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Nation●Cymru
A news service by the people of Wales, for the people of Wales.
Wales Office criticised for putting out 'disputed information' over funding for farmers
UK Governmentin Wales tweet
The Wales Office has been criticised for putting out a social media post that includes what one Senedd Member calls "disputed information".
The ad says that the UK Government has secured £337 million for Welsh farmers in the 2021/2022 financial year.
However Labour Senedd Member Alun Davies claimed that they were "publishing disputed information as fact".
He pointed to the NFU Cymru and the FUW who said the Welsh agriculture budget was being slashed by Chancellor Rishi Sunak's decision in the spending review.
The Farmers' Union of Wales said the Welsh agriculture budget is being cut by £95 million and that this breaks the promise they were made in the Conservative election manifesto that they wouldn't lose out on any funding after Brexit.
The union said that it expected Wales' agricultural and rural development budget to be in the region of £337 million, but that the 2021-2022 budget will now be £242 million, which equates to a cut of around 28 per cent.
The Welsh Office ad, however, said in its post that spending will remain at £337m:
The UK Government has guaranteed funding for Wales's farmers.
In 2021/22 this will match 2019 levels thanks to £240 million of funding from the UK Treasury. pic.twitter.com/lOZxaA0GPy
— UK Government in Wales (@UKGovWales) November 29, 2020
Former Welsh Government minister Alun Davies, however, questioned the claim:
Interesting that a U.K. Govt account is publishing disputed information as fact. This is is not the view of @NFUCymru or @FUW_UAC https://t.co/wag1wBx1ns
— Alun Davies MS / AS 🏴 🇪🇺 🏳🌈 (@AlunDaviesMS) November 29, 2020
'Inaccurate claims'
This week, Janet Finch-Saunders MS, the Shadow Minister for Climate Change, Energy and Rural Affairs called for those claiming there were cuts to "withdraw their inaccurate claims immediately".
"The claims made of a 'Brexit betrayal' over the Welsh agriculture budget and supposed cuts are just plain wrong," she said.
"Let me be clear; the UK Government committed to maintain the level of funding to farmers in Wales and between their funding and the tapering off of EU funds this is exactly what they are doing. Anyone that says anything different is spouting nonsense.
"Those who are suggesting that this is not the case must withdraw their inaccurate claims immediately."
However, the FUW refused to back down and have said that the Tories are counting figures that they shouldn't be in their calculations.
Nick Fenwick, Head of Policy at the FUW said: "Based on the official figures published by the 2013 coalition government and the EU, the average annual funding made available to Wales through the EU CAP for the 2014-2020 period was around £330 million. The allocation announced yesterday is £240 million, which is around £90 million lower.
"The explanation for the difference appears to be that unspent EU money from the 2014-2020 CAP budget (which can be carried over into next year and beyond) is being used to make up the difference in order to validate claims that the total budget is the same – but that 'carried over' funding comes from the 2014-2020 budgetary period so shouldn't be counted.
"Our concerns are shared by the Welsh Government, the Scottish Government and the Northern Ireland Executive, as well as many others, and we have yet to receive a satisfactory explanation as to why a £90 million gap exists after unspent 2014-2020 funds are discounted.
"Until we receive satisfactory assurances that the Treasury will make the same amount available as the EU did through the CAP, we will maintain that the promise to match EU funding has not been met."
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You are here: SecPoint & IT Security News
Trader recommends Regulation that is intelligent
In the highly successful and informative RSA Europe 2009, a rogue trader who had been in the business of bankrupting banks before it became popular—Nick Leeson—stated to delegates that further monetary dilemmas (like the Barings Bank collapse he masterminded) will inevitably happen in the future unless the present quality of banking regulation improves.
Leeson alleges at the Thursday stretch of the European security conference that nearly nothing has changed in the last fourteen years since he first caused losses in excess of eight hundred twenty-seven million pounds (one billion three hundred million dollars) and the financial ruin of the Barings Bank in 1995. He stated to journalists that improving scam management systems with suitable knowledge-based regulations is the only way to expose financial fraud similar to the one he undertook for three years at Barings. Leeson emphasized that better regulation quality—not stricter or more lax directives—was needed in order to ensure the safeness of financial institutions everywhere against cavalier traders like himself.
25 year old mange rigged market in Singapore 1992
When Leeson was just an overambitious twenty-five-year-old young man, he went to Singapore in 1992 and founded a business in derivatives and futures market for Barings. Despite his initial successes, Leeson was soon forced to disguise his losses into an error account named 88888 because of how staggering and numerous these deficits were. He concealed his negative cash flow by getting an overdraft, so daily funds from London kept the bank buoyant while the overdraft and losses piled up. It was only after other banks started calling in his liabilities that the whole state of affairs went down the drain.
For three years straight, Leeson was able to stave off investigations from the treasury, compliance, and risk management departments at Barings by telling many different sets of lies to each division that depended quite a lot on his own skills and intelligences as a con artist as well as their lack of knowledge about derivatives trading to delay the unavoidable fallout. Leeson was able to continue with his ruse because of the general ignorance of the Barings board—i.e., the human element which financial security systems are forever helpless against. The people who investigated him had no comprehension of the deals he was making, which left them in the dark during most of his scamming tenure.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Shook Family Funeral Homes
Plant a Tree for Eugene
Eugene D. Mason
September 18, 1928 ~ January 3, 2021 (age 92)
Eugene D. Mason, 92 of Tiffin, passed away Sunday morning January 3, 2021, at St. Francis Home in Tiffin.
Gene was born September 18, 1928 in Republic, to Jennings and Letha (Moyer) Mason. He married Reva L. Dawson on February 9, 1947 in Adams Twp., Seneca County, and they enjoyed 73 years together.
Gene is survived by his wife Reva and she survives in Tiffin. Other survivors include three sons, Ron (Kellie) Mason of Detroit, Michigan, Gary (Pam) Mason of Tiffin, and Dan (Ollietta) Mason of Tiffin,12 grandchildren, 28 great-grandchildren, and 5 great-great-grandchildren, his 2 brothers, Doyle Mason of Sandusky, and Dwight Mason of Republic.
Gene was preceded in death by sister-in-laws, Irene and Betty Mason, and a granddaughter, Sharon Mason,
Gene enjoyed many things in life, dancing, bingo, mushroom hunting, squirrel hunting, playing cards (Card Club for 40 years), traveling, Hawaii twice, and most of the lower US, taking cruises and fishing in Canada and Michigan with friends and family. Boating was his true passion and spending most weekends at Lake Erie with friends on their boat and in their trailer home.
Gene was a 1947 graduate of Republic-Scipio High School. He worked for a short time at Clyde Cutlery and then ended his career at National Machinery as a milling machine operator, retiring in 1992 after 33 years.
Gene was an active member of the Trinity United Methodist Church in Republic. He loved serving Easter sunrise breakfast, and being a greeter. His other memberships included the Moose, Eagles, and VFW. Gene was a kind, and gentle man who never used foul language and will be missed.
Gene's family would like to thank the wonderful caregivers at St. Francis Home for taking good care of Gene's every need. Your compassion and care were deeply appreciated.
A private family burial will held in St. Jacob's Cemetery Republic. Due to the current pandemic, there will be no funeral home visitation. A celebration of Gene's life will be postponed until a time when the family can gather safely.
Memorial contribution may be made to Stein Hospice. The Lindsey-Shook Funeral Home, 3085 S. SR. 19 Bloomville, is assisting the family with the arrangements.
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Eugene D. Mason, please visit our floral store.
You can still show your support by sending flowers directly to the family, or by planting a memorial tree in the memory of Eugene D. Mason
© 2021 Shook Family Funeral Homes. All Rights Reserved. Funeral Home website by CFS & TA | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy


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December 2002 »
Minimum Temperature Rankings, November 2002
Record Coolest
Record Warmest
Warmest/Coolest
1-Month 23.1°F
(-4.9°C) 22.8°F
(-5.1°C) 0.3°F
(0.2°C) 57th Coolest Coolest since: 2000 1985
71st Warmest Warmest since: 2001 1927
Ties: 1902, 1925, 2005
Oct–Nov 2002
(-2.6°C) -1.9°F
(-1.1°C) 21st Coolest Coolest since: 2000 1985
107th Warmest Warmest since: 2001 2016
Sep–Nov 2002
(-0.5°C) 30th Coolest Coolest since: 2000 1985
98th Warmest Warmest since: 2001 1963
Ties: 1903, 1948, 1951, 1984
Aug–Nov 2002
(1.4°C) 35.5°F
(1.9°C) -1.0°F
Jul–Nov 2002
83rd Warmest Warmest since: 2001 2021
Ties: 1914, 1945, 1980, 1992, 2019
Jun–Nov 2002
(3.9°C) 0.2°F
Ties: 1897, 1968, 1974, 1984, 1987, 1994, 2005
May–Nov 2002
Apr–Nov 2002
Ties: 1915, 1921, 1943, 1962, 1965, 1972
Mar–Nov 2002
(-0.1°C) 43rd Coolest Coolest since: 1999 1916
Feb–Nov 2002
10-Month 33.4°F
Jan–Nov 2002
Dec 2001–Nov 2002
Jun 2001–Nov 2002
(0.5°C) 93rd Coolest Coolest since: 1995 1917, 1931, 1933
32nd Warmest Warmest since: 2001 2016
(0.6°C) 104th Coolest Coolest since: 1997 1933


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Unilever announces new chairman
Previous - Unilever announces new global zero waste to landfill achievement
Next - HUL and former employees of Kodaikanal factory sign settlement
Dr. Marijn Dekkers to succeed Michael Treschow in April 2016
Unilever today announced that it is proposed that Dr. Marijn Dekkers, one of Europe's leading global business figures, will succeed Michael Treschow as Chairman of Unilever N.V. and Unilever PLC. He will be nominated for election to the Boards at the Annual General Meetings in April 2016.
Dr. Dekkers is currently Chief Executive Officer of Bayer AG and, as announced by Bayer AG earlier today, he will step down from this role at the end of April.
Michael Treschow will retire from Unilever at the 2016 AGMs after having served Unilever's usual maximum tenure of nine years as Chairman. He joined the Unilever Boards in 2007 and was the first independent, non-executive Chairman of Unilever.
Michael Treschow said: "Marijn Dekkers is a highly successful businessman with a formidable track record gained in some of the world's most competitive industries. I have no doubt that Unilever will greatly benefit from his knowledge, international experience and his strong belief in driving business growth responsibly and in the long term."
Marijn Dekkers said: "I am honoured to have been invited by the Boards to become Unilever's Chairman and to help contribute to the purpose, vision and strategy of this Group. It is a great business, with great brands and an unequalled global reach. I know Paul Polman as an outstanding global leader and he and I are looking forward immensely to working together in the future."
Ann Fudge, Vice-Chairman and Senior Independent Director said:
"The Boards of Unilever are delighted to make this appointment. Our Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee conducted a thorough search. We set the bar high and I'm delighted our efforts have yielded such an excellent result.
The Boards would also like to pay special tribute to Michael and the significant contribution he has made. Under his leadership Unilever has undergone one of its most successful periods in its history and he leaves the business well placed in its transformation journey. His strong leadership and commitment to sustainability and building long term profitable growth have been hallmarks of his Chairmanship and we wish him well in the years ahead."
Unilever also announced that in addition to Michael Treschow, Hixonia Nyasulu will be retiring from the Unilever Boards at the conclusion of the 2016 AGMs having also served for nine years. Michael Treschow said: "I would like to thank Hixonia for her contribution as a Unilever Non-Executive Director. She has brought invaluable experience to the Unilever Boards and been a great source of advice and guidance for the business, in particular in relation to Africa and her role on the Audit Committee. She leaves with the best wishes of us all."
It is proposed that Strive Masiyiwa and Prof. Youngme Moon join the Boards as Non-Executive Directors. They will be nominated for election to the Boards at the 2016 AGMs. As previously announced it is also proposed that Graeme Pitkethly will be nominated for election to the Boards as an Executive Director in the role of Chief Financial Officer at the 2016 AGMs.
Strive Masiyiwa is the founder and executive chairman of global telecommunications group Econet Wireless and Youngme Moon is senior associate dean for strategy and innovation, as well as the Donald K. David Professor of Business Administration, at Harvard Business School.
Michael Treschow said: "I am delighted that Strive Masiyiwa and Youngme Moon have agreed to join the Boards as Non-Executive Directors. They will bring, in addition to their distinguished international business and marketing experiences, unique perspectives into the impact technology, particularly digital, is having on new business models for the future both in the developed and developing world."
The following Directors will offer themselves for re-election at the 2016 AGMs: Nils Andersen, Laura Cha, Vittorio Colao, Louise Fresco, Ann Fudge, Judith Hartmann, Mary Ma, Paul Polman, John Rishton and Feike Sijbesma.
Dr. Marijn Dekkers
Nationality: Dutch and U.S. citizenship. Born: 1957
Dr. Dekkers joined Bayer AG on 1 January 2010 and became Chief Executive Officer of Bayer AG on 1 October 2010.
Having studied chemistry and chemical engineering Dr. Dekkers began his professional career in 1985 as a scientist at the corporate research centre of General Electric in the United States, gaining experience in various units of the company before joining AlliedSignal (subsequently Honeywell International Inc.) in 1995. In 2000 Dr. Dekkers became Chief Operating Officer of Thermo Electron Corporation, the world's leading manufacturer of laboratory instruments (later renamed Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) and in 2002 he became this company's President and CEO.
Dr. Dekkers currently serves on the Board of Directors of General Electric in the United States. In September 2014, he took over the two-year presidency of the German Chemical Industry Association (VCI), Frankfurt. He is also a Vice President of the Federation of German Industry (BDI), Berlin.
Strive Masiyiwa
Nationality: Zimbabwean. Born: 1961
Mr Masiyiwa is the founder and executive chairman of global diversified telecommunications group Econet Wireless. Also, through Econet's subsidiaries, the Group funds one of the largest scholarship programs for orphan and vulnerable children in Africa, run by the Higherlife Foundation. Mr Masiyiwa currently serves on a number of international boards including the Rockefeller Foundation, the Global Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Africa Progress Panel, and recently took over the chairmanship of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) and the Micronutrient Initiative. He is a juror of the Hilton Foundation's Humanitarian Prize. He is also one of the founders of the global think tank known as the Carbon War Room.
Prof. Youngme Moon
Professor Moon is senior associate dean for strategy and innovation, as well as the Donald K. David Professor of Business Administration, at Harvard Business School ('HBS'). At HBS, she has also served as chair and senior associate dean for the MBA Program. Prior to HBS, Professor Moon was professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1997 to 1998. Professor Moon currently serves on the board of directors of Avid Technology, Rakuten and The Honest Company, and she is a former member of the board of Governors for the American Red Cross.
Merlin Koene
merlin.koene@unilever.com
investor.relations@unilever.com
This announcement may contain forward-looking statements, including 'forward-looking statements' within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as 'will', 'aim', 'expects', 'anticipates', 'intends', 'looks', 'believes', 'vision', or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Unilever group (the "Group"). They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance.
Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which could cause actual results to differ materially are: Unilever's global brands not meeting consumer preferences; Unilever's ability to innovate and remain competitive; Unilever's investment choices in its portfolio management; inability to find sustainable solutions to support long-term growth; customer relationships; the recruitment and retention of talented employees; disruptions in our supply chain; the cost of raw materials and commodities; the production of safe and high quality products; secure and reliable IT infrastructure; successful execution of acquisitions, divestitures and business transformation projects; economic and political risks and natural disasters; financial risks; failure to meet high ethical standards; and managing regulatory, tax and legal matters. Further details of potential risks and uncertainties affecting the Group are described in the Group's filings with the London Stock Exchange, NYSE Euronext in Amsterdam and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Group's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2013 and Annual Report and Accounts 2013. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this announcement. Except as required by any applicable law or regulation, the Group expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in the Group's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.


April's edition of Backstage Pass with Julia Figueras features Flutist Adam Sadberry. Sadberry, a senior from the studio at the Eastman School of Music and WXXI Community Advisory Board member, has won a Detroit Symphony fellowship to perform with the orchestra for the next two years.
Since its beginning in 1911, the San Francisco Symphony has been known for innovative programs that offer a spectrum of traditional repertory and new music.
Every spring, WFMT host Carl Grapentine curates and presents music in his morning program that celebrates opening day of the baseball season.
Host Paul Huttner makes sense of climate science and offers solutions to the global climate crisis.
Presenter and scientist Liz Bonnin offers a deep dive into the Earth's oceans in this two-part series airing two Saturdays in a row.
The March For Our Lives is a march in Washington, D.C. and a national day of civic action on gun violence and school safety.
Irish music has traveled the world — from fiddles and pipes in the corner of the pub, to orchestral versions of well-loved tunes.


...played with. No vaccume leaks? The fan blows, but it just blows cold air. I have checked vaccume lines, and they are all on tight. I don't here or feel any leaks. I'm not sure what they do when it is not working. As soon as I start fiddling with the hot cold switch and the vaccume lines, it starts working. I worked on another one that was doing somthing similar, and It got sent to our other shop and had a body control module put on it. I work for a school district, and only one of our shops has a computer to program the module. Our head mechanic did the the work, but he has quit. Does it sound like it could be the same thing, or somthing differernt.
sounds like a temp door actuator, my 88 chrys. heater would work great until it was really cold outside. when i turned the heat temp down it would work fine. but it would not get hotter when i turned it back up. only cold air.


YAAC has the capability to verify if a message was actually sent by the station that claims to have sent it, while still complying with national laws requiring amateur radio traffic to be sent "in the clear" (unencrypted). Using standard timestamped HMAC (Hashed Message Authentication Code) algorithms, YAAC can append a cryptographic signature to an APRS message that can only be confirmed by other stations with which a common encryption key has been shared (presumably through some secure means, not over APRS). This can be used for any purpose where the recipient needs to confirm that the claimed transmitting station actually did send the message, such as telecommand, and that the message is not being replayed at a later time by some other station.
The first time YAAC needs to access security keys (either to view the key store, or the first time a message is received from or sent to a station with a key in common with the local station), YAAC will prompt for a password to confirm the user is the person who established the keys on the local installation of YAAC. If first creating the key store, the password entered will be used to secure the keystore for future access.
If the user accesses the keystore to see and edit what keys are available (from the View menu), a table of keys currently stored in the keystore will be displayed.
When the user sends a message to another station (using any of the mechanisms for doing so in the GUI), YAAC will check if the recipient station has been associated with local security keys. If so, YAAC will ask if the message should be signed, and (if more than one local key is associated with the remote station) which key should be used. Note that only symmetrical (secret) keys can be used for message signing; private/public key pairs create a signature too long to use in APRS messages. If you choose to sign the message, a signature will be generated using the current time (in 1-minute resolution, 32-bit binary high-byte-first minutes since the Unix time epoch of midnight, January 1st, 1970 UTC), the recipient's callsign-SSID (as a variable-length ASCII string, not AX.25 bit-shifted encoding), and the text body of the message, and appended to the sent message (before any acknowledgment sequence number), as the literal text "\S" followed by a base-85 encoding of the 16-byte MD5 hash (expanding to 20 non-blank ASCII characters). The 1-minute-resolution time protects against replay attacks by invalidating the signature should the message be received more than one minute after it was originally transmitted.
If the user receives a signed message from another station, and the other station is associated with locally-known secret keys, YAAC will attempt to validate the signature. If the signature is successfully validated (either against the current time or the previous minute's time), the message will be displayed in green text (rather than the usual black text) in message display windows. If the signature fails validation, the message will be displayed in magenta (purplish-red), so you know the message is not valid (corrupt or invalid format APRS messages are also displayed in magenta). The message data structure is marked internally with flags that can be tested programmatically by YAAC plugin extensions.
Note that this message authentication mechanism is based on research originally reported by Bryan Hoyer KG6GEU in a presentation to the NW Digital Radio group on 2013-Mar-31, available at http://microhams.blob.core.windows.net/content/2015/05/KG6GEU_Authentication.pdf.
Note that authentication using this mechanism requires that both the sender and receiver stations have their system time synchronized within one minute of each other, so that the correct timestamp will be used to validate the signature. Since most APRS stations are either using a GPS receiver (which provides time with fractional second accuracy) or are connected to the Internet (and thereby have access to Network Time Protocol servers to keep their clock synchronized), maintaining clock accuracy should not be an issue. However, if you constantly receive signature failures, check your system time to ensure it is accurate, and validate that you can get a message to the other station (or vice versa) in under a minute.
Private/public key pairs can be used as an alternative to the insecure APRS-IS passcode to authenticate YAAC to the APRS-IS Tier 2 backbone, using the SSL-APRS-IS port type. Only key pairs used for the ARRL Logbook of the World and certified by the ARRL's Certificate Authority are acceptable.
Once you have the .p12 file, run YAAC, and use the View menu to Show Authentication Keys. Push the Import Key button. In the Import dialog that appears, enter a name to use to identify this particular key (recommend "LOTW" so you know what it is), then navigate to the PKCS#12 keystore file, select it, and click the Import Public Key button.
You will be asked for the password for the PKCS#12 keystore; enter the same password you used when exporting the key from TQSL.


In the glossy shader I think there's a part that pseudorandomly perturbs the reflection vector so that it's not a perfect mirror reflection. How does one go about perturbing the reflection vector to get good visuals? Is there a formula?
Gameplay Xilvan Design's Games coming in 2019-2020!
Hi everybody, Since 2004, Xilvan Design building 2D & 3D games in Blitz3D, we are now showing to you our kindly official gaming related pages. - The Xilvan Design Website - (please click on each links, download games & bookmark the pages): Lights of Dreams IV: Far Above the Clouds v12.07. Candy World II: Another Golden Bones v17.57. Candy Racing Cup: The Lillians Rallies v5.07. Candy World Adventures IV: The Mirages of Starfield v9.37. Candy to the Rescue IV: The Scepter of Thunders v11.57. Candy's Space Adventures: The Messages from the Lillians v22.75. Candy's Space Mysteries II: New Mission on the earth-likes Planets v12.75. -"Lately, I fixed the colors of the ambient lights, adjusted the starlight coming from Galaxies, now the dogs may Walk, Run, Jump, Fly together, Grab bones, Pastries, Golden Bones, Hearts, Crystals, attack with freesbies." -"Now, it will be possible to edit all the levels of the game in Candy World Adventures IV v9.37. All 28 levels and 8 more in the future." -"I Want to continue Candy Racing Cup: The Lillians Rallies. I want to add more circuits, characters & cars." -"In the near future, I'm up to create a whole new Spatial Mode in Lights of Dreams V. New Space travel possibilities will be available before 2020 in our games." Once more, here is my YouTube Channel, where we are showing Candy's & Lights of Dreams series. Each games is free to play for the moment! - My Youtube Channel - Hope you'll like our games, downloads & watching our videos! We also refreshed the screenies, now they are up to date! Friendly, Xylvan, Xilvan Design.
Tomas Arce has released LIONant Properties, an open source C++ 17 Property / Reflection system useful for games and other applications. The project is intended for developers to have a default system to use for C++ properties. Read the documentation here. The code is MIT Licensed and includes recent imgui integration. Learn more at https://gitlab.com/LIONant/properties.
Robert Vanderaarde has released an open source tool built to create texture atlases that support pixel padding. Written in C#, the tool is useful for using a texture atlas in terrain generation. The reason the padding is necessary is that when you create mip maps for the textures, without the padding there is often bleeding on the texture atlas. The open source tool is available on Github at https://github.com/robertvanderaarde/TextureAtlasPadder.
A new version of CTAA is available for Unity on the Unity Asset Store. For sale at half the normal price, CTAA is designed to help Unity developers achieve next-generation off-line cinematic render quality results in realtime. CTAA reduces aliasing from specular highlights and bright pixels, especially when using post effects such as Bloom or Depth of Field including Aliasing on alpha tested edges. Temporally, new pixel data is gathered from the past and extrapolated to future frames for final re-construction based on velocity information. Performance is approximately equivalent to standard FXAA. Watch the video and click here to learn more.
I'm not a fan of handles as it doesn't play well with oop. I would prefer going the pointer route. So you are saying shared and weak ptr's are ok when needed. And I should use raw ptr when possible? I've worked on projects that use handles and others that use smart pointers. Both could work, I just prefer handles, it's more explicit and safe to me. Otherwise, in the pointer-case, I'd use raw pointer for situation where I just need to read/write from it, where I do not need to remember which specific object I'm working with (which is 99% of that cases). and this is done to avoid needless ref count increments. With handle is more or less the same thing, you remember the handle only when you want to keep track of specific object otherwise you obtain a pointer to it for read/write and that's all.
No problem. Good luck with your project!!!!
Okay, sorry. I didn't realize.
Here's the thing ..... It wasn't clear you were going to actually save the pointer outside of the API in some object. I was thinking you would get the pointer, use it for something and be done with it. In the later scenario the only way it would change is because of another thread. If you are going to save it, yet also want it to be able to be invalidated, then yes, you need something like a weak pointer.
No no. I wasn't trying to be mean. It's just something I notice in general, both here and on reddit, people expect that if something changes it must be another thread. Which I find interesting.
Mostly graphics, animation, physics..... what have you. I can work around what's missing. I'm just trying to get out of writing everything myself. While this may be true, I do need it and other apps that have needed it like Start Citizen and Dual Universe are using custom or pricey engines that support it. I need to be able to go from orbit to the surface and messing around with all sorts of offsets to handle this makes things more complex. One issue is seams that appear in between chunks if things don't match up perfectly. Yes not for those things but for large terrain it's highly desirable. I support more than 1 precision now for many things. My matrix and quarternion classes are templates. Yes I do this now. Everyone that has to support large terrain does this and that probably won't change. However keeping track of things on the CPU and server side is sill much easier and faster with 64bits. CPU double precision is not particularly slow as it is on GPUs.
It wasn't clear to us that you were going to save the pointer, go off and do something else and then come back later and expect it to be intact. So now it's a little more clear.
Yes, so this is what weak pointers are used for. I just was not clear if this level of control was part of your API. You can in fact use a weak pointer in this case. That being said as I mentioned in reddit, the standard library smart pointer implementation has a lot of overhead, so there are trade-offs. But if you don't want to do your own reference counting system this might be the best choice for what you want to do.
E.g. something a player does causes the object to delete itself. Why does everyone think it has something to do with threading? It's posible, but I don't think it's needed because in general, the pointer never changes unless you delete it. But I'll keep it in mind. I agree it's best to have one owner, and it would work for me I think, but there is unfortunately no way to check if a pointer is valid. Making it a bit harder to do. Handles aren't a bad idea, I just don't like to have my game code cluttered with handles and getPointerByHandle's. And even worse would be switching the entire engine to handles.(I wouldn't have access to classes) So I think I'm just going to take the smart pointer route where needed. Thanks for all your help!


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Cirrhencyrtus is een geslacht van vliesvleugeligen uit de familie Encyrtidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van dit geslacht is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1918 door Timberlake.

Soorten
Het geslacht Cirrhencyrtus omvat de volgende soorten:
 Cirrhencyrtus aeoles Noyes, 2010
 Cirrhencyrtus bimaculatus (De Santis, 1939)
 Cirrhencyrtus catina Noyes, 2010
 Cirrhencyrtus cotta Noyes, 2010
 Cirrhencyrtus crespo Noyes, 2010
 Cirrhencyrtus diversicolor (Compere, 1939)
 Cirrhencyrtus ehrhorni (Timberlake, 1916)
 Cirrhencyrtus pertius Noyes, 2010
 Cirrhencyrtus repenix Noyes, 2010
 Cirrhencyrtus silvia Noyes, 2010

Encyrtidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: I'd like to be able to sort starred messages by date OR number of stars When you go to a chatroom's description, you can get a list of all starred posts, all posts starred by you, and all starred posts posted by you. I really like having these lists, but I would like them even better if I had the ability to sort them by number of stars or date posted, separately. Right now, there's just the default ordering, which is neither of those two.
Can we please have the ability to choose what order we want these messages arranged by? (For example: Date, # of stars, and default)
(This unanswered question from a few years ago makes a similar feature request, but has apparently received little attention. Hopefully a broader proposal will catch the necessary devs' attention.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Home » Gadgets » Stock Android – have the tables finally turned?
The first Android phone was once made by HTC. The HTC Dream – or G1 because it was referred to as in some markets – used to be all Google on the subject of device. it might be apt to name it the primary phone operating 'stock' Android, mainly as a result of there used to be nothing else in the market. The telephone set the ball rolling and when the opposite manufacturers joined in, the open-supply underpinnings of Android enabled them to alter the best way their Android-based totally phones looked and functioned.
The manufacturers saw customising Android as a technique of differentiating themselves from their rivals who were additionally building telephones in keeping with the same 'stock' Android. With little to distinguish relating to specifications, there may be simplest a lot that they could've achieved with the hardware to face out from the gang. in the feel, innovating on the device entrance was an glaring, and a few might say cheaper, choices in comparison with dabbling with the physicality of the instrument.
Any other it's because manufacturers had been modifying or constructing upon Android was once to plug the gaps that preliminary versions of the OS had, although you would find that arduous to believe if you believed the 'specialists'. Up unless just lately, studying almost each evaluate of an Android telephone instead of the Nexus collection, you'd to find the reviewer criticising the UI overlay as one of the most telephone's drawbacks. there are numerous reasons for the detest in opposition to 0.33-birthday celebration skins like Samsung's TouchWIZ or HTC's feel UI. For some it is usually too cluttered, unintuitive, maybe even unsightly.
But the biggest cause Android purists all the time most well-liked inventory Android-laden Nexus phones is that you simply get updated to the newest and finest Android model as quickly as it is released. smartly, possibly no longer greatest in recent occasions.
It seemed that our wildest dreams came genuine when Google launched the 'Google Play model' of theSamsung Galaxy S4 and the HTC One – absolute best-in-class hardware with the goodness of inventory Android. but the whole lot's now not 'A-adequate' when you are working stock Android. for example, when pitted against siblings featuring instrument enhancements from their respective producers, both these telephones showed mediocrity in the camera device, ensuing in worse quality pictures.
However, issues are having a look brighter with producer customisations. just take a look at the Moto X and all things that make it special — the always-on notification lock display, the flexibility to wake the phone up without touching, the gesture to fire up the camera; all these are instrument additions no longer present in stock Android. Take all of them away and what are you left with? A phone that lets misplaced in the crowd of Android devices out there. Even the LG G2 comes with a 'visitor mode' that at last works the best way it must; something many individuals will delight in to have out of the field. Even sifting in the course of the truckload of features the Samsung puts into their Android telephones at the present time, options like group Play appear attention-grabbing.
It seems producers have started specializing in thoughtful additions as a substitute of just differentiating for the sake of it with little regard for price brought to the customer. With the last two 'major' Android updates starting to be relatively minor ones, there may be no longer so much of an incentive to be on, say, Android four.3, in comparison with the adaptation between Android four.1 and Android four.zero.
Now, greater than ever, saying that a 'Nexus' or 'Google Play' phone offers the perfect Android experience may not cling real anymore.


Audio or tactile feedback: which modality when?
User experience evaluation: do you know which method to use?
Passive photography from a creative perspective: "If I would just shoot the same thing for seven days, it's like... What's the point?"
Tracking behavior in persuasive apps: is sensor-based detection always better than user self-reporting?
A mobile voice communication system in medical setting: love it or hate it?
Do HCI and NLP interact?


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Q: Game Center Mutliplayer If I'd want to implement multiplayer checkers game using game center API, does it mean that I don't have to write a server, and I'll be using game center's servers?
I'm new to game center, and I'd like to know its use.
Thanks.

A: Yes, Obsolutely you don't want to write any servers. The apple's Game Center handles it. First of all you need to import GameKit framework. It will maintain game center servers.In  Game Center you have Leaderboards (Where you can see the scores of all players who are using your app), and Achievements (You can setup some achievements that when a user crosses particular scores 1000, 2000, 3000.. etc. in your app). The Leaderboards and achievements are two different viewControllers you can show them through coding. For More Details You can visit the following link http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#DOCUMENTATION/NetworkingInternet/Conceptual/GameKit_Guide/GameCenterOverview/GameCenterOverview.html it is very clear. And if you have any doubts feel free to contact me. I have implemented Leaderboards and achievements recently, but not multiplayer features. And to perform all these you have to enable GameCenter in your iTunes account.

A: Here is a great tutorial that will get you up and running in a couple of hours!
Beginning Turn Based Gaming with iOS5

A: As matter of fact in order to have a good multiplayer game experience, you need to consider eventually writing server side code that saves the user data in your database.
I have experienced the same scenario and ended it up using Parse along with push notifications.
If you insist you can do the following with Game Center :
With Game Center services you can connect players to each others either by Real-Time Matches or Turn-Based Matches. Everything is fine as long as you don't care about the user data storage or the game experience!


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Rani Abbakka: An Untold Legacy
by M Raghuram - Mar 8, 2018 05:16 AM
Rani Abbakka Devi Chowta
Rani Abbakka is a Tuluva warrior queen who is truly the first woman freedom fighter of India.
But for a statue, the Karnataka government has hardly done anything to perpetuate her memory.
History says Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi is India's first woman freedom fighter. She tops the list of 12 women freedom fighters of the country. But there has been another woman, who had fought for her motherland quite early in the 16th century and but her legacy has remained untold.
This woman is Rani Abbakka Devi Chowta, the Tuluva queen, who hailed from Karnataka's fishing town of Ullal. Abbakka provides a great heritage to Ullal. At least three Abbakkas lived between 1530 and 1599 in the area where it is common among clans to name their children after mothers as they follow a matriarchal lineage. But Rani Abbakka lived around 1556 at Ullal and drove away the Portuguese with her ingenuity.
Prof Thukaram Poojary, head of the history department at SVS College, Buntwal, said that Rani Abbakka is clearly the first woman freedom fighter of the country who took on a better armed and equipped Portuguese. Abbakka's rusting warfare defeated the Portugese and their imperialistic designs.
Historians say that a small regency like Ullal under Rani Abbakka had managed to defeat the well-equipped Portuguese flotilla that had all powerful cannon Galleons. Rani Abbakka was credited for having used the 'flaming arrow' technique for the first time outside Europe. She used coconut husk dipped in edible oil and her archers shot arrows, with the husk tied to their heads, at the Portuguese cannon, destroying many of them.
Though details of her life are sketchy, history of her valour has been passed by word of mouth. The queen was a Jain but her army and administrative set up were integrated, comprising people from all religions. Poojary has set up an exhibition in her honour in Buntwal taluk depicting Rani Abbakka as the first woman-general of the Indian independence struggle against imperialist forces. Her history was nothing less than that of Chand Bibi of Adil Shah lineage of Bijapur Sultans and Razia Sultana of Delhi's lineage of Slave rulers. While Chand Bibi defended her turf from Mughals, Razia Sultana was the first woman ruler of Delhi in the 13th century.
"Though Rani Abbakka lived almost in the same timeline of Chand Bibi (1550-1599), she had to fight imperialist forces despite being the queen of a small kingdom and yet took on the massive naval force of Portuguese with her army of fishermen," says Poojary.
A few other admirers of Rani Abbakka likened her to William Wallace, the Scottish freedom fighter, who led the Scottish army against the tyranny of Edward Longshanks. "Though they both belonged to different hemispheres and time, they both fought alienation and tyranny. We should be proud that Rani Abbakka was a woman who fought in the same spirit, which makes her legacy worthy of a national level museum in the land where she lived and fought.
In 1555, the Portuguese sent Admiral Don Alvaro da Silveira to fight the Abbakka Devi Chowta as she had refused to pay them tribute. She defied the invaders' first command and with her army, set fire to the Portuguese flotilla.
The Karnataka government has not done anything to perpetuate her memory, though her descendents feel a befitting memorial would be the best tribute to her.
"The government has erected a crude sculptured statue of her in Ullal town and spends few lakhs of rupees every year in February for a badly organised and poorly attended Abbakka Utsav. It serves no purpose as it is highly localised and does not project Rani Abbakka at national level as the first woman freedom fighter," says Dilip Chowta a descendent of Chowta lineage.
Abbakka's Name Still Rings A Bell!
For some reasons Ullal had been a hot cauldron of communal incidents. For well over 20 years till 2001, Ullal had reeled under communal issues.
But then few elders like late B M Idinabba (poet and three-time MLA), late U T Fareed (four-time MLA), Jayaram Shetty, Dinakar Ullal and a small group of people came up with a plan to put an end to the communal tension in the town by enlivening the legacy of Rani Abbakka and forge communal harmony. That was when the Rani Abbakka festival was held in 2001 with communal harmony as the main theme. The first festival was totally funded by the people of Ullal and was perhaps the best one till now, say the people of the town.
"The festival has worked wonders for this riot-torn town in the last 10 years. Ten editions of the festival have since been held and the town is getting ready for the 11th edition to be held on 17 and 18 February. We have seen a number of changes in the socio-political and socio-economic milieu of Ullal and there has not been a single communal riot ever since the festivals started being held. It has brought people together and made them discover the benefits of a long-lasting peace," says Dinakar Ullal, president of Ullal town panchayat.
Though Mangaluru has seen communal unrest over the last few years, Ullal has been totally unaffected by any such incident. "We feel it is the new found understanding between the people of different communities in Ullal, spurred by the Abbakka festival and her spirit of nationalism through communal harmony, that has worked wonders for Ullal," said Jayaram Shetty, former member of Parliament.
"In the modern context, her legacy has helped Ullal to shed communal feelings. Police records show that except for small personal skirmishes, there has not been even a single communal flare-up in Ullal in the last 10 years," says U T Khader, Karnataka legislator from Mangalore South (formerly Ullal). The government has released Rs 34 lakh for converting the Abbakka festival into a 'Nada Habba' of Ullal. In addition, the government has released Rs 2 crore for constructing Abbakka Bhavan - a community hall at Ullal.
Kannada actor Jayamala has a dream of making a film on Rani Abbakkal, her idol. "The dream of making a full-fledged film on Rani Abbakka is still inside me, but there are so many ups and downs in the industry nowadays and I am not able to galvanise my dreams into reality," she told Swarajya
The late Dr Shivram Karanth attended a meeting on making a film on Rani Abbakka in Mangaluru two years before his death in 1997. It was convened by well-known filmmaker Richard Castelino. Then, Dr Karanth had opined that a film on Abbakka could do justice only when the social and political conditions prevailing in those times can be recreated.
Raghuram hails from coastal Karnataka and writes on communal politics.
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Ullal
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text:
Cyperus aurifer is a species of sedge that is endemic to northwestern Madagascar.

The species was first formally described by the botanist Henri Chermezon in 1920.

See also
 List of Cyperus species

References

aurifer
Taxa named by Henri Chermezon
Plants described in 1920
Endemic flora of Madagascar


Gary Striegler has been practicing and honing his skills for over 30 years. Many of the tips of the trade that he has accumulated over the years have been collected into magazine articles and instructional videos that are available in stores or online.
These tools are key to developing an intricate understanding of carpentry and can take someone from the being an amateur to the next level.
To view some of these resources, click on one of the links.
Gary also teaches hands-on workshops and presentations all across the country.


text:
Detroit Teen Brutally Murdered WWII Vet, Set Him on Fire
Biden Admin Bans Mt. Rushmore Firework Celebration - The Reason Why is Completely Insane
M&M's Goes Woke With New Packaging
Rob Reiner Ripped for Praising Biden at Worst Possible Time
Popular Magazine Cowers in Fear at DeSantis Presidency: Would Be Just as 'Terrifying' as Trump
Tucker Carlson Loses Top Spot in Cable News Rating, Liberals Won't Be Happy With The New Highest-Rated News Program
Joy Behar Blames 'Heterosexual Men' and 'Conservatives' for the Tragic Injury over the Weekend
Join the "Let's Go Brandon" Movement
Schiff: 'Trump Doesn't Give a Sh*t about What's Good for America'
Old Shifty has a shovel and he's digging that hole deeper and deeper...
House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff hates President Donald Trump. There's no secret about that. He made it known again on Friday during an interview with The New Yorker, stating that Trump "doesn't give a shit about what's good for our country."
Schiff pointed to the testimony of David Holmes, counselor for political affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine, who said that he was told that the president was detached from what happened in the European country, caring only about "big stuff," such as a review of allegations of corruption against former Vice President Joe Biden and his beleaguered son, Hunter Biden.
"That says it all. The President doesn't give a shit about what's good for our country, what's good for Ukraine. It's all about what's in it for him personally and for his reelection campaign," Schiff said, "That is a perfect summary of this whole scheme."
Last month, Holmes testified that Gordon Sondland, Ambassador to the European Union, took a phone call from President Trump in which the president asked Sondland if Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky would probe into the Bidens.
"I then heard President Trump ask, quote, 'So he's going to do the investigation?'" Holmes added, "Ambassador Sondland replied that 'he's going to do it', adding that President Zelensky will, quote, 'do anything you ask him to'."
Holmes then conceded to lawmakers that he did not take notes of the conversation he eavesdropped on between the president and ambassador.
Democrats have cited the President Trump's call with Sondland as evidence that implicates the president in a so-called "quid pro quo" scheme to exchange U.S. military aid to Ukraine for the investigations. The day prior to the Trump-Sondland call, the president asked Zelensky to probe into the Bidens, a suggestion that sparked a partisan CIA analyst to file a "whistleblower" complaint to the intelligence community inspector general. The complaint, based on second-hand information, then prompted House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) to launch a formal impeachment inquiry.
Of course Schiff's comments come just after House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that the House is moving forward with the impeachment inquiry.
"The president's actions have seriously violated the Constitution," Pelosi said in her address to America, "Our democracy is at stake. The president leaves us no choice but to act."
impeachmentpelosischifftrump
AOC: Trump Supporters are too Uneducated to Know They're Racist
Fox News Poll Shows Trump Losing to Every Democratic Candidate
Butthurt Pelosi: Trump didn't Alert Me of Attack on Iran's Soleimani
Trump Slams Impeachment as 'Dem Con Game' for 2020


text:
› Press releases: Open meetings and related matters
› FEC adopts interim final rule on independent expenditure reporting, advisory opinion, and preliminary final audit report
FEC adopts interim final rule on independent expenditure reporting, advisory opinion, and preliminary final audit report
WASHINGTON – At its open meeting today, the Federal Election Commission approved an interim final rule on independent expenditure reporting, an advisory opinion, and a Preliminary Final Audit Report. The Commission held over two advisory opinion requests, and, prior to the meeting, it made an initial determination denying eligibility to receive primary election public funds.
Proposed Interim Final Rule: Independent Expenditure Reporting The Commission approved a proposed Interim Final Rule to remove a regulation requiring that certain persons making independent expenditures disclose on their reports the identification of each person who made a contribution over $200 to the persons filing such reports "for the purpose of furthering the reported independent expenditure." The Commission adopted the proposed Interim Final Rule to comply with the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which affirmed a district court decision holding that the disclosure regulation was invalid. Chairman Allen Dickerson and Commissioners Sean J. Cooksey and James E. "Trey" Trainor, III issued a statement.
Initial Determination on Eligibility to Receive Primary Election Public Funds - Howie Hawkins, Howie Hawkins 2020 Prior to the meeting, the Commission approved on tally vote an Initial Determination that Hawkins, a 2020 candidate for U.S. President, is not eligible to receive payments of matching funds, as recommended by the Office of General Counsel. The Commission also approved a notice explaining that it reached this conclusion because Hawkins could not certify that he was seeking the nomination of a political party in more than one state to be its presidential candidate in the 2020 presidential election at the time he presented the threshold submission more than a year after the general election.
Advisory Opinion Request 2022-05 (DSCC) The Commission held over an advisory opinion request from the DSCC, a national political party committee that plans to hire a consultant to write a research book regarding a sitting U.S. senator and to use the book both to inform its own strategy in that senator's state and to provide the book to two candidates for the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate in that state.
Draft Advisory Opinion 2022-03 (Democracy Engine) The Commission discussed and held over Advisory Opinion Request 2022-03 in response to a request from Democracy Engine, LLC, which asked whether (1) corporations may use Democracy Engine's web platform to solicit and track contributions from members of a corporation's restricted class to federal candidates and political committees and (2) corporations and their separate segregated funds may use Democracy Engine's web platform to solicit and track contributions from the general public to federal candidates and political committees. The Commission received a comment on the draft from the requestor and during the discussion, the Commission heard from Counsel for the requestor.
Draft Advisory Opinion 2022-04 (Jill Stein for President Committee) The Commission approved Advisory Opinion 2022-04 in response to a request from the Jill Stein for President Committee concerning the use of Committee funds raised after the general election in 2016 to pay outstanding administrative fines to the Commission or to make repayments to the United States Treasury. The Commission concluded that that (1) the Committee need not establish a separate, segregated account to raise funds designated as "other receipts" to pay administrative fines, (2) the Committee may not use funds designated as primary contributions to pay administrative fines, and (3) the Committee may use funds designated as primary contributions to make repayments to the United States Treasury. During the discussion, the Commission heard from the requestor and Counsel for the requestor.
Proposed Final Audit Report on Mike Braun for Indiana The Commission approved the Proposed Final Audit Report on Mike Braun for Indiana, covering campaign finance activity between August 7, 2017 and December 31, 2018. The Commission approved findings concerning misstatement of financial activity, failure to file 48-Hour Notices, disclosure of occupation and/or name of employer, receipt of apparent prohibited contributions-loans, and disclosure of memo entries and candidate loans. The Commission included receipt of contributions in excess of the limit and prohibited candidate personal loan repayments in the Additional Issues section. The Commission voted on a motion made at the table to include a finding that the committee received $732,429 in excessive contributions from individuals that remained after taking into account the Supreme Court's FEC v. Cruz decision, but did not have the requisite four affirmative votes either to approve that finding or to include a statement regarding that vote in the Additional Issues section.
The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is an independent regulatory agency that administers and enforces federal campaign finance laws. The FEC has jurisdiction over the financing of campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, the Presidency and the Vice Presidency. Established in 1975, the FEC is composed of six Commissioners who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
Judith Ingram
Christian Hilland
Deputy Press Officer
Myles Martin
Public Affairs Specialist
Statistical Summary of 15-Month Campaign Activity of the 2021-2022 Election Cycle
This information is not intended to replace the law or to change its meaning, nor does this information create or confer any rights for or on any person or bind the Federal Election Commission or the public.
The reader is encouraged also to consult the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended (52 U.S.C. 30101 et seq.), Commission regulations (Title 11 of the Code of Federal Regulations), Commission advisory opinions and applicable court decisions.


text:
Q: getting the value from an NSDictionary of NSDictionaries I am doing a native objC app. ios5
I want to parse a JSON file in the local bundle.
And read each item individually.
To follow is a sample of my JSON file, followed by the code I have working.
I also have explanation of what I think is going on, and the sample code that I need to get assistance with.  You are welcome to correct my interpretation as well.
=========================================================================
{"a":[
{"b":{"Q01":"A01","Q02":"B01","Q03":"C01","Q04":"D01","Q05":"E01","Q06":"X","C1":"NR","CABG":"NR","PCI":"NR"}},
{"b":{"Q01":"A01","Q02":"B01","Q03":"C01","Q04":"D01","Q05":"E02","Q06":"X","C1":"I","C1IND":"20","C1SCORE":"3","CABG":"NR","PCI":"NR"}},
{"b":{"Q01":"A01","Q02":"B01","Q03":"C01","Q04":"D01","Q05":"E03","Q06":"X","C1":"NR","CABG":"NR","PCI":"NR"}},
{"b":{"Q01":"A01","Q02":"B01","Q03":"C01","Q04":"D01","Q05":"E04","Q06":"X","C1":"NR","CABG":"NR","PCI":"NR"}},
{"b":{"Q01":"A01","Q02":"B01","Q03":"C01","Q04":"D01","Q05":"E05","Q06":"X","C1":"NR","CABG":"NR","PCI":"NR"}}
]}
My code looks like:
NSString* filePath = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"nonacs" ofType:@"json"];

NSError* error = nil;
NSData *jsonData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:filePath options:NSDataReadingMappedIfSafe error:&error];

if (jsonData) {

    id jsonObjects = [NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:jsonData options:NSJSONReadingMutableContainers error:&error];

    if (error) {
        NSLog(@"error is %@", [error localizedDescription]);
        // Handle Error and return
      return;
    }

    //NSArray *keys = [jsonObjects allKeys];
    // not necessary becuase I know the Root key is a single "a"

    NSString* jsonString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@",[jsonObjects objectForKey:@"a"]];

    tLabel01.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"jsonData Length is = %d",  [jsonData length]];

    NSDictionary* dict01 = [[NSDictionary alloc] initWithDictionary:jsonObjects];

    l2.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"dict01 length = %d", dict01.count];

    NSDictionary* dict02 =[[NSDictionary alloc] initWithDictionary:dict01];
    l3.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"dict2.length = %d", dict02.count];

    //NSArray* array01 = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:dict01, nil];

    //NSArray *allvalues = [jsonObjects allValues];
    //NSArray *allvalues = [[jsonObjects initWithContentsOf ] allValues];

    //l3.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"allvalues.count = %d", allvalues.count];

    //NSDictionary   *dictB = [dict01 objectForKey:@"b"];

    //l3.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"dictB.count = %d", dictB.count];

    l3.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"jsonObject count = %d", [[jsonObjects objectForKey:@"a"] count]];
    //  this works really well...  except it returned 1700, and there should only be 1550

    //l4.text = @"nada";
    //[[jsonObjects objectForKey:@"a"] count]]

    NSArray *array = [jsonObjects objectForKey:@"a"];
    NSArray *arrayVariable = [array objectAtIndex:0];

    //l4.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Q01 = %@", [arrayVariable  objectForKey: @"Q01"]];

    //l4.text =[NSString stringWithFormat:@"arrayVariable count = %d", arrayVariable.count];

    NSArray *arrayb = [jsonObjects objectForKey:@"b"];
    l4.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"arrayb count = %d", arrayb.count];

    bTV01.text = jsonString;

    };

=============================================================================
The root Object is an NSDictionary with single Key "a".
The value corresponding to that value is an NSArray.
The array contains NSDictionaries with a single Key "b".
The B NSDictionaries contain another NSDictionary.
could someone show me the code to display the 3rd B NSDictionary value for "Q02"  please
thanks

A: [[[root objectForKey:@"a"] valueForKey:@"b"] objectAtIndex:2]


text:
Q: Solving Equation of Motion during Preheating in Mixed-$R^2$ Recently, I have an interest in Mixed Higgs-$R^2$ inflation and its preheating. However, there are some problems that I faced, one of them is solving the equation of motion in certain papers and producing some plots. In case to make it simple here it is
considering the figure. 2 of https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.10099  must be the plot which we obtained once we solved eq. 3.1 and 3.2
How do we get the solution of $\phi$ in 3.1, where it has $h$ in it.  While in another case, if we try to solve $h$ in 3.2, it has $\phi$ in it. I have been trying to solve those EOM using WKB approximation and approximate them in small field limit to simplify them. In my case I found
$$ \phi  \propto \frac{e^{i\int \Omega_k t}}{\sqrt(2 \Omega_k)} $$
However, I have no idea, what kind of the exact solution to produce such a plot in the figure. 2.
Please give me a hint or two,

A: seems I missed using a numerical technique in this case, and finally, the problem is solved. It has shown a 'really' similar plot. One can really use the runge-kutta method in phyton.
It is shown the 'quite' really different compared by the analytic ones.


Gharelu Nuskhe is an app for home remedies on various pains & diseases. It is very helpful application for the people who believe in the Ayurvedic medicine. 1) Various Pains & Diseases with various information. 2) Multiple Home Remedies NOTES: - All info in this application collected from science and physiotherapy books and rewritten in simplest way. - Please don't do any Medical treatment if you misunderstand it. - We donÔÇÖt take any responsibility if you do the wrong medicine or misunderstand treatment content. Please do rate us, if you like this app.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The classical Kolmogorov's strong laws of large numbers are dealt with independent variables.  Investigations of limit theorems for dependent r.v.s are extensive and episodic. The strong law of large numbers for various classes of many type associated random variables one can find for instance in Bulinski and Shashkin \cite[Chap. 4]{BuSh}. Most of them are considered in the spaces of integrable functions. It is also interested  to describe  general conditions under which the SLLN holds in other spaces of random variables than $L_p$-spaces. In this paper we investigate almost sure convergence of the arithmetic mean (but not only) sequences of $\varphi$-subgaussian random variables.

The notion of subgaussian random variables was introduced by Kahane in \cite{Kahane}. A random variable $\xi$ is {\it subgaussian} ($\sigma$-{\it subgaussian}) if its moment generating function is majorized by the moment generating function of some centered gaussian r.v. with variance $\sigma^2$ that is  $\mathbb{E}\exp(\lambda \xi)\leq \mathbb{E}\exp(\lambda g)=\exp(\sigma^2\lambda^2/2)$, where $g\sim\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^2)$ (see Buldygin and Kozachenko \cite{BK} or \cite[Ch.1]{BulKoz}). In terms of the cumulant generating functions this condition takes a form:
$\ln\mathbb{E}\exp(\lambda \xi)\leq \sigma^2\lambda^2/2$.

One can generalize the notion of subgaussian r.v.s to  classes of $\varphi$-subgaussian random variables (see \cite[Ch.2]{BulKoz}). A continuous even convex function $\varphi(x)$ $(x\in \mathbb{R}$) is called a {\em $N$-function}, if the following condition hold:\\
(a) $\varphi(0)=0$ and $\varphi(x)$ is monotone increasing for $x>0$,\\
(b) $\lim_{x\to 0}\varphi(x)/x=0$ and $\lim_{x\to \infty}\varphi(x)/x=\infty$.\\
It is called a {\it quadratic $N$-function}, if in addition $\varphi(x)=cx^2$ for all $|x|\le x_0$, with $c>0$ and $x_0>0$. The  quadratic condition is needed to ensure nontriviality for classes of $\varphi$-subgaussian random variables (see \cite[Ch.2, p.67]{BulKoz}).

\begin{exa}
Let for $p\ge 1$
$$
\varphi_p(x)=\left\{
\begin{array}{ccl}
\frac{x^2}{2}, & {\rm if} & |x|\le 1,\\
\frac{1}{p}|x|^p-\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{2}, & {\rm if} & |x|>1.
\end{array}
\right.
$$
The function $\varphi_p$ is an example of the quadratic $N$-function which is some standardization of the function $(1/p)|x|^p$.
Let us emphasize that for $p=2$ we have the case of subgaussian random variables.
\end{exa}

Let $\varphi$ be a quadratic $N$-function. A random variable $\xi$ is said to be {\it $\varphi$-subgaussian} if there is a constant $a>0$ such that
$\ln\mathbb{E}\exp(\lambda \xi)\leq \varphi(a\lambda)$. The {\it $\varphi$-subgaussian standard (norm) $\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)$} is defined as
$$
\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)=\inf\{a\ge 0:\;\forall_{\lambda\in\mathbb{R}}\; \ln\mathbb{E}\exp(\lambda \xi)\le\varphi(a\lambda)\};
$$
a space $Sub_\varphi=\{\xi:\;\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)<\infty\}$ with the norm $\tau_{\varphi}$ is a Banach space (see \cite[Ch.2, Th.4.1]{BulKoz})

Let $\varphi(x)$ ($x\in\mathbb{R}$) be a real-valued function. The function $\varphi^\ast(y)$ ($y\in\mathbb{R}$) defined by $\varphi^\ast(y)=\sup_{x\in\mathbb{R}}\{xy-\varphi(x)\}$ is called the {\it Young-Fenchel transform}
or the {\it convex conjugate} of $\varphi$ (in general, $\varphi^\ast$ may take value $\infty$). It is known that if $\varphi$ is a quadratic $N$-function then $\varphi^\ast$ is quadratic $N$-function too. For instance, since our $\varphi_p$ is a differentiable (even at $\pm 1$) function one can easy check that $\varphi_p^\ast=\varphi_q$ for $p,q>1$, if $1/p+1/q=1$.
\begin{exa}
Let $g\sim\mathcal{N}(0,1)$ then $\xi=|g|^{2/q}-\mathbb{E}|g|^{2/q}\in Sub_{\varphi_p}(\Omega)$, where $1/p+1/q=1$.
\end{exa}

Let us recall that the convex conjugate is order-reversing and possesses some scaling property. If $\varphi_1\ge\varphi_2$ then $\varphi_1^\ast\le\varphi_2^\ast$.
Let for $a>0$ and $b\neq 0$ $\psi(x)=a\varphi(bx)$ then $\psi^\ast(y)=a\varphi^\ast(y/(ab))$ (see e.g.\cite[Ch.X, Prop.1.3.1]{HUiL}).

The convex conjugate of the cumulant generating function can be served to estimate of 'tails' distribution of a centered random variable. Let $\mathbb{E}\xi=0$ and $\psi_\xi$ denote the cumulant generating function of $\xi$, i.e. $\psi_\xi(\lambda)=\ln\mathbb{E}\exp(\lambda\xi)$ then for $\varepsilon>0$
$$
\mathbb{P}(\xi\ge\varepsilon)\le\exp(-\psi_\xi^\ast(\varepsilon)).
$$

Let us observe that for $\xi\in Sub_\varphi$, by the definition of $\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)$, we have the following inequality:
$\psi_\xi(\lambda)\le\varphi(\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)\lambda)$ and by the order-reversing and the scaling property we get
$\psi_\xi^\ast(\varepsilon)\ge\varphi^\ast(\varepsilon/\tau_{\varphi}(\xi))$. Now we can obtain some weaker form of the above estimation but with using the general function $\varphi$:
\begin{equation}
\label{estm}
\mathbb{P}(|\xi|\ge\varepsilon)\le 2\exp\Big(-\varphi^\ast\Big(\frac{\varepsilon}{\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)}\Big)\Big);
\end{equation}
see \cite[Ch.2, Lem.4.3]{BulKoz}.

\section{Results}
First we show that if we have some upper estimate for $\tau_\varphi$ then in  (\ref{estm}) we can substitute this estimate instead of $\tau_{\varphi}$.
\begin{lem}
\label{estm1}
If $\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)\le C(\xi)$ for every $\xi\in Sub_\varphi$ then
\begin{equation*}
\mathbb{P}(|\xi|\ge\varepsilon)\le 2\exp\Big(-\varphi^\ast\Big(\frac{\varepsilon}{C(\xi)}\Big)\Big).
\end{equation*}
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
Since $\varphi$ is even and increasing monotonic for $x>0$, we get
$$
\varphi(\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)x)=\varphi(\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)|x|)\le\varphi(C(\xi)|x|)
=\varphi(C(\xi)x).
$$
And again by the order-reversing and the scaling property we obtain
$$
\varphi^\ast\Big(\frac{y}{\tau_{\varphi}(\xi)}\Big)\ge \varphi^\ast\Big(\frac{y}{C(\xi)}\Big),
$$
which combined with (\ref{estm}) establishes the inequality.
\end{proof}
With these preliminaries accounted for, we can  prove the main result of the paper.
\begin{thm}
\label{mthm}
Let  $(\xi_n)\subset Sub_{\varphi_p}$ for some  $p>1$. If there exist positive constants $c$ and $\alpha$ such that for every natural number $n$
the following condition $\tau_{\varphi_p}(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i)\le cn^{1-\alpha}$ holds then the term $n^{-1}\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i$ converges almost surely to zero  as $n\to\infty$ .
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Since $\varphi_p^\ast=\varphi_q$, by Lemma \ref{estm1} and  the condition of the theorem we have
$$
\mathbb{P}\Big(\Big|\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big|\ge n\varepsilon\Big
\le 2\exp\Big(-\varphi_q\Big(\frac{n^\alpha\varepsilon}{c}\Big)\Big).
$$
For sufficiently large $n$ ($n>(c/\varepsilon)^{1/\alpha}$) we have $n^\alpha\varepsilon/c>1$ and, in consequence,
$$
\varphi_q\Big(\frac{n^\alpha\varepsilon}{c}\Big)=n^{q\alpha}\frac{1}{q}\Big(\frac{\varepsilon}{c}\Big)^q-\frac{1}{q}+\frac{1}{2}.
$$
Thus we get the following estimate
$$
\mathbb{P}\Big(\Big|\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big|\ge n\varepsilon\Big
\le 2\exp\Big(\frac{1}{q}-\frac{1}{2}\Big)\exp\Big(-n^{q\alpha}\frac{1}{q}\Big(\frac{\varepsilon}{c}\Big)^q\Big)
$$
for every $\varepsilon$ and $n>(c/\varepsilon)^{1/\alpha}$.
Thus, by the integral test, we obtain convergence of the series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty\mathbb{P}(|\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i|\ge n\varepsilon)$.
It follows the completely and, in consequence,  almost sure convergence  of $n^{-1}\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i$ to zero.

\end{proof}
\begin{rem}
Let us emphasize that the above theorem is a generalization of the Theorem (SLLN) (Taylor and Hu \cite[sec.3, p.297]{TayHu}) to the case of $\varphi_p$-subgaussian random variables, not only subgaussian ones. Moreover we do not assume their independence. For this reason we used a
modified condition for a behavior of the norm $\tau_p$ than Taylor and Hu, which I describe below.
\end{rem}

Since $\tau_\varphi$ is a norm, we obtain
$$
\tau_{\varphi}\Big(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)\le \sum_{i=1}^n\tau_{\varphi}(\xi_i).
$$
If for instance $\xi_i$, $i=1,...,n$, are copies of the same variable $\xi$ then in the above the equality holds and $\tau_{\varphi}\Big(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)=n\tau_\varphi(\xi)$. Let us observe that in this case the assumption of Theorem \ref{mthm} is not satisfied. Additionally informations about form of dependence (or independence) sometime allow us to improve this estimate. And so, for an independence sequence
$(\xi_n)$ if there is some $r\in(0,2]$ such that $\varphi(|x|^{1/r})$ is convex then
\begin{equation}
\label{enorm}
\tau_{\varphi}\Big(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)^r\le \sum_{i=1}^n\tau_{\varphi}(\xi_i)^r;
\end{equation}
see \cite[Sec.2, Th.5.2]{BulKoz}. If $r$ is bigger  then the estimate is better. For the function $\varphi_p$ we can always take $r=\min\{p,2\}$.
In Taylor's and Hu's SLLN  variables $\xi_n$ were subgaussian and independent and it was taken $p=2$.  Let us emphasize that in this case if in addition
$\xi_1,...,\xi_n$ have the same distribution as $\xi$ then $\tau_{\varphi}(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i) \le \sqrt{n}\tau_\varphi(\xi)$ and the condition of Theorem \ref{mthm} is satisfied ($c=\tau_\varphi(\xi)$ and $\alpha=1/2$).

Let us emphasize that another assumptions on dependence of $\xi_1,...,\xi_n$ can give the same estimate of the norm of  $\tau_{\varphi}(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i)$.
In the paper Giuliano Antonini et al.\cite[Lem.3]{Rita} it was proved that for $\varphi$-subgaussian  acceptable random variables the inequality (\ref{enorm}) holds,
if $\varphi(|x|^{1/r})$ is convex. The definition of acceptability of sequence of random variable one can find  therein. For us it is the most important that these estimates are the same.
In this article there is some version of the Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund law of large numbers for $\varphi$-subgaussian random variables as a corollary of much more general theorem. We give an independent proof of this corollary but under modified assumptions.
\begin{pro}
\label{MZ}
For $p>1$ let $(\xi_n)$ be a bounded sequence of $\varphi_p$-subgaussian random variables and let $r=\min\{p,2\}$. If in addition
\begin{equation}
\label{estm2}
\tau_{\varphi_p}\Big(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)^r\le \sum_{i=1}^n\tau_{\varphi_p}(\xi_i)^r
\end{equation}
then
$
n^{-1/s}\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i \rightarrow 0
$
almost surely for any $0<s<r$.
\end{pro}
\begin{rem}
Since $\varphi_p(|x|^{1/r})$ is convex, the estimate (\ref{estm2}) is satisfied by sequences of independent or acceptable random variables, for instance.
\end{rem}
\begin{proof}
Let $b=\sup_{n\ge 1}\tau_{\varphi_p}(\xi_n)$ then $\sum_{i=1}^n\tau_{\varphi_p}(\xi_i)^r\le nb^r$ and, in consequence,
$\tau_{\varphi_p}\Big(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)\le n^{1/r}b$. For positive number $s$ less than $r$,  by Lemma \ref{estm1}, we obtain
$$
\mathbb{P}\Big(\Big|\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big|\ge n^\frac{1}{s}\varepsilon)\le 2\exp\Big(-\varphi_q\Big(\frac{n^{1/s}\varepsilon}{n^{1/r}b}\Big)\Big)
=2\exp\Big(-\varphi_q\Big(n^{(\frac{1}{s}-\frac{1}{r})}\frac{\varepsilon}{b}\Big)\Big).
$$
For $n>(b/\varepsilon)^{(1/s-1/r)^{-1}}$ we have
$$
\varphi_q\Big(n^{(\frac{1}{s}-\frac{1}{r})}\frac{\varepsilon}{b}\Big)=n^{q(\frac{1}{s}-\frac{1}{r})}\frac{1}{q}\Big(\frac{\varepsilon}{b}\Big)^q-\frac{1}{q}+\frac{1}{2}
$$
and, in consequence, we get
$$
\sum_{n=1}^\infty\exp\Big(-\varphi_q\Big(n^{(\frac{1}{s}-\frac{1}{r})}\frac{\varepsilon}{b}\Big)\Big)<\infty,
$$
which, in view of Borel-Cantelli lemma, completes the proof.
\end{proof}
\begin{rem}
Because we apply the function $\varphi_p(x)$ instead of $1/p|x|^p$ then we must not restrict $p$ to be less or equal $2$ to ensure the fulfillment of the quadratic condition for the  function $1/p|x|^p$. Moreover we use the metric property (\ref{estm2}) instead of assumptions on some form of dependence random variables (compare \cite[Cor. 7]{Rita}).
\end{rem}

\begin{exa}
The proof of Hoeffding-Azuma's inequality for a sequence $(\xi_n)$ of bounded random variables such that $|\xi_n|\le d_n$ a.s. and $\mathbb{E}\xi_n=0$ is based on an estimate of the moment generating function of the partial sum $\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i$. Under assumptions  that $\xi_n$ are independent (Hoeffding) or $\xi_n$ are martingales increments (Azuma) the following inequality holds
\begin{equation}
\label{HA}
\mathbb{E}\exp\Big(\lambda\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)\le \exp\Big(\frac{\lambda^2\sum_{i=1}^nd_i^2}{2}\Big);
\end{equation}
see Hoeffding \cite{Hoeff} and Azuma \cite{Azuma}. Let us emphasize that in \cite{Azuma} Azuma  has proved the above estimate under more general assumptions on $(\xi_n)$ which  satisfy centered bounded martingales increments. The inequality (\ref{HA}) means that
$$
\tau_{\varphi_2}\Big(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)\le \Big(\sum_{i=1}^nd_i^2\Big)^{1/2}.
$$
If we take $d_n=1$ for $n=1,2,...$ then we get the following condition
$$
\tau_{\varphi_2}\Big(\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i\Big)\le \sqrt{n},
$$
which follows that the sequence $(\xi_n)$ satisfies the assumptions of Proposition \ref{MZ} with $p=r=2$ and the norm $\tau_{\varphi_2}(\xi_n)\le 1$ and we get
the almost sure convergence
$
n^{-1/s}\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i
$
to $0$
for any $0<s<2$. Let us note that for $s=1$ we obtain SLLN for this sequence.
\end{exa}

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text:
LGA Vs. BGA: The Ultimate Guide
Leave a Comment / PC Hardware / By Mark
What Is BGA?
What Is an LGA?
What Is a CPU Socket?
LGA vs BGA. What Is the Basic Difference?
Pros of Ball Grid Array
Cons of BGA
Is BGA an Actual CPU Socket?
Pros of LGA
Cons of LGA
Who Is the Primary User of LGA-Based CPUs?
LGA or BGA? Which is easier to connect?
What is the difference in their components?
How are they used in microprocessors?
Which CPU Socket Do You Have?
Do you remember the time when people had to deal with giant integrated circuits? Fortunately, we are now able to access smaller and more handy ICs. Small but impressive CPUs are built by the manufacturers with these tiny ICs, and they power some of the most powerful devices made today.
However, it is almost certain that you'll come across terms like BGA and LGA when you talk about Central Processing Unit (CPU) sockets. Despite these words sounding alike, the two terms refer to different types of IC packages and breed variations.
This article will discuss the latter, elaborating on the questions of what are LGA and BGA, when can they be used, and what are their main differences. Let's continue.
Also known as Ball Grid Array, BGA can be defined as an IC package preceding PHGA, the Pin Grid Array. However, unlike PGA, which connects to PCB by using pins, the Ball Grid Array uses pads with small solder balls, as its name suggests.
However, the PCBs must have copper pad patterns that match the solder ball patterns for BGAs to work. In addition, solder balls can be placed manually or automatically. Also, BGAs are easier to assemble when the tacky flux is used.
After assembling, the BGAs are heated by their manufacturers by using infrared heaters or the inside of a reflow oven. The heating process gradually helps in melting the solder ball, thus securing the package to the PCB. Because of this, the BGA also tends to align correctly with a considerable distance from other components.
When the solders cool down after heating, it will finally connect the BGA to PCB. There are times when you may find these solder balls on the PCB or the package. This is a way to combine both packages.
The Land Grid Array, abbreviated as LGA, is an integrated circuit package that has pins on the CPU socket rather than on the IC. It should be noted that this can only happen when the PCB comprises a socket connector.
If it does not have a socket connector, the other way to connect LGA to the CPU socket is by soldering the LGA directly onto the circuit board.
As the name suggests, a Land Grid Array consists of rectangular grids on its sides. Using all grid columns and rows present on the LGA is also not necessary.
The flat contacts (grips) on the sides of the LGA are typically made by soldering paste or LGA sockets. Additionally, grids may have triangular and circular-shaped elements along with polygonal symmetry. In some cases, they may even look like honeycombs.
Optimization of a product is often based on factors such as the shape, similarity, and electrical distances between nearby contacts of a spring contact.
A CPU socket on a PCB connects a CPU to a computer motherboard using several types of pins. A socket-connected CPU also eliminates the need for solder, making the replacement process easier.
These CPU sockets are, however, used more often in desktop computers typically used for gaming purposes, while smaller devices like laptops usually have soldered versions.
It is not just about getting the features you want when choosing a motherboard. This means that it is vital to inspect your motherboard thoroughly to see if it has types of CPU sockets that support your CPU model.
This also means that regardless of what computer and CPU model you own, it wouldn't work if your PCB had the wrong CPU socket. Computer manufacturers such as Intel and AMD make different CPU socket types that completely support all their basic or high-end desktop computers.
Ball Grid Array and Land Grid Array are both surface mount technologies built for computer motherboards. Their fundamental purpose is to determine how your CPU will be placed on its motherboard's circuit board.
The real question is this: what is the main difference between these two socket types?
The most significant difference between LGA and BGA is quite simple. Computers using LGA socket type can be easily plugged in and out and be removed from the motherboard. On the other hand, a BGA-based computer needs to be soldered on the circuit board, thus leaving no room for replacement and plugging it in and out of the motherboard.
One can find BGA CPUs in devices like tablets and laptops, while LGA socket types are more commonly found in desktop computers used for gaming purposes.
Let us take a look at the LGA vs. BGA debate and learn their uses, pros, and cons.
The small size of BGAs makes them space-efficient. The result is that they allow for the most efficient use of space. However, it is still possible to create small and powerful gadgets regardless of the size of these integrated circuit packages.
The process of unsoldering BGA packages is simple. This means that PCBs and IC packages are not damaged during the procedure.
By deballing, it is also possible to remove worn-out or older solder balls from the BGA package.
Through the reballing process, one can also connect a new solder ball to the BGA package.
The excellent heat dissipation capabilities of BGA packages make it rare for them to overheat.
There is no permanence to BGA chips. They can therefore be easily unsoldered. Moving them without causing any damage to other devices is also possible. In addition, if the solder balls are weak, you can deball and reball them.
Because of its excellent thermal and mechanical properties, the BGA can also be used as a computer CPU.
Compared to other types of connectors, BGAs proudly offer short lead paths. Therefore, they can generate signals quickly and have low impedance.
Solder joints on BGA packages are difficult to inspect. Due to how BGAs are connected to PCBs on their bellies, x-rays are required to access the connection between the component and the PCB.
It is only possible to use BGA packages on multilayered circuit boards, so they are not suitable for many applications.
While these packages are easy to unsolder, soldering them to PCBs requires special equipment.
BGA repairs are a bit challenging. Therefore, one would require special equipment and expertise to carry out repairs on the BGA socket.
As a rule, CPUs using BGA surface mount technology do not connect into a specific socket on a motherboard. The BGA socket describes more accurately how the CPU can be plugged in and out of the circuit board
BGA CPUs, on the other hand, do not have this problem. It is not possible to replace a CPU mounted on a motherboard based on BGA technology. Doing so requires expertise and special equipment.
One of the most significant advantages of the Ball Grid Array is that manufacturers find it easier to produce them in mass. Compared to LGA, it is much more convenient to print the large solder balls found under the BGA CPUs, while LGA requires printing on its intricate and precise pins on the Pin Grid Array CPUs.
Additionally, the PGA and LGA CPUs have extremely small contacts and pins, which makes it difficult to align them with the motherboard due to their small surface areas. BGA-based CPUs are much easier to connect due to their large surface area from the ball side.
All this contributes to BGAs having a much better economic value than Land Grid Arrays. Because of this, computer devices using BGA surface mount technology can be produced in a larger quantity and also quicker than other socket types.
Notably, since mobile devices like laptops and tablets are meant to be moved around, they are more prone to shocks and bumps compared to desktop PCs. This means that it is essential for the CPU to be placed firmly in the circuit board so that it does not move away from its socket during accidents.
Due to their compact size, LGAs are space-savvy. They are useful for building powerful, small computer devices.
Unlike other package types, LGA packages are durable and unlikely to be damaged easily. This is because it is the board, not the CPU, that has the pins. Additionally, the socket's bear points are highly durable.
Due to their tiny size, the manufacturers can fit as many pins over a small surface of the LGA CPU socket.
Although it is not possible for the LGA CPU to get damaged easily, the repairs may cost an arm and a leg if it were to get damaged.
The LGA socket is used by Intel Core in most of its primary and high-end CPU models. It is important to note that LGAs do not have solder balls or pins to connect themselves to the circuit board.
Instead, it consists of metal pads or grips under its sides. These compact grips are conducive surfaces, thus making contact with the pins that are on the motherboard's CPU socket.
Possibly the most significant advantage of the Land Grip Array is the fact that it is easily replaced and connected in and out by the user.
As a result, LGA-based CPUs are most commonly used on desktop computers where users will access the motherboard and upgrade or replace the CPU. You will never find an LGA-based CPU on mobile computing devices.
As of now, the following sockets are used by Intel for desktop-grade CPUs.
LGA 1151 for 7th, 8th, and 9th Gen Core, Pentium, and Celeron CPUs.
LGA 1200 for 10th and 11th Gen Core, Pentium, and Celeron CPUs.
LGA 2066 for 10th Gen Intel Core Extreme processors like the Intel Core i9-10980XE.
It is much more convenient to connect LGA CPUs to the circuit board. Usually, these PCBs comprise CPU sockets where LGAs can be easily inserted. Even better, no professional help or expertise is required to replace older LGA CPUs. You just need to take the old one out and firmly place the new one.
On the other hand, it is much more difficult to replace a BGA CPU as it requires professional expertise and special equipment to do so. Though this process is effective, it is much more expensive than the LGA replacement.
While BGA uses solder balls to connect to circuit boards that are typically situated at the bottom of the CPU, there is no need for balls to connect LGAs to the PCB. Instead, LGAs make use of flat contact grips that require CPU sockets or can be soldered directly onto the circuit board.
LGA packages are preferred by most top manufacturers, such as AMD and Intel, especially when it comes to desktop gaming PCs. While that is true, many manufacturers still prefer using BGA CPUs because of their permanent mounting feature used in microprocessors, FPGAs, Wifi chips, and other benefits.
The most basic way to find out which CPU socket your computer consists of is to take a look at the manufacturer's website and search for the technical details for your CPU model.
In this article, we elaborated on the important differences when it comes to LGA vs. BGA CPUs. While both the sockets have a similar function, that is, offering a connection path for the motherboard and the CPU, both socket types have different usages.
It is important to keep in mind that LGA CPUs are commonly used in desktop computers and can be replaced. On the other hand, it is not possible to replace a BGA CPU so easily, and they are primarily used in mobile computing devices like tablets, laptops, and other similar devices.
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