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Studies have demonstrated that nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NBS–LRR) genes respond to pathogen attack in plants. Characterization of NBS–LRR genes in peanut is not well documented. The newly released whole genome sequences of Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaënsis have allowed a global analysis of this important gene family in peanut to be conducted. In this study, we identified 393 (AdNBS) and 437 (AiNBS) NBS–LRR genes from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively, using bioinformatics approaches. Full-length sequences of 278 AdNBS and 303 AiNBS were identified. Fifty-one orthologous, four AdNBS paralogous, and six AiNBS paralogous gene pairs were predicted. All paralogous gene pairs were located in the same chromosomes, indicating that tandem duplication was the most likely mechanism forming these paralogs. The paralogs mainly underwent purifying selection, but most LRR 8 domains underwent positive selection. More gene clusters were found in A. ipaënsis than in A. duranensis, possibly owing to tandem duplication events occurring more frequently in A. ipaënsis. The expression profile of NBS–LRR genes was different between A. duranensis and A. hypogaea after Aspergillus flavus infection. The up-regulated expression of NBS–LRR in A. duranensis was continuous, while these genes responded to the pathogen temporally in A. hypogaea.
Funding: This study was supported by grants from National High Tech Project (2013AA102602), NSFC (31500217), Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Project (2013ZX08010-004), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2015YL061), Young Talents Training Program of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Province Germplasm Innovation and Utilization Project.
In the environment, plants face attacks from pathogens and pests. Plants have evolved innate immunity systems against these challenges. The innate immunity system has been classified into pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) . PTI is mediated by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). ETI is mediated by intracellular immune receptors and directly or indirectly depends on resistance genes (R genes). R genes can be divided into at least five groups. The biggest group is nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NBS–LRR) genes .
NBS–LRR genes are distributed widely in plants. Researchers have studied this gene family in many plant genomes, including Arabidopsis thaliana , Glycine max , Lotus japonicus , Medicago truncatula , Oryza sativa , and Triticum aestivum . NBS–LRR genes can be classified into two types (non-TIR and TIR) based on the N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) domain or a toll/mammalian interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) . CC–NBS–LRR (CNL) genes are widely distributed in monocots and dicots but TIR–NBS–LRR (TNL) genes are mainly found in dicots, indicating that CNL genes originated before the divergence of monocots and dicots . However, some studies have suggested that TNL genes actually originated earlier than CNL genes, and TNL genes were lost in grass and other species [10,11] because there were fewer TNL genes than CNL genes 100 million years ago, which only began to expand thereafter . Recently, the RPW8 (resistance to powdery mildew 8)–NBS–LRR (RNL) gene was found to be an ancient NBS member that had a sister relationship with CNL genes in plants. However, the phylogenetic position of RNL genes has not been clearly determined .
RFO1, RPW8, and WRR4, three NBS–LRR genes from Arabidopsis, conferred resistance against Fusarium and powdery mildew fungi [12,13]. Heterologous expression of Arabidopsis WRR4 in Brassica improved the resistance of transgenic lines to Albugo candida . The function of at least 350 NBS–LRR genes was studied in rice [15–19]. Results showed that rice NBS–LRR genes played a crucial role in blast resistance. Moreover, overexpression of M. truncatula RCT1 (TNL gene) in Medicago sativa could confer broad-spectrum resistance to anthracnose . The expression of a cultivated peanut CNL gene was increased upon Aspergillus flavus infection, suggesting its roles in disease resistance .
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an important food and oil crop, is grown throughout the tropics and subtropics. Cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid (AABB genome) . Its ancestral species are most likely the diploid Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaënsis, which contributed the A and B subgenomes, respectively [23–26]. Previous studies showed that disease resistance of wild peanut was higher than that of cultivated peanut [27–29]. A. flavus can infect cultivated peanut before and after harvest  and produces carcinogenic mycotoxins, known as aflatoxins, which are toxic to both animal and human. Some peanut germplasms from China showed high resistance to Aspergillus colonization . Identification and characterization of genes from wild or cultivated peanut for resistance to A. flavus is important for peanut breeding. The released whole genome sequences of A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis  allowed for systematic analysis of NBS–LRR genes in peanut. In this study, we identified NBS–LRR genes from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis genomes using a bioinformatics approach. The chromosomal location, gene clusters, and phylogenetic relationships of these genes were analyzed. The expression of NBS–LRR genes in A. duranensis and cultivated peanut (Luhua 14) was analyzed after A. flavus infection.
The genome sequences of A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis have been released (http://peanutbase.org) . The hidden Markov model (HMM) profile of the NB–APAF-1, R proteins, and CED-4 (ARC) domain (PF00931) was downloaded from the Pfam database (http://pfam.janelia.org). NBS–LRR proteins from two wild peanut were extracted using HMMER  and in-house Perl script. TIR, NBS, and LRR domains were confirmed in the Pfam database. The CC domain was surveyed using Paircoil2 (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cb/paircoil2/). The P-score cutoff was 0.03.
Multiple sequence alignment of CNL and TNL full-length proteins from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis was performed using MAFFT 7.0 . A phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 6.0  using maximum likelihood (ML) with the Jones-Taylor-Thornton model and neighbor-joining (NJ) based on 1,000 replicates. If two genes from different species were clustered in pairs in the phylogenetic tree, these genes were considered as orthologous genes; if two genes from one species were clustered in pairs in the phylogenetic tree, these genes were considered as paralogous genes [36,37].
Protein sequences were converted into the corresponding nucleotide sequences by PAL2NAL . PAML 4.0  was used to calculate the Ka/Ks (nonsynonymous/synonymous) ratio. Generally, Ka/Ks = 1, >1, and <1 indicate neutral, positive, and purifying selection, respectively.
The chromosomal location of NBS–LRR genes in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis was obtained from peanutbase (http://peanutbase.org/). The map was generated by Circos v0.69 .
We analyzed the gene expression profile of a cultivated peanut after A. flavus infection (unpublished data) and found that the expression of some NBS–LRR genes responded to A. flavus infection. Here, we selected six highly expressed NBS–LRR genes for qRT-PCR analysis.
We used the sum of A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis sequences as the cultivated peanut genome because the complete genome of cultivated peanut has not been sequenced, and the sum of these two diploid genome sizes is equal to the genome size of cultivated peanut [32,41]. We designed primers for amplification of the A. duranensis sequences and their orthologous genes in cultivated peanut. qRT-PCR primers were designed based on the A. duranensis genome sequence using Beacon Designer 8.0. Primer information is provided in S1 Table. The actin gene was used as a reference gene for quantification .
The A. flavus inoculation method was described by Zhang et al. . Briefly, mature peanut seeds were surface-sterilized and cultivated on moist filter paper at 28°C for three days. The germinated peanut seeds were inoculated by immersing them in an A. flavus suspension of approximately 3 × 107 spores/ml. Seeds immersed in sterile distilled water were used as the control. Seeds were placed in Petri dishes at 28°C and were harvested 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment.
Total RNA was extracted using the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method . Two micrograms of RNA were used to synthesize first-strand cDNAs using the Reverse Transcriptase M-MLV System (Takara, Dalian, China). qRT-PCR was performed using Fast Start Universal SYBR Green Master (ROX) with a 7500 real-time PCR machine (ABI). The reaction was carried out as follows: 30 s at 95°C for denaturation, followed by 40 cycles of 5 s at 95°C, and 30 s at 60°C. A melting curve analysis was performed at the end of the PCR run over a range of 55–99°C. Three technical replicates were performed. The ΔΔCt method was used for quantification . One-way annova test was performed to obtain P values using GenStat 18.0 (Lawes Agricultural Trust, Oxford, UK). If P < 0.05, we considered the NBS–LRR genes as differentially expressed genes.
A total of 393 and 437 NBS–LRR-coding protein sequences were identified in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively. However, 113 and 125 sequences from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively, were excluded in this study because these sequences contained partial NBS domains or partial sequences. Song et al.  demonstrated that incomplete NBS–LRR sequences used in analyses can lead to incorrect results. Among the full-length sequences, two AdNBS and nine AiNBS sequences were considered potential pseudogenes because they contained either a premature stop codon or a frameshift mutation. Ultimately, 278 AdNBS and 303 AiNBS sequences were used for analysis in this study, named AdNBS1 to AdNBS278 and AiNBS1 to AiNBS303 (S2 and S3 Tables). AdNBS and AiNBS sequences contained more than one TIR, CC, NBS, and LRR domains, and these domains were randomly distributed in the amino acid sequences. Four NBS domains and 12 LRR domains were detected in AdNBS196, while six NBS domains and 14 LRR domains were detected in AiNBS196 (S2 and S3 Tables). Overall, AdNBS, including 30 CNL with 37 CC domains and 83 TNL sequences, contained 102 TIR domains. In total, 16 amino acid sequences contained only the NBS domain, and 123 amino acid sequences contained both NBS and LRR domains (Table 1). The AiNBS (38 CNL type and 90 TNL type sequences) contained 50 CC and 106 TIR domains. Twelve NBS-type and 135 NBS–LRR-type sequences were predicted (Table 1). Many LRR domains were distributed in the Arachis genomes (Table 1). In NBS–LRR sequences, 84.59% and 86.80% contained LRR domains in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively. About 91.43% NBS–LRR sequences in M. truncatula  and 71.77% NBS–LRR sequences in L. japonicas  had LRR domains. We found that AdNBS and AiNBS contained more LRR8 than LRR4, LRR3, LRR5, and LRR1. The LRR5 domain only appeared in CNL proteins (S2 and S3 Tables).
Table 1. Number of NBS-LRR genes in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis.
Although the genome of cultivated peanut has not been released, several studies have focused on the analysis of cultivated peanut NBS–LRR genes because of their potential importance in disease resistance. Bertioli et al.  cloned 78 full-length NBS–LRR genes from cultivated peanut and four wild peanuts (A.duranensis, A. cardenasii, A. stenosperma, and A. simpsonii). A total of 234 NBS–LRR genes were identified by PCR amplification in cultivated peanut . We used NBS–LRR genes from two wild peanuts to search the scaffolds of cultivated peanut using the local BLASTN program. The results showed that orthologous genes of wild peanut NBS–LRR genes could be detected in cultivated peanut (data not shown). The NBS–LRR genes in cultivated peanut covered all NBS–LRR genes in two wild peanuts. The results showed the number of NBS–LRR genes in cultivated peanut was at least 830 (393 AdNBS and 437 AiNBS).
NBS–LRR genes can be classified into two clades in phylogenetic trees, TNL and CNL groups . The AdNBS and AiNBS phylogenetic tree also contained these two groups based on ML and NJ methods. However, one CNL sequence (AdNBS104) nested into the TNL group, and three TNL sequences (AdNBS262, AdNBS267, and AiNBS156) clustered together with CNL proteins (Fig 1 and S1 Fig). In Eucalyptus grandis, three CNL genes were located in the TNL group, and one TNL gene was found in the CNL group . Similar results were found for M. truncatula  and Vitis vinifera  NBS–LRR sequences. Song and Nan  found that eight TNL genes were nested in the CNL group. Two CNL sequences were found to group with TNL proteins . We hypothesize that recombination events occurred in the NBS domain. Innes et al.  found that recombination occurred between some NBS domains from CNL and TNL proteins.
Fig 1. Phylogenetic tree of NBS-LRR from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis.
The phylogenetic tree was generated using CNL and TNL full-length proteins from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis using MEGA 6.0 by the maximum likelihood (ML) with Jones-Taylor-Thornton model based on 1,000 bootstrap replicates.
We detected 51 orthologous gene pairs, four paralogous AdNBS gene pairs, and six paralogous AiNBS gene pairs based on both ML and NJ phylogenetic relationships (Fig 1, S1 Fig and S4 Table). Most of these 51 orthologous gene pairs were distributed in a similar locus on the corresponding chromosomes, except AdNBS2 (chromosome A2)—AiNBS274 (chromosome B3) (Fig 2 and S4 Table). Additionally, one gene pair contained both CNL (AdNBS104) and TNL (AiNBS144) genes, indicating that recombination was present between the CC and TIR domains. All of the paralogous gene pairs were located on one chromosome, indicating the tandem duplication is the main mechanism in forming NBS–LRR paralogs. Generally, tandem duplication produces novel resistant functions of NBS–LRR genes . In soybean and Medicago, tandem duplication played a primary role in NBS–LRR gene expansion [4,6].
Fig 2. Chromosomal location and homologous gene relationship of NBS-LRR genes from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis.
The letters and numbers outside the circle represent species and chromosomes, respectively. A and B represent A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively.
Our results revealed that most paralogous genes and NBS and LRR protein-coding genes underwent purifying selection (Fig 3). LRR domains had significantly larger Ka values than the full-length protein (P < 0.01) and the NBS region (P < 0.01) in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis (Fig 3), indicating faster evolution of protein sequences in LRR domains . Most LRR 8 domains underwent positive selection, comparing to other type LRR domains (Fig 3). It is thought that rapidly evolving NBS–LRR genes have been under positive selection . Therefore, LRR 8 exhibited signatures of rapid evolution in Arachis. Gu et al.  analyzed NBS–LRR proteins in bread wheat and found that 2.25% of LRR domains showed positive selection. Most likely the LRR domain co-evolved with pathogen effectors to mediate interaction directly or indirectly with pathogen molecules. The fact that most sites of positive selection were located on the surface of the folded protein may support this hypothesis [52,53].
Fig 3. Comparison of Ka/Ks values among NBS-LRR sequence, NBS and LRR regions.
A, B and C represent NBS-LRR sequence, NBS and LRR regions, respectively.
AdNBS and AiNBS genes were randomly distributed across 10 chromosomes. Six AdNBS genes were removed during cluster analysis because of lack of location information. Most AdNBS and AiNBS genes were located on chromosomes A2 and B2, respectively. The fewest AdNBS and AiNBS genes were found on chromosomes A6 and B7, respectively (Fig 2). CNL and TNL genes were found on each chromosome of A. ipaënsis, while CNL genes were absent on A. duranensis chromosome A8 and TNL genes were absent on chromosome A10.
NBS–LRR gene clusters were reported in several legumes such as G. max, L. japonicus, M. truncatula, and Phaseolus vulgaris [4,6,54,55]. In this study, we defined a gene cluster as a chromosome region with two or more genes within 200 kb. A total of 85 and 93 clusters were detected in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively. Chromosomes A2 and B2 contained the most clusters, while chromosomes A1 and B6 contained the fewest clusters (Fig 4). The number of clusters in A. ipaënsis is greater than that in A. duranensis, possibly because more tandem duplication events occurred in A. ipaënsis. About 57.14% and 84.62% of paralogous genes in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively, were located within the clusters. Forming clusters of NBS–LRR genes appears to be a strategy for plants to quickly adapt to a changing spectrum of pathogens. In soybean, the Rpg1 locus, containing NBS–LRR genes, played a role in resistance to Pseudomonas syringae . Rpsar-1, a cluster of R genes in common bean, recognized P. syringae infection . MtQRR1, containing a cluster of seven R genes, played an important role in Ralstonia solanacearum resistance in M. truncatula . Kang et al.  found that clusters of NBS–LRR genes were highly correlated with many disease resistance QTLs in soybean.
Fig 4. NBS-LRR gene number and cluster number in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis.
A and B represent gene number in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively. C and D represent cluster number in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis, respectively.
Previous studies showed that disease resistance of wild peanut was greater than that of cultivated peanut [27–29]. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of some NBS–LRR genes in A. duranensis and their orthologous genes in cultivated peanut. We did not select A. ipaënsis for expression analysis because we could not get seedlings from germination either in greenhouse or field conditions. High-throughput sequencing identified six NBS–LRR genes from cultivated peanut. These genes were highly induced upon A. flavus infection (unpublished data); but three NBS–LRR genes were selected for analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) because other genes cannot design primers.
qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of these genes was significantly induced by A. flavus infection (Fig 5). The expression profile of NBS–LRR genes was different between A. duranensis and A. hypogaea after A. flavus infection (Fig 5). The expression of NBS191 in A. duranensis was significantly higher than that in A. hypogaea at 1, 3, 5, and 7 d after inoculation (P < 0.01). The expression of NBS29 and NBS232 in A. duranensis was lower than that in A. hypogaea at 1 and 3 d (P < 0.01), while the expression in A. duranensis was significantly higher than that in A. hypogaea at 5 and 7 d (P < 0.01, Fig 5). It is important to note that the up-regulated expression of NBS–LRR in A. duranensis is continuous, while these genes respond to the pathogen temporally in A. hypogaea. The same result was found in Arachis lipoxygenase (LOX) genes . LOX genes expression patterns differed significantly between wild-type peanut and cultivated peanut infected with A. flavus . We speculated that polyploidization might be the reason for the reduced expression in cultivated peanut. Similar observations have been made in Arabidopsis and Gossypium. Arabidopsis suecica was hybrid of A. thaliana and A. arenosa. Wang et al.  found most genes in A. thaliana and A. arenosa were expressed at higher levels than in allotetraploids. In contrast, Flagel and Wendel  showed that the expression level of many genes was higher in allopolyploid Gossypium species than in a synthetic F1 hybrid. Transcriptome analysis showed that most genes were preferentially expressed in allotriploid Populus compared to their diploid parents .
Fig 5. Expression of NBS-LRR genes from A. duranensis and A. hypogaea after A. flavus infection.
The Y-axis indicates the relative expression level; X-axis indicates days of A. flavus infection. The standard errors are plotted using vertical lines.
Studies indicated that wild peanut is more resistant to diseases than cultivated peanut, and transferring resistance genes from wild species to cultivars could improve disease resistance of the cultivated peanut [22,29,63]. We speculated that cultivated peanut probably got both copies of resistance genes from two wild progenitors, but the expression of these genes might be modified in tetraploids. For example, epigenetic modifications, like DNA methylation, play important roles in regulation of gene expression. Investigating the mechanisms that control the differential expression of NBS–LRR genes in wild type and cultivated peanuts would be interesting. Global analysis of polyploidization induced genetic and epigenetic modifications may provide valuable clues for understanding the reprogramming of gene expression under biotic and abiotic stresses.
In this study, we identified 278 AdNBS and 303 AiNBS full-length sequences. Most paralogous gene pairs were located on one chromosome, indicating tandem duplication was the main mechanism forming these paralogs. These paralogous genes mainly underwent purifying selection, while most LRR 8 domains underwent positive selection. More gene clusters were found in A. ipaënsis than in A. duranensis, possibly owing to more tandem duplication in A. ipaënsis. After A. flavus infection, NBS–LRR genes in A. duranensis responded more strongly and maintained a higher expression level compared to that in the cultivated peanut, which may provide clues for understanding differences in disease resistance between wild type and cultivated peanuts.
S1 Fig. Phylogenetic tree of NBS-LRR from A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis.
The phylogenetic tree was generated using MEGA 6.0 by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates.
S1 Table. qRT-PCR primers used in this study.
S2 Table. The information of NBS-LRR genes in A. duranensis.
S3 Table. The information of NBS-LRR genes in A. ipaënsis.
S4 Table. Homologous gene identification in A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis.
Investigation: HS PW CL SH.
Validation: HS PW CL SH CZ HX YB BG XZ XW.
Writing – original draft: HS.
Writing – review & editing: XZ XW.
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23. Kochert G, Stalker H, Gimenes M, Galgaro M, Lopes C, Moore K. RFLP and cytogenetic evidence on the origin and evolution of allotetraploid domesticated peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany. 1996; 83: 1282–1291.
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These 12 Chinese zodiac animals set is made by electroformed gold, and designed as one cartoon style, each piece picking one gold ingot for symbol to bring good lucky for wealth in Feng Shui. Each piece is on one base with a arcyl cove, then packed in one color paper box.
The Chinese animal signs are a 12 year cycle used for dating the years. They represent a cyclical concept of time, rather than the Western linear concept of time. The Chinese Lunar Calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, and is constructed in a different fashion than the Western solar calendar. In the Chinese calendar, the beginning of the year falls somewhere between late January and early February. The Chinese have adopted the Western calendar since 1911, but the lunar calendar is still used for festive occasions such as the Chinese New Year. Many Chinese calendars will print both the solar dates and the Chinese lunar dates. Astrology is certainly one of the most ancient philosophies still in existence in China. Some estimate it to be more than 3,000 years old but recent study of more esoteric beliefs place it further back into the clouded past of human history. In ancient China, and up until today Astrology has been used to predict what happens to countries, the outcome of wars, economic trends and much more.
Chinese Astrology is organized according to 12 Animals Signs. One Chinese legend attributes the creation of the animal signs to the semi-mythical Yellow Emperor in 2637 B. C. According to another legend, the Lord Buddha summoned all the animals to come to him before he departed from Earth. Only 12 animals came to bid him farewell. As a reward he named a year after each other one in the order that they arrived. First came the Rat, then the Ox, the Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig. Thus we have 12 signs today.


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Top 10 Most Popular Social Media Platforms
Nov 25, 2022 by All Top Everything in Technology
Whether one likes it or not, social media plays a big and growing role in our everyday life. Millions upon millions of people share, like, chat, view, post, and befriend through the various social media platforms every day. But not all social media platforms are equally popular and used.
The following ranking lists the currently most popular social media platforms in the world, based on active registered users.
Note: Messenger apps (such as WhatsApp, Telegram, etc.) are not counted here.
The 10 Most Popular Social Media Platforms 2022
~ 2.9 billion users
Launched in: 2004
Owned by: Meta Platforms, Inc.
With around 2.9 billion users worldwide, Facebook is the by far most popular social media platform in the world. Facebook was launched in 2004 by then Harvard University student Mark Zuckerberg. Zuckerberg, alongside his roommates at Harvard, first intended to create a photo-sharing platform exclusively for Harvard students. Later they also extended the membership possibility to students of the other Ivy League schools. In 2006, Facebook then became free for all and quickly became popular in practically every corner of the world. Today, around 1/3 of the world's entire human population has a Facebook account.
Owned by: Alphabet, Inc.
YouTube is primarily and originally a video-sharing platform. However, the platform has evolved into a social media platform and community with now around 2.6 billion active users over the years. YouTube was launched in 2005 by three former PayPal employees. The site quickly became a success and only one year later, in 2006, it was bought by Google for around $1.7 billion. YouTube today is still owned by Google (more precisely by Alphabet, the parent company behind Google) and still the by far biggest video-sharing website on the internet.
Instagram was developed and launched in 2010 by Stanford University students Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. The app was originally a photo-sharing platform that quickly became massively popular. In its first year of existence, Instagram already had 10 million users on its platform. In 2012 Facebook then bought Instagram for exactly $1 billion. The popularity of the platform has increased even more rapidly ever since. Today, Instagram has around 1.5 billion active registered users all over the globe. It isn't merely a photo-sharing or video-sharing platform these days, as a whole lifestyle has developed around this social media platform by now.
4. WeChat
Owned by: Tencent Ltd
If you don't live in China, chances are you have never heard, let alone used WeChat. But the Chinese platform indeed also belongs to the world's largest and most popular social media platforms. Founded and owned by Chinese technology giant Tencent, WeChat has currently around 1.3 billion active users. Approximately 90% of those live in China. There, WeChat is more than just a social media platform. It has become a super app and "app for everything". Chinese users use WeChat to share pictures and videos, communicate, play games, and even pay electronically.
WeChat is far less popular outside of China, mainly due to the strict censorship on the platform and also its privacy issues (the Chinese government uses the platform for its mass surveillance operation).
5. TikTok
Owned by: ByteDance Ltd.
Launched only in 2016, TikTok has grown as fast as no other social media platform before and now already boasts over a billion users. TikTok was developed by Beijing-based Chinese company ByteDance. It is a video-sharing platform where users can easily create and share short videos of them lip-syncing, putting out messages, or other content of comedic or otherwise entertaining nature. Originally, TikTok was meant only for Chinese users. Only after merging with the similar platform Musical.ly, did the platform then become open to users from all over the world.
6. Kuaishou
~ 580 million users
Owned by: Beijing Kuaishou Technology Co., Ltd.
Kuaishou is known as the "original TikTok" as it has invented the short clip concept that TikTok followed and is based on. Kuaishou for a long time failed to make a big impact outside of its native China, but that has been changing somewhat in recent years. While still not as big globally as TikTok, Kuaishou now also belongs to the world's most popular social media platforms.
7. Sina Weibo
Owned by: Sina Corporation
Sina Weibo is sometimes dubbed the "Chinese Twitter". Like Twitter, Sina Weibo is a micro-blogging platform and is also similar in layout and style. But despite being practically only active on the Chinese market, it now has more active users than its American equivalent. Sina Weibo was launched in 2009 by American-born Taiwanese-American actor, rapper, and entrepreneur Pan Weibo. It has since been sold to the Chinese Sina Corporation.
Owned by: Snap Inc.
Snapchat combines features of a typical social media platform with that of an instant messaging app. Launched in 2011, it is also known as the inventor of the "Story" feature that lets users post short clips from their lives or of other things. Other social media platforms, such as Instagram, have since copied it and implemented it into their own platforms. While user growth has halted somewhat in recent years, Snapchat remains one of the most popular social media platforms.
Owned by: Pinterest, Inc.
Pinterest is all about the visual factor of a social media platform. Launched in 2009, the platform remains unique among the most popular social media platforms. It lacks some of the features that characterize most other social media platforms and instead it focuses almost entirely on the image and video sharing aspects of social media.
Owned by: Twitter, Inc.
Twitter was launched in 2006 and is often credited as being the internet's first micro-blogging site. The social media platform allows users to share short messages as well as images and videos. Twitter is also known as the preferred social media platform used by politicians, world leaders, and celebrities around the world. This makes even people who are not active on the platform oftentimes browse its content.
(as of April 2022)
Top 10 Most Popular Social Media Platforms:
2.9 billion users
580 million users
Top 10 most popular social media platforms in the world, based on the number of active registered users.

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Last night's debate featured a major rift between Sens. Marco Rubio (FL) and Ted Cruz (TX) on the issue of government snooping on Americans. Evan and Berin discuss the Edward Snowden leaks, the election flare-up on surveillance, Jeb!'s chances of convincing Apple to break encryption, and the balance between cyber- and national security.


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The British have always been slow to acknowledge the worth of their own creative artists. Even commercial succss is not always enough to ensure that the compose, painter or author is accorded their due. It isn't a surprise the most performed of all of our opera composers of the 19th Century, (Sir Arthur Sullivan) hasn't had one of his works performed at The Royal Opera House in living memory. No other country would ignore such a figure - Strausse and Lehar entered the repertory in Vienne long ago: Offenbah in Paris, even Gershwin at The Met in New Yorks stand as accepted parts of their respective countries.
Is it British snobbery because of the light and satiric nature of of Gilbert and Sullivan works? One cannot help a sneaking suspician that it is. The wod OPERA instils a kind of fear into many an impresario, but it was Richard D'Oyly Carte himself who chose the epithet, not only of G&S works but for the other peices presented by his company.
We are thrilled to re-release these Overtures on our lable and hope you enjoy them as much as we do.


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The Heat is On in Coney Island as GGRD Comes to Town for Annual Doubleheader
July 12, 2019 / Carnage Electra
With all due respect to Joey Chestnut and the gang downing hot dogs last week, the real summer sport of Coney Island returns to Abe Stark Arena on Saturday, as the Gotham Girls Roller Derby league hosts its annual doubleheader, an always festive event highlighted by visits from GGRD alumni and fans that prefer world-class derby action to rides on the Cyclone (though that is a post-event option).
PHOTO DAVID DYTE
And when it comes to derby, this Saturday in July always produces one of two things: it either determines who battles it out for the Golden Skate trophy that is awarded the league champions or it previews the following month's playoff action.
In 2019, we're getting a championship preview, as the Bronx Gridlock and Manhattan Mayhem collide in advance of their August 24 title bout at John Jay College in NYC. Plus, the teams competing in the August 3 third-place bout at John Jay – the Queens of Pain and Brooklyn Bombshells – get acquainted in their final regular season contest.
Yet even though such matchups in other sports might be categorized by resting starters, testing out new strategies and the like, with so few home games in the GGRD season, there is no holding back or saving anything for the swim back. Every game is played to win by everyone on the track.
That's why loyal Gotham fans will show up for what is expected to be another sold-out event, and there is plenty of intrigue in both bouts on the boardwalk.
In 2018, the Bronx Gridlock were the comeback story of the year, as they roared back from years of bad luck to win the league title, breaking an eight-year championship drought in the process. This year, the cabbies are in a much different position, as they look like a team not just in position to repeat as champs, but one that could become the league's next dynasty. That's how they've looked in their wins in 2019, finding a way to win a close one against Queens in March, and then defeating Brooklyn more comfortably in May. As for Manhattan, a squad seeking its first title since 2016, they've been the league's juggernaut in 2019, with a 53-point win over Brooklyn and a 66-point victory over Queens. Those are two teams you don't blast through, but Mayhem have done it. Suffice to say, this is a clash of the titans in Coney Island.
When it comes to the preview of next month's third-place game, Brooklyn and Queens meet up, and while it's been rough for both teams in the nuts and bolts of wins and losses, it got rougher for the Bombshells when All-Star jammer Miss Tea Maven went down with a knee injury that will keep her sidelined from Saturday's bout. For the fans in attendance, the key thing to watch is how Brooklyn's other jammers will step up against a Queens team that remains as dangerous as they've ever been, despite the 0-2 mark for the year.
So while it's going to be hot outside in Brooklyn on Saturday, it may get even hotter once the whistle blows inside Abe Stark Arena because while playoff spots are already secured, that little something-something called skater pride means both bouts of this doubleheader will be fought as if a championship is on the line.
July 12, 2019 / Carnage Electra/
Stakes Are High As Mayhem Tries to ...


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At Burts Construction we emphasize quality and service. Since 1971 we have been "Moving The Earth" for some of the largest General Contractors in Texas. Some of our services include land clearing, demolition, site preparation, soil stabilization, underground utilities, and paving.
We take pride in our people. Family owned and operated since 1971, our highly-qualified team at Burts Construction is second to none. Whatever your specific project needs, we've got you covered.


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Peek Inside My New Book, Berlin and Betrayal
I'm excited about the release of my brand new book and wanted to give readers a peek at the book from the inside and outside. Berlin and Betrayal, the third book in my Tangled Roots Historical Mystery Series, starts out about a year and a half after the previous book left off, and now Lucas Landry and his family are living in Germany.
Lucas Landry, March 4, 2020, Chiemsee, Germany—
STANDING AT THE bow of a crowded tourist boat approaching Fraueninsel, one of three main islands on Chiemsee, Lucas Landry could already make out the ancient Benedictine nunnery he'd read about. Chiemsee was a freshwater lake in the idyllic Bavarian countryside and was part of a famous recreation area called Chiemgau. He could see why visitors flocked here most of the year, except in the coldest winter months. From what he'd heard, the boats had only recently resumed operation, because up until the last few days, pockets of ice had remained on the lake. With his hands firmly gripping the railing, he tilted his head up, letting the crisp wind whip his hair, feeling the light refreshing spray of water dapple his face. This is the life, he thought. Fluffy white clouds drifted leisurely across a crystal blue sky. Ahead, a few sailboats dotted the lake, their masts tilting and swaying, white and colorful sails puffed out, driving happy occupants forward. In places, water shimmered on a glassy surface, reflecting like a mirror. Fresh air smelled faintly of fish. He could get used to this. No wonder his great-aunt, Gretchen Nagel Auermann, had chosen to take refuge here after the war.
"Daddy, Daddy, are we gonna see another castle?" Bianca came up alongside Lucas and looked up at him, her brown eyes squinting at the sun.
Her mother, Tawny, grabbed hold of Bianca's hand, safeguarding her, apparently still nervous. The six-year-old had climbed up to the railing on the previous boat and leaned over—way too far over—to watch for fish jumping in the water. Both Lucas and Tawny saw her at the same time, gasped and rushed forward. Lucas had reached the child first and pulled her back from the railing and imminent disaster.
"Sorry, munchkin, not this time," he answered. The previous island they'd stopped at in Chiemsee was Herreninsel, and it housed a palace built by King Ludwig II in 1878. Bianca and her little brother had stared in wide-eyed awe at spectacular fountains, their water-spraying statues, and even a horse-drawn trolley on the castle grounds. And inside the castle, they'd all been spellbound by the vast shiny gold inlays decorating every room.
"Isn't that a castle?" Bianca said, pointing to the fortress-like building looming ever closer. White, three stories tall, dark gray roof, dormer windows, with a protective wall around it, he could see why she thought that.
"No, sweetie, it's an abbey and convent," Lucas said, snapping photos of the convent and the island with his cell phone. Then, turning back to his daughter and seeing the confused look on her face, he added, "An abbey is, uh, a kind of church."
She nodded. "Is it a fancy church with lots of gold? Those are really pretty."
Lucas smiled. "I guess we'll have to find out together, but first, we have to visit someone." He'd uprooted his family in the middle of February and moved them to a different continent and that was enormous. But that was only the start. Today's trip, well, it was more than a sightseeing trip. Much more. Today, he would finally begin his efforts to complete the European-side of his family tree and reunite long-separated family members. He was the one who could do it.
It had become an obsession with him, but luckily Tawny was understanding and had happily agreed with the temporary move, giving them approximately one year in Germany. She'd always wanted to spend time in Europe. Why not make it business and pleasure?
Bianca scrunched her cute little face the way she did when she wasn't happy. "Do we have to, Daddy? I'm hungry. Can't we get lunch and then see the fancy church?"
Tawny intervened. "Bianca, honey, the main reason for this boat ride is so your daddy can meet two ladies who are really important to him. We should go downstairs to the cabin now and prepare to get off the boat, okay?"
"Okay." A gust of wind lifted Bianca's hat off her head, and she screamed. "Oh, no! You can't have that, stupid wind."
A few tourists looked over and smiled.
Lucas reached out and rescued the pink hat decorated with white swans—a souvenir hat they'd purchased in the port town of Prien before boarding the first boat. He placed it back on her head, then pulled the hood of her coat over it to keep the hat from escaping and nudged her toward the open doorway back to the boat's cabin.
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95 Lake, the Brickhaus Partners luxury townhome development across from Edgewater, was recently used in the filming of a new movie which will be released in 2019. The owner of the residence used in the filming was initially approached about a bike commercial, which never came to fruition.
This was not the first time a Brickhaus development had been scouted to be a site in a major movie. In 2014, one of the riverfront residences at Eleven River, the iconic development in Rocky River, was used as the home of Kevin Costner and Jennifer Garner in Draft Day. Costner played the fictional general manager of the Browns. The film went on to be a critical success. In 2015, With This Ring, a romantic comedy starring Regina Hall, Jill Scott and Eve, utilized 95 Lake as a backdrop.


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Three Times a Winner - Demijohn's Sloe Gin Crowned Best in the World for the Third Year Running
Posted in Press Releases , by Angus Ferguson, on 12th January 2017
It's official – Demijohn's Sloe Gin is quite simply the very best in the whole world having won the 'Sloe Ginster World Champion' title for three consecutive years.
An annual event now in its eighth year and held at The George Inn in Frant, Demijohn's Sloe Gin beat many other commercial competitors to be awarded this coveted title last Wednesday.
Made in Worcestershire Demijohn's Sloe Gin is a rich, very British liqueur and is the perfect finish to a fine meal or as a tipple in a hip flask while out on a bracing walk. And what makes it even more special is that the Demijohn team shuts up shop in the autumn and treks to the Galloway hedgerows to pick sloes to ensure the producers have enough to cope with demand. Due to the fact that sloes grow wild on the blackthorn bush in only certain places Demijohn scours the land for good, juicy sloes which are then steeped in London Gin for many months with sugar to create what is now officially the world's best Sloe Gin.
Demijohn's winning Sloe Gin was described by judges Anita Martin, Mark Baldwin and Diana Morris as: "Not too sweet, not too dry and a perfect drink for the winter." All proceeds of the event are donated to the MS which supports people with Multiple Sclerosis - www.mssociety.org.uk
Angus Ferguson, owner of Demijohn said on hearing the news: "With 3 World Championship wins for our Sloe Gin, we are quite literally toasting our success in Sloe Gin! Our recipe is a closely guarded secret but one tip, if making your own follow its name – don't be too hasty and infuse the sloes for at least 10 to 12 months to ensure a deep, rich flavour.
"Credit must go to our hard working Sloe Gin producing team – the Hingston family from Worcestershire. While we can help with picking and quality control, without their Hingston talent no amount of our fabulous Sloe Gin would be made. I only hope there will be enough left this year for others to try it also at Christmas."
Demijohn Sloe Gin is priced at £5.40/100ml and is available from www.demijohn.co.uk or at our shops in Glasgow, Edinburgh, York and Oxford.
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Demijohn sources unusual, delicious artisan liqueurs, spirits, oils and vinegars from around the UK and Europe and sells them in a wide range of re-useable glass bottles. Each bottle can have a free personalised message added.
Demijohn Shops:
382 Byres Road, Glasgow, G12 8AR Tel: 0141 337 3600
32 Victoria Street, Edinburgh, EH1 2JW Tel: 0131 225 4090
11 Museum Street, York, YO1 7DT Tel: 01904 637 487
20 Little Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX1 2HP Tel: 01865 552179
Normal Opening Hours: Mon-Sat 10-6pm, Sun – 11.30-5pm
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For photography, further press information or press samples, please contact: Fenella Taylor at Fenella Taylor PR. Tel: 01389 830390 Mobile: 07721 324696 Email: fenella@fenellataylorpr.co.uk
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The victim in Monday's deadly shooting in Pleasant View died trying to protect his son, according to new paperwork filed in Robertson County General Sessions Court.
Christopher Lee Helser, 36, placed himself between his son, Mark Helser, and the man who has since been charged in his death, Travis Aaron Presley, 21, of Pleasant View, after the younger Helser got into a verbal argument with Presley outside the Helsers' Jack Teasley Road home just after 10 p.m. on Monday, according to an affidavit filed Wednesday.
The court documents did not specify what the argument was about, only that it was a heated exchange between the men.
Presley drove to the Hesler home armed with a semi-automatic, 9-millimeter handgun to confront his friend Mark Helser, the affidavit reads.
Once he arrived, he exited his car with the gun in his hand and met the father and son outside the house, it reads.
Words were exchanged, and, according to witnesses, "Christopher Helser was yelling at Travis Presley to leave and bumping him with his chest to push him back away from his son," the affidavit read.
Mark Helser told investigators his father was trying to protect him from the armed Presley when Presley raised the gun and shot four times.
Deputies responded to the call at the Hesler home at about 10:15 p.m. and found Christopher Helser dead, according to Robertson County Sheriff's Office spokeswoman Jessica Drake.
Four spent cartridges were found at the scene.
The victim had three visible gunshot wounds in the upper left chest area, lower left abdomen and lower right side of the back, the affidavit said.
He was located down the road and taken into custody without incident, Drake said.
As of Wednesday afternoon, Presley was facing a single criminal homicide charge and was being held on $500,000 bond at the Robertson County jail. He is due in court on June 10, according to the Robertson County Sheriff's Office website.


Looks like you're making good progress; definitely looks better than when you first started!
It's looking great! Keep up the great work and keep those pictures coming!
You certainly look like you know what you're doing.
But, I'm with BDA on this. I strongly suggest some elec ignition. That way, one need only lube the distributor (vs working under the carbs to change/adjust points; fiddle with timing).
2nd, I've found with old t-c distributors (and posted about it) that when they get really hot, the mechanical advance curve goes away.
This will not show up on a distributor machine: no heat and driven differently than in situ.
I bought a new Lucas breakerless distributor, which was quite good.
You need an advance timing light to check the curve, as I'm sure you know.
I'm with you 100% on electronic ignition, access under carbs on a TC is appalling!
If you have only driven Federal Specification Big-Valve cars, I can understand your feelings. UK-specification were a very different animal though, and an Elan Sprint or Europa Special in proper tune were pretty rapid cars and would, I'm sure, change your mind.
Although sticking to Stromberg carbs, I intend to rebuild my TC more-or-less to UK specs. That means 40 thou' off the head, ditch the emission stuff and rebuild carbs to UK Elan S4 spec, UK-style inlet manifold, 4-2-1 tubular exhaust manifold, etc. From all I've read, I think I can approach 120bhp. We shall see!
I'll do electronic ignition - as said earlier I had considered it. I put it on a Triumph Spitfire (though this was using an EDIS4 and megajolt kit) to good effect. I can't see a good way of fitting it to this though, unfortunately.
Would you recommend the Lucas?
P.S. Very interested in what mods you did to achieve 170!
Sorry I didn't see this earlier. Petronix is a great Hall-Effect ignition. I replaced my Alison light ignition (I think the light went out) with one of those. They are pretty popular on the lotuseuropa yahoo group.
She now stands on all four!
It's been a good couple of weeks work if I'm honest. Last weekend was the scary moment of firing up the engine for the first time after the rebuild... It was absolutely perfect and sounded beautiful.
Other things installed this last couple of weeks include a new handbrake cable, new rear brake cylinders, shock absorbers and springs (from SJ Sportscars) and new original alloys from Paul Matty Sportscars. The wheels that the car came with were not original, and actually too large (6.5J) which had caused some wear to the inner arches. The originals were 6J.
The exhaust was in good condition to be honest, the manifold cleaned up perfectly and was given a good coat of heat resistant paint. The back box is stainless. The only thing that let it down was the Y piece that joins them. That was replaced.
P.S. Does ANYONE out there have, have access to, know someone who could make a door hinge for me? I had to break one to get the door out, and sourcing the parts for the hinge is proving an absolute nightmare. Specifically, the interior bobbin.
Its looking Great! Keep up the work!
Try r.d. enterprises ltd. Home Page for Door hinges, Ray is a nice guy and has a lot of parts and he will help you with any problems you have! As for bobbins, mine were okay but we still used washers to get the doors lined up right.
Looks great! Keep up the great work and keep those pictures coming!
I'll have a pic update later in the week... But I have a question!!!
I'm planning ahead for the colour, and I want to mimic the JPS. Obviously the black I can do no problems, but I am having trouble with the gold striping.
I don't know the technique. Maybe somebody who works at a body shop can help.
Super impressive dude. You are doing great honour to this wonderful car.
As BDA mentioned it should bend. I have the dimensions of where each stripe goes on my computer that I can give you and I'm pretty sure I have a place to get the right pin stripes.
I don't have my computer at the moment but when I get back from LOG I will look and give you everything I have.
What you are doing is a benefit to the Lotus community. Keep up the good work and keep on sharing your progress with the Europa!


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TuscaloosaNews.com Blogs » Crime Beat
Man shot in face Saturday
Sunday, November 13, 2011 at 5:58 by adam.jones
ALBERTA CITY | A 39-year-old man was shot in the face Saturday in the 4200 block of Highpoint Drive, according to police.
George Lewis, 71, who lives a block away on Highpoint Drive, allegedly pulled a revolver and shot the victim in the face one time after a disagreement, said Capt. Loyd Baker, commander of the Tuscaloosa Metro Homicide Unit.
The victim is injured, but expected to recover. Lewis has been charged with attempted murder and is being held at the Tuscalosoa County Jail on $30,000 bond.
Stephanie Taylor and the rest of The Tuscaloosa News staff keep an eye on crime and court news in Tuscaloosa County and throughout West Alabama.
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The Book Rat: Festivals, Fairs & Fancy Dresses | The Vlog + BONUS BOOK HAUL!
Festivals, Fairs & Fancy Dresses | The Vlog + BONUS BOOK HAUL!
...okay, so I'm a little rusty at this, guys. But yay, the vlog is back! Here are a few fun things I got up to before the Austen in August madness started, with bonus book haulage!
Chat with ya in the comments; thanks for watching!
Ah, that was fun! Loved seeing your dad's band, the art fair, and the dancers. Cute puppy and Marley scene.
Love, the library sales. I haven't read any of those, but I agree. For the library sale prices, its worth grabbing some maybes.
Best of luck with future vlogging. And yes please on the Spring/Summer vlogs!


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Chris Alleyne's bat helps carry Maryland baseball to 9-4 win over Ohio State
The Terps secured the series sweep and advance to 13-12 on the season.
By Sam Oshtry@soshtry Apr 18, 2021, 3:53pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Chris Alleyne's bat helps carry Maryland baseball to 9-4 win over Ohio State
In the third inning, trailing 4-1 and two runners on base, first baseman Maxwell Costes stepped into the batter's box.
On a 1-0 count, Costes swung for the fences, making perfect contact with the ball for an absolute bomb that landed way beyond the fence. Everyone in Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium knew the ball was gone the second it hit Costes' bat, including Costes himself, who stared it down and flipped his bat before rounding the bases.
Runs came all over for the Terps in a 9-4 beatdown of Ohio State to pick up the series sweep, the first of the season, and improve to a winning record for the first time this season.
"I thought that was, obviously, just a really good weekend for our guys," head coach Rob Vaughn said. "They've been working really, really hard."
While contributions came throughout the lineup, center fielder Chris Alleyne led the way as the leadoff hitter in the Terps lineup. Alleyne was 3-4, which included a two-run RBI double.
The first two innings were pitching duels, with neither team able to drive in runs. However, runs started piling on in the top of the third for Ohio State as they took a 4-0 lead in the inning.
It started with one of the strongest hitters in the Buckeyes lineup center fielder Kade Kern when he singled through the right side with just one out to drive in the first run of the game. What followed was an influx of hits from the Buckeyes that led to four runners crossing home plate.
As has been the story all season, Maryland didn't falter after giving up runs. This time, the response came in the bottom half of the third as designated hitter Bobby Zmarzlak took the first pitch he saw and launched it over the fence to cut Maryland's deficit to three.
Later in the inning, Costes hit his homer to tie the game at four runs apiece.
"I've been doing a lot of work," Costes said. "Just making sure everything is right in my swing, making sure I'm on time."
The hot hitting continued into the fourth inning for the Terps as Alleyne hit a grounder down the first baseline for a two-run RBI double to give the Terps a two-run lead, its first of the game.
In the sixth inning, Alleyne singled to center field. Anytime Alleyne is running the bases, he is always looking to steal with his incredible speed. That's exactly what he did as he picked up two stolen bases to advance to third. Alleyne eventually made it home on a wild pitch to increase the Terps lead to three.
Later in the same inning, with third baseman Matt Shaw already on base, shortstop Benjamin Cowles stepped up to the plate. The Big Ten leader in home runs only advanced that standing as he hit a two-run shot out of the ballpark to give the Terps a comfortable 9-4 lead. Cowles has hit a home run in every series this season.
After giving up four runs in the third, Savacool settled down and started delivering an array of pitches that the Buckeyes struggled to hit. He finished the day with six strikeouts in 6.1 innings pitched.
Elliot Zoellner came in for relief and delivered a gem. Zoellner allowed just one hit in 2.2 innings pitched and struck out six batters. While the Buckeyes put out six pitchers on the mound throughout the afternoon, Maryland only had two pitchers take the mound.
"He was incredible today," Vaughn said about Zoellner. "His last three outings have been really good and just really happy for him personally, but man that changes our bullpen when you get a confident Elliot Zoellner in there."
Three things to know
1. Maryland picked up its first sweep of the season. While the Terps have multiple series wins throughout the season, they had yet to sweep an opponent. That changed on Sunday as Maryland went 3-0 on the weekend against a quality Ohio State opponent.
"What I loved offensively this weekend is I felt like we were able to kind of create runs and we were also able to slug the baseball," Vaughn said.
2. Savacool delivered after a rough outing last week. Last Sunday against Nebraska, Savacool struggled to find his footing in a 14-3 loss to drop the series. However, Savacool's approach was different a week later, finding his groove in the later innings to give the Terps some comfort room as their bats were clicking.
"I was really glad to bounce back, and I think it's a huge maturing point for me just to learn that," Savacool said.
3. Maryland did a good job of advancing runners. Coming into the weekend, one of the things Coach Vaughn wanted his team to improve on was getting guys home who get on base with the "pack mentality" approach he preaches to his team. The Terps certainly improved on that this weekend as they were 7-16 in advancement opportunities and only left five runners on base in Sunday's matchup.


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The paintings may be of the figure, portraiture, still life, animal/wildlife, landscape/cityscape/any-type-of-scape, etc.
Realism only, in the widest sense of the word, i.e., as long as I can see what it is, I consider it a form of Realism.
Idiosyncratic as in: distinctive, unique, personal, and/or unusual.
Paintings may be of an academic approach, or a more unconventional variety, they may be painted loosely, tightly, and anything in between—as long as the paintings are monochromatic as defined below.
Wet media only: Oils, acrylics, watercolors, gouache, inks, tempera.
All work must be the artist's original conception, executed entirely by the artist.
Monochrome is defined as using only one color or hue, and its tints, tones, and shades. Tints are achieved by adding white, while shades and tones are achieved by adding a darker color, grey, or black.
For this submission I'd like to broaden the term "monochromatic" to also encompass analogue color schemes, i.e., colors that sit next to each other on the color wheel.
To avoid confusion, below are some visual examples for those artists who aren't familiar with color schemes or whose native language isn't English.
We will only notify artists whose work we are publishing.
We do not send rejection notices, but we will post a list of the names of selected artists.
Artists accepted for publication will be notified sometime in May 2017.
PA does not offer complimentary copies of any kind.
I'm a Dutch-Argentine artist (born in the Netherlands, 1962) painting in the trompe l'oeil and photorealism styles. I seek to capture the fascinating interactions between colors, light, shadows, textures and reflections, and unite them in visual poetry.
During my thirty + year career my artwork has received many prestigious awards, and has been exhibited in over one hundred gallery and museum exhibitions in Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Five of my bronze statues enjoy permanent public installation in the Netherlands.
My artwork has been published in United States and international art magazines, including Poets and Artists, Southwest Art, International Artist, and American Art Collector, as well as in a museum catalog, a Flemish art history book, and a number of art manuals.
My book entitled Painting in Acrylics—the Indispensable Guide was published worldwide in 2014, and in 2015 the Dutch translation was published in the Netherlands and Belgium. I currently write a monthly art review for PA Magazine.
I live and work in Antwerp, Belgium.
I'm thrilled to be curating this Poets & Artists issue & I look forward to seeing your paintings!!!


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Military Vaccine Mandate: A Teachable Moment
September 29, 2021 Thomas L. Knapp 1 Comment
Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944. By Robert F. Sargent. Public Domain.
On August 25, two days after the US Food and Drug Administration fully approved the Pfizer-Biontech COVID-19 vaccine, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin ordered "full vaccination of all members of the Armed Forces."
Cue outrage and objection. Some officers have resigned their commissions; some enlisted personnel seem willing to risk court-martial and dishonorable discharge rather than get vaccinated. Some claim the mandate violates their rights or lacks a legal basis.
In the quarter century since my honorable discharge from the US Marine Corps, I've occasionally been asked by friends to have "the talk" with their teenagers who are considering military careers.
In my view, "the talk" shouldn't be about whether joining the armed forces is a good idea. That's a personal decision. "The talk" should be an unvarnished description of what to expect.
Here's a short version of "the talk," for those considering enlisting and those who have, in the age of the COVID-19 vaccine mandate:
For the entirety of your military career, you will spend most of your waking hours (and you will be roused from sleep many, many times) doing what you're told to do. Period.
You'll go where you're told to go. You'll wear what you're told to wear. You'll eat what you're given, when it's given to you, and you'll have your hair cut as directed.
You'll be ordered to do unpleasant things, and do them, possibly including killing other people, being killed yourself, or watching your friends die.
Yes, there's a contract — a contract more for the government's protection than yours, which can be unilaterally changed at the government's convenience. Here's section 9b of that contract:
"Laws and regulations that govern military personnel may change without notice to me. Such changes may affect my status, pay, allowances, benefits, and responsibilities as a member of the Armed Forces REGARDLESS of the provisions of this enlistment/reenlistment document." [Emphasis in original]
If they do things now as they did in 1984, you'll be taken through that contract line by line, twice, initialing each section to attest that you understand what it means so you can't claim otherwise later, before you're allowed to sign it, take the oath of enlistment, and ship out for boot camp.
The government's end of the contract involves providing you with three hots, a cot, a paycheck, healthcare, college benefits, etc.
Your end of the contract says that when you're ordered by your platoon commander to assault an enemy position, or by the Secretary of Defense to get vaccinated, you'll assault that position or get that injection.
If you can't stomach that, don't sign the contract. If you do sign the contract, don't whine about it or renege on it later when it requires you to do something you don't want to do.
Thus endeth "the talk."
Do I like vaccine mandates? No.
Do I believe vaccine mandates are constitutional or morally acceptable where private citizens, un-obligated by contract, are concerned? No.
But as for members of the armed forces: Buy the ticket, take the ride.
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What A Surprise! Anti-NHS Thinktank Funded by Tobacco and Fast Food Industries
One of the fascinating articles Mike put up yesterday was about an article in the British Medical Journal that reported that Institute of Economic Affairs, a right-wing think tank that funds the Tories and which demands the privatisation of the NHS, is funded by all the industries that actively damage people's health: tobacco, gambling, alcohol, sugar and fast food. One of the major donors to this secretive think tank is British-American Tobacco. The report noted that the IEA had attacked campaigns against smoking, drinking and the obesity academic, and raised concerns that a future leader of the Tories would side with these industries against the interests of the British people.
Well, as Bill Hicks used to say ironically, 'Colour me surprised!'
I don't wish to sneer at the doctors and medical professionals behind this article, and am absolutely fully behind its publication. But I'm not remotely surprised. It's almost to be expected that a think tank that demands absolute privatisation and deregulation in the interests of complete free trade, should be funded by those industries, which have the most to lose from government regulation. And in the case of the Tories, that has always included tobacco, alcohol and gambling. Way back in the early '90s under John Major, when Brits were just beginning to get into the habit of binge drinking and the government was considering allowing pubs and nightclubs all day licences, there were concerns about the damaging effects of alcohol. People were demanding greater regulation of the drinks industry. But this was being blocked by the Tories, because so many Tory MPs has links to these companies. This was so marked that Private Eye actually published the names of these MPs, and the positions they held in various drinks companies.
As for gambling, the Labour government after the War tried to crack down on this, but it was the Tories under MacMillan, who legalised the betting shops. Later on, Tony Blair, taking his ideas from them, had plans to expand the British gambling industry further with the opening of 'super-casinos', one of which was to be in Blackpool, I believe. But fortunately that never got off the ground. Unfortunately, there has been a massive rise in gambling addiction, despite all the warnings on the the adverts for online casinos.
The Tories have also had a long relationship too with the tobacco industry, resisting calls for bans on tobacco advertising. Private Eye also reported how, after Major lost the election to Blair, former Tory Chancellor of the Exchequer Kenneth Clarke then got a job with British-American Tobacco. As did, I believe, Saint Maggie of Grantham herself. BAT was employing him to open up markets in the former Soviet central Asian republics. The Eye duly satirised him as 'BATman', driving around in a car shaped like a giant cigarette, shoving ciggies into people's, mostly children's, mouths.
The Institute of Economic Affairs is a particularly nasty outfit that's been around since the mid-70s. For a long time, I think it was the only think tank of its type pushing extreme free market ideas. A couple of years ago I found a tranche of their booklets in one of the secondhand bookshops in Cheltenham. One was on how the state couldn't manage industry. This looked at four examples of state industrial projects, which it claimed were incompetently run and a waste of money. One was the Anglo-French supersonic airliner, Concorde. The booklet had a point, as many of the industries they pointed to, like British Leyland, were failing badly. Concorde when it started out was a massive white elephant. It was hugely expensive and for some time there were no orders for it. But now it is celebrate as a major aerospace achievement. While the British aircraft industry has decline, the French used the opportunities and expertise they developed on the project to expand their own aerospace industry.
Looking at the booklet, it struck me how selective these examples were. Just four, out of the many other nationalised industries that existed at the time. And I doubt the pamphlet has worn well with age. Ha Joon Chang's 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism and John Quiggin's Zombie Economics have very effectively demolished their shoddy and shopworn free market capitalism, and shown how, rather than encouraging industry and prosperity, it has effectively ruined them. Read these books, and you'll see just why we need Corbyn, whatever the champions of free market capitalism scream to the contrary.
Oh yes, and ladies, particularly, be warned. This is an anti-feminist organisation. Mike mentions in his article that it has a spokeswoman, Kate Andrews, who turns up regularly on Question Time to push for the privatisation of the NHS. Or rather, its reform, as they don't want to alarm the populace by being too open about what they want to do. Despite this feminine face, this is an organisation that has very traditional views about gender roles. One of the pamphlets I found had the jaunty title Liberating Women – From Feminism. The booklet was written by women, and I know that some women would prefer to be able to stay home and raise their children rather than go to work. And that's fine if it's their choice. But this outfit would like to stop women having a choice. Rather than enabling women, who choose to stay home, to do so, they would actively like to discourage women from pursuing careers.
The IEA really is a grubby organisation, and the sooner it's discredited everywhere, the better. Like the Tories.
Tags: '23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism', 'Liberating Women - From Feminism', 'Zombie Economics', Aerospace Industry, Alcohol, Bill Hicks, Blackpool, British American Tobacco, British Leyland, British Medical Journal, Capitalism, Concorde, Conservative Party, Feminism, Free Market Economics, Gambling, Grantham, Ha-Joon Chang, Institute of Economic Affairs, Jeremy Corbyn, John Major, John Quiggin, Margaret Thatcher, Nationalisation, NHS, NHS Privatisation, Private Eye, Private Industry, Question Time, Think Tanks, Tobacco Industry, tony blair, Women
This entry was posted on May 18, 2019 at 1:10 pm and is filed under Asia, Comedy, Democracy, Economics, France, Health Service, Industry, Law, LIterature, Medicine, Politics, Technology, Television, The Press, Uncategorized.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
One Response to "What A Surprise! Anti-NHS Thinktank Funded by Tobacco and Fast Food Industries"
A6er Says:
Reblogged this on Tory Britain!.


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February 21, 2011 Last Aired September 27, 2014
Senator Arlen Specter Oral History Interview, Part 2
Arlen Specter left the United States Senate in 2011 after a 30 year career. Soon afterwards, he sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network. Specter reflects on events that take him…
February 21, 2011 Last Aired October 14, 2012
In his 30 years representing Pennsylvania in the U.S. Senate, Arlen Specter participated in the confirmation hearings of 14 U.S. Supreme Court nominees. Soon after leaving the Senate in…
Arlen Specter left the United States Senate in 2011 after a 30 year career. Soon afterwards, he sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network. Specter reflected on…
February 21, 2011 Last Aired August 27, 2012
Arlen Specter left the United States Senate in 2011 after a 30 year career. Soon afterwards, he sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network. Specter reflects…
February 21, 2011 Last Aired August 6, 2012
February 21, 2011 Last Aired July 23, 2012
Arlen Specter left the United States Senate in 2011 after a 30 year career. Soon afterwards, he sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network. Specter reflects on…


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Browser - Featured - Firefox - Internet
Firefox 11 Rolls In With Twitter Search, Improved Performance & New Add-On Security
March 18, 2012 | By Reyad Islam | No Comment
Just a few days ago, Mozilla Firefox rolls out of 7 and lands on the field of their latest version 8. Unlike previous two new version updat...
Reyad Islam
Just a few days ago, Mozilla Firefox rolls out of 7 and lands on the field of their latest version 8. Unlike previous two new version updates, this brings also some major changes in Firefox which is surly amazing. The new version brings new Twitter search engine integrated with other default search engines. Along with this update, Firefox also fixes some bugs regarding security threat like Add-On security. While updating, this version will ask for the user to check which Add-On's they want to keep. Also the performance seems to be improved a lot with better CSS3 and HTML5 also Java Script engine. Besides, Firefox looks like getting more elegant with it's interface. This update surly make a leap over Google Chrome and regarding all of this changes, we decided to go through a brief introduction about Mozilla Firefox 8 today. So join us after the break for more info.
As previously mentioned, Firefox has added a new way to adopt new extensions and also already installed one's. There's been a major change in search field by adding Twitter search that proves Firefox is getting more social these days and Social Networks are now not just silly Social Networks. Another major change is there's a new option to reduce the start-up time of Firefox. The interface is also changes slightly which makes it more elegant.
As a security measure, Firefox has adopted a new way to manage the installed extensions. Although the browser has a number of supplements, not all are known and tested by the Mozilla team. Now, whenever the browser is a third-party extensions (such as those present in a virus), he asks what should be done. Before, these supplements, especially when coming from applications to protect the computer, were simply installed and activated. Likewise, after upgrading to a new version, Firefox allows you to enable or disable add-ons independently, so the first run of the browser. Firefox also keeps reporting that the extensions may not have adequate compatibility to the new version.
There is no denying that Twitter is a social network that has expanded rapidly, conquering several users. With this in mind, Firefox decided to include a search option facing the tool. Through it, you can search a keyword that is present in a Twitter message. The alternative is included in the search engines. To use it, simply enter the term in question in the search field and choose "Twitter" in the box to the search.
A new option "Don't load taps until selected" has been added to reduce the start-up time and improve performance of Firefox. Although this is a function that was already present in Aurora, it is new to the stable Firefox itself. Now, you can configure the browser to load only the tab selected at startup and does not restore all open tabs in the last section. This increases the loading speed of the browser significantly. To activate this option, click the Firefox button, choose the alternative "Options" and select "Options." Then, go to "General" tab. Early on, he asks what should be open when starting Firefox. Just select the tab "load only when selecting tabs".
Memory usage is also been optimized. The reduced load on the RAM usage during the process has always been one of the points that weighed negatively against the browser. After all, many users reported cases larger than 200 MB only to open a tab or window. This was an old promise of Mozilla, since the excessive memory consumption is the main complaint of users of the browser. According to developers, since version 7, Firefox uses an amount between 20% and 30% less memory than previous versions (6, 5 and 4). Although it is stated qu, and sometimes, this rate can reach up to 50%. An important detail is that even if the browser stays open for hours, the memory usage will be ongoing.
Download Mozilla Firefox 8
By Reyad Islam At: March 18, 2012


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Q: How to Add a anchor tag in email body I have opening my email and want to give one hyprlink in email body. for that i am using anchor tag, but it is not getting success. Can anyone tell what is going wrong here.
MyCode :
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    mailto:?subject=Hello :'+MyData.name+'&body=this is the name%0D%0A'+name+'&a=href="https://www.w3schools.com">Visit W3Schools.com!%0D%0A'
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Prepared by the Happy Service Center, Bhubaneswar on 09.11.2011 to deliver the camera but could not be delivered due to some other problems noticed by them at the time of trial. The camera is now with them.
Please replace it immediately with some other model fit to the cost or reasonable higher as I am not in position to retain such defective camera at any condition which is showing many problems time and again.


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Базилика свв. Мартина и Освальда () — бывшая главная церковь аббатства Вайнгартен. Барочный католический собор, посвящённый святым Мартину Турскому, покровителю Швабии, и святому Освальду, расположен в немецком городе Вайнгартен на юге федеральной земли Баден-Вюртемберг.

История
Существующая ныне барочная церковь была заложена 22 августа 1715 года в правление аббата Себастиана Хиллера (Sebastian Hyller), и построена взамен старой романской церкви XII века. Её освящение было совершено констанцским епископом Иоганном Францем Шенком фон Штауффенбергом (1658—1740) 10 сентября 1724 года.

Базилика св. Мартина, высота купола которой составляет 67 метров и имеющая в длину 102 метра, является самой большой барочной церковью в Германии, в силу чего иногда называется «швабским собором св. Петра», которому она в действительности и подражает.

Наряду с архитектурой, базилика известна также своими штукатурными работами, выполненными Йозефом Антоном Фойхтмайером в 1720—1724 годах, роскошной потолочной живописью кисти Космаса Дамиана Азама и органом Йозефа Габлера (1700—1771), известнейшего строителя органов эпохи барокко в южной Германии.

Строительство церкви было началом программы всеохватывающей перестройки аббатства, разработанной, вероятно, Францем Беером (1660—1726), и согласно которому церковь должна была стать центром симметричного комплекса строений, охватывающих как жилые, так репрезентативные и хозяйственные помещения аббатства. Начатое в 1727 году возведение северного и южного корпусов было, однако, уже в апреле 1728 года остановлено по требованию правительства Передней Австрии, под тем предлогом, что предполагаемая для застройки территория выходит за пределы собственно монастырских владений и задевает один из торговых путей. В итоге, план остался не до конца реализованным, причиной чему послужило также значительное увеличение финансовой задолженности аббатства (о чём, например, в письме своей дочери в январе 1786 года упоминал Леопольд Моцарт).

В 1803 году в связи с упразднением аббатства в ходе медиатизации бывшая монастырская церковь была превращена в обычную приходскую церковь для близлежащего Альтдорфа (прежнее название Вайнгартена).

В 1922 году монастырь был заново заселён, и церковь св. Мартина вновь стала использоваться как монастырская (вплоть до 2010 года, когда монастырь был закрыт), продолжая вместе с тем также исполнять функции приходской.

В 1956 году папа Пий XII возвысил церковь до малой базилики (Basilica minor).

Ссылки

См. также
 Аббатство Вайнгартен

Литература
 Otto Beck, Ingeborg Maria Buck, Wolf-Christian von der Mülbe: Barockbasilika Sankt Martin und Sankt Oswald Weingarten. Grosser Kunstführer. Fink Verlag, Lindenberg 1998
 Gebhard Spahr: Die Basilika Weingarten. Ein Barockjuwel in Oberschwaben. (Bodensee-Bibliothek; Bd. 19). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1974, ISBN 3-7995-4007-5

Храмы, заложенные в 1715 году
Храмы, построенные в 1724 году
Появились в 1724 году в Германии
Католические соборы Германии
Храмы Святого Мартина Турского
Малые базилики Баден-Вюртемберга
Вайнгартен (Вюртемберг)
Немецкое барокко
Здания и сооружения Германии, построенные в 1720-е годы
1724 год в Германии

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