appearing in your directory with wonder and awe.
c) optimize em! open image optim and drag and drop all the files into it. This can take awhile.
-I wish I knew more about optimizing GIF's. rather - I wish I knew an easy way to consistently optimizie GIFs, or a tool. Anybody?
if you have the full theme downloaded (not *just* doing images, or other local dev work), you can ls > files.txt and then multi-select to add assets/ to before and then paste into a large theme upload command.


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UMass Amherst now provides free COVID-19 tests for local community members. Tests will be offered by appointment only at the Mullins Center. For more information, go to www.umass.edu/coronavirus/communitycovidtest.
UMass Amherst has announced its Spring 2021 operating plan, inviting additional students to return to campus to advance their studies. The plan prioritizes public health and safety, including expansion of the university's successful COVID-19 testing program. For more information, go to www.umass.edu/spring.
Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence— Researchers develop more reliable AI-based modeling
Multi-institutional research team creates methods to improve the accuracy of AI-based modeling's predictive capabilities
UMass Amherst Professor Markos Katsoulakis and colleagues at Johns Hopkins University and the University of Delaware, recently reported in "Science Advances" that they have developed a mathematical and computational framework that provides more trustworthy models and algorithms for probabilistic artificial intelligence-based modeling. It also incorporates a systematic assessment of its predictive capabilities.
Katsoulakis, a professor in the department of mathematics and statistics, explains, "In data science, learning mathematical models is predominantly and justifiably driven by the abundance of available data in numerous application domains. However, for many complex physics, chemistry and engineering problems, data is often sparse, expensive and sourced from both experiments and computations with various levels of noise and accuracy."
In their new paper, the authors show how their approach works in predicting materials that increase the efficiency of a chemical reaction known as oxygen reduction reaction that is a performance bottleneck in fuel cells. Traditional modeling and experiments – often based on trial and error – are commonly used to test chemical catalysts to find those that work faster or more efficiently in fuel cells, they note. But their new framework can narrow down this "hit or miss" guessing approach to identify the most influential components of the modeled system.
They expect the approach will also apply to many other types of modeling with the same common themes – where available data are fairly sparse, for example, but some expert knowledge is at hand – problems in energy storage, renewable energy, high-throughput experimentation and biomaterials design.
But how much one can trust predictions made by such models – in fact by any AI algorithm – and whether they are reliable enough for design and decision-making tasks with important real-world consequences, is a significant mathematical challenge, Katsoulakis says.
He adds, "The first element of our proposed framework is the use of probabilistic graphical models – one of the established mathematical tools of artificial intelligence – to allow us to integrate available data, physics-based models and causality, and expert knowledge into a single, structured probabilistic model with many components and inputs."
To address such questions, he notes that "the second and complementary element of the proposed methodology is the development of tailored uncertainty quantification methods for probabilistic AI." These systematically assess model predictive uncertainty by quantifying the contributions of each data input and modeling decision, which leads to correctable and, eventually, more trustworthy models.
These uncertainty quantification methods can determine what additional, but potentially expensive to generate, data can have the biggest impact in improving a model." This approach relies on earlier work Katsoulakis and his collaborators who have been developing information theory-based tools to assess the predictive performance of complex computational models and deep learning for multi-scale systems.
Katsoulakis and Colleagues Develop More Trustworthy AI Methods
Naturally Newsworthy
Unintended resilience— how humans accidentally created coastline protection
The New England White Shark Research Consortium— an unparalleled joint-effort to understand this crucial apex predator
'Re-wilded'— Transforming Massachusetts cranberry bogs back into wetlands
ADVANCE Research Will Develop Tool to Reverse Immunosuppression

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The ICE litter was born on 24th August 2009. There are 4 girl and 4 boys. The pups are now three weeks old. No major faults in this litter, no DS, no ridgless and no kinked tails. This year's ICE litter is a repeated breeding of last year HOT litter.
Sweet and gentle. Love her dark, soft eyes. Always happy. Mijo is now living with Yvette and Stuart and her new RR friend Cookie. Yvette has long given up her promise of 'NO dogs on the sofa'.
Very pretty girl. The tail never stops wagging. Ibis now has a Ridgeback friend, as well as, a job to look after the motorbike shop. She will surely increase the turnover!
Full of life and assertive girl. She has a soft side to her, usually in the evening, she is the first to claim on the sofa and ask for a cuddle. Cookie now lives with Eiren. She spends her day in the stables and horses and other resident dogs. What a life!
Substantial girl with much character. You can always find her in the middle of a scuffle with the boys. She gives as good as she gets. L'il Kim has gone back to the Ridgeback and lives in South Africa. She is a spitting image of Dice and she now gives her new mama headaches chasing goats and other live stock.
Lovely boy that likes human contact. He spends his evenings together with Girl 3 on the sofa. Indy lives just around the corner. He is our local celebrity with his own page on the Facebook.
The 'man' between the boys. Super looks with proud expression and solid temperament. Ice is living in Germany and is co-owned by me. He is learning to be a show dog when he finds a minute break from playing with Boma, his RR mate.
Pele (CH Villagedogs Ka Nani Pele) has delivered a lovely litter of 12 puppies, 9 boys and 3 girls.


text:
Trump's pick for ambassador to Saudi Arabia would urge probe into Saudi nationals fleeing US prosecution
FOX News Network
the State Department
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Oregonian
John Abizaid
Somodevilla
Jeff Merkley
SAYSMerkley
Abizaid
SOURCE: https://www.foxnews.com/us/trumps-pick-to-be-ambassador-to-saudi-arabia-asked-about-saudi-nationals-accused-of-crimes-fleeing-us
Write a review: Google News
The newspaper also discovered instances in which the Saudi government appeared to have helped those students flee."Are you as disturbed as I am that Saudi nationals have a get-out-of-jail- free card that allows them to commit abuses against children, manslaughter, rape and have no accountability?" Merkley asked, according to The Oregonian.Abizaid responded: "I think there has to be complete accountability for any government and their citizens living abroad, and that includes respecting the laws of the host nation."SAUDI ARABIA HAS LONG HISTORY OF HELPING NATIONALS FLEE JUSTICE IN US, REPORT SAYSMerkley introduced a bill in January to urge the State Department to ask the Kingdom to turn over any of its citizens accused of crimes in the U.S. The U.S. and Saudi Arabia do not have an extradition treaty.This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
As said here by Ryan Gaydos


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Designer January 14, 2023 Uncategorized
West Palm Beach is finishing a $1.4 million renovation of the Pleasant City Community Center, one of more than 80 projects expected to be completed in the city over the next four years.
Built in the 1970s and located at 501 21st St., the renovated community center will essentially be a new structure.
"The building itself needed to be completed renovated," said Leah Rockwell, the city's parks and recreation director. "We pretty much gutted every room."
The community center is getting new, energy-efficient lighting, impact doors and windows, new cabinetry in a new community kitchen, a computer lab, 1,200 square feet of additional space and a new roof.
"We're expecting that roof to last 30 years like the first one did," Rockwell said. Sales tax money is being used for the renovations.
Kitchen will allow cooking classes at Pleasant City Community Center
The community center has long been a focal point in the area, but its shortcomings limited what could be done there.
"There was no technology in the building," Rockwell said.
When it re-opens — tentatively scheduled for late June, depending on the weather and on the progress of the final stages of construction — the community center's computer lab will be used by members of the general public and by teens in the city's Youth Empowerment Center, which provides programming in entrepreneurship, financial management, life skills, technology, health and wellness.
The center will also serve as a sort of annex where community members can access some of the services offered by the Mandel Public Library. Rockwell said members of the public had input on what they wanted in the community center, and one demand stood out – a community kitchen.
"The community had said they wanted cooking classes to teach them how to prepare more healthy foods to deal with health problems like diabetes and high blood pressure," Rockwell said.
Center due to reopen in June after being closed since August
The community center has been closed since August, and Rockwell said residents are looking forward to getting it back online.
Kelly Shoaf, whose City Commission district includes the Pleasant City Community Center, said the facility plays an important role in the community.
"Providing after-school programs, athletics, art classes, homework centers, and home to the Youth Empowerment Center, the Pleasant City Community Center has been a staple in the community and the new renovation will provide expanded programming and additional resources to all of our residents," Shoaf said.
Source: Palm Beach Post
Future Designers
Grand Prix Village Equestrian Facility – Wellington, FL


It cannot be emphasized enough just how vital it is that everyone gets high quality sleep for at least 7-8 hours a night. Even a few small changes can help you achieve your best natural ways to sleep better each and every night. Just remember that it doesn't matter what you read but what you actually do. So actually start doing all these things, tonight.
Electronics, like smart phones and televisions, can prolong the amount of time you need to get to a deep sleep cycle and shorten the time you get to spend in that cycle. If you use the excuse that your cell phone is an alarm clock, replace it with a normal battery powered clock. Make sure to turn your phone off or place in outside of your bedroom overnight. You'll also get the benefit of not being distracted an incoming text or email.
It is natural to want to sleep with an open window or to keep your computer in your bedroom for easy access. However, this is not great for quality sleep. Light waves exist along a spectrum of color and sleeplessness is activated primarily by blue light, like sunlight or what is coming from your computer screen right now. In order to control the amount of blue light in your bedroom, make sure to use curtains to keep the morning sunlight out and always either have your computer screen off or covered.
The opposite of the previous step, you actually want to increase your Cortisol Awakening Response, or CAR, first thing in the morning using some form of blue spectrum light, or sleeping products. This is a great way to improve your sleep quality by feeling more awake in the morning. The truth is that the more awake you feel in the morning, the more tired you'll feel in the evening which will lead you to deeper and longer sleep. The best way to do this is to expose your body to natural sunlight shortly after you wake up, which brings the bonus of increased vitamin D production.
For most people, the prime room temperature for sleep is somewhere between 62 and 70 degrees F. You will have to experiment a bit to find your own personal ideal setting but if you feel a bit shivery when getting into bed, this is a good sign you are on the right track.
White noise, either natural or coming from sleeping products or machine, can be a great way to fall into sleep. However, the noise should be minimal and distant. If you live in a busy area, try and keep the windows shut or use ear plugs to your room quiet and your mind calm. It also helps to focus on your breathing.
On average it takes a person 28 days to upgrade an action into a routine habit. When you find the routines you think work the best for you at night, stick with them for at least a month. By consistently repeating this sleep ritual, it'll make your body used to falling asleep after the same actions for ways to sleep better. By the time the month is over, you may never have to worry about falling into a deep sleep cycle again.


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La Presentació de Cadolla és una església de Senterada (Pallars Jussà) protegida com a Bé Cultural d'Interès Local.

Descripció
Església d'una sola nau, orientada oest-est (absis recte a l'oest i porta a l'est), construïda amb materials de la zona (pedra sense treballar i argamassa de calç), coberta originàriament amb voltes d'aresta distribuïdes entre tres arcs torals, dels quals només en queda un.

A la nau central té dues capelles a banda i banda també cobertes originàriament amb el mateix tipus de volta. De la més propera a l'absis apareix un accés que porta a una estança en runes, la funció de la qual desconeixem, i del costat de l'altar s'obre una altra que porta, mitjançant un distribuïdor en runes, a una habitació coberta amb una cúpula nervada d'estil gòtic, amb una clau de volta circular de pedra esculpida al centre.

Aquesta estança sembla pertànyer a una edificació més alta de planta vuitavada que recorda un campanar, i situada just darrere el mur absidial.

Adossat al cos principal a la dreta de l'entrada, s'alça el campanar, de planta quadrada, al qual s'hi accedeix per unes escales fetes de lloses i argamassa de calç. Tota l'estructura està consolidada i el teulat reconstruït pels mateixos veïns. Encara conserva dos campanes, una de 1900 consagrada a Santa Maria i l'altra de 1926, que sembla originària de Naens, construïda a Madrid i consagrada a Sant Josep.

Història
No tenim notícies antigues de la presència d'aquesta església, que possiblement, en època medieval estava consagrada a un altre titular. Les notícies més antigues que tenim són del lloc de Cadolla, documentat per primer cop el 979, en una donació del monestir de Lavaix al castell d'Adons.

Aquesta església era sufragània de Naens.

Referències

Patrimoni monumental de Senterada
Esglésies de Senterada

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Who uses home health care services?
Individuals who are discharged from a hospital or nursing home but still require care.
Individuals who are under a physician's care but are home bound.
Individuals who have short term health needs, or individuals who need assistance to live independently at home, due to age or disability.
Individuals who are terminally ill, but choose to live out the remainder of their life with dignity in the comfort of their own home.
Call Medgar Evers Home Health Agency Today!
We are never closed to our patients–our doors are always open!
Copyright 2006 Medgar Evers Home Health Agency. All Rights Reserved.


Published on DissidentVoice,org, by Ernest Partridge, July 26th, 2008.
… In 1946, Dr. Gustav M. Gilbert, a psychologist fluent in German, was assigned by the U.S. Army to study the minds and motivations of the Nazi defendants at the Nuremberg tribunals. The following year, his Nuremberg Diary was published, containing transcripts of his conversations with the prisoners. (Excerpts here: Nuremberg Diary, by G.M. Gilbert, 488 pages, 1995 Da Capo Press).
"Absence of empathy" is likewise, I submit, "the one characteristic that connects" most of the immoral and misbegotten tenets of Bushism: that dogmatic mix of market absolutism, libertarianism, corporatism and simple greed that falsely describes itself as "conservatism," and which I choose to call "regressivism." "Absence of empathy" is the essence of evil which, if unchecked and unreversed, is certain to bring about the demise of the American republic as we know it, just as it led to the fall of the Third Reich.
The President's mother, Barbara Bush, on Good Morning America: "Why should we hear about body bags and deaths. Oh, I mean, it's not relevant. So why should I waste my beautiful mind on something like that?" (March 18, 2003).
Raddatz: Two-third of Americans say [the Iraq War] is not worth fighting.
Former Senator Phil Gramm, economic advisor to John McCain, in an interview with the Washington Times, remarked that the American economy is in "a mental recession.: "We've sort of become a nation of whiners," he added.
… But these are not normal circumstances, for this regime is supported by a formidable array of resources: virtually unlimited financial support, a captive media including a cadre of right-wing pundits, a proven ability to rig elections along with a refusal of the media to investigate and report election fraud, oppressive laws, a ruthless GOP campaign organization unconstrained by facts, fair-play, or even on occasion, by the law. All these resource might once again overwhelm the "consent of the governed," and prolong the regressive regime for another four or even eight years. But eventually, it must fall. The longer it holds on, the greater the misery and repression that will ensue, and the more violent the eventual overthrow.
Best to end it now.
But it will take an extraordinary effort by an overwhelming number of ordinary citizens to bring it off. There are no guarantees. (full long text).


treat your self to something nice.
Party 105 is hooking you up with $105 Cash.
It's Party 105's Holiday Cash.
for your chance to win $105 to do whatever you want.
Your place for late night eats and late night partying.


Strap into your new go-to T.U.K.'s this season! The original T.U.K. pointed sandal is back and now vegan friendly! This style features an all-black upper made of high quality TUKskin™ material, a polishable synthetic faux leather that is both soft and breathable.
Detailed with silver studs and an adjustable studded ankle strap, these sandals blend T.U.K. attitude with fashionable, seasonal wearability.


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The central and eastern Arabian Sea as a perennial source of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Sarma, V. V. S. S. ; Dileep Kumar, M. ; George, M. D. (1998) The central and eastern Arabian Sea as a perennial source of atmospheric carbon dioxide Tellus B, 50 (2). pp. 179-184. ISSN 0280-6509
Official URL: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/1191203...
Related URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-1-00005.x
Seasonal (winter monsoon, intermonsoon and southwest monsoon) and interannual (between southwest monsoon seasons of 1995 and 1996) variations in total carbon dioxide (TCO2) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were studied in the central and eastern Arabian Sea as a part of the JGOFS (India) Programme. The pCO2 values were computed from the results of coulometric TCO2 and spectrophotometric pH measurements. Seasonal variability in TCO2 is evident with the changing circulation and biological production. In all seasons, the pCO2 is higher in surface waters of the Arabian Sea, except along the Indian coast in the southwest monsoon, than that in atmosphere, and thus this region appears to be a perennial source of atmospheric CO2. Significantly, an average of ~45 Tg y-1 could be ejected to atmosphere from the study region, that seems to far exceed the earlier estimations. The estimated fluxes, however, are in agreement with those from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Copyright of this article belongs to International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm.


Have you added or lost any employees?
What is the number of FT Employees?
Worker's compensation laws are being enforced. At the minimum you can be fined by the state if you fail to carry coverage. Do you need to discuss this with us?
Have you had any changes in the type of work you are doing?
Have you purchased or sold any property, vehicles or equipment?
Do you need to remove or add any vehicles or leinholders on your auto policy?
Do you need to remove or add any drivers?
Have you made any building updates- roof/ heat & air /plumbing and/or electrical?
Would you like a quote or more information on Employment Practices Liability?
Would you like a quote or more information on Utility Services Coverage?
Would you like a quote or more information on Data Breach Coverage?
Would you like an Umbrella quote? We recommend all business have this!!


From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell in Hempstead, New York (Drs Patel and Sabini) and Southside Hospital in Bay Shore, New York (Dr Sabini). Dr Patel is a fourth-year resident.
Patel KG, Sabini RC. Safety of Osteopathic Cranial Manipulative Medicine as an Adjunct to Conventional Postconcussion Symptom Management: A Pilot Study. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2018;118(6):403–409. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2018.061.
Context: Osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine is not a well-established adjunct to conventional treatment for patients with postconcussion symptoms.
Objective: To determine whether adjunctive osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine is safe for patients with concussion when accompanied by conventional treatments.
Participants: Patients who sustained a concussion were prospectively recruited from an outpatient concussion clinic by a neuropsychologist specialized in concussion. All participants were identified to have a cranial dysfunction.
Intervention: Each eligible participant received 1 session of the osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine vault hold technique.
Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported adverse events during or after 1 session of the osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine procedure and improvement in concussion symptoms at return to follow-up.
Results: None of the 9 participants reported adverse events during or immediately after receiving osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine. Five of the 7 participants who returned for follow-up demonstrated improvement in their overall concussion symptoms based on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale scores.
Conclusions: Osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine was considered a safe adjunctive treatment option to improve concussion-related symptoms and recovery.


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Scarecrow Trail open to visitors
MISSISSIPPI STATE -- Darth Rebel and Bully-Wan-Kanobi are waiting to greet visitors to the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center in Verona.
The Star Wars-inspired creations are among the 60 residents of this year's Scarecrow Trail, which winds through gardens filled with flowers and landscape plants.
The trail opened to the public Sept. 17 and will remain open through Oct. 25. Admission is free, and families or individuals who want to enjoy the gardens and exhibits may walk the trail anytime Monday through Friday between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.
The North Mississippi Extension Horticulture Center Master Gardeners and the Tupelo Visitors and Convention Bureau sponsor the Scarecrow Trail.
"The trail is a way to introduce youth to the 4-H Junior Master Gardener program and to show them ways gardening can be fun," said Alice Nunnelley, project chair of the North Mississippi Master Gardeners. "The scarecrows are the creations of local school groups, businesses, organizations and individuals."
Guided group tours are available. For reservations, call Sharon McKissick of the Tupelo Convention and Visitors Bureau at (662) 841-6521 or (800) 533-0611.
For more information on the 4-H Junior Master Gardener program, visit their Web page or contact a county Extension agent.
Year of monthly field days begins Jan. 17
Schedule set for Extension gardening workshop series
Avoid the seven deadly sins of gardening
Bring a garden gnome home to your landscape
Winter-blooming cyclamen make great indoor plants
BugWise Newsletter
No. 7: Hibiscus Sawfly/Squash Vine Borer
http://extension.msstate.edu/news/feature-story/2005/scarecrow-trail-open-visitors


At Lavorwash, we sell a variety of different diesel heaters in Australia. Some of our diesel heaters fall into the space heater—or radiant heater—category. Others we tend to classify as forced air heaters. One of the big questions we often hear from buyers is something along the lines of 'What's the difference?' If you need to heat an outdoor worksite or a well-ventilated workshop, then which diesel air heater is the right choice for you?
Before we go any further, do note that Lavorwash carries both radiant and forced air heaters in the diesel category. We do not have a 'dog in this fight,' so to speak. We believe our heaters in both the radiant and forced air design categories are exceptionally well-made products. Regardless of which option you choose, you will have access to the above-and-beyond service and support we offer for every product we sell.
Radiant heaters work by heating a surface or object and then transmitting the heat to surrounding objects and air. In the case of Lavorwash, our radiant air diesel workshop heaters work by heating a large plate on the front of the machine. As the plate heats up, it starts heating up the surrounding air. A small fan speeds up the process by flowing the hot air away from the machine and into other parts of the workshop or worksite.
Forced air diesel heaters work in a slightly different fashion. These heaters use a convection process, which involves blowing air through a heat source to warm the air. At Lavorwash, our forced air systems feature burners that produce high levels of heat when ignited. A fan then blasts air through the machine, into the heat source, and out the other side. The air exiting the heater is considerably hotter than the air entering the machine.
So which diesel air heaters are right for your purposes? Ultimately, the answer will depend on your priorities. Radiant space heaters tend to be a little more fuel efficient. Since forced air heaters require a very powerful fan to accomplish much of anything, they burn through diesel quicker than radiant air heaters. This point is important for heaters that use diesel, since diesel fuel is not particularly cheap. Forced air heaters are also louder than radiant heaters, thanks again to their high-powered fans.
Still, there are situations where forced air heaters are preferable. Radiant heaters are perfect for larger spaces (such as warehouses) or wide-open spaces (like worksites), thanks to the fact that they deliver heat outwards. For smaller spaces, or for sites where are you are just trying to provide direct heat to specific areas, forced air heaters are often the better option.
If you are looking for a diesel workshop heater in Australia and want to know a little more about the models Lavorwash offer in both the radiant and forced air categories, feel free to contact us directly. Submit your contact enquiry here.


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Counterfactual reasoning has multiple applications to forensic
analysis of failures in safety-critical systems. Modern embedded and
cyber-physical systems are characterized by a large number of
concurrent components with multiple interactions between them.
Furthermore, physical environment of such systems adds to the
complexity of dynamics of system executions, and some of the physical
interactions may not be directly observable. Consider an example from
the medical domain~\cite{pajicTII2012}. A patient is being treated for
pain using a medication delivered by an infusion pump. To prevent
overdoses, which can be fatal, the system is equipped with a safety
interlock that stops the pump if a dangerous condition is detected
through vital sign sensors, such as blood oxygenation and pulse rate.
If an overdose occurs, causality analysis faces several challenges.
The pump may be infusing medication at a slightly higher rate than
programmed, but was it the cause?  Infusion is a continuous process,
and duration of the infusion is just as important factor as the
infusion rate. Proper abstraction of such an interaction is important
for the analysis. Similarly, the interlock may not have detected the
overdose symptoms in time, but was it the problem of the algorithm
used by the interlock or the fact that the patient had unusually high
sensitivity to the drug. Complex dynamics of the physiological effects
of pain medication need to be taken into account, since they directly
affect how quickly the patient gets overdosed.

In the rest of this paper, we present three research directions in
counterfactual causality analysis that may help, in the future, to
address challenges posed by this motivating example.  First, we argue
that causality definitions should be driven not by individual examples
but by a set of precisely specified requirements and discuss what
these requirements may include.  Second, we argue that support for
system dynamics and temporal relationships should be included in the
causality framework.  Note that, by themselves, the techniques
discussed may not be sufficient to incorporate continuous dynamics
that the example needs.  However, the third research direction deals
with the use of abstractions in causality analysis. Such abstraction
techniques as discretization of continuous signals may allow us to
eventually handle the full complexity of causality analysis in
cyber-physical systems.

\section{Escaping the TEGAR}

Research on counterfactual causality analysis has been marked, since
its early days \cite{Hume1739}, by a succession of definitions of
causality that are informally (in)validated against human intuition on
mostly simple examples. Let us call this approach TEGAR, {\em textbook
  example guided analysis refinement}. TEGAR contrasts with
mathematics and natural sciences building knowledge on theorems and
proofs, in that most work on causation lacks formal properties against
which the definitions are tested. As a result, TEGAR suffers, as
pointed out in \cite{glymour2010actual}, from its dependence on the
tiny number and incompleteness of examples in the literature and the
lack of stability of the intuitive judgments against which the
definitions are validated. This absence of formal tools for evaluating
theories of causation is not primarily owed to a lack of
formalization: at least since the works of
\cite{spirtes2000causation,Pearl2000}, different formal definitions of
causality have been proposed. Among the most influential definitions
of counterfactual causality are Lewis' possible world semantics
\cite{Lewis1973b,Lewis1986,Lewis00} and Pearl's and Halpern's actual
causality \cite{Pearl2000,HalpernPearl2005,DBLP:conf/ijcai/Halpern15}.
Both definitions have undergone a series of refinements in order to
match human intuition on additional examples that were proposed to
challenge them. One may doubt that this is the end of the story. It is
interesting to note that the understanding of causality and
explanations in natural sciences faces a similar lack of objective
referential, as witnessed by the dispute reedited in
\cite{CausalityInPhysics1990}.

We believe that a more constructive, reproducible approach to design
definitions of counterfactual causality is needed. A first step
towards this goal would be to formally define a family of requirements
--- that are as agnostic as possible of concrete models of computation
--- on counterfactual causality, rather than a mere set of competing
concrete definitions.

Some efforts to axiomatize counterfactual reasoning have been made. On
structural equations models \cite{Pearl2000} (SEM),
\cite{springerlink:10.1023/A:1009602825894} introduces three
properties that hold in all (recursive and nonrecursive) SEM, two of
which characterize manipulation (Pearl's {\em do} operator) in the
recursive case. \cite{journals/jair/Halpern00} generalizes these
results to an axiomatic characterization of the classes of
non-recursive SEM with unique solutions, and arbitrary SEM. With the
goal of using counterfactual causality for fault ascription --- that
is, blaming a system failure on one or more component faults ---,
\cite{GoesslerStefani2015} proposes general constraints on
counterfactuals that are sufficient to entail correctness and
completeness. Similarly, a general definition of actual causality is
proposed and then instantiated in
\cite{journals/ijar/BeckersV16}. While none of these axiom systems is
strong enough to characterize more than basic properties of
counterfactual reasoning, we believe that there is still room for
progress.

Let us have a closer look why current accounts of counterfactual causality are
not satisfactory. The impact of modeling choices on counterfactual analysis has
long been recognized, see for instance \cite{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1106-2652}. In our
eyes, one of the most critical shortcomings of state-of-the-art SEM-based
approaches is the dependence of the result on the structure of the model.

\begin{example}[Lamp \cite{weslake2015partial}]
  Consider three variables $A$, $B$, $C$ ranging over $\{-1,0,1\}$.
  Lamp $L_1$ is on whenever any two of the variables share the same
  value. Lamp $L_2$ is on whether there is a value among $\{-1,0,1\}$
  that is different from the values of all three variables. The
  structural equations are as follows:
  \begin{align*}
    L_1 \; = \; & \; (A=B \; \vee \; B=C \; \vee \; A=C) \\[1ex]
    L_2 \; = \; & \; (N_{-1} \; \vee \; N_0 \; \vee \; N_1) \quad\mbox{where} \\
    N_i \; = \; & \; (A\neq i \, \wedge \, B\neq i \, \wedge \, C\neq i), \quad i\in\{-1,0,1\}
  \end{align*}
  In the actual world, the state is $A=1$, $B=C=-1$, $N_{-1}=0$,
  $N_0=1$, $N_1=0$, and $L_1=L_2=1$. Halpern's modified definition of
  actual causality \cite{DBLP:conf/ijcai/Halpern15} considers each of
  $B=-1$ and $C=-1$ as a cause of $L_1=1$ and of $L_2=1$. However, it
  also considers $A=1$ as a cause of $L_2=1$.\footnote{The previous
    definitions of actual causality \cite{Pearl2000,HalpernPearl2005}
    consider each of $A=1$, $B=-1$, $C=-1$ as a cause of both $L_1=1$
    and $L_2=1$.}  Intuitively, this is due to the fact that there is
  a contingency --- namely, holding $N_1$ at zero --- under which
  switching $A$ from $1$ to $0$ switches off $L_2$. Thus, the
  resulting causes for $L_1=1$ and $L_2=1$ differ even though the
  definitions of $L_1$ and $L_2$ are logically equivalent.
\end{example}

This example brings us to a first set of points we want to make.

First, the result of causality analysis should depend on the semantics
of the model but not its syntax. An intuitive motivation for this
requirement is that the analysis should be ``objective enough'' so as
to determine causality independently of how the story is told. More
importantly, the formal motivation is that searching for a theory of
causation that allows us to reason about equivalence and refinement of
models is hopeless as long as semantically equivalent models are
distinguishable.

Second, we need formalization of counterfactual causality based on
{\em first principles}, similar to the approach of
\cite{DBLP:journals/ai/Reiter87}, in the sense that the formalization
is constructed from general requirements. As in the design processes
in most engineering disciplines, the development of a definition of
causation should be performed top-down, starting from the question of
{\em what formal requirements the definition should meet},
independently of concrete modeling frameworks. An example of such
requirements is robustness of causation under equivalence of models,
for a given definition of equivalence. Directly focusing on the
question ``how to implement it?'' is likely to narrow down the design
space prematurely and require ``debugging'' of the definitions, as
discussed above. In turn, such a ``specification'' of counterfactual
causality should help us in answering questions such as:
\begin{itemize}

\item How to design a counterfactual analysis satisfying the
  requirements?

\item Can we obtain the same analysis result with other tools than
  counterfactual analysis? What are properties of interest that are
  satisfied only by counterfactual analysis?

\item Is counterfactual causality analysis inherently NP-complete (as
  Halpern and Pearl's actual
  causality) \cite{DBLP:journals/ai/EiterL02,DBLP:conf/ijcai/Halpern15}?

\end{itemize}

\section{Native Support for System Dynamics}

It has been pointed out in \cite{glymour2010actual} that Halpern and
Pearl's definitions of actual causality, based on SEM over
propositions, poorly support reasoning about state changes.  Other
limitations of SEM --- in particular, their inability to distinguish
between states and events, and between presence and absence of an
event --- have also been noted e.g.\ by Hopkins and Pearl
\cite{HopkinsP07}, and several other formalisms have been suggested
for supporting reasoning about causal ascription (see for instance
\cite{BenferhatBCNDSKNNPS08}). Counterfactual definitions of necessary
causality for behaviors over time have been proposed for biochemical
reactions in \cite{danos_et_al:LIPIcs:2012:3866} and similarly for
programs in \cite{conf/csfw/Datta0KSS15}, and for fault ascription in
component-based systems in \cite{GoesslerLeMetayer2015}; some works
define variants of actual causality on models of execution traces
\cite{DBLP:journals/fmsd/BeerBCOT12,DBLP:conf/safecomp/KuntzLL11}.

Apart from the modeling infelicities of SEM, a key point is that
models that allow finitary descriptions of systems dynamics are
essential for conducting actual cause analysis. In particular since
counterfactual executions may be unbounded it may be necessary to
explore a prefix of the counterfactuals whose length is not bounded a
priori, in order to evaluate the property. For instance,
a system dynamics can be represented by a set of traces or some
sort of automata, and actual cause analysis for a property violation during some execution
can consist in constructing
sets of traces or automata executions that avoid a particular set of violating states
but keep at least the antecedent part of the original execution.
In order to effectively
construct and analyze these counterfactual executions, we then need a symbolic representation,
along with symbolic formulations of the counterfactual construction
and analysis. Symbolic approaches to causality checking have been
proposed e.g.\ in \cite{conf/spin/BeerHKLL15} for Halpern and Pearl's
actual causality and in \cite{RV2013,emsoft14} for fault ascription in
real-time systems; except for \cite{emsoft14} they rely on generating
and analyzing bounded counterfactuals.

For systems dynamics, the notion of coalgebra \cite{Jacobs2016,Rutten00}
provides a systematic setting, generalizing notions of transition systems
that include e.g.\ many variants of probabilistic and stochastic transition
systems \cite{Sokolova11}, as well as hybrid transition systems \cite{Neves2016}.
Following the (hyper)set-based formulation of \cite{Barwise96Circles}, a system
can be described coalgebraically as a possibly infinite, mutually recursive, set of equations of the form
$x = F(x)$, where $F$ is some operator on sets, and $x$ some variable.
For instance, the standard notion of
(finitely branching) labelled transition system is given by operator $F$ defined
as $F(X) = \mathscr{P}_f(A \times X)$ where $\mathscr{P}_f (S)$ denotes the set of finite
subsets of some set $S$, $X$ is the set of (state) variables and $A$ is the set of labels.
One benefit of the coalgebraic approach is its
generality. For instance, many different variants of transition systems,
including timed, quantitative, and stochastic ones, are instances of coalgebras.
Our contention is that it could be beneficial to develop causality analysis
in an abstract coalgebraic framework, if only to identify abstractions and
constructions (e.g.\ for counterfactuals) that apply generally irrespective of the
actual details of the chosen operators. \cite{GoesslerStefani2015} provides an example
of counterfactual analysis developed in an abstract setting -- that
of configuration structures, which can be understood as a general model for
concurrent system executions or unfoldings. It seems to us that general notions of causality
and counterfactuals should not depend on the specifics of system or transition system models.
Rather, we expect that at least general constraints on counterfactual construction and causal dependencies
can be obtained for abstract system models and properties.
For instance, a general notion of behavior and bisimulation can be defined for coalgebraic systems \cite{Jacobs2016,Rutten00},
that does not depend on the specifics of the chosen operator. Obtaining similarly
abstract characterizations of causal dependencies or counterfactuals would be of enormous benefit.

Once we allow for unbounded executions also in the actual world ---
that is, the observed execution, --- {\em incremental} causality analysis
becomes an issue.  Many causality analysis techniques operate on the observed prefix of the execution at the point when an event of interest, such as a failure, is discovered.  If the analysis relies on explicit construction of counterfactuals, there is a danger of repeating the same work for different counterfactuals.  Moreover, if the analysis has to be performed multiple times over an evolving execution, redundant efforts are even more likely.  In this case, incremental analysis can keep partially constructed counterfactuals, hopefully in a symbolic form, and update them as the next observation from the execution arrives.  While this approach may not reduce complexity of causality analysis, it may amortize the cost over a long-running execution and reduce analysis latency, once an event of interest is observed.

With this vision, the partial, evolving counterfactual would allow us to answer
the question, ``if the event of interest is to happen in the next step, what
would the causes be?''  When there are multiple events of interest --- for instance, multiple ways for a failure to occur, --- the danger is that the incremental analysis would incur additional cost with bookkeeping for events that never occur.

\section{Causation and Abstraction}

Important applications of causality analysis include the construction
of concise explanations for observed behaviors
\cite{DBLP:journals/fmsd/BeerBCOT12,danos_et_al:LIPIcs:2012:3866}, and
establishing liability \cite{DBLP:journals/cacm/MetayerMMPFTCH11}.
Preconditions for causality analyses to be applicable and sound are
(a) availability of the necessary observations to determine causality,
and (b) consistency between the model on which the analysis is
performed, and the implementation generating the
observations. Requirement (a) is addressed by ensuring {\em
  accountability} \cite{DBLP:conf/ccs/KustersTV10} with respect to
causality analysis, that is, constructing systems in such a way that
all information necessary to elucidate the causes of events of
interest is logged. We believe that accountability with respect to
causality analysis should become a design requirement for new designs
of safety-critical systems.

Surprisingly, requirement (b) has received little attention in the
computer science community so far. However, using counterfactual
analysis on hand-crafted models of causal dependencies to determine
the causes of a system failure is much like modeling a critical system
in one formalism and then implementing it in another one from scratch
--- the semantic gap between the model and the actual system makes it
difficult to ensure that the former is faithful with respect to the
latter. Software design has been formalized as a series of refinements
from a high-level specification down to the implementation; for the
design of cyber-physical systems, numerous discrete abstractions of
the continuous dynamics have been proposed, see
e.g.~\cite{tabuada2009}. Theories of causation should therefore be
able to track causation through these levels of abstraction and
refinement, for instance, to verify causation on a small abstract
model and then refine potential causes identified on that level. To
this end, theories of causation should have a well-defined behavior
under abstraction and refinement, such as correctness (any cause in
the abstract model is refined into a cause in the refinement) or
completeness (the abstraction of any cause in the refinement is also a
cause in the abstract model) of abstraction. One can go even further
and ask how causality meshes with system equivalences. The standard
benchmark for system equivalences is contextual equivalence: given
some notion of observable and some notion of system execution, two
systems are equivalent when, placed in the same context, they have the
same observables and the same executions.  It seems to us plausible to
ask of a notion of causality to be robust with respect to contextual
equivalence: if causal analysis in a complex system $S[A]$, where
$S[\cdot]$ is a context for subsystem $A$, yields a certain result,
then the same analysis performed on $S[B]$, where $B$ is contextually
equivalent to $A$, should yield the same result (e.g.\ pinpointing
some observable event in $A$ or $B$ as the actual cause of some
property violation).  We are not aware of any work studying
abstraction, refinement, or robustness, in the SEM framework.

Finally, deriving an implementation by refining an abstract
specification usually implies that the abstract model encompasses some
non-determinism. In order to support multiple levels of refinement,
theories of causation have to be able to cope with this
non-determinism.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Is this a question about Cauchy's functional equation? If $ f(\frac{x+y}{2})=\frac{f(x)+f(y)}{2}$
$x≠0$
$y≠0$
which of following is possible?
A. $f(x)=\frac1x$
B. $f(x)=2x$
C. $f(x)=2^x$
D. $f(x)=\sin(2x)$

A: You can try plugging in the functions given in A, B, C, D and see that only B will work. (For all $x, y$, of course)
Also, this is Jensen's functional equation. The solutions are linear functions or constant functions. Thus the answer is B.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
MARTIN RB-57A 52-1467
Although designed as a medium bomber, the RB-57As were used for reconnaissance. Our aircraft came off the production line in Middle River in July 1954, and retired in 1972. It was airlifted by a Chinook helicopter from the Aberdeen Proving Ground in May 1992. The first restoration was completed in 2000. The second restoration was completed in 2017, taking 600 hours. The plane appears in original markings.
Click on the picture for a full screen slideshow


The boss walks in your workplace and casually asks you to increase gross sales by 20% and he has given you three days to complete the task. With the company in many different locations and the rising numbers of workers, the HR department noticed a need to find a new system to keep more accurate information. You might need new employees joining your company. As a result of many of the workers at Ameriprise take their computers between work and residential, the corporate determined there was a have to put extra safety into those computers.
A network assessment is carried out after now we have completed the enterprise and design requirements of the company. A network evaluation gives a fast snapshot of the current network with an examination of the infrastructure, efficiency, availability, management and safety.
The proof of concept test results should be examined and used to modify present infrastructure, safety and administration specifications before generating a design proposal. HRIS has gone from a basic course of to convert handbook data conserving systems into computerized techniques, to the HRIS methods which can be used today.
Although these promotional items are good materials to attract individuals into supporting the business, they will not be very best presents to give to long-time shoppers which have been giving loads of enterprise to the corporate. Although the pc was retrieved and no info seemed to have been harmed, many employees lost their sense of security with the corporate.
The use of self-service functions creates a constructive scenario for HR. ESS provides HR more time to deal with strategic issues, equivalent to workforce management, succession planning, and compensation management, while at the similar time bettering service to employees and managers, and making certain that their information is accurate.


text:
Bruins extend winning streak with 6-2 victory over Islanders
Mike Loftus
Just think what it could be like when they start to play whole games properly. The Bruins haven't quite done that this season – not even over the winning streak they extended to three games with Monday night's 6-2 victory over the New York Islanders at TD Garden.
No doubt, they've rediscovered their scoring touch with 18 goals during the 3-0 run, after netting only 21 in their first 10 games, but there are still areas that need touch-ups.
"We're a bit sloppy defensively," Coach Claude Julien told his players before the B's took the ice for the third period with a 3-2 lead. "We had to get better in our (defensive) zone at collapsing, taking care of that slot area, where I thought we gave them too many chances."
It was only fair for the Bruins to respond. They were, after all, trying to give goalie Tuukka Rask his first win in four starts, and after scoring only three goals for Rask over his first four outings, it would have been a crime to give him sufficient offensive support, but insufficient defensive help.
"We got a couple penalties, and they had some decent chances," said Rask, who preserved a 3-2 lead with a 12-save second period. "A couple times, we got caught in our own zone for a little bit at (even strength), and they got their cycle game going, but nothing too serious."
Rask was extremely forgiving after having to face only six shots over the final 20 minutes, especially since his teammates added three more goals.
The B's were happy for Rask, too – and just as happy for slow-starter Nathan Horton, who finally had a big game.
Horton, a 26-goal scorer last year who had only two through this season's first 12 games, doubled his total Monday night. He put Boston ahead to stay with a power-play goal 13:38 into the game that made it 2-1, and crushed any comeback possibilities in the third, when he gave the B's a three-goal lead less than a minute after Milan Lucic scored at 4:34 to make it 4-2.
"The tough times are not easy, but tonight, I felt better," said Horton, who has watched linemates Lucic (four-game goal/point streak, with 5-2–7 totals) and Krejci (2-4–6 in the last two games) emerge from slumps before he could escape his own. "It makes you feel better, getting points and feeling good out there."
Several Bruins are feeling much better than they did just last week, after consecutive losses to Montreal left them with a 3-7-0 record and last in the Eastern Conference.
Patrice Bergeron has points in seven straight games (3-6–9), the latest being an assist on linemate Tyler Seguin's first-period goal for Seguin's fifth in the last four games. Captain Zdeno Chara has quietly piled up seven assists over a four-game streak, with two of them Monday night.
Meanwhile, Rask wasn't the first Bruin to finally get on the board. Benoit Pouliot, pressed into service after three idle games because of an injury to Rich Peverley, opened the scoring with his first goal as a member of the B's.
"We've addressed a lot of the problems and the mistakes that we were making," Lucic said. "We're starting to find that level that we want to play at, and it wasn't easy.
"We had to work really hard to get out of that funk, and we're going to have to work even harder to keep it going."
The Bruins pretty much have to keep it going, because they haven't gained back many positions lost during that 3-7-0 start. Boston finally has moved out of the conference cellar, but only into a three-way tie for 12th through 14th place in the East with 12 points.
There's hope, though, that another streak can be extended. Last night's win was the second straight at the Garden, where the B's play their next four games.
"We talked about how important that was," said Julien, whose team next hosts the young, explosive, Northwest Division-leading Edmonton Oilers on Thursday.
"This was an opportunity to start the week off on the right foot, and build through it. No reason for us to put ourselves in cruise now."


Economics make homeopath and alternative healers look empirical and scientific.
WHAT DOES HOMEOPATH MEAN IN ENGLISH?
Homeopathy i/ˌhoʊmiˈɒpəθi/ is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of like cures like, according to which a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure similar symptoms in sick people. Homeopathy is considered a pseudoscience, and its remedies have been found to be no more effective than placebos. Hahnemann believed the underlying causes of disease were phenomena that he termed miasms, and that homeopathic remedies addressed these. The remedies are prepared by repeatedly diluting a chosen substance in alcohol or distilled water, followed by forceful striking on an elastic body. Dilution usually continues well past the point where no molecules of the original substance remain. Homeopaths select remedies by consulting reference books known as repertories, and by considering the totality of the patient's symptoms, personal traits, physical and psychological state, and life history. Homeopathy lacks biological plausibility and the axioms of homeopathy have been refuted for some time.
The definition of homeopath in the dictionary is a person who practises homeopathy.
Find out the translation of homeopath to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of homeopath from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «homeopath» in English.
The term «homeopath» is quite widely used and occupies the 48.705 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
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Generally speaking, homeopathy can help everyone, to varying degrees. Even if a person has a life-altering disease, homeopathy can make a positive difference. Let a homeopath determine if you're a candidate for homeopathic treatment.
Finding. a. Qualified. Homeopath. Once you have decided to use homeopathic medicines as part of your family's health care, it's time to find the best practitioner for your needs. There are many different kinds of practitioners to choose from.
Increased knowledge of CAM modalities such as those studied here are important in order to better understand patients current CAM use for psychological problems, as well as for psychologists to provide informed referrals.
Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term homeopath is used in the context of the following news items.
« EDUCALINGO. Homeopath [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/homeopath>. Apr 2019 ».


text:
The saga that has enthralled millions of readers, The Kingsbridge Novels continue with World Without End.
On the day after Halloween, in the year 1327, four children slip away from the cathedral city of Kingsbridge. They are a thief, a bully, a boy genius and a girl who wants to be a doctor. In the forest they see two men killed.
As adults, their lives will be braided together by ambition, love, greed and revenge. They will see prosperity and famine, plague and war. One boy will travel the world but come home in the end; the other will be a powerful, corrupt nobleman. One girl will defy the might of the medieval church; the other will pursue an impossible love. And always they will live under the long shadow of the unexplained killing they witnessed on that fateful childhood day.
Ken Follett's masterful epic The Pillars of the Earth enchanted millions of readers with its compelling drama of war, passion and family conflict set around the building of a cathedral. World Without End takes readers back to medieval Kingsbridge two centuries later, as the men, women and children of the city once again grapple with the devastating sweep of historical change.
World Without End is followed by the third of Ken Follett's Kingsbridge novels, A Column of Fire.
PUBLISHERS WEEKLY 6 AUG 2007
Eighteen years after Pillars of the Earth weighed in with almost 1,000 pages of juicy historical fiction about the construction of a 12th-century cathedral in Kingsbridge, England, bestseller Follett returns to 14th-century Kingsbridge with an equally weighty tome that deftly braids the fate of several of the offspring of Pillars' families with such momentous events of the era as the Black Death and the wars with France. Four children, who will become a peasant's wife, a knight, a builder and a nun, share a traumatic experience that will affect each of them differently as their lives play out from 1327 to 1361. Follett studs the narrative with gems of unexpected information such as the English nobility's multilingual training and the builder's technique for carrying heavy, awkward objects. While the novel lacks the thematic unity of Pillars, readers will be captivated by the four well-drawn central characters as they prove heroic, depraved, resourceful or mean. Fans of Follett's previous medieval epic will be well rewarded.
Gld1990 , 18/01/2015
Fantastical epic journey of a book
Ken Follet does it again!
Dazzla1968 , 13/06/2019
Mills & Boon crashes into historical fiction
Maybe I made an error thinking this would be historical fiction (in that it should give an accurate and informed foundation of life in medieval England.) Having read the first in the series I knew I was into a loser in that regard but the plot and insight into building a Norman cathedral was engaging. This however is simply a Mills & Boon tale that made me feel like I was listening to a bands poor second album after they used their best material in the first.
Harveywetdog , 28/12/2015
The book is OK but the plot is as poorly woven as an early piece of Kingsbridge cloth. Too many loose ends, implausible plot lines and why does the author insist on repeating parts of the story?
More Books by Ken Follett
Fall of Giants
Winter of the World
A Dangerous Fortune


YNK (You Never Know) at the Irvine Marriott has brought some of the most unique libations and diverse ever-changing cultural ambiances from places all around the world such as Italy, Spain and Cala. If you haven't heard of YNK, that's because it is one of OC's best kept secrets - the bar is concealed behind the Irvine Marriott's main bar in their lobby giving YNK the reputation of a speakeasy experience.
Are you intrigued now? You'll have to visit YNK yourself to take a step into a fully immersive experience; your senses will transport you to the tantalizing and sultry streets of Amsterdam's red light district.
The intimate bar offers imbibers a dynamic and ever-changing menu not based on the seasons, but on the wonders of the world. The spirits-forward menu is made up of artisanal takes on favorite sips. This intimate 12-seat destination is nestled in a quiet corner of the Irvine Marriott. The inside of YNK reflects the destination of the cocktails being served and every few months the space will transform and transport imbibers to another location around the world. The space is designed to make patrons forget where they actually are and enjoy the place that they have traveled to by entering YNK. Open Tuesday-Saturday 5 p.m. - you never know.


an appointment for a meeting, especially a lover's secret rendezvous.
the act of assigning; assignment.
One can see an assignation end hopelessly, another can see it freighted with possibility.
Leave them alone for half an hour, and they will consummate the assignation in a hall closet or a public park.
Harry, my poor friend, is it possible that you have an assignation?
The man of gallantry behaves as if he had made an assignation with every woman he addresses.
It is a delightful Assignation, but I hope it is a Prelude to one more agreeable.
But I had an assignation, and on such occasions one does not consult the thermometer.
early 14c., "appointment by authority," from Old French assignacion (14c., Modern French assignation), from Latin assignationem (nominative assignatio) "an assigning, allotment," noun of action from past participle stem of assignare (see assign). Meaning "action of legally transfering" (a right or property) is from 1570s; that of "a meeting by arrangement, tryst" is from 1650s.


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