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The Aegean Part Of Macedonia After the Balkan Wars
Macedonians in Greece | 0 comments
After the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the First World War (1914-1918) and especially after the Peace Treaties of Lausanne (1923), which gave the Macedonian issue a central place, there began a great ethnic cleansing of Macedonians, who in 1912 had numbered 374,000, from the Aegean part of Macedonia.
Partitions and Colonization
The Athens ABECEDAR Case
Change of Toponyms
Renamed centers of population in the Aegean part of Macedonia by district
Renamed places in the Aegean part of Macedonia by years
Oppressive measures in the period following World War II
Disregarding the principle of respect for minority rights within existing states, the negotiations in Lausanne accepted the principle of an obligatory resettlement of Christians from Turkey (Greeks, Turkophones, etc.) and of Moslems from Greece (Turks, Macedonian Moslems, etc.). Under the convention for obligatory emigration, 350,000 Moslems were expelled from the Aegean part of Macedonia. 40,000 of these were Macedonian Moslems (Societe des Nations, L'etablissement des refugies en Grece, Geneva, 1926).
In place of the Macedonians expelled to Bulgaria and Turkey (a total of 120,000), the Greek state resettled 618,000 persons of Greek and non-Greek origin in the Aegean part of Macedonia (Statistika apotelezmata tis apografis tou plithismou tis Elados tis 15-16 maiu 1928, Topos Geniseos, hriskia ke glosa, Atina, 1935). This heterogeneous population, colonized in the Aegean part of Macedonia in the period between the two world wars, came from other parts of Greece, as well as from Asia Minor, the Black Sea region, the Caucasus, western Thrace, Bulgaria and other places.
The large majority of the refugee Christian population was settled in villages throughout the Aegean part of Macedonia, thus creating what has become known as the village, or agricultural, colonization; and a smaller number were colonized in towns, creating the so-called urban colonization
This large colonization effected by Greece resulted in a major change in the historical status of the Macedonian language. Once the language used by most, it was now afforded only the status of the language of a minority, or the status of a family language, which was spoken by 240,000 Macedonians.
The large ethnic changes were the cause of changes in the status of the Greek language as well. From being the language of a minority, it now became the most used language, being imposed even on the Armenians, the "Turkophones", the incomers from among the various Caucasian peoples, etc. With the imposition of the Greek language and with the help of mixed marriages, a new Greek nation was being created in the Aegean part of Macedonia.
The colonization by this population, whom the Macedonians called madziri (incomers, foreigners), resulted in the Aegean part of Macedonia losing its Macedonian ethnic character. The Macedonians (240,000) became a minority; they were present as a majority only in the western part of the Aegean part of Macedonia (Kostur, Lerin and Voden regions).
The large colonization brought about by the Greeks was followed by a law passed by the Greek government in 1926 on the change of the toponymy of the Aegean part of Macedonia. All villages, towns, rivers and mountains were renamed and given Greek names.
The Greek state achieved this through a policy of state terror. As early as the period of the Balkan War of 1913 Greece had begun the ethnic genocide of the Macedonian people. The cruelty displayed by the Greek soldiers in their dealings towards the Macedonian people was merciless.
Following the political partition of Macedonia in 1913, Greece launched upon an active policy of the denial of the nationality and the assimilation of the Macedonians. The name Macedonian and the Macedonian language were prohibited and the Macedonians were referred to as Bulgarians, Slavophone Greeks or simply "endopes" (natives). At the same time, all the Macedonians were forced to change their names and surnames, the latter having to ending -is, -os or -poulos.
With the denial of the Macedonian nation went the non-recognition of the Macedonian language. It was prohibited, its standing was minimized and it was considered a barbarian language, unworthy of a cultured and civilized citizen. Its use in personal communication, between parents and children, among villagers, at weddings and funerals, was strictly forbidden. Defiance of this ban produced Draconian measures, ranging from moral and mental maltreatment to a "language tax" on each Macedonian word that was uttered. The written use of Macedonian was also strictly prohibited, and Macedonian literacy was being eliminated from the churches, monuments and tombstones. All the churches were given Greek names.
The attacks on the Macedonian language culminated at the time of Ioannis Metaxas (1936). General Metaxas banned the use of Macedonian not only in everyday life in the villages, in the market-place, in ordinary and natural human communications and at funerals, but also within the family circle. Adult Macedonians, regardless of their age, were forced to attend what were known as evening schools and to learn "the melodious Greek language". The violation of the ban on the use of the Macedonian language in the villages, market-places or the closed circle of the family caused great numbers of Macedonians to be convicted and deported to desolate Greek islands.
Abecedar, published in Athens in 1925 as a result of recognition of Macedonian ethnic minority after the World War I.
By signing the Treaty of Sevres on August 10th, 1920, the Greek government undertook certain obligations regarding "the protection of the non-Greek national minorities in Greece". Articles 7, 8 and 9 of this treaty stipulated precisely the free use of the minorities' language, education, religious practice, etc. Bulgaria and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes interested themselves in the implementation of this treaty, and when Greece realized it was in its interest to sign the "Lesser Protocols" League of Nations, Geneva, 29th September 1924) on the protection of the Greek minority in Bulgaria and the reciprocal protection of the Bulgarian minority in Greece, Sofia launched a campaign in support of the activities initiated by the Joint Greek- Bulgarian Commission for the "voluntary" exchange of minorities. Large numbers of Macedonians were forcibly moved to Bulgaria, and Orthodox Christians from Turkey, Bulgaria and other places were brought to the Aegean part of Macedonia where, as Greeks, they took over the Macedonians' property.
However, since this met with resolute opposition not only in Sofia but in Belgrade as well, the Greek parliament did not ratify certain relevant clauses of the "Lesser Protocols". In March 1925 the Council of the League of Nations concerned itself with the situation so created and addressed three questions to the Greek government, insisting particularly on a reply on the measures taken with regards to the needs, the education and the freedom of religious practice of the "Slav speaking minority" in Greece League of Nations, official Journal, Geneva, 6th year, Number 4, April 1925, 478-82, Council 1925, Minutes 32-36). These documents treated the Macedonians neither as a Serbian nor as a Bulgarian minority, but as a "Slav-speaking minority".
In its reply the Greek government categorically denied the Bulgarian government the right to be interested in the "SIav-speaking minority", claiming that only the League of Nations could have and had the right to intervene with regard to the rights of this minority. Greece stated that no steps were taken for the protection of the "Slav-speaking minority in Greece" as it had been thought that the convention on reciprocal resettlement would result in "the moving of all Macedonians" beyond the borders of Greece. The Greek government also notified the League of Nations that "measures were being taken towards the opening of schools with instruction in the Slav language in the following school year of 1925/26" and towards granting freedom to practice religion in the Slav language League of Nations, Official Journal, Council, Geneva, 6th year, Number 7, July 1925, 950, Anne 772, C. 296/I/.1925,I). The primer intended for the Macedonian children in this part of Macedonia, entitled ABECEDAR, was offered as an argument in support of this statement. This primer, prepared by a special government commission and published by the Greek government in Athens in 1925, was written in the Lerin- Bitola vernacular (even though Bitola was not within the Greek borders!) but printed in a specially adapted Latin alphabet (instead of the traditional Cyrillic, which was the official alphabet of Bulgaria and Serbia). Many primers written mainly in Macedonian and intended for schools in Macedonia were published in the 19th century, but this was the first primer for Macedonians written and published by a legitimate government for its citizens and under the aegis of the League of Nations.
This significant act on the part of the Greek government was condemned outright by both Belgrade and Sofia. The former proved that those for whom the primer was intended were in fact "Serbs", whereas the latter claimed that they were "Bulgarians". Bulgaria commissioned its outstanding philologists and Slavists to help its diplomats and Belgrade inspired petitions from two ailari villages (written in Serbian!) which were sent to the League of Nations. These petitions stated that the signatories were "Serbs by nationality" and that they demanded their rights "as a national minority" and also a "Serbian school" in order to "protect their language from enforced Graecization" (United Nations Library and Archives, Geneva, Doc. nr. 41/46069 x /46069/ 4.I.1926. Petition, 20.VIII 1925). At the same time, propaganda activities were undertaken among the population of these villages, promising free land and Serbian priests and teachers to those who declared themselves as Serbs. " (United Nations Library and Archives, Geneva, Doc. nr. 41/46069 x 46069/ 4.I.1926). The Greek government's immediate response was another petition from the same village (Birinci), signed October 16th, 1925, in which the signatories claimed that "in this region there are no Serbs, nor are there any Serbian institutions, and consequently the Serbian language is not used" " (United Nations Library and Archives, Geneva, Doc. nr. 41/47096/11974/, Telegramme 16.X.1925).
The League of Nations used this statement to ask, in writing, the following question: the Greek government claims that this population does not speak Serbian, but does not say "what the language they speak in is". At the last moment before the deadline the Greek government replied by cable saying that "the population of these villages knows neither the Serbian nor the Bulgarian language and speaks nothing but a Slav- Macedonian idiom" (" (United Nations Library and Archives, Geneva, Doc. nr. 41/46069 x /46069/ 4.I.1926/ v.: Aide – Memoire – Petitions des habitants du village de Nalban Coja). Thus the Greek government officially recognized for the first time the separate national entity of the Macedonians within Greece's borders, which is also clearly confirmed by the pure language of the primer, ABECEDAR, published in Greece.
Download the ABECEDAR (pdf)
Following the stormy and violent reaction in the press of the three monarchies the Greek government decided, with relief, not to introduce the primer, which was already published, into Macedonian schools.
The Macedonian city of Lerin was renamed Florina
Immediately after the Bucharest Peace Treaty, when it became quite clear that Greece had usurped territory which did not belong to it either by the ethnic structure of the population or geographically, the Greek government conducted a census of the population in the new lands. According to this census the Aegean part of Macedonia numbered 1,160,477 inhabitants. (Apartimis ton katikon ton Neon Eparhion tis Elados, tou etus 1913, Atine, 1915). In 1917 the law known under the number 1051 was passed, article 6 of which established the formation and functioning of the town and village municipalities of the New Lands. On October 10th, 1919 the Commission on Toponyms in Greece issued a circular letter which contained instructions for the choice of place- names.
The circular letter from the Commission was immediately followed by a booklet by N. Politis entitled "Advice on the Change of the Names of Municipalities and Villages" (N. Politis, Gnomodotisis peri metomasias kinotiton ke sinikizmon, Atine, 1928; S. Kirijakidis, Odigie dia tin metonomasian kinotiton ke sinikizmon ehondon turkikon I slavikon onoma, Atine, 1926 (Ekdosis Ipurgiu Esoterikon, Dieftinsis Topikis Avtodiikiseos)), published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Greece. At the same time, special sub- commissions were formed in the newly-established districts in the Aegean part of Macedonia, whose task it was to study the problem on the spot and to suggest new names for the villages and towns in the respective districts.
In the spirit of this letter, in 1922, the Commission on Toponyms of Greece issued a more detailed statement under the number 426 (Geografiki, diikitiki, ke plitizmjaki ekseleksis tis Ellados 1821 – 1971, tomos A, meros I, ipo Mihail Huljaraki, Atine 1973, 210-1). This Commission had intensified its activities and was now giving concrete suggestions. However, owing to the Graeco-Turkish War, the still undefined peace agreement with Turkey and also the great migrations of the population between Aegean Macedonia and Turkey and the forced movement of an estimated 33,000 Macedonians to Bulgaria (imposed by the Neuilly Convention, signed by Bulgaria and Greece, for "voluntary" resettlement) the process of renaming was slightly slowed down (Sinitiki irinis metaksi ton simahon ke sinispismenon dinameon ke tis Vulgarijas meta tou prostetou protokolou, upografisa en nejgi ti 14 (27) Noemvriu 1919; Vasil Georgiev, Vpechatleniya ot Grcka Makedoniya, -ins. in I.N.H.)
Thus in the period from 1918 to 1925 inclusive, 76 centers of population in Aegean Macedonia were renamed: in 1918 – one; in 1919 – two; in 1920 – two; in 1921 – two; in 1922 – eighteen; in 1923 – eighteen; in 1924 – six and in 1925 – twenty-six (Fila "Efimeris tis Kiverniseos":1918 nr. 18 and 152; 1919 nr. 69 and 251; 1920 , nr. 46 and 56; 1921, nr. 46 and 56; 1922, nr. 12, 41, 71 and 73; 1923, nr. 29 and 41; 1924, nr. 5, 76, 113, 138, 212, and 413; 1925, nr. 7, 40, 62, 78, 108, 114, 148, and 361).
But as soon as the processes of migration came to an end and the position of the state was strengthened, and, following the legislative orders of September 17th, 1926, published in the "Government Gazette" nr. 331, September 21st, 1926, and the Decision of the Ministerial Council dated November 10th, 1927, and published in the Government Gazette nr. 287, November 13th, 1927, the process of renaming the inhabited places was accelerated to an incredible degree.
Consequently, in the course of 1926, 440 places in the Aegean part of Macedonia were renamed (Fila "Efimeris tis Kiverniseos":1926, nr. 14, 20, 55, 69, 85, 97, 125, 217, 262, 336, 346 and 401): in 1927, 835 (Fila "Efimeris tis Kiverniseos":1927, nr. 7, 18, 76, 138, 179, 202, 206 and 306) andin 1928, 212(Fila "Efimeris tis Kiverniseos": 1928, nr. 81, 91, 156, 193 and 196) i.e. in only three years, 1926, 1927 and 1928, 1,497 places in the Aegean part of Macedonia were renamed.
By the end of 1928 most of the centers of population in the Aegean part of Macedonia had been given new names, but the Greek state continued the process by a gradual perfection of the system of renaming, effected through new laws and new instructions. On March 13th, 1929 the special law known under its number, 4,096, was passed and published in the "Government Gazette" nr. 99 of March 13th, 1929. This law contained detailed instructions and directives as to the process of renaming places. By the force of this law and the earlier instructions, amended by Law nr. 6,429 of June 18th, 1935, Law nr. 1418 of November 22nd, 1938, Law nr. 697 of December 4th, 1945 and many other instructions, legislative orders and other enactments, the process of renaming the inhabited areas has been carried on to this day, taking care of each and every geographical name of suspicious origin throughout Macedonia, including entirely insignificant places, all aimed at erasing any possible Slav trace from the Aegean part of Macedonia and from the whole of Greece.
With these laws, instructions and other enactments, the district commissions in charge of the change of place names and the Principal Commission at the Ministerial Council of Greece (established as early as 1909) enforced many more changes. In the period from 1929 to 1940 inclusive, another 39 places in the Aegean part of Macedonia were renamed (Fila "Efimeris tis Kiverniseos": 1929, nr. 40, 164, and 431; 1930, nr. 51 and 251; 1932, nr. 19, 157 and 401; 1933, nr. 179; 1934, nr. 23 167, 183 and 294, 1940, nr. 271) and after World War II (up to 1979 inclusive) yet another 135 places in this part of Macedonia were renamed (Fila "Efimeris tis Kiverniseos":1946, nr. 290; 1948, nr. 40 and 56, 1949, nr. 35, 188 and 327; 1950, nr. 81, 104 and 125; 1952, nr.73 and 77; 1953 nr.10, 86 and 349; 1954, nr.23, 25, 91, 188 and 267; 1955 nr.157 and 287, 1956, nr. 125; 1957, nr.11 and 119; 1958, nr.84; 1959, nr.5; 1960, nr.16, 42 and 124; 1961 nr. 20, 81, 99 and 213; 1962, nr.9, 145 and 210; 1963, nr. 16, 46, 91 and 219; 1964, nr. 64 and 122; 1965, nr. 26 and 263, 1966, nr.119; 1968, nr. 101; 1970, nr.15). An estimated total of 1,666 cities, towns and villages were renamed in the Aegean part of Macedonia in the period from 1918 to 1970 inclusive. This number does not include those inhabited places the renaming of which has not been announced in the "Government Gazette", which has been taken as the exclusive source for the figures and the dynamics of renaming given here by years and districts. Neither does it include the numerous Macedonian settlements named after saints, the names of which official Greece simply translated from the Macedonian into the Greek language.
1. Ber – 49; 2. Negush – 16; 3. Greven – 82; 4. Voden – 34; 5. Enidzevardar- 56; 6. Meglen – 48; 7. Drama – 233; 8. Kavala – 24; 9. Pravista – 36; 10. Sari Saban – 38; 11. Tasos – 3; 12. Katerini – 42; 13. Kajlari – 32; 14. Kozhani – 88; 15. Naselichka – 72; 16. Gumendze – 29; 17. Kukush- 179; 18. Kostur 104; 19. Lerin – 101; 20. Valovishta – 84; 21. Zihneni – 20; 22. Nigride – 35; 23 Ser- 55; 24. Lagadin 76; 25. Salonica 78; 26. Larigovo – 6; 27. Halkidiki – 40; or a total of 1,666.
1918 – 1; 1919 – 2; 1920 – 2; 1922 – 19; 1923 – 18; 1924 – 6; 1925 – 26; 1926 – 440; 1927 – 835; 1928 – 212; 1929 – 9; 1930 – 7; 1932 – 6 1933 – 2; 1934 5; 1936 – 2; 1939 – 2; ]940 – 6; 1946 – 1; 1948 – 2; 1949 – 5; 1950 – 17; 1951 – 4; 1953 – 22; 1954 – 18; 1955 – 25; 1956 – 4; 1957 – 3; 1958 – 2; 1959 – 2; 1960 – 5; 1961 – 6; 1962 – 3; 1963 – 6; 1964 – 3; 1965 – 4; 1966 – 1; 1968 – 1; 1970 – 1; or a total of 1,646. We shall give just a few examples of renamed places, rivers, mountains, rivers, lakes and mountains: The town of Voden was renamed Edessa; Rupishta – Argos Orestikon; S'botska – Aridea; Postol – Pella; Libanovo – Eginion; Larigovo – Arnea; Ostrovo – Arnisa; Vrtikop – Skidra; Valovista – Sidirokastron, and the small settlements of Barbes hand Kutlesh into Vergina. The River Vardar was renamed Axios, the Bistrica Alliakmon; the Galik – Erigon, etc. Lake Ostrovsko became Limni Arnisis; Lake Gorchlivo became Pikrolimi, etc. Mt. Pijavica was renamed as Stratonikion; Grbovica on Mt. Athos Agion Oros; Karakamen – Vermion, Kusnica – Pangeon, etc. The Voden district became Nomos Pelis; Gumendze district – Eparhia Paeonis; Valovista district – Eparhia Sindikis; Zihnenska ditrict – Eparhia Philidos; Praviska district – Eparhia Pangeu, etc.
The Greek policy towards Macedonians in the course of the Second World War had a dual goal: to maintain the process of the assimilation and de-nationalization of Macedonians and the prevention of the creation and development of a Macedonian liberation movement with a Macedonian national program in the Aegean part of Macedonia. With this aim in mind, the Greek right wing formed a variety of nationalist and chauvinist organizations in the Aegean part of Macedonia, such as the Protection of Northern Greece (IVE), the Pan-Greek Liberation Organization (PAO) and others such, as well as a variety of military formations which persecuted the Macedonians, using terror, murder, mass court proceedings, deportation, plundering, confiscation of property, clearances, resettlement, etc.(Archive of Macedonia, Connection "Aegean Macedonia during the War of Liberation 1945-49", AE 142, 8/48). In the given period 3,482 houses were burned down, 80 villages consisting of 1,605 families were plundered and 1,045 head of large livestock and 23,382 head of small livestock were confiscated (ibid.).
In order to put the anti-Macedonian persecution on a legal basis the Greek authorities passed laws, decrees and other enactments by which Macedonians were subjected to large-scale persecution. We shall mention only a few such laws: Law nr. 453 and Law TOD of July 1945 "on the securement of public safety"; Law 509/1945 "on public order and banditry"; Law 543/45 "against organizations and individuals acting in favor of secession from the Greek territories", etc.
The anti-Macedonian harshness of these laws surpassed the Compulsory Law nr. 2366 of September 7th, 1938, passed by Metaxas' regime and aimed at erasing every possible trace of the Macedonian national character of the Aegean part of Macedonia.
Under these laws Macedonian men and women, members of the Macedonia national democratic organizations, the National Liberation Front (NOF), the National Liberation Youth Association (NOMS) and the Antifascist Women's Front (AFZ) were proclaimed bandits. As soon as a person was proclaimed a bandit his or her next of kin and any other people who could be suspected of helping him or her were interned, in accordance with the regulations of these laws.
Law 513/45 against autonomist activity" helped rig thousands of charges against Macedonians accused of co-operation with Bulgaria and Yugoslavia in activities aimed at the secession of the Aegean part of Macedonia and similar offenses. Special commissions formed in every village or other populated place preferred mass charges against Macedonians to the District Attorney's office, with groundless accusations of conahoration with the occupier, autonomistic activities and the like. In the Kostur region alone 4,500 Macedonian men and women were accused of autonomistic activities, even though most of them were on active service with ELLAS (Laiki Foni, organo ty KKE Makedonias, 12.IV.1946). According to the information available, in the period from 1945 to the end of 1974 9,924 Macedonians were remanded in custody and 4,203 were convicted,. 23,811 Macedonian men and women were interned on the basis of decisions of the special Security Commission (Archive of Macedonia, op. cit., Collection, AE: 142/47, 8/48)
It was becoming clear that the Greek authorities were resolved to continue the oppression of the Macedonians, notwithstanding the cost, and thus to force them to flee across the border. The wave of refugees was growing daily. Under the pressure exerted by the Greek authorities entire villages fled across the borders. The most typical examples of forced migration of Macedonians are to be found in eastern Macedonia, where Greek terrorist bands killed 29 and imprisoned 3,100 Macedonians and expelled 600 Macedonian families across the borders – and this in the period from February to the end of March 1945 alone.
The situation was no different in the other areas of Aegean Macedonia. In 1948 the majority of the Macedonian population of western and central Aegean Macedonia fled to Yugoslavia and Albania in order to save their lives. More than 60,000 Macedonian men and women were forced to seek refuge outside the country, fleeing across the border.
As well as all these methods and measures, the Greek authorities attempted one of the greatest crimes against the Macedonians. In June 1946 a group of Greek Members of Parliament suggested that the Greek Parliament issue a decree for the forced deportation of all Macedonians from the Aegean part of Macedonia, a suggestion which was justified by their alleged activities, which were said to be a threat to the integrity and sovereignty of Greece and a danger to the peace (Laiki Foni, cit, newspaper, April 12-24, 1946). In the period before the announcement of the suggestion and during the debate in Parliament a campaign of slander against Macedonians was carried out by the entire state and propaganda machinery, this being aimed at preparing domestic and international public opinion to regard the eventual implementation of this suggested action as completely justified. Thus Macedonians were described, among other things, as the "Sudetens" of the Balkans and it was said that for as long as they were present in Greece they would represent a cause of war and a focus of war among the Balkan lands: or in other words, there would be no peace (Laiki Foni, cit, newspaper, June 3rd, 1946).
For certain reasons both internal and external the Greek Parliament did not pass a decree on the exile of the Macedonians, but the Greek right wing clung to its policy on the exodus of the Macedonians. One of the crimes committed by the Greek monarcho-fascists was the forced resettlement of their villagers and the dumping of them in special camps in urban centers, which had begun as early as 1946.
According to the statistics, 213,000 people were forcibly exiled from the Aegean part of Macedonia ("Protoporos", organo ty KK Makedonias, 15.V.1946).
The terror, mass murder and other forms of repression proved ineffective when it came to breaking the spirit of Macedonians. Indeed, the Macedonian national liberation movement grew into an important and in certain periods even a decisive military and political factor in the country, one with clear and defined strategic goals. More than 20,000 Macedonians served in the ranks of the Democratic Army of Greece (DAG) and its auxiliary services. The liberated territory, covering mainly the territory of Aegean Macedonia, had popular rule, Macedonian people's schools, a Macedonian people's printing-house which published newspapers and other material in Macedonian, cultural and arts groups and other Macedonian institutions.
Faced with the stand taken by the Macedonians, the Greek authorities tried yet another cunning maneuver. In order to shatter the unity of the Macedonian people and of the Macedonian Liberation Movement the Greek government passed, on May 23rd, 1949, a strictly confidential decree by which the Macedonians, until then considered "Bulgarians", and other non-Greek elements which were to be uprooted, were renamed "Slavicized Greeks", and were to be treated as such by the Greek authorities: they were thus to be granted all civil rights, and included in all sectors of political and state life and the like. Their being called by the names Bulgarians or Slav Macedonians was strictly prohibited, and the name of "Slavophone Greek" was the only one permitted. The governmental agencies were instructed to adapt themselves and to help the Macedonians in every way possible to develop trust in the state and to seek its protection, so that they would begin to approach government representatives freely for the solution of their problems.(Archive of Macedonia, op. cit. AE: HO).
This attempt on the part of the Greek right wing also proved to be a total failure. The decree had no effect on the Macedonians. They carried on with their struggle for national liberation and for the affirmation of their national identity with even greater intensity. As a result, the Greek authorities continued and even reinforced the violent repression of the Macedonians.
On January 20th, 1948 the Greek government passed the "M" Decree ordering theconfiscation of the property of those individuals who had taken part in the Civil War on the side of the Communist Party of Greece (CPG) and NOF, and of those who had assisted these organizations and whose Greek citizenship had been revoked.
In addition to this decree, the "N" Decree was passed on April 2nd, 1948. This decree revoked the right of inheritance of all those who had taken part in or helped the Civil War. In view of the fact that large numbers of Macedonians had taken part in the Civil War, the consequences of this Decree and other regulations were borne mostly by them, but, after all, that was the main intention of the decrees.
The implementation of these laws and decrees continued even after the Civil War had come to an end, for they were supported by enactments issued by the Ministerial Council of Greece: Nos. 944/1950; 253/1951; 826/ 1952. All these regulations were sanctioned by article 105, inserted into the Greek Constitution in 1952. The aim of this was to prevent Macedonians returning to their homes even after the end of the Civil War. Commissions for the confiscation and expropriation of refugees' property and for the allocation of this to new owners were formed in every district.
The property confiscated and expropriated from the Macedonians was allotted to people loyal to the regime and to those who had distinguished themselves in the struggle against DAG and particularly against the Macedonians. Most of these people were brought in from the Greek hinterland .
On February 23rd, I953 a meeting of the Greek military and administrative authorities in Macedonia was held in Salonica at which it was decided to propose that the Greek government pass a law on the resettlement and reinhabiting of the so-called sensitive border areas of the Aegean part of Macedonia. It was suggested that all Macedonians from within 60 kilometers of the border be resettled, as disloyal elements, and that in their place Greeks loyal to the regime should be brought in as "healthy elements" with "pure Greek national awareness"(Cf. Ilinden, Organ of the Central Council of the Ilinden Organization of Macedonians from Aegean Macedonia, nr. 6/53; 5/54).
The Greek government accepted this proposal and submitted it to the Greek Parliament which, on August 4th 1953, passed Law nr. 2536 on the resettlement of the population from the border areas (ibid., nr. 6/53; 5/54).
In accordance with the regulations of this law special state commissions were formed which effected the resettlement, selected people of pure Greek origin and established them in the Macedonian border areas, handing over to them the Macedonians' property. Among these people there were Greek nationalists, chauvinists and anti- Macedonians who had distinguished themselves in the struggle against NOF and DAG.
A case in point, and not an isolated one, is that of the group of Macedonian villages called Janovenski in the Kostur region, the inhabitants of which had all fought in the ranks of ELLAS. Some of the inhabitants of these villages did not emigrate but were resettled in other parts of Macedonia. When the Civil War ended they requested to be allowed to return to their villages, but their request was turned down and their properties were pillaged and their homes demolished. The court proceedings for the return of their estates have lasted for decades.
After the end of the Civil War the question of the confiscated properties became very strained. There were many new laws and regulations on the issue. The aim was to avoid returning the Macedonians' property, to prevent them from returning to their homes and thus to prevent the creation of conditions for the formation of a compact Macedonian population. All this was in the interest of the Graecization of the Aegean part of Macedonia.
The problem of the estates was taken care of in Regulations Nos. 3958 and 2951 of 1959, as well as in Law nr. 4234, known as "Measures for Public Order", passed by K. Karamanlis's government in 1962, and by the 1972 decree nr. 666. Under these regulations Macedonians were prevented from realizing their rights. An enormous number of applications for repatriation were turned down and those few who succeeded in returning their disadvantage.
In accordance with tradition, the Greek church took an active part in the anti-Macedonian campaign. Besides the daily sermons of anti-Slav and anti-Macedonian content preached by Greek priests, the Greek church took measures to force the Macedonians to give a collective and public oath that in future they would not use Macedonian but only the Greek language (Protest of the Macedonian emigrants in Melbourne, Australia, March 1960).
In April 1980 the leadership of the Central Committee for Political Refugees (KEPPE) submitted a demand to the Greek government that political refugees be allowed freely and unconditionally to return to their homes. Minister Konstantinos Stephanopulos replied that the request could not be granted, because of national interests. In his explanation Stephanopulos stated that in certain parts of Greece there were areas in which there had lived and still lived people of a reduced national feeling, i.e. territories with a sensitive population composition, so that if a free repatriation of such people were to be allowed, Greece would have to face once again a national issue and danger in certain sensitive areas. Recent history had confirmed this, said Stephanopulos. He went on to offer a precise figure of 40,000 (this figure is an over – estimate) people residing in East European countries (Macedonians) and to say that this did not constitute an issue that concerned Greece. That this was out of the question so far as Greece was concerned. For these reasons, according to Stephanopulos, the Greek government could not accept or apply the principle of free repatriation (Rizospastis, organo tis ke ty KKE, 16.IV 1980)
When the Pan-Greek Socialist Alliance (PASOK) assumed power, the government of Andreas Papandreou sharpened the measures towards assimilation and de-nationalization even further. On December 30th, 1982 this government passed a law on the free repatriation of refugees from Greece, i.e. of those "Greek by birth", by which the Macedonians (as non – Greeks by birth) were deprived of the possibility of returning to their homes, to the country of their birth.
Denial of human rights for Macedonians in Greece
The Idea of Macedonian Liberation Between the Two World Wars
National Park Galicica
Boris Trajkovski
Other Posts In MACEDONIANS IN GREECE
Aegean Macedonians Address To UNHCR
Anti-Macedonian Legal Acts in Greece
Attempts at Hellenization of the Macedonian Population in Today's Greece
Chronology of the rule of Greece in Aegean Macedonia
Confirmation of the national identity
Documentary Film Voden 1999
Exodus of Children from Aegean Macedonia
Greek Evidence on the Authenticity of the Macedonians


text:
T-Mobile's Android 8.0 Oreo Software Updates page is now live
Android should notify you when apps are accessing your microphone
Forest Live Wallpaper – Great for the Pixel 2, S8, and Note8
How to enable the notification light on the Pixel 2 and 2 XL
Here's why the OnePlus 6 is likely to have an in-display fingerprint sensor
Better late than never: Pixel 2 XL first impressions
Galaxy S9+ with Snapdragon 845 appears on Geekbench
Galaxy S9 and S9+ appear in case renders, show familiar design
Xposed Framework for Android Oreo nearing completion
Google needs to do a better job updating their app release notes
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Nexus 6P unboxing and first impressions
By Matt Kinne on October 30, 2015 Android
Every year we all know Google releases a Nexus phone. In the case of this year, two devices. I remember last year waiting to pre-order the Nexus 6, as it was the first time I had money saved up specifically for a Nexus device, so you could imagine I was more than excited. The problem was, the second after the page refreshed, they were instantly sold out. I was more than bummed, ended up having to wait until mid-December to pick up my Nexus 6 from T-Mobile.
After I sold off my Nexus 6, I was dead set on getting the next Nexus, no matter who made it. So when it was first leaked that Huawei would be making the larger of the two devices, I was 100% on board. I have always wanted to try a Huawei phone, but they aren't that big in the United States just yet, so this was my chance with the 6P. Granted its stock Android, but it is still built by the Chinese manufacturer.
I was very worried coming into this year, thinking the same thing would happen. The day of the pre-order, I happened to have a test that started at 12 PM. I wasn't too confident, especially after what happened the year before. I finished my test as fast as I possibly could. My phone was pre-loaded to the Google Store page, so all I had to do was refresh. I refreshed and the 6P was still in stock. I still wasn't confident. I added the 32 GB Graphite 6P to my cart, expecting it to disappear. It didn't, everything went very smoothly. So first and foremost, thank you Google for having a smooth pre-order for once!
So, nearly a month later I received my Nexus 6P, so the time has finally come for our first impressions on the Nexus 6P. I have been using the device for just over a day so far and I am very impressed with everything about it. Build, software, hardware, everything. Last year's Nexus was priced quite high, especially coming from a company such as Motorola who is about cheaper phones. So, the $499.99 price tag on the 6P along with its metal build was more than justifiable.
My favorite phone of all last year was the Nexus 6, so I had high expectations coming into the 6P. Every single one of my expectations has been surpassed. The build quality is much higher, the phone is faster, it is more appealing visually, etc. I could go on forever. Not to knock down Motorola in anyway, but I am a fan of what direction Huawei went on the 6P.
When opening the box, you are greeted by another 'P'. Google stated in their AMA on Reddit that the 'P' in 6P stands for premium and they really want to get that point across. While the packaging looks very premium, I was somewhat disappointed at how cheap the box it came in was. It's super thin, but we aren't here to judge a box. If we were, I've seen better.
The presentation of the box is very subtle, as we've seen with Google in the past. Everything since Android Lollipop is minimal and has to do with Material Design. Once you get past the silver card, that's where the device is hiding.
The Nexus 6P comes with a charging brick, USB Type-C to Type-C cable, and a USB Type-A to Type-C cable. The latter is only a few inches long, so it's just to get you by until you can purchase more Type-C cables.
When taking the Nexus 6P out of the, I didn't know what to expect. It's one thing seeing and reading others talk about the device and how it feels in the hand, but it's another to experience it yourself. Coming from the Galaxy Note 5, the device feels very, very premium. All of the seems on the phone are very tight and nothing sticks out. The buttons are very close to the chassis and tactile.
Since the has a metal design, the phone is quite heavy. Nothing that will "strain your wrist" as some others say, but it's noticeable. I am a big fan of how much it weighs though, so many phones still feel cheap, and the the 6P is anything but.
The device itself it is pretty tall, but the fact that it is less wide and thick than the Nexus 6, it is still quite comfortable to hold. The button placement is very convenient and the fingerprint sensor is lightning quick.
I have never been a fan of putting a password on my phone because I hate that extra step to unlock my phone. I was hesitant to setup a security method for that reason, but I knew i had to give it a shot, especially with how well received Nexus Imprint has been. The one thing I did was turn on smart lock, which really helps with cutting down on how many times I have to enter the password.
The nice thing about having the fingerprint sensor on the back of the device is that when you reach into your pocket, you seemingly naturally put your finger in the middle of the back of the phone. So for the most part, my phone is unlocked by the time my phone is out of my pocket. It is much more convenient than tap-to-wake, but I still really wish it was included for when the device is sitting on a table.
Some other tidbits I'd like to include: Ambient Display doesn't seem as responsive or sensitive as it did on the original Nexus 6, but I'm OK with that. It still turns on when I get a notification, which is all I ask for. I am also glad that they didn't ax the notification light just because they have Ambient Display, so +1 for Google and Huawei. The camera hump isn't as big (literally) of a deal as people made it out to be. I actually think the device looks good with it and it doesn't really hurt the phones overall feel or balance. It only sticks up slightly higher than the rest of the body. My Nexus did have an update out of the box and it does have VoLTE working on T-Mobile.
Well, that's about it. I've been using the Nexus 6P for not even a full day and I feel like I could keep going on and on. I'll save the rest of my opinions for the review though. If you can't tell, I am already a huge fan of this phone and the whole experience. If you have any questions about the Nexus 6P, just let me know. I'll probably give it about a week or two until I publish the full review.
Matt Kinne
I skateboard, listen to metal, write on my website FWNED, autocross, and love messing with new phones. Currently I'm using a Pixel XL running Pure Nexus with ElementalX as my daily driver.
Next Huawei P-series camera could top the Pixel 2 and iPhone X
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sir David Mark Rylance Waters  (n. 18 ianuarie 1960) este un actor englez de teatru și de film, care a primit Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun actor în rol secundar și Premiul BAFTA pentru rolul lui Rudolf Abel din filmul Podul spionilor. A jucat rolul titular din Marele Uriaș Prietenos din 2016.

Biografie

Filmografie selectivă
 2001 Intimitate (Intimacy), regia Patrice Chéreau
 2015 Podul spionilor (Bridge of Spies), regia Steven Spielberg
 2021 Nu priviți în sus (Don't Look Up), regia Adam McKay

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial

Nașteri în 1960
Nașteri pe 18 ianuarie
Actori englezi
Câștigători ai premiului Oscar pentru cel mai bun actor într-un rol secundar
Câștigători ai premiilor BAFTA
Câștigători ai premiilor Tony

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


During my 3 day trip I got to try so many exciting grape varietals which deserved to be imported in abundance but are virtually non-existent even in India's best wine list. At several instances it was almost embarrassing to let the wineries known that India is still not ready for them when today they are the in thing in the wine space. With the Indian consumers still not willing to move and experiment from standard grape varietals and styles it is impossible to do justices to import wines like Albariño, Gruner Veltliner, Verdicchio, whites from Portugal, Touriga Nacional - a super red from Portugal, Cavas, sparkling from Francaicorta, Garnacha from Spain, Grower Champagnes, Central Otago's Pinot Noirs, wines from Tasmania, and the list goes on and on and on. I want to be proactive to introduce these lovely wines to India but the entire supply chain has to be involved to make India a more wine savvy place and get the Indian consumers trying new things. They have to take a leap of faith; having an evolving list and not sticking to the same wines for years, keeping margins lower than spirits, introducing new varietals by the glass, creating new regions on the list, having wine specific promotions and most importantly giving keys to your wine list to a passion driven wine enthusiast with a eye on economics and not the other way round.
It is far easier to sell Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Shiraz, and Cabernet. But if we have to take a simpler route it will not do justice to the Indian consumers and our world cities as well as a booming hospitality sector. Soon you will have 100's of only the above 4 varietals to choose from and completely missing the other exciting wines. Why do we want to tread on the boring when the world is eagerly waiting for India to explore and the wine industry is at our finger tips with easy accessibility.
I will continue the quest. I hope that India will sync.


text:
Rainbow on the River (also known as It Happened in New Orleans) is a 1936 American musical film directed by Kurt Neumann from a screenplay by Harry Chandlee, Earle Snell, and William Hurlbut, based upon the novel Toinette's Philip by C. V. Jamison. Produced by Bobby Breen Productions and Principal Productions, the movie was premiered in New York City on December 17, 1936, and released nationwide by RKO Radio Pictures the following week on Christmas Day. The film stars Bobby Breen, May Robson and Charles Butterworth.

Plot summary
An orphan raised by a former slave in the South is forced to live with unfamiliar relatives in the North.

Cast
 Bobby Breen as Philip Ainsworth
 May Robson as Mrs. Harriet Ainsworth
 Charles Butterworth as Barrett
 Alan Mowbray as Ralph Layton
 Benita Hume as Julia Layton
 Henry O'Neill as Father Josef
 Louise Beavers as Toinette
 Marilyn Knowlden as Lucille Layton
 Lillian Yarbo as Seline (uncredited)

External links

References

1936 films
1936 musical films
American musical films
Films directed by Kurt Neumann
American black-and-white films
Films produced by Sol Lesser
1930s American films
1930s English-language films


Today and tomorrow, I am participating in the 24in48 Readathon (read for 24 hours over two days). I am keeping most of my updates on Instagram. However, I also will be updating here from time to time over the weekend. Above is a photo of the books I am starting with.
I plan to check in every four hours except when I'm sleeping tonight for a planned 8 hours. So here is my first check-in after starting at 8 a.m.
First Book Started: I started with All Things Bright and Beautiful by James Herriot, which I started last year, but didn't finish. After reading about more cows' "lady parts" and blood than I wanted for the morning (or really any time), I decided to take a break and read the January 2019 edition of Harper's. No less disturbing in some ways, with its political rhetoric (with which I agree), but still a reprieve from Herriot's bloody (literally, often) musings on being a veterinarian. Out of the four hours, I read about 2.5 hours.
First Meal Eaten: Burger (apropos after reading about cows – and how cute they are? Hmmm) with Muenster cheese on a croissant, onion rings, with a side of Sir Kensington's Special Sauce on the side.
I'm about halfway through my first book and am enjoying it immensely. Unfortunately, I also have been reading from time to time the Wikipedia entries about Alf Wight, the real man behind James Herriot, and the other "real-life" inspirations for his characters (his stories were semi-autobiographical). Sadly, the inspiration for Siegfried, his mentor veterinarian, committed suicide in his 80s, because among other things, he was depressed after Wight died from prostate cancer. However, that doesn't take away from Siegfried or from any person who committed suicide. He and they still could have inspired others. Just because they committed suicide doesn't take away their good qualities.
I also was inspired by Wight that he didn't start writing until the age of 50, the age I am turning this year. It reminds me of the late George Sheehan, who was a former doctor and who started running when he was 45. He then went on to write several books about running that helped inspire others, including myself, to get into running, which I did when in my 30s and 40s (yes, I no longer am a runner, but my goal is to get back to walking regularly this year). This quote from Sheehan also is the inspiration for the title of my original blog "An unfinished person…in an unfinished universe" and this blog, by extension.
In the last four hours, I read about 1.5 hours, which puts me at 4 hours in 8 hours so far. I hope to make up some time reading tonight after 8 p.m. as my wife goes to work. She is a 911 dispatcher and works 8 p.m. Saturday to 8 a.m. Sunday and then 8 a.m. Sunday to 8 p.m. Monday every weekend, along with Fridays and Saturdays, which allows me to be able to do readathons on weekends without taking away time with her. She is off Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays each week and since I work a job with later hours most days, I get to spend time with her earlier — and later after work– on those days.
I am continuing to read All Things Bright and Beautiful, but now am taking another break with Shale Play: Poems and Photographs from the Fracking Fields by poet Julia Spicher Kasdorf and photographer Steven Rubin. I picked this one up at our local library, where I work. It caught my eye because where we live in northcentral Pennsylvania has been affected, and continues to be affected, by the natural gas industry.
I read the same amount of hours, 1.5, within the last four hours. During the previous four-hour stretch from noon to 4 p.m., I ended up napping part of that time, like our cat, Seamus, pictured above. This last four-hour stretch from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m., I called a friend whose birthday was today and talked with him for an hour and had dinner with my wife. We also watched a couple of episodes of a Canadian TV show Corner Gas that we have been enjoying on Amazon Prime Video.
I am putting my last check-in for Saturday up at 11 a.m. instead of at midnight, at an interval of every four hours, because I am going to bed. I finished Shale Play, which I will talk about more tomorrow or another day, but I will say this: It was very good. I ended up reading for 1.5 hours again, finishing with reading again from the January 2019 edition of Harper's Magazine. I will continue that tomorrow as well as All Things Bright and Beautiful, which I probably am about three-quarters of the way through. I also plan to start, if not finish, Born A Crime.
I got a full night's rest and started at 8 a.m. this morning. Yesterday, I started at 8:30 a.m. and finished with 7 hours of reading. I think my record with any readathon is a maximum of 8 or 9 hours, so I should shatter that record. Of course, I now am on a CPAP and am getting good rest too so that is helping. Since I finished with 7 hours of reading yesterday, I will set my goal for 7 too today.
As planned, I have started with Born A Crime by Trevor Noah. I'm already about 75 pages into it and it's great. I know that many have expressed that I should listen to this in audiobook, but I just don't do audiobooks. I can read quicker than I can be read to. I have heard Noah speak before, on a comedy special so know he pronounces the Xhosa words, which adds to the experience. I just rather would read the book. I appreciate those of you who have commutes to work and enjoy listening to audiobooks. My commute is five minutes so it doesn't work for me.
I woke up this morning to an unexpected snow. We were supposed to get an inch and we already have a couple of inches, so I had to go out and help our neighbor shovel our shared driveway. As I'm writing now, it's still snowing, but I don't think it's supposed to accumulate much more today (I hope). The good thing is I'm in for the day, reading.
Sooo…my grand plans to read today? Um, yeah, I've read a total of three hours in the last 8 hours, but I'm almost finished with Born A Crime and I will finish that tonight. Also at 10 hours of reading in, I already have eclipsed my reading numbers for any readathon I've participated in previously (to the best of my knowledge) and I still have hours to go and get my goal of 7 hours in today. If not that, I'll be happy with 12.
The main reason for my not reading is because I distracted myself with a run to get winter boots at Goodwill and wine at the wine and spirits shoppe. I only planned to grab boots at Goodwill, but couldn't resist looking for pants and shirts. I found one good pair of pants and two nice long-sleeved shirts. Likewise, I went for one bottle of wine, but "found" two other bottles of wine plus a discount bottle of tropical flavored vodka. No, it will not be drunk tonight (some is for The Wife) but as you can see from the photo, I did partake of at least one bottle.
Now the plan is to finish Born a Crime and I think I'll end with finishing up things All Things Bright and Beautiful since I have been enjoying that. At the end, I'll report in on how I finished.
It is 8 p.m. and I am in the homestretch now. I finished Born A Crime, another excellent book, which I will talk about later, and now am working on finishing All Things Bright and Beautiful, which earlier I called erroneously (twice, no less in this post) All Creatures Bright and Beautiful. Oops. Now that is corrected, and I'm on to finish my third book for the readathon and should end with over 12 hours which was my initial goal.
2 3/4 books in 11 hours for this weekend's #24in48. All were, and are, excellent. I didn't want to rush the last one, All Things Bright and Beautiful, so will finish tomorrow.
If you are participating, let me know how you are faring and what you are reading in the comments. If not, let me know how you are faring anyway and what good books you've been reading lately.


text:
How To Call India From Canada With MyLine
With 1.2 million Canadians having Indian heritage, the depth of these two nations' tie cannot be denied. Both countries have long enjoyed bilateral relations born out of shared history and a mutual commitment to democracy.
Trade relations between India and Canada remains prosperous in spite of the recent recession. They even celebrated the Year of India in Canada in 2012 to mark and promote business and political relations.
Indo-Canadians started to pour into Canada at the start of the 20th century. Most of them are from Punjabs or British army veterans. Throughout the next several decades, the Indian population in Canada continued to increase as immigration policies become more open.
Ontario hosts the largest population of Indo-Canadians with 51% of them residing in the Greater Toronto Area. Most Indian immigrants in Canada enjoy a middle or upper-middle class lifestyle. They are also more likely to have a university degree than other ethnic migrant groups.
They also tend to be working in white collar jobs and even hold senior managerial positions. Lots of them also maintain regular contact with immediate families and friends back in India.
Fortunately for them, MyLine offers international calling long distance to India from Canada for as cheap as $0.011 per minute. Learn how to call with the app here. Plans start at $2 with no contract and other extra hidden charges. Not only is it cheap, it doesn't require an internet connection too. Just sign up, pay and call. It's that easy.
How Do We Compete With Free International Calling Services?
Why use MyLine when you could use Facebook or WhatsApp? Our service let's you call without an internet connection. The person you're trying to reach doesn't need to have an account with the service either for you to connect with them. You can call anywhere there is a cell connection.
Here's how you can make the cheapest long-distance call from Canada to India with MyLine:
Toll-free or Standard Access from any phone:
Purchase or top-up international call card credits with MyLine
Dial toll-free or standard access number for Canada
Enter MyLine PIN or Activate PIN-less dialing
Dial the destination phone number (10 digits for mobile and 8 digits for landline)
Install MyLine app from the Appstore or Playstore
Purchase call credits
Dial destination number or choose from your contact list
PC, Mac or WebRTC App
Go to the MyLine WebRTC Site
Key in your log-in details
Top-up credits (if needed)
See international calling rates here.


Our PhotoCon 2018 in Oklahoma City is in its 5th year and is the largest photography and imaging shows in Oklahoma. The show will offer the ultimate experience in photography and digital imaging. Explore tons of different vendors and manufacturers all in one place. See an inspiring array of products and services. Discover and learn some cutting-edge innovations in digital imaging products and techniques from industry experts.
captures in his actors headshots and executive portraits.
definitive guide to headshot photography.
Thinking about getting involved with 2018 PhotoCon? We are currently looking for Volunteers and models.


My daughter started school back in September and, since doing so, her love of reading has grown exponentially. Now that she has started learning to read to herself, there's no stopping her. Her school has started sending some simple books home for her, and her classmates, to learn with. The problem is, these books are a little too basic for her, because currently they only have one word per page, and she was keen to try more.
I love this post from Andy, it's exactly the kind of stuff that makes the iPad so great. With pages built in (and some cheap apps) you can make a custom kids book. Frankly, I find stuff like this much more interesting than "can the iPad do real work" debates because it's meeting a personal need.
One of the things I'm left wondering is if Andy could have done it using built in apps to the iPad? Pages has some simple drawing tools built in but there are some drawing and image editing aspects which aren't present. I also wonder about getting a printed copy made for parents who are cautious over screen time.


CHICAGO — 'Tis the season — for heart attacks? Not to dampen any spirits, but studies show heart troubles spike this time of year.
It's not just a Western phenomenon; recent research in China found the same thing. The increase includes fatal and nonfatal heart attacks and a less serious condition dubbed "holiday heart syndrome" — an irregular heartbeat caused by too much booze.
"The other day, we had three heart attacks come in within four hours," said Dr. Charles Davidson, chief of Northwestern Memorial Hospital's cardiac catheterization services. The hospital's usual rate is two or three a week.
American Heart Association spokesman Dr. Richard Stein, a cardiologist at New York University's medical center, said most studies investigating holiday heart trends have found a statistical increase in heart attacks and other problems — not a giant surge but worth noting just the same.
It happens in cold climates, sometimes when sedentary people or those with heart disease take on too much snow shoveling, or spend too much time outdoors. Cold weather can constrict arteries, increasing demand on the heart, he said, But it also happens in warm places. Flu season coincides with winter holidays and Stein said that might be a factor because the virus can cause inflammation that also can stress the heart.
David Phillips, a sociologist at the University of California's San Diego campus, has long studied when people die. His research, based on millions of death certificates nationwide, shows that cardiac deaths including fatal heart attacks increase almost 5 percent on Christmas Day, the day after and on New Year's Day. Deaths from other causes also increase at holiday time, but not as much, he has found.
Phillips estimates that there are 2,000 extra deaths each year, mostly from heart-related problems, linked with Christmas and New Year's. He says hospitals' holiday staffing is a factor, with fewer doctors and nurses working and the most senior employees often on vacation.
Also, he said, in the rush leading up to the holidays, people tend to ignore symptoms and put off going to the doctor — which can be dangerous if heart problems or other serious illnesses are brewing.
"I said, 'I'm just having an off day, I'll just work through it,'" he recalled. But when his symptoms got worse, he climbed upstairs and asked his son to drive him to the hospital. By then, he was feeling nauseous and sweating profusely. Ten minutes later, he was in a hospital emergency room. Doctors diagnosed a heart attack and implanted two stents to open blocked arteries.
Cabler was just 45, had always been healthy and active, so the diagnosis was a surprise. So was learning about the possible seasonal connection. Now he says the stress of running around buying gifts and braving holiday crowds might have been a factor. Doctors also found he had high cholesterol and triglycerides, prescribed medicine and recommended cutting down on fat and sugar.
Cabler said he's trying to cut the stress this holiday season — buying fewer gifts and spending more time at home.
"We're keeping it a little more low-key," he said.
Then there's "holiday heart syndrome," a type of irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation brought on by too much alcohol.
It involves irregular contractions in the heart's upper two chambers that patients often feel as palpitations, a funny fluttery sensation in the chest, or chest pain. It's like the heart's rhythm has gone "haywire," according to a report last year in the Harvard Heart Letter.
"People who come in with this, they're shocked that it happened," said Dr. Deepak Bhatt, a heart specialist at Brigham and Women's Hospital and editor-in-chief of the Harvard Heart Letter. Many aren't chronic drinkers and "may not realize that excess drinking at the annual Christmas party has its own risks," he said.
The condition typically happens in otherwise healthy adults, and resolves within 24 hours, though teens aren't immune. Medical literature includes a "holiday heart" report from doctors at Miami Children's Hospital involving a 16-year-old boy who developed atrial fibrillation after a drinking bout — his blood alcohol level was slightly higher than the legal limit.


It's a massive time-saver. Instead of doing it yourself, it just sort of happens by magic. The magic of code. And now you can take things to the next level: from campaign-level to meta-campaign-level. To a PPC superhero, that's exciting right?
Set up the audiences (and bid adjustments) you want in one campaign, then the script uses that as a template and copies those audiences to all the other campaigns.
The script won't remove existing audiences, but if a campaign was already targeting an audience, then the bid modifier may be overwritten. So, when audiences have been copied into a campaign, that campaign is labeled so the script ignores it on future runs — then you can exclude the audiences or change the modifiers however you like. You can rerun the script whenever you feel like it, to make sure any new campaigns have the audiences set up, and it won't mess up the tweaks you've made in the old campaigns.
Sadly, you have to delete any ad group-level audiences before running the script. If there's a campaign that has ad group audiences, even if they're paused, then the script can copy campaign-level negative audiences, but not positive ones.
campaignNameContains is used to filter the campaigns the script looks at: if you only want the script to look at campaigns which have certain words or phrases in the names, put those words or phrases in the square brackets, in double quotes and separated with commas. For example, if campaignNameContains is ["Brand", "Generic"], then only campaigns with names containing "brand" or "generic" are included.
campaignNameDoesNotContain is the same, but for words or phrases in the names of campaigns you want the script to ignore. For example, if campaignNameDoesNotContain is ["Display", "Competitor"], then any campaigns with names containing "display" or "competitor" are ignored.
campaignNameContains and campaignNameDoesNotContain are not case-sensitive.
Leave them blank, , to cover all campaigns.
If you need to put a double quote into either, put a backslash before it.
If ignorePausedCampaigns is true, then the script will only look at currently active campaigns. Set this to false if you want to apply audiences to currently paused campaigns.
If includeShoppingCampaigns is true, the audiences will be copied to Shopping campaigns, as well as Search campaigns.
campaignToCopy is the name of the template campaign whose audiences will be copied. This is case-sensitive.
The template campaign can be paused, but it can't be removed.
labelName is the name of the label which will be applied to campaigns once they've had the audiences added. This means you can see which campaigns have been covered. Campaigns that already have the label will be ignored; if the script doesn't cover them all in one run, it can go again until it covers them all.
Remember, you need to delete all ad group-level audiences before running the script! Otherwise you'll get errors where the audiences couldn't be added. If you have campaigns where you want to keep the ad group audiences, you may want to get the script to skip over them entirely: you can put their names in campaignNameDoesNotContain, or you could label them with the labelName used to show which campaigns already have audiences.
This doesn't work on Universal App or Video campaigns.
Scripts can only run for 30 minutes, which may not be enough time if you've got lots of campaigns or lots of audiences. But if the script times out, you can just run it again — it will say in the logs when everything has been covered.


text:
SUCCESSFUL BIOMASS CONFERENCE: CROATIA NEEDS LONG-TERM ENERGY STRATEGIES
There are big expectations of biomass in achieving the energy transition in Croatia, which has the potential to be the main energy resource in decarbonization of the entire energy supply system. This was one of the key messages from the 9th International Conference on Biomass and Renewable Energy Sources that was held in Zagreb last February.
Taking into account climate change, the world economy will be turning more and more to renewable sources. Assistant Minister of Environmental Protection and Energy Mr Domagoj Valid�ić, on behalf of the Croatian Government, announced the new energy legislatives until 2030, especially in regard to the incentive system. More than 270 participants agreed: the energy transition is already happening, and renewable energy sources are no longer the result of enthusiasm, but an imperative! In order to make a better supply of raw material for energy market, Croatian Forest Management Company invested considerable amount in new technologies with the aim to mobilize additional quantities of biomass, estimated at a range of 500,000 to 1 million cubic meters, said President of the Management Board Mr Krunoslav Jakupčić. In apparent deindustrialisation in the transition countries, wood processing companies and wood fuel producers believe that further support is needed in order to invest in new projects, including pellet production and cogeneration plants, because "without chimneys, there is no progress", particularly regarding employment in rural areas. Bioenergy and biomass are still a complex and sometimes controversial issue in Croatia and neighborhoding countries, but current open dialogue between relevant institutions and forestry companies in Croatia confirms that biomass has more and more important role in national and international policies.
Croatian Biomass Association CROBIOM is committed to promote the greater use of biomass as the generator of rural development, emphasized President Mr Davor Zec. CROBIOM, along with the Croatian Wood Cluster, is the organizer of the conference and continues to implement activities that have contributed to the increased use of RES in the Republic of Croatia over the past years, and will continue to do so in future.
For more information contact Mr. Marijan Kavran:
CROATIAN Wood Cluster & CROBIOM
Krsnjavoga 1
HR-10000 Zagreb / Croatia
Tel. +385 1 6329111 / 114
E-mail: info@drvniklaster.hr
E-mail: info@drvnipelet.hr
http://www.wood-energy.info


It's all aboard the ghost train on this paranormal radar and a man in Gloucestershire suspects his shed might be haunted! We have listener's stories from Kelly, Chris & Juliet and we take another trip across the Fens to Norfolk where I have an interesting encounter at Thetford Priory and we risk the wrath of the Phantom Rabbit at Thetford Warren Lodge.
Comparison showing the view looking down the Nave at Thetford Priory with Lil at the end and a zoomed in image of Lil to show the scale.
This is the window in which Fitz saw the figure!


Warrington Scott Pty Ltd (Warrington Scott) is a boutique financial services company initially established in Canberra in 2000, expanding to the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney in 2004 and then Goulburn in 2013. We are dedicated to assisting our clients to create, manage and protect their wealth and, when the need arises, ensure the most effective transfer of their wealth.
is a Professional Practice Member of the Financial Planning Association of Australia.
Warrington Scott is headed by two principal financial consultants (financial advisers), Daniel Sharp in the Sydney office and Prue Martin (nee Riley) in the Goulburn office. In addition, Warrington Scott has a dedicated team of professional administrative staff.
In order to provide clients with appropriate strategies and services we must first understand their financial and personal circumstances, their needs and objectives, and their risk profile. This knowledge underpins all our advice, from investment recommendations that present value and opportunity, to insurance recommendations that adequately protect their personal and financial position. We work with clients to devise the most effective structures to manage their assets, minimise their liabilities, and reduce their risk, now and into the future.
Our aim is to establish an effective and meaningful long-term relationship with our clients.
We appreciate that each client is unique, with their own particular financial circumstances, needs and goals. Understanding our clients' needs is paramount to appropriately tailoring strategies and services. We get to know our clients through in-depth discussions and from documentation they provide. We also regularly review these strategies to ensure they continue to be appropriate.
Contact us for an obligation-free consultation to discuss your financial goals and needs.
Subscribe to our quarterly newsletter to learn more about the current economic climate, investment news and other useful information.
Or like our facebook page to receive more frequent updates.


Eat — you'll love it!
Beat — you'll like it!
It started at home. It was plenty different food and we had to many people. Then we decided to start to make our events in galleries, bookstores, open space. We have created for you opportunity to try our favorite chefs from around the world in our favorite places. We love to cook as you love to eat and listen to a nice and fresh beat!


text:
Langdon & Emison Promotes Three Attorneys to Partner
Langdon & Emison, a personal injury litigation firm with offices in Missouri and Illinois, announces the promotion of attorneys Tricia Campbell, Brennan Delaney and Michael Serra to partner, effective Jan. 1, 2021.
Neeli Langdon
20th Anniversary of Baker v. General Motors SCOTUS Argument Recognized
This fall marked the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court argument in Baker v. General Motors, and a news piece that aired this fall on several broadcast affiliates takes a look at this precedential case. Baker was a Langdon & Emison victory described as influential in the law because it provided an answer to the question of whether expert testimony could be called upon from former employees.
Langdon & Emison Attorneys Named to National Trial Lawyers Top 100
Langdon & Emison attorneys David Brose and Brennan Delaney have been selected for the National Trial Lawyers: Top 100 Civil Plaintiff Trial Lawyers, for the state of Missouri. The National […]
Firm Brochure on GM, Bair Hugger, Tire Defects, Truck Accidents is Released
The first edition of the Langdon & Emison newsletter has been printed and is available for viewing here. The firm issues this quarterly brochure to anyone interested in news from the firm and hot topics from the worlds of civil litigation, public safety and consumer products.


Real estate has become ultra competitive. You're competing with 100 other Realtors to get just one Expired listing.
What is Your Perfect Real Estate Niche?
A big part of being a realtor is helping people.
That's what Smart Agents do, and that's what we take pride in.
This week I talked with Sharon, a member, who I interviewed before. She's been having consistent success with her licensed books but she recently starting working with a divorce attorney.
Divorced homes are an unnoticed niche in real estate.
It's something we focus on at Smart Agents, with our guide and multiple blogs on finding and addressing the leads.
Divorced homes are a big niche for agents. It may not seem like the best thing to capitalize on, but these sellers usually have to sell and you can make their life a whole lot easier.


The Governor-elect of Lagos state and his deputy have met with President Muhammadu Buhari in Abuja.
The Lagos All Progressives Congress, APC, Governor-elect, Babajide Sanwo-Olu and his deputy, Dr. Kadri Hamzat on Monday met with President Muhammadu Buhari at the Presidential Villa, Abuja.
Sanwo-Olu and his deputy are meeting the president for the first time since they won the governorship election in Lagos State after defeating Jimi Agbaje of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP.
However, Sanwo-Olu, on his twitter page said he was at the State House with Hamzat and had fruitful deliberation with the president.
"Today at the State House, @drobafemihamzat and I had a fruitful meeting with H.E President @MBuhari. We shared our vision #ForAGreaterLagos with him and solicited his support as we prepare for the task ahead of us," he said on his twitter page.


Pet insurance customers might be interested to hear that, according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), not enough people are including their pets in disaster preparation.
The poll, released yesterday, found that 35 per cent of dog and cat owners have no plan for dealing with their pets and making them safe during a disaster that forces them to evacuate their homes.
A further 39 per cent of owners said they would leave their pets behind if evacuated, with 19 per cent saying they weren't sure what they would do.
"Always evacuate with your pets. If it's not safe for you to stay, it's probably not safe for your pet," ASPCA's director of field investigations and response team Tim Rickey said.
After May's tornado in Joplin, Missouri, the ASPCA took in 1,300 lost or abandoned cats and dogs.


text:
Putin Congratulates Trump as Russian Establishment Celebrates
By Damien Sharkov On 11/9/16 at 3:57 AM EST
Russia's President Vladimir Putin, center, and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, right, attend a meeting with United Russia party members and primaries candidates ahead of the parliamentary election, Moscow, April 20. Alexei Druzhinin/Sputnik/Kremlin/Reuters
World 2016 Presidential Election Russia United Russia 2016 Elections
Russian President Vladimir Putin congratulated Donald Trump for his election victory on Wednesday, as politicians from various political parties in Russia said they expected relations between the Kremlin and Washington to improve.
The Kremlin announced that Putin had sent a telegram to Trump on Wednesday morning expressing "his hope they can work together toward the end of the crisis in Russian-American relations, as well address the pressing issues of the international agenda and the search for effective responses to global security challenges."
Russia's major political parties also welcomed the news of a Trump presidency.
Sergey Zheleznyak, member of Russian President Vladimir Putin's United Russia party in parliament, hailed Trump's "deserved victory" in a statement on the party's website.
"Despite all the intrigues and provocations that the current U.S. government put in front of Trump, people supported his intention to address the serious problems that have accumulated in America, and to move from confrontation to cooperation with Russia and the world," Zheleznyak said. "I hope that between now and [his] entry into office as the new president of the United States there will be no tragic events and the new U.S. administration will have enough political will and wisdom for civilized solutions to existing problems."
Fellow United Russia parliamentarian Vyacheslav Nikonov also celebrated Trump's triumph, calling it "the biggest political revolution" in the United States.
"Trump supported a position of isolationism," Nikonov said. "He advocated for the United States to deal with its internal affairs, and not to make claims to the rest of the world. This means that we have a good opportunity to defuse tensions with the United States."
Nikonov told Interfax news agency that the announcement of the concession by Trump's rival, Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, was met with applause in Russia's lower house of parliament on Wednesday. The speaker of Russia's lower house of parliament, Vyacheslav Volodin, who is also a United Russia member and a former aide to Putin, said Wednesday that the Russian parliament will "welcome and support" U.S. voters' choice and hope for "constructive dialogue" between the two countries.
Russia's second biggest party the Communist Party also issued a statement Wednesday morning, expressing hope for more cooperation and calling Trump's win "astounding" and against the "elite clans" in the United States. The party leader was more lukewarm on the news, noting that U.S. imperialism was unlikely to change.
Vladimir Zhirinovsky, the right-wing nationalist leader of the Liberal Democratic Party who has previously been nicknamed the Russian Donald Trump, called Clinton a "mindless old woman" and praised U.S. voters for "coming to their senses" after eight years of President Barack Obama, whom he referred to as "the Afro-American."
Putin Congratulates Trump as Russian Establishment Celebrates | World
Donald J. Trump Elected U.S. President
2016 Presidential Election: Russian Bear Picks Trump
U.S. Election: Russian Media on Polling Day


Josh Rota of the Revelstoke Aquaducks competes in the boys 100 m butterfly preliminaries Saturday in Coquitlam.
The B.C. Provincial Summer Swimming Championships were a great one for the Revelstoke Aquaducks, with a club-high 30 swimmers in attendance.
The B.C. Provincial Summer Swimming Championships were a great one for the Revelstoke Aquaducks, with a club-high 30 swimmers in attendance at the three day meet in Coquitlam last weekend.
— Eliza McGuire, Division 8 Girls: silver in the 100m butterfly and bronze in the 200m individual medley.
Also going down was Blair Muldoon's 13-year-old 200m individual medley record for Division 6 Boys, when Josh Rota came ninth in his race.
Most members of the Aquaducks made the finals of their events over the course of the weekend.


Sara Ann Knutson was awarded an Arthur Fondiler History Award as well as a Virginia L. Voss Memorial Award for excellence in writing by senior Honors women for her thesis "Bridges to Eternity: Women, Conversion, and Religion in Viking-Age Sweden" (advised by Kit French). In the fall, she will enter the M.Phil. Program in Archaeology at the University of Cambridge.
Stephanie Leitzel was awarded an Arthur Fondiler History Award for her thesis "May the Road Rise to Meet You: Early Medieval Monastic Settlement along Ireland's Ancient Highways" (advised by Paolo Squatriti). She has been accepted into the Ph.D. Program in History at Harvard University.


OK Just Count And Try To Get To 100,000 | Page 28 | DuncsWeb » Technology, Freebies, Gaming, YouTube.
This topic has been superceded by a new count that has reached 1,400.
We'll get to that 100,000 though, eventually!


text:
The Bataclan concert hall, site of Paris attacks, to reopen in November
The Bataclan concert hall
Image: Apaydin Alain/Sipa USA
By Gianluca Mezzofiore 2016-04-13 14:58:55 UTC
LONDON — The Bataclan concert hall, where 90 people were shot dead in the November terrorist attacks in Paris, will re-open to the public this November, one year after the massacre, the managers said in a Facebook statement.
SEE ALSO: President Obama honors Paris attack victims at Le Bataclan
British singer Pete Doherty will help reopen the venue with a gig on November 16, which will be followed by shows by the Senegalese star Youssou N'Dour, Nada and MZ.
Other shows will be announced in the next few days, the post says.
"Renovation works at Bataclan have started," the venue managers said. "They consist in the refurbishment of all the infrastructure and equipment of the concert hall without changing its original arrangement."
Managers said they would attempt to preserve the venue's "warmth and friendliness," as well as "maintain the festive and popular spirit that has always been its character."
Topics: bataclan concert hall, france, Paris attacks, World


text:
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        // line 1
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        $this->blocks = array(
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";
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        echo "

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            Id
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Last Nun Standing Vows to Take Katy Perry Down in Convent Battle
Written By Maggie Serota
| March 22, 2018 - 4:06 pm
Home » News » Last Nun Standing Vows to Take Katy Perry Down in Convent Battle
Sister Rita Callanan is the last nun standing between Katy Perry and an 8-acre, $14 million convent in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz, and the 79-year-old isn't going down without a fight. Perry has been in a protracted legal battle with the the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary over the former convent since 2015 when the nuns tried to block the Archdiocese of Los Angeles from selling the property to the "Roar" singer.
The battle took a tragic turn earlier this month when 89-year-old Sister Catherine Rose Holzman died after collapsing in court.
"To Katy Perry, please stop," Holzman said in a KTTV interview shortly before her ill-fated court appearance. "It's not doing anyone any good except hurting a lot of people."
"Sister's death has taken a toll on me. It really has," Callanan told The Daily Beast earlier this week. "But I'm not going to give up."
Watch Katy Perry Perform 'When I'm Gone' and 'Never Really Over' on Saturday Night Live
"To us it is holy ground," Callanan added, referring to the Mediterranean-style villa the sisters purchased in 1972 after pooling their income teaching in local Catholic schools. From The Daily Beast:
The property dispute boils down to which party had the authority to sell. Sisters Rita and Catherine Rose have said they are the rightful owners and that the archdiocese put an end to retreats and other sources of revenue, evicted the sisters, and took over the convent.
The archdiocese says it became too costly for the retired sisters to remain living on the property and that it no longer accommodated their physical needs.
There are a lot of stairs, and it's a really big space as well," said Adrian Alarcon, a senior spokesperson for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. "A lot of the sisters now live in assisted living homes or retirement homes where they can get the proper care they need."
Despite the fact that Perry said that she wants to live on the property with her mother and grandmother and "sit in the meditation garden, sip green tea and find herself," the lone nun is unmoved.
"I just feel that Katy Perry is used to getting all she wants, and to her money means everything," Callanan said, "and to her, whatever Katy wants, Katy gets."
Callanan is running a GoFundMe campaign which has already raised $34,000 towards the fight to keep the convent.
Maggie Serota
katy perry, nun fights