text:
WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
World Trade Organization — possible deliverables for the 12th Ministerial Conference to be held in Geneva November 30-December 3, 2021
Terence P. Stewart	· May 10, 2021 · TRIPS waiver proposal from India and South Africa, WTO Trade Negotiations Committee	· 12th Ministerial Conference, Amb. Santiago Wills (Colombia), Amb. Zhanar Altzhanova (Kazakhstan), China, European Union, India, South Africa, United States, WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala	· No Comments
On May 3, 2021, the WTO held a Trade Negotiations Committee ("TNC") session combined with an informal session of the Heads of Delegation in Geneva. Because the WTO over time has eliminated the immediate release of statements of the Chair of the TNC and the Chairs of different negotiating groups who provide updates on the status of negotiations, there is very limited public information on the meeting at the present time. The WTO released a news release on the meeting entitled "Members discuss contours of potential MC12 deliverables". See TNC and Heads of Delegation Meeting, Members discuss contours of potential MC12 deliverables, May 3, 2021, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/hod_03may21_e.htm. A review of WTO documents listed on the WTO website reveals that Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala provided a seven page Chair's statement at the meeting, although the document is not publicly available. See JOB/TNC/91. There was at least one other statement made by chairs of negotiating groups, though the statement is not publicly available. See Council for Trade in Services – Special Session – Report by Ambassador Zhanar Altzhanova, Chair of the CTS Special Session, to the informal TNC and HODs meeting – 3 May 2021, JOB/SERV/307, May 4, 2021. One would assume there were reports on the fisheries subsidies negotiations, on agriculture and on various Joint Statement Initiatives though there is no listing of any such statements.
Copied below is the May 3 WTO news release.
"Heads of WTO member delegations today exchanged views about issues on which they can realistically reach agreements in the run-up to the 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12) later this year, and what needs to happen to make such deals possible. Fisheries subsidies, agriculture and the COVID-19 pandemic featured prominently in the discussions, with several members stressing that delivering concrete negotiated results was critical for the WTO's credibility. The 3 May gathering was both a formal session of the Trade Negotiations Committee and an informal meeting of Heads of Delegation.
"Summing up members' interventions at the end of the day, WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala said what she had heard matched what she had been told in her own consultations: 'Views are coalescing around the most feasible priorities for delivery between now and MC12 — although of course there are gaps on how we get there and on the content of prospective results.'
"She said three concrete deliverables stood out: an agreement to curb harmful fisheries subsidies; outcomes on agriculture, with a focus on food security; and a framework that would better equip the WTO to support efforts against the COVID-19 pandemic and future health crises.
"Looking to the weeks and months ahead, the Director-General expressed hope that by July members would be able to finalize an agreement on fisheries subsidies and achieve clarity about what can be delivered by MC12, scheduled to run from 30 November to 3 December in Geneva.
"On fisheries subsidies, she urged members to exercise the necessary flexibility to overcome the remaining hurdles. With ministerial involvement likely required to finalize an agreement in July, she called on delegations to work with the chair of the negotiations, Ambassador Santiago Wills of Colombia, to prepare a draft negotiating text with a minimal number of outstanding issues for ministers to resolve. 'We are almost there, we can see the light at the end of the tunnel,' she said, stressing she stood ready to help members and the chair translate increased flexibility into an agreement.
"Noting that for many members, meaningful outcomes on agriculture were necessary to make MC12 a success, DG Okonjo-Iweala said that the pandemic, and rising hunger around the world, made a strong case for a WTO 'food security package'. Elements for a prospective package included public stockholding, the proposed exemption from export restrictions of World Food Programme humanitarian purchases, domestic support and transparency, with some delegations also raising cotton and the special safeguard mechanism.
"The Director-General welcomed the view expressed by many delegations that MC12 can deliver concrete responses on trade and health. The WTO's spotlight on export restrictions and the need to increase vaccine production volumes was gaining attention and engagement from leaders, she said.
"Reporting on a 14 April event where vaccine manufacturers, international organizations, civil society and members looked at how the WTO could contribute to efforts to combat the global scarcity of COVID-19 vaccines, she said it was clear that underused manufacturing capacity existed in several developing countries.
"DG Okonjo-Iweala praised members' support to India amid the upsurge in COVID-19 cases there, which followed India's own exports of a large number of vaccines. 'That is what the WTO membership should be about — working together, supporting each other,' she said. She asked members to bring the same sense of common purpose to bear on engaging in text-based negotiations on the TRIPS waiver proposal aimed at finding a pragmatic compromise that works for all.
"With regard to dispute settlement, where many members called for resolution to the impasse over the Appellate Body, the Director-General expressed hope that by MC12 members 'can reach a shared understanding on the types of reforms needed'.
"The General Council chair, Ambassador Dacio Castillo of Honduras, is consulting on proposals about issues specific to least-developed countries such as the G-90 proposals on special and differential treatment as well as on small economies and areas such as the e-commerce Work Programme, she said.
"She noted that groups of members had signalled a desire to move ahead in areas such as services domestic regulation, e-commerce, investment facilitation, women's economic empowerment, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises as well as issues related to trade and climate change.
"For issues not in a position to be concluded this year, the Director-General said members had called for post-MC12 work programmes on multilateral issues relating to agriculture, services, and special and differential treatment as well as in joint statement initiatives in areas including plastics pollution and environmental sustainability.
"DG Okonjo-Iweala said that in the coming days, she would intensify her own outreach with heads of delegation, organizing meetings "in various configurations large and small" to support the chairs of negotiating groups in their efforts to broker compromise among members. She reiterated her commitment to ensuring adequate representation and transparency in these meetings 'Nothing will be done behind closed doors that people don't know about,' she emphasised. She indicated that she would work closely with the General Council chair and the chairs of the negotiating bodies as well as MC12 chair Kazakhstan to conduct these meetings.
"Emphasising the tight timeframe for members to resolve their outstanding differences, the Director-General said the 'path to July' would involve a large number of intensive meetings aimed at narrowing gaps. 'Week in, week out, this is what we will do now.'"
It is often the case that the U.S., European Union and China release their statements at events like the May 3 TNC session. Reviewing the webpages for the three Members' WTO operations shows a statement only for the EU. See EU Statement at the Trade Negotiations Committee/Heads of Delegation meeting, 3 May 2021, Statement delivered by Ambassador João Aguiar Machado, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/world-trade-organization-wto/97682/eu-statement-trade-negotiations-committeeheads-delegation-meeting-3-may-2021_en.
The EU seeks a number of specific outcomes for the 12th Ministerial Conference and emphasizes the need to keep the agenda limited to permit success. The EU's list starts with the conclusion of the fisheries subsidies agreement negotiations and secondly achieving agreement on trade and health including increasing COVID-19 vaccine production.
"Firstly, on fisheries subsidies; the EU supports the Chair's efforts to move the negotiations forward and the
Director-General's involvement and intent to achieve an outcome already in July. With this in mind, we need to
consider how best to use the short time ahead. These negotiations are a test case of the ability of the WTO to
deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals, in this case SDG 14.6. We are already late, well passed the
deadline that Heads of State and Government instructed us, here at the WTO, to deliver. We have full
confidence that Ambassador Wills will find the best way forward for these negotiations.
"Secondly, on trade and health, we must work towards a Ministerial Declaration that brings together key
elements of the Ottawa Group proposal on Trade & Health (export restrictions, transparency, trade facilitation)
as well as progress on the expansion of production capacities through voluntary licensing and, where necessary,
supporting the use of the available TRIPs flexibilities."
Beyond these two deliverables, the EU looks for an agreed work program for reform of the WTO's three core functions — negotiations, transparency/monitoring, and dispute settlement. Restoring a functioning two-tier dispute settlement system is the top priority in this area followed by improved notification practices.
The EU supports the various Joint Statement Initiatives and intends to propose additional ones on industrial subsidies, state-owned enterprises, and trade and environment topics.
The EU's proposal on agriculture differs in part from the summary of views presented by DG Okonjo-Iweala as addressing export restraints, particularly for World Food Programme purchases is a priority while other issues including public stockholding (and other forms of domestic support) is viewed as more appropriate for a work program outcome from the 12th Ministerial.
Developments in the last week
The WTO held a two day General Council meeting on May 5-6 with the big news being the United States' indication that because of the extraordinary circumstances of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the United States would support the proposed waiver of certain TRIPS obligations on medical goods for the duration of the pandemic, more specifically being willing to enter into text negotiations in the TRIPS Council. See May 6, 2021, COVID-19 vaccines — role of WTO and developments at May 5-6, 2021 General Council meeting on TRIPS Waiver, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/05/06/covid-19-vaccines-role-of-wto-and-developments-at-may-5-6-2021-general-council-on-trips-waiver/.
The major countries within the EU have come out opposing the U.S. change of position on the waiver proposal and have urged the United States to remove export restrictions on vaccines and raw materials and other inputs, See The Hill, EU leaders criticize Biden push to waive COVID-19 vaccine patents: Not a 'magic bullet', May 8, 2021, https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/552459-eu-leaders-criticize-biden-push-to-waive-covid-19-patents-not-a; Euronews, EU leaders urge US to end COVID-19 vaccine export limits amid patents controversy, 8 May 2021, https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/07/european-leaders-urge-u-s-britain-to-match-eu-generosity-on-vaccine-exports. Not surprisingly, the move was also criticized by the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. See, e.g., McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff LLP – JDSupra, BIO & IPO Issue Statements on Biden Administration's Support for Proposed WTO Waiver, May 7, 2021, https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/bio-ipo-issue-statements-on-biden-3271048/.
There have been additional announcements by the WHO on vaccines receiving emergency use authorization (first of two Chinese vaccines was approved on May 7, 2021; a second is pending), additional vaccine producers have reached agreements with COVAX for supplying vaccines once their vaccines are approved by the WHO (Moderna, Novavax), and increased production targets by major COVID-19 producers (e.g., Pfizer raised its target for 2021 to 3 billion doses from 2.5 billion and increased 2022 from 3 billion doses to 4 billion doses; Moderna increases production forecast for 2021 to 800 million to 1 billion and is making investments to increase production in 2022 to 3 billion doses). See, e.g., World Health Organization, WHO lists additional COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations, 7 May 2021, https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations; Gavi, Gavi signs agreement with Moderna to secure doses on behalf of COVAX Facility, 3 May 2021, https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/gavi-signs-agreement-moderna-secure-doses-behalf-covax-facility; Gavi, Gavi signs agreement with Novavax to secure doses on behalf of COVAX Facility, 6 May 2021,https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/gavi-signs-agreement-novavax-secure-doses-behalf-covax-facility; Wall Street Journal, Pfizer Lifts Covid-19 Vaccine Production Targets for 2021, 2022, May 7, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/pfizer-lifts-covid-19-vaccine-production-targets-for-2021-2022-11620425904; Moderna, Moderna Reports First Quarter Fiscal Year 2021 Financial Results and Provides Business Updates, May 6, 2021, https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-reports-first-quarter-fiscal-year-2021-financial-results
What is clear is that the increased attention that will be paid by WTO Members on the waiver proposal within the TRIPS Council will likely suck a lot of oxygen out of the WTO in the coming months for other negotiating issues, many of which remain controversial in their own right. Any text based agreement on a TRIPS waiver is unlikely until close to the 12th Ministerial (and unlikely then if EU opposition remains or the U.S. is unable to achieve acceptable text). Thus, the remaining months before the 12th Ministerial Conference will present some major challenges to the WTO Members in their efforts to come up with achievements to keep the WTO relevant going forward. The U.S. move also creates a division with European allies and appears to have been taken without consultation with those allies ahead of last week's announcement — a departure from the Biden Administration's approach to date.
WTO Fisheries Subsidies Negotiations — a push to complete negotiations by July
Terence P. Stewart	· April 24, 2021 · Fisheries Subsidies negotiations	· 12th Ministerial Conference, Ambassador Santiago Wills (Colombia), WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala	· No Comments
Following a series of "informal" Heads of Delegation meetings over the last two weeks on the fisheries subsidies negotiations, the Chair of Negotiating Group on Rules, Amb. Santiago Wills of Colombia, and the WTO's Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala are pushing WTO Members to conclude the negotiations by July with an anticipated virtual Ministerial meeting in July to hopefully resolve remaining issues. See WTO press release, Ministerial meeting eyed for July as fisheries subsidies negotiations enter final phase, 21 April 2021, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/fish_21apr21_e.htm; Speeches — DG Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Negotiating Group on Rules — fisheries subsidies: Informal open-ended meeting at heads of delegation level, 21 April 2021, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spno_e/spno8_e.htm; Negotiations on Fisheries Subsidies, Summary of statement of Ambassador Santiago Wills of Colombia, Negotiating Group on Rules chair, at meeting on fisheries subsidies, 21 April 2021, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/fish_21apr21a_e.htm.
The Fisheries Subsidies negotiations have dragged on for twenty years and typify the breakdown in the WTO's negotiating function. The Director-General and many commentators have emphasized the critical need to conclude a fisheries subsidies agreement to show the WTO can still perform and address important trade issues. Stopping the overfishing that is threatening the sustainability of fishing around the globe is also an important UN Sustainable Development Goal (14.6).
The challenge for the WTO Members is actually achieving a meaningful agreement. While there is "progress" identified by the Chair's summary statement on April 21st, his description of open issues in just three areas suggests the talks remain mired in division among those wanting meaningful reform and those seeking to largely escape modification to existing practices. The summary of Amb. WIlls statement is copied below.
"As you know, at the start of last week's meetings at the level of heads of delegations, Dr Ngozi had called on members to engage intensively with a view to close the fisheries subsidies negotiations by July. I found the week-long meetings, which amounted to nine sessions totalling 27 hours, to be constructive overall. At this high level of discussions, we saw flexibility and genuine attempts to compromise. And as we enter the final phase of the negotiations, we will need members' political will to make tough calls, first at the heads of delegation level here in Geneva, and then at a Ministerial engagement which we envisage for some point before the summer break, in virtual format.
"Turning first to the meetings that we held last week: I organized the discussions at the level of heads of delegations on three key issues where we seem to have exhausted the technical discussions and needed higher-level attention to make progress on finding convergence. These issues were:
"- A possible exemption for subsidies to subsistence, artisanal, or small-scale fishing;
"- Due process requirements for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing determinations; and
"- The approach to the overcapacity and overfishing prohibition.
"In many ways, the approach to the overcapacity and overfishing disciplines — the third issue I mentioned — is at the heart of our negotiations. I think last week's discussions brought us a step closer to reaching convergence on this pillar.
"Let me be more specific. The discussions on overfishing and overcapacity focused on the structure that is now found in the draft consolidated document, what we call the 'hybrid' approach. In doing so, views were exchanged on the list of subsidies that would be presumptively prohibited under this pillar.
"In addition, members discussed a paragraph that provides for a sustainability-based flexibility, so a member may grant or maintain subsidies under the overfishing pillar if it demonstrates implementation of measures for the sustainability of fish stocks. Some members suggested notification procedures to deal with this required demonstration. There were additional suggestions to make this article more acceptable such as limiting this provision to a geographical area, for a particular period and/or designing a technical assistance and capacity building mechanism to help developing members build enough data to apply the sustainability standards proposed in the draft text.
"Delegations' views on how to advance our textual work on this key element of the disciplines still differ in certain respects. However, some members showed flexibility to consider outcomes they could live with, not necessarily the one they prefer. Most importantly, I am very happy that instead of only pointing to perceived shortfalls in the current text or in the views of other members, some constructive suggestions for bridging the gaps were made.
"As for discussions on a possible exemption for subsidies to subsistence, artisanal, or small-scale fishing: I detected a genuine step forward in the willingness of some members to consider a formulation different to that of their own preference. However, there are still some difficult and interlinked issues under the topic of subsistence, artisanal or small-scale fishing; and all of them have to be weighed carefully as we further explore possibilities for an outcome on this issue that could be agreed by members.
"On due process requirements for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing determinations: My own take-away from these exchanges was that members seem to have common concerns but with different views on how we approach them, and in fact ultimately there were some new suggestions made in the room that attracted a certain amount of interest. So that was a positive dynamic.
"In addition, an April 8 meeting on the prohibition of subsidies to overfished stocks made it clear that we will all need to reflect more on how to coherently address the issue of overfished stocks in the overall context of the disciplines.
"Turning now to the process going forward: I have briefed Dr Ngozi on the outcome of last week's cluster and we have been brainstorming on next steps to achieve a conclusion of the fisheries subsidies negotiations by July.
"For one, reaching an outcome this summer means that we will need higher-level, capital-based decision-making soon. In particular, we envisage Ministerial engagement at some point before the summer break, which starts three months from now. Dr Ngozi, in her statement to members this morning, elaborated that this means that we will be asking Ministers to meet virtually in July with a focus on fisheries subsidies and possibly one or two other topics. The aim of that meeting will be for Ministers to review a very advanced, hopefully final, text.
"It will be important, in the near future, to capture in a new, or revised text the progress that we have made since our current text was issued (that we should recall was December last year), and aiming at possible middle-ground points on outstanding issues. I have been hearing this call from many members. This next text will be important, as it will cover five months of our work and as it will form the basis of our work toward the cleaner text for Ministers to consider.
"I also plan to engage with heads of delegations in various configurations and groupings soon and non-stop until the finish line.
"Dr Ngozi told members that final hurdles now need to be dealt with at the political level, including by heads of delegations in Geneva. 'Our job is to protect the fish and to protect the many millions of fisher men and women who directly depend on the fish,' she said.
"I could not agree more that time is running out and we must make our work count and make concrete progress."
During the first twenty-five years of the WTO's existence, a lesson repeatedly learned is that bringing ministers together prematurely does not advance resolution of negotiations. Amb. Wills statement and the statement of the Director-General understand the need to get to a near final text with a minimum of brackets before the virtual meeting of Ministers. The understood risk is that the snail's pace of progress in the negotiations will leave ministers with too many issues to resolve. While DG Okonjo-Iweala is doing outreach to ministers and hearing support for concluding the talks, the limited progress in Geneva to date suggests major challenges in the coming months. Should there be a failure to make sufficient progress, it would be better to postpone the virtual meeting. The Director-General's statement is copied below.
"Thank you, Santiago, and good morning excellencies and colleagues. That was a very informative report and I am glad to hear that there was constructive engagement by all of you Heads of Delegation at last week's meetings. I had promised last week that you would see me again soon, and now that you have finished your cluster of meetings, I thought it would be a good idea to join you today and share some further reflections on how I see this process unfolding over the next months. For now, I would like to emphasize three key points.
"1. First, when Santiago says "Ministerial engagement" this means that we will be asking Ministers to meet virtually in July with a focus on fisheries subsidies and possibly one or two other topics. The aim of that meeting will be for Ministers to review a very advanced, hopefully final, text.
'2. This brings me to my second point, the text. We have to present to Ministers a text that is complete and clean enough for them to constructively engage and take decisions. Thus, options and brackets will need to be very few. We must have closure in July.
"That means that our work here in Geneva over the next three months is truly critical. While clusters of meetings have served their purpose at the technical level, now we really need to pick up the pace, and engage in text-based negotiations that get us to compromise landing zones on all of the outstanding issues. To achieve this result, consultations will be convened frequently and in whatever configuration is necessary depending on the topic. I have told Santiago that I've rolled up my sleeves and I am ready to work any time whenever he thinks he needs my involvement. So I will be joining some of these meetings and possibly convening some of my own. The aim of such meetings and consultations will be to deepen the clarity on key issues and views, as we continue to work through issues and seek to identify possible landing zones. Please be assured that the principles of transparency and inclusiveness will be respected, and that no decisions will be taken behind closed doors, as Santiago has said, and I want to repeat it again because this is how we'll build that trust that we need to get us through the finish line. While no delegation would be invited to every meeting, all voices will be consulted and heard, and Santiago will continue to report on all of these activities. My message here is that to succeed, we must all remain flexible, and continue to support the Chair as he guides the work toward an outcome. I also want to use this opportunity to thank Clarisse and the team from the Secretariat for their continued and able support to the Chair. We must also prioritize these negotiations over these few months, including late nights and weekends if needed. As you know, this is what it usually takes in the final stage of negotiations and I'm really strongly appealing that we prepare to roll up our sleeves to get there.
"3. And that brings me to my final point — your engagement as heads of delegations. It's really time for you to take the reins. Last week showed that you are ready to take the lead in the negotiations. Your delegates have been working hard on these negotiations for many years, and collectively have brought us to this final phase. This is really a major achievement that needs to be recognized and we are very very grateful and thankful to your delegates for the way that they have brought us so far. It is, however, only natural that the final hurdles now need to be dealt with at the political level, and that's by you. Therefore, all Heads of Delegation — I can't say it often enough — should be ready to roll up your sleeves to work. If your delegates have not yet fully briefed you on all of the issues, please make sure that they do so. I can tell you that Santiago and I meet constantly to see how we can advance this. And please also maintain contact with your capitals to continually refresh your instructions as we move toward what all Members can live with. So many Ministers that I have talked with, literally two or three ministers practically every week either in person physically with proper social distancing or by Zoom, and all of them are really keen. I noticed a new spirit and I'm really happy they are keen to get this done. Yesterday, I was with the Trade Minister of Spain and we spent a lot of time on fisheries and I think it was a very good conversation. So that's why I want to say reiterating well-known positions in lengthy statements will not serve. Please just leave your scripts outside the room and come in with open ears to listen to each other and then to exchange concrete ideas about how you could bridge your differences. This is the only way we can have an outcome by July.
"So those are the three specific points I wanted to make. Before I hand the floor back to Santiago, I would like to emphasize one more thing. Wherever I go and whoever I interact with, I recall the preamble to the WTO Agreement, and the mandate of these negotiations. People, jobs, sustainability, livelihoods — these are the words that jump out at me from the preamble every time. To me, our job is to protect the fish and to protect the many millions of fisher men and women who directly depend on the fish. These two are not mutually exclusive — protecting one does not necessarily compete with protecting the other. In fact, fishing sustainably makes socio-economic sense. If there are no more fish in the sea, then the source of food security and livelihood, that was so talked about in the Marrakesh preamble, of those who depend on the fish also will be gone. I say all of this to remind us, as we engage over these next few months, of why we are here, doing this particular work. If we present to Ministers a text that meets that overall objective, then we will have done our job. On the other hand, if the focus over the next few months is to find ways to exclude ourselves from these responsibilities, then we will not be able to deliver on our mandate. And that is not really an option. Ladies and gentlemen, it is not.
"With that, I would like to thank Santiago for inviting me to join you today. I would like to thank you and your delegates for the wonderful work that you are doing and for listening. I remain committed to reaching a meaningful outcome soon and I am sure that if we all put in the hard work needed, we will get there in July. I really want to end on this optimistic note. I believe we can do it. I just see light at the end of this tunnel. So let's just push a little bit more. Thank you.
"I will leave you now and come back to you, and I wish you continued progress in the coming days. We'll talk soon."
Extraordinary lack of transparency for the public in the fisheries negotiations
In prior posts I have reviewed progress in the fisheries negotiations and the extraordinary lack of transparency in terms of proposals from parties and in the draft text and various revisions. See, e.g., December 16, 2020, The fisheries subsidies negotiations – U.S. comments from December 2 meeting add clarity to the inability to achieve an agreement and the lack of "like-mindedness" among Members, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2020/12/16/the-fisheries-subsidies-negotiations-u-s-comments-from-december-2-meeting-add-clarity-to-the-inability-to-achieve-an-agreement-and-the-lack-of-like-mindedness-among-members/; December 15, 2020, The fisheries subsidies negotiations – failure by WTO Members to deliver an agreement by the end of 2020, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2020/12/15/the-fisheries-subsidies-negotiations-failure-by-wto-members-to-deliver-an-agreement-by-the-end-of-2020/; November 5, 2020, Revision to draft fisheries subsidies text presented by Chair of the Negotiating Group on Rules at November 2 informal open-ended meeting, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2020/11/05/revision-to-draft-fisheries-subsidies-text-presented-by-chair-of-the-negotiating-group-on-rules-at-november-2-informal-open-ended-meeting/; June 29, 2020, Update on fisheries subsidies draft consolidated text from June 25, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2020/06/29/update-on-fisheries-subsidies-draft-consolidated-text-from-june-25/; June 27, 2020, Chair of Rules Negotiating Group releases draft consolidated fisheries subsidies text at informal meeting on June 25, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2020/06/27/chair-of-rules-negotiating-group-releases-draft-consolidated-fisheries-subsidies-text-at-informal-meeting-on-june-25/. While the draft texts have been circulated as room documents (and hence not released publicly), to date the drafts have been leaked by various sources, so over time one can find the draft texts if one spends the effort. However, my analysis of the retreat from transparency is troubling and is being replicated in many other areas at the WTO. Here is what I wrote in June 2020 in the June 27 post relevant to the lack of transparency:
"However, with the restrictions on travel in many parts of the world and with restrictions on in-person meetings at the WTO beginning in March of this year because of the efforts to limit the spread of COVID-19, there has been a lack of forward movement on the fisheries subsidies negotiations. Specifically, the 12th WTO Ministerial was postponed from June 2020 to an unspecified time in 2021, and WTO Members could not agree to conduct negotiations without face-to-face meetings. While this inability to negotiate affected all areas of WTO work and negotiations, it called into question whether the WTO Members would be able to deliver the one aspect of the UN Sustainable Development Goals that was in the WTO's area of competence and expertise.
"Now that face-to-face meetings can occur at the WTO and as Members are gaining experience with virtual meetings, the Chair of the Negotiating Group on Rules (fisheries subsidies), Amb. Santiago Wills of Colombia, held an informal meeting of the heads of delegations and presented both a draft consolidated text and provided extensive introductory remarks. While there is a short press release from the WTO on the meeting, the two documents shared with Members are not publicly available as they were labeled as room documents, despite similar statements and draft text having routinely been released publicly both in the fisheries subsidies negotiations previously but also generally in all multilateral negotiations at the WTO over the last 25 years The press release is titled "Fisheries subsidies negotiations chair introduces draft consolidated text to WTO members," is dated June 25 (date of the meeting) and can be found here, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/fish_25jun20_e.htm. The draft consolidated text is apparently six pages in length and is in a document coded RD/TN/RL126. The lengthy introductory remarks by the Chair are supposedly twelve pages in length and are in a document coded RD/TN/RL/126/Add.1 (Chair's Introductory Remarks at HoD Meeting on June 25, 2020). The listing of some of the room documents in the Rules negotiating area that include the two documents from June 25, 2020 is embedded below.
RD-TN-RL-docs-part-1
"It is obviously excellent news that a new draft consolidated text has been finally circulated to Members and that the Chair is attempting to see if Members can fulfill the objective of reaching a meaningful agreement on fisheries subsidies by the end of 2020. One meeting is scheduled for July 21 (10 a.m., open-ended Negotiating Group on Rules (Fisheries Subsidies). Presumably other meetings will be scheduled for the remainder of the year. While the WTO is typically in recess during August, Members may decide to have some meetings at least on the topic of selecting a new Director-General and arguably could decide to pursue fisheries subsidies as well in August. If not, I would expect a fairly aggressive program of meetings on fisheries subsidies in the fall and into December to achieve an agreement if possible.
"The lack of public access to the draft text and the introductory remarks obviously limits the ability of many stakeholders to understand the level of ambition and the areas of concern that remain in the text. To show the departure from what I would describe as normal WTO procedures, I embed below three documents. The first two are parts of TN/RL/W/232 (the cover letter entitled "Working Document from the Chairman") and Annex C dealing with Fisheries Subsidies (the Chair's draft text, along with comments from Members). The third is JOB/RL/6 from 1 December 2016 (WTO document is dated 6 December) and is entitled "CHAIR'S REPORT TO THE INFORMAL MEETING OF HEADS OF DELEGATIONS ON THE RULES NEGOTIATIONS". Obviously, the draft consolidated text in RD/TN/RL/126 is not substantively different in type of document than the chair's draft text in TN/RL/W/232 (Annex C). Similarly, the introductory remarks to the HoD meeting on June 25 contained in RD/TN/RL/126/Add.1 would appear to be the same type of information as was contained in JOB/RL/6. The retreat from transparency is worrisome to members of the public and should be to WTO Members."
There have been 192 documents submitted as room documents in the fisheries subsidies negotiations (the vast majority since 2019) under the RD/TN/RL/ series that deal with draft text, proposals by Members, background information, etc. There are other series designed to largely hide the workings of the WTO, such as JOB documents. JOB/RL/ has only 12 documents shown of which 10 are not available publicly. By contrast to the large volume of room documents in the fisheries negotiations, there are only 16 documents in the TN/RL series (all are publicly available) since the beginning of 2019 (proposals, minutes, etc.) as the negotiations have largely gone dark to the public.
This is a sharp departure from negotiations during the Doha Development Agenda where draft texts and most proposals were public when distributed to Members (Dispute Settlement was an outlier where the Chairman late in the process started to make text public).
The WTO Members and the Secretariat need a much more uniform approach to transparency, but there is little indication that Members care or that the Secretariat puts any focus on uniformity of approach. The WTO needs to restart releasing proposals and draft texts to the public. The current approach is unacceptable and should be opposed by those with an interest in the operation of the WTO.
While WTO Members profess to understand the critical need to achieve an agreement on fisheries subsidies this year, progress is painfully slow and the level of ambition unclear despite 20 years of effort. The push for a breakthrough by July is in keeping with what Members have suggested is needed and the WTO's Director-General's desire for deliverables by the 12th Ministerial Conference being held in late November 2021 in Geneva. The WTO has no track record of achieving breakthroughs in negotiations through virtual meetings (and last year had push back from some Members who did not want to conduct any negotiations that way). Moreover, the WTO has a long history of scheduling Ministerials to close negotiations when there has not been sufficient progress to reduce open issues to a manageable number. Both DG Okonjo-Iweala and Ambassador Wills understand the need to get the text close before the proposed virtual Ministerial. Time will tell whether the Members will come together and produce a meaningful agreement or simply continue to talk past each other.
WTO's April 14th virtual meeting to review COVID-19 vaccine availability
Terence P. Stewart	· April 18, 2021 · COVID-19 vaccinations	· Brazil, China, COVAX, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union, GAVI, India, International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations, Japan, Republic of Korea, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala	· No Comments
WTO's Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala had indicated when she took office that she would be gathering industry, multilateral groups, and some governments to look at how vaccine production could be expanded and the role the WTO could play in that effort. At the same time, with the proposal from India and South Africa for waiver from most TRIPS obligations on medical products relevant to addressing the COVID-19 pandemic still under consideration in the TRIPS Council, with opposition from a number of important Members, DG Okonjo-Iweala has been seeking an approach that in fact expands production in developing and least developed countries and greater distribution to low- and middle-income countries. without needing an all or nothing resolution to the proposed waiver.
I have previously reviewed the issue of vaccine availability and prior DG Okonjo-Iweala statements in a number of posts. See, e.g., April 13, 2021, April 15, 2021 — U.S and Gavi co-host event for additional funding for COVAX amid concerns about two workhorse vaccines for COVAX, ttps://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/04/13/april-15-2021-u-s-and-gavi-co-host-event-for-additional-funding-for-covax-amid-concerns-about-two-workhorse-vaccines-for-covax/; April 8, 2021, COVAX delivers COVID-19 vaccines to 100th country; India surge in infections likely to reduce product availability for COVAX through May and likely longer, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/04/08/covax-delivers-covid-19-vaccines-to-100th-country-india-surge-in-infections-likely-to-reduce-product-availability-for-covax-through-may-and-likely-longer/; April 2, 2021, Global vaccinations against COVID-19; developments and challenges in the roll-out for many countries, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/04/02/global-vaccinations-against-covid-19-developments-and-challenges-in-the-roll-out-for-many-countries/; March 25, 2021, Global vaccinations for COVID-19 — continued supply chain and production issues and a new wave of infections in many countries delay greater ramp up for some until late in the second quarter of 2021, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/25/global-vaccinations-for-covid-19-continued-supply-chain-and-production-issues-and-a-new-wave-of-infections-in-many-countries-delay-greater-ramp-up-for-some-until-late-in-the-second-quarter-of-2021/; March 12, 2021, COVID-19 vaccines – U.S., Japan, India and Australia agree to one billion doses for Indo-Pacific countries, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/12/covid-19-vaccines-u-s-japan-india-and-australia-agree-to-one-billion-doses-for-indo-pacific-countries/; March 12, 2021, The 8-9 March "Global C19 Vaccine Supply Chain and Manufacturing Summit" – efforts to ramp-up production, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/12/the-8-9-march-global-c19-vaccine-supply-chain-and-manufacturing-summit-efforts-to-ramp-up-production/; March 5, 2021, COVID-19 vaccines — France supports Italy's blockage of a shipment to Australia; while Australia has asked the EU to permit the shipment, Australia will have its own production of AstraZeneca product by the end of March, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/05/covid-19-vaccines-france-supports-italys-blockage-of-a-shipment-to-australia-while-australia-has-asked-the-eu-to-permit-the-shipment-australia-will-have-its-own-production-of-astrazeneca-produc/; March 4, 2021, Italy blocks exports of COVID-19 vaccines to Australia, first blockage of export authorization by the EU or its member states, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/04/italy-blocks-exports-of-covid-19-vaccines-to-australia-first-blockage-of-export-authorization-by-the-eu-or-its-member-states/; March 4, 2021, The EU's response to challenges to its actions on COVID-19 vaccine exports, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/04/the-eus-response-to-challenges-to-its-actions-on-covid-19-vaccine-exports/; March 3, 2021, WTO Director-General opinion piece in the Financial Times and recent actions by the U.S., https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/03/wto-director-general-opinion-piece-in-the-financial-times-and-recent-actions-by-the-u-s/; March 1, 2021, WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala's opening statement at the March 1 General Council meeting, https://currentthoughtsontrade.com/2021/03/01/wto-director-general-ngozi-okonjo-iwealas-opening-statement-at-the-march-1-general-council-meeting/.
"COVID-19 and Vaccine Equity: What Can the WTO Contribute?"
While the virtual meeting convened by DG Okonjo-Iweala was conducted under Chatham House rules, a number of participants made their prepared comments public and there was some press coverage.
DG Okonjo-Iweala provided a wrap-up at the end of the session which was posted on the WTO website. See WTO news, DG Okonjo-Iweala calls for follow-up action after WTO vaccine equity event, April 14, 2021, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/dgno_14apr21_e.htm ("Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala today (14 April) called on WTO members, vaccine manufacturers and international organizations to act to address trade-related obstacles to the scale-up of COVID-19 vaccine production to save lives, hasten the end of the pandemic and accelerate the global economic recovery."). DG Okonjo-Iweala's summary comments are copied below. See WTO speeches, Chair Summary following "COVID-19 and Vaccine Equity: What Can the WTO Contribute?", April 14, 2021, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spno_e/spno7_e.htm.
"One thing that came out of today's discussions is that it was only through working together across borders that scientists developed safe and effective vaccines in record time. And it is only by working together, across borders, that we'll be able to solve the problems [of vaccine scarcity and equitable access] discussed today. This is a problem of the global commons, and we have to solve it together.
"Our purpose today was to contribute to efforts to increase vaccine production and broaden access, starting with the immediate term.
"Specifically we had three goals:
"The first was to pinpoint the obstacles, particularly the trade-related obstacles, to ramping up production, and to equitably distributing and administering vaccines — and we looked at how the WTO could contribute to these solutions.
"The second was to bring together people who are able to increase and to scale up manufacturing, people in a position to share technology and knowhow, and people willing to finance additional manufacturing capacity.
"And third, to think about the road ahead, including on the TRIPS waiver and incentives for research and development, so that we get the medical technologies we need, and no country is left at the back of the line waiting. If there is one refrain we heard continuously from everyone today it is that no one is safe until everyone is safe.
"We heard first-hand from governments and vaccine manufacturers from developed, developing, and least developed countries, as well as a wide range of other stakeholders from international organizations, civil society and development finance institutions.
"And we heard good news: that supplies are ramping up and companies are learning by doing, that there have been major gains in productivity, and that there is still capacity. We also heard that there is a willingness to finance investment in vaccine manufacturing both in the short- and long-term, and there are ideas and energy to do things differently.
"However, we heard from many that we need to do more. It hasn't really been business as usual, so we may need to move on to 'business unusual' to solve the problems before us.
"In the discussions today we heard a great deal of agreement. We agree that it's not acceptable for people and countries to have to wait indefinitely for vaccines. We do not want to repeat experiences of the past.
"We heard a consensus on the urgent need to scale up production and vaccinate everyone, because every day the shortage continues, scope for dangerous new variants will increase, and the number of prevent preventable deaths will grow. The economic impact of these delays can and has been quantified by many institutions, including the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO.
"It was agreed that production capacity needs to be expanded, particularly in developing and least developed countries and emerging markets. And that vaccine distribution needs to be more effective and more equitable.
"We heard that open cross-border trade in raw materials, and other inputs, was essential for maintaining and scaling up production, and that supply chains in these inputs must be maintained.
"Also widely shared was the view that innovation, research and development will be vital for dealing with COVID-19 variants and in other health crises.
"We had useful exchanges on issues where some perspectives were different, such as on the future shape of vaccine supply chains, on the appropriate role for intellectual property protections, on issues of vaccine contract transparency — which was pointed to by many as an important factor in appropriate pricing and distribution and a critical part of access and equity.
"Concerns expressed by some about cross-border supply chain operations, including export restrictions and shortages of skilled personnel reinforced my view, and hopefully that of members, that the WTO must and can play a central part in the response to this crisis.
"Various perspectives about the TRIPS Agreement, and whether the existing flexibilities are enough to address developing country needs were put on the table. These echoed the discussions on the waiver proposal going on in the TRIPS Council, and I want to reiterate that today is a way of contributing to that discussion.
"I agree with the view that the WTO is a logical forum for finding a way forward on these issues, and I hope that the ideas raised here will contribute to convergence in the TRIPS Council on meaningful results that can contribute to the goals that we have.
"I hope that the discussion today, listening to each other, seeing that we all share a common goal, and that we may not be so far apart, will lead to the willingness to come to the middle, and work out something that will be acceptable to all.
"Participants were generally of the view that ramping up vaccine manufacturing capacity is a complex process. It requires large, long-term investment and sustainable business models. It relies on open international supply lines for ingredients and equipment. We heard how shortages of even a single piece of equipment, filters, can halt operations at a production facility. Vaccine manufacturing necessitates collaboration, and the movement of skilled labour, to facilitate transfer of technology and knowhow.
"Safety is a paramount consideration, and quality is the other part of safety. This demands effective regulatory capacity and stringent compliance, down to the factory floor. Indeed we heard this is a big risk companies factor in when making decisions as to where to produce, and how to produce. I hope that they've heard sufficient encouragement today, to enable us to move towards leveraging the existing capacities in emerging markets and developing countries mentioned repeatedly today, which could actually help to take care of the shortages talked about.
"Turning capacity around to produce COVID-19 vaccines is not only about the physical space alone. We heard repeatedly that it requires transfer of technology and knowhow, together with investment and support for quality assurance.
"We also learned about how existing licensing arrangements have operated — including an example of how skills transfer was carried out in a few as six months. We also heard calls for support to build human capital, and to help build regulatory cooperation.
"Some participants suggested more active matchmaking to connect companies that have the investment capacity with those that have potential for expanding production capacity, even in the short term.
"We also heard about ongoing efforts to build new manufacturing capacity, and the lessons that can be learned from that.
"We also began to see the aspects of the collaboration we need to make things happen. We had many international organizations show they are willing to work together to bring to fruition things like putting in place technical expertise, helping with capacity building and quality control, and investing directly in production.
"I believe that today's exchanges have advanced our understanding of the challenges we face for scaling up vaccine production, and that working together is the only way ahead.
"In the coming weeks and months, we expect concrete follow-up action. These issues are not easy, but the political will and engagement from the private sector displayed today, suggests it is possible.
"As we move forward, I expect:
"- From WTO members:
"- Action to further reduce export restrictions and supply chain barriers, and to work with other organizations to facilitate logistics and customs procedures. We are monitoring this as part of our regular work, and we'll continue doing so to increase supplies and maintain robust supply chains. Trade has been underlined as a critical factor in production; it is incumbent upon WTO members to act.
'- Advance negotiations in the TRIPS Council on the waiver proposal and incentives for research and innovation. I hope that the ideas and the open dialogue heard will move us closer to agreement.
'- For vaccine manufacturers:
'- Concrete moves to scale up vaccine manufacturing, both short-term turnaround of existing capacities, milking whatever productivity gains we can from current facilities, and taking steps to invest.
"- Increased technology and knowhow transfer, which many participants stressed would be necessary to make additional production work.
"- We need transparency in contract agreements and product pricing. We hope to continue this dialogue and to help monitoring steps in that direction.
"- For international organisations and financial institutions:
"- We noted your willingness to finance, both existing and new capacity, your willingness to work on capacity building for regulatory issues, not just for vaccines, but also for therapeutics and diagnostics, which are equally important.
"I trust that we have found a good basis to deliver concrete action, and to continue this discussion that we've had today.
"This should not be a one-off, we should continue to talk to each other, and make sure that we can deliver.
"I hope that besides concrete action to increase capacity, this discussion has given us elements of a framework on trade and health that we can put together at the WTO, and that can be put before ministers at the 12th Ministerial Conference in mid-December. Such a framework should provide for trade-related preparedness to handle this pandemic, and the next one."
Press accounts indicate that the United States, European Union, India and South Africa participated. Statements from USTR Katherine Tai and Executive Vice President Dombrovskis are available from government websites. See USTR press release, Ambassador Katherine Tai's remarks at a WTO virtual conference on Covid-19 vaccine equity, April 14, 2021, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2021/april/ambassador-katherine-tais-remarks-wto-virtual-conference-covid-19-vaccine-equity; European Commission press release, Speech by Executive Vice-President Valdis Dombrovskis at the WTO Webinar "Covid and Vaccine Equity," 14 April 2021, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2019-2024/dombrovskis/announcements/speech-executive-vice-president-valdis-dombrovskis-wto-webinar-covid-and-vaccine-equity_en.
The Biden Administration has been meeting with various interest groups on the TRIPS wavier proposal (both pro and con) and is receiving pressure from some Members of Congress and prior government officials to agree to a waiver. Ambassador Tai's statement stresses the need for equity in vaccine availability. "These losses have been disproportionately borne by vulnerable and economically disadvantaged communities within our countries. And the significant inequities we are seeing in access to vaccines between developed and developing countries are completely unacceptable. Extraordinary times require extraordinary leadership, communication, and creativity. Extraordinary crises challenge all of us to break out of our comfortable molds, our in-the-box thinking, our instinctive habits. This is not just a challenge for governments. This challenge applies equally to the industry responsible for developing and manufacturing the vaccines. The desperate needs that our people face in the current pandemic provide these companies with an opportunity to be the heroes they claim to be – and can be. As governments and leaders of international institutions, the highest standards of courage and sacrifice are demanded of us in times of crisis. The same needs to be demanded of industry."
The EU statement is consistent with their views that equity is necessary and that the EU has been working to contribute to that result through production ramp up and large exports in fact, including to the COVAX facility. The EU summed up what the WTO should be doing. "To sum up, the WTO can support vaccine equity through five sets of actions:
Promoting best practices in terms of trade facilitation and regulatory cooperation to maintain open supply chains; Facilitating cooperation with the private sector, both to ramp up production in the short term, and to enhance manufacturing in global regions with under-capacity, focusing in particular on Africa; Supporting Members' use of the available TRIPs flexibilities; Continuing to seek joint approaches with the World Health Organisation and the World
Intellectual Property Organisation; and Ensuring transparency and effective monitoring of any temporary export restriction, as proposed by the Ottawa Group."
I have not found statements from either India or South Africa but at least one publication indicated they stressed the need for a TRIPS waiver for all Members. See Washington Trade Daily, WTO's Role in Vaccine Equity, April 15, 2021, https://files.constantcontact.com/ef5f8ffe501/63ac7508-8034-44b3-8c3c-045c1bedec43.pdf.
The World Health Organization also participated and the Director-General's statement is available from the WHO website. See WHO press release, COVID-19 and vaccine equity panel: what can the World Trade Organization contribute?, 14 April 2021, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/covid-19-and-vaccine-equity-panel-what-can-the-world-trade-organization-contribute ("COVAX was created, as you know, almost a year ago to avoid the same thing happening again. And although COVAX has distributed almost 40 million doses of vaccine to 110 countries and economies, vaccine nationalism, vaccine diplomacy and severe supply constraints have so far prevented COVAX from realizing its full potential. Global manufacturing capacity and supply chains have not been sufficient to deliver vaccines quickly and equitably where they are needed most. More funding is needed, but that's only part of the solution. Money doesn't help if there are no vaccines to buy. We need to dramatically scale up the number of vaccines being produced. To address this challenge, WHO and our partners have established a COVAX manufacturing task force, to increase supply in the short term, but also to build a platform for sustainable vaccine manufacturing to support regional health security. We need to go beyond the traditional modus operandi to provide sustainable and effective solutions to address this extraordinary crisis. Some manufacturers have begun sharing the know-how and technologies to produce more vaccines, but only under restrictive conditions, on a very limited basis. The current company-controlled production sharing agreements are not coming close to meeting the overwhelming public health and socio-economic needs for effective, affordable and equitable access to vaccines, as well as therapeutics and other critical health technologies. This is an unprecedented emergency that demands unprecedented measures.").
One of the private sector participants, the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) included its statement on the IFPMA website. See IFPMA, IFPMA statement at WTO event "COVID-19 and Vaccine Equity: What can the WTO Contribute", 14 April 2021, https://www.ifpma.org/resource-centre/ifpma-statement-at-wto-event-covid-19-and-vaccine-equity-what-can-the-wto-contribute/. The IFPMA statement is embedded below but highlights the extraordinary effort of the private sector in ramping up production which is expected to be 10 billion doses by the end of 2021 with some 272 partnerships entered into and 200 technology transfer agreements.
IFPMA_WTO_Event_COVID-19_and_Vaccine_Equity_Statement_15April2021
Rising Infections; dramatically ramped up production
Last Thursday's summary from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) shows the world going through a massive ramp up of new infections such that week 14 of 2021 is the second highest week during the pandemic of new infections with the vast majority of the cases and increase in Asia, the Americas and Europe. See ECDC, COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of week 14, updated 15April 2021, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases.
"Distribution of COVID-19 cases worldwide, as of week 14 2021
"Distribution of cases of COVID-19 by continent (according to the applied case definition and testing strategies in the affected countries)
"Cases reported in accordance with the applied case definition and testing strategies in the affected countries."
The ECDC data show Africa as accounting for 3.18% of total infections during the pandemic, Asia accounting for 19.50% (India is 9.91%; China is 0.07%), the Americas for 43.18% (United States 22.91% and Brazil 9.90%), Europe 34.08% (the Eu is 20.79%, the UK is 3.20%, Russia is 3.4%), and Oceania 0.05%.
At the same time as new infections are ramping up, vaccinations are also increasing sharply. Bloomberg data through April 17, 2021 shows a global total of 884 million vaccinations having been given globally. See Bloomberg, More Than 884 Million Shots Given: Covid-19 Tracker, updated April 17, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/.
While there are countries who have fewer or more vaccinations as a percent of the global total than their share of infections, considering distribution equity from that vantage point has some surprising results.
Country Percent of infections Percent of vaccinations
United States 22.91% 23.16%
European Union 20.79% 12.36%
United Kingdom 3.20% 4.76%
Japan 0.37% 0.21%
Republic of Korea 0.08% 0.17%
India 9.91% 13.85%
China 0.07% 21.18%
South Africa 1.14% 0.33%
Brazil 9.90% 3.92%
The pharmaceutical industry is projecting that 10 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine will ship in 2021. That means that in the next eight and a half months, some nine billion doses will ship. If 10 billion doses are shipped in 2021, that is sufficient to fully vaccinate 5-6 billion people in 2021 (depending on number of doses that are for single shot vaccines). That is sufficient doses to vaccinate 63.3-75.9% of the current estimate of the global population (7.9 billion). See Worldometer, Current World Population, https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20world%20population%20is,currently%20living)%20of%20the%20world./ With the continued efforts to expand production and approve additional vaccines, 10 billion doses may be exceeded in fact by the end of the year.
This suggests, just as the COVAX and UNICEF distribution plans indicate, that low- and middle-income countries will see a large increase in supplies in the second half of 2021, just as will be true for the rest of the world.
The U.S.-Gavi event on April 15 talked about increasing funding for COVAX to go from 20% to 30% of populations the COVAX facility is serving. See U.S. Department of State, Video Remarks of Secretary of State Antony Blinken, Launch of GAVI's COVAX Commitment, April 15, 2021, https://www.state.gov/launch-of-gavis-covax-commitment/. Moreover, the World Bank is committing billions to increases purchases of vaccines for low- and middle-income countries. And many countries are executing their own contracts with vaccine producers.
If there are issues besides assistance in resolving bottlenecks that would appear to be important to speeding up distribution and ensuring access by all, it would be to ensure that all countries with vaccine supplies greater than their internal needs, work to get those vaccines distributed to other countries later this year as their internal needs clarify.
Moreover, there are very exciting developments on the vaccine front with the start up of trials in a number of developing countries of a new vaccine where the potential exists for low costs with a vaccine that can be produced locally by many countries based on technology similar to what is already used for other vaccines. See New York Times, Researchers Are Hatching a Low-Cost Coronavirus Vaccine, A new formulation entering clinical trials in Brazil, Mexico, Thailand and Vietnam could change how the world fights the pandemic, April 5, 2021, updated April 17, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/health/hexapro-mclellan-vaccine.html.
All to say, there is considerable reason for optimism with the current efforts and progress. Efforts by governments, multilateral institutions, industry and others are helping identify challenges both to production and distribution but also to the needs for a speedy recovery once the pandemic is brought under control. While everyone needs to continue to focus on resolving bottlenecks, securing cooperation to ensure all are reached, and addressing developments as they arise, 2021 is not a repeat of the HIV situation.
The WTO has an important role in monitoring trade restrictions and looking forward to what actions Members are willing to take to advance trade and health needs and help ensure a next pandemic is handled more quickly than the COVID-19 has been. The effort to obtain a waiver from TRIPS obligations is, in this writer's view, missing where the challenges are and seeking an outcome that will not advance improved vaccinations in 2021. While it is common for countries to continue to fight yesterday's problems instead of addressing the current challenges, such an approach will not secure equitable and affordable access to vaccines in 2021-2022.


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Home | » | Mlb | » | Updated On 06/14/2017 | » | MLB Odds: First-Place Brewers Visit St. Louis
The National League Central division wasn't supposed to be in play this year. But with the Chicago Cubs experiencing a World Series hangover, it's the Milwaukee Brewers who sit atop the Central standings at 33-31, 8.53 betting units in the black. According to the sports book at Bovada the Brew Crew visit the St. Louis Cardinals (29-32, –8.17 units) this Thursday in the finale of a four-game series, beginning at 7:15 PM ET.
Tuesday's double-header could mess up the pitching rotations, but in theory, it will be Junior Guerra (5.36 FIP) taking the mound for Milwaukee, and Michael Wacha (3.98 FIP) responding for St. Louis. Guerra has been very fortunate this year, posting a .219 BABIP with 91.6% of base runners left stranded, but the Brewers are still just 1-4 in his five starts for a loss of 2.31 units. The Cards are 4-7 in Wacha's 11 starts, down 4.52 units after some shaky bullpen support early in the year and some uncharacteristically poor pitching from Wacha of late.
St. Louis also has to be concerned about catcher Yadier Molina (.694 OPS). He's missed the past three games with a stiff lower back, although Monday's off-day might be enough to get Molina ready for this series.
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Now that baseball is off the airwaves, the live scripted TV numbers are starting to look a little healthier.
Finale bumps should not be a given, as many of the night's finale episodes were either steady or down.
Meanwhile, 'Person of Interest' and 'The Voice' find new lows.
Also, 'iZombie' made gains, while 'Weird Loners' continues to slip into the abyss.
The Daylight Savings hangover continues, as TV viewership is down 5% overall.
And thanks to 'The Voice,' 'Chicago Fire' made a huge leap with viewers, up 57 percent from its last new episode.


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The sole purpose of accreditation was to provide a system of identification for individuals participating in any aspect of the Games. This system was designed to discern their function and therefore, the privileges to which they were entitled. The accreditation system developed by the LAOOC not only identified each individual by name, country and function but detailed each venue that could be entered and when and where the individual was entitled to be seated in a venue. The system further identified an individual's access to special transportation, food, hospitality or accommodations services.
The Accreditation Department was formed to organize and implement efficient procedures for the identification and registration of all persons involved in the Olympic Games and for controlling the access of these persons to villages, competition and training venues and other controlled areas. To accomplish this, the Accreditation Department determined the access and site privileges for each member of the Olympic Family, including 8,700 press, 11,000 athletes and officials and over 90,000 support personnel. It then produced the identification badges and developed the computer support systems.
The first development and testing of an accreditation system began in late 1982 in preparation for the January 1983 IOC Executive Board meetings in Los Angeles. Design work began on a computer-supported accreditation system that would print badges on demand on various colors of paper stock. Accreditation at the meeting went well, despite frequent malfunctions. It showed at a very early stage that a computer-supported system could work for the Games, but that considerable work in planning and operations would be required.
During the pre-Olympic competitions, the Accreditation Department developed operating plans, identified and trained volunteer staff and implemented the actual accreditation and badging process. These LA83 events provided valuable planning and operational experience to the department and formed the basis of the Olympic operation.
In accordance with the Olympic Charter (1978 Provisional Edition), the LAOOC was required to issue accreditation cards to individuals participating in the Games. The charter specified only the categories "A" - "G" and vaguely identified privileges that were to be granted to persons in these categories. At previous Games, the accreditation badge not only provided identification as required by the charter but provided access to seating and other privileges. The LAOOC decided to separate privileges and access and developed a revolutionary concept that divided the functions of the accreditation badge into two areas: one for identification and one for access. In doing so, the LAOOC fulfilled the charter mandate to provide accreditation, but reserved the right to determine access privileges.
o "A"; IOC members and honorary members, IOC director and one guest each.
12 transferable badges. IF presidents and secretaries-general allowed one guest each.
OCOG presidents and secretaries-general of Sarejevo, Calgary and Seoul.
Seoul reporting to the IOC Session.
o "D"; IF jury members, technical officials (sports-specific referees, judges, umpires, timekeepers).
o "E"; Media (newspaper, radio, TV and support and auxiliary personnel).
("Fo"); extra team officials ("Fx").
o "J"; IF special, sport-specific accreditations for executive board members.
o "O"; Observers from cities bidding for future Olympic Games.


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Turlough Abbey was founded by St. Patrick in 441 and was under the authority of the Archbishop of Armagh.
View of the church and round tower at Turlough, Co. Mayo.
Just 5km outside Castlebar, Co. Mayo to the north of the N5 Dublin road, on the road to Park and on the northern side of the Castlebar River is Turlough Abbey. Little is known of the history of the Abbey at Turlough. John O'Donovan writing in the Ordnance Survey letters thought that it had been founded by St. Patrick in 441 and was under the authority of the Archbishop of Armagh. A length of the original circular enclosure can be seen in the line of field boundary to the east of the site. In the ninth century an unusual low and squat round tower was constructed at the site. The tower is relatively low at 21m and wide with a rounded-headed doorway and four square-headed windows.
One of the crucifixion plaques at Turlough, Co. Mayo.
None of the early churches at the site survive and there is no documentary information on them. In 1302 the Abbey was valued for the ecclesiastical taxation of Ireland. The Abbey survived the initial dissolution of the monasteries and a crucifixion plaque dated 1625 is an example of counter-reformation iconography. The Abbey was finally dissolved and granted to Walter Burke by King Charles I in 1635. The site passed to the Fitzgeralds in 1653 and they were presumably responsible for the eighteenth century cruciform church with three round-headed windows in the chancel. Three crucifixion plaques have been built into the church. There is also a tomb of George Robert Fitzgerald dated 1786.
Google Maps image of the location of the Turlough, Co. Mayo.


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Q: Trying to get slider to stay within background image border and still remain responsive I have been trying(very hard)to get this slider to remain inside the black area of the background image. I can do it if I set all the widths etc. to fixed values but
then the page is no longer responsive. When I try using percentages everything scales with the browser but the slider jumps around...Mock up is running at:
http://www.skaliwag.com.au

A: Hello i think i fixed your problem.
It's very simple. You just need to change two values in your css: the .rslides margin to 65% auto and remove the margin-top of the image. Then it should look like this.
The slider div:
.rslides {
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     padding: 0M
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}

and the image:
.rslides img {
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}

Hope it was helpfull :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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My research focuses on an understanding of the relationships between materials' microstructure and materials' properties using high-resolution microscopy and microanalysis techniques such as electron microscopy and atom probe tomography (APT). I am particularly interested in deepening our knowledge of processes of phase transformations and corrosion (including environmentally enhanced crack propagation) of engineering materials (Ni-based superalloys, steels, aluminium alloys). Currently I am also exploring the possibilities of applying APT to study the connection to microstructure-electric transport properties of oxide based semiconductors.


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PolySync is among the Top Ten Automotive Startups picked by the LA Auto Show's AutoMobility LA.
Gone are the days when "automotive" meant designing, building, and selling vehicles and parts. These days, the auto world has been turned upside down by emerging technologies that promise to change how people get from Point A to Point B.
Major automakers are acquiring or investing in ride-sharing companies, as well as autonomous vehicle and connected car startups. Meanwhile, entrepreneurs, designers, and software engineers are jumping into the industry to bring new services and means of travel to the masses.
For the second year, the LA Auto Show's AutoMobility LA held its Top Ten Automotive Startups competition to identify the hottest, most innovative companies in the meeting point between transportation and technology. It's a fitting competition for AutoMobility LA, the show's new event that integrates press and trade days and is designed to showcase the growing convergence in business.
AutoMobility LA's advisory board, which includes senior executives from Google (goog), Lyft, Nvidia (nvda), and Pandora, evaluated dozens of applicants.
This year's list illustrates just how many opportunities exist within an industry that is rapidly evolving beyond traditional automotive businesses.
It's a diverse group, Lisa Kaz, president and CEO of the LA Auto Show and AutoMobility LA, told Fortune.
The 2016 winners will participate in AutoMobility LA's four-day trade show from Nov. 14 to 17. The top three finalists will be picked before the conference, and the winner will be announced at the show. Fortune is the exclusive media partner of the Top Ten Automotive Startups competition.
This Israel-based company is tapping into an explosive new marketplace: automotive cybersecurity. Millions of new cars and trucks on roads today have Internet connectivity, allowing automakers to deliver a host of new services to its customers, including Wi-Fi hotspots and the ability to remotely unlock and lock a vehicle from a mobile app. But the increasing level of connectivity, too, is exposing consumers and manufacturers to a new set of risks, if hackers are able to find weaknesses and exploit them.
Enter Argus Cyber Security. The three-year-old company, which has offices in Michigan, Silicon Valley, Tokyo, and Stuttgart, Germany, works with automakers and suppliers to identify and shore up cybersecurity holes with its software.
More than one-third of U.S. residents live in rental housing like apartments, townhouses, and condos—leaving millions of potential electric vehicle owners without a convenient place to charge their car. EverCharge, an Emeryville, Calif.-based company, aims to fill that void and help make electric vehicles accessible to everyone, even if they don't have a private garage.
The company's EV chargers are designed for a personal, individual parking spot. EverCharge does a site evaluation, and handles the permitting and installation. The customer is billed for the amount of energy used, and EverCharge reimburses the property.
This Chicago-based startup aims to keep first responders and drivers safe. The company has developed a smart connected siren, which sends real-time notifications to smartphones with its HAAS app to a vehicle's dashboard display, and even voice alerts to Bluetooth-enabled headphones and helmets. The system is easily integrated in fire trucks and ambulances.
HAAS Alert is a recent graduate of Techstars Mobility, a startup incubator program backed by Ford Motor and other partners. The automaker is supporting a pilot program that will bring the HAAS system to emergency responders in Detroit.
LISNR has developed a way for companies to send targeted messages to their customers using inaudible, high-frequency sound waves. The communication standard developed by the Cincinnati-based company uses ultrasonic sound waves to transmit data using a speaker to—and between—smart devices.
These inaudible sound waves, called Smart Tones, can be used to trigger special content on a user's smartphone. For example, a professional sports team or music group can use the technology during live events to push instant replays, ads, or even GIFs to fans' smartphones.
This Portland, Ore.-based startup has one goal in mind: Simplify and accelerate the development of self-driving cars. The company, which was founded in 2013, has developed a middleware platform that lets automakers and other autonomous vehicle startups test, gather data, and eventually deploy driverless vehicle applications without spending an inordinate amount of time and resources. The system is designed to turn software algorithms and sensors into plug-and-play applications.
This fall, PolySync is joining TechLab at Mcity, a business incubator at the University of Michigan, to test and develop its driverless vehicle tech.
Not every woman is comfortable getting a ride from an unknown male driver through one of the big-name ride-hailing services, like Uber or Lyft. See Jane Go aims to serve half the population—the female half—with a ride-hailing app designed specifically for women drivers and passengers.
The app launched this month in Orange County, Calif., and will soon have new features, including a way for riders to designate a portion of their fare to a charity of their choice. The service doesn't exclude men entirely. To use the service, a male passenger must be hosted by a female driver.
Using a navigation or map app can help a consumer get to a restaurant, club, or park, but it doesn't always tell the user what the surrounding area of the destination is like, or if they're missing the best parts of a neighborhood. Spatial, a Cincinnati-based startup, combines machine-assisted analysis and human-driven data like social media content to provide a cultural map of cities.
The aim is to change how people experience data on maps and let travelers navigate like a local anywhere in the world. The startup is also a Techstars Mobility graduate, and is one of three companies that Ford plans to continue to collaborate with.
Lon Ballard wanted a lightweight, efficient, and affordable alternative to a motorcycle that was safe for its occupants and the pedestrians around it. His solution is Spira4U, a foam and plastic 3-wheel vehicle that handles like a cross between a motorcycle and a go-cart. The vehicle has motorcycle hand controls, as well as foot pedals for the gas and brake.
The vehicle comes in gas and electric versions, and is designed for the urban commuter.
This Pasadena, Calif.-based company is aiming to solve the last-mile problem—a term that refers to the gap from home to train or bus that many public transit users face. Its founders have created URB-E, a lightweight, foldable electric vehicle that can travel up to 15 miles per hours and gets 20 miles on a single charge.
There are four editions of the vehicle, all based on a universal design, which can include add-ons like a cargo basket and cupholder.
This on-demand services startup connects vetted car mechanics to customer requests based on availability, location, and skill. Mechanics get a flexible job and customers can save up to 30% on car repair and maintenance, according to the company. Customers can use the YourMechanic app to get a quote and book an appointment. The service is available in about 700 U.S. cities, with more coming soon.
Earlier this year, the Mountain View, Calif.,-based startup raised $24 million in funding.