text:
"All Gas No Brakes" Star Andrew Callaghan Is "Devastated" After Two Women Accused Him Of Sexual Misconduct, His Lawyer Says
Earlier this month, two women came forward on social media and accused the Channel 5 YouTuber of pressuring them into sexual encounters.
by Anna Betts
Posted on January 13, 2023, 8:27 pm
Andrew Callaghan in a scene from This Place Rules
Andrew Callaghan, known for his YouTube shows All Gas No Brakes and Channel 5, has responded to the allegations of sexual misconduct that were made about him in early January.
"Andrew is devastated that he is being accused of any type of physical or mental coercion against anyone," Callaghan's legal representative said in a statement sent to BuzzFeed News on Friday. "Conversations about pressure and consent are extremely important and Andrew wants to have these conversations, so he can continue to learn and grow. While every dynamic is open to interpretation and proper communication is critical from all those involved, repeated requests for money should not be part of these conversations.
"With that, balanced communication is paramount to any relationship dynamic and Andrew vows to be better in this regard, while reminding his audience that while even one concerned partner is too many, there are always multiple sides to a story," the statement reads. "Andrew is fully committed to working with the appropriate professionals to better understand himself and ways he can grow and improve as a human being, especially with his growing platform and the vulnerabilities it brings."
The response comes as two women came forward on social media earlier this month and accused the indie filmmaker and independent journalist of sexual misconduct.
The allegations came just weeks after Callaghan released his HBO documentary titled This Place Rules, which follows him as he traveled across the US in the months leading up to the Jan. 6 attack on the Capitol.
Caroline Elise, who goes by the handle @cornbreadasserole, was the first to post a video on TikTok describing her alleged experience with Callaghan.
In the video, which was seen by BuzzFeed News before the account became private, Elise says that Callaghan needed somewhere to stay for the night as he had a falling-out with one of his crew members, so she allowed him to stay at her place but added that she "was very clear about the fact that we are not hooking up."
Despite saying that she wouldn't sleep with him, Elise says, Callaghan got into her bed and kept pushing her until she agreed "to do things [she] wasn't proud of."
Callaghan "eventually got [her] consent because he wore me down," she says.
"Just because eventually I said OK, whatever, because I was trying to just get the whole night over with so that it could be morning so that he could leave, it doesn't discount the fact that I told him no so many times prior," Elise says in the video. "I said I'm tired, I'm not really feeling it, I came up with any excuse that I possibly could to just get him off of me, and he still found a way to coerce me into things that I didn't want to do."
Elise says that she has tried to confront him on the experience to "try to get him to take accountability for what he did," but that Callaghan's version of what happened is "skewed."
She explains that she wasn't planning on coming forward but that after Callaghan continued to gain popularity, she was forced to "relive the trauma" she endured every single day "by seeing this man as a social justice warrior, as someone who cares about human rights, get a platform."
"You shouldn't be supporting him," Elise adds.
In the statement from Callaghan's legal representative, the rep suggested that someone had potentially attempted to extort him. TMZ also reported that a "source with direct knowledge" had said that it was Elise who had asked for money from Callaghan.
Elise showed BuzzFeed News a text message that she says she sent to Callaghan on Dec. 30, 2022, where she asks him if he'd be willing to contribute to the therapy bills that she said she has accrued due to the incident.
"I never threatened him with going public about this if he didn't pay me," Elise told BuzzFeed News via text message. "It was sort of a reminder that 'hey, I'm still here and I'm still deeply affected by what happened that night. Essentially a last ditch effort for some accountability on his end. I in no way expected him to actually send me money, and when I made that TikTok I wasn't even thinking about this text. I was getting ready to lie down for a nap, and I was suddenly like 'you know what, I'm tired of being quiet about this.
"It was deeply painful seeing him receive so much praise," she continued. "Truthfully I wasn't expecting anyone to see my video, but I was at least hoping it would help one woman who has been in this situation."
After Elise's allegations began circulating online, another TikTok user, who goes by the handle @moldyfreckle, posted a series of videos on Jan. 8 also accusing Callaghan of sexual misconduct.
The user claims that she "hooked up" with Callaghan once previously and that he had "creeped" her out, adding that she thought he was "mean" and "demanding."
After that incident, the woman said that he messaged her to hang out again, but she declined. "He asked me why, and I told him why and then he invited me out to a dinner so that he could apologize," she says.
The woman showed up to the dinner and said that when she asked him whether he had something he wanted to tell her, Callaghan responded by saying, "Yeah, do you want to have sex in your car after this?"
She said she declined the offer and asked him again if there was anything else he wanted to say, to which she said he responded, "Oh yeah, sorry if I made you feel uncomfortable. Are you joking? You really don't want to have sex in your car after this?" — a question she claims he repeated "probably five more times" throughout the meal and that she continuously shut down.
After the dinner, the woman said, she offered to take him home in her car as he lived nearby but noted that she made it clear she did not want to have sex with him.
"After we got to my car, he started advancing towards me, started touching my inner thigh, and pulled me forward and started kissing my neck," she says. "He was holding me tightly." While in the car, the woman alleges that Callaghan proceeded to "put his hand down [her] pants."
"I told him to stop, I told him to get off of me multiple times," she says. "He tried to put my hand down his pants multiple times, and I was, you know, fighting against him during this," she says, adding that Callaghan responded, "you could at least suck my dick," to which she said, "no, I don't want to do that," and asked him to get out of her car.
Callaghan did not get out of her car, she said, but instead got "mad" at her for saying that but, at the same time, was also "laughing" at her and continued to try to kiss her. "I told him to get out of my car again. He wouldn't get out," she says. "He said, 'You could at least take me home.'"
The user drove a little farther and then said she decided to stop the car abruptly and told him again to get out of the vehicle. This time, she says, "He said, 'Can I at least get a kiss goodbye?'" to which she alleges she said, "'Fuck no, get the fuck out.' He left."
The woman said that she never spoke to him or saw him again.
The user could not be reached for comment.
Since the allegations began circulating online, comedian Tim Heidecker, who produced Callaghan's recent HBO documentary This Place Rules, said on his podcast Office Hours that he had "no plans" to work with Callaghan again.
"It's been a very painful week for us, a very difficult experience to process," Heidecker said in his podcast on Thursday. "Of course, we're aware of the allegations. We take them very seriously. It's been very sad and disappointing, to say the least. I just want to clarify a couple things. We have no professional relationship with Andrew at this time and have no plans going forward to have any relationship with him."
"We did produce the movie, and I feel terrible that this film now has these allegations tied to it because some very good people worked very hard on it. But it's just a movie, and I want to say we believe these women that came forward and, of course, totally condemn the type of behavior that Andrew's being accused of. I believe it's up to Andrew to address these allegations and do so openly and honestly. I really hope he does do that as soon as possible," Heidecker added.
Anna Betts
Anna Betts is a reporter for BuzzFeed News and is based in New York.
Contact Anna Betts at anna.betts@buzzfeed.com.


Yesterday I had a long and fascinating talk with former Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser, who has just released Dangerous Allies, his new book calling for a substantially more independent Australian strategic posture.
You can listen to the whole conversation below, but I have also transcribed a few of the highlights.
Harvard University scholar Graham Allison talks about his new book on US-China relations.


Offering unparalleled elegance Missoni Home cushions bring timeless style and opulence to your living space with their expertise in colour, pattern and luxurious textures. Each piece is a unique expression of the Italian Colour Master's design ingenuity, boasting a full and enlivened range of styles for any room in your home.
Weymouth is a yarn dyed chevron jacquard with multi coloured stripe in Trevira.


text:
External authors
Christian Kastrop
State Secretary, Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection, Germany
Christian Kastrop has been State Secretary at the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection since May 2020.
He is also Honorary Professor of Finance at the Freie Universität Berlin.
He was Deputy Director-General of the Economic Policy Department and Director of the Public Finance and Economic Affairs Directorate of the German Federal Ministry of Finance since 2003.
After starting his career as an assistant researcher and lecturer in economics at the University of Cologne, Mr. Kastrop joined the Federal Ministry of Finance in 1989 as Economist and Policy Officer in the Fiscal Policy Division. In 1991, he was appointed Chief Press Officer, Spokesman and Head of the Press and Communication Division at the Minister's Office. In 1994, he rejoined the Economic Policy Department where he held different positions until 2003, including Head of the Fiscal Policy Division and 'Ghost Writing' Unit, Head of the Minister's 'Ghost Writing' Division (Minister's Office), and Head of the General Public Finance and Fiscal Policy Division.
Mr. Kastrop holds a master's degree in economics and psychology from the University of Cologne, a master's degree in economics and philosophy from Harvard University, and a PhD in economics from the University of Cologne.
He strongly supported the founding process of Bruegel.
Content related to Christian Kastrop
Christian Kastrop on Bruegel's roots
By: Christian Kastrop Date: January 18, 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Brazil President Bolsonaro Deflects Blame For Pantanal Fires
Brazil is victim of "environmental smear campaigns," says President.
Sohil Nikam
Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro defended his administration's record in protecting the Amazon rainforest, as he told the United Nations' virtual meeting of global leaders that his country has been wrongly portrayed as an environmental villain. "We are victims of one of the most brutal disinformation campaigns about the Amazon and the Pantanal wetlands," he said. The Brazilian administration has come under heavy fire once again after allegedly deliberately lit fires in the Pantanal wetlands started wreaking havoc in the region, inflicting great harm to the region's rich animal life.
Speaking at the General Debate of the United Nations' General Assembly, Bolsonaro said, "The Brazilian Amazon is well-known to be very rich. That explains why international institutions support such campaigns based on ulterior interests, joined by self-serving and unpatriotic Brazilian associations, with the objective of harming the government and Brazil itself." He also said that Brazil's agribusiness sector has boosted agricultural exports to feed a growing global population.
Get the latest world news only on ZEE5.


text:
Q: Facebook requests example project Has anyone found an example project for this tutorial on facebook requests: http://developers.facebook.com/docs/howtos/send-requests-using-ios-sdk/
Since I have already integrated a list of facebook friends a user has, can I send each a message?

A: You can find the actual project on GitHub, https://github.com/fbsamples/ios-3.1-howtos/tree/master/SendRequestsHowTo
If you already have a list of Facebook friends you can just send them a message. Just get a comma-separated, string representation of those friends, and pass the info to the "suggested" parameter:
NSString *friendList = @"12345, 4567";
NSMutableDictionary* params =
    [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
    @"Check this out.",  @"message",
    friendList, @"suggestions",
    nil];

[self.facebook dialog:@"apprequests"
            andParams:params
          andDelegate:self];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Born in 1979 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, Brendan Jamison studied at the University of Ulster where he gained a First Class BA Honours degree in Fine and Applied Arts in 2002, and then a Master of Fine Art in 2004. Over the past eight years his artworks have been widely exhibited throughout the world with shows in the UK, France, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy, America, Canada, New Zealand, India, and China. He has been awarded residencies in New Delhi and New York.
From 2006-2009, Jamison taught part-time study skills coaching at Belfast's School of Art & Design. In 2009 he was a visting lecturer at the University of Florida. That same year, a small Jamison work was entered into the permanent collection of MoMA, New York's Museum of Modern Art, as part of the international unbound project titled 'A Book About Death'.
In 2010, Jamison was commissioned by Native Land & Grosvenor to build sugar cube scale models of Tate Modern and NEO Bankside for the London Festival of Architecture. His carved sugar cube sculptures have been sold at Sotheby's (Bond Street, London) in an exhibition of contemporary art curated by Janice Blackburn. In September 2012, Jamison was elected as a member of the Royal British Society of Sculptors and two months later elected to the Royal Ulster Academy of Arts.


text:
require 'net_buildpack'

# A module encapsulating all of the framework components for the NET buildpack
module NETBuildpack::Framework
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Mysql query for display same column twice with respect to category I have a table name user, in this table users have their names and categories (e.g : student , employee).
Now I want to display the users in other table as user separated by type like all the user that are student will display in student column and all the user that are employee will display in Employee column.
Example :
User Table:
Name       Category
John       Student
Jack       Student
Fred       Employee

Output table:
ID    Student    Employee
1     John
2     Jack
3                 Fred

What will be the query to display that table.

A: SELECT  ID,
        MAX(CASE WHEN Category = 'Student' THEN Name ELSE NULL END) Student,
        MAX(CASE WHEN Category = 'Employee' THEN Name ELSE NULL END) Employee
FROM    User
GROUP   BY ID

*

*SQLFiddle Demo
RESULT
╔════╦═════════╦══════════╗
║ ID ║ STUDENT ║ EMPLOYEE ║
╠════╬═════════╬══════════╣
║  1 ║ John    ║ (null)   ║
║  2 ║ Jack    ║ (null)   ║
║  3 ║ (null)  ║ Fred     ║
╚════╩═════════╩══════════╝

UPDATE 1
if you have other categories, then a dynamic sql is preferred,
SET @sql = NULL;
SELECT
  GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT
    CONCAT(
      'MAX(case when Category = ''',
      Category,
      ''' then Name end) AS ',
      Category
    )
  ) INTO @sql
FROM User;

SET @sql = CONCAT('SELECT  ID, ', @sql, '
                    FROM    User
                    GROUP   BY ID');

PREPARE stmt FROM @sql;
EXECUTE stmt;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;

*

*SQLFiddle Demo

*SQLFiddle Demo (with other category)


text:
The 1971–72 British Ice Hockey season featured the Northern League for teams from Scotland and the north of England and the Southern League for teams from the rest of England.

Murrayfield Racers won the Northern League and Sussex Senators won the Southern League. Murrayfield Racers won the Icy Smith Cup.

Northern League

Regular season

Southern League

Regular season

Spring Cup

Final
Murrayfield Racers defeated the Dundee Rockets

Icy Smith Cup

Final
Murrayfield Racers defeated Fife Flyers	18-5

Autumn Cup

References

British
1971 in English sport
1972 in English sport
1971 in Scottish sport
1972 in Scottish sport

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Refugee rights Europe
Italy: Beatings and unlawful expulsions amid EU push to get tough on refugees and migrants
A migrant prays on the ship Topaz Responder after being rescued off the coast of Libya, June 2016. REUTERS/Darrin Zammit Lupi
The European Union's pressure on Italy to "get tough" on refugees and migrants has led to unlawful expulsions and ill-treatment which in some cases may amount to torture, a new report from Amnesty International revealed today.
Beatings, electric shocks and sexual humiliation are among the numerous allegations of abuse documented in Hotspot Italy: How EU's flagship approach leads to violations of refugee and migrant rights. The report demonstrates how the EU-sponsored 'hotspot approach' for processing refugees and migrants at the point of arrival is not only undermining their right to claim asylum but has fuelled appalling abuse.
"In their determination to reduce the onward movement of refugees and migrants to other member states, EU leaders have driven the Italian authorities to the limits – and beyond – of what is legal," said Matteo de Bellis, Amnesty International's Researcher on Italy.
"The result is that traumatized people, arriving in Italy after harrowing journeys, are being subjected to flawed assessments and in some instances appalling abuse at the hands of the police, as well as unlawful expulsions."
"EU leaders have driven the Italian authorities to the limits – and beyond – of what is legal."
Matteo de Bellis, Amnesty International's Researcher on Italy
The hotspot approach was designed to identify and fingerprint new arrivals to front-line EU countries such as Italy, swiftly assess their protection needs and either process their asylum applications or return them to their country of origin. The report, based on interviews with more than 170 refugees and migrants, reveals serious failures at each of these stages.
In an ostensible effort to reduce the pressure on front-line states, such as Italy, the hotspot approach was twinned with a scheme to relocate asylum-seekers to other EU member states. However, the solidarity component of the hotspot approach has proven largely illusory: 1,200 people have been relocated from Italy so far, out of the 40,000 that had been promised, while more than 150,000 people have reached Italy by sea this year. Whilst the sea route is perilous, Italian authorities are leading efforts to rescue people in the Mediterranean.
Fingerprinting by force
The hotspot approach, introduced in 2015 on the recommendation of the European Commission, requires Italy to fingerprint all new arrivals. However, those wanting to claim asylum in other European countries – perhaps because they have relatives there – have a strong interest in avoiding being fingerprinted by Italian authorities, to avoid a risk of being sent back to Italy under the EU's so-called Dublin system.
"They gave me electricity with a stick, many times on the left leg, then on right leg, chest and belly."
A 16-year-old Sudanese boy from Darfur
Under pressure from EU governments and institutions, Italy has introduced coercive practices to obtain fingerprints. Amnesty International has received consistent accounts that arbitrary detention, intimidation and excessive physical force have been used to coerce newly arrived men, women and even children into fingerprinting. Of the 24 testimonies of ill-treatment collected by Amnesty International, 16 involve beatings. A 25-year-old woman from Eritrea described how she was slapped repeatedly in the face by a policeman until she agreed to be fingerprinted.
In several cases, refugees and migrants also claimed having being given electric shocks with stun batons. A 16-year-old boy from Darfur described his ill-treatment to Amnesty International: "They gave me electricity with a stick, many times on the left leg, then on right leg, chest and belly. I was too weak, I couldn't resist and at that point they took both my hands and put them on the machine."
Another 16-year-old boy and a 27-year-old man claimed police sexually humiliated them and inflicted pain to their genitals. The man told Amnesty International how police officers in Catania beat and electric shocked him before making him strip and using a pair of three-pronged pliers on him: "I was on a chair made of aluminium, with an opening on the seat. They held [my] shoulders and legs, took my testicles with the pliers, and pulled twice. I can't say how painful it was."
Whilst the behaviour of most police remains professional and the vast majority of fingerprinting takes place without incident, the findings of this report raise serious concerns and highlight the need for an independent review of current practices.
Under the hotspot approach, new arrivals in Italy are screened to separate asylum-seekers from those considered irregular migrants. This means that people, often exhausted and traumatized from their journeys and without access to adequate information or advice on asylum procedures, have to answer questions with potentially profound implications for their futures.
One 29-year-old Nigerian woman told Amnesty International "I don't even know how we got here, I was crying…I saw so many police, I was scared…My mind was far, I couldn't even remember the name of my parents."
"The hotspot approach … is resulting in appalling violations of the rights of desperately vulnerable people for which the Italian authorities bear a direct responsibility, and Europe's leaders a political one."
Matteo de Bellis
Police are required to ask new arrivals to explain why they have come to Italy, rather than simply asking them if they intend to seek asylum. Since refugee status is not determined by the reasons why a person has entered a country but by the situation they would face if returned to their country of origin, this approach is fundamentally flawed.
On the basis of this extremely short interview, police officers who lack the appropriate training are in effect making a decision on the individual's protection needs. Those not judged to have a claim for asylum are issued with expulsion orders – including through forced repatriation to their country of origin – that may expose them to serious human rights violations.
Under pressure from the EU, Italy has sought to increase the number of migrants it returns to their countries of origin. This has included negotiating readmission agreements with countries that have committed appalling atrocities.
One such Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Italian and Sudanese police authorities in August, allowing for a summary identification process that, in certain circumstances, may even take place in Sudan, after the expulsion has been carried out. Even if the identification takes place in Italy, it is so superficial, and so heavily delegated to Sudanese authorities, that it does not allow for an individualized determination that a person will not be at real risk of serious human rights violations upon return. This has already led to cases of unlawful expulsions.
On 24 August 2016, 40 people identified as Sudanese nationals were put on a plane to Khartoum from Italy. Amnesty International spoke to a 23-year-old man from Darfur who was on this flight and described how security forces were awaiting his arrival in Khartoum: "They took us to a special area in the airport. I saw one man beaten…We were interrogated one by one…Now I am afraid if the security is searching for me or if they find me, I don't know what will happen to me."
"The hotspot approach, designed in Brussels and executed in Italy, has increased, not decreased, the pressure on front-line states. It is resulting in appalling violations of the rights of desperately vulnerable people for which the Italian authorities bear a direct responsibility, and Europe's leaders a political one," said Matteo de Bellis.
"European nations may be able to remove people from their territory but they cannot remove their obligations under international law. Italian authorities must end violations and ensure that people are not sent back to countries where they are at risk of persecution or torture."
Amnesty International undertook four research missions to Italy in 2016, interviewing refugees and migrants and meeting authorities and NGOs in Rome, Palermo, Agrigento, Catania, Lampedusa, Taranto, Bari, Genoa, Ventimiglia, and Como. The research team conducted 174 interviews with refugees and migrants, and shorter conversations with many more.
Amnesty International has repeatedly sought clarifications and asked to discuss the concerns detailed in the report with the Minister of Interior. The organization has yet to receive an answer.
China: Parents of missing Uyghur children describe horror of family separation
19 March 2021 | 5:01 pm
The exiled families of Uyghur children held in state "orphanages" in the Chinese region of...
Indigenous rights Australia
New Approach to Justice in WA Launched
23 January 2017 | 11:23 am
The Social Reinvestment WA campaign was launched today, outlining a new approach to justice in...
Freedom of expression, association and assembly Global
Online abuse against women: Amnesty International reveals alarming impact
20 November 2017 | 10:07 am
New research by Amnesty International has revealed the alarming impact that abuse and harassment on...
Responsive campaigning Asia
'All the Civilians Suffer': Conflict, Displacement and Abuse in Northern Myanmar
Civilians from minority ethnic groups suffer appalling violations and abuses, including war crimes,...
Refugee rights Africa
Libya: European governments complicit in horrific abuse of refugees and migrants
12 December 2017 | 10:42 am
European governments are knowingly complicit in the torture and abuse of tens of thousands of...


text:
Mendel and Tschermak memorial
List of Countries » Austria » Vienna » Mendel and Tschermak memorial
This unusual monument (unusual for its form and for its location in a suburban area) celebrates Gregor Mendel, the founder of genetics, and Erich von Tschermak, one of the re-discoverers of Mendel's laws of heredity in Spring 1900. It is a work completed between 1954 and 1957 by Italian sculptor and architect Mario Petrucci1; it can be found in Vienna (Friedrich-Engels-Platz, corner with Wehlistrasse).
Gregor Mendel's bronze bas-relief
Eric von Tschermak's bronze bas-relief
Photos by Luca Borghi ti.supmacinu|ihgrob.l#| (August 2016)
1. See the corresponding record of Wien Geschichte Wiki(in German).
bas-reliefgeneticsmemorial-tabletmonument


text:
AMIA Annual Conference Offers Wide Range of Sessions for Media Preservation Community
By TVTechnology 17 November 2015
LOS ANGELES (November 16, 2015) – The Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA) will hold the 2015 edition of its Annual Conference in Portland, Oregon, from November 18- 21 at the Hilton Portland & Executive Tower. Over 600 members of the global media preservation community will gather to discuss not only the safeguarding of valuable archival elements, but how to keep those assets viable and accessible for the future.
As part of the Conference lineup, representatives from Hollywood studios, universities, national and regional archives, corporate libraries, museums, and more will present case studies and workshops.
·Maintaining television archives, including the 27-year-old C-SPAN Archives, which contain over 210,000 hours of free online, indexed, digital content that can be viewed, clipped, and shared. Learn how this national network saves every minute of its three 24-hour broadcasts.
·Experts from the Academy Film Archive and George Eastman Museum trace the journey of a hypothetical collection (illustrated by several real world examples) from arrival at the repository, to assessment and inventory, de-accession and disposal while distilling a collection to its essential material that effectively honors the work, artists and donors.
·Archivists from the Big Ten and Pac-12 sports conferences, join Chicago Film Archives and Northeast Historic Film to discuss creative approaches to funding, copyright and licensing, digital preservation and storage of sports collections.
·Paramount Pictures will offer an in-depth looking into their archiving practices, including how they assess the condition of their collections, developed the process of prioritization, and established principles for digital preservation.
·The Academy Color Encoding System, known as ACES, was released to the industry in December 2014 as a production-ready suite of technical standards, best practices and support tools. Developed and tested by equipment manufacturers, facilities and filmmakers over the last 11 years, ACES is intended to be the standardized digital production infrastructure that enables the industry to take full advantage of coming high dynamic range and wide color gamut capture, processing and display technologies. This presentation will explain how productions using ACES will generate archive-ready files and the file formats and related standards that support long-term archiving of digital motion picture materials.
·The British Film Institute will review its on-going project to unlock moving images for new audiences with the digitization and publication of 10,000 films in partnership with UK Regional and National archives and rights holders.
In addition to the full conference schedule for attendees, several screenings will be open to the general public. Seats are available on a first come, first served basis. A selection of free screenings includes:
·Paris is Burning: Friday, November 20, 7:45 p.m., Whitsell Auditorium, Northwest Film Center
Released over 25 years ago, Paris is Burning follows a handful of drag queens who compete in balls in New York City. The film opened a window into what it was like being openly gay in New York City in the 1980s. This screening of the remastered version will be presented for the first time in its original aspect ratio, restored from original camera negative.
·The Thanhouser Studio and the Birth of American Cinema: Saturday, November 21, 11:00 a.m., Whitsell Auditorium, Northwest Film Center
Utilizing film clips from AMIA member archives, this documentary tells the untold story of the rise and fall of the Thanhouser Studio during the first decade of the 20th century, tracing the evolution of one family's endeavors from live theater production to building a highly successful, independent silent motion picture studio.
·This is Cinerama: Remastered: Saturday, November 21, 1:00 p.m., Whitsell Auditorium, Northwest Film Center
Plunging viewers into a startling new world of entertainment, Cinerama was a larger than life, three-dimensional, immersive cinematic process that was different in format and presentation from any other type of filmed entertainment at the time. This is Cinerama is a demonstration film, a travelogue, an opera, an Aquacade, with soaring majesty and thrilling spectacle. Presented in Smilebox(TM) Curved Screen Simulation, the film's digital restoration team will present a before-and-after demonstration prior to the screening.
AMIA also partners with the Digital Library Federation for Hack Days, where practitioners and managers of digital audiovisual collections join developers and engineers for an intense day of collaboration to develop and refine simple tools for digital audiovisual preservation and access. The groups compete to come up with the award-winning solution.
Additionally, Poster Sessions throughout the week give attendees 1:1 access to the people in the trenches of audiovisual preservation, and there is a half day presentation of The Reel Thing, a technical symposium that explores recent restoration projects in depth.
Visit the AMIA Conference website for full details and the complete schedule: http://www.amiaconference.net/
About AMIA
The Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA) is a nonprofit, international association dedicated to the preservation and use of moving image media. AMIA supports public and professional education and fosters cooperation and communication among the individuals and organizations concerned with the acquisition, preservation, description, exhibition, and use of moving image materials. For more information, visit www.amianet.org.


text:
<?php

namespace BrasseursApplis\Arrows\App\Form;

use BrasseursApplis\Arrows\App\DTO\ScenarioDTO;
use Symfony\Component\Form\AbstractType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\CollectionType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormBuilderInterface;
use Symfony\Component\OptionsResolver\Exception\AccessException;
use Symfony\Component\OptionsResolver\OptionsResolver;

class ScenarioType extends AbstractType
{
    /**
     * @param FormBuilderInterface $builder
     * @param array                $options
     */
    public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
    {
        $builder
            ->add('name', TextType::class)
            ->add('sequences', CollectionType::class, [
                'entry_type' => SequenceType::class,
                'allow_add'  => true,
                'allow_delete'  => true
            ]);
    }

    /**
     * @param OptionsResolver $resolver
     *
     * @throws AccessException
     */
    public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver)
    {
        $resolver->setDefaults( [ 'data_class' => ScenarioDTO::class ] );
    }
}


Hotels and restaurants in several parts of Kerio Valley have been closed indefinitely following fears of a cholera outbreak in the area.
Two people died on Friday in what health officials in Elgeyo Marakwet confirmed were cases of cholera.
County Health executive Kiprono Chepkok said on Monday that the 60-year-old woman and four-year-old child died at their homes in Marakwet East.
It was reported that the two relied on traditional herbs to cure their diarrhea and vomiting.
Chepkok said cases have been reported in Mogil, Chugor, Chesoi and Chesongoch areas in Marakwet East and Arror in Marakwet West.
He said two out of four people who were admitted at Mogil health centre in Kerio Valley on Sunday were found to be suffering from cholera.
Chepkok said the disease may have spread from Kolowa areas of neighbouring Baringo county.
all food joints were closed and the hawking of items such as milk and fruits banned.
Cooking at ceremonies has also been prohibited.
announced that the county deployed community health workers for a house-to-house campaign against the disease.
The medics were trained on testing for cholera and treating those infected.
"We have asked locals to rush to the nearest health facilities whenever they suffer from diarrhea and vomiting. We have made them aware that cholera kills within three hours if treatment is not sought on time," the executive said.
"The situation has been stabilised. I assure residents that our facilities have been adequate drugs to treat the disease."


A week split in half by a national holiday means I don't have much to show for my work this time around. Don't expect much over the coming week either–although I will be working on stories you'll see later.
A reader asked one of those questions that seemed simple but unfolded to reveal enough other wrinkles to make for an interesting column to write. This post also gave me a chance to scold the big banks for not embracing two-step verification.
On Sulia, I shared details about two episodes of holiday tech support (one involving Time Machine's inexplicable failure to clear old backups, another an aging AirPort's apparent breakdown), pointed readers to a wonderful NASA recreation of Apollo 8's unlikely "Earthrise" photo, panned Dave Eggers' dystopian novel "The Circle" as "Atlas Shrugged" 2.0, and wrote up my first impressions of my in-laws' Fiat 500e electric car.
This entry was posted in Weekly output and tagged Ethernet, key logger, phishing, powerline, security, two-step verification, WiFi by robpegoraro. Bookmark the permalink.


The British War department produced 935 2-8-0 and 150 2-10-0 locomotives to support the war effort after the invasion. After the war they quickly became surplus to demands and the Dutch government acquired 184 2-8-0 and 103 2-10-0s, the latter almost two thirds of the entire class. They did their job in getting rail transport back on track. One 2-10-0 NS no 5085 resides in the National Railway Museum in Utrecht as the sole survivor of the 5000 class. An NS4300 2-8-0 was sold to Sweden and now resides at the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway.
Other examples of the WD 2-10-0, but that were never in possession of the Dutch Railways, can be found in the UK, notably no 600 Gordon - Severn Valley, no 90775 - North Norfolk Railway and no 3672 Dame Vera Lynn - North Yorkshire Moors Railway.
1 This locomotive is usually parked on an unkind and underrated space in the museum and very hard to get by. When I visited the yearly model railway event Ontraxs in the museum I incidentally found the loco on a spot where I had enough space to walk around it. The lighting conditions were not favourable though. I had no tripod, no DSLR at hand so I had to make do with my telephone's camera. So the quality of the photos may be lacking here and there but I tried to cover as many details as possible because I have a DJH kit of the loco in store waiting to be built. I'd like to share these photos for anyone who needs the details of this loco.
2 An overview of the loco form the right hand side (RHS). Note the middle axle has no flanges.
6 Gravity oil feeds (middle) and the filler opening of the rear sanding box. On the left there is a control lever which runs to the middle of the front of the firebox. No idea whatfor, but it is disconnected. The rest of the lever can be seen dangling uselessly below the running board behind the feedwater pipe.
11 ... and it continues under the boiler cladding.
12 Two other views on that mysterious control just ahead of the firebox.
14 The second sanding box filler opening Second and third gravity oilfeed (middle and right). The feedwater pipe (right) goes straight up to the top feed clack valve on the boiler. Also visible is the lifting arm for the Walschaerts valve gear with the lifting link (left) which is operated by a rod running under the boiler from the LHS.
17 The first sandpipe is aimed to the first driver (left). This shot gives a good impression of the triangular pony truck (middle).
19 Some detail of the front pony truck.
2. the automatic drain valve steers any condensated water away before entering the pump. Three drain pipes run down below the running board.
21 A scheme showing the the pump and the function of the various pipes.
22 Fresh steam pipe to power the pump (left, the green pipe running along the length of the boiler). The exhaust pipe (top of the pump). The air pipe to the brakes (bottom) leading to the rear to the air tanks which are situated between the frames.
As a bonus you can see here all three sandbox filler openings on a row. Note they are not evenly spaced.
23 A narrow air pipe runs from the air tanks vertically up and then towards the appliances connected to air pump governor. It is related to the automatic control of the air pump: if the pressure in the air tanks drops below a certain level this is communicated via this pipe to a valve in the governor which flips and so starts the pump.
25 The train air pipe for the braking system.
27 Now let us turn our attention to the LHS. Terribly lit, but you can make out various pipes.
28 I have no idea what these pipes are for.... Two lubricator pipes again leading to the cylinder.
30 Above the running board the arrangement on the LHS is very much the same as on the RHS.
31 The curved lifting arm and the almost vertical reverse arm are operated from the cab via the reach rod. The reach rod is supported in the middle to prevent from sagging and so disturbing the valve gear's cut-off.
37 Again let's follow the feedwater pipe. It comes out of the lower end of the injector and curves up tot the running board.
44 Up towards the top feed clack valve.
50 This is the brake air pipe running from the brake cylinders to the train. I backtracked it from the cab.
51 In front of the firebox it dives down an starts running on the edge of the running board.
52 behind the oilfeeds and sandbox.
57 To complete the survey of the air pipes I returned to the RHS. The big green pipe is the main air pipe coming from the air pump. It leads into the first (RH) air tank. Between the tanks the closest pipe comes from the front of the first tank, runs back and then feeds into the rear of the the furthest (LH) tank. The furthest pipe is, as we have already seen the main air pipe that goes to the cab. Another interesting thing is that you can see the actual sandboxes inside the frames. What you can see on the running board are only the filler openings.
58 A composition of three photos of the cab. Apart from a few irregularities in the cab floor I think this is a pretty good shot.
61 The driver is situated at the left which is peculiar because Dutch locomotives had the driver at the right hand side. This betrays the UK origin of the loco.
75 A view on the top of the loco to see the arrangement of the steam pipe leading to the air pump.
76 A few shots of the (RHS) motion gear. Nothing special here, standard Walschaerts valve gear. Note how tight the clearance is between the drive rod and the slide bars.
79 A final overview of the loco. The first nine examples of the 2-10-0 class came on Dutch soil in december 1944 in the liberated south of the Netherlands. Until the end of 1945 they served the allied troops. Because there was no immediate purpose for them they were subsequently stored. As of January 1946 60 engines were rented by NS from the War Department for civilian use, in may extended by another 50. They served mainly in the south and were for a time the mainstay of the traffic there. As Dutch steam locomotives became available again after repair of the war damage they were gradually taken out of service. Scrapping started as early as 1948 and in 1952 the last of them had gone. 5085 was preserved because it was the 1000th WD locomotive that was deployed on the continent. Taken out of service in 1951 she was restored to near orginal condition.


For last week's drum lesson, Jordan broke down a drum groove called the "King Kong" beat, first popularized in the 1970s by Redbone. The groove is very paradiddle-like when played straight, but Jordan also taught drummer David Garibaldi's interpretation, which works in ghost notes for a funkier rhythm.
This week, Jordan is back with another groove that gets funkier with added ghost notes. According to Jordan, this 6/8 groove is a "guilty pleasure" of hers, as she finds herself working it into almost everything she plays. The alternative time signature makes it sound super polyrhythmic and dynamic, even when it's played in a standard way without ghost notes.
As Jordan demonstrates, the standard grove is broken into three main components: the right hand is generally played on the ride cymbal, the back beat is played with the left hand, and the kick can be played in either a 4/4 or 6/8 feel. Once players are comfortable with this, Jordan demonstrates how you can start incorporating ghost notes around the kit for added nuance.
Follow along with Jordan's full lesson above, and stay tuned for another drum lesson next Thursday right here on Reverb.
Sign up for email alerts below and get notified when the next Jordan West lesson goes live.


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Email on Tap Episode 3, featuring Marisa Pisani, marketing manager, email and SMS at Sherwin-Williams.
In our latest edition of Email on Tap and the last of our eTail West editions, Anthony Chiulli, director of product marketing at 250ok, shoots the email-breeze with Marisa Pisani, marketing manager, email and SMS at Sherwin-Williams. This is another exciting opportunity for us, to see how email works and is viewed by marketers in practice, rather than just via the lens of our email intelligence platform.
In this episode, Anthony and Marisa talk trends, deliverability, and more, exploring how email fits within a marketer's ecosystem and why it is still (and will continue to be) important.
On to the video!
(Keep scrolling for key timestamps and even a full transcript. Plus, find links to our podcast version!)
Total Run Time: 6 minutes
00:20 – Why automation and personalization in email marketing remains a top priority for brands
1:03 – Tips for a great welcome series for new customers
1:40 – Sources of inspiration and ideas for email content, SL, templates
2:20 – What email trends are most intriguing
3:14 – Where does deliverability fall on the priority list within Marisa's digital marketing strategy
4:12 – What Women of Email has meant to Marisa personally
Listen and subscribe on your favorite platform:
Anthony Chiulli
0:01 Welcome everyone to another episode of Email on Tap. I'm your host Anthony Chiulli, and we are here at eTail West in beautiful Palm Springs, California. My guest today is Marisa Pisani, marketing manager, email and SMS, for Sherwin-Williams. Marisa thanks so much for being here.
Marisa Pisani
0:19 Yeah, absolutely. Thank you for having me.
0:21 So one of the things that is a constant theme still to this day is automation and personalization in email marketing. Why do you feel that's a continued trend year over year for marketers?
0:33 Because it works. It's just such a great way to use a channel that you have and target and talk to your customers very specifically. I think now they expect that you are able to do that. By using automation and personalization, you free up maybe your small team to be able to do some other things; analyze and strategize and test different things. You let the systems really do the work for you. So it's a really great way to have that one-on-one communication and not have to spend so much time making that happen.
1:02 Speaking of automation, let's talk welcome series and onboarding. What are your tips for a great welcome series or onboarding journey for new customers?
1:11 Yeah, absolutely. To me, the welcome series and onboarding is so important because that's your first chance to explain to your customers or prospects what they're going to get from you, whether it's from you as a brand or from you in your email communications. You're able to say, "Here's why I'm here, here's why it's valuable, here's why you should keep engaging with our emails going forward." And it's that time for them to get to know you. So, I think that's really your key time to explain what you're gonna do and help them understand who you are.
1:39 Let's talk inspiration for a moment. So being a marketing manager on email, where do you go for inspiration on subject lines, templates, content for your email program?
1:49 I really go everywhere. So there's some industry specific things that I really like, Litmus puts out a lot of great content. But I think it's also something where I look at what everybody's doing. I have several different email addresses that I monitor and gather different types of emails, so not just within my industry, but what are other brands doing that's really awesome? What cool innovative things are they doing? I kind of try to look at those and see, how does that fit with our brand? How does that fit with what we're trying to do? And make it work for us.
2:17 This year, we're coming off of of predictions, right? Everyone makes predictions about big, hot trends in 2019, and some of those are machine learning and AI, and interactive content and dynamic dynamic content in inboxes. What are you most excited about, as far as trends? What are you paying most attention to?
2:37 How to use them altogether. I'm really wanting to figure out what's the right place to use those different things and how do they all play against each other. So, you know, I've used AI. I've used machine learning. I've used dynamic content. I've used interactive email, and it's finding out where does that make sense? So, not to have an interactive email just to have one but to have it interactive, you know, because it makes the experience better for our customer. So really, trying to figure out, not that we have to be involved in everything, but how do you really make what the options are available out there work for you. Email's such a great, innovative, cool thing that you're able to kind of play with a little bit of everything.
3:11 That's a great answer. Deliverability: One of the most misunderstood and complex disciplines in marketing. It seems like every marketer's run up against a deliverability problem at some point. Where does deliverability fall in the priority for you within your marketing strategy?
3:30 It's very important. So what we realized is, if your emails aren't being delivered to the inbox, what does it matter what's in them, if nobody's able to see them. So deliverability was this kind of weird, magic, underground thing that nobody understood. Being able to dive in and see where our emails going, why aren't they going where we think they're going, and how can we improve that. It became really important just to be able to figure out even just to see what was happening, and then interpreting what we're able to do with that.
3:56 Great. Yeah, I would agree. It's deliverability. A lot of times people joke it's this black box. It's a mystery ball. It's part art, part science. So I think that's very well said, how you responded. Let's talk about Women of Email. You're a proud member of Women of Email, and it has grown in just a few short years to over 3,000 members, 40 countries, and over six continents. What does that organization mean for you and done for you personally?
4:28 It's such an amazing organization to me. It's a place where I go. It's a safe space. I can ask questions about something, I can post about job openings that I have open. I can really interact with a community of women who understand what I'm talking about, you know? Email's something where it was not always something that you work in every day, certain terms that we use, certain acronyms, certain concerns that we have… There aren't really those groups where you can go in and talk like you can with the Women of Email. I just love that it's just this really collaborative environment of amazing smart women who talk about things that are happening, things we want to change, things we want to do better. Just to be able to share feedback, just to have that really interactive community is super helpful.
5:12 Marisa, thank you so much. This has been an awesome time, it's a pleasure to meet you, and thanks everyone for tuning in. We'll see you next time on another episode of Email on Tap.
Author: Nicky Copland
Nicky is the senior marketing manager at 250ok. Before joining the team, she spent the majority of her time crafting and implementing communications strategies for the association industry. She was never a brain surgeon, but she played one on the internet.
The Year in Email 2019
It's hard to believe we are nearing the end of yet another exciting year in email, and 2019 proved to be one of the most momentous and active years to date. Over the past year, the number of new technologies, mergers and acquisitions, mailbox provider (MBP) announcements, news, and highlights is evidence of the versatility […]
[Infographic] Global Privacy Relationship Status: It's Complicated
I recently gave a presentation on global privacy regulations to a post-graduate marketing class and one of the things I noticed while preparing was that even within a single country, privacy is complicated. On a global scale, it is really complicated. For example, Canada has one federal private sector privacy law, three similar provincial laws, […]
*Update: This article was featured on email influencer Jordie van Rijn's emailmonday blog! To see it in action, plus a great round-up of other articles and thought leadership looking forward to the future of email, click here.* The Black Friday emails are deleted, marketers' email lists are checked twice, we pretty much know which senders […]
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When did you become a Tar Heel?
Maybe you became one after opening that big packet that said congratulations! It could have been during orientation when you embarked on that quest to find the One Card Office. You might have been one of the lucky ones and knew from the first time you step into the Pit. Perchance, you were born and bred and had Carolina On Your Mind since you were old enough to dressed yourself. Let's be honest: It was when you decided to root for baby blue.
You may have become a Tar Heel when you tripped on the bricks because you were looking at the hottie tanning on the quad. You probably tell your parents it was when you discovered that the seventh floor of Davis contains French literature and other material for your thesis. You're ashamed to admit, it was when you found out that Graham Memorial is to best place to nap. You're debating if it was game day and you stormed Student Stores after the shellacking. It definitely wasn't after you realized your English book is $150. You're OK if it was when you attended that lecture not for extra credit but to satisfy your curiosity.
You're proud to state it was when you came home from the frenzy of exams and told people you attend The University of North Carolina. You're thinking it was when your family visited and you explained the significance of Davie Poplar and the lengths the University has goes through to keep a tree a standing. You know it's cliché to say you became a Tar Heel after you jumped over a fire on Franklin after spanking Dook. You're kind of mad at your friends for saying it was when you puked on the P2P and not the stimulating conversations at Lenoir.
It was when you registered for your class based on the name, then later dropped the course.
When you think about your all of your professors and how they easily referred you to other departments revealing the wealth of knowledge available was when you knew. A big smile comes across your face when you think about those all-nighters and coming late to class because the rest of the school was printing their papers in the UL, too.
It was when you donned a Carolina shirt to go running only to be greeted by your roommate's pattering footsteps. You didn't know it would be when you were sitting in an interview averring your involvement with Dance Marathon. Undoubtedly, it was when your RA streaked through the library bellowing Hark the Sound.
It was when you turned your tassel and you knew you were binded to your neighbor experiences. Regretfully, it was months after you left the blanket of friends, the tomes of critical theory, the prayers for national championships and you opened your mailbox only to find out you're officially no longer part of the magic.
As for me, I became a Tar Heel when I decided to stand for excellence.


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Q: How to glue 1 image on top of another and keeping them together after resizing with max-width:100% I have width: 100% which is very necessary for me. Based on this example code, can someone help me to glue the orange symbol on top of any key and keeping it there even if I resize the browser? like how its happening with the keyboard already.... Thank you so much!
DEMO
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<hsrc="https://i.imgur.com/jc1rbcJ.gif">
    </div>
  </body>

  </html>
</body>

</html>

CSS
.container {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
}

.imageOne {
  max-width: 100%;
}

.

A: width: 600px; max-width: 100%;
width: 100%; max-width: 600px;

Parent is 1000px wide
Width says element should be 600px wide. That doesn't break the max-width rule, so 600px it is!
Width says element should be 1000px wide. That breaks max-width rule, so forces element down to 600px.
Parent is 320px wide
Width says element should be 600px wide. That breaks the max-width rule which says element can only be at most 320px wide, so 320px it is!
Width says element should be 320px wide. That doesn't break the max-width rule, so 320px it is!
find more on https://css-tricks.com/tale-width-max-width/

A: As you pointed out each screen has different sizes. So there are two key factors in your request you need to take care off. The position and the size of your .imageTwo need to be always in %, only then it will have the same position and size of its parent .container. For your suggested letter Y on the keyboard I would do this:
.imageTwo {
  position: absolute;
  top: 42%;
  left: 33.5%;
  width: 2%;
  height: 5%;
}


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Tag Archives: deputy defense minister
Iran trumpets new naval warfare capabilities
Posted by aurelius77 on October 16, 2012
And just to think, the Iranian navy during wartime will have thousands of speedboats taking off towards US Navy targets. The article also doesn't take into account the thousands of missiles that could be launched upon naval vessels within the Persian Gulf. The stakes are quite high.
Iran's speedboats can carry multiple kinds of anti-ship cruise missiles, and fire them while traveling at speeds higher than missile boats in any other navy in the world, an Iranian defense official claimed Monday. Continue reading →
Comments Off on Iran trumpets new naval warfare capabilities Posted in Axis Powers, Iran, Middle East, Military, Military Technology, Politics Tagged Aerospace Organization General Mehdi Farah, deputy defense minister, Iran, Iran trumpets new naval warfare capabilities, IRGC, Islamic Republic, islamic republic of iran, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy, missiles, Nasr, Nour, Oil, Persian Gulf, Qader, Rear Admiral Ali Fadavi, strait of hormuz, United States, US Navy, War, Zafar
Posted by aurelius77 on September 24, 2012
Iranian defense minister threatens to destroy Israel
Iran's defense minister said on Thursday that the regime's forces are now capable of destroying Israel and fulfilling its president's pledge to wipe the country off the map.
Brig. Gen. Ahmad Vahidi, the defense chief, dismissed Israeli threats to attack Iran's nuclear sites as a "bluff" during a meeting with reporters.
"The defense capability of the Islamic Iran against threats by the Zionist regime [Israel] has been developed to an extent that will wipe the [Israeli] regime off the scene," Vahidi was quoted as saying during a visit to a Tehran mosque Sept. 19, the Islamic Republic News Agency reported.
Vahidi said Iran would display new military equipment in the coming week including armored vehicles and naval and air weapons.
Meanwhile, Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps announced recently that they plan to hold large-scale military exercises near Tehran together with the Iranian military. The maneuvers are set to begin Oct. 11.
Iran has threatened to target Israel in response to an Israeli strike and also to target 32 U.S. military bases in the region. Tehran also has threatened to close the strategic Strait of Hormuz.
Iran announced Sept. 9 that it plans to show off a new advance cruise missile with a range of 1,242 miles.
"The Meshkat cruise missile, which God willing, will be unveiled soon, has a range of 2,000 kilometers (1,240 miles) and in fact is the long arm of the Islamic Republic of Iran's armed forces," Deputy Defense Minister and head of the ministry's Aerospace Organization Mehdi Farahi told Fars news agency.
The new system would be part of other cruise missiles Iran has such as the Zafar, Nasir, Noor, Qadir, and Ghadir, Farahi said.
"So far, we have 14 types of cruise missiles either built or being developed and, God willing, the two cruise missiles of Ra'd and Meshkat will be unveiled soon," Farahi said, adding that the missile can be fired from land, sea, or air.
Iran also has several types of medium-range missiles called Shehab, based on the North Korean Nodong missile.
"We are no longer concerned about quantity and have turned our attention to quality production and issues such as increasing accuracy, radar evading systems, tactical issues, and durability," Farahi said of Iran's missiles.
In a related development, an Iranian nuclear official said this week that Tehran has been supplying false information to foreign intelligence services.
Fereydun Abbasi, head of Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, told the Arabic newspaper Al-Hyat Sept. 21 that the disinformation was supplied to Britain's MI-6.
"Sometimes we gave the wrong information to protect our nuclear centers and our achievement," Abbasi was quoted as saying. "Misleading foreign espionage apparatuses is inevitable."
"Sometimes we show weaknesses which we do not possess and other times we claim to have powers which we do not have," he said.
The comments raise questions about whether the U.S. intelligence community was fed false information about Iran's nuclear program that influenced the conclusion of a controversial 2007 National Intelligence Estimate that stated Iran had halted its nuclear weapons program in 2003.
The International Atomic Energy Agency stated in a recent report that it has obtained evidence that Iran's nuclear arms work continued after 2003.
Iran in recent days has boasted of several new weapons systems, including new air defense missiles
On Sept. 16, Iranian state-run press announced the production of a new unmanned aerial vehicle, the Shahed-129, which is capable of 24-hour combat and reconnaissance missions. The drone is said to be equipped with Sadid missiles that can hit targets from long distances.
IRGC Maj. Gen. Mohammad Ali Jafari said on state media that the "Shahed 129 drone presents the IRGC's latest advancement in this field. With its 24-hour-long non-stop flight capability, the drone can accomplish good missions in reconnaissance and combat fields."
Full article: Fighting Words (Washington Free Beacon)
1 Comment Posted in Axis Powers, Iran, Islam, Israel, Middle East, Military, Military Technology, National Security & Terrorism, Nuclear Weapons & Proliferation, Politics, Religion, USA, War Tagged Aerospace Organization, Ahmad Vahidi, Al-Hyat, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, Britain, cruise missiles, deputy defense minister, false information, Farahi, Fars News Agency, Fereydun Abbasi, Fighting Words, foreign espionage appratuses, Ghadir, IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency, Iran, Iranian disinformation, Iranian drones, iranian military equipment, iranian military technology, Iranian nuclear sites, IRGC, islamic republic news agency, islamic republic of iran, Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, Israel, medium-range missiles, Mehdi Farahi, Meshkat cruise missile, MI-6, Middle East, Mohammad Ali Jafari, Nasir, national intelligence estimate, new weapons systems, NIE, Noor, North Korean Nodong missile, nuclear centers, nuclear Iran, politics, Qadir, Ra'd, Shahed-129, Shehab, strait of hormuz, Tehran, Zafar
Russia May Boost Nuclear Potential – Deputy Defense Min.
Posted by aurelius77 on February 15, 2012
Russia may have to boost its nuclear potential in future amid emerging nuclear proliferation threats, Anatoly Antonov, Russia's deputy defense minister and a negotiator on the European missile shield, said on Monday.
"New challenges emerge, including missile and nuclear proliferation. Look at how unstable the situation in the Middle East is. That's why Russia's military doctrine envisages the use of nuclear weapons in specific cases. I do not rule out than under certain circumstances we will have to boost, not cut, our nuclear arsenal," Antonov said in an interview with the Kommersant daily.
Full article: Russia May Boost Nuclear Potential – Deputy Defense Min. (Ria Novosti)
Comments Off on Russia May Boost Nuclear Potential – Deputy Defense Min. Posted in Axis Powers, Europe, Middle East, Military, Missile Defense, Politics, Soviet Union, USA Tagged Anatoly Antonov, Cold War, deputy defense minister, europe, European missile shield, Middle East, military doctrine, missile shield, NATO, nuclear arsenal, nuclear proliferation, nuclear weapons, proliferation threats, russia, strategic arms reduction


text:
Andreas Stihl AG & Company je nemški proizvajalec motornih verižnih žag, kosilnic z nitko, puhalnikov in druge opreme. Sedež podjetja je v kraju Waiblingen, Baden-Württemberg v bližini Stuttgarta, Nemčija. Podjetje je ustanovil Andreas Stihl leta 1926. Andreas Stihl je leta 1926 izumil prvo bencinsko verižno žago. Danes je njegovo podjetje vodilno na tem področju.

Galerija

Glej tudi
Husqvarna - Švedski konkurent
McCulloch Motors Corporation - ameriški konkurent

Sklici

Zunanje povezave

  Stihl ZDA stran

Proizvajalci orodja
Podjetja Nemčije
Podjetja, ustanovljena leta 1926


The instantaneous tripping threshold (S) of the selective tripping device is a decreasing function of a quantity (tc) representative of the time necessary for the current to reach the peak value. The variation curve S(tc) is disposed between first and second curves, obtained experimentally, representative of envelopes of the peak current values. The first curve is obtained when the circuit breaker associated to the selective tripping device is alone and the second curve when it is connected in series with another circuit breaker connected down-line.
-	processing means connected to the means for measuring the current and comprising means for determining a quantity representative of the peak value of the current, means for comparing said quantity with an instantaneous tripping threshold so as to provide an instantaneous tripping signal when said quantity exceeds said threshold.
Known electronic tripping devices comprise a processing unit, generally with a microprocessor, performing in particular long delay, short delay and instantaneous tripping functions. To achieve selectivity between two circuit breakers connected in series or cascading, it is known to provide a high rating for the up-line circuit breaker and a lower rating for the down-line circuit breaker. In this case the instantaneous tripping selectivity is of the current intensity type, the instantaneous tripping threshold of the down-line circuit breaker being lower than that of the up-line circuit breaker.
It is also known to use a time-based selectivity between two circuit breakers. In this case the tripping device of the up-line circuit breaker has a greater instantaneous tripping delay than the instantaneous tripping time of the tripping device of the down-line circuit breaker.
* These two types of selectivity are not always efficient when short-circuit currents are very high, since high current thresholds are reached in both circuit breakers and a too long time delay of the associated tripping device would be liable to lead to premature wear of the contacts of the up-line circuit breaker.
To reduce these drawbacks a selective tripping device has been proposed, in particular in the document EP-A-128084, comprising a counter enabling the successive opening and closing cycles of the circuit breaker contacts in case of a short-circuit to be counted.
It has also been proposed, in particular in the document EP-A-872939, to disable an instantaneous tripping order if repulsions are detected for primary currents lower than a preset threshold.
Another type of selective instantaneous tripping, which will be described in greater detail with respect to figures 3 and 4, uses one time delay when the current has exceeded a first, low, threshold, and a second, higher, threshold after this time delay.
In all known selective tripping devices, it is in practice necessary to wait for at least two short-circuit current peaks before making an instantaneous tripping decision. This leads to detrimental wear of the circuit breaker contacts.
The object of the invention is to provide a selective tripping device not presenting these shortcomings. The selective tripping device according to the invention has to be faster than known selective tripping devices, while at the same time achieving selectivity with a downline circuit breaker so as to reduce wear of the contacts as far as possible in the event of a short-circuit.
This object is achieved by the fact that the processing means comprise means for determining a second quantity, representative of the time necessary for the current to reach the peak value, and means for determining the instantaneous tripping threshold according to a decreasing function of the second quantity.
According to a development of the invention, the instantaneous tripping threshold varies according to the second quantity according to a curve disposed between first and second curves representative of envelopes of the peak values of the current, the first curve being obtained when the associated circuit breaker is not connected in series with another circuit breaker connected down-line and the second curve being obtained when the associated circuit breaker is connected in series with another circuit breaker connected down-line. The first and second curves are preferably determined experimentally.
* repulsion of the contacts in case of a short-circuit to be minimized.
type, using a time delay.
tripping device of known type having a certain limiting capacity.
* versus the time to when the first peak of the current Ip occurs, and a curve E3 representative of the instantaneous tripping threshold according to the invention. Figures 9 to 12 illustrate various embodiments of the curve representative of the value S of the instantaneous tripping threshold according to the invention versus the time to necessary for the current to reach the peak value.
Figure 13 represents the variations, versus time, of the current I measured in the tripping device according to the invention.
Figure 14 is an alternative embodiment of figure 13 wherein the tripping device performs measurement of the current I by sampling.
Figures 15 and 16 illustrate two alternative embodiments of a processing flowchart able to be used in a tripping device according to the invention.
Figures 17 and 18 represent two particular embodiments, of known type, of a current sensor able to be used in a tripping device according to the invention.
In figure 1, contacts 1 of a circuit breaker enable the current flow in the conductors of an electrical power system 2, a three-phase system in the particular embodiment represented, to be interrupted. An electronic tripping device associated to the circuit breaker comprises a processing unit 3 connected to current sensors 4a, 4b and 4c supplying signals representative of the primary currents flowing in the power system conductors. The processing unit 3 can perform various tripping functions and supplies a tripping signal, when required, to an opening relay 5 of the contacts 1 of the associated circuit breaker.
' The processing unit 3 represented in figure 1 comprises a processing circuit 6, preferably a microprocessor-based circuit, receiving signals I representative of the measured currents, possibly via a shaping circuit 7, The latter circuit performs in particular rectifying of the signals supplied by the current sensors.
The processing unit also comprises a power supply circuit 8 which supplies the processing circuit with a suitable supply voltage Vdc. In the embodiment represented in figure 1, the tripping device is self-powered, i.e. the power supply circuit 8 is supplied by the current sensors 4a to 4c via the shaping circuit 7. The power supply Vdc disappears after opening of the circuit breaker.
The electrical installation represented in figure 2 comprises a first circuit breaker 9, or upline circuit breaker, connected to a main line 10 and supplying a secondary line 11, itself connected to two down-line circuit breakers 12 and 13.
If a short-circuit occurs on a line 14 supplied by a down-line circuit breaker, the circuit breaker 12 in figure 2, the up-line circuit breaker 9 detects the fault. However it has to have a selective behavior and, in this case, must not trip immediately. The down-line circuit breaker 12 in fact also detects the fault, opens and annuls the short-circuit current. The selective up-line circuit breaker 9 no longer detects a fault, does not trip, and continues to supply other circuit breakers or apparatuses, such as the circuit breaker 13.
* A short-circuit occurring on the line 11, supplied directly by the up-line circuit breaker 9, is detected only by the up-line circuit breaker 9. In this case, the up-line circuit breaker 9 has to trip as quickly as possible.
In the prior art, selectivity of the up-line circuit breaker is achieved, for example, by a selective tripping device, associated to the up-line circuit breaker and using a time delay. The operation of such a tripping device will be described briefly with reference to figures 3 and 4.
The processing circuit 6 of the selective trippmg device compares the current I with a low threshold Sb. When this threshold is reached, at a time tl (fig.3), a time delay signal A changes value. For example, the signal A goes from 0 to 1 at the time tl in figure 4. The signal A keeps this value, 1, during a preset time delay duration T then reverts to its initial value, 0, at a time t2. In a preferred embodiment, the time delay has a duration T = 8.125 ms, for a power system operating at 50 Hz.
line 11 of figure 2 for example). In this case, as represented in figure 3, the current I exceeds the high threshold Sh and the selective tripping device causes opening of the up-line circuit breaker. Tripping of the up-line circuit breaker has thus been delayed and this delay, which is for example about 14 ms, causes wear of the circuit breaker. The fault current flowing in the up-line circuit breaker is never broken before it has reached its peak value twice. In practice, depending in particular on the sampling frequency, it is even often necessary to wait for three passages via the peak value before opening of the up-line circuit breaker takes place.
The object of the invention is to eliminate this drawback. The selective tripping device according to the invention must be able not to trip if the down-line circuit breaker is present and to trip very quickly, in less than one half-period if the down-line circuit breaker is absent, so as to minimize the destructive effect of repulsion of the contacts of the up-line circuit breaker and to increase the number of breaking operations able to be performed by this circuit breaker.
The invention takes certain particularities of the primary current flowing in the up-line circuit breaker in the event of a short-circuit into account.
' duration of 3 ms. In figure 6 on the other hand, a prospective short-circuit current lower than the previous one, for example 100 kA rms (dotted line) generates a limited current having a peak value of 30 kA, slightly lower than the previous value, and a duration of 6 ms, greater than the previous duration.
Figure 7 represents two families of curves obtained experimentally and representing the variations, versus time, of the primary current Ip in a circuit breaker in the event of a short-circuit. The first family of curves, in dotted lines, corresponds to a single circuit breaker. The second family of curves, in unbroken lines, corresponds to the primary current flowing in the up-line circuit breaker when the short-circuit current flows in a down-line circuit breaker, with which the up-line circuit breaker is connected in series, resulting in repulsion of the contacts of the down-line circuit breaker, of lower rating than the up-line circuit breaker, and limiting of the short-circuit current flowing in the two circuit breakers. Within each family of curves, the different curves are obtained for different values of the prospective short-circuit current and, as in figures 5 and 6, the duration of the primary current increases when the amplitude of the first current peak decreases.
It can also be observed that, for the same prospective short-circuit current, the first peak occurs more quickly when the down-line circuit breaker has repelled (unbroken line) than when the up-line circuit breaker is alone (dotted line). In figure 7 the envelopes of the peak values of the two families of curves have been represented in bold lines.
as to take into account the different cases able to be envisaged for a short-circuit (amplitude, symmetrical, asymmetrical short-circuit, etc.). In this way, the envelopes of the peak values Ic of two families of curves can be plotted for each circuit breaker, versus the time tc when the first current peak occurs. In figure 8, the curve El corresponds to an envelope obtained with a single circuit breaker and the curve E2 to an envelope obtained with up-line and down-line circuit breakers connected in series. Two values of the peak current amplitude Ic are thus associated to a time tcl when the first peak occurs, a first value Icl corresponding to the case where the circuit breaker is alone (curve El) and a second value Ic2 corresponding to the case where the circuit breaker is connected in series with a down-line circuit breaker (curve E2). At each time tcl when the first peak occurs, the second value Ic2 is lower than the first value Icl.
The invention uses this property to enable the selective tripping device to differentiate, when a short-circuit occurs, between the case where the associated circuit breaker is alone and the case where it is connected in series with a down-line circuit breaker and to adapt its instantaneous tripping strategy accordingly.
' The distance between the curves El and E2 is all the larger the greater the difference between the circuit breaker ratings. This distance also increases with the limiting capacity of the down-line circuit breaker. The higher the limiting capacity of the down-line circuit breaker, the lower the corresponding peak values. An optimum difference is obtained with a down-line circuit breaker having a very good limiting capacity, and an up-line circuit breaker without any limiting capacity, the rating of the up-line circuit breaker being at least twice the rating of the down-line circuit breaker.
The values Ic are representative of the peak values of the primary currents. The selective tripping device in practice uses, in very conventional manner, the values measured by the current sensors.
According to a first embodiment of the invention, the function S(tc) is a step function, as represented in figures 9 and 10. This type of function is more particularly suitable for storing in table form in a microprocessor-based tripping device.
In figure 9, two curves S(tc) are represented, the curve E3b being staggered in time with respect to the curve E3a. The curve E3a is used in self-powered tripping devices (fig.l) in which the processing circuit power supply is only provided via current sensors, i.e. when the processing unit is not powered beforehand. The curve E3b is used in the case where the tripping device is always supplied (prior power supply of the processing unit) for example by means of an auxiliary power supply (or when the circuit breaker was already operating at rated current at the time the short-circuit occurred).
In figure 10, a curve E3d is staggered in amplitude with respect to a curve E3c.
It is possible to provide a plurality of tables in the selective tripping device corresponding to the various possible options (with or without prior power supply, different ratings) and to validate the option chosen in the tripping device when performing installation thereof.
According to another embodiment of the invention (fig. 11), the function S(tc) can be constituted by a plurality of segments of straight lines with different slopes. As in figures 9 and 10, this function can be staggered in time or in amplitude according to the various possible options.
The same is the case for the embodiment of figure 12 in which the function S(tc) is obtained from a mathematical function.
The operation of a particular embodiment of a tripping device according to the invention will be explained hereafter, with reference to figure 13 which represents the variations, versus time, of the current I supplied to the processing circuit 6 of the tripping device (in the absence of tripping).
In this particular embodiment, the processing circuit compares the current I with a low threshold Sb. As soon as this threshold is reached (time t3), the tripping device initializes counting of the time Tc necessary for the current I to reach its first peak value Ic (time t4). By using a predetermined curve S(tc) of the type defined above, the tripping device accordingly adapts the instantaneous tripping threshold to a value S(Tc). If, at the time t4, the current Ic exceeds the threshold S(Tc), the associated circuit breaker is considered to be alone and a tripping order is immediately generated. If on the other hand, at the time t4, the current Ic remains lower than the threshold S(Tc), then the tripping device considers that the associated circuit breaker is connected in series with a down-line circuit breaker and does not trip, the down-line circuit breaker then clearing the fault.
Thus, in the absence of a down-line circuit breaker, there is no time delay for tripping of the circuit breaker connected on its own and wear of this circuit breaker is thereby reduced. The no time delay decision being taken as soon as the first peak of the signal (t4) occurs, the number of breaks on short-circuit able to be performed by a circuit breaker can be increased from 2 or 3 in the prior art to 6 to 9 with the selective tripping device according to the invention.
According to a preferred embodiment, the processing circuit of the tripping device performs current measurement by sampling as represented in figure 14. The current is sampled with a preset sampling period Te.
the peak value, is reset to zero. Then the processing circuit performs (F2) measuring of a current sample. It then compares (F3) the amplitude of this sample with the low threshold Sb. If this amplitude is lower than or equal to Sb (no output of F3), the circuit goes back to step F2. If the threshold Sb has been reached (yes output of F3), the processing circuit increments (F4) the value of Tc : Tc = Tc + 1. Thus when the amplitude of a first sample (II in figure 14) exceeds the threshold Sb, the quantity Tc takes the value L Then the processing circuit determines (F5) the value S(Tc) of the threshold associated to this value of Tc. It then examines (F6) whether the peak has been reached. If this is not the case (no output of F6), it performs (F7) a new measuring of I before returning to the step F4. At each new sample, the quantity Tc is incremented and the corresponding threshold determined. When the peak is reached (yes output of F6), the processing circuit compares the last sample with the threshold S(Tc). If the threshold is not exceeds (no output of F8), the processing is completed, the short-circuit being dealt with by the down-line circuit breaker. If on the other hand the threshold is exceeded (yes output of F8), the processing circuit triggers (F9) tripping of the circuit breaker.
In the alternative embodiment represented in figure 16, the step F5 is eliminated and replaced by an equivalent step, F10, performed between the steps F6 and F8. Thus, in the first embodiment, the threshold is continuously adapted to the last value of the quantity Tc measured. In the second embodiment on the other hand, the threshold is only determined when the peak has been reached, which minimizes the processing time at each sample.
' sample. In figure 14, the amplitude of the 5th sample (I5) is smaller than that of the previous sample (I5 For the results obtained to be reliable the current supplied by a sensor has to be representative of the primary current. The lower the remanence of the sensor the less it saturates, and the more the results are reliable. Figures 17 and 18 represent two types of current sensor of known type fulfilling these conditions satisfactorily.
The current sensor according to figure 17 is a linear sensor. It comprises a magnetic circuit and a secondary winding formed by a coil 16. The magnetic circuit, generally formed by stacked plates, surrounds the conductor 17 of the power system where the primary current to be measured is flowing. A part 18 of the magnetic circuit 15 passes through the center of the secondary winding and forms the core of the coil 16.
The preferred embodiment of the current sensor represented in figure 18 is an iron sensor with shunt effect of the type described in the document EP-A-704867. It comprises a magnetic shunt 19, branch connected on the magnetic core of the secondary winding and comprising an air-gap 20. A current sensor of this kind presents in particular a lower remanence than that of other types of sensor, which makes it more reliable for measuring the first peak.
The invention is however not limited to a particular type of current sensor. Other types of linear current sensor can notably be used. For example Air current sensors, Iron current sensors, Hall effect current sensors, etc. can be used.
The invention applies equally well to a single-phase or a multi-phase power system. In the latter case, processing is performed separately for each phase.
The low threshold Sb (figures 13 and 14) is preferably different from zero. The curves S(tc) are adapted to take account of the value of Sb chosen.
a tripping device characterized in that the processing means (3) comprise means (F4) for determining a second quantity, representative of the time necessary for the current to reach the peak value, and means (F5, F10) for determining the instantaneous tripping threshold according to a decreasing function of the second quantity (Tc).
2.- The tripping device according to claim 1, characterized in that the instantaneous tripping threshold S(Tc) varies according to the second quantity (Tc) according to a curve (E3) disposed between first and second curves (El, E2) representative of envelopes of the peak values of the current, the first curve (El) being obtained when the associated circuit breaker (9) is not connected in series with another circuit breaker connected down-line and the second curve (E2) being obtained when the associated circuit breaker (9) is connected in series with another circuit breaker (12, 13) connected down-line.
The tripping device according to claim 2, characterized in that the tirst ana secona curves (El, E2) are determined experimentally.
The tripping device according to any one of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the second quantity (Tc) is representative of the time necessary for the current to reach the peak value from the moment the current exceeds a preset low threshold (Sb).
The tripping device according to any one of the foregoing claims, characterized in that said function is a step function.
The tripping device according to any one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that said function is constituted by a plurality of segments of straight lines with different slopes.
The tripping device according to any one of the foregoing claims, characterized in that, for a preset second quantity (Tc), the amplitude of the instantaneous tripping threshold increases with the circuit breaker rating.
The tripping device according to any one of the foregoing claims, characterized in that said instantaneous tripping threshold variation curve is staggered in time when the processing means are not supplied beforehand.
The tripping device according to any one of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the means for measuring the current comprise at least one linear current sensor.
10.-The tripping device according to any one of the claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the means for measuring the current comprise at least one iron sensor with shunt effect.
11. A selective electronic tripping device substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.


Solardo will be celebrating the 50th release on their Sola Records label this Thursday (4th October) at DJ Mag's Work Bar.
With a series of singles set for release this month, the recent DJ Mag UK cover stars will be celebrating their label with a party featuring Secondcity, Del-30 and Mason Maynard. The duo themselves will also, of course, be playing. The party starts at 7 pm and runs through to midnight.
Having dropped Solardo's edit of Prok & Fitch's 'Celia's House' yesterday and Secondcity 'Tomorrow's World' last week, we'll be premiering Del-30's SOLA050 track tomorrow so keep your eyes open for that.
Meanwhile, you can sign up for guestlist for our London party with the label on Thursday here. It's a free event so sign up ASAP to ensure your place! You can get full details of the party here.
For those who can't make it, Solardo, Secondcity and Mason Maynards' sets will be streaming live from DJ Mag's YouTube channel.
Alan Fitzpatrick is back with his House Party rave series this month. It's all kicking off in DJ Mag's Work Bar on Tuesday 2nd October with a We Are The Brave label takeover featuring Reset Robot, Ronnie Spiteri, Leonardo, A.S.H and Fitzpatrick himself.
For those who can't make it, Alan Fitzpatrick and Resent Robot's sets will be streaming live from DJ Mag's YouTube channel.


The Cultural Association of the school organised Inter House Battle of Bands on 10 August 2018 for grades 6-12. The excitement in the air was almost palpable when the show started. The battle was well fought with the participants enthralling the audience with their power packed performance. The winners of the event was the Explorers House. The 2nd and 3rd place were won by the Voyagers and Pioneers respectively.


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F E A T U R E D E X P L O R A T I O N A R T I C L E
Caught in the Act:
Freeze-frame Momentos from Ancient China
Gobi Desert—How were the Chinese dinosaurs fossilized
(sand storms or catastrophic flood)?
by Margaret Helder
If you have followed the adventures of scientists who collect fossils for a living, you may have noticed that travel to distant lands is often part of their profession. One such account by Derek Ager, published posthumously in 1993 (The New Catastrophism, Cambridge University Press) contains insights garnered from his travels and experiences during the course of a long career in palaeontology.
The book contains many interesting details and some very frank remarks. One item particularly caught my eye. Dr. Ager mentioned that many people have misconceptions about deserts. He too, had expected to find endless stretches of massive sand dunes. On the contrary, he said, "most deserts are not sandy but have stony surfaces with the stones often shaped like the wind." (p. 24) Sand dunes do occur in deserts but they are usually only local in extent (p. 26). He pondered the significance of this for geology. Dr. Ager came to the remarkable conclusion that "desert sediments in the form of sand-dunes are continuously on the move and do not usually accumulate for the geologists of the future. What is more, desert animals and plants are unlikely to be preserved." (p. 28) This opinion struck me as interesting in view of other published reports on the effects of sand storms in China.
In recent years, news has been published of some very remarkable dinosaur fossils found in China. These fossils are preserved in postures that they would have occupied while alive. As far as anyone can see, these animals were overtaken by disasters so sudden, that they had no chance to escape. They have remained entombed to the present. We might well ask ourselves what happened to these animals that was so sudden and so permanent in its effects. The answer that we typically hear is that the victims were overtaken by sudden sand storms. But how reasonable, one wonders, is that conclusion.
The first such fossil, long labelled the most "dramatic of all dinosaur fossil finds" was discovered in the late 1960s by a Polish lady palaeontologist. At Tugrugeen in Outer Mongolia, a site with a white sandstone escarpment, Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska uncovered "two dinosaur skeletons beautifully preserved as they died, locked in a vicious struggle". So recounted Don Lessem in 1989 (Digging for Dinosaurs in China. Rotunda v. 21 #4 p. 18). The aggressor was a small predator, Velociraptor, while the victim was a stocky herbivore Protoceratops lying on its back while the Velociraptor attacked its unprotected underside. The victim clearly was doomed—but something overtook them both, preserving the violent scene until today.
So what happened to these combatants? According to Don Lessem, the lady palaeontologist speculated that the dinosaurs sank in quicksand. Others since, have reflected perhaps that at least the aggressor animal would have tried to escape from quicksand. Thus in an article in Scientific American ("Fossils of the Flaming Cliffs". December 1994 p. 66) authors Michael J Novacek and others, suggest alternatively that the "fighting dinosaurs" met their end in a sandstorm. Interestingly a fossil was found in 1987, far to the south in China's Yunnan Province. National Geographic (January 1993 p. 24) quotes "China's leading dinosaur paleontologist" concerning a 5 m long carnivore which was interlocked with a still larger herbivore. Dong attributes their deaths and surprising preservation to perhaps their struggling on a lake bed and their becoming bogged down in quicksand.
Another recently discovered fossil "amazingly beautiful" is seeemingly a further example of instantaneous preservation. It was located at Ukhaa Tolgod, the famous Flaming Cliffs of the Gobi Desert, South Central Mongolia. As described by Mark Norell and others (Nature 21/28 December 1995 pp. 774-776), close examination of the fossil provides compelling evidence that the animal was brooding a clutch of eggs. These eggs, probably 22 in all, had most likely been manipulated by the mother into a circular pattern with the broad end pointing towards the centre of the nest. The animal appears to be squatting directly over the nest with arms slightly extended.
This type of adult had been found in 1923 in close association with a nest. Roy Chapman Andrews named the animal Oviraptor or "egg stealer" because he assumed that it was robbing the nest of a Protoceratops, the most common dinosaur in the area. A similar egg however was discovered in 1994 to contain a nearly perfect oviraptorid skeleton (Scientific American December 1994 p. 68). Scientists then wondered if perhaps Andrew's specimen had actually been incubating the nest rather than robbing it. The fossil described in 1995 indeed appears to confirm that view.
Oviraptor, now known to be inappropriately named, was a dinosaur which reached 2 metres long. Its legs were designed for running. On top of its head was a strange structure, a "wildly projecting cassock." The appearance of this animal must have been unique. The front of the skull was formed into a prominent toothless beak. Nobody has any idea now what precisely this animal ate. This specimen at Ukhaa Tolgod, and other fossils there, exhibit extraordinary preservation, the result of rapid death and burial "in what must have been a powerful sandstorm, so sudden that we are left with the impression of an animal freeze-framed in the act of nest brooding." according to commentary in Nature 21/28 December 1995 p. 765). Other fossils found at the same site include tiny mammals, so fragile one would expect the bones to be completely distorted. In this case however the skeletons were almost completely intact. Concludes the Novacek team "these small creatures were probably buried and preserved rapidly after they had died."
There seems no doubt that something sudden and remarkable happened to these animals in China. As Novacek and others remark "No one knows why fossils in the Gobi are so well preserved." (p. 60) It seems apparent however, that these animals were buried quickly. They definitely were not carried along after death by treacherous water currents, as were most of the North American dinosaur fossils. Obviously these animals were overtaken by almost instantaneous catastrophes. As we have seen, scientists have variously attributed these to quicksand (wet) or sand storms (dry). The latter would be more sudden but would they be sudden enough?
We now know that deserts and sand storms are probably inadequate explanations for the permanent way in which these animals were buried. Nor would most sandstorms provide the element of surprise that these incidents suggest was involved. Several creationists, alternatively, have suggested that we turn our attention to water, the other vector of sand. Indeed the Novacek team acknowledges that water was a factor in the area. "Although much of the Cretaceous Gobi was dry, water must have been abundant in at least a few places and times. We found occasional fossils of turtles, usually associated with aquatic habitats." They mention one site west of the Nemegt Valley where 50 turtles were found in a site the size of a wading pool. (p. 63) Fast moving water has the capacity to carry and deposit great loads of sediment. Water moves sediment far faster than wind can. In the wake of a tidal wave, the sediments could consolidate, within a watery milieu, into permanent tombs for the victims. Those dinosaurs in China died in sudden flooding. It was a crisis unequalled since in scope. Now why have the palaeontologists not thought of that?
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