text:
/* $Id: faatran.c $ */

/* copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2014 by William R. Pearson and
   The Rector & Visitors of the University of Virginia */

/* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at

   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
   software distributed under this License is distributed on an "AS
   IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WRRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either
   express or implied.  See the License for the specific language
   governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/

/*	aatran.c	translates from nt to aa, 1 char codes */
/*	modified July 2, 1987 for all 6 frames */
/*	23 Jan 1991	fixed bug for short sequences */

/* 	this mapping is not alphabet independent */

#define XTERNAL
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "upam.h"
#include "uascii.h"

/*
1. The Standard Code (transl_table=1)

By default all transl_table in GenBank flatfiles are equal to id 1, and this
is not shown. When transl_table is not equal to id 1, it is shown as a
qualifier on the CDS feature.

*/
static
char *AA1="FFLLSSSSYY**CCUWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = ---M---------------M---------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

2. The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=2)
*/
static
char *AA2 ="FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSS**VVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = --------------------------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

3. The Yeast Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=3)
*/
static
char *AA3 ="FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWTTTTPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

4. The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the
Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code (transl_table=4)
*/
static
char *AA4 ="FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = --MM---------------M------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

5. The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=5)
*/
static
char *AA5 ="FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = ---M----------------------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

6. The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code (transl_table=6)
*/
static
char *AA6 ="FFLLSSSSYYQQCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

9. The Echinoderm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=9)
*/
static
char *AA9 ="FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

10. The Euplotid Nuclear Code (transl_table=10)
*/
static
char *AA10="FFLLSSSSYY**CCCWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

11. The Bacterial "Code" (transl_table=11)
*/
static
char *AA11="FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = ---M---------------M------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

12. The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code (transl_table=12)
*/
static
char *AA12 ="FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLSPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -------------------M---------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

13. The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=13)
*/
static
char *AA13="FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSGGVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

14. The Flatworm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=14)
*/
static
char *AA14 ="FFLLSSSSYYY*CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

15. Blepharisma Nuclear Code (transl_table=15)
*/
static
char *AA15="FFLLSSSSYY*QCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
*/

static
char *AA16 ="FFLLSSSSYY*LCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  id 16 ,
  name "Chlorophycean Mitochondrial" ,
  sncbieaa "-----------------------------------M----------------------------"
  -- Base1  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  -- Base2  TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  -- Base3  TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
*/

static
char *AA21 ="FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  name "Trematode Mitochondrial" ,
  id 21 ,
  sncbieaa "-----------------------------------M---------------M------------"
  -- Base1  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  -- Base2  TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  -- Base3  TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
*/

static
char *AA22 ="FFLLSS*SYY*LCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  name "Scenedesmus obliquus Mitochondrial" ,
  id 22 ,
  sncbieaa "-----------------------------------M----------------------------"
  -- Base1  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  -- Base2  TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  -- Base3  TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
*/

static
char *AA23 ="FF*LSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG";
/*
  name "Thraustochytrium Mitochondrial" ,
  id 23 ,
  sncbieaa "--------------------------------M--M---------------M------------"
  -- Base1  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  -- Base2  TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  -- Base3  TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
*/

static char aacmap[64]={
  'K','N','K','N','T','T','T','T','R','S','R','S','I','I','M','I',
  'Q','H','Q','H','P','P','P','P','R','R','R','R','L','L','L','L',
  'E','D','E','D','A','A','A','A','G','G','G','G','V','V','V','V',
  '*','Y','*','Y','S','S','S','S','*','C','W','C','L','F','L','F'
};

static int aamap[64];	/* integer aa values */
static int aamapr[64]; /* reverse sequence map */

/* tnt is used only by aatran.c. It must be consistent with lascii and
the nt alphabet. It uses 3,3 because T and U are considered separately
*/
static int tnt[]={0,0,1,2,3,3,0,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,
		    0,1,2,3,3,0,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0};

static int debug_set;

int
aatran(const unsigned char *ntseq, unsigned char *aaseq, int maxs, int frame)
{
  int iaa, im, nna, i;
  register int *nnp;
  const unsigned char *nts0;
  register int *aamp;
  register unsigned char *aap;

  iaa=nna=(maxs-(frame<3?frame:frame-3))/3;
  if (nna <= 3 ) {
    aaseq[0]=EOSEQ;
    return 0;
  }

  nnp = tnt;

  if (frame < 3) {
    aamp = aamap;
    nts0 = &ntseq[frame];
    aap = aaseq;
    while (nna--) {
      im = nnp[*nts0++]<<4;
      im += nnp[*nts0++]<<2;
      im += nnp[*nts0++];
      *aap++ = aamp[im];

      /* this check is included because of a bug in tfasty
         which occurs only during the alignment process */

#ifdef DEBUG
      if (debug_set && aamp[im] > MAXUC) {
	fprintf(stderr,"faatran: %d %d %d %d %d?%d\n",
		*(nts0-3),*(nts0-2),*(nts0-1), im, aamp[im],aamap[im]);

	/* this allows recovery, but should not be done frequently */
	for (i=0; i<64; i++) {
	  aamap[i]=aascii[aacmap[i]];
	  aamapr[i]=aascii[aacmap[(~i)&63]];
	}
	*(aap-1) = aamp[im];
      }
#endif
    }
  }
  else {
    aamp = aamapr;
    nts0 = &ntseq[maxs-(frame-3)];
    aap = aaseq;
    while (nna--) {
      im = nnp[*--nts0]<<4;
      im += nnp[*--nts0]<<2;
      im += nnp[*--nts0];
      *aap++ = aamp[im];
      /* this check is included because of a bug in tfasty
         which occurs only during the alignment process */

#ifdef DEBUG
      if (debug_set && aamp[im] > MAXUC) {
	fprintf(stderr,"faatran: %d %d %d %d %d?%d\n",
		*(nts0-3),*(nts0-2),*(nts0-1), im, aamp[im],aamap[im]);

	/* this allows recovery, but should not be done frequently */
	for (i=0; i<64; i++) {
	  aamap[i]=aascii[aacmap[i]];
	  aamapr[i]=aascii[aacmap[(~i)&63]];
	}
	*(aap-1) = aamp[im];
      }
#endif
    }
  }
  aaseq[iaa]=EOSEQ;
  return iaa;
}

/* slower version that masks out NNN,XXX */

/*                - A C G T U R Y M W S K D H V B N X */
static int snt[]={0,0,1,2,3,3,0,1,0,0,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4};

int
saatran(const unsigned char *ntseq,
	unsigned char *aaseq, int maxs, int frame)
{
  int iaa, im, it, nna, xflag;
  register int *nnp;
  const unsigned char *nts0;
  register int *aamp;
  register unsigned char *aap;

  iaa=nna=(maxs-(frame<3?frame:frame-3))/3;
  if (nna <= 3 ) {
    aaseq[0]=EOSEQ;
    return 0;
  }

  nnp = snt;
  if (frame < 3) {
    aamp = aamap;
    nts0 = &ntseq[frame];
    aap = aaseq;
    while (nna--) {
      xflag = 0;
      if ((it=nnp[*nts0++])<4) {im = it<<4;}
      else {xflag = 1; im=0;}
      if ((it=nnp[*nts0++])<4) {im += it<<2;}
      else xflag = 1;
      if ((it=nnp[*nts0++])<4) {im += it;}
      else xflag = 1;
      if (xflag) *aap++ = aascii['X'];
      else *aap++ = aamp[im];
    }
  }
  else {
    aamp = aamapr;
    nts0 = &ntseq[maxs-(frame-3)];
    aap = aaseq;
    while (nna--) {
      xflag = 0;
      if ((it=nnp[*--nts0]) < 4) im = it<<4;
      else {xflag = 1; im=0;}
      if ((it=nnp[*--nts0]) < 4) im += it<<2;
      else xflag = 1;
      if ((it=nnp[*--nts0]) < 4) im += it;
      else xflag = 1;
      if (xflag) *aap++ = aascii['X'];
      else *aap++ = aamp[im];
    }
  }
  aaseq[iaa]=EOSEQ;
  return iaa;
}

void
aainit(int tr_type, int debug)
{
  int i,j;
  char *aasmap;
  int ascii_star;
  int imap[4]={3,1,0,2}, i0, i1, i2, ii;

  debug_set = debug;

  aasmap = AA1;

  ascii_star = aascii['*'];
  aascii['*'] = TERM;

  if (tr_type > 0) {
    /* need to put in a new translation table */
    switch (tr_type) {
    case 1: aasmap = AA1; break;
    case 2: aasmap = AA2; break;
    case 3: aasmap = AA3; break;
    case 4: aasmap = AA4; break;
    case 5: aasmap = AA5; break;
    case 6: aasmap = AA6; break;
    case 9: aasmap = AA9; break;
    case 10: aasmap = AA10; break;
    case 11: aasmap = AA11; break;
    case 12: aasmap = AA12; break;
    case 13: aasmap = AA13; break;
    case 14: aasmap = AA14; break;
    case 15: aasmap = AA15; break;
    case 16: aasmap = AA16; break;
    case 21: aasmap = AA21; break;
    case 22: aasmap = AA22; break;
    case 23: aasmap = AA23; break;

    default: aasmap = AA1; break;
    }

    if (debug) fprintf(stderr," codon table: %d\n     new old\n",tr_type);
    for (i0 = 0; i0 < 4; i0++)
      for (i1 = 0; i1 < 4; i1++)
	for (i2 = 0; i2 < 4; i2++) {
	  ii = (imap[i0]<<4) + (imap[i1]<<2) + imap[i2];
	  if (debug &&  aacmap[ii] != *aasmap) {
	    fprintf(stderr," %c%c%c: %c - %c\n",
		    nt[imap[i0]+1],nt[imap[i1]+1],nt[imap[i2]+1],
		    *aasmap,aacmap[ii]);
	  }
	  aacmap[ii]= *aasmap++;
	}

    if (debug) {
      for (i=0; i<64; i++) {
	fprintf(stderr,"'%c',",aacmap[i]);
	if ((i%16)==15) fputc('\n',stderr);
      }
      fputc('\n',stderr);
    }
  }
  for (i=0; i<64; i++) {
    aamap[i]=aascii[aacmap[i]];
    if (aamap[i] > TERM) {
      fprintf(stderr," *** ERROR - codon out of range: %d %d (%c)\n",i,aamap[i], NCBIstdaa_l[aamap[i]] );
    }
    aamapr[i]=aascii[aacmap[(~i)&63]];
    if (aamapr[i] > TERM) {
      fprintf(stderr," *** ERROR - codon_r out of range: %d %d (%c)\n",i,aamapr[i], NCBIstdaa_l[aamapr[i]]);
    }
  }
  aascii['*'] = ascii_star;
}

void
aagetmap(char *to, int n)
{
  int i;
  for (i=0; i<n; i++) to[i] = aacmap[i];
}


It has been decided that that RRC, Disposal, EPCG Mon. Cell, DEEC Mon. Cell, Audit and all Appraising Groups working under NS-Gen/NS-II /NS-IV Commissionerates of JNCH will remain open on all Saturdays w.e.f. 21.11.2015 until further orders.
2. All concerned Dy./Asstt. Commissioners are directed to attend office alongwith officers posted with them on Saturdays to liquidate pending work under their respective sections.
3. All the concerned Additional Commissioner will allocate specific task/targets pertaining to the sections under them. The Additional Commissioner will also ensure that targets are achieved in a time bound manner.


YOUNGSVILLE, La. — Michele Robicheaux welcomed the community, chamber, friends and family to Brightway, The Michele Robicheaux Agency during a grand opening and ribbon-cutting event held in conjunction with the Youngsville Chamber of Commerce on Friday, June 15. The agency opened for business Dec. 18, 2017, and is located at 107 Centre Sarcelle Blvd., Suite 707 in Youngsville (near the Chemin Metairie Parkway intersection). Brightway Insurance is one of the largest personal lines agencies in the U.S.
Brightway, The Michele Robicheaux Agency offers customized Home, Condo, Renters, Auto, Flood, RV, Motorcycle, Boat, ATV, Life and Umbrella insurance policies from numerous insurance brands including Bankers, Dixon Wells, Foremost, Progressive and Safeco. The agency's hours of operation are Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Brightway Insurance is a national property/casualty insurance retailer selling through a network of franchised independent stores throughout the country. With more than $530 million in annualized written premium, the company is one of the largest personal lines agencies in the United States. Brightway provides its franchise owners with access to more insurance companies than any other agency, along with a comprehensive system of support that frees them up to focus on customizing policies that meet their customers' needs.
For more information about Brightway, The Michele Robicheaux Agency, visit BrightwayRobicheaux.com or call 337-347-7170. Learn more about franchise opportunities with Brightway at BrightwayDifference.com.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The impact of significant changes to provincial legislation on farm and ranch employers in Alberta
Canada December 11 2019
In our communique dated November 27, 2019, we discussed the proposed changes in Alberta's Bill 26, Farm Freedom and Safety Act, 2019 to provincial workplace insurance, employment standards and labour standards which impact employers operating farms or ranches in Alberta.
On December 5, 2019, Bill 26 was passed into law as the Farm Freedom and Safety Act, 2019 (the "FFSA"). The FFSA amends the Alberta Agricultural Operation Practices Act (the "AOPA"), the Alberta Employment Standards Code (the "ESC") and the Alberta Labour Relations Code (the "LRC").
Although the FFSA does not amend Alberta's Workers' Compensation Act (the "WCA") or Alberta's Occupational Health and Safety Act (the "OHSA"), the Lieutenant Governor in Council has the power to make regulations regarding these pieces of legislation, among others, under the FFSA. On December 5, 2019, this power was exercised to amend regulations under the ESC, the WCA and the OHSA and to make a new regulation under the AOPA.
The FFSA and its regulations make significant changes to the current provincial workplace insurance, workers' compensation, employment standards, labour standards and occupational health and safety obligations of employers operating farms or ranches in Alberta. These changes limit the employment standards obligations under the ESC of large farm or ranch employers and give these employers the opportunity to insure their workers privately or under the WCA. Smaller farm or ranch employers are no longer required to insure their workers or to comply with employment standards obligations under the ESC. As well, farm or ranch employers no longer have labour standards obligations under the LRC or occupational health and safety obligations under the Occupational Health and Safety Code 2009 Order (the "OHSA Code") and the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation (the "OHSA Regulation").
All of the changes except for the LRC changes come into force on January 31, 2020. The LRC changes are retroactive and came into effect on November 20, 2019. These changes are discussed below.
Changes to Workplace Insurance and Workers' Compensation
Employers operating farms or ranches paying non-family member workers currently have workers' compensation obligations under the WCA, including the obligation to insure such workers.
Under the FFSA and its regulations, employers operating farms or ranches, will no longer have workers' compensation obligations under the WCA. However, large employers operating farms or ranches, with more than 5 waged workers who are non-family members and who have been employed for at least 6 consecutive months, will still be required to have workplace insurance but will have the opportunity to choose between two types of insurance:
private insurance defined in the new AOPA regulation; or
WCA insurance
Smaller employers operating farms or ranches, with 5 or fewer waged workers who are non-family members and who have been employed for at least 6 consecutive months, will no longer be required to insure their workers.
Changes to Employment Standards
Employers operating farms or ranches paying non-family member employees are currently required to comply with employment standards requirements under the ESC except for those relating to hours of work and overtime and overtime pay.
The FFSA and its regulations limit the employment standards obligations that larger employers operating farms or ranches have to comply with under the ESC and exempt smaller employers operating farms or ranches from all employment standards obligations under the ESC, as described below.
Small employers operating a farm or ranch, with 5 or fewer waged non-family member employees who have been employed for at least 6 consecutive months, no longer have obligations under the ESC if they engage in work directly related to:
the primary production of eggs, milk, grain, seeds, fruit, vegetables, honey, livestock, diversified livestock animals, poultry, bees, mushrooms, sod, trees, shrubs or plants;
the primary production of any of the above products in a greenhouse or nursery;
operations that produce cultured fish; or
any other primary agricultural operation specified in the regulations.
Employees who engage in the above type of work are employed in a "farming or ranching operation" within the meaning of the ESC.
Larger farming or ranching operation employers, with more than 5 waged non-family member employees who have been employed for at least 6 consecutive months, do not have to comply with employment standards requirements regarding hours of work, overtime and overtime pay, and employees under the age of 18, but must still comply with employment standards requirements under the ESC regarding:
payment of earnings;
employment records;
minimum wage;
vacation and vacation pay;
general holidays and general holiday pay;
termination notice or pay;
layoffs and recalls; and
leaves of absence.
Irrespective of their size, employers engaging in operations to produce cannabis in a greenhouse are not considered a "farming or ranching operation" under the ESC. As a result, the farming and ranching rules and exemptions under the ESC will not apply to employers operating cannabis greenhouses.
Changes to Labour Standards
The LRC previously required employers operating farms or ranches paying non-family member employees to comply with labour standards requirements.
As a result of the FFSA, employers operating farms or ranches engaging in the following types of work, subject to the regulations, no longer have labour standards obligations under the LRC:
the primary production of eggs, milk, grain, seeds, fruit, vegetables, honey, livestock, diversified livestock animals, poultry or bees;
Employees who engage in the above types of work are employed on a "farm or ranch" within the meaning of the LRC. These employees no longer have labour standards rights under the LRC including the ability to unionize. Conversely, employees of a greenhouse, mushroom farm, nursery or sod farm still have labour standards rights and their employers have corresponding obligations under the LRC.
Changes to Occupational Health and Safety
The OHSA currently requires employers operating farms or ranches paying certain non-family member employees to comply with basic occupational health and safety requirements.
The FFSA's regulations no longer require employers with farming and ranching operations to comply with occupational health and safety requirements under the OHSA Code or the OHSA Regulation except as expressly provided in the OHSA Code or the OHSA Regulation. The following types of work qualify as a "farming and ranching operation" under the OHSA Code and the OHSA Regulation:
the production of crops, including fruits and vegetables, through the cultivation of land;
the raising and maintenance of animals or birds; or
the keeping of bees.
Farming and ranching operations do not include:
the processing of food or other products from operations involving:
the production of crops, including fruits and vegetables, through the cultivation of land,
the raising and maintenance of animals or birds, or
the keeping of bees,
the operation of greenhouses, mushroom farms, nurseries or sod farms;
landscaping; or
the raising or boarding of pets.
As a result of these changes, employees working at farming and ranching operations no longer have occupational health and safety protections or rights under the OHSA Code and the OHSA Regulation and their employers do not have any corresponding obligations.
Employers operating farms or ranches in Alberta should be aware of significant changes to their provincial workplace insurance, workers' compensation, employment standards, labour standards and occupational health and safety obligations made by the FFSA and its regulations. These changes limit the employment standards obligations under the ESC of large farm or ranch employers and give these employers the opportunity to insure their workers privately or under the WCA. Conversely, smaller farm or ranch employers are no longer required to insure their workers or to comply with employment standards obligations under the ESC. Finally, all farm or ranch employers no longer have labour standards obligations under the LRC or occupational health and safety obligations under the OHSA Code and the OHSA Regulation.
Due to these significant changes to the rights of farm or ranch employees and the corresponding obligations of their employers, it is possible that the FFSA and its regulations will be challenged, resulting in further changes. Miller Thomson will continue to monitor these potential changes and will provide further updates, if and when, they occur.
Miller Thomson LLP - Justine Abtosway (Johnson)
Employment Insurance Benefits And Eligibility While Working Parttime *
Consent and the business activities exemption: A dive into the Consumer Privacy Protection Act (CPPA) *
COVID-19 and accidental death coverage *
Federal update: New monetary penalties effective under the Canada Labour Code on January 1, 2021 *
Think twice before using an LLC in Canada *
Promise Made, Promise Kept: New Alberta Government Sends Controversial Farm and Ranch "Bill 6" Out to Pasture *
Promise Made, Promise Kept: UCP Sends NDP's Controversial Farm and Ranch Bill 6 Out to Pasture *
Alberta's Bill 26: Proposed Changes to Employment Standards, Labour Standards and Workplace Insurance *
OSHA clarifies jurisdiction over small farms * - USA
Farm and ranch worker exclusion from the Workers' Compensation Act declared unconstitutional * - USA
South Dakota Supreme Court decision affirming policy's exclusion of "windmills, windchargers or towers" includes unassembled wind turbines * - USA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We gather today with a psalm of thanks and praise for the life of this Great White Oak. Though one day soon its physical body will be gone, it gifts a legacy of wisdom to us all.
This Great Tree emerged from a seed within an acorn, something small enough to be held within a child's palm.
Let us hold each beginning, no matter how small or seemingly impossible, with great care and wonder, knowing that with each planting is the hope for something beautiful to emerge from hidden places.
The roots of this tree grow deep through the earth, anchoring the trunk to its origin, receiving nourishment from where it exists.
Let us also take root in the good soil of faith, family and community that we too may flourish, thriving wherever we are placed.
The branches of this tree stretch far and high, providing shelter and life for animals, birds and insects, shade for our skin and oxygen for our lungs released back into the air.
Let us reach as far and wide to our neighbors, to welcome them in when they have need and welcome them home when they return, and to fellowship with them in times of lament, rejoicing and rest.
The tree has decorated our landscape through countless seasons.
And yellows, reds and oranges pop and float like confetti over our heads in the autumn.
Let us acknowledge the need for beauty in our world, and to be bearers of beauty with our thoughts, hearts and hands.
This tree connects us through the generations to our history.
Let us remember that we each have a role, in great observable acts and in secret, quiet connections, in the stories that are woven through us.
But God, we also see that no matter how long it lasts, life here on earth is limited by the Great Mystery You place within us from the moment You create us.
While the life of this Great Tree has come to a close, in this time of great dividing lines, of violence and suffering, the symbol of the life of this tree unites us to witness an ancient Truth, a truth that points us both to an origin and something eternal, a force that is greater than our present circumstances.


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Agilulfus of Cologne
Agilulfus of Cologne FAQs: Facts, Rumors, Birthdate, Net Worth, Sexual Orientation and much more!
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Who is Agilulfus of Cologne? Biography, gossip, facts?
Saint Agilulfus (or Agigulf) Abbot of Stavelot Bishop of Cologne and martyr died in the year 750. Little is known about this saint and an early account written by a monk of Malmedy is deemed untrustworthy. Agilulfus came from a good family and was educated under Abbot Angelinus at Stavelot. A short time after succeeding as Abbot of Stavelot Agilulfus became Bishop of Cologne.
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Yes, as far as we know, Agilulfus of Cologne is still alive. We don't have any current information about Agilulfus of Cologne's health. However, being younger than 50, we hope that everything is ok.
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Agilulfus of Cologne was born in Germany.
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Lumenis Sponsors Endometriosis Fellowship & Course Series in Partnership with the Nezhat Family Foundation and Worldwide EndoMarch to Grow the Community of Endometriosis Experts Worldwide
Lumenis supports tomorrow's leaders in the fight against endometriosis as part of the company's ongoing commitment to elevating awareness and access to care, while enhancing treatment for millions of women worldwide
YOKNEAM, Israel, July 6, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Lumenis Ltd., the world's largest energy-based medical device company for surgical, aesthetic and ophthalmic applications, announced that it will be sponsoring a series of educational events centered around endometriosis - an important step forward in increasing awareness and meeting the needs of millions of women and adolescents suffering from the condition. The first Endometriosis Fellowship & Course, held by the Nezhat Family Foundation and Worldwide EndoMarch in July 2018, will offer free education to pre-med and public health undergraduate students ready to take on the challenges of treating this very common condition, which is dramatically underdiagnosed and often misunderstood.
An estimated 200 million women and adolescents worldwide suffer from endometriosis, a disease in which growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the pelvic cavity causes several conditions, including but not limited to chronic pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, increased menstrual bleeding, infertility, and organ dysfunction. Endometriosis affects women's ability to lead active, happy, daily lives and have children. In the past, lack of knowledge about the disease and its symptoms led to delayed diagnosis and mistreatment, but awareness of endometriosis has grown in recent years, in turn resulting in better patient care. Despite the increased awareness, the endometriosis community continues to recognize a major shortage of experts in the field, meaning millions of women and adolescents with the condition still do not have access to accurate diagnosis and treatment.
"Endometriosis affects about 1 in 10 women and adolescents, many of whom suffer for years without a diagnosis. It is a whole-body disease affecting all the organs of the body. Through the Endometriosis Fellowship & Course, we want to engage a new generation of endometriosis experts to increase access to care and help solve this major public health crisis," said Dr. Camran Nezhat, founder of the Nezhat Family Foundation and Worldwide EndoMarch. "One goal for endometriosis is to develop minimally invasive therapies, which is why we are happy to partner with Lumenis, whose FiberLase CO2 laser technology enables us to delicately and precisely remove endometriotic cells while preserving healthy tissue, including reproductive structures."
The first free Endometriosis Fellowship & Course will take place on four consecutive Saturdays (July 7, 14, 21, 28), with two groups of students attending separate locations: the University of California, San Francisco, Mission Bay Campus, and Stanford University's Li Ka Shing Center. Expert speakers will include Dr. Camran Nezhat, inventor of video laparoscopy and the world's leading expert on endometriosis, as well as Dr. Azadeh Nezhat, Dr. Ceana Nezhat, Dr. Michelle Wood, Dr. Linda Guidice, Dr. Jessica Opoku-Anane, and Dr. Megan Burns. During the course, participants will have a rich classroom curriculum as well as opportunities to work with the Lumenis CO2 laser solutions in a hands-on setting. Applicants can register online for the Endometriosis Fellowship & Course on a first-come, first-serve basis. If both locations for the July 2018 course are full, students can email info@endomarch.org to be added to the waiting list for future dates of the Endometriosis Fellowship & Course, which are currently being planned.
"This is an exciting time in the endometriosis community, when growing awareness of this disease is meeting new growth in technology and patient care," said Brad Oliver, Lumenis Regional President of North and South America. "As the world leader in CO2 lasers, Lumenis is very proud to join dedicated partners like the Nezhat Family Foundation and Worldwide EndoMarch to fuel that momentum, with a strong determination to change the future by educating and inspiring tomorrow's experts in the field."
About Lumenis FiberLase™ for the Treatment of Endometriosis
Lumenis offers FiberLase™, the only high power CO2 laser fiber. Using the Lumenis advanced UltraPulse™ Duo CO2 laser with FiberLase, surgeons can perform minimally invasive procedures to treat endometriosis relieving pain symptoms while preserving fertility - a key objective for many patients. Experts recommend this laparoscopic approach in cases where pain reduction and reduced morbidity are paramount.1
To learn more about Lumenis CO2 Laser technology for the treatment of endometriosis please visit www.gynhealth.com.
1. Young S, Burns MK, DiFrancesco L, Nezhat A, Nezhat C. Diagnostic and treatment guidelines for gastrointestinal and genitourinary endometriosis. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2017 Dec 15;18(4):200-209.
About Lumenis
www.lumenis.com
Lumenis is the world's largest energy-based medical device company for surgical, aesthetic and ophthalmic applications in the area of minimally invasive clinical solutions. Regarded as a world-renowned expert in developing and commercializing innovative energy-based technologies, including Laser, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) and Radio-Frequency (RF). For nearly 50 years, Lumenis' groundbreaking products have redefined medical treatments and have set numerous technological and clinical gold standards. Lumenis has successfully created solutions for previously untreatable conditions, as well as designed advanced technologies that have revolutionized existing treatment methods.
Genevieve Pierce, Pascale Communications
genevieve@pascalecommunications.com
View original content with multimedia:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lumenis-sponsors-endometriosis-fellowship--course-series-in-partnership-with-the-nezhat-family-foundation-and-worldwide-endomarch-to-grow-the-community-of-endometriosis-experts-worldwide-300677150.html
SOURCE Lumenis Ltd.


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This week we are flying to Japan.
Unfortunately, there are no direct flights from Israel to Japan.
Flight to Europe (4 to 5 hours) , hopefully a short connection (2 hours) and then a flight to Japan (~11).
Flight with El-Al to Hong Kong/Thailand (~11 hours), connection (2), flight to Japan (5).
El-Al cannot fly over Arab countries (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan…), therefore the flights to Hong Kong and back are a bit longer than what you should expect.
Price: Cheapest flight (return) is about 1250$. Assuming you are only staying for about a week or two. If you stay more than a month, the price jumps to around 1400-1500$.
Having spent time explaining about the technicalities, I can now write what we are doing: Mika and Roi will fly through Hong Kong (El-Al JAL), and I will with Air France (Via Paris). Complicated, isn't it? But, that's the best combination we could find. (price/timing wise).


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Carlisle Funeral Home
Send Flowers for Donald
Donald Richard Chambers
November 26, 1932 ~ January 7, 2020 (age 87)
Donald Richard Chambers, 87, died peacefully Tuesday January 7, 2020 at Vidant Edgecombe Hospital in Tarboro.
He leaves his wife Carol, daughter Jeanne and husband John; son Donnie, wife Sanni and granddaughter Grace; brother Mark and wife Jenny; sister Gloria and husband Harry; granddaughter Rebecca and husband John; grandson John-Michael, wife Mackenzie and great granddaughter Elena; and many beloved nieces, nephews and friends.
He was born November 26, 1932 in Mobile, Alabama to George and Dorothy Chambers. He grew up with his siblings George, Raymond, Gloria, Mark and John in Chickasaw, Alabama and attended from Vigor High School.
In 1951 he joined the Army and retired as Sergeant First Class in 1971. His career included a tour in Vietnam in 1967-1968, in which he earned the Bronze Star. He married Margie Carol Bridgers on January 21, 1956 and they enjoyed almost 64 years of marriage together. After retiring from the Army they moved to Florence, South Carolina and he worked at WBTW television station and at Francis Marion University.
He had a great passion for football was a coach for most of his adult life. He coached in the Army and was also responsible for helping start the Florence Junior Football league in the early 70's. He had a profound impact of many young men. His love of University of Alabama football started in his childhood and continues – roll tide roll.
He had a love and commitment to his Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. He served as an elder for 30 plus years at Community Bible Fellowship in Florence, S.C. He lead the youth group, taught Sunday School, worked in the AWANA club, lead prayer meetings and ministered the Word during Sunday morning services. He was also a wonderful coach of the ladies church softball team.
He also had a great love of the Blue Ridge mountains and hiked the Appalachian trail from Georgia to Virginia with friends and family. He instilled that love in his children and grandchildren through many camping trips and hikes.
Throughout his life he highly valued all his family and was always looking for ways to bring them together.
A memorial service will be held at First Baptist Church in Tarboro, North Carolina on Thursday January 9th with a visitation at 3pm and service at 4pm. The burial will take place Friday January 10th at the Florence National Cemetery in Florence, South Carolina at 2pm.
Flowers can be sent to Carlisle Funeral Home, 701 Hospital Drive, Tarboro, NC 27886. Donations can be sent to the Community Bible Fellowship (missionary fund), 781 St. Andrews Rd, Florence, SC 29501.
Online condolences may be sent to the family at www.carlislefuneralhome.com.
To send flowers to Donald's family, please visit our floral section.
First Baptist Church (Tarboro)
Graveside Service
Florence SC National V. A. Cemetery
© 2020 Carlisle Funeral Home. All Rights Reserved. Funeral Home website by CFS


WILL NEWMAN lives in North America, most frequently around the New York metropolitan area of the United States, most accessibly @wmnewmanjr on Twitter and Instagram. Their previously published written work (of various form) has found home in Prelude, VICE.com, Consequence of Sound, and Queen Mob's Tea House, among other places. Links to select publications, as well as other conventional bits of curricula vitae, reside at wmnewmanjr.wixsite.com/uumn.


Taking an exam in your dream implies that you are being put to the test or being scrutinized in some area of your waking life. As with most common dream themes, dreams about taking a test have to do with anxiety. In such dreams, you may find that you cannot answer any of the questions on the test, that the test is in some foreign language or that your pencil keeps breaking during the test. Perhaps time is running out and you cannot complete the exam in the allowed time. Or perhaps, you arrive late and miss the exam altogether. These factors all result in you failing the dream test.
To dream that you are taking a test suggests that you feel unprepared for some challenge in your waking life. You may even be harboring some guilt because you did not prepare enough for a school exam, meeting, business proposal, or some project. Perhaps you have been procrastinating on a task and waited until the last minute to cram it all in.
Sometimes you may be overly anxious about a real life exam, interview, etc. You always think of the worse case scenario. As a result, such anxiety could manifest into a dream where you fail a test. Most of the time, though, people who have such dreams are unlikely to fail a test in real life.
Failing a test in your dream says a lot about your self-esteem and confidence or the lack of. You tend to sell yourself short and overly worry about not making the grade or that you are not measuring up to other people's expectations of you. You may even be described as a people pleaser because you don't want to let others down. You always second-guess yourself and fear not being accepted or not being good enough.
By failing the dream test, you may be expressing a desire to hold yourself back. Perhaps you are not mentally ready to move forward to the next level.
If you set your goals too high, you may also experience a test taking dream. The dream may be telling you that you are setting yourself up for failure because you have set unrealistic goals for yourself.
Test dreams are also an indication that you are being judged. These dreams serve as a signal for you to examine an aspect of yourself that you may have been neglecting and need to pay more attention to.
In order to better understand your test taking dream, identify what aspect of your waking life is giving you a lot of anxiety or making you feel inadequate. It is also important to keep in mind that dreams about taking a test are usually never about the content of the test. It is more about the process and about the feelings you experience while taking the test.


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2022 World Cup Preliminary Draw
You can find all of the details of the Preliminary Draw for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar below.
Qualifying begins in March 2021, with the World Cup getting underway on 21 November, 2022.
The Official Emblem of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ is unveiled in Doha's Souq Waqif on the Msheireb – Qatar National Archive Museum building on September 03, 2019 in Doha, Qatar. The FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ Official Emblem was projected on to a number of iconic buildings in Qatar and across the Arab world and displayed on outdoor digital billboards in more than a dozen renowned public spaces major cities.
Portugal, Serbia, Republic of Ireland, Luxembourg, Azerbaijan
Spain, Sweden, Greece, Georgia, Kosovo
Italy, Switzerland, Northern Ireland, Bulgaria, Lithuania
Northern Ireland's forward Liam Boyce (L) celebrates with Northern Ireland's defender Stuart Dallas (C) after scoring the opening goal of the UEFA Nations League group b1 football match between Northern Ireland and Romania at Windsor Park in Belfast on November 18, 2020.
France, Ukraine, Finland, Bosnia, Kazakhstan
Belgium, Wales, Czech Republic, Belarus, Estonia
Wales' forward Gareth Bale (C) celebrates after the UEFA Nations League football match between Wales and Bulgaria at the The Cardiff City Stadium in Cardiff on September 6, 2020.
Denmark, Austria, Scotland, Israel, Faroe Islands, Moldova
David Marshall of Scotland celebrates with Leigh Griffiths of Scotland and Scott McTominay of Scotland and his team as they celebrate after their victory in the UEFA EURO 2020 Play-Off Final between Serbia and Scotland at Rajko Mitic Stadium on November 12, 2020 in Belgrade, Serbia.
Netherlands, Turkey, Norway, Montenegro, Latvia, Gibraltar
Croatia, Slovakia, Russia, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta
England, Poland, Hungary, Albania, Andorra, San Marino
Mason Mount of England celebrates with Declan Rice, Harry Kane and Harry Maguire after scoring their team's second goal during the UEFA Nations League group stage match between England and Iceland at Wembley Stadium on November 18, 2020 in London, England.
Germany, Romania, Iceland, North Macedonia, Armenia, Liechtenstein
by Sam Straw


WASHINGTON — Climate warming could spell disaster for much of the multibillion-dollar U.S. wine industry.
The paper indicates increasing weather problems for grapes in such areas as California's Napa and Sonoma valleys.
The main problem: an increase in the frequency of extremely hot days, said Noah Diffenbaugh of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Purdue University.
Grapes used in premium wines need a consistent climate. When temperatures top about 95 degrees, the vines have problems maintaining photosynthesis and the sugars in the grapes can break down, said Diffenbaugh, a co-author of the report.
Until now, climate studies centered only on the impact of average temperature increases on wine production and concluded that wine growers might, if anything, benefit from the temperature increases expected in coming decades.
The new study, funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Purdue University, involved five months of supercomputer calculations. It is the first study in which researchers have been able to calculate the daily temperature swings from various climate-change scenarios in such detail.
For the purposes of their computer simulation, the researchers assumed that levels of carbon dioxide and other gases would continue to rise to more than twice their current level by 2100, as outlined in standard global-warming scenarios.
Eventually, the computer simulation showed, the number of extremely hot days during the growing and ripening season would increase by three to eight weeks in much of the South Central and Southwestern United States — too hot to produce premium wine grapes.
The number of cool days would also decline by more than three weeks in many regions of the country, opening up some areas for new grape production, but also increasing the possibility of more rot, mildew and fungus infections in those areas.
The West Coast would experience one of the biggest changes in season, resulting in a significant alteration to the quality of its grape harvest. Suitable grape-growing areas in California would shrink to a narrow coastal band, the researchers said, while premium wine-grape areas would shift into the Pacific Northwest and New England.


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Research Guide for SSCI 100 Government, History, and International Relations
Proseminar: Introduction to Graduate Studies in Government, History, and International Relations
Ways To Set Yourself Up For Success
Methodology Sources
Using Sources
BorrowDirect Plus
Digital Libraries and Open Access
Through BorrowDirect Plus you can access other libraries that partner with Harvard in the BorrowDirect program. The BorrowDirect On-Site Borrowing page provides more information about access and borrowing privileges.
WorldCat offers catalog records from over 72,000 libraries worldwide (but focuses largely on the U.S.). Search the WorldCat catalog to see if multiple libraries near you have what you are looking for.
If you don't live near Harvard or BorrowDirect institutions, visit your local public library, especially since they can acquire materials for you through their Interlibrary Loan service.
Digital library collections and open access resources provide freely available information. Here are a few examples.
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Table tennis star "absolutely delighted" to be competing in Commonwealth Games
Adam Guest	June 13, 2014 0
Shetland table tennis star Lynda Flaws says she is "absolutely delighted" to have landed a place in Team Scotland for the Commonwealth Games.
The final team line-up was announced yesterday, and Flaws, admitted after learning of her inclusion "it didn't quite seem real".
The 21-year-old will be competing in the team event, women's singles and women's doubles and plays her first match on the first day of the Commonwealth Games. She will be making her Commonwealth Games debut.
Glasgow has become "a second home" for Flaws, who is studying physiology and sports science at the University of Glasgow.
The Scotstoun Leisure Centre, where the matches are being held is where Flaws landed her first Scottish title.
"I've spent the last three years in Glasgow, you're aware of the excitement growing as the games approaches," she said.
Playing table tennis has seen her travel to Delhi and Paris and she recently arrived back from Tokyo after representing the Scotland women's team at the World Team Table Tennis Championships.
The experience she has picked up along the way gives her a good grounding in the lead up to the games, she said and Flaws feels she played well in Japan.
Earning a place in Team Scotland means the hard work has paid off, she added and on Sunday she will be heading to Hungary for a week-long training camp.
That will mean a chance to have"lots of time on the table," said Flaws and the chance to sharpen up and have more confidence in taking shots in the game.
"I think confidence is quite a big thing – to feel you're playing well and that you have put in the hours leading into the competition and you feel you have done all you can."
After the trip to Hungary, Flaws will travel to Stirling for a preparation camp until the games start.
And playing on a platform like the Commonwealth Games can only add to her experience, she says.
"Every tournament is good experience but especially ones like these, where there should be a good level to play against."
Playing table tennis at the games was also an important chance to promote the "small" sport, she added.
"I think it's such a good chance for us to try and give ourselves a good image and try and encourage young players to take up the sport."
Flaws admits success in the singles competition depends on the draw but added: "If I play my best and feel I have done everything I can, I will be happy."
She added her family "were all very excited" for her and are looking forward to watching her in the games.
Meanwhile para-sport Swimmer Erraid Davies has also landed a place, and at 13 years old, takes the youngest team member spot of all time.
Davies, originally from Dundee, swims for Brae club Delting Dolphins and is a member of the Scottish Para Swimming Squad. The teenager will compete in the SB9 100 metre breastroke in Glasgow.
Andrea Strachan, who picked up a third place in the 50 metre breastroke in the British Championships in 2012, will also be in the swimming pool, the 21-year-old will be competing in the 50 metre breaststroke in Glasgow.
Head coach of Lerwick swim team Petur Petursson has coached Strachan in the past and said having three athletes in the Commonwealth Games proved "the potential is there" for Shetland athletes to achieve at the highest level.
He said it was important to keep that going and provide the opportunity for Shetland athletes in future.
"For a place like Shetland to have two swimmers and a total of three athletes competing at the Commonwealth Games is pretty impressive," he said.
Andrea Strachan
Erraid Davies
Lynda Flaws
Action promised over Lerwick Health Centre
Drever to record and launch new EP featuring some of the islands' top musicians
About Adam Guest
Reporter for The Shetland Times. I have also worked as a senior news reporter at The Press and Journal, The Barnsley Chronicle and as a freelance reporter for The Doncaster Free Press. Alongside news reporting I specialise in music and sports journalism. Pork pie lover.
VIEW OTHER STORIES BY: Adam Guest
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Plans are under way to form a boxing club, with a public meeting being held tonight in a bid to get a committee up and…
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Commonwealth games star Andrea Strachan is excited to be on this year's judging panel for The Shetland Sports Awards, with nominations for top sporting endeavours…


text:
Rachel Don ( Hull; 23 July 1866 – 4 September 1941) was an accredited Methodist local preacher who became a local and national leader in the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand (WCTU NZ), serving as president from 1914 to 1926. Under her leadership, the WCTU NZ focused on white slavery, promoting national prohibition, and expanding women's career opportunities, especially in the New Zealand Police Force and judicial system. She represented New Zealand at a world-wide temperance convention in London in 1920, and at the U.S. Woman's Christian Temperance Union Jubilee in 1924. She served in many other local charitable organisations, and after visiting India, became a fervent leader of the Dominion Stocking League to send refurbished clothing for impoverished children and women to Christian mission stations in India.

Early life
Rachel Hull Don was born at Hokitika, New Zealand, on 23 July 1866. She was the daughter of Mary Ann Walters and James Washington Hull. Not much is known about her father except that he was an American. By 1880, according to the New Zealand Wise's Directory, her mother was living alone with her children on Aldred Street (now Beveridge Street) in central Christchurch. Rachel Hull had at least one sibling. Her older brother James Washington Hull was an iron and brass moulder who married Minnie Cockle (1867–1950) in 1889. Rachel Hull attended the Christchurch Normal School and studied to become one of the first women in New Zealand to become certified Methodist local preacher. Because the records of the Local Preachers' Association in New Zealand were destroyed by fire in the 1950s, her claim in 1925 of being the first woman Methodist local preacher cannot be documented. She also worked as an evangelist for the Salvation Army.

In the Durham Street Wesleyan Church in Christchurch on 17 October 1890, Rachel Hull married William Rae Don, a stationer on Broughton Street in South Dunedin. Rachel Don began getting involved in civic and church activities. She signed both the 1892 and 1893 women's suffrage petitions with her address as Dunedin.

Temperance and charity work

In the 1890s, Rachel Don got involved with the Dunedin Methodist Central Mission and became a popular speaker for temperance meetings, eventually being appointed as Dunedin WCTU NZ superintendent for Evangelistic work department. She also served briefly as secretary for the local Union in 1898, before she was elected president in 1901. Don regularly collaborated in teas and gospel meetings for sailors at the Dunedin Sailors' Rest.

In the meantime, she was also a member of the Ladies' Auxiliary of the YMCA Dunedin; an executive member of the Otago Sunday School Union; a superintendent of the Methodist Central Mission Sunday School, Dunedin; an official visitor for the Dunedin Hospital; and the Ladies Cooperative Committee for the Charitable Aid Board.

Leadership in Women's Christian Temperance Union of New Zealand
Though she was president of the Dunedin Union for only two years (1901 and 1902), Don was appointed as acting national president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand (WCTU NZ) in 1904 by Lily Atkinson who took time off to have her baby. She returned in 1906 to serving as president of the Dunedin Union until 1909. That year, she was still busy in WCTU NZ work, however. Her speech during the Frances Willard Commemoration on April 20 in Dunedin followed a procession and tableaux of women representing twelve nations in the World WCTU. She accompanied the WCTU NZ president Fanny Cole as part of a deputation calling on the Minister for Education to advocate for the formal addition of scientific temperance instruction in public school curriculum. She argued that the curriculum currently included how to care for eyes and teeth but had not included the "most important element, the brain." She insisted that the science behind how alcohol destroyed the nerve tissues of the brain needed to be included in the health curriculum. "We represent organised mother's love, and for the sake of our children we feel that the day is gone when we ask – we demand from a democratic Government that this measure shall be introduced as soon as possible."

Don took on various leadership roles in the local Union before and during World War I, serving as vice-president and president of the Dunedin Young Women's Christian Temperance Union, who worked to recruit young women to the cause with demonstrations and parades as well as lunch hour meetings in the factories. Don also served as press superintendent, and she stepped in as vice-president or acting president when needed. In 1912 at the 27th WCTU NZ convention in Dunedin, Don was nominated by Fanny Cole as vice-president-at-large. She served in this national role for two years.

In March 1913, Don was not able to attend the WCTU NZ convention in Nelson due to the illness and death of her mother in Christchurch. And when Fanny Cole died in May 1913, Don stepped forward as acting president for the rest of that year. Her memorial for Cole was published in The White Ribbon, and in it she showed her political acumen during a difficult time of disagreement among the WCTU NZ members. The Nelson convention under the leadership of Fanny Cole had served as a springboard for debate over whether or not the Union would collaborate in campaigns by the Bible in Schools League, but the majority voted no. Don counseled compromise and loyalty to the WCTU NZ as a democratic decision-making body: "my first act will be to appeal in her (Cole's) sacred memory to the Unions throughout the Dominion to cease all strife over the Bible in Schools question. ... The Union stands, as it has always stood, for the Bible in schools, only we differ as to the method of teaching it. In memory of the departed one, let us agree to differ, and instead of wasting time in argument, let us be loyal to our Union..." There must still have been controversy over this topic since she had to send a stern reminder in May of the need for compromise.

At the March 1914 convention in Gisborne Don was elected President of WCTU NZ. Her President's address included many of the twentieth century goals of the WCTU NZ such as food reform, training hostels for girls, oversight of immoral content in films and magazines, Sabbath observance, anti-gambling, prohibitionism, and support for disabled women in maternity homes, asylums and gaols. Her own sense of how the WCTU NZ supported the progress of the nation was described in a section of her address in which she described the importance women in establishing a good home through "mother love:"
The home is the unit and the base of the city. What the home is, that will be the city and the State. The home is the real school of the nation. What is taught there will be practised in the larger life. .. What is needed is the restoration of parental authority, an authority which has at its goal, not the exercise of superior power, but the application of restraint, control, and direction over the life of the child.

Don's life-long battle to convince Parliament to pass a national law prohibiting the production and sale of alcohol began in earnest in 1914. She was part of a deputation of prohibitionists who visited the Prime Minister on 26 June 1914, seeking to revise the Licensing Act so that a simple majority would allow for a community to vote against the trade in alcohol. She assured her listeners that no one knew more about "this evil" than she did. "I have visited the gaols since I was a girl of seventeen. I have come in contact with the victims of this evil; and of all the sufferers by the trade. It is the women and children that suffer the most."

That year Parliament replaced the three-fifths majority required to win a national referendum on prohibition with a fifty percent majority. To the WCTU NZ members, Don sent an open letter encouraging them to support their country in a time of war but to not slack on WCTU NZ temperance work. She wrote: "The wave of patriotism sweeping through the Dominion, the dreadful news from the battlefield, our anxiety for our own Empire, our interest in our boys, is no reason why we should slacken our work. There is no better way we could help in the defence of our country than by the overthrow of the Traffic, which is always more deadly in its effect than war."

Policewomen
As part of the fight for women's rights, Don together with Kate Edger Evans, Anna Stout and leaders of other women's groups pushed for the appointment of women police. Though New Zealand had already seen the appointments of police matrons in some cities since the late 1890s (with limited duties), the New Zealand Police Force did not include women as officers as was already happening in the U.S. and other countries. Similar to the compromises for women's enfranchisement in 1893, the women leaders argued that the role of police women in New Zealand would be limited. Don proposed that the appointment of women police would "have nothing to do with the arrest of intoxicated men" who might physically overwhelm them, but instead would "instruct girls on sex questions," meet trains to help girls traveling on their own or deal with their housing problems, so to "try to prevent crime and help make good citizens." After an interview with a recalcitrant Minister of Justice in October 1916, a group of reformers published their protests in the Dunedin Evening Star. Don's contribution insisted that the new policewoman would be someone "specially qualified" for the job. That they would be hired for their qualities of being "tactful, discreet, silent women, of high moral and religious character, having a great love for those who are under temptation." In other words, someone with a missionary background—she called them "vigilance women," who would see it as "their duty to 'mother' those who they see are in need of help, and take steps to guard them from those who would lead them astray." However, the best the government would do would come in 1917 with the creation of Health Patrols in the Social Hygiene Act of 1917 as part of the continued fight against the spread of venereal diseases. The New Zealand Police Force Act was not amended until 1938 to allow for the appointment of policewomen, and it was not until 1941 that women were actually hired.

Influence of U.S. prohibitionism
In 1918 Rachel Don received a gift from William Franklin Horn (1870–1956), a local historian and genealogist from Topeka, Kansas. It contained a gavel made from a billiard ball and a brevet-handle by a saloon-keeper who closed his business after being convinced to do so by Susan St. John, the governor's wife. The gavel had, Horn wrote, been used by Kansas Governor John St John when in 1881 he successfully led to fruition the prohibition amendment to the state's constitution. The national prohibition movement in the U.S. was galvanised with campaigns by the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, banning the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol, was ratified by the requisite number of states on 16 January 1919 and soon thereafter the Volstead Act to enforce it. Rachel Don wrote an open letter to "all good women everywhere to join with us heart and soul in the holy endeavour to protect and sanctify thehome by outlawing the traffic in alcoholic liquors." That year, in New Zealand, two national polls to create a prohibition law lost by very small margins.

1920 World Conventions in London
In February, Rachel Don wrote to the WCTU NZ chapters from New Brighton, Christchurch where she had been undergoing hydrotherapy in the hot sea water baths. She wrote about the upcoming trip to London with Bessie Lee Cowie as delegates to the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union convention in April. She and Cowie wrote of their sea voyage from New Zealand through Panama and Kingston, Jamaica to Newport News, Virginia where they toured the countryside before sailing on to London. There were over four hundred delegates at the World WCTU Convention, representing over forty countries. Don spoke on the New Zealand campaign for national prohibition, including the strategy in 1919 of "snowballing" the House and Ministers by every White Ribboner posting a letter or sending messages. She had been accompanied also by her husband W.R. Don who had attended the convention of the World League Against Alcoholism organized by the U.S. Anti Saloon League. Don fell ill again during her stay in London and was not able then to make her formal visits to temperance-related organisations and leaders as she had hoped.

Post 1920 leadership
The 36th WCTU NZ Convention held at Ashburton in March 1921 celebrated the decision by government to have scientific temperance instruction taught in public schools. In her presidential address, Don urged the delegates to support teachers in this effort as "they are protecting our children when they show them the evils which lurk in alcohol." Similarly, she praised the decision of the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Hon. George James Anderson, to halt the showing of "any moving pictures which have a lowering tendency on the moral life of our young people." She continued in her address with a long list of those countries that had been successful in prohibition laws, and urged the delegates to continue with their work toward the next poll in New Zealand. That year Don made sure all the local unions protested against the proposed Social Hygiene Bill with its emphasis on compulsory notification and examination of women. She insisted that this was a step backwards in protecting women's rights since "it exposes any woman to malicious denunciation by men of bad character." She reminded them to advocate for the State to provide "free, secret, efficient treatment for all patients suffering from venereal disease."

In 1922 the 37th national WCTU NZ convention was held at Hamilton in March with a strong showing from the local Unions. The WCTU NZ now had over 5000 paying members, nearly 500 in the Youth branches, and they celebrated the success of two large Māori Unions' meetings that had occurred that year at Batley (in Kaipara District) and Wanganui. In her president's address that year, she continued to push for national prohibition: "We must pray for success, exercise our faith for success, go to sleep dreaming of it, and wake up planning for it. – Live success, act success. Remember our slogan, 'New Zealand Dry in 1922.' And continually create success."  On the last day of the meeting, the Māori delegates sang a hymn then gave a farewell gift to Don, a greenstone tiki that she wore on a ribbon around her neck. The gift was documented in a group photograph of the national officers who had finished their 1921 year of service: Rachel Don, president; Christina Henderson of Christchurch, corresponding secretary; Kate Edger Evans of Wellington, recording secretary, Nellie Peryman of Carterton, editor of White Ribbon). Missing from the photograph were Priscilla Crabb of Palmerston North, acting president and vice-president; N.F. Walker of Gisborne, Maori Organising Treasurer; and, Alice Earnshaw of Christchurch, Organiser.

At both the 38th and the 39th WCTU NZ conventions Don emphasised the role of the Union in pushing a national prohibition campaign. Her presidential address at New Plymouth in March 1924 was filled with the passionate rhetoric that commanded the attention of her delegates and the public:
We are engaged in a holy crusade and are in this fight not because we do not like alcohol, not because we wish to remove any legitimate pleasure from the life of our people not because we desire to sit in judgment on those who differ from us, but because we honestly and sincerely believe that alcoholism has been brought to the bar of human judgment and stands condemned in the fact that it militates against the welfare of society, the integrity of the home, and the highest realisation of human personality. Husbands should go through life in a spirit of love, fidelity and harmony; alcohol puts into them the demon of dissension and jealousy. They should provide the necessary support for the family by regular, honest work; alcohol uses up a large part of their earnings needed for supplying actual wants. Alcohol causes hundreds of thousands of children to lead a miserable existence, with weak bodies in unhealthy homes. Alcohol destroys in the hearts of many fathers love for their own children; it destroys in so many pitiable children honour and respect for their parents... Go forth as ambassadors, as the mouthpieces of those who are in the grip and bondage of drink, and long for freedom! Go forth in the great war of liberation. Sisters, go forth against the enemy of the home, the State, the race, yea, of God Himself, and in His name fight against alcohol until its kingdom is shattered and its slaves liberated.

In April 1924 Don and Christina Henderson left from Wellington to sail to the U.S. and attend the Woman's Christian Temperance Union Jubilee convention. They toured the various women's clubs and temperance social reform spots in San Francisco and Los Angeles for a month and then travelled inland by train. They wrote letters back to the readers of the White Ribbon with great detail of their visits state and local leaders of the WCTU and other women's clubs in Salt Lake City, Denver, Omaha, Des Moines and Iowa City. They reached Evanston, Illinois in July where they met with U.S. WCTU president Anna Adams Gordon. From there, they took some time off to visit Dr. Mary Harris Armor at her home in Eastman, Georgia – Dr. Armor had toured New Zealand in 1922 to help with the WCTU NZ prohibition campaign. Henderson went on to England while Don attended three state WCTU Jubilee conventions, writing back to New Zealand of the decorations and food served at the banquets. While she was in Washington D.C. she spoke briefly with U.S. President Calvin Coolidge about women's activism in New Zealand. She finally sailed from New York in late December to spend two weeks in London for the World WCTU Jubilee Convention and touring the temperance sites she had not been able to see in her 1920 visit. From there she travelled to Aden, Mumbai (then called Bombay) and from there inland to the Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission, a farm in the Pune district of India. A refuge for women, child widows and outcast children, the Mukti Mission had for many years been supported by the WCTU, and New Zealand women had been contributing to it from its beginning in 1889. She got home to New Zealand in time to speak at the national WCTU NZ Convention in Dunedin in March 1925.

Don spent the next six months touring New Zealand and giving speeches, giving talks almost daily. She spoke about her experiences on her world tour, expounding on the benefits of prohibition in the U.S., and met with members of Parliament to try and advocate for total prohibition in New Zealand. In November 1925 she announced that she had spoken personally with WCTU NZ leaders across the country to tell them that she had decided not to stand again for national president. At the national convention, she stepped aside to allow the delegates to vote for Elizabeth Best Taylor of Christchurch who had been vice-president and was acting president of the WCTU NZ in Don's absence. Don remained however as national superintendent of the Evangelistic Work department.

Dominion Stocking League
Living in her new home at 5 Bellevue Street in Roslyn, Dunedin, Don took up management of the Dominion Stocking League. From donations of discarded stocking legs sent to her from around the country, volunteers created "princess petticoats, onepiece frocks, rompers and jumpers, knickers and bed jackets, hats, jelly bag shape), turbans, dainty silk bonnets, cuffs, mittens, scarves, sleeveless vests for old ladies, and all sizes patch work quilts, made of pieces of sox and stockings joined in a flat seam, with brilliant coloured braids stitched lattice pattern over it." The resulting garments were then distributed to WCTU-supported mission stations in India, including the Ramabai Mukti mission. She provided annual reports of the number of garments produced from the donated stockings and undergarments, sometimes as many as 500.

Illness and death
In 1933, Don was very ill and in the hospital for two months. Her speaking engagements had lessened though she continued to participate in the WCTU NZ district and local clubs. She continued to write an annual report to the White Ribbon thanking all who sent "stockings and woollies" for the Indian women and children at the various missions.

On 4 September 1941, Rachel Hull Don died after a long illness. Jessie Hiett, WCTU NZ president, was with her on that last day. Don was buried at Dunedin Northern Cemetery.

Writings
 "Final Appeal. To the Electors of Dunedin Central. Who is Mr A. S. Adams. What has he done? "The Character of a City is determined by the Character of the men it honors." Poster published in 1905
 "White Slave Traffic: To the Men of New Zealand from the Women's Christian Temperance Union of New Zealand," leaflet published in 1914
 "The Question of Tobacco"
 "John Wesley"
 "Snaps of the World's Convention, 1920"

See also
 Alcohol in New Zealand
 Temperance movement in New Zealand

References

Further reading

1866 births
1941 deaths
New Zealand Methodists
Methodist evangelists
New Zealand social workers
New Zealand activists
New Zealand temperance activists
Religious leaders from Dunedin
New Zealand feminists
New Zealand suffragists
19th-century New Zealand people
Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
20th-century New Zealand people
20th-century New Zealand women
19th-century New Zealand women
People from Hokitika

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Basically, the f-stop setting determines how much light is coming through lens into the camera. The larger the f-stop number, the smaller your aperture will be. A smaller aperture means less light gets into the camera. Pretty basic stuff. What's really great about this video is how Bennett explains the focal length also plays a part in determining how much light gets in.
Next time your toiling over f-stop settings, remember that depending on the focal length, two different apertures can actually let in the same amount of light. You may want to keep that handy bit of information in mind!
First I would like to thank Tiffany M for the amazing explanation. I have been taking photos for the last 35 years and I have used the f-stop "principles" in the correct manner but I have never understood these numbers and where do they come from. It is very important to understand the theory behind them but I guess it is sufficient for a photographer to know that by changing the f-stop for instance from 2.8 to 1.4 he/she is doubling the amount of light and reversely changing from 2.8 to 1.4 the light is cut by half.
Hillel, I believe he was multiplying one side of the equation by the same number that he was dividing the DENOMINATOR of the Other side by. That would be the same as multiplying that side. At least that's how I saw it.
how does this relate to camera's with different sensor sizes. i.e. an Fstop on a full frame sensor e.g. Nikon vs the same Fstop on a e.g. olympus 4/3 sensor?


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Home » Geography and Environment » Human Environment » Counties » Walker County
Walker County Public School System
City of Jasper
City of Sumiton
City of Dora
Walker County Chamber of Commerce
National Register of Historic Places: Walker County
Bevill State Community College
William B. Bankhead National Forest
Bankhead House and Heritage Center
Carl Elliott House Museum
Donna J. Siebenthaler, Auburn University
Alabama Mining Museum
The city of Jasper in Walker County was the childhood home of actor George Lindsey, best known for his portrayal of Goober Pyle on The Andy Griffith Show. The county was the birthplace of Tom Bevill (1921-2005), a 15-term congressman known for directing federal funds to his district. He was born in Townley and graduated from Walker County High School. The county also was the home to the Bankhead family, which produced two U.S. senators, the speaker of the House of Representatives, one of the most important state archivists, and the famous Broadway and film actress, Tallulah Bankhead. Congressman Carl Elliott, co-author of the National Defense Education Act and other significant public library and health legislation, also lived in Jasper. Located in the northwest part of the state, Walker County is governed by an elected five-member commission and includes the incorporated cities of Jasper, Cordova, Carbon Hill, Sumiton, and Dora.
Founding Date: December 26, 1823
Area: 803 square miles
Population: 65,593 (2016 Census estimate)
Major Waterways: Black Warrior River, Sipsey River
Major Highways: U.S. 78
County Seat: Jasper
Largest City: Jasper
Walker County Courthouse
Walker County was established by the Alabama legislature on December 26, 1823, from parts of Marion and Tuscaloosa Counties. The final boundaries were established in 1850, when the northern portion of Walker County was used to establish Winston County. Walker County was named for U.S. senator John Williams Walker (1783-1823), the first senator from Alabama. Most of the county's earliest settlers came from Kentucky and Tennessee via Gen. Andrew Jackson's Old Federal Road. Other early settlers came from the Carolinas and Georgia. Some of the earliest towns and settlements in Walker County were Jasper, Eldridge, Oakman, Parrish, and Sipsey. By the end of the nineteenth century, the towns of Walker County were flourishing owing to booming coal and timber industries aided by the construction of new railroad lines.
Sipsey Mine Workers, 1913
Jasper became Walker County's first and only county seat in 1823. Named in honor of Sgt. William Jasper, a Revolutionary War hero, Jasper was first settled in 1815. The town was served by a number of courthouses, all of which were lost to fires. In 1932, the present courthouse was built, and since then it has undergone a number of renovations and additions.
On April 27, 2011, a massive storm, causing numerous powerful tornadoes, struck the southeastern United States. More than 250 people were killed in Alabama, including seven people in the Walker County communities of Argo (2), Cordova (2), Oakman (1), and Sipsey (2).
Major Cities and Demographics
Bankhead House and Museum
According to 2016 Census estimates, the population of Walker County was 65,593. Of that total, 91.4 percent of respondents identified themselves as white, 5.8 percent as African American, 2.3 percent as Hispanic, 2.2 percent as two or more races, 0.5 percent as Asian, and 0.1 percent as Native American. The county seat Jasper is the largest city in Walker County, with an estimated population of 14,137. Other significant population centers include Sumiton, Dora, Cordova, Kansas, Nauvoo, and Carbon Hill. The median household income was $37,025, compared with $44,758 for the state as a whole, and the per capita income was $20,410, compared with $24,736 for the state as a whole.
Indian Head Mills Cotton Workers
Walker County remained largely agricultural throughout the nineteenth century, with wheat and corn serving as the county's major crops. Coal and timber industries were especially important to the local economy by the late nineteenth century. The Warrior Coal Field underlies Walker County, which was second only to Jefferson County in coal production by 1900, and coal is still an important component of the economy. Throughout the early twentieth century, a series of locks and dams along the Black Warrior and Sipsey rivers allowed Walker County to increase its industrial economy using hydroelectric power. Furthermore, the Smith Dam on the Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River created more than 8,000 acres of surface water for boating, fishing and other aquatic activities, resulting in a booming recreational industry.
According to 2016 Census estimates, the workforce in Walker County was divided among the following industrial categories:
Educational services, and health care and social assistance (23.4 percent)
Retail trade (15.3 percent)
Manufacturing (11.1 percent)
Transportation and warehousing, and utilities (7.5 percent)
Arts, entertainment, recreation, and accommodation and food services (7.0 percent)
Construction (6.8 percent)
Professional, scientific, management, and administrative and waste management services (6.4 percent)
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and extractive (5.8 percent)
Other services, except public administration (5.2 percent)
Finance and insurance, and real estate, rental, and leasing (4.0 percent)
Public administration (4.0 percent)
Wholesale trade (2.6 percent)
Information (0.8 percent)
The Walker County School System oversees 23 primary and secondary schools. Jasper City Schools oversees six primary and secondary schools. Bevill State Community College, with its largest campus in Sumiton, is a public, two-year institution that offers career and technical programs.
Walker County Map
Comprising slightly more than 800 square miles, Walker County is located in the northwest region of the state. It is part of the Cumberland Plateau physiographic section of the Appalachian Highlands region and consists of narrow valleys and broad plateaus covered with oak and pine forests. The county is bordered to the north by Winston County, to the northwest by Cullman County, to the east by Blount and Jefferson Counties, to the southwest by Tuscaloosa County, and to the west by Fayette and Marion Counties.
Walker County is drained by the Black Warrior River Basin and the Mulberry and Sipsey Forks. The principal forks of the Black Warrior River—the Sipsey, Mulberry, and Locust—converge at the Jefferson-Walker county line. The riverbed overlies vast deposits of coal from the Warrior Coal Field, the southernmost large-scale coal-producing area in North America. Pine and oak forests cover much of Walker County. U.S. Highway 78 serves as Walker County's main transportation route. Connecting Walker County to Birmingham, U.S. 78 runs east-west through the middle of the county, and Interstate 22 connects Walker County with Jefferson and Marion Counties. Bevill Field, located in Jasper, is Walker County's only airport.
Events and Places of Interest
Bankhead National Forest
There are several recreational opportunities for visitors to Walker County. William B. Bankhead National Forest offers camping, fishing, hiking, and horseback riding, and the Lewis Smith Lake and the Walker County Lake also provide outdoor activities. Lewis Smith Lake is an Alabama Power Company reservoir created in 1961 by the construction of the 300-foot high Lewis Smith Dam, one of the largest earthen dams in the eastern United States. The lake encompasses 21,000 acres with 500 miles of shoreline, and is home to more than 70 species of fish. Recreational activities include fishing, boating, camping, and hiking. The 160-acre Walker County Lake lies within Jasper City limits, and the grounds include a two-acre pond for children, pavilion and picnic areas, and boat rentals.
The Alabama Mining Museum in Dora honors Walker County's mining heritage. Housed in a gym built in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration, the museum exhibits historical artifacts from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A turn-of-the-century train and mining cars, as well as a one-room schoolhouse and turn-of-the-century post office, are housed in the museum. The Nauvoo Depot Museum in Nauvoo is housed in a replica of the town's original depot and houses exhibits on mining, rail travel, and local industry.
Jasper City has a number of historic buildings, many of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Jasper Downtown Historic District has a number of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century buildings in the Neoclassical Revival and Queen Anne architectural styles. The Bankhead House, home of the Bankhead political family, notably John Hollis Bankhead Sr., is on the National Register of Historic Places, and the home of William B. Bankhead now operates as the Bankhead House and Heritage Center. Also in Jasper, the First United Methodist Church is an excellent example of the Beaux Arts style of the turn of the nineteenth century. The Carl Elliott House Museum in Jasper honors Congressman Carl Elliott, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1965. Elliott received the first John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 1990 for his work on equal rights.
The Heritage of Walker County, Alabama. Clanton, Ala.: Heritage Publishing Consultants, 1999.
Published: June 18, 2007 | &nbspLast updated: December 9, 2020


Canzoni were pieces composed for various combinations of instruments and various sizes of ensembles. This famous canzon has been arranged for brass quartet. Antiphonal spacing is always a successful performance practice allowing the passing of melodic material to be enhanced by the spatial distance.


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