An elegant and remarkably easy to customize pets supplies Shopify template with flexible responsive layout and eye-catching design and style. Consider this stylish page layout for pet store, animal store or pet clothing shop if you need to send out business content to the customers effectively. This theme is a highly effective and easy to use solution that was worked out by the seasoned web designer who knows every little thing about the most current developments in web design world. A polite customer support team is available round-the-clock at no cost. Opt for this web theme and spread the word of your online project throughout the world.
It allows you to live chat with guests and check visitors' internet functions.
Parallax is a scrolling technique in which front photographs move around in a different speed than the back ground ones.
Responsive design is an approach to website design that lets pages to adjust to a screen resolution of any type of gadget - be it a desktop computer, a laptop or a mobile phone.
Responsive design might help your business site look equally nice on display of any sort of personal computer or hand-held device.
Bootstrap is really a very well-liked framework, which makes the work with HTML, Cascading stylesheet as well as JS a great deal easier. It was developed to be a tool to make a responsive design, yet as time passes it incorporated lots of extra functionality.
By using a SEO-friendly website templates, you will receive the foundation to establish a visible website that can be easy-to-find via the usual key phrases search. And also, you can also make your web presence achieve greater rankings in google search, thus making it more likely that people will visit it.
What am I allowed and not allowed to do with the Shopify designs for Pet Clothing Shop?
You may: Build a website using the Shopify design for Pet Owners Association in any way you like.You may not:Resell or redistribute templates (like we do).Claim intellectual or exclusive ownership to any of our products, modified or unmodified. All products are property of content providing companies and individuals.Make more than one project using the same template (you have to purchase the same template once more in order to make another project with the same design).
What is a unique purchase license for Shopify ecommerce template for Online Pet Shop?
If you purchase the product at a 'Unique price' it guarantees that you are the first and the last person to buy this Shopify ecommerce template for Online Pet Shop from us. It means that this template has not been sold before and you become an owner of a unique design. After this kind of purchase the template is being permanently removed from our sales directory and is never available to other customers again. The unique purchase license allows you to develop the unlimited number of projects based on this template, but the template should be customized differently for every project.
Can I put a line at the bottom (or any other spot) of my new product "Website development by Company name" after purchasing Pet Store Shopify design theme?
Yes, you can place a note at the bottom (or any other spot) of my product "Website development by Company name". Nevertheless, you cannot place "Website design by Company name" while using one of Pet Store Shopify design theme.
Will the Pet Food Store Shopify theme be deleted from TemplateMonster database?
No, the Pet Food Store Shopify theme will not be deleted from TemplateMonster database.
What is the price for acquiring the extended license for Shopify design for Animals & Pets Shop?
There is no set price for acquiring the extended license. The price is based on the Shopify design for Animals & Pets Shop's unique price for those templates you would like to use for the integration. The price for purchasing license for a single template is half of the template unique price.
I would like to make payment for Pet Animals Shopify ecommerce theme by company check. Is that possible?
Please use Skrill payment option. They accept payments by check.You can place an order for Pet Animals Shopify ecommerce theme on the site under the name of the company and choose Skrill merchant system for making payment from the company's account. To initiate bank transfer, please create an account here - www.skrill.com, add the number of your bank account and verify it. After that, you can place an order on our website and choose Skrill on checkout page. When the payment is made, the product will be sent to your e-mail along with the invoice under the name of your company.
Are there any limitations on selling the Online Pet Store Shopify template as the integral part of my new product?
Is it possible to buy the particular image from the Shopify theme for Animal Shop?
No. According to our Terms and Conditions we never sell the images separately from Pet Boutique Shopify ecommerce templates (as well as the templates separately from the images).
Will TemplateMonster help me to edit my Shopify template for Pet Shop Supplier ?
TemplateMonster offers you a variety of sources to help you with your Shopify template for Pet Shop Supplier . Use our comprehensive Online Help Center to get the basic knowledge about your Shopify template for Pet Shop Supplier . Our Knowledgebase contains customers questions and most frequent problems. Anyway, you can always use TemplateMonster 24/7 phone support, try our Ticket System or Live Support Chat to get qualified assistance from our support representatives.
Can I use graphics from Shopify ecommerce theme for Animals & Pets Store I purchased for use in printing?
Yes, it's not prohibited to use the Shopify ecommerce theme for Animals & Pets Store graphics for printed material, but the resolution of the templates graphics ( except for logo templates) is not enough for printing.
Is it possible to reactivate my download link for Pet Animals Shopify ecommerce theme if it was deactivated after 3 days?
Yes. Please re-activate the download link for Pet Animals Shopify ecommerce theme within your account under the Downloads tab or contact our billing department directly regarding that.
How many applications, programs etc can I use to integrate with the Shopify design themes for Pet Shop Supplier under one extended license?
The extended license gives you the right to use the purchased Shopify design themes for Pet Shop Supplier for the integration with one software/freeware/application/CMS/sitebuilder only. In case you would like to use the template with the other application, the other license is to be acquired.
Is it possible to use your Shopify designs for Animal Shop to develop websites for my customers?
Yes. It is perfect for designers who want to offer their customers a high-quality design and also save time and money. Keep in mind that when you purchase the Shopify theme for Online Pet Store with ordinary or exclusive license you're entitled to create only one project (one domain name).
Can I customize the Shopify theme for Online Pet Store if that's required by application settings?
Yes, you can customize the Shopify theme for Online Pet Store code, graphics, fonts to any extent needed.
What is the difference between unique and non-unique Shopify design for Pet Owners Association purchase?
Non-unique purchase:Non-exclusive purchase means that other people can buy the Shopify design for Pet Owners Association you have chosen some time later. Unique purchase:Exclusive purchase guarantees that you are the last person to buy this template. After an exclusive purchase occurs the template is being permanently removed from the sales directory and will never be available to other customers again. Only you and people who bought the template before you will own it.
Will you help me to customize my Shopify design for Animals and Pets Shop?
We do not provide any help or instructions on Shopify design for Animals and Pets Shop customization except for www.template-help.com help center. If you are not sure you can customize the template yourself we recommend to hire a design studio to customize the template for you.
What do I receive when I order a Shopify design theme for Pet Boarding from TemplateMonster.com?
After you complete the payment via our secure form you will receive the instructions for downloading the Shopify design theme for Pet Boarding. The source files in the download package can vary based on the type of the product you have purchased.If you need unzipping software to open the .zip archive, Windows users may visit www.WinZip.com, Mac users may visit www.StuffIt.com.
What is a buyout purchase license for Shopify design for Animals and Pets Shop?
If you purchase the product at a 'Buyout price' it guarantees that you are the last person to buy this template from us. It means that this Shopify design for Animals and Pets Shop may have been sold before a couple of times (see 'Downloads' number in item's properties) but only you and people who bought the template before you will own it. After this kind of purchase the template is being permanently removed from our sales directory and is never available to other customers again. The buyout purchase license allows you to develop the unlimited number of projects based on this template, but the template should be customized differently for every project.
Can I apply a discount code to a discounted Shopify ecommerce template for Pet Food Store or combine several discount codes together to get better price?
What is a one time usage license for a Shopify theme for Animal Store?
When you buy the Shopify theme for Animal Store at usual price you automatically get the one time usage license. It enables you to use each individual product on a single website only, belonging to either you or your client. You have to purchase the same template again if you plan to use the same design in connection with another or other projects. When passing files to your client please delete the template files from your computer.
What is Developers License for Shopify ecommerce template for Animals and Pets Store?
If you purchase a Developer's license, you are granted a non-exclusive permission to use the Shopify ecommerce template for Animals and Pets Store on up to 5 domains for projects belonging to either you or your client.
Can I resell the customized Shopify theme for Animal Pet Sanctuary?
No, you cannot resell the customized Shopify theme for Animal Pet Sanctuary as a template but you may sell it as a project to your client (see paragraph 1 ONE TIME USAGE LICENSE for more details).
Do you provide any scripts with your Pet Food Store Shopify designs or could you do some custom programming?
Our templates do not include any additional scripts. Newsletter subscriptions, search fields, forums, image galleries (in HTML versions of Flash products) are inactive. Basic scripts can be easily added to a Shopify design for Pet Clothes Shop at www.TemplateTuning.com If you are not sure that the element you're interested in is active please contact our Support Chat for clarification.
Can I integrate the Shopify theme for Animal Shop with third-party software or applications for development of my new products?
No, you cannot get the developers license for development of Shopify theme for Animal Shop or other products.
Make sure that these charges for Shopify design for Animals & Pets Shop have different order IDs. If it is so, contact our billing department.


text:
Oregon's increasing Medicaid cost
In: Health Care Reform, Obamacare, State Budget
A column in the Statesman Journal back in May noted "One in four Oregonians is on Medicaid, the government health care payment system for the poor. That does not include older Oregonians who are on Medicare."
Who's paying for all that? Right now it's mostly "free money" from Washington D.C. – "free" meaning it's paid from federal taxes we send to the IRS and from debt we're leaving to our children and grandchildren. But it looks like soon more of that will have to be paid for out of our state budget.
Yesterday the Associated Press reported that Oregon had underestimated the price tag of the Medicaid expansion. "The Health Plan is Oregon's Medicaid program, and as hundreds of thousands of people became newly eligible last year under [Obamacare], most of them signed up. In the first year, enrollment was 73 percent higher than anticipated, according to data from the Oregon Health Authority.
The bill will be soon be coming due, however, as the state begins sharing the costs. The Affordable Care Act said the federal government would cover 100 percent of medical costs only until 2017, when its share would begin dropping to 90 percent."
The May column in the Statesman Journal also noted "Sen. Jeff Kruse, R-Roseburg, is also raising the alarm about when the federal government will stop paying 95 percent of the Medicaid expansion costs next year, which will cost Oregon over $1 billion. Kruse further warns that tax provisions in Obamacare could cost Oregon an additional $1 billion in 2017, and that there are possible costs to repay the feds for the $300 million wasted on Cover Oregon."
Keep an eye on this – it has huge potential impact on the next state budget.
Sen. Richard Devlin (D-Tualatin), Oregon budget committee co-chair, was quoted in the AP article yesterday saying that increasing the hospital tax could help cover part of the budget shortfall, but that "Ultimately, Oregon needs the improving economy to get more people off the Medicaid rolls."
Sen. Knopp's Medicaid Fraud Early Detection Act passes
Oregon increasing its appetite for federal money
Rep. Greg Walden: Obamacare increasing health insurance 27-55% in Oregon
How will Oregon pay for Medicaid expansion in 3 years?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB PC (10 August 1729 – 12 July 1814), was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British land forces in the Colonies during the American War of Independence. Howe was one of three brothers who had distinguished military careers. In historiography of the American war he is usually referred to as Sir William Howe to distinguish him from his brother Richard, who was 4th Viscount Howe at that time.

Having joined the army in 1746, Howe saw extensive service in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War. He became known for his role in the capture of Quebec in 1759 when he led a British force to capture the cliffs at Anse-au-Foulon, allowing James Wolfe to land his army and engage the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Howe also participated in the campaigns to take Louisbourg, Belle Île and Havana. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight, a post he held until 1795.

Howe was sent to North America in March 1775, arriving in May after the American War of Independence broke out. After leading British troops to a costly victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill, Howe took command of all British forces in America from Thomas Gage in September of that year. Howe's record in North America was marked by the successful capture of both New York City and Philadelphia. However, poor campaign planning for 1777 contributed to the failure of John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign, which played a major role in the entry of France into the war. Howe's role in developing those plans and the degree to which he was responsible for British failures that year (despite his personal success at Philadelphia) have both been subjects of contemporary and historic debate.

He was knighted after his successes in 1776. He resigned his post as Commander-in-Chief, British land forces in America, in 1777, and the next year returned to England, where he was at times active in the defence of the British Isles. He sat in the House of Commons from 1758 to 1780 for Nottingham. He inherited the Viscountcy of Howe upon the death of his brother Richard in 1799. He married, but had no children, and the viscountcy became extinct with his death in 1814.

Early life and career

William Howe was born in England, the third son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe, and Charlotte, the daughter of Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Leinster and Darlington, an acknowledged illegitimate half-sister of King George I. His mother was a regular in the courts of George II and George III. This connection with the crown may have improved the careers of all four sons, but all were also very capable officers. His father was a politician, who served as Governor of Barbados where he died in 1735. William's eldest brother, General George Howe, was killed just before the 1758 Battle of Carillon at Fort Ticonderoga. Another brother, Admiral Richard Howe, rose to become one of Britain's leading naval commanders. A third brother, Thomas, commanded ships for the East India Company, Winchelsea in 1762–1764 and Nottingham in 1766, and made observations on Madeira and on the Comoro Islands.

William entered the army when he was 17 by buying a cornet's commission in the Duke of Cumberland's Dragoons in 1746, becoming a lieutenant the following year. He then served for two years in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. After the war he was transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot, where he became a friend of James Wolfe.

Seven Years' War

During the Seven Years' War Howe's service first brought him to America, and did much to raise his reputation. Promoted to the rank of major in 1756, he joined the newly formed 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot in February 1757, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December of that year. He commanded the regiment at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758, leading an amphibious landing under heavy enemy fire. This action won the attackers a flanking position and earned Howe a commendation from Wolfe.

Howe commanded a light infantry battalion under General Wolfe during the 1759 Siege of Quebec. He was in the Battle of Beauport, and was chosen by Wolfe to lead the ascent from the Saint Lawrence River up to the Plains of Abraham that led to the British victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on 13 September 1759. After spending the winter in the defence of Quebec City, his regiment fought in the April 1760 Battle of Sainte-Foy and subsequent siege of Quebec. He then led a brigade in the decisive Montreal Campaign under Jeffery Amherst before returning to England. Howe led a brigade in the 1761 Capture of Belle Île, off the French coast, and turned down the opportunity to become military governor after its capture so that he might continue in active service. He served as adjutant general of the force that captured Havana in 1762, playing a part in a skirmish at Guanabacoa.

In 1758, Howe was elected a member of parliament for Nottingham, succeeding to the seat vacated by his brother George's death. His election was assisted by the influence of his mother, who campaigned on behalf of her son while he was away at war, and may very well have been undertaken because service in Parliament was seen as a common way to improve one's prospects for advancement in the military. In 1764 he was promoted to colonel of the 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot, and in 1768 he was appointed lieutenant governor of the Isle of Wight. As tensions rose between Britain and the colonies in the 1770s, Howe continued to rise through the ranks, and came to be widely regarded as one of the best officers in the army. He was promoted to major general in 1772, and in 1774 introduced new training drills for light infantry companies.

In Parliament he was generally sympathetic to the American colonies. He publicly opposed the collection of legislation intended to punish the Thirteen Colonies known as Intolerable Acts, and in 1774 assured his constituents that he would resist active duty against the Americans and asserted that the entire British army could not conquer America. He also let government ministers know privately that he was prepared to serve in America as second in command to Thomas Gage, whom he knew was unpopular in government circles. In early 1775, when King George called on him to serve, he accepted, claiming publicly that if he did not, he would suffer "the odious name of backwardness to serve my country in distress." He sailed for America in March 1775, accompanied by Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne. In May 1775 his colonelcy was transferred to the 23rd Fusiliers.

American War of Independence

Howe was first sent to Boston. Privately, he did not agree with the policy of the government towards the colonists, and regretted in particular that he was sent to Boston, where the memory of his brother George was still cherished by the inhabitants, and General Gage, in whom he had no confidence, was commander-in-chief.
Along with fellow British Army Generals Clinton and Burgoyne, Howe arrived there aboard  on 25 May 1775, having learned en route that war had broken out with the skirmishes at the marches to Lexington and Concord in April. The Cerberus provided naval reinforcement at the Battle of Bunker Hill. He led a force of 4,000 troops sent to reinforce the 5,000 troops under General Thomas Gage who were besieged in the city after those battles. Gage, Howe, and Generals Clinton and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege. They formulated a plan to seize high ground around Boston and attack the besieging colonial militia forces, setting its execution for 18 June. However, the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of Breed's Hill and nearby Bunker Hill on the Charlestown peninsula across the Charles River from Boston on the night of 16–17 June, forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy.

Bunker Hill and Boston

In a war council held early on 17 June, the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification, and Gage gave Howe command of the operation. Despite a sense of urgency (the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council), the attack, now known as the Battle of Bunker Hill, did not begin until that afternoon. With Howe personally leading the right wing of the attack, the first two assaults were firmly repulsed by the colonial defenders. Howe's third assault gained the objective, but the cost of the day's battle was appallingly heavy. The British casualties, more than 1,000 killed or wounded, were the highest of any engagement in the war. Howe described it as a "success ... too dearly bought." Although Howe exhibited courage on the battlefield, his tactics and overwhelming confidence were criticised. One subordinate wrote that Howe's "absurd and destructive confidence" played a role in the number of casualties incurred.

Although Howe was not injured in the battle, it had a pronounced effect on his spirit. According to British historian George Otto Trevelyan, the battle "exercised a permanent and most potent influence" especially on Howe's behaviour, and that Howe's military skills thereafter "were apt to fail him at the very moment when they were especially wanted." Despite an outward appearance of confidence and popularity with his troops, the "genial six-footer with a face some people described as 'coarse'", privately often exhibited a lack of self-confidence, and in later campaigns became somewhat dependent on his older brother Richard (the admiral in the Royal Navy, also on station in the Colonies) for advice and approval.

On 11 October 1775, General Gage sailed for England, and Howe took over as Commander-in-Chief of British land forces in America. British military planners in London had, with the outbreak of hostilities, begun planning a massive reinforcement of the troops in North America. Their plans, made with recommendations from Howe, called for the abandonment of Boston and the establishment of bases in New York and Newport, Rhode Island in an attempt to isolate the rebellion to New England. When orders arrived in November to execute these plans, Howe opted to remain in Boston for the winter and begin the campaign in 1776. As a result, the remainder of the Siege of Boston was largely a stalemate. Howe never attempted a major engagement with the Continental Army, which had come under the command of Major General George Washington. He did, however, spend a fair amount of time at the gambling tables, and allegedly established a relationship with Elizabeth Lloyd Loring, the wife of Loyalist Joshua Loring, Jr. Loring apparently acquiesced to this arrangement, and was rewarded by Howe with the position of commissary of prisoners. Contemporaries and historians have criticised Howe for both his gambling and the amount of time he supposedly spent with Mrs. Loring, with some going so far as to level accusations that this behaviour interfered with his military activities; historian John Alden does not give these ideas credence. The alleged relationship is also mentioned in The Battle of the Kegs, an American propaganda ballad written by Francis Hopkinson. In January 1776 Howe's role as commander in chief was cemented with a promotion to full general in North America.

The siege was broken in March 1776 when Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox brought heavy artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston during the winter, and General Washington used them to fortify Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston and its harbour. Howe at first planned an assault on this position, but a snowstorm interfered, and he eventually decided to withdraw from Boston. On 17 March, British troops and Loyalists evacuated the city, and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia.

New York campaign

Howe and his troops began to arrive outside New York Harbour and made an uncontested landing on Staten Island to the west in early July. Howe, whose orders from Lord George Germain, the Secretary of State responsible for directing the war from Westminster, were fairly clear that he should avoid conflict before the arrival of reinforcements, then waited until those reinforcements arrived in mid-August, along with the naval commander, his brother Richard. This delay proved to be somewhat costly, since the Americans used this time to improve fortifications on northwestern Long Island (at Brooklyn Heights along the East River shoreline) and increased the size of their Continental Army with additional militia. After moving most of his army by amphibious barges across the Verazzano Narrows to southwestern Long Island without opposition, he attacked the American positions on 27 August in what became known as the Battle of Long Island. In a well-executed manoeuvre, a large column led by Howe and Clinton passed around the American left flank and through the lightly guarded Jamaica Pass far to the east (a ridge of hills running east to west bisected the island, with a series of lower entrances that were all guarded by Continentals except inexplicably to the farthest east at Jamaica), catching the Patriots off-guard and routing the Americans from their forward positions back into the entrenchments on Brooklyn Heights. Despite the urging of Clinton and others, Howe decided against an immediate assault on these fortifications, claiming "the Troops had for that day done handsomely enough." He instead began siege operations, methodically advancing on the entrenched Americans. This decision allowed General Washington to successfully orchestrate a nighttime strategic withdrawal across the East River on the night of 29–30 August, aided by a thick morning fog. Historian George Bilias notes that had Howe attacked Brooklyn Heights, the capture of even half of Washington's army, and possibly Washington himself, might have had a significant effect on the rebellion. Some officers, notably General Clinton, were critical of Howe's decision not to storm the American works. Howe was knighted as a reward for his victory on Long Island.

Howe and his brother Richard had, as part of their instructions, been assigned roles as peace commissioners, with limited authority to treat with the rebels. After Long Island, they pursued an attempt at reconciliation, sending the captured General John Sullivan to Philadelphia with a proposal for a peace conference. The meeting that resulted, conducted by Admiral Howe, was unsuccessful. The Howes had been given limited powers, as had the Congressional representatives, and the latter were insistent that the British recognise the recently declared colonial independence. This was not within the Howes' powers, so the conference failed, and Howe then continued the campaign. He first landed troops on Manhattan on 15 September and occupied New York City (which then covered only Lower Manhattan), although his advance northward on Upper Manhattan was checked the next day at Harlem Heights. He paused, spending nearly one month consolidating control of New York City and awaiting reinforcements. During this time he ordered the execution of Nathan Hale for espionage and had to deal with the effects of a major fire in the city. He then attempted a landing on the mainland at Throgs Neck, intending to flank Washington's position at Harlem Heights. However, the narrow causeway between the beach and the mainland was well-defended, and he ended up withdrawing the troops. He made a successful landing of troops at Pell's Point in Westchester County, but Washington managed to avoid being flanked, retreating to White Plains. Howe successfully forced Washington out of the New York area in the 28 October Battle of White Plains, and then turned his attention to consolidate British hold on Manhattan. In November he attacked the remaining Continental Army stronghold in the Battle of Fort Washington, taking several thousand prisoners.

Washington then retreated across New Jersey, followed by Howe's advance forces under Charles Cornwallis. At this point, Howe prepared troops under the command of General Clinton for embarkation to occupy Newport, the other major goal of his plan. Clinton proposed that these troops instead be landed in New Jersey, either opposite Staten Island or on the Delaware River, trapping Washington or even capturing the seat of the Continental Congress, Philadelphia. Howe rejected these proposals, despatching Clinton and General Hugh, Earl Percy, two vocal critics of his leadership, to take Newport. In early December, Howe came to Trenton, New Jersey to arrange the disposition of his troops for the winter. Washington had retreated all the way across the Delaware, and Howe returned to New York, believing the campaign to be ended for the season. When Washington attacked the Hessian quarters at Trenton on 26 December 1776, Howe sent Cornwallis to reform the army in New Jersey and chase after Washington. Cornwallis was frustrated in this, with Washington gaining a second victory at Trenton and a third at Princeton. Howe recalled the army to positions much closer to New York for the winter.

Howe has been criticised by contemporaries and historians for failing to decisively defeat the Continental Army during the New York campaign. Contemporaries complained that his landing in Westchester failed to trap Washington, but failed to understand that his goal in the campaign was to secure Manhattan, and not necessarily to defeat Washington. However, historian George Billias observes that Howe's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalise on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action.

Philadelphia campaign

On 30 November 1776, as Washington was retreating across New Jersey, Howe had written to Germain with plans for the 1777 campaign season. He proposed to send a 10,000-man force up the Hudson River to capture Albany, New York, in conjunction with an expedition sent south from Province of Quebec. He again wrote to Germain on 20 December 1776 with more elaborate proposals for 1777. These again included operations to gain control of the Hudson River, and included expanded operations from the base at Newport, and an expedition to take Philadelphia. The latter Howe saw as attractive, since Washington was then just north of the city: Howe wrote that he was "persuaded the Principal Army should act offensively [against Philadelphia], where the enemy's chief strength lies." Germain acknowledged that this plan was particularly "well digested", but it called for more men that Germain was prepared to provide. After the setbacks in New Jersey, Howe in mid-January 1777 proposed operations against Philadelphia that included an overland expedition and a sea-based attack, thinking this might lead to a decisive victory over the Continental Army. This plan was developed to the extent that in April, Howe's army was seen constructing pontoon bridges; Washington, lodged in his winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, thought they were for eventual use on the Delaware River. However, by mid-May Howe had apparently abandoned the idea of an overland expedition: "I propose to invade Pennsylvania by sea ... we must probably abandon the Jersies."

When the campaign season opened in May 1777, General Washington moved most of his army from its winter quarters in Morristown, New Jersey to a strongly fortified position in the Watchung Mountains. In June 1777, Howe began a series of odd moves in New Jersey, apparently in an attempt to draw Washington and his army out of that position onto terrain more favourable for a general engagement. His motives for this are uncertain; historian John Buchanan argues that Howe was determined to attempt to draw Washington into a major engagement while both were in northern New Jersey, writing that "Washington's shift in position had whetted Howe's appetite for a major action when, if everything went right, he would finally accomplish what he and his brother's policies had denied him the previous year: the destruction of the Continental Army", but that Howe's underlying campaign goal for the season was Philadelphia. One British major wrote that "[t]he report circulated by those in power is that it was thought necessary to march to Hilsborough to offer Washington battle." Americans like Henry Knox were perplexed but also concluded that was its purpose: "It was unaccountable that [the British] should stop short when they had gone only nine miles ... In the course of a day or two [we] discovered that they ... had come out with an intention of drawing us into the plain." Washington had intelligence that Howe had moved without taking the heavy river-crossing equipment, and was apparently not fooled at all.

When Washington refused to take the bait, Howe withdrew the army to Perth Amboy, under harassment by Colonel Daniel Morgan's skirmisher unit, Morgan's Riflemen, who used their superior weapons to snipe at and harry his forces as they moved. Washington moved down to a more exposed position, assuming Howe was going to embark his army on ships. Howe then launched a lightning strike designed to cut Washington's retreat off. This attempt was foiled by the Battle of Short Hills, which gave Washington time to retreat to a more secure position. Howe then did in fact embark his army and sailed south with his brother's fleet. Howe maintained an effective secrecy surrounding the fleet's destination: not only did Washington not know where it was going, neither did many British rank and file.

Howe's campaign for Philadelphia began with an amphibious landing at Head of Elk, Maryland, southwest of the city in late August. Although Howe would have preferred to make a landing on the Delaware River below Philadelphia, reports of well-prepared defences dissuaded him, and the fleet spent almost an entire extra month at sea to reach Head of Elk. Howe's army left Head of Elk early on 3 September 1777 and pushed back an advance guard of American light infantry at Cooch's Bridge. On 11 September 1777, Howe's army met Washington's near Chadds Ford along the Brandywine Creek in the Battle of Brandywine. Howe established his headquarters at the Gilpin Homestead, where it stayed until the morning of 16 September. In a reprise of earlier battles, Howe once again flanked the Continental Army position and forced Washington to retreat after inflicting heavy casualties.

After two weeks of manoeuvre and engagements (including The Battle of the Clouds, The Battle of Paoli, and an engagement at Valley Forge where Alexander Hamilton was nearly killed in action), Howe triumphantly entered the city on 26 September. The reception Howe received was not quite what he had expected, however. He had been led to believe that "Friends thicker than Woods" would greet him upon his arrival; he instead was greeted by women, children, and many deserted houses. Despite Howe's best attempts to minimise any misconduct by his troops (he authorised the execution of violators of his orders against it), marauding soldiers greatly impacted the public opinion of his army.

One week after Howe entered Philadelphia, on 4 October, Washington made a dawn attack on the British garrison at Germantown. He came close to winning the battle before being repulsed by belated reinforcements sent from the city. This forced Howe to withdraw his troops a little closer to the city, where they were also needed to help clear the American Delaware River defences, which were preventing the navy from resupplying the army. It was late November before this task was accomplished, which included a poorly executed attack on Fort Mercer by a division of Hessians commanded by Colonel von Donop and an advance fleet commanded by Admiral Francis Reynolds.

Impact on Burgoyne's campaign

Concomitant with Howe's campaign, General Burgoyne led his expedition south from Montreal to capture Albany. Burgoyne's advance was stopped in the Battles of Saratoga in September and October, and he surrendered his army on 17 October. Burgoyne's surrender, coupled with Howe's near defeat at Germantown, dramatically altered the strategic balance of the conflict. Support for the Continental Congress, suffering from Howe's successful occupation of Philadelphia, was strengthened, and the victory encouraged France to enter the war against Britain. Burgoyne's loss also further weakened the British government of Lord North.

Burgoyne made his advance under the assumption that he would be met in Albany by Howe or troops sent by Howe. Burgoyne was apparently not aware that Howe's plans had evolved as they had. Although Germain knew what Howe's plans were, whether he communicated them to Burgoyne is unclear. Some sources claim he did while others state that Burgoyne was not notified of the changes until the campaign was well underway. Whether Germain, Howe and Burgoyne had the same expectations about the degree to which Howe was supposed to support the invasion from Quebec is also unclear. Some historians argue that Howe failed to follow instructions and essentially abandoned Burgoyne's army, while others suggest that Burgoyne failed on his own and then tried to shift the blame to Howe and Clinton.

Howe's decision to focus his own activity on an expedition to Philadelphia may have been motivated by competition with General Burgoyne, who was given command of the northern force despite lobbying by Howe for its command to be given to Clinton. John Alden notes the jealousies among the British leaders, saying, "It is likely that [Howe] was as jealous of Burgoyne as Burgoyne was of him and that he was not eager to do anything which might assist his junior up the ladder of military renown." Along the same lines historian Don Higginbotham concludes that in Howe's view, "It [the northern campaign] was Burgoyne's whole show, and consequently he [Howe] wanted little to do with it. With regard to Burgoyne's army, he would do only what was required of him (virtually nothing)."

Howe himself wrote to Burgoyne on 17 July that he intended to stay close to Washington: "My intention is for Pennsylvania, where I expect to meet Washington, but if he goes to the northward contrary to my expectations, and you can keep him at bay, be assured I shall soon be after him to relieve you." This suggested that Howe would follow Washington if he went north to assist in the defence of the Hudson. Howe, however, sailed from New York on 23 July. On 30 August, shortly after his arrival at Head of Elk, Howe wrote to Germain that he would be unable to assist Burgoyne, citing a lack of Loyalist support in the Philadelphia area.
A small force sent north from New York by General Clinton in early October was also unable to assist Burgoyne.

Resignation

In October 1777 Howe sent his letter of resignation to London, complaining that he had been inadequately supported in that year's campaigns. He was finally notified in April 1778 that his resignation was accepted. A grand party, known as the "Mischianza", was thrown for the departing general on 18 May. Organized by his aides John André and Oliver De Lancey Jr., the party featured a grand parade, fireworks, and dancing until dawn. Washington, aware that the British were planning to evacuate Philadelphia, sent the Marquis de Lafayette out with a small force on the night of the party to determine British movements. This movement was noticed by alert British troops, and Howe ordered a column out to entrap the marquis. In the Battle of Barren Hill, Lafayette escaped the trap with minimal casualties.

On 24 May, the day Howe sailed for England, General Clinton took over as commander-in-chief of British armies in America, and made preparations for an overland march to New York. Howe arrived back in England on 1 July, where he and his brother faced censure for their actions in North America. It is likely that the resignation of both William and his brother Richard was due to their desire to hurry home to vindicate their conduct during the campaign. In 1779 Howe and his brother demanded a parliamentary inquiry into their actions. The inquiry that followed was unable to confirm any charges of impropriety or mismanagement levelled against either of them. Because of the inconclusive nature of the inquiry, attacks continued to be made against Howe in pamphlets and the press, and in 1780 he published a response to accusations levelled by Loyalist Joseph Galloway, who issued a reply that harshly criticized the general's conduct and accused him of deliberately undermining the war effort for the benefit of the anti-war Whig faction in Parliament.

Later life
In 1780, Howe lost in his bid to be re-elected to the House of Commons. In 1782, he was named lieutenant general of the ordnance and appointed to the Privy Council. His colonelcy was transferred from the 23rd Fusiliers to the 19th Light Dragoons in 1786. He resumed limited active duty in 1789, when a crisis with Spain over territorial claims in northwestern North America threatened to boil over into war. He was placed in command of the forces organized for action against Spain, but the crisis was resolved and Howe did not see further action until 1793, when the French Revolutionary Wars involved Britain. He was promoted to full general in 1793, and commanded Northern District from 1793 and Eastern District from 1795. In 1795, he was appointed governor of Berwick-on-Tweed.

When his brother Richard died in 1799 without surviving male issue, Howe inherited the Irish titles and became the 5th Viscount Howe and Baron Clenawly. In 1803, he resigned as lieutenant general of the ordnance, citing poor health. In 1808, he was appointed governor of Plymouth. He died at Twickenham in 1814 after a long illness.

Howe had married Frances Connolly, often referred to as Fanny, in 1765. Their marriage was childless. Therefore, his titles died with him. His wife survived him by three years. Both are buried in Twickenham.

Popular culture

Howe appears as an antagonist in the supernatural TV series Sleepy Hollow, depicted in flashbacks by Nicholas Guest and described as being notorious for his brilliant tactics and ruthless cruelty. In his historical role as the main British general during the War for Independence, Howe was acquainted with Ichabod Crane (Tom Mison) before Crane defected to America; his first major flashback appearance sees him offer Crane a chance to return to Britain if he identifies Washington's spies in the British forces, with Crane feeling guilty that he was briefly tempted by the offer. Howe also plays a key role in the crossover episodes between Sleepy Hollow and crime drama Bones; his body is discovered in a small American church in the present (characters noting that he is recorded as being buried in Twickenham but no explanation for the anomaly is provided), with his skull being identified as the 'murder weapon' in Bones episode "The Resurrection in the Remains" (it was being used in a ritual and the killer struck the victim in the head in just the right place to trigger an aneurysm). Howe is resurrected as a zombie-like warrior in the following Sleepy Hollow episode "Dead Men Tell No Tales", requiring Crane to destroy him with Greek fire.

Howe is also featured in "Howe's Masquerade" and "Old Esther Dudley", two of the stories that make up Nathaniel Hawthorne's Legends of the Province House, a quartet of tales that first appeared in 1838–1839.

Citations

Bibliography

 (Paperback: )

 2003 Da Capo reprint, .

Further reading

 Gruber, Ira D. The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution (1974)
 O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire (2014).
 Smith, David. William Howe and the American War of Independence (London: Bloomsbury, 2015) 201 pp.
 Smith, David. New York 1776: The Continentals' first battle (Bloomsbury, 2012).
 Smith, David. Whispers Across the Atlantick: General William Howe and the American Revolution (Bloomsbury, 2017).

Primary sources
 Howe's 1780 pamphlet defending his conduct in North America
 Joseph Galloway's response to Howe's pamphlet

External links

 General Howe's Orderly book June 30, 1776 – Oct 1776

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English military personnel
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
58th Regiment of Foot officers
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British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
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British military personnel of the French and Indian War
English people of German descent
Pages of Honour
Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1754–1761
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Adopting or investing in a pet dog or cat is a big lifestyle modification and one thing that is likely to make things different around the house. Irrespective of just what variety of pet you are adding to your day-to-day life, there may be details that you need to perform in a different way in order to guarantee your protection as well as the safety of the dog or cat. Hold these factors in mind so that the conversion is straightforward and you will get right to enjoying the numerous things that a furry companion has to offer to you and your household.
Cats and dogs can add a whole lot to our lifestyles, and a great number of people today say that pet dog or cat owners are much less stressed and that they even live longer. It won't matter if you believe all of this or not, you will quickly comprehend that your family pet will add something to your everyday life that just wasn't there before you brought them into your home. As such, you owe it to yourself and your new pet to take some time and plan for their introduction and future life with you. You will discover so many considerations, and you could appear to be overwhelmed initially, but owning a furry companion is a learning process like a large number of other facts in our day-to-day lives.
Domestic pets are very flexible, specially whenever it comes to the mistakes that we create. They never actually complain when we do something that affects them, and they are generally inclined to provide you love when you're at your very bottom. It really is because of this that we ought to take excellent care of them. It really is critical to organize when and exactly who will give food to and care for the dog or cat on a day-to-day basis, as they are not able to really inform you that they are famished. You ought to also plan out veterinary care, so that your dog or cat is retained in the greatest health.
One of the a number of several concerns individuals have when they deliver a furry friend to their dwelling is exactly what to do if they move. Fortunately, more and more people are locating long distance moving companies that will be able to support them when they have to relocate a residence with domestic pets, but still others are simply giving these members of their household up for ownership whenever they move.
It must be arranged ahead of time what you will do with your dog or cat whenever you relocate, so that you will discover simply no surprises when that day occurs. Look into the many unique moving companies that are around the world these days for young families and dog or cat owners of all types.
You ought to complete lots of research before you actually bring your small pet to your dwelling. This will certainly provide you with the expertise that you may need to keep your family members and new furry friend delighted and protected. Search into a variety of instruction programs, veterinarian hospitals, and even get quotes from moving companies that manage relocating animal friends. Maintain paperwork and organize everything beforehand so that you are well prepared when your furry companion reaches your home.
Introducing a small pet to your residence is something that will certainly improve your lifestyle forever for the better. Household pets give us so much, and it's only right that we give back some of this. Always keeping your pet dog or cat and family group content and healthy is one of the most critical elements that you can do, so store these elements in your mind and you will probably find that owning a family pet is one of the best elements that you have ever chosen to do.
Previous Does Fido Have Separation Anxiety?


blue and white porcelain changed its style in Yuan dynasty. It is featured with bright color, gorgeousness and vigorousness , bold style, a wide range of painting. Its unique technique changed the development of Porcelain in the whole world.
blue and white porcelain of Yuan dynasty is the integration of the rulers' aesthetic and various civilization. Rulers' in Yuan dynasty are quite different from that are in Tang and Song dynasties. Mongolian are very bold, and have no delicate cultural appeal like people in song dynasty. Besides, Mongolian are fond of white. Therefore, Qing Porcelain that was popular in Song dynasty declined, while White porcelain developed rapidly. Thus, Jingdezhen that produced white porcelain became porcelain manufacture center in china and capital of porcelain in the world.
Blue and white porcelain, as the export commodities, not only reflected the creativity of Chinese traditional culture, but also increased the cultural communication of China and West Asia at that time.
Among all the Chinese porcelains, blue and white porcelain has the most important impact on the world. In Yuan dynasty, it became the favorite porcelain of the Arabs. But, it was very expensive to import porcelain from China for them. Therefore, they tried imitating blue and white porcelain. But without gaolin clay and Kiln more that 1300℃, they fired blue and white pottery, but not porcelain. Ever since Yang dynasty, this kind of imitation around the world was very common for four hundred years.
In the history of porcelain, many invention and new technique has appeared along with blue and white porcelain in Yuan dynasty. And the appearance of blue and white porcelain signifies that porcelain entered into drawing period from engraving period.


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Justin Timberlake Delivers Letdown To Ms Dynamite
Sky News reports that after nixed duets with Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake is delivering more tough news to Ms Dynamite. She's currently recording her next album and had been hoping that the *NSYNC star would come through on his promise to record a duet with her, but he recently told her he was "too busy".
May 28, 2004 Jeff C Uncategorized No Comments Justin Timberlake
«Avril Lavigne Talks About Britney Spears For Publicity Yet Again
Aaron Carter & Brooke Hogan – An Item?»
Now Timberlake Wants To Release 'Yours' Duet With Carey
Ashanti To Duet With Justin Timberlake
Mariah Carey Reaching Out To Justin Timberlake Again
Justin Timberlake And Britney Spears To Record A Duet?
Janet Jackson And Justin Timberlake Planning Duet


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March sunset in Maine
Posted by Eleanor Imster in Today's Image | March 8, 2015
It's not spring yet! March 5 sunset in Unity, Maine.
View larger. | Photo credit: Mike Taylor
Mike Taylor wrote:
Winter sunsets in Maine are often quite brilliant. Last night was gorgeous but it caught me off guard so I had to settle for the only foreground that was available in a matter of minutes.
Still beautiful, Mike! Thank you.
Enjoying EarthSky so far? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!
Eleanor Imster
Eleanor Imster has helped write and edit EarthSky since 1995. She was an integral part of the award-winning EarthSky radio series almost since it began until it ended in 2013. Today, as Lead Editor at EarthSky.org, she helps present the science and nature stories and photos you enjoy. She also serves as one of the voices of EarthSky on social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter and G+. She and her husband live in Tennessee and have two grown sons.


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Intervals of clouds and sunshine. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. High 94F. Winds SSW at 10 to 15 mph..
A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible early. Cloudy skies early, followed by partial clearing. Low 71F. Winds SW at 5 to 10 mph.
Nelson County community notes for July 3, 2019
Nelson's Habitat for Humanity to merge with Farmville Area Habitat for Humanity
Effective July 1, the Nelson County Habitat for Humanity merged with the Farmville Area Habitat for Humanity to become Piedmont Habitat for Humanity.
According to a news release from Sam Rabon, with the Farmville Area Habitat for Humanity, the two programs have been serving lower to medium income individuals and families in their respective communities for over 20 years. Farmville covers the counties of Buckingham, Charlotte, Cumberland, and Prince Edward.
"The combined expertise, experience, and resources of both affiliates will allow for all five counties to be served with even greater capacity," the release said.
According to the release the Nelson County program has effectively built homes with 26 local families and partnered with the building and trades class at Nelson County High School over the years to make these projects possible.
"This has only been possible because of individuals and organizations — advocates, donors, and volunteers — who embrace the vision of a community where everyone has a decent place to live," the release said.
The Farmville locality has built or repaired 42 homes in the 28 years it has been active. Together, the new Piedmont Habitat for Humanity will continue to tackle the issue of affordable housing in the area.
"Piedmont Habitat for Humanity eagerly anticipates and appreciates the continued support of local citizens who rally together to lend a hand in helping all of our neighbors build a brighter tomorrow through the stability of safe, decent, affordable housing," the release said.
Nelson County High School Future Farmers of America at Virginia State Convention
The Nelson County High School Future Farmers of America chapter attended the Virginia State FFA Convention June 17 to 20 in Blacksburg. Twenty-four Nelson County high school seniors attended the state convention and came home with multiple awards. According to FFA Advisor Cole Ramsey, the group received multiple awards for the chapter as a whole.
"The chapter received the Superior Chapter Award based on the quality of chapter activities throughout the year. The chapter received the 100% Membership Award for every student enrolled in Agricultural Education having FFA membership. Finally the chapter won a Gold Rating in Public Relations for community involvement and outreach throughout the year," Ramsey said in a statement emailed to the Nelson County Times.
The 24 seniors also won numerous individual and team awards in different areas of competition during the three day convention. Included in these awards is the Farm Business Management team, which won a state champion title and will go on to compete at the National FFA Convention and Expo held in October in Indianapolis, Indiana. The Farm Business Management team includes Katie Powell, Brittany Hall, Kelsy Fitzgerald, and Sarah Harvey.
Other members of the various award-winning teams include: Jack Rodgers, Lydia Staton, Colt Mauer, Eli Hunt, Alcindor Barnett, Robert Morris, Kevin Dillard, Sarah Hicks, Victoria Pewtress, Taylor Weade, Bridgett Dunnivan, Bryson Ramsey, James Johnson, Trevor Snead, Nathan Saunders, Camden Mayo, Hayden Campbell, Stormy Sutherland-Wallace, Robert Campbell, and Chase Williams.
Ramsey said three Nelson senior FFA — Kelsy Fitzgerald, Stormy Sutherland-Wallace, and Danielle Saunders — received their state FFA degrees.
Ruth Fitzgerald finished her year of service as a Virginia FFA State Officer and also won a State Proficiency Award for Agricultural Education. Her Proficiency Award Application will be judged nationally in the coming weeks to determine if she is a finalist.
Ramsey also said the Nelson FFA has four state champion career development event teams and one state proficiency award winner.
Unity in Community Banquet
Unity in Community, a local nonprofit dedicated to helping others in the community, is hosting a banquet July 13 to raise money to continue to support families in need in the community. The banquet will be held at the Nelson Heritage Center, 1653 Thomas Nelson Highway, at 3 p.m. Tickets can be purchased from any UIC member or by calling (434) 277- 8842. Adults are $25, children ages five to 13 are $10, and children under 5 are free.
Erin Conway covers Nelson County for the News and Advance. Reach her at (434) 385-5524.
Virginia Ffa
Cole Ramsey


Like FLUX, RENNER has always stood for quality. Although the company and all of its processes are certified, RENNER holds itself to an even higher standard. For example 100% of the products undergo a complete inspection before leaving the factory floor.
RENNER insists that all key components that go into its products are manufactured in a RENNER facility. As Wolfgang Renner elaborated "experience has proven that this is the only to way to meet our self imposed quality standards, the same ones our customers have come to value."
Existing products are continuously improved while new products are designed and realized in close collaboration with customers, universities and a team of engineers. The decisive metric is always the practical benefit for the customers.
The advantages of the RENNER technology are particularly appreciated in applications with exacting quality demands. RENNER is so relentless in its pursuit of quality that when you ask a RENNER engineer if he is satisfied with his accomplishments, he will almost always respond "it could be better!"


Since 1939, Daniel B. Hastings, Inc. has provided cutting-edge procedures and technology to meet the needs of clients moving products across the U.S.-Mexico border from five Texas locations.
Since 1939, Daniel B. Hastings, Inc. has provided cutting-edge procedures and technology to meet the particular needs of importers and exporters moving products across the U.S.-Mexico border. Our offices, located in the five major ports along the Texas-Mexico border, are equipped with AS/400 technology and state-of-the-art software. In-house programming gives us the flexibility necessary to meet any of your needs. The ability to represent your interest before U.S. Customs is enhanced by our history of service, our image and our integrity as a broker that insists on doing things the right way.
With enthusiastic, trained, responsive team members.
Our company is one steeped in rich history, with a continuing legacy that spans multiple generations. Daniel B. Hastings, Inc.'s character, which has been formed over nearly 100 years, is one of honesty, integrity, credibility and extraordinary customer service.
Daniel B. Hastings, Inc. offers a full range of customs brokerage and warehouse and distribution services for organizations that need to move their goods across the U.S.-Mexico border and around the globe.
Daniel B. Hastings, Inc. offers a range of online services to make working with us extremely convenient. Two of the most frequently used are shipment tracking and remote location filing.
Hastings has five locations conveniently close to the Texas-Mexico border.
Daniel B. Hastings, Inc. is pleased to provide form downloads for your convenience as well as helpful international trade resources to enhance your knowledge of this field.
Please contact us for more information about any of our services or with any questions or comments you may have.


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Top 5 Most Popular Resources
22nd Mar 2017 Book Lists, Resources
These 15 resources are the most popular resources in the history of Reading Australia! Because you love these resources so much, we thought we'd make it easy for you and put them all in the same place. There's a wonderful mix of classic and contemporary, novels and novellas, graphic novels and picture books, plays and non-fiction. A special mention goes to Blackrock and The Arrival – these resources are so popular, they appear on two separate Top 5 lists!
Whether you find an old favourite or a new treasure, be sure to share it with your friends!
Top 5 Primary Resources
Allan Baillie has topped the Top 5 list for primary resources with his chapter book Little Brother, closely followed by Alison Lester's Are We There Yet?, making it the most popular picture book on Reading Australia! Nadia Wheatley appears twice on this list: for My Place, illustrated by Donna Rawlins, and Five Times Dizzy. The other primary favourite is My Girragundji by Meme McDonald and Boori Pryor.
Top 5 Secondary Resources
Secondary teachers, you can't get enough of the Reading Australia resource for Michael Gow's timeless classic, Away. Plays seem to be a popular choice, because No Sugar by Jack Davis and Blackrock by Nick Enright also made the Top 5. Coming in at number five on the list is The Arrival by Shaun Tan: this unit was written by teacher-writer duo Josie McKinnon and Rosie Kerin who have written a total of NINE Reading Australia resources. The other resource you love is on Doris Pilkington's memoir Follow the Rabbit-proof Fence.
Top 5 Essays
Making their second appearance on a Top 5 list are Blackrock and The Arrival! But the most popular essay on Reading Australia is YA novel Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta. In her essay, Alice Pung suggests that Looking for Alibrandi passes the 'built-in bovine-excrement detector' that all teenagers have, which is one of the reasons it has remained a well-thumbed Aussie classic. Also on the list are Melissa Lucashenko's essay on Swallow the Air and Malcolm Knox's essay on Stasiland.


Hundreds of international sailors will take to the waters off West Cork from this weekend in a major celebration of an 18th century landing craft from a pivotal moment in Irish history.
About 300 sailors in 16 teams will go head-to-head under sail and oar in Bantry Bay longboats from Saturday, in a week-long series of competitions involving the historic French naval vessel.
Organisers of the Atlantic Challenge Bantry Bay Gig World Championships expect up to 15,000 visitors in the town over the next 10 days.
It is the just the second time in the 1986-founded biannual competition's history that Bantry has hosted the event.
Spokesman Eddie Wiseman said it will give a huge boost to the local economy.
"It's absolutely fabulous for the town," he said.
"Bantry has a huge maritime history and culture, and it also has a strong tradition of sport, and to be able to merge these and promote and showcase the town internationally is fantastic.
Bantry Bay longboats are replicas of the captain's landing vessel used by the French navy in the 1700s.
The original longboat, upon which all the race vessels are based, is the oldest surviving vessel in the French navy, and is on display in a Dublin museum.
It featured in the failed Dec 1796 invasion when bad weather prevented the landing in Bantry of a formidable French armada of 48 ships and some 15,000 troops under the command of General Hoche, and with Wolfe Tone on board.
Most of the fleet returned to France but one ship's longboat, which was used in a French scouting landing, was washed ashore with her crew on nearby Bere Island.
The men and their vessel were captured and that longboat, which is now known as the Bantry Bay Longboat, was brought to the boathouse at Bantry House, where she lay for 150 years.
In 1944, she was presented to the National Museum of Ireland.
In 1977, she was lent to the Maritime Institute of Ireland which exhibited her in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland, Dún Laoghaire, until 2003, where a scale model is now displayed.
She was restored at the Liverpool Museum and was put on display in the National Museum of Ireland, Collins Barracks.
The lines used to build the vessels competing in the Atlantic Challenge are taken from the original gig.
President Michael D Higgins will attend the opening of the challenge on Saturday with a parade of nations at 1.30pm, with traffic restrictions in place from 12 noon to 4pm.
The first competition is a dressage event to test crews' boat handling skills. A twilight pageant takes place at 10pm before a family-day takes place from 2pm on Sunday in the town square.
Competitors will take part in a slalom obstacle course competition against the clock on Sunday, with shore-based knot tying and rope work competitions later. Races will take place every day next week.
Among the other highlights will be a pirate party on Saturday week, on Jul 28, with locals, visitors and holiday makers encouraged to dress up as pirates. It will kick off at 12 noon with a flotilla of pirate vessels from Abbey Point in to the harbour.
* The Bantry Bay longboat measures almost 40ft (13m).
* It holds a crew of 13 and can be raced under sail and oar, up to 18ft (6m) long.
* Thirteen crew are needed to sail it. Under oar, there are 10 oarsmen and two bowmen.
* The boat uses three sails — a main-sail, a fore-sail and a Mizen sail to assist with steering.
* The gigs are described as "elegant and exhilarating". They can be rowed at six knots on calm water, and can reach speeds of over 12 knots under sail.
* The 16 international crews have 20 members each — including at least four male and four female. Half the crew must be under the age of 21.
* Teams come from Ireland, Spain, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, England, Finland, Holland, France, Indonesia, Italy, Lithuania, the North, Norway, Russia, Wales, and the US.


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'It's a police drama, but it's also a story for adults': 'Deciding to Quit' director Park Chan-wook speaks exclusively
On January 20, the new film from the director of the award-winning film 'Old Boy' at the previous Cannes 2022 festival will be released in cinemas across Spain.
Without any doubt, this is one of the great premieres of 2023 that released recently. We are talking about the expected return of Park Chan-wook, who has been absent from the theaters since 2016, with a stellar performance. the maid, Chan-wook rocks the world's retinas with one of the best movies of this century, a warped and magnetic film old boy, and little by little she's weaving one of them unique filmography When it comes to cinema there is one country to keep in mind: South Korea.
Love, Suspicion and Cheating: This is 'The Decision to Quit'
Following his award-winning stint at Cannes in 2022, where he won Best Director, decision to leave lands in cinemas across Spain next january 20, Auteur cinema with a strong commitment to an audience eager for powerful sensations, through powerful stories that do not sacrifice curiosity, but without falling into cheap sensationalism. A scathing X-ray of modern society disguised as a romantic thriller.
accomplish decision to leavesays director in Exclusive piece presented by SensaCine"I was inspired by two things: The first was the Korean song 'Fog', which I've loved since I was little. So the story takes place in a foggy city and it's a love story."
what is it about decision to leave?: "An inspector faces death under strange circumstances and meets a suspect, the widow of the deceased. This creates curiosity. The film creates a psychological portrait of both,
He then talks a bit about the characters in the film. Life hasn't been easy for her according to the widow's character Chan-wook. "Seo-rae (played by Tang Wei) is very mature, tough and persistent in love. She gives her all." He also dedicated a few words to Inspector Ha-joon, played by Park Hae-il: "He's the head of the homicide unit. He takes pride in his work, He is orderly, organized and kind, He is very capable, people admire him."
one of the most attractive aspects of decision to leave to go on the road with two people of very different origins From the moment they met till they fell in love: Despite the language barrier (he's Chinese and she's Korean) it's exciting to see how hard someone works to express their feelings. Sometimes it's surprising to hear someone say something with different nuances.
"It is a love story, but also one of doubt, betrayal, abandonment and all that. All adults can experience that feeling. With these words the South Korean filmmaker ends this piece that SensaCine brings to you exclusively and which serves as a starter for the actual main course: decision to leave Finally opens in cinemas across Spain on 20 January And we look forward to seeing it. and you?
If you want to stay up to date and receive new releases in your email, sign up for the SensaCine newsletter
Haley Joel Osment's Incredible Body Transformation 24 Years After The Sixth Sense
This Is The First Time I've Realized This Detail From 'Interstellar' And It Gave Me goosebumps
'Lockwood Agency', New Netflix Series With 100% on Rotten Tomatoes
A US Congressman pressures James Gunn for his own DCU
Bad Bunny and Gael Garcia share a passionate kiss for the movie Cassandro
Black Widow was going to have a very different haircut in her film
Dave Bautista reveals James Gunn's plans for DC Comics
This Is The First Time I Realized This Detail From 'Interstellar' And It Gave Me goosebumps


This entry was posted on Saturday, August 9th, 2014 at 6:17 am	and is filed under Home Automation, Tech. You can follow any comments to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a comment, or trackback from your own site.
Wow! Seems like exactly the same setup I'm drafting at the moment. The only difference is that I was planning on using a rotary for dimming the lights instead of changing the volume.
And because I'm going to implement it in an existing home I will probably use a wireless arduino like the Moteino or Flutter.
I will definitely follow your progress!
Sounds like a great setup so far, I was wondering, what do you use to power the speakers that you can change the volume through openHAB?
Hey Lewis, sorry I missed your comment before. I use Squeezebox Server, free software and the players are relatively cheap and high quality too. OpenHAB has a great binding for Squeezebox with only a few limitations as far as I can see. I have one Squeezebox player per zone / room. Sonos works with OpenHAB too, but Squeezebox is that more powerful and extensible for my needs!
Thanks, I will have a look into squeezebox, do you recommend any particular model?
Any updates on this project? Looks exactly what I'm planning to achieve.


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Ontario increasing workplace inspections during COVID-19
Ont. locked down for second time during pandemic
Study confirms 'Union Safety Effect' on building trades construction sites
Workers who feel protected from COVID at work have better mental health, research suggests
December drew a dip in labour force in Canada
Merger in Quebec
Pearson airport is using UV-C light to disinfect the air breathed by passengers
Daikin introduces new member to business unit
Long-time writer a tireless industry volunteer
By Plumbing & HVAC Staff on	 February 8, 2019 News
Art was born and raised in Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia. He began his heating career on graduation from a three-year course in heating and ventilation technology at the Halifax Regional Vocational School in 1955. He was then employed for 20 years with wholesaler Wm. Stairs Son & Morrow Ltd., where he established and managed the industrial heating department, specializing in commercial heating equipment sales.
For the next 18 years, he was employed with the Nova Scotia Department of Energy as a consultant and was involved in the development of many programs throughout the province. For another eight years, he was employed with heating equipment manufacturer and wholesaler, Kerr Controls Limited, acting as a consultant to their nine branches across Atlantic Canada.
In 2002, he established his own business, Irwin Energy Consulting Services, for which he carried out energy assessments on new and existing structures including both building envelope and heating system.
Art was also a tireless volunteer. He served on many industry committees including the National Research Council, Energy Mines and Resources Canada, Canadian Standards Association for 27 years, Nova Scotia Homebuilders Technical Advisory Committee, The Combustion Research Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, New York (Combustion Research for the U.S. Dept. of Energy). He developed and delivered many energy and commercial heating related courses in the U.S. and Canada, including for the Dalhousie University continuing education program.
He was a guest speaker at many energy and HVAC conferences across Canada. He wrote for Plumbing and HVAC for over 20 years, writing right up until the end with his final article appearing in this issue.
He joined the Halifax Chapter of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE) in 1965, was awarded life membership in 1998 and was president of the Halifax Chapter in 2004-2005.
For twenty-nine years, he was a monthly guest on the CBC Radio Maritime Noon phone in show, answering HVAC-related questions for callers across Atlantic Canada.
A professional musician, he performed on radio, TV and in many dance bands as a percussionist. He had his own musical groups (Ensemble Plus, the Artie Irwin Trio), and played with many other wellknown jazz musicians. He was very proud of being vice president of development for JazzEast Rising which has been organizing the Halifax Jazz Festival for thirty-one years.
As a professional photographer, he enjoyed success in owning Irwin Photographic & Communications for 47 years. He was a graduate of the Kings College (Halifax) public relations program and used his writing talents in many ways. He and Eileen travelled the world on 15 jazz cruises, on which he created a wide collection of photographs of world class musicians and even sat in on the occasional session with them.
Art was public relations chairman of the Canadian Ski Association in the 70s and is a Life Member of the Canadian Ski Hall of Fame and Museum. He was a life member of the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron, and a life member of Heritage Trust of Nova Scotia.
Art is survived by his loving wife of 57 years Eileen (Dauphinee) Irwin, daughter Anne Irwin of Halifax, sister Sheila (John) Rowand, Victoria, B.C, brother, Robert (Marion), Calgary, and many cousins, nieces and nephews.
A service was held Jan. 13 at the J.A. Snow Funeral Home in Halifax with a reception at the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron.
Contributions in Art's memory can be made to the Saint Michaels & All Angels Anglican Church, P.O. Box 99, Sheet Harbour, N.S. BOJ 3BO, or to music education at the JazzEast Rising Association at PO Box 33043, Halifax, NS B3L 4T6, or a charity of your choice
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Q: MS Access DB performance on a VMware virtual machine In our office, we have a Windows 2008 virtual machine hosted on an HP ProLient ML350 G6. This VM has access to all of the resources available on the host.
On this machine there are some Microsoft Access databasess which are used in a poorly coded vb6 application that runs on our PCs (currently 25-30).
Our problem is that sometimes the queries we use (which are also poorly coded) are slow as hell.
Can the VM have something to do with this problem? How can we debug this?
I was thinking about checking disk I/O but I'm not sure what I should check exactly, CPU and memory usage are very very low.
We are, of course, trying to write better code, but in the meantime we are trying to see if there are other problems with our structure.

A: First: MS Access performance is terrible. It's not made to have any performance, so the DB counts a lot.
Second: if you run a non performatic DB on a VM, you will have another performance penalty.
Third and most important: if the application is poorly coded and with terrible engineered queries, there's nothing you can do on hardware that would make the system perform better.
Generally, performance tunning the software wields way better results than changing the hardware. If you want to speed up the system, switching from MS Access to a real DB would make some difference, and rewriting the code will give you the biggest performance boost. Only after those two changes you will have to take a look on the hardware and VM.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: React Native compare value between items in flatlist I'm new in React Native. I would like to ask if it is possible to compare the value of previous item in the flatlist after a new item is added.
For example, I added one item with value of 10. Then I add another item in the flatlist with value of 30. After I press the 'Add' Button, it will automatically alert saying that the difference between the previous and new item is 20.
Also, it should not be a problem I create the id of the item using Math.random() right? Thank you for your suggestion and support in advance.

A: Try inside the method where you render items populate the array with the values and use indexes to calculate the differences. For example, now you have two items in the array. Once button is pressed do
 array[array.length - 2] - array[array.length - 1].

If you are familiar with OOP you can define constructor and create array there as this.array = [];

A: Yes, it's possible. I've prepared a snack here:
https://snack.expo.dev/@moistbobo/so-69228068
Here, I use the useState hook to keep track of the array of values.
Then, in the onAdd handler, I check if the length of the values array is greater than 1 and if it is, I show an alert with the difference. This is to prevent an error if the array is empty. I do the difference calculation before adding it to the state so that values.length - 1 will always refer to the last element in the values array.

Also, it should not be a problem I create the id of the item using Math.random() right?

The id of the items won't affect the logic above. You would just have to keep track of an array of objects instead of an array of numbers like in my example, as well as change the logic on line 17 to use the object's value for the subtraction.
Although its out of the scope of this question, it's generally not a good idea to use Math.random() to generate id's, as there is a high chance for 2 items to have the same id. A good alternative for id generation is nanoid.


text:
Detective Thompson Issue #1 Now Available For Pre-Order!!
#RememberTheFallen
The Trio that started it all.... And then some.
MARCUS LINDSEY
Founder-Writer-Creator (Jack of all Trades)
Marcus Lindsey started as an aspiring writer with his position in a different comic upbringing that caved in on itself, later leaving to form and create Angelic Comics with Axel and Hayley. Marcus has the vision and the drive to improve himself and others, as he follows in his late grandfather's footsteps to bring out his creative ideas to the world. Writer, organizer, and manager, Marcus doubles with 2 jobs and is a full time student at Dixie State University
AXEL RUTTOH
Writer/ Co-Founder
Axel Ruttoh has been at the ready since day one: as we would not have made it this far without his input and excitement. Axel brings his critiques and unique perspective to the table, challenging all of us to become greater. Axel currently attends the College of Southern Nevada in Las Vegas.
HAYLEY HALAS
Lead Creator /Co-Founder
From a fated meeting, Hayley has been with us for over 4 years as she specializes in character creation behind the scenes. Hayley's imaginative skills beat no other, as she has had a great role in the creating of the lore for the Angelic Universe. She currently works as an umpire, and is a full-time student starting her Sophomore year at Southern Utah University.
MELODY SCOTT
Logo Design and Editor
Melody is one of the best and brightest we have the pleasure of knowing, with her skills in writing, art, and making us laugh with her sense of humor, she has brought us far in our journey. As our primary patreon supporter and logo designer, Melody has, and continues to bring creation to life.
ANTONIN LORENZI
Lead Comic Artist
Distant lands, though like-minded in creativity, Antonin has brought his amazing talent all the way from France to the United States as he is the main artist for our comic books. Art is his passion- and he one day hopes and is working to bringing to life his own characters.
"UNVEIL YOUR DESTINY"
For Questions,
Wonders, Collaborations,
Or anything in the world,
Just contact us down below!
©2022 by Angelic Comics LLC


Stevens, Littman, Biddison, Tharp & Weinberg, LLC provides determined legal representation to mothers and fathers on all aspects of child support in Colorado. Child support concerns may arise in the divorce process or in a nonmarital relationship where paternity is not presumed. Either way, you must understand that the law grants the child a right of support by both parents, irrespective of any relationship between them. Our child support attorneys work to achieve reasonable awards under the Colorado guidelines through negotiation or litigation in family court, and we help ensure that support remains fair and reasonable throughout the required term.
In divorce cases, Colorado courts strive to minimize any hardship on the children. The process has safeguards to protect them emotionally, but courts also want to protect them financially, helping them maintain the standard of living they would have enjoyed if the divorce had not occurred. Child support is not meant to unjustly enrich one spouse or impoverish another — child support funds should be spent on the child. At Stevens, Littman, Biddison, Tharp & Weinberg, we advocate strongly for fair child support orders that address the child's needs in a manner that is equitable for the parents.
A child support order has the force of law. But just as changes in society compel legislatures to amend their laws, a substantial change in your post-divorce life may necessitate a modification of your support order. If a supporting parent suffers a financial setback or a child needs additional support due to changing needs, the payment schedule may no longer be equitable. Our lawyers have helped clients throughout Colorado obtain a modification of support when their circumstances justified a change. We have also successfully opposed modification when a proposed decrease in support payments would have caused undue hardship to our client and the children. Our experienced attorneys understand the criteria the court considers. We assert your rights aggressively while advancing the best interests of your children. Most importantly, although it's natural for parents to roll with life's punches and make informal agreements to get through a rough patch, you have to understand that those informal agreements will never hold up in court. That means a supporting parent can be liable for back payments even if the recipient parent has previously said not to worry about them. Your existing support order is enforceable in full until you get a court-approved modification.
Colorado has dedicated resources to enforcing child support obligations against "deadbeat" parents. Stevens, Littman, Biddison, Tharp & Weinberg assists custodial parents whose ex-spouses fail to meet their obligations by getting enforcement orders in family court. If you are a supporting parent but you've stopped payments because your ex is interfering with your parenting time or alienating you from your children, you should immediately pay whatever funds you've withheld. The court may charge you penalties or take administrative action, such as suspending your driver license. Your visitation rights are also enforceable, so let our attorneys in Boulder & Vail help resolve that conflict effectively and legally.


text:
Alessandro Gavazza
Research Fellow at Centre for Economic Policy Research, Professor of Economics at London School of Economics and Political Science
Fellow, Industrial Organization
https://sites.google.com/site/alessandrogavazza/
@a_gavazza
Alessandro Gavazza is Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics and Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research. He is an applied economist, with main interests in industrial organization. His research focuses on the role of frictions in markets and it has been published, among other journals, in the American Economic Review, Econometrica, the Journal of Political Economy, and the Review of Economic Studies. He is one of the co-editors of The RAND Journal of Economics. Previously, he was one of the co-editors of The Journal of Industrial Economics, as well as a member of the Editorial Board of The Review of Economic Studies and of the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. He obtained an ERC Consolidator Grant in 2018.
DP17491 Refinancing Cross-Subsidies in the Mortgage Market
Lu Liu
Jagdish Tripathy
DP16283 Dynamics of Expenditures on Durable Goods: the Role of New-Product Quality
Fabio Bertolotti
Andrea Lanteri
DP16542 Frictions in Product Markets
Alessandro Lizzeri
DP16456 Mortgage Pricing and Monetary Policy
Matteo Benetton
Paolo Surico
DP13807 Regulatory Interventions in Consumer Financial Markets: The Case of Credit Cards
Manolis Galenianos
Mortgage rates, origination fees, and the transmission of monetary policy
Better internet access and UK politics: Unintended consequences
Mattia Nardotto
Tommaso Valletti


AcuteSoft solutions Training Institute offers best SAP FIORI online training course is designed by IT professionals with the IT industry specialists as our trainers are experienced certified tutors will share their experience,tips and tricks in the SAP FIORI.
SAP Fiori is a framework that provides the porting of applications on mobile devices announced on 15 May 2013.
SAP Fiori is based on SAP's technology platform called NetWeaver.SAP Fiori supports HTML5.The initial release had few applications to start and gradually increased to complete the SAP Business Suite.
As of 2014 SAP Fiori is free-to-license for some customers.
Overview of the SAP Fiori solution SAP Fiori is a collection of apps that represent the new SAP user experience paradigm. These apps speak a consistent design language and make use of a common technical infrastructure. By blurring traditional computing boundaries and by using interactive and attractive UI elements, they provide a consistent end-to-end user experience and can be used across all device types without creating additional implementation effort.SAP Fiori is a collection of apps that represents the new SAP user experience paradigm. SAP Fiori offers various business roles a simple, easy-to-use experience for SAP software functions, and works seamlessly on desktop, tablet, or smartphone.


Yesterday I got to see all of my cousins, aunt, uncles and Poppa and Grandma! Today I had my best friend Marin's birthday party with my other friends Anna and Grace.
Home County, another home run!
I got to stay at Poppa and Grandmas all weekend long! Last week I went to camp two days and one of them we took a bus ride to be with all the camps from all over the city!
This week I had my very first summer camp! And I also learned how to tie my shoes too. I was so proud of myself because this means I get to have the laceup shoes I want for back to school!
This week Mommy started jogging and Daddy and I cheer her on from our bikes behind her. I also got to go to Grand Bend to pick up my glass art I made last week. And then go to the beach with my best friends!
I got to spend THREE WHOLE DAYS with just Mommy and Daddy! We got to go to the beach in Grand Bend. And then! Today was Canada Day which means we got to have sparklers and go see fireworks downtown. And I got to stay up late too!


Treatment of SS is complicated by its unique multiorgan involvement. Timely organ-specific treatment can effectively increase patient comfort and reduce potential damage to the corneas and teeth. Systemic complications of SS are secondary to autoimmune processes and potentially life-threatening, and are discussed below.
Ocular management of KCS has three goals: (i) replacing the aqueous tear film and restoring normal tear function through the use of preservative-free artificial tears; (ii) improving retention of the patient's diminished tear volume by closing lacrimal puncta, either temporarily or permanently; and (iii) treating various ocular complications that can lead to scarring of the cornea, such as persistent epithelial erosions, exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration, and chronic staphylococcus infection of the lid margins.
There are many forms of artificial tears that can be used for tear replacement, but those in multi-dose containers should be avoided. Multi-dose bottles contain preservatives to which many patients develop hypersensitivity reactions that may eventually lead to conjunctival scarring and a further decrease in tear production. Preservative-free single-unit-dose eye drops such as Refresh®, Cellufresh®, and Celluvics® are the most effective artificial tears, and do not cause chronic ocular irritation or damage to the cornea and conjunctiva. Artificial tears in multi-dose containers that claim to be preservative-free because the preservative is ephemeral can nevertheless cause irritation because of residual irritants, and should be avoided. Topical steroid preparations should not be used routinely in patients with KCS. If they are required in cases where inflammation is severe, they should be used judiciously with frequent careful follow-up examinations by an ophthalmologist. Commercially available topical preparations of 0.05% cyclosporine (Restasis®) improve symptoms in some patients with mild KCS, but in general they have very little effect on SS patients with severe KCS. Cyclosporine in 1% or 2% concentrations may prove to be more effective. Alternatives to commercially available preservative-free artificial tears include 1.25% gum cellulose drops, low molecular weight dextran, hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, and autologous human serum albumin.
When punctal occlusion does not lead to marked improvement of ocular symptoms, many patients find the use of moisture chamber glasses helpful. Wearing moisture chambers, soft rubber swim goggles, or saran wrap over the eyes while sleeping can increase ocular comfort for a few hours during the day. Environmental changes such as humidifying the bedroom can also be helpful. In extreme cases, a temporary tarsorrhaphy can be preformed to prevent corneal thinning, melting, and perforation while the underlying problem, whether it be infection or exposure, can be effectively addressed.
Treatment of the salivary and oral component of SS has four goals: (i) ongoing dental caries prevention through patient education about diet, oral hygiene, and the role of fluoride supplements; professionally applied and patient applied topical fluoride preparations; and dental restoration with procedures and materials appropriate to an oral environment of chronic salivary hypofunction; (ii) salivary flow stimulation with systemically administered drugs, such as pilocarpine or cevimeline, and physiological stimulation using sugar-free lozenges or gum; (iii) recognition of chronic erythematous candidiasis, which occurs in about one-third of SS patients, and its treatment with appropriate antifungal drugs which greatly reduce oral symptoms, even with continuing salivary hypofunction; and (iv) selective use of saliva substitutes, which remain in the mouth for a relatively short time and do not replace the functions of normal saliva, but can be helpful for patients with fairly severe chronic hyposalivation (7).
Topical fluoride application is critical for caries prevention in this susceptible population. Typically, the patient is stratified into a low, medium, or high risk caries group, and the use of the following types of fluoride, either alone or in combination, is considered: professionally-applied high-concentration fluoride solutions (e.g., 1.23% fluoride in acidulated phosphate fluoride gel for four minutes, four times per year; or a 2.26% fluoride varnish applied directly to the teeth, four times per year); patient-applied sodium fluoride gel (0.5% fluoride) in a custom-fitted tray for five minutes daily (to supplement professionally-applied fluoride); or a daily rinse with a 0.05% sodium fluoride, which is another useful addition to professionally-applied fluorides. Neutral sodium fluoride preparations are generally preferred to stannous fluoride preparations because patients tolerate them better. Chlorhexidine rinses may be used to control the quantity of mutans streptococci in the flora. This can be in the form of a patient-applied 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate rinse, one minute daily for two weeks.
All currently available "oral" topical antifungal drugs contain substantial amounts of sucrose or glucose (i.e., brands of clotrimazole oral troches, nystatin oral pastilles, and nystatin oral suspension), which creates significant risk for supporting dental caries development when used as directed. Systemic antifungals may not be fully effective in those with severe salivary dysfunction, as the medication is delivered to the oral cavity through saliva. Therefore, the best topical antifungal drug to use with patients at high risk for dental caries is nystatin vaginal tablets. These do contain lactose, which is a potentially cariogenic carbohydrate, but much less so than either sucrose or glucose. They must be dissolved slowly in the mouth for 15 to 20 minutes, two or three times per day. Such patients usually must take frequent sips of water to allow the tablet to dissolve in that time. The treatment end-point for erythematous candidiasis should be resolution of all the mucosal erythema, return of filiform papillae to the dorsal tongue, and resolution of associated oral symptoms (i.e., burning sensation). Dentures will also need to be treated for fungus to decrease the risk of reinfection.
Organ-specific manifestations that require treatment are diverse and can be managed by a series of medical specialists (2,5,6). Those conditions can include chronic low-grade problems such as myalgias, polyarthralgias, fatigue, and Raynaud's phenomenon, or organ-specific diseases such as chronic interstitial lung disease, atrophic gastritis, peripheral neuropathies, primary biliary cirrhosis, and renal tubular acidosis, or hematological diseases such as nonthrombocytopenic purpura, leukopenia, and hyper-gammaglobulinemia, or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Systemic therapy for SS is currently limited to a few classes of drugs. Cholinergic agonists (i.e., pilocarpine, cevimeline) can be prescribed to stimulate salivary and lacrimal secretion. Vasculitic skin lesions or visceral involvement is usually treated with a corticosteroid alone or in combination with methotrexate, cyclphosphamide, or chlorambucil. Arthritis is usually managed, depending on the severity, with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hydroxylcholor-oquine, or methotrexate. TNF inhibitors (i.e., etanercept, infliximab) have not been effective for SS in clinical trials. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy should be used with caution in this population with a chronic, nonfatal disease process. A monoclonal antibody, Rituximab, is available for treatment of CD20+ B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.