text:
DPRK 200-Day Battles and Paying off the Country's External Debt amidst the collapse of the Socialist Eastern Bloc
– North Korea's 200-Day Battles and Paying off the Country's External Debt amidst the collapse of the Socialist Eastern Bloc –
The approach the DPRK employed to overcome its economic choke holds during its 40th Anniversary in 1988 was strikingly familiar to previous efforts for economic development: whip up mass enthusiasm and urge workers to re-double their efforts by emulating heroes. Reminiscent of the groundbreaking Chollima Movement, it bore no resemblance to the policies of kaifang in China and perestroika pursued by the Soviet Union.
In February 1988, the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) ordered the launching of a "200-day battle" to step up economic construction in preparation for the DPRK's fortieth anniversary. The "battle" was waged to expedite the completion of priority projects: building or expanding electric power stations, coal mines, steel and iron complexes (notably the Kim Chaek Ironworks), nonferrous metal complexes, and chemical industrial complexes (notably Sunchon Vinalon Complex); building Kwangbok Street in Pyongyang, once reputed to be the largest construction project in North Korean history; electrifying and expanding the railroads; and carrying out the "four technical revolutions" in agriculture (irrigation, electrification, mechanization, and increasing the use of chemical fertilizers).
Rallies were held throughout the country and agitation activities by party cadres escalated. The people were told that as participants in a "glorious task of demonstrating the great might of Juche Korea," they should emulate the "spirit and style of anti-Japanese revolutionaries who believed that they did not even have the right to die before first fulfilling the order of their respected commander." Indicative of the seriousness of insufficient resources due to sanctions were repeated admonitions to "produce more [goods] with less [raw materials]" and to be "self-reliant like revolutionary heroes" in solving the problem of scarce raw materials. The campaign fulfilled its goals, but this was in the face of growing external debts due to rising inflation rates released by the World Bank. This strongly contributed to the North's separation from the World Bank afterwards and its joining of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Calling the results of the campaign a "great success" in September, Pyongyang promptly launched a second 200-day battle. Evidence of success in the campaign was weighed down by the DPRK's foreign debt, which was nagging the national economy.
After North Korea's external debt problem emerged in the mid-1970s, the alerted banks of the West formed creditor groups to make joint negotiations. Back in March 1977, 31 banks reached a rescheduling agreement with the North's Choson Trade Bank, which took several years amidst Cold War politics. However, negotiations between North Korea and two syndicates of Western banks over North Korean debts of about $900 million broke down in July 1988 over the North's budding chemical energy program, which was claimed by Kim Il-sung himself to be "Western powers" fighting alternatives to Western energy sources and Saudi oil. Under one proposal, "North Korea would service all the loans for a period of three years, paying interest at a fixed rate and repaying $270 million (30%) of the principal." The $270 million was paid off by 1992, while another $45 million was later paid as per the Agreed Framework in 1994. See, for example, the Nodong sinmun editorial, "Moduda 200-il chont'u sungni rulwihan ch'oehu tolgyokjon ul pollija," August 24, 1988.
The scheme collapsed when North Korea and US came to a disagreement, when after initially accepting it the DPRK "proposed that the remaining debt should be paid in installments towards the end of a new three-year period, citing recent developments in Europe and Asia." The North was attempting to buy more time to pay off its debts to the West, due to the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the recent economic reforms in Vietnam and neighboring China.
The North Korean debt to Japanese companies, once estimated at about 50 billion yen (about $400 million), had not been serviced since 1983. From 1990-1993, about 90% of North Korea's trade with Japan was conducted with firms owned by Korean residents of Japan loyal to the DPRK. The DPRK eventually paid off its debts through a new installment program between the two governments that saw reportedly abducted Japanese returned from the DPRK to Tokyo. In October it was reported that Austria would soon close its embassy in Pyongyang over the debt issue and that Sweden might follow in its footsteps, as North Korea owed $130 million to Swedish firms. By 1993, the North had paid off its debts to Sweden and Austria; neither embassy ever closed.
With the North's debts largely paying off when applicable, that all was not going well on the economic front was confirmed by Mikhail Vanichev, Minister of Machinery Industries of the Soviet Union, who was quoted by Radio Moscow as saying that a host of problems plagued the North Korean economy: lack of managerial autonomy in enterprises, which was hampering various joint venture projects between the Soviet Union and North Korea; and shortages of consumer goods and quality metals due to western sanctions and "not so much the regime or its policies." The Soviet Union continued to be Pyongyang's number one source of economic and technical assistance, balancing imports with exports to Pyongyang effectively. Radio Moscow revealed that numerous Soviet workers ran a joint-effort to strengthen Kim Chaek Ironworks' iron molting capacity, in an effort to counter the sanctions on quality metals. Iron from Kim Chaek was later used to help develop Kwangbok Street, with its numerous high rise apartments and buildings.
Relations between Russia and North Korea were strained abruptly following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Moves to improve their ties began in the mid-1990s and the two countries signed a new treaty of amity and cooperation in 2000 to replace the 1961 friendship pact. Summit talks held in Moscow in 2001 between President Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-il produced a joint communiqué, which mentioned the North's past debts to Russia as an important matter to be considered in promoting bilateral economic cooperation. Russia has the final say about the debt issue, which has been steadily paying off in recent years under Kim Jong-un. In 2014, Russia cut close to 90% of the DPRK's external debt to Moscow. But considering its ambitions to gain leadership position in Northeast Asia through grand energy and railway projects, Russia is in no hurry to accept the North's debt repayments from the Soviet era.
As shown below, external debts later skyrocketed during the Arduous March (famine) due to higher Chinese "friendship prices" for aid on loan from Beijing. Debt from/to Beijing is incalculable, given the ongoing state of Sino-DPRK relations.
From: "NORTH KOREA IN 1988; The Fortieth Anniversary"
by B. C. Koh
2020 04 17 in Commentary, Economics, North Korea. Tags: DPRK, External Debt, North Korea
DPRK: Stakes Higher than Ever
What Really Happened With the Jang Song-thaek Purge
Historic Meeting Between North and South Korea Ends in Peace
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I have a very unusual photo. It was taken in Lincoln (UK) . There is a part of Lincoln that has an arch and part of a City wall that was built in Roman times so is around 3000 yrs old. The area is known as Greestone stairs and is rumoured to be a haunted hotspot. I took the photo of Greestone arch in daylight on 13/03/2016. It was taken on my mobile phone. As I enlarged the picture framed in the arch is a church and cemetery. The puzzling thing is that both do not exist in todays world. I investigated what I had on the photo and did alot of research. There was a church and cemetery in that same spot . The church was built in 1070 and pulled down in 1535. Why it is there on a photo in 2016 is mysterious. I believe the photo to be unique. It is also genuine. Would you be interested in viewing the photo or having a chat ?
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Kansas guard Devon Dotson was flat on his back, slithering in the lane, both hands balled into fists.
He screamed out in pain. Three teammates gathered around him, just before he scrunched his face again, which led to another grimace.
For a second time, he howled.
In the 45th minute, his legs had finally given out. Dotson's right calf was cramping, and after drawing a blocking foul to earn two free throws, the KU point guard struggled to get to his feet.
This was right in front of the Jayhawks' bench — during the final seconds of overtime — and KU coach Bill Self leaned in to share some words.


text:
Über die Entstehung und frühe Geschichte des Schachspiels bestehen unterschiedliche Auffassungen. Vor allem Indien, aber auch Persien und bisweilen China werden als Ursprungsländer genannt. Der Zeitraum der vermuteten Entstehung schwankt zwischen dem 3. und 6. Jahrhundert. Um die Erfindung des Spiels ranken sich zahlreiche Legenden, deren berühmteste die Weizenkornlegende ist. Seit dem 6. Jahrhundert ist das Schachspiel in Persien belegt. Es verbreitete sich im 7. Jahrhundert im Zuge der islamischen Expansion im Nahen Osten und in Nordafrika. Über das maurische Spanien, Italien, das byzantinische Reich und Russland gelangte das Spiel zwischen dem 9. und 11. Jahrhundert ins abendländische Europa, wo es im Hochmittelalter einerseits zu den sieben ritterlichen Tugenden gehörte, andererseits kirchliche Missbilligung erfuhr.

Im 15. Jahrhundert veränderten sich die Spielregeln einschneidend, so dass seither vom modernen Schach, wie es heute gespielt wird, gesprochen werden kann. Spanien (16. Jahrhundert), Italien (spätes 16. und 17. Jahrhundert), Frankreich (spätes 18. und frühes 19. Jahrhundert), England (Mitte 19. Jahrhundert), Deutschland und Österreich-Ungarn (spätes 19. und frühes 20. Jahrhundert) und Sowjetunion bzw. Russland (Mitte 20. Jahrhundert bis heute) lösten sich in der Folge als führende europäische Schachnationen ab. Seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts kam es zu regelmäßigen Schachturnieren. 1886 kam es zur Austragung der ersten offiziellen Weltmeisterschaft mit dem Sieger Wilhelm Steinitz. 1924 wurde der Weltschachbund FIDE gegründet. Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts begann die Entwicklung spielstarker Schachprogramme, welche seit Mitte der ersten Dekade der 2000er Jahre das Niveau der weltbesten Spieler übertreffen.

Ursprung des Schachspiels
Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass das Schachspiel von einer einzigen Person, zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt erfunden worden ist. Dafür ist es nicht nur zu komplex, sondern es enthält auch zu viele Elemente aus verschiedenen Kulturen, Sprachen und Zeiten.

Es gibt zahlreiche Theorien, das Schachspiel auf ältere Vorgängerspiele zurückzuführen, sei es das indische, mit Würfeln gespielte Rennspiel Ashtapada, das mit dem Schach verwandte chinesische Xiangqi, bis hin zum etwa 3000 Jahre alten Urspiel Liubo. Bei dieser Vorgehensweise stellt sich die Schwierigkeit der Definition der Geburtsstunde des Schachs, denn diese frühen Vorläufer unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich Regeln, Taktik und Charakter so stark vom Schach, dass man nur schwerlich vom gleichen Spiel sprechen kann. Die Quellen sind außerdem sehr spärlich und nicht zweifelsfrei mit dem Schachspiel in Verbindung zu bringen.

Es ranken sich viele Legenden um die Erfindung des Schachspiels. Die meisten sind sehr alt und entstammen dem persischen und arabischen Kulturkreis. Eine reiche Quelle für Schachlegenden ist der persische Dichter Firdausi (940–1020). Die berühmteste Legende ist die Weizenkornlegende, die als Hommage an das Schachspiel, als anschauliches mathematisches Lehrbeispiel oder als sozialkritische Parabel verstanden werden kann.

Formierung des Chaturanga und Chatrang im 6. Jahrhundert
Die klassische Schachforschung geht davon aus, dass das Schachspiel in Indien entstanden sei und sich allmählich aus dem mit Würfeln auf einem 8×8-Brett gespielten Rennspiel Ashtapada, über ein mögliches Protoschach zum anfänglich zu viert und später zu zweit gespielten Chaturanga entwickelte. Das Chaturanga gelangte ins Perserreich und wurde phonetisch zu Chatrang angepasst ("ch" = //). Diese Ansicht geht im Wesentlichen auf zwei Schachforscher des 19. Jahrhunderts, Antonius van der Linde und Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa zurück und kulminierte 1913 im umfassenden Werk A history of Chess des Engländers H. J. R. Murray. In den letzten Jahren tauchte die Gegenthese auf, das Ursprungsland sei China gewesen und unser Schachspiel ein Abkömmling (und nicht umgekehrt) des chinesischen Schachs Xiangqi. Diese von David H. Li vertretene Ansicht wird jedoch als im Kern substanzlos abgelehnt.

In der frühen Entwicklungsphase existierten diverse Varianten des Spiels, die mit unterschiedlichen Spielfiguren und sowohl auf 8×8- wie 10×10-Brettern gespielt wurden. Als Beispiel sei nur das Shatranj al-Kamil (Schatrandsch al-Kamil) genannt. Es scheint, als ob das gleiche Spiel sowohl auf kleineren wie größeren Brettern gespielt werden konnte und bei Bedarf neue Figuren hinzugefügt wurden. Die gleichen Bretter fanden auch für andere Spiele Verwendung. Spuren dieser Vielfalt finden sich in den vielen Schachvarianten, die heute noch existieren, so das Xiangqi in China, das Janggi in Korea, das Shōgi in Japan, das Shatar und Hiashatar in der Mongolei, das Chandraki in Tibet, das Makruk in Thailand, das Ouk Chatrang in Kambodscha oder das Sittuyin in Burma. Mit der Zeit scheint sich dann das 8×8-Brett durchgesetzt zu haben. Einige Relikte der zusätzlichen Figuren des 10×10-Brettes könnten im Pfad des Xiangqi bei der Spielfigur der Kanone erhalten geblieben sein.

Beim Prozess der Formierung des Chaturanga oder des Chatrang ist das Szenario einer Verschmelzung verschiedener Elemente am wahrscheinlichsten. Alte Rennspiele, deren Überreste in der Gangart der Bauern erhalten geblieben sind, wurden mit Spielen mit hüpfenden Figuren, deren Gangart im Einzelnen durchaus älteren und komplett verschiedenen Spielen entlehnt sein kann, kombiniert und auf bereits vorhandene 8×8- und 10×10-Spielbretter übertragen, wobei sich das 8×8-Brett durchsetzte. Diese Entwicklung war im 6., spätestens aber im 7. Jahrhundert abgeschlossen und fand im weitesten Sinne in Zentralasien statt, im kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Einflussbereich Indiens, Persiens und West-Chinas und über das Verkehrs- und Handelsnetz der Seidenstraße.
Die verschiedenen Elemente des Schachspiels offenbaren sich in der Art des Brettes, der Gangart der Figuren, dem militärischen Charakter des Spieles und der Etymologie.

Die älteste schriftliche Erwähnung von Chaturanga in Sanskrit findet sich in der Harshacharita, geschrieben vom indischen Hofpoeten Bana um 625–640. Es ist die offizielle Geschichte König Shrî Harshas von Kanauj, der über ein mächtiges Königreich im Gangestal herrschte und dafür bekannt war, zum Buddhismus konvertiert zu sein. Bana beschreibt den Frieden, der dadurch im ganzen Lande einkehrte: "Unter diesem Herrscher stritten nur die Bienen, um den Honigtau zu sammeln; die einzigen Füße, die abgeschnitten wurden, waren die der Maße, und nur von Ashtâpada konnte man lernen, Chaturanga herzuleiten, es gab keine Vierteilung der verurteilten Kriminellen ...". Der Text ist voll von Wortspielen und Zweideutigkeiten und ist deshalb schwierig zu interpretieren. Mit Ashtapada wird üblicherweise das 8×8-Spielbrett angenommen. Chaturanga könnte hier sowohl auf die Armee wie auch auf das Spiel bezogen sein. Andere sind der Meinung, in dieser Passage werde der Vorläufer des Schachspiels genannt.

Die ältesten Schachfiguren, die eindeutig als solche einzuschätzen sind, stammen aus Zentralasien, genauer aus der Gegend um Samarkand, einem wichtigen Knotenpunkt der Seidenstraße; die Funde wurden in Afrasiab (um 761), Fergana und Nishapur (9.–10. Jahrhundert) gemacht.

Etymologie
 Chaturanga:  Das indische Wort Chaturanga bedeutet "vier Elemente" oder "vier Teile". Mit diesem Begriff wurde die indische Armee bezeichnet, welche aus den vier Elementen Infanterie (Sainik: Soldat), Kavallerie (Ashwa: Pferd), Streitwagen (Rath) und Elefanten (Haathi) zusammengesetzt war. Diese Form der Armee war etwa vom 4. vorchristlichen bis zum 7. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert üblich, was in etwa den zeitlichen Rahmen für die Entstehung eines Spiels abgrenzt, das ein Abbild dieser Armee sein will. Die Erwähnung von "Chaturanga" in alten indischen Texten bezieht sich vermutlich eher auf die Armee als auf das nach ihr benannte Spiel.
 Chatrang:  Vom persischen Wort Chatrang wird üblicherweise angenommen, es sei vom indischen Chaturanga abgeleitet. Dies muss, trotz der Ähnlichkeit, nicht unbedingt so sein, denn Chatrang bezeichnet (früher wie heute) die Alraune, eine Pflanze mit einer Wurzel, die einer menschlichen Figur ähnelt – eine denkbare Bezeichnung also für ein mit Figuren gespieltes Spiel, die unabhängig hätte entstehen und auf das Spiel übertragen werden können.
 Schatrandsch:  Als die Araber im 7. Jahrhundert das persische Reich eroberten, lernten sie auch das Chatrang kennen und passten den Namen ihrer Sprache an, da die Laute 'ch' (=//) und 'g' im Arabischen nicht existieren. Aus Chatrang wurde Schatrandsch (engl.: Shatranj).
 Schach / Schah / Radscha: Der deutsche Name Schach ist vom persischen Wort Schah (König) abgeleitet und hat, trotz seiner klanglichen Ähnlichkeit, mit Chaturanga, Chatrang oder Shatranj nichts zu tun. Im Chaturanga hieß die Figur ebenfalls König: Radscha, was einfach ins Persische übersetzt wurde.
 Xiangqi:  Xiangqi () ist die Bezeichnung des chinesischen Schachs. Die Übersetzung birgt einige Schwierigkeiten, so dass letztlich nicht mit absoluter Sicherheit gesagt werden kann, worauf sich die Zeichenkombination in historischen Texten bezieht. Die Bedeutung der chinesischen Zeichen änderte sich oft regional und im Laufe der Zeit und kann meist nur durch genaue Kenntnis des Textverfassers eruiert werden. Das Wort Xiang () bedeutet sowohl Elefant, Porträt, Phänomen, Elfenbein, Sternenanordnung, Omen, Handeln, Spielen wie auch offizieller Interpret. Qi () steht für Schachfiguren, Schach, aber auch für ähnliche Spiele. Meist ist mit Qi das gesamte Spiel an sich gemeint. Xiangqi als Ganzes wird üblicherweise mit Elefanten-Spiel, Elfenbein-Spiel oder Symbol-Schach übersetzt. Sam Sloan, ein Verfechter der chinesischen Herkunft des Schachspiels, ist der Meinung, der Begriff habe Ähnlichkeit mit Chatrang und sei dessen etymologische Wurzel.
 Fers / Firzan / Farzin: Fers ist das persische Wort für General und ersetzte den im Chaturanga üblichen indischen Minister. Die Araber passten den Begriff ihrem Lautsystem an, wodurch Fers zu Firsan oder Farsin wurde.
 Pil / Fil / al-Fil: Die Perser nannten den Elefanten im Schach Pil, was weder indisch noch persisch ist. Im Arabischen wurde Pil zu Fil und, zusammen mit dem Artikel, zu al-Fil.
 Ruch:  Ruch war die Bezeichnung der Figur des Streitwagens, des heutigen Turms. Die Etymologie ist unklar und der Wortstamm möglicherweise nicht persisch. Ruch/Roch war aber im Altpersischen der Name für den mythischen Vogel Sên-Murv, Simurgh im Neupersischen. Der übermächtige Vogel, wie er auch in der Sindbad-Sage vorkommt, war in der Lage, einen Elefanten oder ein Kamel wegzutragen, was zu der mächtigen Gangart des Turms im Schach passen würde. Gelegentlich wird Ruch auch mit 'Held' übersetzt. Das Wort lebt in der Rochade und der englischen Bezeichnung rook für den Turm fort.

In der folgenden Tabelle sind die Namen der Figuren dargestellt, wie sie vom Indischen über das Persische und Arabische nach Europa gelangt sind:

Die Gangart der Figuren
 Der Bauer: Sein Gang erinnert stark an die alten indischen Rennspiele und könnte tatsächlich ein Relikt derselben sein. Gemeinsamkeit mit den Rennspielen ist dabei die Unmöglichkeit, rückwärts oder anders als geradeaus zu ziehen, sowie die Verwandlung bei Erreichen des Brettendes. Das seitliche Schlagen wird als Konsequenz der Integration dieser Figur in ein neues Spiel gedeutet. Der Umstand, dass der Bauer als einzige Figur anders schlägt als zieht, ist ein starkes Indiz dafür, dass er einer anderen Quelle als die übrigen Figuren entstammt.
 Der König: Gerhard Josten, ein Forscher der Initiativgruppe Königstein, vertritt die Ansicht, die Gangart des Königs könnte dem sehr alten Spiel Go entlehnt sein. Allerdings werden beim Go-Spiel die Steine nur gesetzt, nicht gezogen, und wirken auch nicht diagonal.
 Springer und Elefant: (Der heutige Läufer ersetzte erst mit der Spielreform Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts die frühere Figur.) Die Herkunft der Gangart dieser Figuren ist besonders umstritten. Etliche Theorien gehen auch von Vergöttlichungen und astrologischen Herleitungen aus.

Schach in Persien: Chatrang

Es gibt nur wenige Berichte über das Schachspiel, seine Spieler, sowie dessen Stellenwert und Verbreitung in der Gesellschaft im Sassanidenreich vor der Eroberung durch die Araber. Die einzige zeitgenössische Quelle, die über die bloße Nennung des Spiels hinausgeht, ist der in Pahlavi (mittelpersisch) verfasste Text Wizârišn î chatrang ud nihišm î nêw-ardaxšîr (Die Erklärung von Schach und die Erfindung von Nard), auch bekannt als Mâdayân î chatrang, oder kurz Chatrang-nāmak (Buch vom Schach). Gemäß dieser Geschichte wurde das als Kriegsspiel bezeichnete Chatrang zur Zeit Chosraus I. (531–579) von einer indischen Delegation des Königs Divsaram, dem Radscha von Hindustan, als Geschenk und Herausforderung zugleich nach Persien gebracht. Es werden die Namen der Spielfiguren angegeben: schah (König), rukh, farzin (Feldherr), pil (Elefant), asp (Pferd) und piyadak (Fußsoldat). Das Chatrang-namak nennt auch zwei Spieler, Takhtaritus und Wajurgmitr, wobei der letztere überlegen gewesen sein soll. Fast dieselbe Geschichte findet sich rund 400 Jahre später im persischen "Nationalepos" Schahname des Dichters Firdausi wieder. Hier wird zusätzlich die Aufstellung der Figuren genannt. Es ist nicht bekannt, ob er sich dabei auf das Chatrang-namak bezog oder ob ihm andere Quellen zur Verfügung standen. Über die in Persien seinerzeit noch unbekannte Spielweise, die Bozorgmehr, der persische Kanzler und Leibarzt Chosraus, zur Ehrenrettung seines Herrn herausgefunden haben soll, hingegen finden sich in beiden Texten keine Informationen.

Zwei weitere mittelpersische Quellen erwähnen das frühe Schachspiel: Das Kârnâmak-i Ardeshir-i Pâpakân (Buch der Taten von Ardaschir, Sohn des Papak), eine epische Abhandlung über König Ardaschir I., den Gründer des Sassanidenreiches. Es wurde zwischen 224 und 651 verfasst. Das Chatrang wird nur an einer einzigen Stelle erwähnt: "Durch die Hilfe der Providentia [Vorsehung], wurde er [Ardaschir] siegreicher und kriegerischer als alle, beim Polo und der Rennbahn, beim Chatrang und Wein-Artakhshir, und in etlichen anderen Künsten."

Das Khūsraw ud Rēdag (Chosrau und der Page) handelt am Hofe Chosraus I.; Chatrang wird dort zusammen mit anderen Spielen erwähnt ("ud pad Čatrang ud new-ardaxšî r ud haštpay kardan az hamahlan fraztar hom" = etwa: "...und durch das Spielen von Chatrang, Backgammon und Hashtpay [=Spiel aus sassanidischer Zeit] bin ich meinen Kollegen überlegen.").

Bei all diesen Texten lässt sich nicht zwischen Dichtung und Wahrheit unterscheiden. Sie geben aber immerhin Auskunft darüber, dass zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Abfassung ein Spiel namens Chatrang bekannt war und dass es offenbar einen hohen gesellschaftlichen Stellenwert hatte, so dass es eines Königs oder Helden bedurfte, es zu beherrschen. Die Zeit Chosraus I. scheint im Mittelpunkt zu stehen. Sein Interesse für Kultur ist bekannt, und es ist denkbar, dass er selbst maßgeblich zur Etablierung des Chatrang beitrug.
Wie spätere arabische Quellen nahelegen, wurde Chatrang vornehmlich mit roten (Rubin) und grünen (Smaragd) Steinen gespielt. Partien aus dieser Zeit sind nicht überliefert. Das Spiel scheint sich im Sassanidenreich blitzschnell verbreitet zu haben. Die persische Kultur blieb auch nach ihrer Eroberung durch die Araber für die ganze Region einflussreich und trug mit zur arabischen Blüte bei. Dies gilt auch für das Schachspiel, welches hier seine ideologische Prägung erhielt, die es bis ins Spätmittelalter hinein charakterisierte.

Schach bei den Arabern: Schatrandsch

Die Araber eroberten zwischen 632 und 651 das Sassanidenreich. Es ist unbestritten, dass sie in diesem Zeitraum mit dem Schachspiel in Berührung kamen. Bei den Arabern kam das Schachspiel, das nun durch phonetische Anpassung Schatrandsch hieß, zu seiner ersten großen Blüte. Als "Spieler der höchsten Klasse" galt al-Adli (ca. 800–870), welcher eine erste Schachabhandlung verfasste. Auf ihn folgten ar-Razi (ca. 825–860), Mawardi (um 900), as-Suli (880–946) und al-Ladschladsch (um 970). Wichtige literarische Quellen verdanken wir Firdausi und al-Mas'udi. Es entwickelte sich eine reiche Sammlung von Eröffnungs- (Tabijen) und Endspielstellungen (Mansuben). Ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Schatrandsch wurde die Problemkunst.

Die Araber trugen auch maßgeblich zur Verbreitung des Schachspiels bei.

Verbreitung in Europa
Das Schachspiel gelangte auf verschiedenen Wegen nach Europa. Einer der ersten Kontakte dürfte über das Oströmische Reich, besonders Konstantinopel, erfolgt sein. Das byzantinische Schach, Zatrikion, unterscheidet sich allerdings wesentlich vom Schatrandsch. Die Waräger brachten das Spiel dann aus Konstantinopel ("Miklagard") nach Russland, wo es seit Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts gespielt wird. Über die Mauren gelangte das Schachspiel im 9. Jahrhundert nach Spanien.
Der älteste europäische Text, in dem die Regeln des Schachspiels enthalten sind, ist das frühmittelalterliche lateinische Schachgedicht Versus de Scachis eines unbekannten Verfassers des 10. Jahrhunderts. Es entstand vermutlich zwischen 900 und 950 in Oberitalien. Aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammt die in hebräischer Sprache verfasste Reimdichtung des judenspanischen Dichterphilosophen Abraham ibn Ezra (1089–1164). Im 13. Jahrhundert wurde im Auftrag von Alfons X. von Spanien ein berühmtes Spielmanuskript über Schach, Backgammon und das Würfelspiel, genannt Libro de los Juegos, verfasst. Von Spanien aus verbreitete sich Schach nach Italien und in die Provence. Daher rühren auch die Namen sehr alter Eröffnungen, beispielsweise der Spanischen Partie und der Italienischen Partie.

In der Literatur des deutschsprachigen Raums wurde Schach erstmals um 1050 erwähnt. Ein unbekannter Mönch verfasste im Kloster Tegernsee den lateinischen Versroman Ruodlieb, in dem ein Besucher am Hofe des Königs durch seine Meisterschaft im Schachspiel Aufsehen erregt.

Europäisches Mittelalter
Schach gehörte seit dem Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts zu den sieben Tugenden der Ritter. Jacobus de Cessolis verfasste Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts die allegorisch-moralische Schrift De moribus hominum et officiis nobilium super ludo scaccorum, die zu den ältesten abendländischen Quellen über das Schachspiel gehört und im Mittelalter weit verbreitet war. Jacobus de Cessolis rezipierte über das Breviloquium de virtutibus antiquorum principium des Minoriten Johann(es) von Wales (gestorben 1285) auch eine von einem anonymen Autoren verfasste Moralitas de Scaccario. Dieser, lange Zeit dem Papst Innozenz III. zugeschriebene, mittelalterliche Traktat bediente sich wohl erstmals des Schachspiels als sozialer Metapher. Im deutschen Sprachgebiet wurden das Spiel und auch das Schachbrett Schachzabel genannt. In ihrem Gefolge fanden auch volkssprachige Schachallegorien (Schachzabelbücher) weite Verbreitung. In diesen Büchern geht es weniger um die Technik und Regeln des Spiels als um eine belehrende Darstellung des Lebens und der Gesellschaft anhand des bildlichen Vergleichs mit dem Schachspiel.

Archäologische Nachweise
Auf Burgen Mitteleuropas finden sich häufig aus Knochen geschnitzte Schachfiguren. Eine besonders kunstvoll gedrechselte Holzfigur einer Dame oder eines Königs stammt aus der Burg Mülenen (Schweiz, Kanton Bern). In der Nähe von Bamberg wurden zwischen 1248 und 1308 Schachbretter und Figuren aus Ton hergestellt.

Frühe Neuzeit

Gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts begannen sich die Spielregeln des Schachspiels entscheidend zu verändern. Die Gangart von Bauer, Läufer und Dame wurde schneller. Der Bauer durfte nun bei seinem ersten Zug zwei Felder weit (bisher nur eins), der Läufer diagonal beliebig weit (bisher sprang er zwei Felder weit), und die Dame in alle acht Richtungen beliebig weit ziehen (zuvor nur ein Feld in diagonaler Richtung), wodurch sie schlagartig von einer relativ schwachen zur mächtigsten Figur auf dem Brett avancierte. Hierdurch veränderte sich das Spiel komplett. Es war die Geburt des modernen Schachs. Das neue Spiel erforderte eine andere Taktik und andere Eröffnungen. Schach gewann an Tempo und gleichzeitig an Popularität. Diese Entwicklung spielte sich vermutlich im spanischen Valencia zwischen 1470 und 1490 ab und manifestiert sich im katalanischen Schachgedicht Scachs d'amor, dem ältesten Dokument zum neuen Schach. Die Verfasser des Gedichts und gleichzeitig die ersten bekannten Spieler waren Francí de Castellví, Narcís Vinyoles und Bernat Fenollar. Im Jahre 1495 veröffentlichte der Spanier Francesc Vicent das erste gedruckte Schachbuch mit dem Titel Libre dels Jochs Partits dels Schacs en Nombre de 100 ordenat e compost. Es galt lange Zeit als verschollen, bis José Antonio Garzón eine Abschrift in Italien entdeckte und in seinem Buch El regreso de Francesch Vicent: La historia del nacimiento y expansión del ajedrez moderno 2005 veröffentlichte. Dabei wird klar, dass auch Francesch Vicent wesentlich an der Entstehung des neuen Schachspiels beteiligt, wenn nicht gar ihr eigentlicher Initiator war. Im Jahre 1497 erschien ein Schachlehrbuch von Luis Ramírez Lucena: Repeticion de Amores e Arte de Axedres con CL Juegos de Partido. Um etwa 1500 entstand die Göttinger Handschrift, deren Autorschaft und Datierung unklar ist. Sie enthält zwölf Partieanfänge mit den neuen Regeln und 30 Schachprobleme. Um 1512 erschien in Rom das Schachlehrbuch Pedro Damianos mit dem Titel: Questo libro e da imparare giocare a scachi et de le partite. Diese ersten Veröffentlichungen markieren den Anfang des modernen Schachs.

Im Anschluss bildeten sich Schachzirkel, vor allem auf der iberischen Halbinsel und in Italien. Um die Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts galt der Spanier Ruy López de Segura als bester Spieler der Welt. Er wurde im Jahre 1575 am ersten internationalen Schachturnier der Geschichte am Hofe des spanischen Königs Philipps II. in Madrid vom Sizilianer Giovanni Leonardo da Cutro geschlagen, der im Anschluss auch den besten portugiesischen Spieler El Morro und, zurück in Madrid, seinen italienischen Landsmann Paolo Boi besiegte. Zu den besten Schachspielern ihrer Zeit gehörte auch Giulio Cesare Polerio. Diese Persönlichkeiten begründeten das goldene Zeitalter des italienischen Schachs, welches mit Alessandro Salvio und dem Tode Gioacchino Grecos im Jahre 1634 endete.

Im Jahr 1616 wurde das erste Schachlehrbuch in deutscher Sprache gedruckt: "Das Schach- oder König-Spiel" von Gustavus Selenus. Eine Kuriosität aus dieser Zeit sind die bis ins 19. Jahrhundert beibehaltenen Sonderregeln in dem Schachdorf Ströbeck, z. B. für die Bauernumwandlung.

Um 1700 galt der Schotte Alexander Cunningham als bester Spieler Europas.

Von etwa 1730 bis 1780 blühte das italienische Schach mit den großen Theoretikern der "Schule von Modena" Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani, Ercole del Rio und Giambattista Lolli nochmals auf. Gleichzeitig entwickelte sich im Café de la Régence in Paris eine rege Schachszene, welche die italienische Vormachtstellung im europäischen Schach allmählich überflügelte und ablöste. Die neuen Größen des Schachspiels hießen Legall de Kermeur, François-André Danican Philidor, und Verdoni.

Im Jahr 1769 baute Wolfgang von Kempelen den berühmten Schachtürken.

Der im 18. Jahrhundert tätige Syrer Philipp Stamma veröffentlichte mehrere Bücher, die den Übergang zwischen Mansuben und neuzeitlicher Schachkomposition charakterisieren, indem die von Stamma erdachten meist partieartigen Kombinationen abgebildet werden.

19. Jahrhundert

In Europa wurde das Schach zu einem Lieblingsspiel des Bürgertums. Die Regeln wurden seit dem frühen 19. Jahrhundert kaum noch verändert. Ab 1813 erschien im Liverpool Mercury die erste Schachspalte. Im Jahr 1834 fand in London eine Serie von Wettkämpfen zwischen Alexander McDonnell und Louis de La Bourdonnais statt. 1836 erschien unter dem Titel Le Palamède die erste spezialisierte Schachzeitschrift und 1846 erschien erstmals die Deutsche Schachzeitung, die erste deutsche. In der Folge fand auch periodische Schachliteratur in Form von Schachspalten in Zeitungen und Periodika sowie spezialisierten Schachzeitschriften weite Verbreitung.

Die heute allgemein übliche Figurenform, genannt Staunton, wurde 1849 von Nathaniel Cook kreiert, von dem damals führenden Spieler Howard Staunton propagiert und 1924 vom Weltschachverband (FIDE) bei dessen Gründung übernommen. Adolf Anderssen gewann das internationale Schachturnier in London 1851. 1867 wurden bei Schachturnieren erstmals mechanische Schachuhren verwendet. In Baden-Baden wurde 1870 erstmals ein internationales Schachturnier in Deutschland ausgetragen. Im Jahr 1877 wurde der Deutsche Schachbund gegründet. Wilhelm Steinitz und Johannes Hermann Zukertort spielten 1886 den ersten offiziellen Wettkampf um die Schachweltmeisterschaft.

Im Bereich der Schachkomposition charakterisierten sich im 19. Jahrhundert Richtungen wie die Böhmische Schule und Altdeutsche Schule heraus, in denen Mattaufgaben mit ästhetischen Ansprüchen respektive komplizierten Varianten dargestellt wurden. Sam Loyd gilt als einer der populärsten Aufgabenverfasser der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.

20. Jahrhundert
Im Jahre 1924 wurde in Paris der Weltschachbund Fédération Internationale des Échecs gegründet. 1927 fand in London die erste Schacholympiade statt. Nach dem Tode des amtierenden Weltmeisters Aljechin 1946 übernahm die FIDE die Veranstaltung der Schachweltmeisterschaft.

Ab 1945 zeigte sich eine deutliche Überlegenheit der staatlich geförderten sowjetischen Schachschule gegenüber den westlichen Schachmeistern. Der Sieg von Bobby Fischer über Boris Spasski im so genannten Match des Jahrhunderts wurde daher in der Zeit des Kalten Krieges propagandistisch verwertet.

Im Jahre 1993 kam es zum Bruch zwischen der FIDE und führenden Schachspielern, allen voran Garri Kasparow und Nigel Short, welche in der Folge eigene Schachturniere mit eigenen Weltmeistertiteln durchführten.

Im 20. Jahrhundert fanden internationale Schachturniere weite Verbreitung, nationale Ligen wurden gegründet.

Die Schachkomposition erlebte im 20. Jahrhundert einen weiteren Aufschwung. 1903 veröffentlichten Johannes Kohtz und Carl Kockelkorn das Buch Das Indische Problem, das als Geburtsstunde der Neudeutschen Schule der Schachkomposition gilt, die Logik und Zweckreinheit als ihre Merkmale ansieht. In Deutschland wurde 1924 die Schwalbe gegründet. Unter der Ägide des Weltschachbunds nahm 1956 mit der Permanenten Kommission der FIDE für Schachkomposition eine spezialisierte Kommission die Arbeit auf, und die FIDE-Alben zur Sammlung der besten Aufgaben entstanden. Die moderne Schachstudie kristallisierte sich vor allem durch sowjetische Verfasser heraus. Heterodoxe Aufgaben wie Hilfsmatt, Selbstmatt, Märchenschach, Retrospiel und Schachmathematik traten aus Nischen heraus und wurden eigenständige Gebiete.

Ab den 1960er Jahren entwickelte sich in einigen amerikanischen Metropolen, vor allem aber in New York City, eine neue Szene von Straßenschach-Spielern: Spieler aus unterschiedlichsten gesellschaftlichen Schichten trafen sich auf Straßen und Plätzen zum öffentlichen Schachspiel. Im New Yorker Washington Square Park gehörten dabei auch Großmeister wie Bobby Fischer, Kamran Shirazi und Joel Benjamin zu den regelmäßigen Spielern. Bis heute sind Plätze wie der New Yorker Union Square überregional bekannt für seine Schachspieler, die als "chess hustler" (frei übersetzt: Schach-Gauner) oft auch ihren Lebensunterhalt durch Spielen um Geld verdienen.

21. Jahrhundert
2006 kam es zum Wiedervereinigungskampf zwischen den zerstrittenen Parteien, welcher von Wladimir Kramnik gewonnen wurde. Seitdem gibt es wieder nur einen einzigen Schachweltmeister.

Amtierender Weltmeister ist Magnus Carlsen. Er errang den Weltmeistertitel 2013 in einem Zweikampf gegen den damaligen Titelverteidiger Viswanathan Anand. In den Jahren 2014, 2016, 2018 und 2021 konnte er den Titel verteidigen.

Auf dem Gebiet der Schachkomposition wurde die Permanente Kommission 2010 zum eigenen Weltverband, der weiterhin vom Weltschachbund FIDE gefördert wird.

Die Verbreitung des Internets, insbesondere des World Wide Web, ermöglichte im späten 20. und frühen 21. Jahrhundert die Gründung von internetbasierten Diensten und eine stärkere Vernetzung der Schachwelt, durch die das Fernschach auch außerhalb nationaler Organisationen weite Verbreitung auf speziellen Schachservern fand, wo mit exakter Zeitmessung Partien auch mit geringer Bedenkzeit unter den für Blitzpartien zuvor verbreiteten fünf Minuten (beispielsweise Bullet mit einer Minute pro Spieler) populär wurden.

Siehe auch
 Liste der bedeutendsten Schachturniere
 Schachmuseum

Literatur
 Hans Ferdinand Massmann: Geschichte des mittelalterlichen, vorzugsweise des deutschen Schachspiels. Quedlinburg 1839.
 K. H. W. Wackernagel: Das Schachspiel im Mittelalter. 1846
 Antonius van der Linde: Geschichte und Litteratur des Schachspiels. 2 Bände. Erster Band: Julius Springer, Berlin 1874 (Digitalisat). Zweiter Band: ebenda 1874 (Digitalisat). Nachdruck: Edition Olms, Zürich 1981, ISBN 3-283-00079-4.
 Antonius van der Linde: Das erste Jartausend  der Schachliteratur (850 - 1880). Julius Springer, Berlin 1881.
 Fritz Strohmeyer: Das Schachspiel im Altfranzösischen. 1895.
 Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa: Zur Geschichte und Literatur des Schachspiels. Verlag von Veit & Comp., Leipzig 1897 (Digitalisat). Nachdruck u. a.: Zentralantiquariat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Leipzig 1984.
 Hans Wichmann, Siegfried Wichmann: Ursprung und Wandlung der Schachfiguren in zwölf Jahrhunderten. Callwey, München 1960.
 Jacob Silbermann, Wolfgang Unzicker: Geschichte des Schachspiels. Bertelsmann-Ratgeberverlag, München/Gütersloh/ Wien 1975, ISBN 3-570-01335-9.
 Harold James Ruthven Murray: A History of Chess. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1913 (Digitalisat). Nachdruck: Oxford University Press Reprints, Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-827403-3 (englisch).
 Ludwig Bachmann: Das Schachspiel und seine historische Entwicklung. Leipzig/Berlin 1924. Nachdruck: Leipzig 1980, ISBN 3-921695-35-X.
 Walter Benary: Die europäischen Schachspielsammlungen des Mittelalters mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der romanischen. In: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie. Band 48, 1928, S. 332–360.
 Reinhard Wieber: Das Schachspiel in der arabischen Literatur von den Anfängen bis zur zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts. Verlag für Orientkunde Vorndran, Walldorf 1972.
 Anežka Vidmanová: Die mittelalterliche Gesellschaft im Lichte des Schachspiels. In: Miscellanea Medievalia. Band 12, Nr. 1, 1979, S. 323–335.
 Rainer A. Müller: Der Arzt im Schachspiel bei Jakob von Cessolis. Karl Thiemig, München 1981, ISBN 3-521-04135-2 (besonders S. 7–18 und 60–66).
 Joachim Petzold: Schach. Eine Kulturgeschichte. Edition Leipzig, 1986, ISBN 3-17-009405-X.
 Roswin Finkenzeller, Wilhelm Ziehr, Emil Bührer: Schach, 2000 Jahre, Das Spiel, die Geschichte, die Meisterpartien. Parkland-Verlag, Köln 1997, ISBN 3-88059-937-8.
 Oliver Plessow: Mittelalterliche Schachzabelbücher zwischen Spielsymbolik und Wertevermittlung – Der Schachtraktat des Jacobus de Cessolis im Kontext seiner spätmittelalterlichen Rezeption. Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-930454-61-7.

Weblinks
 Goddesschess.com – eine Internetseite mit vielen Artikeln zur Geschichte des Schachspiels

 Stefan Nehrkorn: Geschichte des Schachspiels
 Herbert Quirin: Geschichte des Schachspiels
 Güven Manay: Kulturgeschichte des Schachspiels, von Dr. Joe Dramiga (Kilimandjaro) – verteilt durch den multikulturellen Schachclub aus Köln, Satranç Club 2000
 Schachseite von Jean-Louis Cazaux (englisch).
 Homepage www.schachmuseum.com; abgerufen am 5. April 2019

Einzelnachweise

Historisches Spiel

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This historical marker and the Holmes-Hunter Academic Building are two of the few acknowledgements on campus of African Americans' contributions to UGA's history.
When students arrive for their first day at the University of Georgia, they are usually familiar with the history of the school—at least part of it. As UGA's proportion of minority students has increased, however, there is a growing question of how the university recognizes, or fails to recognize, the African-American contribution to its past.
During the month of February, nationally designated as Black History Month, students gathered to hear a panel of UGA professors and researchers discuss the little-known details of black history on campus, and left challenged to distinguish that history more prominently for all students.
"enslaved people were integral to the working of UGA, and UGA was integral to the lives of enslaved people," Nesbit said. Today, UGA employs hundreds of people to make sure the university operates, grounds and buildings are maintained and food is cooked, and early in UGA's history, that work was done by slaves, who made up 50 percent of the Athens population in 1860.
"As far as I can tell from documents, UGA didn't own enslaved people. Some universities did. UGA had a line-item in its budget that allocated money for hiring a couple hundred people… to maintain the university each year," Nesbit said. Some of the those employees took advantage of their access to the libraries and educated themselves or, like Lucius Holsey, the slave of a UGA professor, taught themselves to read. Holesy eventually became a prominent bishop in the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, promoted biracial cooperation and helped establish universities. "Black people took what they could [from UGA] and made the best lives they could," Nesbit said.
One student said that the first thing she wondered when walking through campus was, "Were there slaves here?" Others commented that their familiarity with black history on campus didn't stretch beyond Holmes and Hunter-Gault, and they don't feel compelled to learn the black history of Athens because of the short amount of time they spend here.
Yet there is a distance between UGA and the rest of Athens, she said, because for years UGA "tried to shield students from the community and black community." The community is still bitter because of this isolation, and is not always aware of the steps being made to connect to the community "in our 'castle of knowledge,'" she said.
It doesn't help that students are often left in the dark on black history on campus, either. For example, while Holmes and Hunter-Gault are officially considered the first African-American students to enroll at UGA, records reveal that Samuel L. Harris was the first black student to attend UGA decades earlier, Goolsby said.
Past student groups have attempted to get UGA to formally recognize Harris, but have not succeeded. "We talk about street names and building names, but we don't know those are the names of racists," one student said. There is a whole museum dedicated to athletes and a mausoleum for deceased mascots, another student said, but nothing dedicated to recognizing black history at UGA. "It's a willful ignorance," McCaskill said.


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Q: All of the containers stopped in hyperledger fabric - fabric-ca example in fabric-samples I am running fabric-ca example in fabric-samples on 20 Azure servers having each service like peers, orderers running on different machine.
Now recently all of the services got stopped. That means all of the peers, orderers, ica containers each running on different machine got stopped.
Below are the steps that I followed.

*

*I restarted the ica-org0, ica-org1, ica-org2 containers which created new org0-ca-chain, org1-ca-chain and org2-ca-chain certificates.

*Then i copied those certificates on peers and orderer machines and then restarted the containers. However while doing so, I restarted all of the peers but mistakenly I did recreate the container for peer1-org1 instead of restart.

*Now while all of the other containers except peer1-org1 are restarted but all of these peers are looking for peer1-org1 to communicate which is newly created with new org1-ca-chain certificate.

*Below is the peer1-org1 log,

[gossip/comm] authenticateRemotePeer -> WARN 1d4 Identity store
  rejected 10.64.37.229:49692 : failed classifying identity: Unable to
  extract msp.Identity from peer Identity [gossip/comm] GossipStream ->
  ERRO 1d5 Authentication failed: failed classifying identity: Unable to
  extract msp.Identity from peer Identity

*Below is the peer1-org2 log which is running on 10.64.37.229,

[gossip/comm] sendToEndpoint -> WARN 18e8[0m Failed obtaining
  connection for peer1-org1:7051, PKIid:[130 169 200 147 151 98 112 245
  155 234 176 88 178 195 88 136 118 154 94 91 90 37 108 90 11 182 83 100
  124 97 165 32] reason: Authentication failure
      [33m2018-06-21 00:00:12.581 UTC [gossip/comm] createConnection -> WARN 18e9[0m Remote endpoint claims to be a different peer, expected
  [130 169 200 147 151 98 112 245 155 234 176 88 178 195 88 136 118 154
  94 91 90 37 108 90 11 182 83 100 124 97 165 32] but got [163 170 196
  200 27 103 168 165 139 214 157 20 189 220 36 72 37 81 44 18 9 226 194
  227 210 149 141 128 30 214 113 200]

*Now i want to have peer1-org1 to be running as it was before getting stopped. How do I do this?.

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Organization of the Week: Hunterdon Land Trust ~ The History Girl!
This week, I am featuring the Hunterdon Land Trust. In 1996 Hunterdon County was slowly becoming threatened by the emergence of increasing suburban sprawl in what was once a rural community. Worried about the effects of development and of increased pollution on air and water quality, a group of volunteers created the Hunterdon Land Trust Alliance to protect the rural character and natural resources of Hunterdon County. Now known as The Hunterdon Land Trust, the organization preserves and stewards land, promoting a sustainable community. The work of the Hunterdon Land Trust protects clean air and water, and promotes a local food system.
The Trust has helped protect more than 6,000 acres of farmland and open space, and owns and manages nature preserves throughout Hunterdon County, including the historic Dvoor Farm in Flemington. In 2007, the Trust started a seasonal farmers' market at this historic farmstead, paying homage to the deep agricultural roots of Hunterdon County's past. In addition to land preservation, the Trust actively maintains and acts as a steward in historic preservation of this historic 1798 farmstead.
The Hunterdon Land Trust relies on memberships, fundraising, and countless volunteers to continue its mission. For more information on programs, special events, and exhibits hosted by the Hunterdon Land Trust or to become a member or volunteer, please call 908-237-4582 or visit www.hunterdonlandtrust.org.


Development of a tire characterization unit using four post road test simulator.
Effective Road Profile (ERP) Control is a relatively new simulator control strategy which shows a great deal of promise in reducing automotive suspension and structural testing times, thus shortening the product development cycle. The key to ERP is a linearly approximated tire model consisting of a characteristic stiffness of the spring elements within the model (K), characteristic damping coefficient of damper elements within the model, (C), and the tire modal mass (MMTM). The tire parameters can be purchased as a data set from MTS Systems Corporation for approximately $6000 US per tire. This thesis offers an alternate method of obtaining the tire characteristics. A rigid two-part frame was installed within the pit of a four-post road test simulator. This frame was assembled around one hydraulic actuator with the test tire secured above the actuator pan. The hydraulic actuator was then used to input a drive file into the tire to produce a tire response file. From that tire response file, radial displacement and radial force are required for tire characterization. The Tire Characterization tool within RPCRTM Pro was used to calculate K, C, and MMTM as defined above. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)Dept. of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2002 .M67. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 44-01, page: 0427. Thesis (M.A.Sc.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2003.
Mosca, Egidio., "Development of a tire characterization unit using four post road test simulator." (2003). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1710.


Umberto Eco OMRI (Italian: [umˈbɛrto ˈɛːko]; 5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian novelist, literary critic, philosopher, semiotician, and university professor. He is best known internationally for his 1980 novel Il nome della rosa (The Name of the Rose), a historical mystery combining semiotics in fiction with biblical analysis, medieval studies, and literary theory. He later wrote other novels, including Il pendolo di Foucault (Foucault's Pendulum) and L'isola del giorno prima (The Island of the Day Before). His novel Il cimitero di Praga (The Prague Cemetery), released in 2010, was a best-seller.
Eco also wrote academic texts, children's books, and essays. He was the founder of the Department of Media Studies at the University of the Republic of San Marino, president of the Graduate School for the Study of the Humanities at the University of Bologna, member of the Accademia dei Lincei, and an honorary fellow of Kellogg College, Oxford.
Eco was born in the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont in northern Italy. His father, Giulio, one of thirteen children, was an accountant before the government called him to serve in three wars. During World War II, Umberto and his mother, Giovanna (Bisio), moved to a small village in the Piedmontese mountainside. Eco received a Salesian education and made references to the order and its founder in his works and interviews. His family name is supposedly an acronym of ex caelis oblatus (from Latin: a gift from the heavens), which was given to his grandfather (a foundling) by a city official.
Umberto's father urged him to become a lawyer, but he entered the University of Turin to take up medieval philosophy and literature, writing his thesis on Thomas Aquinas and earning a Laurea degree in philosophy in 1954. During his university studies, Eco stopped believing in God and left the Catholic Church. After that, Eco worked as a cultural editor for the state broadcasting station Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) and lectured at the University of Turin (1956–1964). A group of avant-garde artists, painters, musicians and writers, whom he had befriended at RAI (Gruppo 63), became an important and influential component in Eco's writing career. This was especially true after the publication of his first book in 1956, Il problema estetico in San Tommaso, which was an extension of his Laurea thesis. This also marked the beginning of his lecturing career at his alma mater.
In September 1962 he married Renate Ramge, a German art teacher with whom he had a son and a daughter.
He divided his time between an apartment in Milan and a vacation house near Urbino. He had a 30,000 volume library in the former and a 20,000 volume library in the latter. He was a visiting professor at Columbia University several times in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1992–1993 Eco was the Norton professor at Harvard University. On 8 May 1993, Eco received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.) from Indiana University Bloomington in recognition of his over fifteen-year association with the university's Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies. Six books that were authored, co-authored, or co-edited by Eco were published by the Indiana University Press. He frequently collaborated with his friend Thomas Sebeok, semiotician and Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at Indiana University. He became Satrap of the Collège de 'Pataphysique in 2001. On 23 May 2002, Eco received an honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. In 2009, the University of Belgrade in Serbia awarded him an honorary doctorate. Eco was a member of the Italian skeptic organization Comitato Italiano per il Controllo delle Affermazioni sulle Pseudoscienze (Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims of the Pseudosciences) CICAP.
Eco died at his Milanese home of pancreatic cancer, from which he had been suffering for two years, on the night of 19 February 2016. At the time of his death at the age of 84, he was a professor emeritus at the University of Bologna, a position that he had held since 2008.
In 1959 Eco published his second book, Sviluppo dell'estetica medievale (The Development of Medieval Aesthetics), on medieval philosophy. After 18 months' military service in the Italian Army, he left RAI in 1959 to become the senior non-fiction editor of the Bompiani publishing house in Milan, a position he occupied until 1975.
Eco began seriously developing his ideas on the "open" text and on semiotics, writing many essays on these subjects, and in 1962 he published Opera aperta (translated into English as "The Open Work"). In it, Eco argued that literary texts are fields of meaning, rather than strings of meaning, that they are understood as open, internally dynamic and psychologically engaged fields. Literature which limits one's potential understanding to a single, unequivocal line, the closed text, remains the least rewarding, while texts that are the most active between mind, society and life (open texts) are the liveliest and best—although valuation terminology is not his primary focus. Eco came to these positions through study of language and from semiotics, rather than from psychology or historical analysis (as did theorists such as Wolfgang Iser, on the one hand, and Hans Robert Jauss, on the other).
Eco's short 1961 essay "Fenomenologia di Mike Bongiorno" ("Phenomenology of Mike Bongiorno", on the most popular quiz show host in Italy) received much notoriety among the general public and has drawn endless questions by journalists at every public appearance by Eco; the essay was later included in the collection Diario minimo (1963). His book Apocalittici e integrati (1964) analyzes the phenomenon of mass communication from a sociological perspective.
In 1967 he gave the influential lecture "Towards a Semiological Guerrilla Warfare", which coined the influential term "semiological guerrilla," and influenced the theorization of guerrilla tactics against mainstream mass media culture, such as guerrilla television and culture jamming. Among the expressions used in the essay are "communications guerrilla warfare" and "cultural guerrilla." The essay was later included in Eco's book Faith in Fakes.
Eco founded and developed one of the most important approaches in contemporary semiotics, usually referred to as interpretative semiotics. The main books in which he elaborates his theory are La struttura assente (1968; literally: The Absent Structure), A Theory of Semiotics (1975), The Role of the Reader (1979), Semiotics and Philosophy of Language (1984), The Limits of Interpretation (1990), Kant and the Platypus (1997), and From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation (2014).
Eco co-founded Versus: Quaderni di studi semiotici (known as VS among Italian academics), a semiotic journal. VS is used by scholars whose work is related to signs and signification. The journal's foundation and activities have contributed to semiotics as an academic field in its own right, both in Italy and in the rest of Europe. Most of the well-known European semioticians, including Eco, A. J. Greimas, Jean-Marie Floch, and Jacques Fontanille, as well as philosophers and linguists like John Searle and George Lakoff, have published original articles in VS. His work with Serbian and Russian scholars and writers included thought on Milorad Pavic and a meeting with Alexander Genis.
In 1988, at the University of Bologna, Eco created an unusual program called Anthropology of the West from the perspective of non-Westerners (African and Chinese scholars), as defined by their own criteria. Eco developed this transcultural international network based on the idea of Alain le Pichon in West Africa. The Bologna program resulted in a first conference in Guangzhou, China, in 1991 entitled "Frontiers of Knowledge." The first event was soon followed by an Itinerant Euro-Chinese seminar on "Misunderstandings in the Quest for the Universal" along the silk trade route from Canton to Beijing. The latter culminated in a book entitled The Unicorn and the Dragon, which discussed the question of the creation of knowledge in China and in Europe. Scholars contributing to this volume were from China, including Tang Yijie, Wang Bin and Yue Daiyun, as well as from Europe: Furio Colombo, Antoine Danchin, Jacques Le Goff, Paolo Fabbri and Alain Rey.
In 2000 a seminar in Timbuktu, Mali, was followed up with another gathering in Bologna to reflect on the conditions of reciprocal knowledge between East and West. This in turn gave rise to a series of conferences in Brussels, Paris and Goa, culminating in Beijing in 2007. The topics of the Beijing conference were "Order and Disorder","New Concepts of War and Peace", "Human Rights" and "Social Justice and Harmony". Eco presented the opening lecture. Among those giving presentations were anthropologists Balveer Arora, Varun Sahni, and Rukmini Bhaya Nair from India, Moussa Sow from Africa, Roland Marti and Maurice Olender from Europe, Cha Insuk from Korea, and Huang Ping and Zhao Tinyang from China. Also on the program were scholars from the fields of law and science including Antoine Danchin, Ahmed Djebbar and Dieter Grimm. Eco's interest in East-West dialogue to facilitate international communication and understanding also correlates with his related interest in the international auxiliary language Esperanto.
Eco's fiction has enjoyed a wide audience around the world, with many translations. His novels are full of subtle, often multilingual, references to literature and history. Eco's work illustrates the concept of intertextuality, or the inter-connectedness of all literary works. Eco cited James Joyce and Jorge Luis Borges as the two modern authors who have influenced his work the most.
Eco employed his education as a medievalist in his first novel The Name of the Rose (1980), a historical mystery set in a 14th-century monastery. Franciscan friar William of Baskerville, aided by his assistant Adso, a Benedictine novice, investigates a series of murders at a monastery that is to host an important religious debate. The novel contains many direct or indirect metatextual references to other sources, requiring the detective work of the reader to 'solve'. The title is unexplained in the book. As a symbol, the rose is ubiquitous enough not to confer any single meaning. There is a tribute to Jorge Luis Borges, a major influence on Eco, in the blind monk and librarian Jorge of Burgos: Borges, like the character Jorge, lived a celibate life consecrated to his passion for books, and also went blind in later life. William of Baskerville is a logically-minded Englishman who is a friar and a detective, and his name evokes both William of Ockham and Sherlock Holmes (by way of The Hound of the Baskervilles); several passages describing him are strongly reminiscent of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's descriptions of Holmes. The underlying mystery of the murder is borrowed from the "Arabian Nights". The Name of the Rose was later made into a motion picture starring Sean Connery, F. Murray Abraham, Christian Slater and Ron Perlman, which employs the plot, but, not the philosophical and historical themes from the novel.
In Foucault's Pendulum (1988), three under-employed editors who work for a minor publishing house decide to amuse themselves by inventing a conspiracy theory. Their conspiracy, which they call "The Plan", is about an immense and intricate plot to take over the world by a secret order descended from the Knights Templar. As the game goes on, the three slowly become obsessed with the details of this plan. The game turns dangerous when outsiders learn of The Plan, and believe that the men have really discovered the secret to regaining the lost treasure of the Templars.
The Island of the Day Before (1994) was Eco's third novel. The book, set in the seventeenth century, is about a man marooned on a ship within sight of an island which he believes is on the other side of the international date-line. The main character is trapped by his inability to swim and instead spends the bulk of the book reminiscing on his life and the adventures that brought him to be marooned.
Baudolino was published in 2000. Baudolino is a knight who saves the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates during the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade. Claiming to be an accomplished liar, he confides his history, from his childhood as a peasant lad endowed with a vivid imagination, through his role as adopted son of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, to his mission to visit the mythical realm of Prester John. Throughout his retelling, Baudolino brags of his ability to swindle and tell tall tales, leaving the historian (and the reader) unsure of just how much of his story was a lie.
The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana (2005) is about Giambattista Bodoni, an old bookseller specializing in antiques who emerges from a coma with only some memories to recover his past. Bodoni is pressed to make a very difficult choice, one between his past and his future. He must either abandon his past to live his future or regain his past and sacrifice his future.
The Prague Cemetery, Eco's sixth novel, was published in 2010. It is the story of a secret agent who "weaves plots, conspiracies, intrigues and attacks, and helps determine the historical and political fate of the European Continent." The book is a narrative of the rise of Modern-day antisemitism, by way of the Dreyfus affair, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other important 19th century events which gave rise to hatred and hostility toward the Jewish people.
Numero Zero was published in 2015. Set in 1992 and narrated by Colonna, a hack journalist working on a Milan newspaper, it offers a satire of Italy's kickback and bribery culture as well as, among many things, the legacy of Fascism.
A semiotic Landscape. Panorama sémiotique. Proceedings of the Ist Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Den Haag, Paris, New York: Mouton (=Approaches to Semiotics, 29) (with Seymour Chatman and Jean-Marie Klinkenberg).
The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts (1979 – English edition containing essays from Opera aperta, Apocalittici e integrati, Forme del contenuto (1971), Il Superuomo di massa, Lector in Fabula).
Ten essays on methods of abductive inference in Poe's Dupin, Doyle's Holmes, Peirce and many others, 236 pages.
↑ "Umberto Eco Biography". eNotes. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
↑ Liukkonen, Petri. "Umberto Eco". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014.
↑ Farndale, Nigel (24 May 2005). "Heavyweight champion". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
↑ "Honorary Doctors". Serbia: University of Belgrade. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
↑ McMahon, Barbara (6 October 2005). "No blood, sweat or tears". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
↑ "Umberto Eco stroncato da un tumore al pancreas. Martedì omaggio al Castello Sforzesco" (in Italian). Il Messaggero. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
1 2 Gerino, Claudio (19 February 2016). "Morto lo scrittore Umberto Eco. Ci mancherà il suo sguardo sul mondo". la Repubblica (in Italian). Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
↑ "Umberto Eco, Italian author of 'The Name of the Rose,' dies at 84". Reuters. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
↑ "Italian author Umberto Eco dies aged 84". The Guardian. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
↑ "Remembering Umberto Eco". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
↑ Kandell, Jonathan (19 February 2016). "Umberto Eco, 84, Best-Selling Academic Who Navigated Two Worlds, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
↑ Strangelove, Michael (2005). The Empire of Mind: Digital Piracy and the Anti-Capitalist Movement. University of Toronto Press. pp. 104–5. ISBN 0802038182.
↑ Bondanella (2005) pp. 53, 88–9.
↑ Clee, Nicholas (27 May 2012). "This is Not the End of the Book by Umberto Eco and Jean-Claude Carrière – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
↑ fveltri. "About idiots and churnalism". News Of PR Interest. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
↑ Genis, Daniel. "Driving Umberto Eco". www.airshipdaily.com. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
↑ Vegetal and mineral memory, EG: Ahgram, November 2003, archived from the original on 1 February 2004, retrieved 1 February 2007 Considers, among other things, encyclopedias.
↑ Eco, Umberto (1985). Reflections on The Name of the Rose. W. Weaver (trans.). London: Martin Secker & Warburg Limited.
↑ Eco, Umberto (1986). The Name of the Rose. New York: Warner Books. p. 10. ISBN 0-446-34410-9.
↑ Doyle, Arthur Conan (2003). Sherlock Holmes: The Complete Novels and Stories Vol 1. New York: Bantam Books. p. 11. ISBN 0-553-21241-9.
↑ Ian Thomson, Evening Standard, 12 November 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Umberto Eco.
Lila Azam Zanganeh (Summer 2008). "Umberto Eco, The Art of Fiction No. 197". Paris Review.
"We Like Lists Because We Don't Want to Die" interview by Susanne Beyer and Lothar Gorris.
"Umberto Eco collected news and commentary". The Guardian.


How would a G4 mini work as a media center?
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by Ryan T., Mar 26, 2006.
how would I go about hooking this up/using it?
You HAVE to give us more information.
Panther? Tiger? How much RAM? Speed?
I'm sure it'd be fine hardware wise, I meant logistically.
A G4 Mac mini would do well as a media center machine, but an Intel Mac mini would be the far better investment. Remember, the Intel models have native Front Row support which is pivotal in viewing many types of media. Were you to do this with a G4 and still want the Front Row features, you'd have to acquire the Front Row app and then get yourself an IR receiver (Keyspan Express works well) and also a Front Row remote (available for purchase from Apple).
Unless you're able to get a G4 mini for incredibly cheap, I would say shoot for Intel. But otherwise, here are a few steps.
I just mentioned how to do the Front Row stuff, but apart from that you'll likely need some video adapters. An S-video out adapter is available from Apple, although your television might support DVI. (Or, even still, you may prefer to use a large LCD monitor, which would be my choice anyways).
If you didn't decide in favor of the Front Row/remote setup, you're somewhat stuck with having a mouse and keyboard around your place of lounging which can look tacky.
Really, though, once you get it hooked up to the television/monitor, the rest is up to you. And by "the rest" I mean content. If you want to bring in cable or satellite television into the mini, then you'll want to consider EyeTv2. I haven't personally tried other methods or products for that object of playing/recording shows, but others can comment with their experience. I never watch television, apart from those episodes iTMS has for free, so I haven't been urgently trying out products like EyeTv.
I'm not sure what other information you're looking for since you were considerably brief in your question. But, the only leap I see is the connection from the mini to the television/monitor which is commonly solved by purchasing some adapter.
Again, I would recommend an Intel Mac mini for this job. Good luck.
Thanks for the advice, I am getting a nice deal on the mini I think. We'll see.


Under the French Data Processing Act of 6 January 1978, amended in 2004, you may access and correct information concerning you. Please contact the Hôtel des Alpes to exercise this right.
Availability and bookings for your hotel room in Bourg d'Oisans by telephone or email.


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Batsman Ian Bell will not see being dropped from England's Test squad for the tour of South Africa as the end of his international career, says pace bowler Stuart Broad.
Five-time Ashes winner Bell, 33, who has played 118 Tests, has been dropped from the four-match series, which starts in December.
Bell has not scored a century in 23 Test innings.
Former England batsman Kevin Pietersen labelled the decision "pathetic".
England wicketkeeper Jos Buttler called it a "tough situation" for Bell, while former head coach Peter Moores told BBC Radio 5 live that the player has "got some cricket left in him".
Bell has already said he is "absolutely gutted" to miss out, but "determined" to win his place back.
Nottinghamshire pace bowler Broad, who is in the squad, added that Bell was a "world class" player who would bounce back.
"He will be very determined to work hard and get back in," said the 29-year-old.
"We know in cricket that opportunities do arise and, although he is not in this Test tour to South Africa, he won't see that as the end of his career.
"He will be working hard after a bit of a break to improve, put runs on the board and get back in this England side.
"You can be one injury away from getting your spot back and he will work on his game. I am sure he won't rest. He will be very focused."
Pietersen, who last played for England in January 2014, said Bell's omission was "ridiculous".
"You have to take him for his experience," added the 35-year-old on a video hosted by breathesport.com.
"It is pathetic. I think he has been hard done by here."
Moores, sacked by England in May, said Bell will understand the decision to drop him.
"Ian's going to be very disappointed but he also knows the nature of sport means if you're not performing to the top level you're exposed to being left out," he said.
"It'll have been a very tight decision but he also understands he's not put the runs on the board and that's given the selectors the opportunity to look at someone else."
Buttler, 25, who lost his place as Test keeper to Jonny Bairstow in the final match of the recent Pakistan series but remains in the one-day side, told BBC Sport: "He is obviously determined to win his place back which shows great professionalism."


Graphics Interface Proceedings is a collection of the papers presented at the annual gathering of the Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society. These papers were presented on June 3rd-7th in Calgery, Alberta. Graphics Interface is the Canadian annual conference devoted to computer graphics, interactive systems, and human-computer interaction. It is the oldest regularly scheduled computer graphics and human-computer interaction conference; the first conference was held in 1969.


text:
'use strict';

var AppDispatcher = require('../../../components/utils/AppDispatcher'),
    GroupAdminConstants = require('../../../components/constants/GroupAdminConstants'),
    EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter,
    assign = require('object-assign'),
    UserStore = require("../../AuthContainer/modules/UserStore"),

    CHANGE_EVENT = 'change';

var GROUPS = [],
    EDIT_TARGET = null;

var GroupAdminStore = assign({}, EventEmitter.prototype, {

    emitChange: function() {
        this.emit(CHANGE_EVENT);
    },
    addChangeListener: function(callback) {
        this.on(CHANGE_EVENT, callback);
    },
    removeChangeListener: function(callback) {
        this.removeListener(CHANGE_EVENT, callback);
    },

    getUserGroup: function(user) {
        return GROUPS.reduce(function(a, c) {
            return c.name == user.group ? c : a;
        }, null);
    },
    getDisplayName: function(name) {
        return GROUPS.reduce(function(a, c) {
            return c.name == name ? c.displayName : a;
        }, name);
    },
    getAllGroups: function() {
        return GROUPS;
    },
    getEditTarget: function() {
        return EDIT_TARGET;
    }
});

GroupAdminStore.dispatchToken = AppDispatcher.register(function(action) {
    switch(action.type) {

    case GroupAdminConstants.GET_ALL_GROUPS:
        console.log("getting all groups group-store",action)
        GROUPS = action.groups;
        GroupAdminStore.emitChange();
        break;

    case GroupAdminConstants.SET_GROUP_EDIT_TARGET:
        EDIT_TARGET = action.group;
        GroupAdminStore.emitChange();
        break;

    case GroupAdminConstants.DELETE_GROUP:
        GROUPS = GROUPS.filter(function(d) { return d.id != action.group.id; });
        EDIT_TARGET = null;
        GroupAdminStore.emitChange();
        break;

    case GroupAdminConstants.CREATE_GROUP:
        GROUPS.push(action.group);
        EDIT_TARGET = null;
        GroupAdminStore.emitChange();
        break;

    case GroupAdminConstants.UPDATE_GROUP:
        GROUPS = GROUPS.filter(function(d) { return d.id != action.group.id; });
        GROUPS.push(action.group);
        EDIT_TARGET = action.group;
        //UserStore.getSessionUser().userGroup = action.group;
        GroupAdminStore.emitChange();
        break;
  }

});

module.exports = GroupAdminStore;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Researchers from the University of Hawaii Cancer Center have discovered that aspirin's anti-inflammatory properties may prevent the growth of mesothelioma, a cancer caused by asbestos fibers that kills thousands of people each year.
Researchers tested aspirin in mice and found promising results.
According to Dr. Haining Yang, an associate professor in the Thoracic Oncology Program at the UH Cancer Center and lead researcher for the study, aspirin can help prevent the formation of mesothelioma by inhibiting inflammation that occurs in response to asbestos exposure.
Asbestos is made up of long, spindly fibers that when inhaled or swallowed are difficult for the body to dislodge. As such, asbestos fibers lodge in the membranes that line the lungs, heart and abdominal cavity. The body's natural inflammatory response kicks in, causing the tissues surrounding the asbestos fibers to become inflamed and swollen. This is how mesothelioma starts and develops.
In the process, the inflammation irreversibly damages the tissues and cells. Natural cell processes cease, and the cells may no longer respond to natural hormonal cues to stop dividing and die. The damaged cells continue to grow and divide, mutating over time and becoming malignant.
Aspirin blocks the inflammatory effects of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), a protein secreted by immune cells during the inflammation process.
Scientists from the University of Hawaii tested the effectiveness of aspirin against this protein in mice. They found that inhibiting HMGB1 significantly reduced the development of malignant mesothelioma in the mice and improved their survival. Scientists say aspirin inhibited HMGB1 when the mice took one tablet per day early on, before the disease had progressed.
The study shows that the average survival rate of mice with mesothelioma that weren't given aspirin was a little more than 76 days, while for the mice that were given aspirin survival time was about 96 days.
Because of these findings, the study is now in human clinical trials.
Who Could Benefit from Taking Aspirin?
People who work in construction, in industrial trades, or as firefighters have a high risk of asbestos exposure on a daily basis.
Asbestos is a known carcinogen that leads to the development of malignant mesothelioma 20 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos. While the dangers of asbestos are known, it is still widely used in a variety of different products and industries for its affordability, tensile strength, sound absorption qualities and resistance to fire, heat and electrical and chemical damage.
Those who work in fields with a high risk of exposure to asbestos must use safety equipment, such as hazmat suits and masks, to avoid contamination with asbestos. However, it still occurs. For that reason, the researchers theorize that these high-risk individuals could take aspirin regularly as way to prevent or reduce the inflammation that occurs with asbestos exposure.


text:
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Veteran's Story: 'Find the bastards, and pile on'
Far from his wife and newborn, John Butler kept finding himself in the battlefield with one set of instructions: "Find the bastards, and pile on."
Not wearing protective gear around artillery can cause severe hearing loss. As a veteran forward artillery officer in Vietnam, John Butler can confirm this truism.
John stated, "You bet'cha, I have hearing problems. The 105 and 155 Howitzers were noisy enough, but the main culprit of hearing loss was the 177mm Long Tom. The blast was so powerful the tube had to be changed after firing 700 to 1,200 rounds, based on the number of zones used, 'zones' meaning the number of power bags placed in the tube. When a gun can hurl a 174 lb. projectile 28 or 30 miles it creates a heck of a boom."
A graduate of Pittsburg State University in Kansas with a BA degree in Math and commissioned as a 2nd Lt from the ROTC program, the Army postponed John's military obligation to allow completion of a Master's Degree. "I was in the active reserves until I earned my Master's Degree in math," he said. "But I was on active duty by February of 1970."
Sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma for a 13-week Officer Basic Course, John's talent in math funneled his assignment to field artillery. "I knew my next port-of-call would be Vietnam. With a very pregnant wife due with our first child at any moment, I had a lot of family matters to attend to. Then I received my orders: Germany."
Readjusting mentally and materially for deployment to Germany, John finally left his wife and home for duty with the 3rd Army near Frankfurt. Settling into his new assignment, within 30 days John became a father plus received a new set of orders: Vietnam. "I can't really explain how peeved I was," he said. "But orders were orders. I went home, saw the wife and baby, resettled them and readjusted myself then caught the bird to Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam by way of Anchorage and Japan. I still wasn't a very happy camper."
Sent to a small staging area north of Saigon, John was assigned to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment as an Artillery Forward Observer. "My vehicle was an Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (M-113). I had a driver and two M-60 machine gunners for protection. The 11th Cav's motto best describes our mission, 'Find the bastards, and pile on.'
Recalling one mission, "We were on a joint mission with other armored units sweeping through three villages when we hit the jackpot. We located guns, foodstuffs, supplies, even a motorcycle. When we finally received incoming our tanks (probably M-60s or M-48 Pattons) mowed down the nearby tree line with several Beehive rounds (Flechette darts, 8,000 per round). A couple of our guys got hit because we were in sort of a hook formation. One of my buddies took a flechette through his mouth. It knocked out one tooth on each side and took out a piece of his tongue. He lived, but I helped carry a grunt to the medevac that took a flechette through his temple. I don't think he made it."
Another mission, "We provided artillery for a land clearing engineering company. Bulldozers used a Rome Plow, so named because the plow was made in Rome, Georgia. The plows had sharp ends that stuck into trees so the dozers could uproot them. That's the way they cleared jungle."
The stand down: "We received orders to 'stand down' and return to the Saigon area. There we turned over our equipment to the ARVN soldiers but that wasn't the end to my war."
Sent North to I Corp, John joined the 2nd Battalion 94th Artillery outfit. He said, "The Operations Officer at Da Nang showed me my nest port-of call, the Laotian border just below the DMZ to provide support for the Lam Son 719 incursion. Lam Son was no picnic."
Early in 1971, South Vietnamese forces crossed into southeastern Laos to disrupt or demolish the North Vietnamese supply camps and supply lines along the infamous Ho Chi Minh Trial. The operation was called Lam Son 719. American ground forces did not participate; limited only to supporting roles in logistical, artillery, and air cover, including carpet bombing by B-52 bombers. Either due to inadequate planning or poor performance, perhaps both, the South Vietnamese were trounced by a determined enemy. American and South Vietnamese helicopter losses were horrendous: 168 destroyed with another 618 damaged.
John said, "Our Fire Direction HQ was situated in the same compound as the firing batteries, 105s, 155s, and 175mm Long Toms. The big guns fired day and night, they never stopped except to swap tubes. We had early model computers, but nothing like the computers of today. If the computers or generators failed, we got out the old trusty board and did the calculations by hand. We always calculated by hand when a conflict of coordinates popped up between the Fire Direction HQ and a forward observer."
On base defense: "We protected our perimeter with two quad-50 trucks and a beast of a weapon called the Duster (M-42 twin-mounted 40mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns). Incoming was intermittent until the enemy placed high-caliber guns into mountain caves in Laos. Our Long Toms couldn't reach them, but the 'fast-movers' (jets) finally took them out."
"Bulldozers dug a pit for our fire directional command truck which was pretty much buried up to the top of the vehicle, doubly protected with sandbags and timbers. I was sitting there one night when suddenly we were covered with dirt by a horrible explosion. The breech ruptured on a Long Tom causing the gun to explode. Part of the pin penetrated the sandbags on one side of the command truck and lodged in the opposite sandbagged wall. It missed my head by inches. I still have that piece."
Two soldiers were killed on top the Long Tom and two severely injured. The 175mm Long Tom accident was an infrequent incident, but as John noted, "We had a lot of injuries due to accidents, but that's the nature of being around 'stuff' that blows up."
John Butler chose not to dwell on specific, and sometimes unpleasant, incidents during his tour in Vietnam; rather, he chose to expand on his final comments.
"I did my duty; it never occurred to me to avoid that duty. But I recall coming home and finding friends who had moved on to make a life for themselves, and there I was in the Twilight Zone. I still struggle from experiencing the disdain and rejection by the people of this country. It hurt then; it still hurts now."
"Yes, I was in combat, but my problems stem from the rejection by my own countrymen, and not from the tragic events I experienced in Nam. I was reluctant to join veterans groups for a long time. I didn't want to just sit around swapping war stories, but recently things have changed. I joined the Atlanta Vietnam Veterans Business Association and found myself in the middle of men like me, patriotic and unashamed for doing what we had to do. That, my brother, is therapeutic."
John worked in the computer industry for 25 years. He now operates a family private care consulting firm for senior adults.
Pete Mecca is a Vietnam veteran, columnist and freelance writer. You can reach him at aveteransstory@gmail.com or aveteransstory.us.
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