text:
New York Declaration on Forests
Progress Assessment
Goal Assessments
Goal 1: Stop forest loss
Goal 2: Agricultural commodities
Goal 3: Reduce non-agricultural deforestation
Goal 4: Alternatives for basic needs
Goal 5: Restore forests
Goal 6: Anchor in the SDGs
Goal 7: Global climate agreement
Goal 8: Finance for forest action
Goal 9: Reward positive results
Goal 10: Governance and communities
GOAL 10: Strengthen forest governance, transparency, and the rule of law, while also empowering communities and recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples, especially those pertaining to their lands and resources
Improvements in forest governance remain too slow to adequately support efforts to reduce deforestation. Forest governance is weakest in poorer countries, where institutions and the rule of law tend to be weak overall.
Many countries have strong laws on paper, particularly regarding access to information and justice, but these are often inadequately implemented. Most countries have laws requiring governments to provide access to information and opportunities to participate in forest-related decision-making, but these laws often contain significant restrictions that limit these rights in practice. Overall, the forest sector remains relatively opaque in many countries.
Illegality drives deforestation. Especially where commercial agriculture is causing significant forest loss, the risk that forest-related laws are violated in the production of commodities remains alarmingly high.
Several Asian countries have started to adopt measures to restrict market access for illegally harvested timber and agricultural commodities, complementing existing frameworks in the European Union, the United States, and Australia. The design of the new measures has, however, raised some concerns about how well they will be enforced.
Progress in recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and other local communities to their lands and resources remains slow, and a significant share of community lands remains unrecognized. Even where communities do possess recognized land rights, these rights are often not secure in practice. Developed countries with high forest cover and large populations of indigenous peoples tend to provide less protection for the land and resource rights of those peoples than developing countries.
Weak recognition of rights, limited consultation of communities, and growing demand for land have led to an increase in land conflicts and growing dangers for communities defending their land rights, with the number of murders of community activists increasing every year since 2014.
Local organizations are leading innovations for community empowerment, such as installing financial vigilance mechanisms and focusing on women's entrepreneurial training. While there is great potential for replication of these strategies and forest-linked development finance is getting through to some of them, much more needs to be done to bring them to scale.
OVERVIEW OF GOAL AND INDICATORS
Goal 10 of the NYDF recognizes the link between improvements in governance and addressing deforestation and commits endorsers to support advances in transparency, the rule of law, and the empowerment of communities and indigenous peoples in relation to the land and resource rights.
Good governance is essential to address deforestation
While governments have historically been among the main agents of deforestation, they are also responsible for the adoption of laws and policies that are essential to the protection and sustainable management of forests.[1] The implications of good or bad governance are highly context specific. However, adopting and implementing strong environmental policies, clarifying ownership rights, and strengthening the rule of law has proven to remove pressure on forests and help protect forest ecosystems.[2]
In this assessment, we focus on progress in strengthening forest governance[3] which we understand to cover:
The institutions, laws, policies, and processes that govern the ownership, management, use, protection, and conversion of forests
How these institutions, laws, policies, and processes operate in practice, including their degree of transparency
The strength of the rule of law in forest-related matters, including the implementation and enforcement of the law and access to justice for those wronged by forest-related decisions
The governance of international trade in forest products and nonforest products linked to deforestation and forest degradation
The rights and empowerment of indigenous peoples and local communities
Assessing progress
Previous assessments of Goal 10 relied on a framework which covered some key aspects of forest governance, based on data available at the time. This year, for the in-depth report on Goal 10, the assessment framework was revised and expanded in consultation with an expert working group. The new framework more comprehensively evaluates all aspects of Goal 10 while incorporating newly available data. In total, the eight indicators in the assessment cover forest laws and policies, the rule of law, demand-side measures, transparency, participation and access to justice, and empowering and ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. The criteria and indicators are the assessment are listed below (Table 1).
Table 1. Assessment Framework for NYDF Goal 10
CRITERIA INDICATOR
1. Governance, the rule of law and forest-related crime 1.1. Legal and policy frameworks governing forests
1.2. Illegality in and around forests
1.3. Demand-side measures and international cooperation
2. Transparency, participation, and access to justice 2.1. Transparency and access to information
2.2. Participation in decision-making
2.3. Access to justice
3. Empowering and ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities 3.1. Rights of indigenous peoples and local communities
3.2. Empowerment of communities
Criterion 1: Governance, the rule of law. and forest-related crime
Indicator 1.1: Legal and policy frameworks governing forests and deforestation
Countries with weak forest laws and policies, insufficient enforcement, and high levels of corruption experience higher rates of deforestation than countries with stronger legal frameworks and institutions.[4] While several countries have made notable improvements in efforts to reduce illegal activities, progress remains slow and, in some countries, has stalled completely.
An assessment of nine countries that are home to almost half of tropical forests, conducted by Climate Focus and Chatham House, shows that almost all countries made progress in strengthening their laws and policies tackling illegal logging and deforestation over the past five years (Figure 1).[5] However, most countries have major inconsistencies within forest legislation or with legislation governing the sectors (e.g., agriculture) that drive deforestation. Some countries also lack the political will to implement these laws.
Figure 1. Average forest governance policy scores (of nine indicators) for nine tropical countries
Note: Scores are on a scale of 0 to 100 percent, from worst to best performance. This research builds on two previous assessments carried out by Chatham House under the project Illegal logging and related trade: Indicators of the global response.
Source: Climate Focus and Chatham House. (2018). Assessments of government forest policy in nine countries.
Several of the nine countries assessed have fairly strong checks and balances to ensure the rule of law is respected, including limiting the powers of senior government officials to override laws, providing for performance audits, ensuring parliamentary and judicial oversight of government decisions, enabling the public to mount legal challenges against government decisions, and imposing penalties for bribery. [6] Notable improvements to the rule of law in recent years include the adoption of laws in Ghana and Indonesia to strengthen public control and transparency and hold government officials and forest officers accountable for their involvement in the trade of illegal timber.
In many countries, nonetheless, progress in strengthening institutions and enforcing laws remains slow and limited. Enforcement is particularly challenging in developing countries, many of which have relatively strong legal frameworks (sometimes stronger than those of developed countries), but often struggle to fully implement their laws, regulations, and commitments, including moratoria on forest use or conversion.[7]
Only limited progress has been made in controlling corruption. Corruption undermines all efforts to strengthen the rule of law. A comparison of corruption scores from Transparency International with changes in primary forest cover in 180 countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reveals that countries with high perceived levels of corruption experience more forest loss.
Indicator 1.2: Illegality in and around forests
In countries with high rates of commodity-driven deforestation, violations of agricultural production laws remain alarmingly high. In 75 percent of major timber-producing countries – and all of the largest palm oil, soy, and beef producing countries in tropical regions —there are significant risks of one, or usually multiple, laws being broken in producing these commodities.[8]
Almost half of all tropical deforestation in recent decades was due to the illegal conversion of forests for commercial agriculture, in particular for the "big four" commodities: palm oil, soy, paper/timber, and cattle/beef.[9] Two thirds of illegal deforestation took place in Brazil and Indonesia, the two largest producers of forest-risk commodities and the countries with highest forest loss.[10]
Legality risks vary by commodity (Figure 2). In the timber sector, the most frequent legality risks related to logging include bribery, violating forest management requirements, and improperly acquiring permits for timber trading and transport. In the palm oil, soy, and cattle sectors, common causes for illegality are clearing forest for plantations or pastures and noncompliance with laws protecting high-conservation value areas.[11]
Figure 2. Legality risks in forest and agricultural commodity supply chains (2017)
Note: NEPCon conducts country-level legality risk assessments for forest and agricultural commodity supply chains.
Source: Climate Focus analysis based on 2017 data from Nature Economy and People Connected (NEPCon)'s Sourcing Hub.
For the most part, legality risks are significantly higher in tropical countries. Nonetheless, illegal logging remains a problem in several other countries such as Russia, Romania, and Poland.[12] In the Italian timber sector there is significant risk of timber harvesting regulations and other environmental requirements being violated. In other developed countries, such as Canada, most logging is legal but is often unsustainable, threatening carbon sinks and indigenous peoples' rights.[13]
Indicator 1.3: Demand-side measures and international cooperation
Several major consumer countries have adopted regulations on timber legality that place obligations on timber importers to avoid deforestation. In 2008 the U.S. Lacey Act was amended to prohibit the import and trade of illegal wood products, prompting a series of new measures around the globe in consumer countries. Most notably, the European Union adopted the EU Timber Regulation, following its Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, and the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act in Australia. Despite some challenges, these measures have had notable successes in combatting the trade in illegal timber.
Emerging economies in Asia, including China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Republic of Korea, and Vietnam have also begun to adopt demand-side regulations that prohibit the sale and import of illegally harvested timber. While promising, these laws suffer from potential compliance loopholes and weak enforcement mechanisms.[14]
Over the past few years, governments and private actors have also started taking action to eliminate deforestation embedded in palm oil and soy. However, in contrast with demand-side measures in the timber sector, the majority of these measures remain voluntary or limited in scope. The European Union restricts biofuels originating from recently deforested areas.[15] In France, a 2017 law requires large companies to identify and prevent environmental risks associated with their own activities and activities along their supply chains.[16] The Amsterdam Declarations of December 2015 commit signatories to coordinated demand-side efforts to eliminate deforestation from the palm oil supply chain[17] and other agricultural supply chains, reiterating the goals of the NYDF.[18] Chinese importers of palm oil and soy are also taking steps toward sustainable sourcing.[19]
Enforcement agencies have recently made important strides in international cooperation to tackle the trade in illegal timber. While still relatively new, one such project, INTERPOL's Project Law Enforcement Assistance for Forests, has led to the seizure of USD 1.5 billion worth of illegal timber through international cooperation efforts since 2012 (see Box 1 of the Goal 8 Assessment).[20]
Criterion 2: Transparency, participation and access to justice
Indicator 2.1. Transparency and access to information
An increasing number of countries are adopting laws that give citizens the right to access information, including forest-related information. However, the forest sector remains relatively opaque. Few countries release data proactively, and systems that make information available to the broader public remain the exception. In many countries, information may not be available in formats or languages that are widely accessible, in particular to vulnerable groups, and governments are allowed broad latitude to refuse access. For example, China allows information requests to be refused on ground of "national interests."[21] In addition, access to information in most countries is costly, which further limits access in practice.
Lack of transparency in agricultural commodity supply chains is a barrier to monitoring corporate commitments to address deforestation. The majority of the companies with the greatest exposure to forest-risk commodities that have committed to eliminating deforestation from their supply chains do not report their progress on implementing their commitments.[22] Many companies remain reluctant to share data, and the information they provide is often vague, incomplete, or buried in sustainability reports, which limit its usability for assessing progress and forest impacts (see Goal 2). A small number of large companies, especially in the palm oil sector, has made great progress in disclosing supply-chain information.[23]
Indicator 2.2. Participation in decision-making
The majority of countries assessed through data from the Environmental Democracy Index provide for consultations on forest-related policies and projects. In more than half of 70 countries assessed, governments are required to solicit input for planning decisions, while just under half provide for participation in policy-making.[24] Fewer than half of the evaluated countries require governments to take comments from the public into account when making decisions on forests. Furthermore, consultation processes are often overly technical or focused on discussion rather than decision-making. In Mexico, for example, the government is required to provide opportunities for consultation, but has no obligation to proactively consult affected stakeholders.
The participation of women in forest-related decision-making remains limited in many countries. Women are rarely represented in land-related institutions, and few countries are working to improve female representation.[25] Of 25 countries assessed using data from FAO's Legal Assessment tool, only 8 have or are developing laws to ensure the engagement of women.
Indicator 2.3. Access to justice
Most countries have laws guaranteeing the right to access judicial and administrative remedies but in practice these are too costly and slow to provide effective legal protection.[26] Grievance mechanisms may provide an alternative avenue for local people to seek redress. Yet, even these informal processes are often out of reach for the most vulnerable in society.[27]
Remedies are also often limited: fewer than 20 percent of the 70 countries assessed make full restitution available for forest-related matters.[28] This limits the ability of courts and administrative bodies to require that companies or government bodies restore land that has been deforested or degraded. Women and the poor also have less access to justice in forest-related matters. Of 25 countries assessed, only Ecuador and Rwanda have legislation requiring female representation on land dispute resolution committees, while Mali includes such a requirement in its national gender policy.[29]
Criterion 3: Empowering and ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities
Many indigenous peoples and other local communities[30] (IPLCs) depend on ecosystems and, in particular, on native forests for their livelihoods, using plants, animals, and their products for food, clothing, fuel, medicine, and shelter. The economy, social organization, identity, and cultural and spiritual values of these communities are closely linked to forests. Many also have long-standing claims to the lands and forests they have customarily owned, used, and occupied.
In managing forest land, IPLCs provide an important ecological service and help mitigate climate change. They manage at least 17 percent (293 billion metric tons) of the total carbon stored in the forestlands of 64 assessed countries,[31] equal to 33 times the global energy emissions of 2017.
Indicator 3.1. Rights of indigenous peoples and local communities
Where IPLCs hold secure rights to their land, it is less likely to be deforested. Studies in South America, where local communities hold rights to large areas of land, found that deforestation rates are two to three times lower on lands where IPLCs have secure tenure rights than on land with similar characteristics but without IPLC tenure, including in protected forest areas.[32]
Progress in recognizing the rights of IPLCs has been mixed. On the one hand, an assessment of 41 countries by the Rights and Resources Initiative found that the amount of forest land where IPLCs have legally recognized rights increased from 11 percent in 2002 to 15 percent in 2017 – by an area about the size of Peru. Positively, most of this increase has been in the recognition of IPLC ownership of forests, meaning that communities are recognized as holding a broad set of rights to access, use, manage, and exclude others from forests for an unlimited duration of time.[33]
On the other hand, data from the LandMark Initiative indicates that a large portion of IPLC territories remains unrecognized. Data on land rights in 14 countries with significant forest cover[34] indicate that 33–39 percent of land currently occupied or used by IPLCs has not been recognized by governments[35] (Figure 4). IPLCs currently hold[36] 54–59 percent of national land area in these 14 countries combined, indicating that the area under customary IPLC ownership, use, or occupation is significant.
Figure 3. Assessment of land rights in 14 countries (2018)
Source: Climate Focus analysis based on Dubertret, F., & Veit, P.G. (2018). Held, recognized, documented, and claimed indigenous and community land in 14 countries. Research prepared for the New York Declaration on Forests Assessment. IPLC = indigenous peoples and local communities.
In many countries, IPLC rights are often limited in one or several ways and are frequently less secure than other forms of tenure.[37] Even if rights are relatively strong on paper, they are often not fully secure in practice. Rights are often not proactively enforced and fail to protect communities from land grabbing and violence by third parties.[38] Tenure regimes that provide communities with strong overall tenure security tend to also have stronger provisions protecting women's rights within the tenure regime.[39]
Regimes providing formal rights to IPLCs often fail to uphold those rights in national parks and other protected areas. Indeed, 50–80 percent of protected areas globally are estimated to overlap with IPLC rights. [40] Since 1990, nearly 250,000 individuals in 15 countries are reported to have been forcibly evicted from their lands following their designation as protected areas. This has led to loss of livelihoods, conflicts and even killings linked to the "militarization of conservation."
Increasing demand for land for agriculture, mining, and other development has seen governments allocate more and more land to commercial concessions. These concessions are often in direct competition with community lands. Where customary rights and the principle of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC)[41] are not fully recognized and upheld, concessions can pose a high risk of displacing or coming into conflict with local communities. Rising land values have also led to transactions that are often to the detriment of forest-linked communities.[42]
When companies acquire land that communities own or use under customary law, communities often lose access to food, water, and other resources crucial to their livelihoods. For many communities with limited or no access to legal remedies, the only recourse is to oppose developments through campaigns and physical protests. In many countries, this carries major risks (Figure 5).
Figure 4. The consequences of insecure tenure and limited recognition of free, prior, and informed consent
Note: FPIC = free, prior, and informed consent, IPLC = indigenous peoples and local communities.
Source: Climate Focus
Communities defending their rights increasingly face violence, criminalization, and murder. According to data from Global Witness, killings of land and forest defenders have been increasing in recent years. The years 2015, 2016, and 2017 saw the highest number of killings since recordkeeping began. IPLCs are also subject to a range of other violent attacks. Available information indicates that the armed forces, criminal gangs, paramilitaries, and police are the most common perpetrators of these crimes. The majority of attacks currently go unpunished.[43]
Indicator 3.2 Empowerment of IPLCs and other rural communities
Many indigenous peoples and local communities are vulnerable and need to gain or regain authority, including commercial power, over forest goods and services, to overcome marginalization. Supporting the agency of communities by strengthening their organizational structures is an important strategy for securing empowerment. Organization in associations or cooperatives strengthens communities through knowledge sharing, increasing negotiating power in market and political spaces, reducing transaction costs, and defending against unjust or illegal actions.[44]
While aggregate data on the empowerment of IPLCs are unavailable, data in the context of rural communities suggest minimal improvements in providing policies conducive for rural organizations to engage in dialogue and access land. Rural Sector Performance Assessments conducted in 101 countries by the International Fund for Agricultural Development show only a very slight upward trend in governments involving community organizations in decision-making.[45]
Where communities have been able to form locally-controlled forestry businesses, this community ownership has led to a number of important innovations and helped to foster local empowerment. A review of 50 case studies of such businesses by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) found a number of benefits.[46] For example, democratic oversight bodies support sustained environmental and cultural heritage. Case studies from Mexico and Peru showed that community forestry business tended to avoid unequal power structures by providing a balanced governing structure and maintaining cultural values.
Effective international development finance can support empowerment, but too little finance reaches communities. There have been important advances in making forest-linked development finance directly accessible to communities, though this remains the exception rather than the rule. In 2018, a group of U.S.- based charitable foundations announced USD 459 million to support forest protection, primarily through securing indigenous peoples' land rights.[47] In addition, several multilateral sources such as the Dedicated Grant Mechanism for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities and the International Land and Forest Tenure Facility, have set up dedicated mechanisms to support the participation and capacity building of indigenous peoples and communities in REDD+ processes [48] and secure land and forest rights for IPLCs.[49]
[1] Williams, M. (2003). Deforesting the Earth: From prehistory to global crisis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
[2] Wehkamp J., Koch, N., Lübbers, S., & Fuss, S. (2018). Governance and deforestation – A meta-analysis in economics. Ecological Economics, 144, 214–227.
[3] This includes, but is not limited to transparency, and the rule of law, empowering indigenous peoples and communities, and recognizing their rights for lands and resources. There is no commonly accepted definition of the term "forest governance," but attempts to measure it invariably incorporate assessments of transparency, the rule of law, certainty of land tenure, and the control of corruption, among others. See e.g., Davis, C. Williams, L., Lupberger, S., & Daviet, F. (2013). Assessing forest governance: The Governance of Forests Initiative Indicator Framework. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute; Kishor, N. & Rosenbaum, K. (2012). Assessing and monitoring forest governance: A user's guide to a diagnostic tool. Washington, DC: Program on Forests.
[4] Climate Focus analysis based on average scores from Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index. Note that these scores are not limited to the forest sector.
[5] 2015 data. Climate Focus analysis based on Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Rome, Italy: FAO.
[7] Kanowski, P.J., McDermott, C.L., & Cashore, B.W. (2011). Implementing REDD+: Lessons from analysis of forest governance. Environmental Science and Policy, 14(2), 111–117.
[8] Climate Focus analysis based on data from Nature Economy and People Connected (NEPCon). (2018). Sourcing Hub.
[9] Lawson, S. (2014). Consumer goods and deforestation: An analysis of the extent and nature of illegality in forest conversion for agriculture and timber plantations (Forest Trade and Finance Series). Washington, DC: Forest Trends.
[11] The majority of soy production in the Amazon region falls within the scope of the Soy Moratorium, which has been relatively effective in reducing deforestation linked to soy production in that region.
[12] Kleinschmit, D., Mansourian, S., Wildburger, C., & Purret, A. (Eds.) (2016). Illegal logging and related timber trade – Dimensions, drivers, impacts and responses: A global scientific rapid response assessment report. (IUFRO World Series Vol. 35). Vienna, Austria: International Union of Forest Research Organizations; Nearly a quarter of logging from 1990 to 2011 was illegal; Schlingemann, L., de Bortoli, I., Favilli, F., Egerer, H., Musco, E., Lucas,. et al. (2017). Combating wildlife and forest crime in the Danube–Carpathian region. Vienna, Austria: UN Environment; Bolzano, Italy: Eurac Research; Vienna, Austria: World Wildlife Fund for Nature; Nelsen, A. (2018, April 17). Poland violated EU laws by logging in Bialowieza forest, court rules. The Guardian.
[13] Skene, J. (2018). Cutting it close: How unsustainable logging in Canada's Boreal forest threatens indigenous rights, wildlife, and the global climate. New York, NY: Natural Resources Defense Council.
[14] Norman, M. & Saunders, J. (2017). Regulating the trade in illegal timber: Asian approaches compared – State of play June 2017. Washington, DC: Forest Trends.
[15] Conway, D., Schloemann, H., von Unger, M., & Smith, M. (2016). Fostering climate action through trade-related policy instruments. Luxembourg: DG Climate Action, EU Commission.
[16] Moyo, J. (2017, March 1). France adopts new corporate "duty of care" law. Ethical Trading Initiative.
[17] The Amsterdam Declaration in Support of a Fully Sustainable Palm Oil Supply Chain by 2020. (2015).
[18] The Amsterdam Declaration Towards Eliminating Deforestation from Agricultural Commodity Chains with European Countries. (2015).
[19] Zadek, S., Forstater, M., Cheng, H., Potts, J., & Huppé, G.A. (2014). Meeting China's global resource needs: Managing sustainability impacts to ensure security of supply. Winnipeg, Canada: The International Institute for Sustainable Development; Chinese delegation to Indonesia signals growing demand for certified sustainable palm oil. (2016, December 2). Solidaridad News; ABIOVE. Brazilian Vegetable Oil Industries Association (ABIOVE). (2016, April 8). ABIOVE and APROSOJA/MT sign a partnership agreement with China Soybean Industry Association. Digital Newsletter on Soy Production Chain, No. 145.
[20] INTERPOL. (2017). Project LEAF: Global forestry enforcement. Lyon, France: INTERPOL.
[21] Including 12 developed countries, 3 economies in transition and 55 developing countries. Based on classifications in United Nations. (2018). World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018.
[22] Rogerson, S. (2017). Achieving 2020: How can the private sector meet global goals of eliminating commodity-driven deforestation? (Forest 500 Annual Report 2017). Oxford, UK: Global Canopy.
[23] Chain Reaction Research. (2018, April 19). Unilever and Nestlé publish detailed supplier list. The Chain.
[24] Climate Focus analysis based on data from the Environmental Democracy Index
[25] Climate Focus analysis based on FAO's Legal Assessment Tool.
[26] Climate Focus analysis based on data from Environmental Democracy Index. (2018).
[27] World Bank. (2015). Joint FCPF/UN-REDD guidance note for REDD+ countries: Establishing and strengthening grievance redress mechanisms. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
[29] Climate Focus analysis based on data collected in FAO's Legal Assessment Tool.
[30] Whether communities should be identified as indigenous or in another way is recognized as a matter for self-determination, and the international community has rejected attempts to adopt an internationally recognized definition of indigenous people. Nonetheless, national laws may provide definitions for the purpose of defining the scope of legislation recognizing indigenous peoples' and other specific groups' rights to land. Local communities include forest-dependent communities that are not recognized as indigenous peoples in national legislation but who manage land collectively often based on customary practices or other community-defined norms.
[31] Based on 64 countries accounting for 69 percent of the world's forest cover. Frechette, A., Ginsburg, C., & Walker, W. (2018). A global baseline of carbon storage in collective lands: Indigenous and local community contributions to climate change mitigation. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.
[32] Ding, H., Veit, P.G., Blackman, A., Gray, E., Reytar, K., Altamirano, J.C. et al. (2016) Climate benefits, tenure costs: The economic case for securing indigenous land rights in the Amazon. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
[33] Ginsburg, C. & Keene, S. (2018). At a crossroads: Consequential trends in recognition of community-based forest tenure from 2002–2017. .Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.
[34] Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania (minus Zanzibar), Kenya, Zambia, Panama, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and Canada.
[35] We define "recognized lands" as IPLC lands that are recognized under national law, and for federal states (e.g., Canada and Australia), federal and state law. National laws include the constitution, statutes, regulations, and technical directives (also court rulings but only where they have been implemented by the government). National laws do not include political statements, public policy, administrative guidelines or other documents that are not legally binding.
[36] Held land is understood as land that is currently occupied and/or used by indigenous peoples or other local communities, often under customary tenure systems.
[37] Wily, L.A. (2018). Collective land ownership in the 21st century: Overview of global trends. Land, 7(2), 68.
[38] Botswana, Cameroon, Eritrea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, and South Sudan.
[39] Keene, S., & Ginsburg, C. (2017). Power and potential: A comparative analysis of national laws and regulations concerning women's rights to community forests. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.
[40] Tauli-Corpuz, V., Alcorn, J., & Molnar. (2018). Cornered by protected areas: Replacing 'fortress' conservation with rights-based approaches helps bring justice for indigenous peoples and local communities, reduces conflict, and enables cost-effective conservation and climate action. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.
[41] A principle that requires governments and/or companies whose planned actions may impact indigenous peoples to seek their free (i.e., voluntary and in the absence of coercion), prior (i.e., consent sought in advance of project approval), and informed (i.e., after being presented with a comprehensive list of impacts and risks) consent.
[42] Knapman, C., Silici, L., Cotula, L & Mayers, J. (2017). Africa's farmland in changing hands: A review of literature and case studies from sub-Saharan Africa. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development.
[43] Global Witness. (2018). At what cost? Irresponsible business and the murder of land and environmental defenders in 2017. London, UK: Global Witness.
[44] Macqueen, D., Bose, S., Bukula, S., Kazoora, C., Ousman, S., Porro, N., et al. (2006). Working together: Forest-linked small and medium enterprise associations and collective action (IIED Gatekeeper Series No. 125). London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development.
[45] Climate Focus analysis based on the International Fund for Agricultural Development's Rural Sector Performance Assessments.
[46] Macqueen, D., Bolin, A., Greijmans, M., Grouwels, S. & Humphries, S. (2018) Innovations towards prosperity emerging in locally controlled forest business models and prospects for scaling up. World Development. (in press).
[47] Malo, S. (2018, September 11). Philanthropies pledge $450 million to save forests, climate. Reuters.
[48] Climate Focus. (2017). Progress on the New York Declaration on Forests: Finance for forests – Goals 8 and 9 assessment report. Prepared by Climate Focus in cooperation with the New York Declaration on Forest Assessment Partners with support from the Climate and Land Use Alliance.
[49] The Tenure Facility. (2018). Results and impact. (Website).
© 2019 Forest Declaration. All Rights Reserved


text:
City loanee at club who announce positive Covid player cases
Published: 2:24 PM September 21, 2020 Updated: 8:46 PM October 13, 2020
Jordan Thomas recently joined Orient on loan from Norwich City Picture: Archant - Credit: Nick Butcher
League Two Leyton Orient have announced a 'number of their first-team squad' have tested positive for coronavirus - with Norwich City youngster Jordan Thomas currently on loan at the O's.
Club statement: Covid-19
We have received formal confirmation that a number of our first-team squad have tested positive for COVID-19.
Read more: https://t.co/3lhR7C8vRU
— Leyton Orient (@leytonorientfc) September 21, 2020
Thomas was an unused substitute in Saturday's 2-2 draw with Mansfield Town - with the O's confirming they have made their recent opponents aware of the positive tests from their camp.
In an official statement released on Monday, the club also confirmed that the tests had been undertaken after Saturday's fixture and they've taken action by closing their stadium whilst they deal with the infections. But the identity of the players has not been released.
Orient were due to host Tottenham on Tuesday night in the next round of the League Cup but a final decision on whether that game goes ahead will be announced in due course.
It read: "Today (Monday 21st) we received formal confirmation which shows that a number of our first-team squad have tested positive for Covid-19.
"We have informed the EFL and Tottenham Hotspur and will make a further announcement regarding Tuesday's match shortly.
"We have also informed Mansfield Town, Plymouth Argyle and Oldham Athletic, our three most recent opponents, prior to the public release of this information.
"Leyton Orient's priority is the health and well-being of its players and staff. Those who have tested positive will now strictly follow government self-isolation guidelines.
"The Breyer Group Stadium and training ground facilities will be closed until further notice.
"At this time, the club will make no further comment."
The 19-year-old had so far made two appearances for Ross Embleton's club. He made his Premier League debut for the Canaries as a late substitute on the final day at Manchester City after two Football League Trophy appearances earlier in the season.
Marco Stiepermann is the only City player to have been confirmed as having Covid-19 after testing positive in June.
Former Canaries loanee Sean Raggett also had coronavirus in March - both made full recoveries and have returned to playing regularly.

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The Safety Scientist is responsible for carrying out pharmacovigilance activities on a group of products. This may include single safety case review, aggregate reporting, signal detection and evaluation, safety activities associated with new drug applications/regulatory filings, benefit risk assessment, review and input in clinical study reports, protocols, IB, DSURs and PBRERs, labelling matters, interactions with the sites, and managing vendors. This is a hands-on role where often the team is working to very tight timelines.
Assisting in the review and development of trial related documents such as protocols, IB, informed consent forms, study reports and outputs, clinical overviews and narratives.


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Inside money, markets, and big tech
Facebook relaxes its ban on some cryptocurrency advertisements
Descryptive (Remixed)
Bryan Clark
Facebook today softened its stance on cryptocurrency ads by allowing a select few pre-approved advertisers to run advertisements on the network.
Facebook, in January, banned all ads that promoted financial products and services. Included in the ban were products frequently associated with misleading or deceptive promotional practices, such as initial coin offerings (ICOs) and various incentive schemes by more established digital currencies.
At the time, Facebook's product management director, Rob Leathern had this to say:
We will listen to feedback, look at how well this policy works and continue to study this technology so that, if necessary, we can revise it over time.
It appears, at least in this case, the company is holding true to its word.
Advertisers approved through an application process on Facebook can now promote cryptocurrency products, although ICOs and binary options are still banned. Those interested in advertising on the platform may be required to show Facebook "licenses they have obtained, whether they are traded on a public stock exchange, and other relevant public background on their business," in order to get the okay from those approving their ads.
It's not the news cryptocurrency enthusiasts may have hoped for, but it's hard to argue that any softening of Facebook's initial stance on digital currencies is a bad one.
Published June 27, 2018 — 00:39 UTC
June 27, 2018 — 00:39 UTC
Twitter shares fall 7% in pre-market trading after Trump's removal


Collecting the report on the unemployment rate by state is the responsibility of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a division of the Department of Labor, a Cabinet level position in the Executive Branch of the federal government in the United States of America. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also compiles unemployment figures that indicate the national unemployment rate.
The number of individuals filing claims for Ohio unemployment compensation has declined between March 2010 and August 2010, the most recent period for which information is available. The Ohio unemployment data is fairly static, with eligibility for Ohio unemployment compensation remaining level throughout this period.
Alabama unemployment figures showed a general improvement between March and August 2010, the most recent period for which AL unemployment data is available. This AL unemployment data remains true across the eleven fields and eleven metropolitan areas that the Bureau of Labor Statistics monitors.
The level of unemployment in Utah during the most recent period for which information is available, March 2010 through August 2010, has increased from 97.5 thousand people eligible to collect unemployment in Utah to 100.5 thousand people eligible for unemployment.
Oregon state unemployment figures showed little variation during the most recent six month period for which information is available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Oregon state unemployment figures have been stable despite 155 mass layoff eliminating more than 17 thousand jobs.
During the most recent period of time for which data about initial claims for PA unemployment compensation is available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (March – August 2010) almost 51 thousand claims were filed as the result of 554 mass layoffs.
Between March 2010 and August 2010, the most recent period for which information is available, the Florida unemployment rate remained around 12 percent unemployment. In Florida during this time, there were 643 mass layoffs, although these layoffs only resulted in 46.6 thousand initial claims for Florida unemployment benefits.
The NJ unemployment rate in the state of New Jersey had remained around the national unemployment level during the most recent period, between March 2010 and August 2010, the most recent period for which information is available. The number of initial NJ unemployment claims filed during this period due to the 331 mass layoffs in the state resulted in an initial NJ unemployment claim from more than 38 thousand individuals.
Looking at Washington state unemployment figures, the most recent reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that Washington unemployment rates have been below the national average. Initial WA unemployment benefit claims were filed by 8 thousand individuals.
The latest reports on levels of unemployment in Nevada from March 2010 to August 2010 indicate that over this period the Nevada unemployment rate rose from 13.4 to 14.4 percent. NV unemployment numbers are most prone to changes due to varying levels of demand for hospitality and leisure jobs.
Missouri unemployment rates were below the national average throughout the most recent period for which information is available, March 2010 through August 2010. The March Missouri unemployment rate was 9.5 percent in March and April, dropped to 9.1 in June, only to increase for the next two months, reaching an August Missouri unemployment rate of 9.3 percent.
Connecticut unemployment figures are most subject to change in the trade, transportation, and utilities industries. CT unemployment in the leisure and hospitality industry has declining in comparison to year over year figures between March and August 2010.
During the period between March 2010 and August 2010, the reason that Colorado unemployment appears to have been stable over this time is because more people ceased to be eligible for Colorado unemployment benefits than jobs were created, which helped keep the unemployment rate around 8.8 percent.
The Texas Unemployment Commission is responsible for overseeing Texas unemployment benefits for the largest work force in the nation. The Texas Unemployment Commission governs Texas unemployment eligibility for 12 million individuals.
In the state of New Hampshire, NH unemployment data is compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Due to the interrelated nature of economies in New England states, NH unemployment and economic data is more closely tied to the economic reality of its neighbors than other parts of the country.
The Illinois Department of Unemployment assembles information about Illinois unemployment data. Information about unemployment in Illinois during the most recent six month period for which information is available (March 2010 through August 2010) indicates that over that period the Illinois unemployment rate has dropped from 11.5 percent to 10.1 percent.
The Maryland Unemployment Insurance Division is the part of the Maryland Department of Labor that handles Maryland Unemployment Insurance, a program that is known as unemployment benefits in other states. Maryland Unemployment Insurance is, as of August 2010, awarded to 216.6 thousand individuals, 7.3 percent of the work force.
NC unemployment figures examine economic data from fifteen major metropolitan areas in the state. Figures on unemployment in NC are compiled by the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, a part of the Department of Labor. The NC unemployment rate dropped from 11.1 percent in March 2010 to 9.7 percent in August, according to the most recent information available.
Eligibility to determine a Florida unemployment claim to collect unemployment in Florida requires that individuals have looked for a job in the past four weeks. During the six month period between March and August 2010, 46.6 thousand initial Florida unemployment claims were filed by individuals who made their first entries as part of the Florida unemployment rate.
In the state of Massachusetts, Mass. unemployment rates have declined, with the actual level of MA unemployment declining as well. The Mass unemployment rate in March was 9.3 percent, falling to 8.8 percent in August, the most recent period for which information is available.
The California unemployment rate has remained steady, barely moving from 12.6 percent to 12.4 between March and August 2010, according to the most information available. The CA unemployment level has gone from more than 2.3 million in March to 2.25 million in August.
The Virginia Unemployment Commission administers VA unemployment benefits to individuals throughout the state. Information gathered by the Virginia Unemployment Commission is forwarded to the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics so that the Bureau can incorporate information about VA unemployment into its monthly reports.
NM unemployment figures compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics include a focus on four metropolitan areas in the state: Albuquerque, Farmington, Las Cruces, and Santa Fe.
Idaho unemployment statistics focus on economic data affecting the major metropolitan areas in the state (Boise City- Nampa, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho Falls, and Pocatello). In addition, the Idaho unemployment data examines the economic status of the state as a whole.
AZ unemployment data for March 2010 through August 2010, the most recent available information, indicates that the AZ unemployment rate was 9.6 percent in four of the months, the exceptions being April, when the AZ unemployment rate was down to 9.5 percent, and August, when the rate rose to 9.7 percent.
The most recent SC unemployment information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics is available is the six month period between March 2010 and August 2010. Although the SC unemployment rate fell by 1.5 percent, it is difficult to say that unemployment improved because the South Carolina economy shed thirty one thousand jobs during this period.
There were 176 mass layoffs in the state between March and August 2010 in the state of Kentucky. This lead to almost 21 thousand individuals collecting KY unemployment benefits for the first time. Throughout nearly this entire period, the KY unemployment rate was around 10 percent.
Iowa unemployment rates during the six month period between March 2010 and August 2010, the most recent period for which information is available, indicates that outside of April and June, the Iowa unemployment rate was 6.8 percent. In these two other months, the Iowa unemployment rate was 6.39 and 6.7 percent, respectively.
In the state of Michigan, unemployment rates fell from 14.1 percent in March 2010 to a 13.1 percent MI unemployment rate in the months of July and August 2010. August is the most recent month for which information about MI unemployment is available.
GA unemployment statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a division of the federal Department of Labor, a part of the executive branch of the federal government. From March through July 2010, eligibility for GA unemployment benefits declined. In April through August 2010, the most recent month in which GA unemployment information is available, the size of the work force has declined as well.
KS unemployment information for the state of Kansas is assembled in respect to statewide numbers and in major metropolitan areas. Outside of May 2010 and August 2010 when it rose to 6.6 percent, the KS unemployment rate has been steady at 6.5 percent.
The WI unemployment rates between March and August 2010 has either remained the same level or fallen. Meanwhile, the size of the Wisconsin work force declined from April through August. The individuals who could collect WI unemployment benefits declined from March through July.


Unless otherwise expressly stated, you should assume that Simple Deals has an affiliate relationship or other material connection to the providers of goods and services mentioned by, recommended, hyperlinked to, or otherwise referenced on Simple Deals. In addition, you should assume that Simple Deals may be compensated monetarily or non-monetarily when you visit, purchase goods or services from, or take any other action on a third-party website mentioned by, recommended, hyperlinked to, or otherwise referenced on Simple Deals. You should always perform due diligence before buying any goods or services online or offline.


text:
"Old Stumpy" of West London
December 19, 2020 Steve Russell
The following article appeared in the West London Observer on 28th July 1944:
'There is someone else selling papers at the busy street corner in West London where for years "Old Stumpy", the legless paper boy, had sat, perched on an upturned soap box, with a perpetual grin on his face and a quire of "evenings" under his arm.
He was as much a fixture as the pillar-box on the corner, and dozens of girls, employed in nearby factories and Government offices, stopped on their way to work to ask the new man about "Old Stumpy" and were told that he and his wife were killed when a flying bomb destroyed their home.
Nothing ever disturbed the old paper seller. In all weathers and when whistles were blowing, and people were seeking shelter from an approaching bomb, he just sat on his soap box and, cheerfully rattling his bag of coppers, shouted the latest news.
"Old Stumpy" always composed his own headlines of the latest news and as one sympathetic girl put it: "He would have enjoyed broadcasting Hitler's latest headache."'
A week later the Fulham Chronicle named him in their report of his burial: '"Old Stumpy," the legless paper man and well-known character at a busy street corner in Southern England, who with his wife, was killed by enemy action at their home,was buried with her at Sheen Cemetery.
He was Charles Dyer, aged 54. His wife was 45. She was in bed at the time a bomb fell, and he was smoking a pipe. In the last war Dyer was a private in the Warwickshire Regiment.
Other victims of the same raid were buried at the same time. "Old Stumpy's" three sisters followed.
Among the flowers were tributes from neighbours and members of a staff stores, among whom he was well known.'
Peter Trott informed me that Charles had probably been brought up at 51, Faroe Road, Brook Green, W14. In the 1911 census his profession is stated as being a painter.
He enlisted in 1914 and appears to have been discharged in 1916 after suffering from those terrible wounds.
Charles was living at nearby 50, Porten Road when he was tragically killed on 21st July 1944.
Peter is responsible for successfully petitioning the Council to get the Memorial restored. Once again, well done to him.
A very moving story on one of West London's characters.
(The photo was taken by Peter & is used with permission. Thanks also to him for unearthing some additional information & thanks to Colin Woodley for sending me botharticles)
West London. permalink.
When Dave Webb met 9-Year-Old Denise Rayford at Mount Vernon Hospital
Was Alfred Hitch QPR's First Substitute?


text:
Despite the success cult, men are most deeply moved not by the reaching of the goal but by the grandness of the effort involved in getting there - or failing to get there.
Max Lerner
Max Lerner's quotes
The turning point in the process of growing up is when you discover the core of strength within you that survives all hurt.
The best thing about lying in bed late is that you learn to distinguish between first things and trivia, for whatever presses on you has to prove its importance before it makes you move.
Either men will learn to live like brothers, or they will die like beasts.
When you choose the lesser of two evils, always remember that it is still an evil.
To reject the word is to reject the human search.
The so-called lessons of history are for the most part the rationalizations of the victors. History is written by the survivors.
When evil acts in the world it always manages to find instruments who believe that what they do is not evil but honorable.
The tourist who moves about to see and hear and open himself to all the influences of the places which condense centuries of human greatness is only a man in search of excellence.
The crime of book purging is that it involves a rejection of the word. For the word is never absolute truth, but only man's frail and human effort to approach the truth. To reject the word is to reject the human search.
A world technology means either a world government or world suicide.
Somehow life doesn't always pay off to those who are most insistent.
You may call for peace as loudly as you wish, but where there is no brotherhood there can in the end be no peace.
A politician wouldn't dream of being allowed to call a columnist the things a columnist is allowed to call a politician.
In our rich consumers' civilization we spin cocoons around ourselves and get possessed by our possessions.
The politics of surprise leads through the Gates of Astonishment into the Kingdom of Hope.
Next to the striking of fire and the discovery of the wheel, the greatest triumph of what we call civilization was the domestication of the human male.
When you are seventeen you aren't really serious.
To deaden yourself against any hurt is to deaden yourself also against the hurt of others.
A President is best judged by the enemies he makes when he has really hit his stride.
We cannot live by power, and a culture that seeks to live by it becomes brutal and sterile. But we can die without it.
The real sadness of fifty is not that you change so much but that you change so little.
The problem of freedom in America is that of maintaining a competition of ideas, and you do not achieve that by silencing one brand of idea.
Socialism proposes no adequate substitute for the motive of enlightened selfishness that today is at the basis of all human labor and effort, enterprise and new activity.
Every American deserves to live in freedom, to have his or her privacy respected and a chance to go as far as their ability and effort will take them - regardless of race, gender, ethnicity or economic circumstances.
Achievement is not always success, while reputed failure often is. It is honest endeavor, persistent effort to do the best possible under any and all circumstances.
You really should not do this job unless you're willing to put in that enormous amount of effort. You should not do the job unless you're willing to take risks. And you shouldn't do the job unless you're willing to lose the job, too.
Anthony A. Williams
When families observe a later, deeper stage of cult involvement they may find it necessary to consider the involvement of a professional such as myself in an intervention effort.
Much effort, much prosperity.
No one will deny that the excessive use of alcohol and alcoholic beverages would do more than any other single factor to make impossible a total war effort.
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Success requires first expending ten units of effort to produce one unit of results. Your momentum will then produce ten units of results with each unit of effort.
Charles J. Givens
I'm not the type of person who goes through all this effort for a movie, and then doesn't care if anybody sees it. I want them to see it, and I want them to see it on the big screen.
It wasn't my plan to create such a record. All I did was put in the effort to win every match I played and it went on for weeks, months and years until my defeat to Ross Norman in Toulouse in 1986.
Periods of wholesome laziness, after days of energetic effort, will wonderfully tone up the mind and body.
Grenville Kleiser
Productivity is never an accident. It is always the result of a commitment to excellence, intelligent planning, and focused effort.
A minute of perfection was worth the effort. A moment was the most you could ever expect from perfection.
I'm always making a conscious effort to be viable and accessible.
A strenuous effort must be made to train young people to think for themselves and take independent charge of their lives.
Anne Sullivan Macy
If those committed to the quest fail, they will be forgiven. When lost, they will find another way. The moral imperative of humanism is the endeavor alone, whether successful or not, provided the effort is honorable and failure memorable.
E. O. Wilson
Doyle stokes in a thousand shrewd touches with no effort at all. Wonderful.
I know, to banish anger altogether from one's breast is a difficult task. It cannot be achieved through pure personal effort. It can be done only by God's grace.
Mohandas Gandhi
Sport is the habitual and voluntary cultivation of intensive physical effort.
The Russians obtained a number of plants under Lend-Lease, which had been authorized by Washington, that I thought were not justified for their war effort. They wanted them for postwar use.
I find it an effort to keep up appearances.
I am pleased to see that information campaigns, such as the America's WETLAND effort, are getting the message out, and people are beginning to realize that wetlands loss in Louisiana affects us all.
John Breaux
Mr. Speaker, genocide is the most potent of all crimes against humanity because it is an effort to systematically wipe out a people and a culture as well as individual lives.
Jerry Costello
We're going to make every effort to keep the Saints as Louisiana's team.
Paul Tagliabue
The paintings may communicate even better because people are lazy and they can look at a painting with less effort than they can read a poem.


text:
A Companhia de Gás de São Paulo (Comgás) é uma empresa brasileira, considerada pela Abegás (Associação Brasileira das Empresas Distribuidoras de Gás Canalizado) a maior distribuidora de gás natural do Brasil em volume de gás distribuído. A Comgás distribui gás canalizado para mais de 1,7 milhão de consumidores nos segmentos residencial, comercial, industrial, automotivo, cogeração e termogeração em 88 cidades de sua área de concessão - Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Vale do Paraíba, Baixada Santista e Região Administrativa de Campinas.

História
A história da empresa remonta ao século XIX, passando por inúmeras denominações e proprietários diferentes:

 1872: a companhia inglesa San Paulo Gás Company recebe autorização do Império, através decreto número 5071, para a exploração da concessão dos serviços públicos de iluminação de São Paulo;
 1912: a canadense Brazilian Traction Light and Power Co. Ltd. assume o controle acionário da San Paulo Gás Co. Ltda;
 1959: a empresa é nacionalizada, passando a se chamar Companhia Paulista de Serviços de Gás;
 1968: a empresa passa a ser administrada pelo município e recebe o nome de Comgás. Por meio da lei municipal 7199, é constituída a sociedade anônima Companhia Municipal de Gás (Comgás);
 1974: nova mudança do nome, para Companhia de Gás de São Paulo;
 1984: o controle acionário da Comgás passa para a estatal Companhia Energética de São Paulo (CESP);
 1999: o controle acionário da Comgás é arrematado pelo consórcio formado pela união das empresas, BG Group e pela Shell, por R$ 1,65 bilhão;
 2012: A Cosan assume o controle acionário da Comgás, com a compra da participação do Grupo BG - 60,05%;
 2017: A Cosan adquire os 16,77% de participação que a Royal Dutch Shell detinha na Comgás por 1,156 bilhão de reais.

Na sua longa trajetória, a companhia usou os mais diversos tipos de combinações para produzir combustíveis: de azeite a gás de hidrogênio carbonado, carvão, nafta, uma mistura envolvendo água e hulha, até chegar ao gás natural.

A adoção do gás natural, a partir da década de 1990, foi considerada a fase mais importante de toda a história da Comgás, que esteve presente na vida de São Paulo desde a extinção dos lampiões a azeite de baleia.

De 1999 a 2012, a Comgás investiu mais de R$ 4 bilhões na expansão e modernização de sua rede de distribuição de gás, que foi ampliada em mais de 6 mil km.

Resultados atuais
A Comgás é considerada atualmente a maior distribuidora de gás natural canalizado do país. Conta com mais de 14 mil quilômetros de rede, levando gás natural para mais de 1,7 milhão de clientes nos segmentos residencial, comercial, industrial e automotivo, em 77 cidades.

Sua área de concessão potencial abriga cerca de um quarto do Produto Interno Bruto do país, abrangendo 177 municípios das regiões metropolitanas de São Paulo e Campinas, além da Baixada Santista e do Vale do Paraíba.

Em 2012, a empresa apresentou receita liquida de R$ 5 bilhões. O volume de gás distribuído pela companhia nesse ano foi de mais de 5 bilhões de metros cúbicos.

A empresa tem aumentado as vendas para clientes residenciais e comerciais¹. Atualmente cerca de 70% do volume de gás distribuído vai para indústrias. Hoje, cerca de 1.000 indústrias em aproximadamente 270 postos de combustíveis são atendidos na área de concessão da Comgás.

Empresas listadas na B3
Empresas de distribuição de gás do Brasil
Empresas de São Paulo (estado)
Empresas fundadas em 1872
Cosan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The current general regulations are established by I.F.B.T. to provide the rules for the competitions.
For Doubles Matches, the playing area must be 16m (52.50 feet) of lengths and 8m (26.24 feet) of width. It must be divided into two equal parts by a net, with small meshes so that the ball cannot pass through.
For Singles Matches, the width is 4.5m (14.91 feet) and keeping the same lengths as in doubles.
• Strings as tennis rackets.
The right to serve first or be the receiver, at the start of a match is decided by a draw.
The draw winner may also elect that the opponent chooses first one of the above options.
The loser of the draw may select their preference in the remaining option, such as which side they want to start to play if the opponent elects the Service Option.
• The Server must always serve behind the baseline. • The Server has 1 opportunity to serve per point.
• The Server can serve from any position on his side along the baseline and can serve to either opponent in doubles.
• The serve commences when the Server tosses the ball up in the air. The contact point of the ball with the racket can be made below or above the head. The exception to this rule applies to mixed doubles in which the male partner must serve underhand—ball and racket contact is the below the waist. This rule does not apply to the female partner in mixed doubles.
• During the serve, if the ball touches the net, play continues, as it is not considered a let.
• The Receivers can return from any position on their side of the court.
• Receivers must be in waiting position for the serve and cannot move towards the net, with intent to block the serve, until the serve has been initiated with the ball toss in the air. Receivers are permitted to block the serve if the Server has commenced to toss the ball up in the air.
Service fault occurs when: the player misses the ball while trying to hit it; the serviced ball hits a permanent furnishing, the area bounding net, the walls or the ceiling of a possible gym before touching the ground; the server invades his side before hitting the ball.
Under penalty of loosing the point, each player must alternate at the service, following a pre-established order previously reported to the judges.
During matches, players must change sides at the end of each odd game.
• 0 (love), 15, 30, 40 and "game".
• If both players have scored three points each (deuce), it is required that one player (team) must win one point to win the game.
Set score: The winner is determined by the team who scores 7 (or 9) games with a margin of at least 2 games. A tie-break is played at 6 (or 8) games all.
Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the set; the score of the set is always 7–6 (or 6–7). Points are counted consecutively using ordinary numbering. The set is decided by the player who wins at least seven points in the tiebreak but also has two points more than his opponent.
The player who would normally be serving after 6–6 or 8-8 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak, and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player. The server begins his service. After the first point, the serve changes to the first server's opponent. Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder of the tiebreak. After every four points, the players switch sides of the court.
• Each time the ball touches the own bounding playing field, the point is given to the opposite team.
• If a player sends the ball out of the bounding playing field he loses the point.
• A ball that touches the bounding lines is considered "in".
• If a player intentionally disturbs the opponent while hitting the ball, he loses the point; if not intentional then the point is replayed.
• The receiver's return of serve is considered "good" and is effective should the ball hit the net, as long as it passes over it and touches ground within court.
• It is not legal to return while invading the opponent court.
In a match where a referee is named, his decisions are definitive.
All the official competitions must be controlled by an I.F.B.T. Manager; all participating Officials and Referees must have the specific license and will be organized in an official Registration. The Federation will organize stages and courses.
All Tournaments and competitions must be authorized by the Federation. A calendar of the events for each season will be made with respective charts. In order to organize a tournament, each nation must ask the Board of Directors at least 30 days in advance.
Competitions are also divided into two categories: Professional & Advanced.


text:
GA Recommends
Led Zeppelin Post "Kashmir" Video from 'Celebration Day' Film
dfanelli
Led Zeppelin have posted a video of their performance of the Physical Graffiti track "Kashmir" from their new film, album and DVD, Celebration Day. Watch it below.
Filmed during the band's 2007 reunion show at London's O2 Arena, Celebration Day was released in theaters earlier this month and will see a retail release in multiple formats on November 19.
Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page has seen the film as a creative spark, hinting at new music and live dates in the coming year.
"I'm starting to work next year, to be seen to be playing live," Page told BBC6. "I'll definitely be doing an album at that point in time." He would add, "I want to be playing. I want to be out there playing. That's what you'll understand from seeing this."
Celebration Day can be pre-ordered here in the following formats: CD, DVD, digital, vinyl and Blu-Ray.
If the video doesn't work, watch it on YouTube here.
Over the past 20 years, Brad Tolinski, editorial director of Guitar World, Revolver and Guitar Aficionado magazines, has interviewed guitarist Jimmy Page more than any other journalist in the world. Those interviews have led to a new book, Light & Shade: Conversations With Jimmy Page (Crown Publishing), which will be published October 23. Click here for more info.
led zeppelinGuitar Aficionadojimmy page


text:
From the Desk of Lewis Fusco, Esq.
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The current daily recommendation for protein during pregnancy and breastfeeding is 60 grams per day. You can add extra protein to your diet by drinking soy milk, eating tofu or cooked beans.
You will need 600 and 1200 mg per day of calcium if you are a pregnant women over the age of twenty five. Vegans and vegetarians may need less calcium than people who eat meat because a vegan diet usually helps you to retain more calcium because of your lower protein intake.
The recommended daily amount for iron during pregnancy is 30mg per day. This may be difficult to obtain. If you think you are not getting this much from your diet you may want to consider a low dose supplement. High doses should be avoided as they affect the absorption of copper and zinc. Good dietary sources include grapefruits and cruciferous vegetables.
Vitamin B12 is very important when you are breastfeeding and you need to have enough so that the concentration is high enough in your breast milk to sufficiently nourish your baby. The daily recommendation for pregnancy for vitamin B12 is 2.2 micrograms daily.
Increase your water consumption, so that you are drinking a total of 3 litres.
You will notice that you become thirstier while you are breast feeding. This is because some of the water you drink goes to produce your breast milk.
Need to Know More About BreastFeeding?
Following the right diet is just one of the factors involved in breastfeeding your baby successfully. If you'd like to know more about breastfeeding, take a look at All About Breastfeeding on www.growingkids.co.uk.


text:
Waymo, Jaguar Team On High-End, Self-Driving Car
Posted on March 28, 2018 March 27, 2018 5:37 pm
Waymo, the self-driving vehicle unit of Alphabet, and car maker Jaguar Land Rover announced news on Tuesday (March 27) of a new partnership to create what they are calling the world's first high-end, electric, fully self-driving vehicle for Waymo's transportation service.
In a blog post, Waymo said the new self-driving vehicle, dubbed I-PACE, will meld Jaguar's knack for design with self-driving technology by Waymo, all developed in-house. Waymo plans to add up to 20,000 I-PACE vehicles to its fleet over the next few years, which it said is enough to drive around 1 million trips in a typical day. With the partnership, Waymo said it can offer its self-driving services to communities around the country.
"At Waymo, we've been building the world's most experienced driver: a safe, skillful and savvy chauffeur that can take people and things from A to B at the push of a button," the company wrote in the blog post. "Imagine a world where you can take a self-driving minivan to the baseball game with family and a self-driving I-PACE home after a night out — in both cases, a car perfectly suited for your needs. That's the world we're building." Waymo said the new self-driving I-PACE vehicles will begin tests later in 2018 and will soon play an important role in the company's driverless transportation service.
According to Waymo, the I-PACE is ideal for Waymo's vision, given the size of the vehicle is perfect for city living. A fast-charging battery means the vehicle can be operated all day, which it said is ideal for its self-driving services. As part of a shared fleet, Waymo said it can make the experience of accessing high-end, self-driving cars accessible to everyone.
"This is just the beginning. The self-driving products of the future will be designed around passengers, not drivers. That means riders will be able to choose from a broad array of options that will match their very specific needs: one for working remotely as you commute, one for dining with friends, even one designed for napping! The ultimate goal: with Waymo as the driver, products tailored for every purpose and every trip," the post stated.
Related Items:Alphabet, electric cars, Innovation, Jaguar, Land Rover, News, Self-Driving Cars, Technology, Waymo, What's Hot
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What's New in My New Sage SalesLogix Installation?
So you've installed the latest update to Sage SalesLogix. How can you find out what great new features and functionality are in the released product? There are several places in the documentation that provide this information.
Upgrading documents: These documents are either named Applying Service Pack x for Sage SalesLogix vX.x.pdf (if you applied a service pack) or Upgrading Sage SalesLogix from vX.x to vX.x.pdf (if you upgraded using a full installation). Each contains a chapter called Changes in this Release that details what has been added, changed, or removed for the whole product.
Help Files: The help file for each of the main Sage SalesLogix applications contains a topic called What's New In This Release. This topic is specific to the application and lists the product changes, usually with a link to a topic providing more information. Look for these topics in the Sage SalesLogix Web Client, Sage SalesLogix Client, Application Architect, Administrator, and yes, even the Legacy Architect. To find these topics, open the help file, open the Table of Contents, and expand the first book Introducing <module name>. You'll find the topic listed there. You can also find it using the search functionality.
Don't miss a thing! Check out the What's New topics to get all the details.
Sage SalesLogix is highly customizable, so some features might not have been installed in your organization's implementation.
Looking for supported versions and compatibility? See the Compatibility Checklist posted on SupportOnline.


text:
L'ederagenina o melantigenina è una molecola triterpenica della famiglia delle saponine derivata da Hedera helix.

Sebbene sia utilizzato soprattutto come fitofarmaco, ha dimostrato, in laboratorio, sia attività antidepressiva, sia attività antiparassitaria.

Viene utilizzata in campo medico come balsamico,la cui azione terapeutica preminente è antisettica e sedativa.

Viene impiegato come espettorante nelle bronchiti catarrali e nella terapia della pertosse. Ritarda ed attenua il broncospasmo da acetilcolina.

A dosi elevate induce irritazione del tratto gastro-enterico e ciò spiega l'attività espettorante nelle bronchiti croniche e nella pertosse. L'azione irritativa dell'ederagenina è infatti rivolta anche alla mucosa bronchiale presso la quale induce un'azione espettorante riflessa.

Si può trovare in associazione a codeina in farmaci ad attività sedativa della tosse.

Note

Triterpeni
Dioli
Acidi carbossilici
Fitofarmaci


text:
Aarón "El Shocker" Fernández (born 7 July 1987) is a retired professional Mexican footballer who last played for Celaya on loan from UANL. Fernandez began the Clausura 2017 as the 3rd string goalkeeper but due to injuries he made his senior Liga MX debut on February 4, 2017.

He was loaned out to Necaxa for the Apertura 2017 season, making his Copa MX debut against Zacatecas.

Honours

Club
Necaxa
Copa MX: Clausura 2018

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Mexican footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Tigres UANL footballers
Club Necaxa footballers
Club Celaya footballers
Liga MX players
Ascenso MX players
Liga Premier de México players
Footballers from Mexico City


text:
Q: Ajax data not passing to controller I have a problem where the data in the ajax isn't passing the sessionStorage item. I have tried using JSON.stringify and added contentType: 'application/json' but still it's not passing. Can this be done using POST method? Also, I have debugged and returned those sessionStorages, hence the problem isn't because the sessionStorge doesn't contain data.
Here my function:
    function functionA() {
        $.ajax({
            url: URLToApi,
            method: 'POST',
            headers: {
                sessionStorage.getItem('token')
            },
            data: {
                access_token: sessionStorage.getItem('pageToken'),
                message: $('#comment').val(),
                id: sessionStorage.getItem('pageId')
            },
            success: function () {
                $('#success').text('It has been added!"');
            },
        });
    }

A: Check below things in Controller's action that

*

*there should be a matching action in controller

*name of parameter should be same as you are passing in data in ajax

*Method type should be same the ajax POST of the action in controller.

 function AddPayment(id, amount) {
        var type = $("#paymenttype").val();
        var note = $("#note").val();
        var payingamount = $("#amount").val();
        $('#addPayment').preloader();
        $.ajax({
            type: "POST",
            url: "/Fixed/AddPayment",
            data: {
                id: id,
                amount: payingamount,
                type: type,
                note: note
            },
            success: function (data) {

            }
        });

    }

Here is the working code from my side.
Check with this, and for the header part you need to get it from the Request in action

A: The solution to this problem has been found. The issue was the sessionStorage, hence I've passed it directly to the URL and now it working as follows:
   function functionA() {
    $.ajax({
        url: 'http://localhost:#####/api?id=' + sessionStorage.getItem('pageId') + '&access_token=' + sessionStorage.getItem('pageToken') + '&message=' + $('#comment').val(),
        method: 'POST',
        headers: {
            sessionStorage.getItem('token')
        },
        success: function () {
            $('#success').text('It has been added!"');
        },
    });
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Moist-heat techniques—steaming, cooking foods en papillote, shallow poaching, deep poaching, and simmering-rely on liquid and/or water vapor as the cooking medium. Braising and Stewing are often thought of as peasant dishes because they frequently call for less tender (and less expensive) main ingredients than do other techniques. Monitoring cooking temperatures and times vigilantly and determining doneness accurately are key to a mastery of moist-heat methods.
Explore how this cooking technique can play a key role in creating and maintaining healthy profit margins while delighting your customers and enriching your bottom line.


The world breaks us all. Afterward, some are stronger at the broken places.
All good books are alike in that they are truer than if they had really happened and after you are finished reading one you will feel that all that happened to you and afterwards it all belongs to you; the good and the bad, the ecstacy, the remorse and sorrow, the people and the places and how the weather was.
If a person brings so much courage into the world that the world must kill him to break him, so of course it kills him. The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those it cannot break it will kill. It kills the very good, the very gentle, and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these things the world will kill you too but there will be no special hurry.


To meet the needs of the demanding automation marketplace, Rimtec Corporation is pleased to announce the expansion of their engineering and manufacturing capacity to provide customized zero-backlash couplings.
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Rimtec's unique adaptable construction, utilizing few parts, enables the design engineer to easily integrate a custom tailored zero-backlash servo coupling into his or her system. Our special machine shop easily manufactures solutions in quick turnaround times - ideal for rapid prototyping.
Rimtec's customized couplings are available with bore sizes from 1mm to 100mm and torque capacity up to 5000Nm.
Automated, high-speed inserting, stacking, bundling and storage/retrieval operations now may safely achieve exceptional, jam-free accuracy by installing Rimtec Corporation's torque-limiting, pre-stressed safety couplings.
Rimtec safety couplings, designed with a Belleville spring, disengage in an exceptional 2 to 4 ms in a jam situation -- before the jam can cause expensive damage to the drive or automation equipment. The coupling can then re-engage at the precisely correct angular position, in just one revolution, to maintain continued mailroom speed and accuracy.
The Rimtec couplings incorporate precision roller guides with a broader contact surface compared to conventional ball guides. This design provides high stiffness, even with today's fast acceleration, and also ensures zero-backlash motion control.
Rimtec torque-limiting safety couplings are available in bore sizes from 0.25 to 3.50 inches (six to 90 mm), with torque capacities from 9 to 14,160 in-lb (1 to 1600 Nm).
The Rimtec Corporation offers a broad line of technically precise servo couplings for high-end mailroom automation and other demanding types of production to dramatically diminish downtime and improve production costs.