text:
16 шахова Олімпіада проходила з 2 по 25 листопада 1964 року в столиці Ізраїлю, місті Тель-Авів.

Друга за всю історію Олімпіада, яка проведена не в Європі, а також перша — в Азії. У Тель-Авів прибули 50 команд. Серед дебютантів турніру — команди Венесуели, Домініканської республіки, Мексики та Австралії. Уперше на Олімпіаді зібралися шахісти з усіх континентів планети.

Регламент
Команди було поділено на сім півфінальних груп. По два переможці з кожної групи виходили в фінал А. Наступні пари команд з кожного півфіналу утворювали фінали В, С і D відповідно. Таким чином, фінальні групи збільшилися до 14 команд.

Відкриття
Увечері 2 листопада відбулося урочисте відкриття XVI Олімпіади, на якому були присутні президент ФІДЕ Ф. Рогард, головний суддя А. Наглер (Швейцарія) і багато учасників змагання. В центрі уваги перебували найсильніші команди.

Перебіг подій
За збірну СРСР грали новий чемпіон світу Петросян, екс-чемпіони Ботвинник і Смислов, а також Керес, Спаський і чемпіон країни Штейн. Сильний склад мала і югославська команда, за яку виступало п'ять гросмейстерів, очолюваних Глігоричем. Водночас ряд команд приїхали з досить послабленими складами. Це насамперед американська й аргентинська збірні. Американську команду знову очолив Решевський, але не було Фішера, Ломбарді, Еванса і Р. Бірна. Аргентинська ж команда прибула на турнір майже в резервному складі. З відомих гросмейстерів грав лише Елісказес. Основна ударна сила аргентинців — Найдорф, Болбочан, Панно, Сангінетті, Россетто — залишилася вдома (правда, Найдорф був присутнім на турнірі як гість). Всі вони не брали участі у першості країни, яка була водночас відбірковим турніром до XVI Олімпіади, й Аргентинська шахова федерація не включила їх до складу. Не було відомих шахістів — Ларсена, Олафссона, Ейве, Доннера, Барца, Робача та інших.

Півфінали
Вранці 3 листопада відбулося жеребкування в усіх семи півфіналах. У головний фінал без особливих зусиль потрапили майже всі команди, яким ще до турніру відводилася роль фаворитів.

Група А
У першій групі команда СРСР легко перемогла всіх своїх суперників, набрала 23,5 очка з 24 можливих і встановила рекорд півфіналів усіх олімпіад. Єдину нічию зафіксували у партії Штейн — Перес у матчі з іспанцями, які й стали другими фіналістами.

 Очки - сума набраних очок всіма шахістами (1 за перемогу шахіста, ½ за нічию, 0 - поразка);
 КО - командні очки, набрані всією командою (2 за перемогу команди, 1 - нічия, 0 - поразка);

Група В
В другому півфіналі впевненно зіграли збірні Соціалістичної Федеративної Республіки Югославія та Нідерландів, також до фіналу А потрапила команда Монгольської Народної Республіки.

Група С
У цій групі фаворити — шахісти Угорської Народної Республіки посіли перше місце. За друге місце точилася боротьба між господарями турніру і шведами. Перед останнім туром обидві команди мали однаковий результат. Матч між ними в останньому турі викликав справжній ажіотаж серед глядачів. У фінал вийшла команда Ізраїлю. Все вирішилося на 1-й шахівниці, де Порат переміг Штальберга. До речі, для 56-річного шведського ветерана XVI Олімпіада була останньою. Беручи участь в 13 (!) з 16 олімпіад, Штальберг встановив ряд індивідуальних рекордів (наприклад, зіграв 200 олімпійських партій), які тривалий час залишалися неперевершеними.

Група D
В цій групі, непрогравши жодної гри перемогла збірна США. Друге місце здобула команда Польської Народної Республіки.

Група E
В п'ятому півфіналі за перше місце точилась боротьба між між Чехословацькою Соціалістичною Республікою та Народною Республікою Румунія. В результаті за додатковими показниками перемогу отримала збірна Народної Республіки Румунія. Збірна Чехословацької Соціалістичної Республіки потрапила до головного фіналу з другого місця.

Група F
Головна несподіванка півфіналу відбулась в шостій групі. Команда НДР, постійний учасник останніх олімпіад, не потрапила у фінал. У цій групі боротьбу за вихід у фінал вели команди НДР, Аргентини і Канади. Невдача німецьких шахістів була уже закладена в перших двох турах, коли вони зазнали поразок від своїх головних конкурентів.

Група G

В сьомому півфіналі збірна Народної Республіки Болгарія та Федеративної Республіки Німеччина набрали однакову кількість очок, і вдвох потрапили до фіналу А. В другому фіналі продовжили боротьбу збірні Данії та Перу. До фіналу С вийшли команди Фінляндії та Королівства Греція. Збірна Домініканської Республіки та команда з Кіпру, замкнувши турнірну таблицю, потрапили до останнього фіналу D.

Фінали
Уранці 10 листопада більшість команд закінчила не завершені ввечері півфінальні матчі. Вдень капітани команд взяли участь у жеребкуванні фіналів, а вже ввечері відбувся 1-й тур фіналів.

Фінал А
Як завжди, в центрі уваги був головний фінал, в якому найсильніші команди світу почали вирішальні поєдинки за Кубок ФІДЕ. Перший тур приніс першу несподіванку: болгари легко виграли в угорців —3:1. З таким самим рахунком румуни обіграли аргентинців, а СРСР — господарів турніру. У 2-му турі угорці дещо прикрасили невдачу на старті виграшем у югославської команди.
Збірна СРСР в цьому турі перемогла канадців, а в 3-му — голландців і лідирувала після 3 турів, випереджаючи суперників на 3,5 очка. У 4-му турі СРСР здобув важливу перемогу над угорськими шахістами. Переконливий старт радянської збірної виключав, здавалося б, будь-які неприємності на її шляху до кінцевої перемоги. Але у 5-му турі лідер зазнав першої поразки з командою ФРН — 1:3. Але незважаючи на невдачу, СРСР залишився лідером з 13,5 очками. Після 5-го туру друге місце утримували румуни — 12,5, далі йшли комади Аргентини і США.
У 7-му турі найбільший інтерес викликала зустріч СРСР — Югославія. Після впертої боротьби до перерви дві партії закінчилися внічию, а Штейн переміг Матановича. Відкладена партія Глігорич — Ботвинник під час догравання закінчилася перемогою югославського гросмейстера. Румуни в цьому турі програли угорській команді і поступилися другим місцем чехословацьким шахістам. У 8-му турі американці з 19 очками вийшли на друге місце. У 9-му турі центральною була зустріч лідерів. Усі чекали напруженої боротьби, але такої не вийшло. Уже в дебюті радянські гросмейстери дістали помітну перевагу. Першим виграв Смислов у Бенко. Потім Керес переміг Сейді, а Штейн — Бісгайєра. Запекло проходила партія Петросян — Решевський. Вона двічі відкладалася, але на друге догравання американець не з'явився. У результаті СРСР переміг з розгромним рахунком 4:0.

За тур до закінчення змагання СРСР забезпечив собі перемогу. Друге - третє місця перед останнім туром розділили команди Югославії і ФРН, які набрали по 29 очок. На півтора очка менше було в угорської команди. Найреальніші шанси на друге місце мали югослави, оскільки в останньому турі вони зустрічалися з командою Канади. Шахісти ФРН грали з угорцями, які не втратили надії на завоювання призового місця. Для цього угорцям потрібна була перемога з рахунком 3:1.
П'ять годин гри останнього туру не внесли ясності в розподіл призових місць. Лише югославська команда зуміла перемогти канадців — 3:1. У підсумку вона набрала 32 очка. Однак ще не сказали свого останнього слова шахісти ФРН. Матч Угорщина — ФРН було припинено з рахунком 0,5:0,5, три партії відкладено. Перемога в матчі з угорцями з рахунком 3:1 забезпечувала західнонімецькій команді друге місце по матчевих очках. Під час догравання боротьба досягла апогею. Першою закінчилася партія Лендьєл — Пфлегер. Угорський майстер зазнав поразки, позбавивши команду призового місця. Дві партії, що залишилися, — Портіш — Унцікер і Білек — Шмід — для угорців уже нічого не вирішували, але угорські шахісти до кінця залишилися справжніми спортсменами. Вони реалізували свою перевагу і здобули перемоги. Отже, срібні медалі дісталися югославській команді.

Команда СРСР сьомий раз підряд святкувала перемогу на олімпіаді. Вчетверте на післявоєнних олімпіадах друге місце посіла команда Югославії. Правда, на старті вона виступила не зовсім стабільно, але вдалий фініш забезпечив їй срібні нагороди. Найкращими в команді були Івков — 2-га шахівниця (+8—1=7).

Великого успіху добилася команда ФРН, яка останній раз посідала третє місце на IX Олімпіаді 14 років тому. Чудово в команді зіграв 20-річний Пфлегер, який добився найкращого результату на 4-й шахівниці — 12,5 очка з 15 (+10—0=5), Йому, як і радянським гросмейстерам Петросяну і Спасському, вдалося пройти турнір без поразок. Вдало зіграли і три провідні учасники команди: Унцікер (+11—3= 4), Дарга (+5—2=8) і Шмід (+7—2=5). Слабше виступили резервісти Морлак (+2—2=5) і Біалас (+1—1=7).

Більшого чекали від угорської команди. Але не зовсім вдало зіграли ветеран Сабо — 2-га шахівниця (+5—3=4) і резервісти Форінтош (+5—3=2) і Флеш (+5—3=3). Блискуче зіграв на 1-й шахівниці 27-річний Портіш (+9—1=6), який показав найкращий результат у найсильнішій конкуренції лідерів інших команд.

Успішно виступили на Олімпіаді чехословацькі шахісти, які у порівнянні з минулою Олімпіадою (10-е місце) піднялися на п'ять сходинок вгору. Найкращим у команді був 20-річний Горт — 3-тя шахівниця (+6—1=8). А от американці й аргентинці виступили гірше своїх можливостей. Правда, обидві команди грали в ненайсильніших складах.

Фінал В
У фіналі В, як і очікувалося, поза конкуренцією були шахісти НДР. З 1-го туру вони захопили лідерство і не поступилися ним до закінчення турніру.

Фінал С
У фіналі С весь турнір лідирувала команда Швейцарії, але в останньому турі вона зазнала поразки від команди Колумбії і поступилася першим місцем команді Ісландії. Вдало виступили шахісти Колумбії, які здобули найбільшу кількість матчевих перемог — 12. Це дало їм перевагу перед командою Фінляндії при визначенні третього місця.

Фінал D

Закриття
25 листопада відбулося урочисте закриття XVI Олімпіади.

Індивідуальні результати
Були вручені нагороди за найкращі індивідуальні досягнення на шахівницях, їх одержали Лайош Портіш, Михайло Ботвинник, Василь Смислов, Г. Пфлегер, Леонід Штейн і Мілан Матулович.

Додаткові призи було вручено В. Ульману () і Тудевійнові Уйтумену () за високі досягнення у фіналі В. На цій XVI Олімпіаді переможці в індивідуальному заліку визначалися тільки серед учасників головного фіналу.

Спеціальні призи за абсолютно найкращий індивідуальний результат одержали В. Смислов () і М. Матулович ( Югославія).

Джерела
 Святослав Ю. Р. З історії шахових олімпіад. — Київ: Здоров'я, 1983. — 240 с.

Шахові олімпіади
1964 у шахах
Тель-Авів
Листопад 1964

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What is your choice when it comes to Digital, vinyl or cassette music? In this Dirty Disco music podcast episode, almost all selected tracks are released on 12″ and one album is released on cassette in stead of vinyl. Let's discuss this and more in this weeks Dirty Disco 282.
Here we are again, a brand new week can only bring a brand new Dirty Disco 282 episode. This weeks selection came out of my pre selection of 100 tracks. I managed to play 25 of them in my weekly DJ mix that i host as a music podcast here on my website among other platforms as well. Those 25 tracks come from various new EP's and albums recently released on record labels worldwide. I have 1,5 promo, most releases are also available as 12" on vinyl. All are available as digital format, like MP3 and through the music streaming services. And one of the featured albums is available as cassette.
Digital, Vinyl or cassette music?
Let's look at that first. Over the last couple of weeks and months. I have been seeing an new growing trend. It looks like cassette is returning back. A couple of episodes ago i also discussed the matter. You can check that specific episode here. Where Letherette dropped a new album on cassette, and i talked about: is cassette coming back?
At that time i didn't think that cassette is on it's way back into our way of living. But it seems like that trend is growing and might just be the next big thing. It happened to vinyl, and look where vinyl is at now? It's very much appreciated and popular among a lot of people. Of course the question if cassette is able to do the same thing, remains. What do you think? Is cassette coming back? And what about all those options you have nowadays. Digital, vinyl or cassette music, what's your choice?
Anthony Naples – Take Me With You.
The reason for me to bring the subject back again. Is the release of the new ambient house album by Anthony Naples – Take Me With You, which is released on the Good Morning Tapes record label who made the album only available on digital formats and cassette. Although we mostly know Anthony Naples as a Deep House Music producer. He now delivers a new album that includes a lot of ambient soundscapes. A beautiful mixture of danceable electronica with a strong side to the deep and atmospheric textures as intro's and breaks.
The album includes 12 tracks and is available on all digital formats as the music streaming services. And on cassette.
Before i give you the track of the week. Let's look at the new release on the Steel City Dance Discs imprint. SCDD008 brings 3 new tracks from Salary Boy, who knows how to work his magic on that deep disco vibe. Two of the tracks from this EP are included in this weeks music podcast episode. I really love the deep disco vibe in combination with those smooth vocals and samples. All tracks bring a laid-back groove which is easy to dance to or just for plain listening pleasure. Listen for yourself and let me know what you think of this new EP.
Black Loops & Nikos Haropoulos – 7Hills EP.
Before i really give you this weeks track of the week. It needs a little of introduction to understand where it's coming from. The track of the week which I'm about to come to is coming from the new 7Hills EP by Black Loops & Nikos Haropoulos, released on the Freerange records label. The main title track 7Hills is one that also deserves to be featured here among the other highlighted EP and album. This new EP has that real smooth Deep House vibe that you know from producer Black Loops. To be honest this is the first time we actually hear from the name Nikos Haropoulos where Black Loops apparently collaborated with for this new EP. Whoever he is, we really love the collaboration and are pretty sure to hear more music from both producers in the coming months.
Track of the week: Black Loops & Nikos Haropoulos – King Paul.
Finally where reached the 'track of the week' where we still need an official name for. So if you have a suggestion do not hesitate and e-mail your idea to me. This weeks track is part of the 7Hills EP which includes 4 tracks. I chose the track Black Loops & Nikos Haropoulos – King Paul, because of it's deepness and smoothness. The track is a very easy on going Deep House groover with a dope laid-back atmosphere. It made me moving and come out of my studio chair to dance a little bit. As soon as the vocals came in, goosebumps rose on my arms and i even became a little emotional. The magic of music worked and grabbed me. I sincerely hope it does the same to you when you hear this track for the first time.
I congratulate Black Loops & Nikos Haropoulos with this beautiful EP. The EP including the track of the week is available as 12" on vinyl. As on all digital formats and music streaming services.
Private member section / Monthly membership?
Last but not least, as many of you know i have been walking with the idea of creating a private member section for Dirty Disco. A place where users with a monthly membership can have access to exclusive content. Such as music, exclusive DJ mixes and merchandise for example. So far i received a lot positive reactions on this idea and it looks like I'm going to put this through as soon as i have figured out how this should like like and the technical side of it. If you look forward to this idea or when you have some other helpful suggestions. Please let me know and join the discussion through my contact page.
Artist Track title EP / Album Record Label Release Date Vinyl?


text:
Governmental Relations
The News Tribune – Speculation mounts on race between top 2 Texas Republicans
Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick brushed aside speculation of a 2018 gubernatorial run at the end of Texas' last legislative session, insisting he'd never challenge his "close friend" and fellow Republican Greg Abbott.
But more than 18 months after that declaration to reporters — which came without anyone actually asking about a potential intraparty clash — Patrick has meticulously moved to the governor's right on many issues that GOP primary voters hold dear.
Patrick fully embraced Donald Trump before the election, while Abbott kept his distance. The lieutenant governor also has become Texas' leading social conservative voice, promising to impose strict state transgender bathroom rules, promoting school vouchers and blaming Black Lives Matter for encouraging anti-police sentiment.
Patrick is a tea party-backed, fiery former conservative talk radio host, while the governor is a lawyerly, ex-Texas Supreme Court justice who appeals more broadly to traditional Republicans. Both are downplaying possible intraparty gubernatorial fight that could send shockwaves through America's second-largest state, while also giving no indication they won't simply seek re-election to their perspective posts in two years.
Still, hints of Abbott-Patrick discord could reshape the session for Texas' GOP-controlled Legislature, which convenes for the first time since 2015 on Jan. 10. Abbott can fast-track legislation, while Patrick oversees the state Senate.
Such tensions were on display last session, when a grass-roots advisory board convened by Patrick attacked Abbott's signature expansion of pre-kindergarten statewide, claiming it imposed "Godless" classroom environments on youngsters.
"Is there somebody out there who wants the lieutenant governor to primary the governor? I'm sure somebody does," said Patrick strategist Allen Blakemore. "But the only person who really matters is Dan Patrick. And Dan Patrick has stated over and over again that he has no desire to be governor."
Abbott spokesman Matt Hirsch said: "This is nothing more than fake news."
It's a possibility some Texas politicos nonetheless are discussing. They note that Patrick would be expected to shun a possible gubernatorial run right up to the moment he changes his mind and actually announces one, while Abbott has to shrug off a hypothetical primary challenge publicly while preparing privately for one, just in case.
Though 2018's a long way off, that cycle will begin gearing up shortly after the Texas legislative session ends on June 1.
"I hear there's friction," said Carl Tepper, a West Texas grass-roots activist who was a Trump delegate to the Republican National Convention. Tepper said he doesn't believe there will be an Abbott-Patrick primary showdown but that some Trump loyalists remained unhappy with Abbott.
The governor vocally supported Texas Sen. Ted Cruz's presidential bid but was wary of Trump. Abbott long wouldn't mention the billionaire businessman's name, saying only that he'd support his party's presidential nominee. Patrick, who also originally backed Cruz, quickly became the state's top Trump cheerleader after the senator dropped out.
Todd Smith, a consultant for Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller, another top Texas supporter of Trump, noted that the coolness of some Republicans toward the party's White House nominee sparked "frustration and tension." Smith said that may have contributed to Trump's winning Texas by only 9 percentage points, the first GOP presidential candidate since 2000 not to take the state by double-digits.
"I think the Republican base in Texas appreciates loyalty," Smith said, "and I think they appreciate folks not being wishy-washy."
Just ask Cruz, who has seen his popularity slip in Texas since refusing to endorse Trump at the Republican National Convention, even though he eventually came around. Associated Press exit polling from Election Day showed slightly more than half of statewide voters holding unfavorable opinions of the senator.
There's no indication Abbott's standing has suffered. But, so far, Patrick has been out front in setting much of the 2017 legislative agenda. He has vowed Texas will ban transgender people from using public bathrooms of their choice, despite a similar North Carolina law sparking national uproar.
Patrick also has made passing school vouchers, which give families public money for private or religious schools, a priority. Both he and Abbott have praised police as heroes, but Patrick fired up conservatives by suggesting that Black Lives Matter protests contributed to growing anti-law enforcement sentiment that helped spark a July sniper attack in Dallas that killed five police officers.
Abbott is trumpeting the convening of a convention of states to propose amendments to the U.S. Constitution limiting federal power. The governor has coincided with Patrick in wanting stricter immigration policies and fortifying the Texas-Mexico border, but Abbott is less vocal about bathrooms bills.
Abbott and Patrick share many donors, and there aren't indications that top ones are choosing sides ahead of 2018 — yet. Patrick has $11 million-plus in his campaign war chest, a princely sum except when compared to Abbott's nearly $29 million.
At 59, Abbott is also seven years Patrick's junior — though Texas' oldest governor, Bill Clements, was 70 when he began his second term in 1987.
"It's sort of like these two heavyweights," said Brendan Steinhauser, a Republican strategist in Austin. "But I wouldn't expect a fight."
Tweets by @AllenBlakemore
Copyright © 2017 Blakemore & Associates

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bonn bids to end chocolate dispute
Germany is putting pressure on fellow member states to end a 25-year-old dispute over proposed EU laws to govern the content of chocolate.
By Renée Cordes
Bonn will unveil what it hopes will be a workable compromise at a meeting of national experts next Wednesday (28 April). It hopes to sweeten the pot for countries which allow non-cocoa vegetable fats to be used in chocolate by granting flexibility on a list of permitted ingredients.
However, diplomats argue that countries such as the UK and Ireland which use the non-cocoa vegetable fats will find it difficult to agree to allowing a limited number of such fats.
Besides the UK and Ireland, five other member states – Denmark, Portugal, Austria, Sweden and Finland – permit the use of non-cocoa vegetable fats in chocolate. But other EU countries argue chocolate should only be labelled as such if it contains cocoa butter alone.
Opponents of a flexible set of rules are divided over the latest proposal. While France seems ready to accept a short list of fats, the Belgians and Dutch have yet to be convinced.
"The Germans have at least succeeded to get the ball rolling again. Some delegations are warming to this proposal, but it is still an open question whether they will be able to achieve agreement by the end of June," said one EU official.
More than three years ago, the Commission proposed allowing all member states to use up to 5% non-cocoa butter in their chocolate, on condition that products were clearly labelled so consumers knew what they were buying.
Acting Industry Commissioner Martin Bangemann said harmonised legislation was necessary to erase differences between national laws throughout the EU and establish a true single market in chocolate.
UK producers also insist that the Union should allow them to continue selling their milk chocolate, made up of 20% milk and 20% cocoa solids, as opposed to 25% and 14% in other EU countries.
But diplomats say Germany is likely to support extending the derogation, which allows the UK and Ireland to make and sell milk chocolate at home but requires them to call it something else if they export it.
More from ... Renée Cordes
Austria	Denmark	Finland	France	Germany	Ireland	Portugal	Sweden	United States


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text:
Historical criticism
Title: Historical criticism
Subject: Tabernacle, Carol Meyers, Salman Rushdie, Pierre Batiffol, Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church
Collection: Biblical Criticism, Literary Criticism
Nevi'im
Hebrew canon
Targumim
Gothic Bible
Luther Bible
Wiseman hypothesis
Pesher
Pardes
Qur'anic
Bible portal
Historical criticism, also known as the historical-critical method or higher criticism, is a branch of literary criticism that investigates the origins of ancient text in order to understand "the world behind the text".[1]
The primary goal of historical criticism is to ascertain the text's primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense or sensus literalis historicus. The secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text. This may be accomplished by reconstructing the true nature of the events which the text describes. An ancient text may also serve as a document, record or source for reconstructing the ancient past which may also serve as a chief interest to the historical critic. In regard to Semitic biblical interpretation, the historical critic would be able to interpret the literature of Israel as well as the history of Israel.[2]
In 18th century Biblical criticism, the term "higher criticism" was commonly used in mainstream scholarship [3] in contrast with "lower criticism". In the 21st century, historical criticism is the more commonly used term for higher criticism, while textual criticism is more common than the loose expression "lower criticism".[4]
Historical criticism began in the 17th century and gained popular recognition in the 19th and 20th centuries. The perspective of the early historical critic was rooted in Protestant reformation ideology, inasmuch as their approach to biblical studies were free from the influence of traditional interpretation.[5] Where historical investigation was unavailable, historical criticism rested on philosophical and theological interpretation. With each passing century, historical criticism became refined into various methodologies used today: source criticism, form criticism, redaction criticism, tradition criticism, canonical criticism, and related methodologies.[2]
Methods 1
Application 1.1
Methodologies 1.2
Source criticism 1.2.1
Form criticism 1.2.2
Redaction criticism 1.2.3
Radical criticism 1.2.4
Interpretations 3
Old Testament 3.1
New Testament 3.2
Qur'an 3.3
Views on higher criticism 4.1
Views on historical-methods 4.2
Footnotes 6
Historical-critical methods are the specific procedures [1] used to examine the text's historical origins, such as: the time, the place in which the text was written, its sources, the events, dates, persons, places, things, and customs that are mentioned or implied in the text.[2]
The approach of Historical-critical methods typifies the following: (1) that reality is uniform and universal, (2) that reality is accessible to human reason and investigation (3) that all events historical and natural are interconnected and comparable to analogy, (4) that humanity's contemporary experience of reality can provide objective criteria to what could or could not have happened in past events.[1]
Application of the historical critical method, in biblical studies, investigates the books of the Hebrew Bible as well as the New Testament. Historical critics compare texts to other texts written around the same time. An example of this is when modern biblical scholarship has attempted to understand the Book of Revelation in its 1st century historical context, by identifying its literary genre with Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature.
In regard to the Gospels, higher criticism deals with the synoptic problem, the relations among Matthew, Mark, and Luke. In some cases, such as with several Pauline epistles, higher criticism can confirm the traditional understanding of authorship. High criticism understood the New Testament texts within a historical context: that is, that they are not adamantine, but writings that express the traditio (what is handed down). Its great achievement is to short-circuit those who believe that certain books are word for word truth. the truth lies in the historical context.
In Classical studies, the 19th century approach to higher criticism set aside "efforts to fill ancient religion with direct meaning and relevance and devoted itself instead to the critical collection and chronological ordering of the source material."[6] Thus, higher criticism, whether biblical, classical, Byzantine or medieval, focuses on the source documents to determine who wrote it, when it was written, and where.
Historical criticism has also been applied to other religious writings from Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, as well as the Qur'an.
Diagram of the Documentary Hypothesis.
* includes most of Leviticus
† includes most of Deuteronomy
‡ "Deuteronomic history": Joshua, Judges, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1& 2 Kings
Historical criticism comprises several disciplines which include:[2]
Form criticism
Redaction criticism
Tradition criticism
Radical criticism
Source criticism is the search for the original sources which lie behind a given biblical text. It can be traced back to the 17th century French priest Richard Simon, and its most influential product is undoubtably Julius Wellhausen's Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (1878), whose "insight and clarity of expression have left their mark indelibly on modern biblical studies."[7]
Source criticism: diagram of the two-source hypothesis, an explanation for the relationship of the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke.
Form criticism breaks the Bible down into sections (pericopes, stories) which are analyzed and categorized by genres (prose or verse, letters, laws, court archives, war hymns, poems of lament, etc.). The form critic then theorizes on the pericope's Sitz im Leben ("setting in life"), the setting in which it was composed and, especially, used.[8] Tradition history is a specific aspect of form criticism which aims at tracing the way in which the pericopes entered the larger units of the biblical canon, and especially the way in which they made the transition from oral to written form. The belief in the priority, stability, and even detectability, of oral traditions is now recognised to be so deeply questionable as to render tradition history largely useless, but form criticism itself continues to develop as a viable methodology in biblical studies.[9]
Redaction criticism studies "the collection, arrangement, editing and modification of sources", and is frequently used to reconstruct the community and purposes of the author/s of the text.[10]
At the end of the 19th century, there have been advocates of higher criticism who strenuously tried to avoid any trace of dogma or theological bias when reconstructing a past reality. This has led to the branch of Radical Criticism, pursued by historical critics most skeptical of ecclesial tradition and dismissive toward sympathetic scholarship. Radical criticism has projected the concept that Jesus never existed,[1] nor his apostles. Radical critics have also attempted to show that none of the Pauline epistles are authentic; that Paul is nothing more than a controverted (conflated) authorial token.
The Dutch scholars Desiderius Erasmus (1466? – 1536) and Benedict Spinoza (1632–1677) are usually credited as the first to study the Bible in this way.[11] When applied to the Bible, the historical-critical method is distinct from the traditional, devotional approach.[12] In particular, while devotional readers concern themselves with the overall message of the Bible, historians examine the distinct messages of each book in the Bible.[12] Guided by the devotional approach, for example, Christians often combine accounts from different gospels into single accounts, whereas historians attempt to discern what is unique about each gospel, including how they are different.[12]
The phrase "higher criticism" became popular in Europe from the mid-18th century to the early 20th century, to describe the work of such scholars as Jean Astruc (mid-18th century), Johann Salomo Semler (1725–91), Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1752–1827), Ferdinand Christian Baur (1792–1860), and Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918).[13] In academic circles today, this is the body of work properly considered "higher criticism", though the phrase is sometimes applied to earlier or later work using similar methods.
Higher criticism originally referred to the work of G. W. F. Hegel and the French rationalists.
These ideas were imported to Jesus (1846) and Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity (1854). In 1860 seven liberal Anglican theologians began the process of incorporating this historical criticism into Christian doctrine in Essays and Reviews, causing a five-year storm of controversy which completely overshadowed the arguments over Darwin's newly published On the Origin of Species. Two of the authors were indicted for heresy and lost their jobs by 1862, but in 1864 had the judgement overturned on appeal. La Vie de Jésus (1863), the seminal work by a Frenchman, Ernest Renan (1823–92), continued in the same tradition as Strauss and Feuerbach. In Catholicism, L'Evangile et l'Eglise (1902), the magnum opus by Alfred Loisy against the Essence of Christianity of Adolf von Harnack and La Vie de Jesus of Renan, gave birth to the modernist crisis (1902–61). Some scholars, such as Rudolf Bultmann have used higher criticism of the Bible to "demythologize" it.
Scholars of higher criticism have sometimes upheld and sometimes challenged the traditional authorship of various books of the Bible.[14] Details of the arguments regarding this issue are addressed more specifically in the articles about each book.
A group of German biblical scholars at Hegelian analysis of the historical records of the Middle East from Christian and Old Testament times.[15][16]
Their ideas were brought to England by Mary Ann Evans translated David Strauss's sensational Leben Jesu as the Life of Jesus Critically Examined, a quest for the historical Jesus. In 1854 she followed this with a translation of Feuerbach's even more radical Essence of Christianity which held that the idea of God was created by man to express the divine within himself, though Strauss attracted most of the controversy.[15] The loose grouping of Broad Churchmen in the Church of England was influenced by the German higher critics. In particular, Benjamin Jowett visited Germany and studied the work of Baur in the 1840s, then in 1866 published his book on The Epistles of St Paul, arousing theological opposition. He then collaborated with six other theologians to publish their Essays and Reviews in 1860. The central essay was Jowett's On the Interpretation of Scripture which argued that the Bible should be studied to find the authors' original meaning in their own context rather than expecting it to provide a modern scientific text.[17][18]
Table of interpretations: Old Testament
Author according to
higher critical scholarship
Torah (Pentateuch, Books of Moses, i.e., Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy and Numbers) Moses, c 1300 BC Documentary hypothesis: Four independent documents (the Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist and the Priestly source), composed between 900–550 BC, redacted c 450 BC, possibly by Ezra
Supplementary models (e.g. John Van Seters): Torah composed as a series of authorial expansions of an original source document, usually identified as J or P, largely during the 7th and 6th centuries BC, final form achieved c. 450 BC.
Fragmentary models (e.g. Rolf Rendtorff, Erhard Blum): Torah the product of the slow accretion of fragmentary traditions, (no documents), over period 850–550 BC, final form c. 450 BC.
Biblical minimalism: Torah composed in Hellenistic-Hasmonean period, c. 300–140 BC.
Joshua Joshua with a portion by Phinehas or Eleazar Deuteronomist using material from the Jahwist and Elohist
Judges Samuel Deuteronomist
Ruth Samuel A later author, writing after the time of David
1 Samuel Samuel, Gad, and Nathan Deuteronomist as a combination of a Jerusalem source, republican source, the court history of David, the sanctuaries source, and the monarchial source
1 Kings Perhaps Ezra Deuteronomist
1 Chronicles Ezra The Chronicler, writing between 450 and 435 BC, after the Babylonian captivity
Ezra Ezra The Chronicler, writing between 450 and 435 BC, after the Babylonian captivity
Nehemiah Nehemiah using some material by Ezra The Chronicler, writing between 450 and 435 BC, after the Babylonian captivity
Tobit A writer in the 2nd century BC
Judith Eliakim (Joakim), the high priest of the story
Esther The Great Assembly using material from Mordecai An unknown author writing between 460 and 331 BC
1 Maccabees A devout Jew from the Holy Land. An unknown Jewish author, writing around 100 BC
2 Maccabees Based on the writing of Jason of Cyrene An unknown author, writing in the second or 1st century BC
3 Maccabees An Alexandrian Jew writing in Greek in the 1st century BC or 1st century AD
4 Maccabees Josephus An Alexandrian Jew writing in the 1st century BC or 1st century AD
Job unknown[19] anonymous, possibly by two different authors, one writing the prose section and the other the poetic section, 5th century BC.[20]
Psalms Mainly David and also Asaph, sons of Korah, Moses, Heman the Ezrahite, Ethan the Ezrahite and Solomon Various authors recording oral tradition. Portions from 1000BC to 200BC.
Proverbs Solomon, Agur son of Jakeh, Lemuel and other wise men An editor compiling from various sources well after the time of Solomon
Ecclesiastes Solomon A Hebrew poet of the 3rd or 2nd centuries BC using the life of Solomon as a vista for the Hebrews' pursuit of Wisdom. An unknown author in Hellenistic period from two older oral sources (Eccl 1:1–6:9 which claims to be Solomon, Eccl 6:10–12:8 with the theme of non-knowing)
Song of Solomon Solomon Unknown, scholarly estimates vary between 950 BC to 200 BC[20]
Wisdom Solomon An Alexandrian Jew writing during the Jewish Hellenistic period
Sirach Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem
Isaiah Isaiah Three main authors and an extensive editing process:[20]
Isaiah 1–39 "Historical Isaiah" with multiple layers of editing, 8th century BC
Isaiah 40–55 Exilic(Deutero-Isaiah), 6th century BC
Isaiah 56–66 post-exilic(Trito-Isaiah), 6th–5th century BC
Jeremiah Jeremiah unknown, possibly Baruch ben Neriah.[21] This book has some affinities with the Deuteronomist author
Lamentations Jeremiah Disputed
Letter of Jeremiah Jeremiah A Hellenistic Jew living in Alexandria
Baruch Baruch ben Neriah An author writing during or shortly after the period of the Maccabees
Ezekiel Ezekiel Disputed, with varying degrees of attribution to Ezekiel
Daniel Daniel, 6th century BC An editor/author in the mid-2nd century BC
Hosea Hosea, mid-8th century BC An unknown author, writing in the 8th century BC or later[20]
Joel Joel unknown
Amos Amos, 8th century BC An unknown author, writing after the 6th century BC[20]
Obadiah Obadiah An unknown author, writing in the 6th century BC or later[20]
Jonah Jonah Possibly a post-exilic (after 530 BC) editor recording oral traditions passed down from the 8th century BC
Micah Micah The first three chapters by Micah and the remainder by a later writer
Nahum Nahum An unknown author, writing in the 6th century BC or later[20]
Habakkuk Habakkuk An unknown author, writing in the 6th century BC or later[20]
Zephaniah Zephaniah Disputed; possibly a writer after the time period indicated by the text
Haggai Haggai, late 6th century BC An unknown author, writing in the 5th century BC or later[20]
Zechariah Zechariah Zechariah (chapters 1–8); the later remaining designated Deutero-Zechariah, were possibly written by disciples of Zechariah
Malachi Malachi or Ezra Possibly the author of Deutero-Zechariah
Table of interpretations: New Testament
Gospel of Mark Mark, follower of Peter; mid 1st century anonymous, perhaps Mark, follower of Peter; mid to late 1st century; the first written gospel
Gospel of Matthew The Apostle Matthew An unknown author who borrowed from both Mark and a source called Q, late 1st century
Gospel of Luke Luke, companion of Paul Luke or an unknown author who borrowed from both Mark and a source called Q, late 1st century
Gospel of John Apostle John An unknown author; John 21 finished after death of primary author by follower(s); the last written gospel[22][23][24]
Acts of the Apostles Luke, companion of Paul Luke or an unknown author who also wrote the Gospel of Luke
Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, Epistle to Philemon Paul the Apostle, see Pauline epistles Paul
Ephesians Paul the Apostle Paul or edited dictations from Paul
Colossians Paul the Apostle Disputed; perhaps Paul coauthoring with Timothy
2 Thessalonians Paul the Apostle pseudepigraphal, perhaps an associate or disciple after his death, representing what they believed was his message[25]
1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, see Pastoral epistles Paul the Apostle pseudepigraphal, perhaps someone associated with Paul, writing at a later date
see Authorship of the Pauline epistles
Epistle to the Hebrews Paul the Apostle(disputed) An unknown author, but almost certainly not Paul,[26] c 95
James James the Just pseudepigraphal; a writer in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries, after the death of James the Just[27]
1 Peter Apostle Peter, before 64 (Peter's martyrdom) pseudepigraphal or perhaps Silas, proficient with Greek writing, 70–90
2 Peter Apostle Peter, before 64 pseudepigraphal, likely not Peter,[28] perhaps as late as c 150, the last-written book of the Bible
1 John Apostle John An unknown author with no direct connection to the historical Jesus, l ate 1st century, possibly the author of the Gospel of John
2 John, 3 John Apostle John (sometimes disputed) An unknown author with no direct connection to the historical Jesus, final Editor of John 21, c 100–110, possibly the author of the Gospel of John
Jude Jude the Apostle or Jude, brother of Jesus A pseudonymous work written between the end of the 1st century and the first quarter of the 2nd century[29]
Book of Revelation Apostle John(sometimes disputed) distinct author, perhaps John of Patmos (not the same author as the Gospel of John or 2 & 3 John)
see Authorship of the Johannine works
Modern higher criticism is just beginning for the Qur'an. This scholarship questions some traditional claims about its composition and content, contending that the Qur'an incorporates material from both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament; however, other scholars argue that it cites examples from previous texts, as the New Testament did to the Old Testament.
Attempts at higher criticism of the Qur'an have met with hostility and resistance among traditional Islamic scholars, who contend that using the methods of higher criticism, either implies that the Qur'an was written by human beings - a position incompatible with the generally accepted tenet, that the Qur'an is the literal word of God revealed to Muhammad - or that the Qur'an was created, a position held by the Mu'tazili school of early Islam, but rejected by the Ash'ari school that forms the basis for mainstream Islamic thought today. Attempts to resolve the issue or sidestep it ( such as Nasr Abu Zayd's attempt to treat the Qur'an as a divinely revealed naṣṣ (text) in the human Arabic language and thus subject to higher criticism and hermeneutics ) have not been widely accepted.
Views on higher criticism
Higher criticism was recognized to varying extents, by Orthodox Jews and many traditional Christians, yet they often found that higher critics gave unsatisfactory or even heretical interpretations. In particular, religious conservatives object to the rationalistic and naturalistic presuppositions of a large number of practitioners of higher criticism, which lead to conclusions that conservative scholars find unscientific.
Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) condemned secular biblical scholarship in his encyclical Providentissimus Deus while affirming the need for a balanced historical study of the Scriptures.[30] However, in 1943 Pope Pius XII gave license to the new scholarship in his encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu: "[T]extual criticism ... [is] quite rightly employed in the case of the Sacred Books ... Let the interpreter then, with all care and without neglecting any light derived from recent research, endeavor to determine the peculiar character and circumstances of the sacred writer, the age in which he lived, the sources written or oral to which he had recourse and the forms of expression he employed." [31]
Today, many Evangelical Protestants oppose the methods of the higher criticism, and hold that the Bible is divinely inspired and free of error, at least in its original form.[12][32] Within academia, the new hermeneutics inspired by critical theory has eclipsed earlier critical approaches such as higher criticism.[33]
Views on historical-methods
The historical-critical method of Biblical scholarship is taught widely in Western nations, including in many seminaries.[12] According to Ehrman, most lay Christians are unaware of how different this particular academic view of the Bible is from their own.[12] Conservative evangelical schools, however, often reject this approach, teaching instead that the Bible is completely inerrant in all matters (in contrast to the less conservative Protestant view that it is infallible only in matters relating to personal salvation, a doctrine called biblical infallibility) and that it reflects explicit divine inspiration.[12] However, the Catholic Church, while teaching inerrancy,[34] also allows for more nuance in interpretation than would conservative Evangelical schools, because of its historical understanding of the "four senses of Scripture".[35] In The Pontifical Biblical Commission's "Interpretation of the Bible in the Church," the need for historical criticism is clearly expressed and affirmed.
With Protestant historical-criticism, the movement of rationalism as promoted by Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), held that reason is the determiner of truth. Spinoza did not regard the Bible as divinely inspired, instead it was to be evaluated like any other book. Later rationalists also have rejected the authority of Scripture.[36]
Biblical genres
Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
Historical-grammatical method
Journal of Higher Criticism
Textual criticism (lower criticism)
^ a b c d Soulen, Richard N.; Soulen, R. Kendall (2001). Handbook of biblical criticism (3rd ed., rev. and expanded. ed.). Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 78.
^ a b c d Soulen, Richard N. (2001). Handbook of Biblical Criticism. John Knox. p. 79.
^ Hahn, general editor, Scott (2009). Catholic Bible dictionary (1st ed. ed.). New York: Doubleday.
^ Soulen, Richard N. (2001). Handbook of Biblical Criticism. John Knox. pp. 108, 190.
^ Gerhard Ebeling. Word and Faith. Philadelphia, Fortress Press, 1963
^ Burkert, Greek Religion (1985), Introduction.
^ , p.6The Hebrew Bible in Modern StudyAntony F. Campbell, SJ, "Preparatory Issues in Approaching Biblical Texts", in . Campbell renames source criticism as "origin criticism".
^ Bibledudes.com
^ , 2003The Changing Face of Form-Criticism for the Twenty-First CenturyYair Hoffman, review of Marvin A. Sweeney and Ehud Ben Zvi (eds.),
^ Religious Studies Department, Santa Clara University.
^ Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy, p. 125, Touchstone, 1961, ISBN 0-671-20159-X,
^ a b c d e f g Ehrman, Bart D.. Jesus, Interrupted, HarperCollins, 2009. ISBN 0-06-117393-2
^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2007
^ Dates for the Sacred Texts of the Jewish and Christian Traditions: Athabasca University
^ a b Glenn Everett, Associate Professor of English, University of Tennessee at Martin (1988). "The Higher Critics". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ "Tubingen School". Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ Glenn Everett, Associate Professor of English, University of Tennessee at Martin (1988). "Essays and Reviews (1860)". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ Josef L. Altholz, Professor of History, University of Minnesota (1976). "The Warfare of Conscience with Theology". The Mind and Art of Victorian England. Victorian Web. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ New American Bible: Job
^ a b c d e f g h i Dates for the Sacred Texts of the Jewish and Christian Traditions
^ Miller, Stephen M., Huber, Robert V. (2004). The Bible: A History. Good Books. p. 33.
^ New American Bible: John
^ see Signs Gospel for more on reconstruction of original John
^ Vindicating the Integrity of John's Gospel
^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford, p.385; Beverly Roberts Gaventa, First and Second Thessalonians, Westminster John Knox Press, 1998, p.93; Vincent M. Smiles, First Thessalonians, Philippians, Second Thessalonians, Colossians, Ephesians, Liturgical Press, 2005, p.53; Udo Schnelle, translated by M. Eugene Boring, The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998), pp. 315–325; M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock, The People's New Testament Commentary, Westminster John Knox Press, 2004 p652; Joseph Francis Kelly, An Introduction to the New Testament for Catholics, Liturgical Press, 2006 p.32
^ http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=563 Richard Heard, Introduction To The New Testament
^ New American Bible: James
^ Carson, D.A., and Douglas J. Moo. An Introduction to the New Testament, second edition. HarperCollins Canada; Zondervan: 2005. ISBN 0-310-23859-5, ISBN 978-0-310-23859-1. p.659.
^ New American Bible: Jude
^ Fogarty, page 40.
^ Divino Afflante SpirituEncyclical , 1943.
^ Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
^ IVP New Bible Commentary 21st Century edition. p11
^ [1], Chapter III, par. 11.
^ Klein, William W. William Wade; Craig Blomberg; Robert L Hubbard; Kermit Allen Ecklebarger (1993). Introduction to Biblical Interpretation. Dallas, Tex.: Word Pub. Page 43
Gerald P. Fogarty, S.J. American Catholic Biblical Scholarship: A History from the Early Republic to Vatican II, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1989, ISBN 0-06-062666-6. Nihil obstat by Raymond E. Brown, S.S., and Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J.
Robert Dick Wilson, "Is the Higher Criticism Scholarly? Clearly Attested Facts Showing That the Destructive 'Assured Results of Modern Scholarship' Are Indefensible, reprinted in Christian News, vol. 29, no. 9 (4 March 1991), p. 11-14.
Rutgers University: Synoptic Gospels Primer: introduction to the history of literary analysis of the Greek gospels, and aids in confronting the range of factors that need to be taken into consideration in accounting for the literary relationship of the first three gospels.
From the Divine Oracle to Higher Criticism
Catholic Encyclopedia article "Biblical Criticism (Higher)"
– Modernism and the ChurchDictionary of the history of Ideas
Teaching Bible based on Higher Criticism
"Historical Criticism and the Evangelical" by Grant Osborne
"From the Divine Oracle to Higher Criticism" from The Warfare of Science With Theology by Andrew White, 1896
Catholic Encyclopedia article (1908) "Biblical Criticism (Higher)"
Origins of Christianity: evidence-based history
Dictionary of the history of Ideas: Modernism in the Christian Church
Radical criticism, link to articles in English
Library of latest modern books of biblical studies and biblical criticism
David, Jerusalem, Solomon's Temple, Rehoboam, Judaism
Paul the Apostle
Acts of the Apostles, Jesus, Catholicism, Saint Peter, Martin Luther
Judaism, Christianity, Hebrew Bible, Biblical canon, Torah
Bible, Books of the Bible, Hebrew Bible, Baruch Spinoza, Jerusalem
Bible, New Testament, Hebrew Bible, Old Testament, Biblical archaeology
Jerusalem, Ten Commandments, Judaism, Hebrew language, Moses
Carol Meyers
Duke University, Brandeis University, Book of Exodus, Wellesley College, Literary criticism
Pakistan, University of Cambridge, Midnight's Children, Ruhollah Khomeini, The Times
Pierre Batiffol
Authority control, France, Paris, Modernism (Roman Catholicism), Theology
Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church
Lutheranism, Germany, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Eric Norelius


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Redefining productivity in our new world of work
This article originally appeared on Forbes, where Alex Shootman is a guest author and member of the Forbes Technology Council.
What is making work so hard right now? What factors are challenging productivity, and how can businesses tackle them? Redefining what it means to be productive — and how to measure that productivity — is imperative for every company today.
Let's start by considering the five fundamental elements of work:
1. The worker who does the work
2. The time available to do it
3. The location where work is done
4. The tools used to complete the work
5. The interdependence of different pieces of work
The challenge is that, even before the pandemic hit, all of these fundamentals were changing at the same time. The notion of a 9-to-5 workday is evaporating. The tools available to get work done are almost limitless and evolve quickly. And for most knowledge work, employees are part of an interdependent web of people who all contribute to delivering the finished product and who are often dispersed geographically.
Maintaining productivity in our new work environment is difficult because the five factors of work are in flux. When the pandemic struck, it just threw gasoline onto the fire. In that moment of shock-change, when everyone had to switch overnight to remote working, the five fundamentals of work were called into question. But the question most leaders focused on was simply: How do we keep everyone talking?
Synchronous work versus asynchronous work
Leaders' focus on communicating meant most businesses turned to communications technology, like Slack, Teams, Zoom and Webex. It was a fast and simple way to connect colleagues who were suddenly working in isolation.
Communication tools are great for scheduled conversations and cocreation in real time — the synchronous work you tackle in a logical sequence with your colleagues. But modern work is digital, just-in-time, nonhierarchical and nomadic. It is both synchronous and asynchronous.
Asynchronous work includes all of the unscheduled discussions, debates, informal catch-ups, data wrangling, code testing, strategy designing and creative collaboration that happen every day. Asynchronous work is fundamental to productivity, and it can't be done over a video call.
When it comes to asynchronous work, using communications technology is like trying to use a hammer to cut down a tree. You might get there eventually, but it will take an exhausting amount of time and effort.
Think differently: Asynchronous work demands a different approach
Productivity crashed when people were asked to go remote with no plan for how they would manage their asynchronous work.
As Chris Marsh and the analysts at 451 Research advised in their paper on Covid-19 and workforce disruption in March, "Tooling that can drive engagement around asynchronous work will likely drive productivity more strongly; in particular, providing visibility, transparency and accountability to support employees' focus and keep them aligned. Synchronous conversation should be a support, not a replacement, for those efforts. Clearly this challenge goes beyond standard conferencing and collaboration tools."
So, if communications technology can't support asynchronous work, what's the solution? We need technology that connects, coordinates and organizes work across multiple disparate people, teams and divisions. And we need to enable asynchronous work by giving our people the autonomy and freedom to determine when and how they accomplish their work. Redefining productivity boils down to two key elements: trust and meaning.
Trust your people: Focus on outcomes, not effort
If you're a manager and you're worried about whether your employees are slacking because they're working from home, you will not succeed in this new world of work. Work is more than a matter of effort. So much talk about productivity focuses on worrying about whether people are working hard enough. But that's the wrong approach. Instead, we should focus on whether our people have the conviction that their work is important.
In recent customer discussions, executives told us that what their people really need is a feeling that their work is getting noticed, their accomplishments are visible and valuable to others and their efforts contribute to business outcomes. In the isolated environment of the home workplace, people need to feel they are connected to a bigger cause and that their work makes a difference. That's what really motivates them.
Trying to force productivity without focusing on the factors that influence it is doomed to fail. It's like willing a pot of water to boil without lighting the stove beneath it.
Choose the right technology, make work matter and productivity will follow
In our new world of work, we need technology that connects people who are working remotely — technology that enables them to collaborate, cocreate and innovate. We need technology that supports both synchronous and asynchronous work in our dispersed workplaces, while serving the five fundamentals of work. We need technology that ensures people, teams and companies are focused on the right work, regardless of when and where that work is happening.
And if we want to maintain and improve productivity (on the right work), we have to go through a mindset shift. We need to lead in a way that helps people feel motivated and fulfilled in their isolated workplaces to get bottom-up, heart-based productivity instead of top-down, head-based effort.
I truly believe that human dignity is satisfied by working. Work is ennobling if you're working on something that you believe matters and that you're proud of. And that's the real challenge for every leader today: Making work matter. If you can do that, productivity will take care of itself.


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Q: Symfony 2 Forms one to many without collection (only add one item) I'm building a simple form having a one-to-many relation from an User entity :
User 1..* actions
So basically, in my user form, i have to set the actions property to the collection form type.
I don't want the client to be able to add multiple actions within the form, but only one when editing the user.
The problem is that Symfony 2 form expect to get all the actions from the form on submit, so existing actions are removed from database on flush and only the new one remain.
Any idea ?

A: If your entity User has an array of Actions, and you create a form type UserType with data_class => User, Symfony expects you to add to that form a collection field for actions, because that's what the entity has.
That's the way Symfony works. Personally I don't like this tight coupling between entities in the model and forms, but it works pretty well for simple apps.
If you want to have a form type that does not match any entity, things won't be so simple, but you'll have more control of things.
You have some options (as far as I know, maybe there're other):

*

*You can move to a task-based UI, by creating another class that represents the data you need to perform an action - in your case you want to edit an user, so you can create a EditUserCommand, which contains 1 and only 1 Action, as long as other fields, most of them probably exactly the same as your User class.
Now you can map your form to this EditUserCommand class, which will contain only 1 action as you want. Obviously later you need to use this command class to get the data you need to edit the user.

*Use the empty_data option with a closure that receives the submitted FormInterface, so that you can get the submitted data from there and use it as you want to update the user.
In both options you're breaking the coupling between your User class and your EditUserType form, which means you need to do some more work, but imo it has many benefits.
You can find further reading on this subject here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


how to change source.list from knoppix to the debian one?
How to change source.list from knoppix 3.4 to debian us one ?
This is the one I use and it works great for me!
I don't know if it will work with Knoppix but I don't see why not either.
maybe I need to be more specific , is that all I need in source.list , from the post above , no other links needed for linux debian sid ?
our all this needed or what really needed for the US version of the source.list file? I want to do a full update from knoppix sid to debian sid , so whats needed? also I their any portage projects for debian sid? based on the deb file type?
t need to delete the non-us ones right? its a bit unsure about which is better the defeault ones or someones posted ones?
Our you a college Student too?
Well of course you would need other links for other software, such as mplayer, KDE, etc etc etc.
But that is a basic source list for debian sid I posted.
When I install Debian, I may use the Woody cd and do a very basic install and once net is connected, then use apt-get dist-upgrade to install the newer stuff, along with adding other links for other software I may need.


This topic contains 0 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by Jennifer Anne 7 months, 1 week ago.
I am looking for help with the PR for my new (ish) petite womenswear brand Jennifer Anne (https://jennifer-anne.co.uk/).
We have already had some great PR in the national press and women's glossies.


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VR/ AUGMENTED REALITY
How Can We Work Together In 2020!
The Blind Photographer
Jepchumba
Take a look at this creative project by one of our community members. Carl Houston Mcmillan's short film really begs the question Does Art really bring awareness and promote change? McMillan explains…
As a keen photographer my self I have always questioned my wondering eye, questioning what it perceives to be a "good snap". I have come to appreciate images that have stories behind them, where the photographer has not just approached his subject for the sake of a "good picture", but has taken the time to get to know his subject, to understand his subject's situation.
"The Blind Photographer" tells the story of a young photographer who is only concerned with capturing images, with no regard or concern for the subject behind the lens. He does this with the mentality of "This is going to be a great photo" as he goes about capturing his theme of poverty.
He is a photographer who is unaware of his thoughtlessness, unaware that he is using the plight of another to aid the sale of his work. In a way the photographer is blind, he does not look deeper into his subjects and uses his lens as a mask.
We are on Instagram Follow me @ africandigitalart
African Digital Art
African Digital Art is a celebration of the culture of art, design and technology in Africa. Created and developed by Jepchumba, the platform covers a wide range of artistic production from; audio/visual production, animation, interactive projects, web, film, graphic art and design. Our focus is on artistic work or practice that utilizes digital technology as an essential part of the creative, presentation or distribution process.
It is Africa 2020! and we are eager to continue to break new ground for the African creative technology community by pushing past our digital boundaries. So why not get in touch with us. Drop us a line and let us know how we can work together. contact@africandigitalart.com
Nigerian Art Director Oye Diran
Dominican Republic Contemporary Artist Dalton Gata
Digital Collagist Neu Tokyo
Comorian Photographer Shainess Daoud
Portraits by La Petite Touche
Shawn Theodore's Mythical and Dynamic Portfolio
Antiguan Digital Artist dotkidchavy


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On a high Bajaj Allianz Life asks commuters 'How's the Josh?'
The Surgical Strike has also been taking over the Internet ever since the news of the series of air strikes on the terror-camps of Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) in Balakot broke out
ETBrandEquity
By Misbaah Mansuri
As Indian soldiers delivered a befitting reply to terrorists, Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance celebrated the victory with an electronic scroll board sporting a creative that read 'How's the josh?'
The popular phrase 'How's the josh?' from the recent movie Uri: The Surgical Strike has also been taking over the Internet ever since the news of series of air strikes on the terror-camps of Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) in Balakot broke out yesterday. Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance was quick to latch on this by rolling out a creative on an electronic scroll board outside their Pune office headquarters asking commuters 'How's the josh?' that made them stop by and take notice.
Speaking on the life insurance brand's swift action, Chandramohan Mehra, chief marketing officer, Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance shared with ETBE that the idea was implemented in-house in just a matter of an hour and a half after the news surfaced and created buzz. Mehra added that the idea was to be as quick as possible in executing it. "The idea was to participate in the buzz but only to echo the sentiments of pride that the nation feels towards the air forces. It was our way of paying tribute to them and saying that we take pride in what they have accomplished."
It wasn't about hard-selling but riding on the sentiment in a manner that it impacts love for the brand with relevant artistry, Mehra signalled.
This is not the first time that the brand rode the buzz. Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance was quick and probably the first one to rope in the viral sensation- The Dancing Uncle for their #LifeGoalsDone campaign and the 36-second Plank Challenge which again were done in-house.
To be topical, relevant and clever are attributes that might be high on every brand's advertising wish-list, but combining all three is no easy task. Add to that the strategic decision taken last-minute to make the brand a part of the news by piggybacking on a national story, and the risks to the reputation of the brand and the marketer, come into sharp focus.
Prathap Suthan, managing partner and CCO at Bang In The Middle called the act popular, patriotic and quick. "Of course, any brand that gets to ride on patriotism and on the topical sentiment will connect because of its top-of-the-mind. Using a popular phrase and the context of that phrase works very well together. While it comes through as a brand that is undoubtedly in sync and quick and in line with pride, it will ride social media for a day or more," he observed.
Suthan acknowledged that it's a trend that many brands have done on many platforms and not everyone has nailed it. The idea is to be quick, witty, and in line with the audience mood, he suggested. KV Sridhar, founder and CCO, Hyper Collective had a different opinion. He remarked that riding on the sentiment way too soon might not be a step in the right direction. "As you know, the game is not over yet and the fight against the terror groups is still on. Brands should not be opportunistic and reflect deeply before taking such actions. It can't be hasty because it might backfire and even paying a tribute may be perceived wrongly."
Prathap Suthan
KV Sridhar
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance
Advertising / 2 hours ago
Advertising / 15 hours ago
How Flipkart side steps new ecommerce policy
Walmart owned etailer incentivises sellers to pass on additional discounts to 'loyal' customers
TikTok is one of the world's most popular apps, and allows users to create and share short videos with special effects


The freedom and the friends.
Minecraft, Redwall, and Cyberchase fan, and PROUD.
You can't find that many accepting online communities out there.
Lets start posting here fast! Our time on Misc. is running out!
I don't know. Nobody does. Not even the Scratch Team.
Oh, okay... Wait, there could still be a whole 24 hours left then! If it changes at the end of the 26th.
Or it could change right now. It depends on when the Scratch Team does it. But for them, it's already past midnight so probably not.
The discussions and the community.
I was only on here for about a month, but I liked the community.


That bloody Easter Bunny has been again. Oh I could swing him around by his cottony bobtail! Curse that rabbit and his chocolate droppings!
The reason I like cheap, milk chocolate is because it is entirely unchallenging and full of sugar.
It melts in my mouth and does something chemical in my brain which is probably very similar to what happened in the brains of Oliver Reed, W C Fields and Yootha Joyce when they started on the Napoleon brandy.
I have always loved chocolate. As a child though, it was a strictly rationed treat.
Sunflower seeds. Imagine the shock my brother and I experienced when, on shopping for our new gerbils, we happened upon bags of these in the PET SHOP.
Liquorice roots. Literally bits of twig we'd find in our lunch boxes to chew on after packed lunch. A sure fire way to ensure we chose school dinners.
Tiger Nuts. Sure to raise a few eyebrows amongst those of our friends who did not know these treats by their Spanish name – 'chufa' – which wasn't a whole lot better.
Raisins. We loved raisin day. Something we actually recognised, even if all our friends laughed and pointed, insisting we were eating rabbit droppings. "Don't give her ideas," I'd counter.
At Easter however, mum would abandon Holland and Barrett and we would get Easter eggs, just like any other kids.
And we would fall on them. It was difficult to do moderation around chocolate at Easter in the same way it would be difficult for a thirsty man to take just a few sips at an oasis in the desert.
Those eggs went in sideways, my friends.
As I grew older I noticed that quite a lot of guilt was built around chocolate and I absorbed some of that as well.
At our convent boarding school, chocolate was the first thing girls gave up at Lent.
It was a commodity we placed a high value on.
I remember train journeys to and from school where we would pool our resources: 2 pence pieces, 5 pence pieces until we had the magic number – 20p – for a Nestle bar from the railway vending machine which we'd share between eight of us.
And then we found out about Nestle and the baby milk scandal. More guilt. Less chocolate.
It can be no wonder then, that I've arrived in Executive Youth with a complicated relationship around chocolate.
Be assured, I'm working through it.
I've decided that I can no longer just turn to it in moments of crisis; when I realise I've not paid the credit card bill, or forgotten an appointment say, or had a row with my husband/parking attendant/person-in-call-centre.
Or in moments of deep joy; when I've found myself shortlisted for a writing prize (ok, this has only happened once), or been booked for a paid comedy gig.
I have to meet triumph and disaster without a bar of Dairy Milk.
I'm finished with the Easter Bunny. It's back to the Tiger Nuts for me.


Fridges have changed a lot over the years. From new storage features to futuristic technological advances, today's refrigerators are some of the coolest home appliances.
And your fridge isn't only responsible for keeping your food fresh; it's the focal point of your kitchen. If it's time to upgrade your refrigerator, here's all the information you need to find a fridge that suits your needs, taste, and budget.
If you're looking for a top-of-the-line fridge, the Samsung Family Hub French Door Refrigerator is your best bet. Featuring an interactive screen with Bixby, Samsung's smart voice assistant built right onto the fridge, it's one of the coolest options available.
Inside, you'll find two-lower freezer compartments; if you need extra food storage space the right-hand lower compartment temperature can be controlled to switch to fresh foods.
The built-in screen on the door is what makes this fridge a command center – create a calendar, store photos, and use the Wi-Fi connectivity to stream TV shows, order groceries, or search for recipes. If that isn't impressive enough, this fridge is also equipped with three cameras inside with can be connected to an app on your phone, meaning you'll never forget the milk again when grocery shopping.
The Samsung Family Hub retails for $3,000 at Samsung¹ or a variety of retailers.
Next up is the GE Profile Series French-Door Refrigerator with a built-in Keurig coffee maker – that's right, you can grab a cup of coffee right from your fridge. Not only will this fridge give you more counter space, but it's also reliable. This state-of-the-art refrigerator has been tested to hold constant temperatures.
While the GE Profile may not have the interactive touchscreen that the Samsung Family Hub Refrigerator does, this smart fridge is Wi-Fi enabled. You can connect the fridge to an app and control the temperatures.
This fridge is available for $3,300 either online at the GE² website or in-store at a variety of retailers.
The GE Café refrigerator is elegant and customizable – you can design the look and feel of this fridge to suit your style and your kitchen. Just choose from a wide variety of premium finishes and hardware options to create a custom look that matches your decor.
Sleek and stylish, this appliance keeps your food cool at the temperature you choose for the fridge or freezer. This fridge is also Wi-Fi connected. Use your voice or connected smart device to preheat water from your refrigerator from anywhere in your house.
This refrigerator is available for $3,300 on the Café³ website or in-store at a variety of retailers.
A window in a refrigerator? Yes, that's correct. You'll never have to open the door to check what's inside with the LG InstaView.
The unique door-in-door feature comes in handy when you need a quick glimpse of what's in your fridge – without having to open the full door, which saves energy and keeps your food cold. The InstaView technology activates the interior lights by simply tapping or knocking on the window.
Of course, it's no surprise this model comes with Wi-Fi connectivity too. You can control your fridge's features right from the LG SmartThinQ app. And you'll be able to rest without any worry should this fridge encounter a problem. It's built with SmartDiagnosis, a technology that allows you to diagnose what's happening without calling a tech expert into your home.
This refrigerator sells for about $5,300 from LG⁴ or a variety of retailers.
This is one of the most affordable refrigerators available today – but you don't have to lose Wi-Fi connectivity if you're looking for a budget-friendly fridge.
Inside, you'll discover this Maytag model features slide-out shelves, a built-in water and ice dispenser, and can hold steady temperatures. With options like the PowerCold and temperature-controlled Wide-N-Fresh deli drawer, you can keep a vast variety of different foods at the perfect temperature consistently.
This refrigerator sells for $2,800 via Maytag⁵ or in-store at a variety of retailers.
If you need a refrigerator with ample space, the Kenmore Elite is the one to choose. Not only does this model deliver tons of storage space, but it also has adjustable shelves, two interior trays, and a drawer in the freezer. You'll also find the water and ice maker conveniently located and as space-conscious as can be to offer you more room for food.
This Kenmore model doesn't include Wi-Fi, so it's a great choice if you want a simple option that still does its job of keeping your food fresh. Airtight crisper drawers keep produce as fresh as possible, while easy-to-use digital controls let you adjust the temperature to the perfect setting.
This refrigerator sells for $5,300 via Kenmore⁶ or in-store at a variety of retailers.
If you're looking to update the look of your kitchen, Miele offers the PerfectCool 4-door French door refrigerator. This simple model features dual freezer drawers, spill-proof glass shelving, plumbed ice maker in the freezer, and more.
One of the most unique features on this fridge is the PerfectFresh system. Your food will actually stay fresh longer, offering you more flexibility as you won't need to worry about your produce. The PerfectFresh system controls humidity, ensuring your food is stored at the optimal temperature and humidity level for freshness.
This refrigerator starts at about $6,500 from AJ Madison⁷.
If you're interested in updating your refrigerator for a newer model, start a search today.


Odessa College is firmly committed to the philosophy of assisting students who do not have the financial resources to pay for higher education but wish to attend college. Of equal importance is the awarding of academic scholarships to recognize students who exhibit superior scholastic abilities.
The Student Financial Aid Office administers four broad program areas: grants, loans, employment and scholarships. Students seeking financial assistance should complete a FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) at www.fafsa.gov each October. The results are used to determine eligibility for state and federal need-based programs. FAFSAs are accepted year around but late applicants may not have funds awarded before classes start. Students must maintain at least a 2.0 overall grade point average and meet satisfactory academic progress standards relating to completion of hours. Financial aid academic requirements differ from those required by the college. For more details, go to the OC Financial Aid website.
The Federal Pell Grant is the core financial aid program. Family income, cost of education and enrollment status determine the award amount. Funds are disbursed in the week before classes start. If a student is only enrolled in the second 8 week term, funds will be held until a week before those courses begin. Students may not receive Pell from two schools for the same semester.
The Texas Public Education Grant (TPEG) is also used for students with financial need who are enrolled in at least six credit hours.
Awarded grant funds are applied to unpaid charges and any unspent funds are deposited to the Wrangler Card, designated personal account, or available as a check in the Student Accounts Office. Except for Pell, grants are awarded on a first-come, first-served basis until funds are depleted. Early application is strongly recommended.
The Federal Direct Loan Program allows students to borrow a long-term Stafford loan directly from the US Department of Education. No credit check is needed and interest rates are usually better than loans from private lending institutions. OC requires borrowers to initiate the application process for Stafford loans. Requirements include a FAFSA, an Odessa College loan application and completion of a promissory note and entrance counseling at studentloans.gov. All college transcripts must be on file and evaluated. Funds are disbursed in two payments per semester: the week before the first 8 week term begins and the week before the second 8 week term begins. Funds for first-time, first-year borrowers are delayed thirty days after the semester starts. Exit counseling is required when enrollment drops below six credit hours or the borrower graduates. Loans and accrued interest are usually to be repaid over a ten year period.
Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans are available to borrowers who are enrolled in at least six credit hours and have financial need according to FAFSA results.
Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans provide aid to borrowers enrolled in at least 6 credit hours who do not qualify for a subsidized Stafford or who qualify for an amount less than the annual Federal Stafford limit.
The PLUS (Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students) program is available to parents of dependent students for school costs not covered by other aid. It is not subsidized, the interest rate is fixed and normal repayment is ten years. Repayment begins sixty days after disbursement and interest may be paid monthly or quarterly. A FAFSA must be completed by the student and the parent must pass a credit check.
Students who do not wish to be burdened with loans may opt to set up a payment plan with Odessa College on WebAdvisor.
Under the United States Department of Education Repayment Policy, a student who receives federal grants and/or loans and stops attending class may have to repay part of the financial aid award.
Prior to withdrawing from school, a student should notify Student Financial Aid. Repayment amounts will vary depending on the amount and type of aid received. For instance, a fulltime student receiving $2,000 in grants and $1,000 in loans, with a cost of $1,000 for tuition, fees and books, and who completely withdraws from school after completing 10% of the semester, would be required to repay $700. A complete withdrawal from school after completing 20% of the semester would require a repayment of $400. For clarifications or questions about repayment obligations, please contact Student Financial Aid.
The College Work-Study Programs provide employment opportunities to students who show financial need with a FAFSA and are enrolled in at least six hours. Students work in a wide variety of jobs on campus and are paid at least the prevailing minimum wage. Although need determines the amount of total allowable earnings, students generally do not work more than twenty hours per week and arrange their working hours to not conflict with classes. Students only receive the funds that they earn. Application for the program is made by expressing an interest in receiving Work-Study funds on the FAFSA.
Non-Work-Study Jobs are available in some departments to students enrolled in at least six hours. These part-time jobs do not require a FAFSA and the employing department has flexibility in meeting employment needs.
Students seeking Work-Study or Non-Work-Study jobs can go to the Student Employment page on the OC website for a listing of job openings.
Odessa College annually awards more than $500,000 in academic scholarships to recognize scholastic merit. Some scholarships are designated for residents of Ector County and fourteen other West Texas counties: Andrews, Brewster, Crane, Culberson, Gaines, Jeff Davis, Loving, Pecos, Presidio, Reeves, Terrell, Upton, Winkler and Ward. These scholarships are awarded based on varying levels of academic achievement.
Students must apply each semester for academic scholarships awarded by OC Student Financial Aid for the upcoming school year. The fall deadline is June 15th and the spring deadline is November 1st each year. These include the Odessa College Academic, Hext Family Foundation, Property Deposit, Davidson, Slaton-Bassett, Joann Pickering Douglass and Ethel Russell scholarships. Applications are accepted year around but forms received after the deadline will be placed on a waiting list. Detailed information about each scholarship is available.
Students must submit a completed scholarship application and photocopies of high school and college transcripts to Student Financial Aid. Applicants are ranked according to grade point average, with some consideration given to an essay and completed coursework. Applications without a transcript will not be considered for funding. Scholarships are awarded to the highest ranking students until funds are depleted.
Scholarships are offered each year through the OC art and music departments and are awarded based on participation, merit and ability. Other OC departments that award scholarships are: nursing, occupational safety and health technology, photography, instrumentation and social sciences. Contact the chairperson of the appropriate department for scholarship requirements.
The Odessa College Foundation also provides students with financial assistance. Students who are not eligible for federal or state aid may apply for a number of scholarships such as: Bassett, Chevron, ECISD Education Foundation, Energy Industrial, Half-Century, H.L. Mangrum, or Student Success Scholarship. Eligibility requirements are listed on the Foundation Scholarship Application on the Odessa College website.
In addition to the scholarships described above, others are available from off-campus individuals and organizations. Odessa College does not control nor make selections for these scholarships but application information is available in Student Financial Aid.
Taxpayers may be eligible to claim the American Opportunity Credit against their federal income taxes. The credit may be claimed for the qualified tuition and related expenses of each student in the taxpayer's family who is enrolled at least halftime in college. Taxpayers may claim up to $2500 per eligible student.
The Lifetime Learning Credit may also be claimed against federal income taxes. Up to $2000 may be claimed for out-of- pocket expenses for qualified tuition and related expenses for all of the students in the family. The 1098T tax form may be accessed from WebAdvisor. Contact a tax advisor for details about claiming tuition tax credits.
Veterans interested in taking advantage of their benefits to pursue or further their education are encouraged to contact the veteran's office at Odessa College. As with the other programs, students are strongly encouraged to inquire into the possible benefits of the Department of Veterans Affairs as far in advance of the semester of planned attendance as possible. This procedure facilitates the coordination of educational claims for benefits between OC and the regional VA office and avoids delays that could occur in the award cycle. The Veteran's Office is a component of the OC Pathways Advising Center located in Room 202B of the Saulsbury Campus Center. Veteran students are responsible for following all regulations of the VA and for notifying both the regional VA office in Muskogee and the OC Veteran's Office of any change in enrollment that may affect their educational benefits. Students must see the Veteran Coordinator prior to registration or add/drop to obtain permission.


Comfortable, cool, stylish, the all-new active sports vest uses the built-in support of Freya's best selling underwire sports bra.
Racerback styling for freedom of movement.
Padded hook and eye, positioned at shoulder for strap adjustment.
Ruching at center front for comfort & support.
Fabric Content: 97% Nylon, 3% Spandex.


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College Softball
YouTube: NHRA
fanbuzz3
Funny Car Body Blows Off in Extreme Drag Racing Crash
By rhthompson91 | October 12, 2020
Not one, not two, but THREE intense crashes went down at this year's Mopar Express Lane NHRA Midwest Nationals. Though Funny Car driver Alex DeJoria came away with the round win during eliminations at World Wide Technology Raceway, the drag racing vet had quite the scare after she blew the body off her car at the end of her run. Thankfully, she was able to walk away from the vehicle under her own power.
As we covered in more detail here, Top Fuel drag racer Leah Pruett also was thankfully able to walk away unscathed after her dragster's body blew apart at 260 MPH. The third major crash of the afternoon in St. Louis occurred when Pro Stock driver Kenny Delco lost control as his car crossed the line. Delco crashed into the retaining wall and flipped several times, even after his parachute deployed. Like DeJoria and Pruett, Delco also walked away uninjured.
All three miraculous recoveries just go to show how far NHRA has come as far safety is concerned. Though, even rock-solid safety precautions aside, you couldn't pay us to drive one of those high-speed race cars!
Read More: NASCAR Tracks Have Speed Limits, Including Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Sonoma Raceway
Alexis DeJoria Career
The daughter of John Paul DeJoria, the billionaire co-founder of the Paul Mitchell line of hair products and the Patrón Spirits Company, Alex DeJoria began her National Hot Road Association career in 2005. The 43-year-old California native started racing in the Super Gas category, before moving into Super Comp racing.
After winning the Sportsman Nationals eight months following her debut, DeJoria competed in the Top Alcohol Funny Car class. In 2009, DeJoria built her own racing team called Stealth Motorsports. Two years later, she joined Kalitta Motorsports and raced a nitro funny car at the 2011 Texas Fall Nationals.
In 2014, a year after racking up four semifinal finishes, DeJoria became the first female ever to make a sub-four second pass, racking up a 3.997-second elapsed time during the NHRA Winternationals at Pomona. After putting in record-breaking performances at Atlanta Dragway and Brainerd International Raceway, DeJoria won the U.S. Nationals in Indianapolis in September 2014.
Following a several year hiatus from the sport, DeJoria announced her return in 2019, entering into multi-year sponsorship deals with ROKiT Phones and ABK Beer. The goal she set for herself with that announcement? To become the first woman ever to win a Funny Car championship.
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Search Awesome Ads – how to effectively stop them?
The problem users experience when trying to get rid of Ads by Search Awesome is that they can't find this particular program in the list of installed applications. Yet, somehow these advertisements do appear in all major browsers while users go online. The chances are that these ads are powered by certain other adware which doesn't necessarily bear exactly the same name.
Quick facts about Search Awesome advertisements.
Negative side effects for your browser with Search Awesome ads active.
How could Search Awesome adware become the component of your browser?
Tips to avoid Search Awesome adware intrusion.
What happens with your browser when Search Awesome advertisements are enabled?
Search Awesome adware is therefore the problem for many users today. As long as Internet is available in some particular location, nobody can avoid the risk of making the PC infected with various junk applications. This particular tutorial will help you to know more about the ways of how this adware is spread in the Internet, how to avoid its unwanted intrusion and, finally, how to get rid of it in an effective way.
Ads by Search Awesome may pop up practically in all major browsers today, including Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Internet Explorer. In most of the cases such ads don't really bring any positive information before you. In other words, the data these ads convey to you is absolutely irrelevant and not interesting. What's more dangerous is the fact that such ads may redirect you to various third-party websites which may infect your system considerably with all kinds of other PUPs (potentially unwanted programs).
What caused Search Awesome advertisements to become active in your browser?
To prevent Ads by Search Awesome from penetrating into your system you obviously need to be careful whenever you surf the world wide web. While installing any freeware make sure you always read the instructions of End User License Agreements related to such free applications. This will help you in advance to know about many unwanted software suggested for you to be installed into your PC by default. If you do read about them, you need to switch to the advanced or custom installation mode where you may uncheck all such unwanted extras from becoming the part of your computer.
Ways to prevent Search Awesome adware intrusion.
In case your computer has already been infected by Ads by Search Awesome, follow this simple and clear uninstall guide below. Plumbytes Anti-Malware is a good program that can help you to get rid of this infection. You will need to remove all malicious files and registry entries it detects, and then to reset your browsers with its help.
Detailed Search Awesome adware removal steps.
STEP 1. Scanning with anti-malware software to remove Search Awesome advertisements.
STEP 1. Scanning your workstation with anti-malware software for Search Awesome adware detection.
Guidelines to get rid of Search Awesome advertisements using recommended anti-malware software.
Run scanning with the software for Search Awesome adware detection.
Follow additional tips below to repair your browser infected by Search Awesome adverts.
STEP 2. Remove Search Awesome adware traces from Google Chrome browser.
STEP 3. Remove Search Awesome adware from Mozilla Firefox browser.
STEP 4. Remove Search Awesome adware from Internet Explorer browser.
STEP 5. Remove Search Awesome advertisements from Opera browser.


My Friend Rob. And His 2,400km Bike Ride. – Ryan Bolton.
My Friend Rob. And His 2,400km Bike Ride.
This is Rob Dyer. He leaves tomorrow on a bike ride from Toronto to New Orleans. That's 2,400 kilometres. And in true Rob Dyer fashion, he's doing it for others. This time, it's for the brilliant charity, Wellspring.
Rob is the founder of Skate4Cancer, a nouveau charity that has him skateboard across countries in support of cancer research. To date, he has skated across the U.S., Canada, New Zealand and a large chunk of Australia before being struck by a car. Yes, I totally agree, he's the best. Here are a couple shots I took of Rob before he sets off once again.
All photos copyright to Ryan Bolton.