2-Ingredient Pizza Dough Recipe – no yeast and no rising time make this pizza recipe the easiest ever! Top with your favorite toppings, bake and enjoy in under 30 minutes!
After the success of the 2-ingredient dough that can be used to make homemade flatbread (a delicious one at that!), I was excited to test it as a pizza dough. I make homemade pizza using my Hubby's recipe every Friday. I know my pizza dough and can whip it up in my sleep. I was very interested to see how this recipe would act as a pizza crust. I am so glad I did! This is the fastest pizza dough recipe ever! It's delicious topped simple pizza sauce, freshly grated cheese, pepperoni and whatever toppings we like.
If you are looking for a no-yeast, no-rising time pizza dough, you will LOVE this recipe! It is easy, and quick so you can have hot, cheesy pizza on the table under 30 minutes.
HOW TO MAKE 2-INGREDIENT PIZZA DOUGH?
The 2-ingredient dough calls for self-rising flour (it's very easy to make a homemade version) and Greek yogurt. I use natural sour cream as it is cheaper and the consistency is the same. Simply mix both ingredients in a bowl until they form a dough. You may have to use your hands to help the ingredients come together. Next, let the dough rest for 20 minutes, while you preheat the oven and get the pizza toppings ready. This recipe makes 2 large pizzas but you can easily divide it and make just one. I use a 12″ pizza pan and I am able to roll out the dough to easily fit it in.
This dough can also be prebaked and stored to use later. Simply bake the dough in pan without any sauce and toppings and store in a large ziploc bag up to a week. Since this dough contains sour cream, it is best to keep it in the fridge.
HOW TO MAKE PIZZA DOUGH WITHOUT YEAST?
You can make a fantastic pizza dough without yeast. Keep it mind, it will taste different. Yeast dough, used for breads, rolls and pizza, has a sourdough taste. This 2-ingredient pizza dough will taste like a biscuit crust. It's perfect for busy weeknights, when everyone is craving pizza, OR when you don't want to deal with yeast and rising time.
Since there is no yeast in this dough, there needs to be another ingredient that will make it rise during baking. You have two options: buy self-rising flour and mix it with natural sour cream of Greek yogurt OR make the needed amount of self-rising flour with all-purpose flour and baking powder and then use it in the recipe. The second options is what I do, since I don't always have self-rising flour on hand. Mix 1 cup of all-purpose flour with 1 and 1/4 teaspoons of baking powder for each cup of self-rising flour needed in the recipe.
HOW TO FORM A PIZZA DOUGH?
Pizza dough made with yeast has a different consistency. It is very stretchy after the rising time and you can form a small ball of the dough into a large thin crust pizza. My method is to place the pizza dough ball in the center of lightly oiled pizza pan and press the dough towards the edges, rotating the pan in the same time. When you are dealing with a 2-ingredient yeast-free pizza dough, it has a different consistency. It's almost like a biscuit dough. The best and easiest way to form it, is to use a rolling pin and roll the dough out on a sheet of parchment paper.
This pizza dough is great with my 5-Minute Pizza Sauce. You can also follow the topping suggestions from my recipe for the Best Pepperoni Pizza. For a classic pizza dough with yeast and the best tutorial on making amazing pizza at home, check out my Hubby's tutorial. It has a lot of great reviews from our readers who made it and have it in their regular menu.
Top this pizza dough with your favorite toppings, like the classic pepperoni and cheese with the addition of black olives. We also love supreme style pizza with onion, peppers and sausage or white mushroom pizza. If you try this recipe, don't forget to snap a picture and share it on Instagram! Tag us so we can leave a comment!
No yeast and no rising time make this pizza dough recipe the easiest ever! Top with your favorite toppings, bake and enjoy in under 30 minutes!
In a large mixing bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder and salt.
Add natural sour cream and stir with a wooden spoon.
Form the dough into a ball. Place on a floured surface. Let rest for 20 minutes.
Next, form the dough into a log and slice in half. Place each half on a sheet of parchment paper and roll out with lightly floured rolling pin. You can place it on a 12" pizza pan to use as a guide.
Spread a layer of pizza sauce over the dough, add shredded cheese, pepperoni, sliced olives, diced onions, peppers, cooked bacon or sausage or whatever toppings you like.
Bake pizza in preheated oven for 12 minutes or until the edges are golden and the cheese is melted. Cool slightly before slicing.
If using self-rising flour, skip the baking powder and salt since the flour already has it. Use 3 cups of self-rising flour.
This recipe makes 2 12" pizzas but can easily be divided to make one pizza. Use 1,5 cups of flour and 3/4 cup of sour cream.
I have made this pizza three times now, and my family loved it each time. One time I made it with sour cream, and two times I made it with Greek Yogurt. Both were delicious, and it was fun letting the family choose their toppings. I use a store-bought marinara, mozzarella cheese, toppings, and garlic powder. This is my new go to when I want pizza without the expense of dining out, but I also want it to be super yummy but not time-consuming!
Hi Holly! Woohoo! That's fantastic! I make it with sour cream too and it's perfect. I am so happy to know you and your family had fun making the pizzas!
Made breakfast pizza with this recipe. Cheese sauce, sausage, scrambled eggs, and shredded cheddar. It was AMAZING!!!!
This is genius! I'm terrible at pizza crust so I can't wait to try it!
There is nothing better than pizza for dinner!
I LOVE this!! SO easy and delicious!!
Okay I have to try this out! Love how easy it is!
I can't wait to try this! We are a pizza loving family!
Love how simple this is! Thank you for making pizza night easier!
Who knew pizza dough could be so easy homemade!


How Financially Strong Is Trinity Biotech plc (NASDAQ:TRIB)?
While small-cap stocks, such as Trinity Biotech plc (NASDAQ:TRIB) with its market cap of US$45m, are popular for their explosive growth, investors should also be aware of their balance sheet to judge whether the company can survive a downturn. Medical Equipment companies, especially ones that are currently loss-making, are more likely to be higher risk. Assessing first and foremost the financial health is essential. Here are a few basic checks that are good enough to have a broad overview of the company's financial strength. Though, I know these factors are very high-level, so I'd encourage you to dig deeper yourself into TRIB here.
How does TRIB's operating cash flow stack up against its debt?
TRIB's debt levels have fallen from US$95m to US$82m over the last 12 months , which also accounts for long term debt. With this debt payback, TRIB's cash and short-term investments stands at US$36m , ready to deploy into the business. Moreover, TRIB has produced US$7.1m in operating cash flow in the last twelve months, resulting in an operating cash to total debt ratio of 8.6%, indicating that TRIB's operating cash is not sufficient to cover its debt. This ratio can also be interpreted as a measure of efficiency for unprofitable companies since metrics such as return on asset (ROA) requires positive earnings. In TRIB's case, it is able to generate 0.086x cash from its debt capital.
Does TRIB's liquid assets cover its short-term commitments?
With current liabilities at US$21m, it appears that the company has maintained a safe level of current assets to meet its obligations, with the current ratio last standing at 4.48x. However, many consider a ratio above 3x to be high.
Does TRIB face the risk of succumbing to its debt-load?
Since total debt levels have outpaced equities, TRIB is a highly leveraged company. This is not uncommon for a small-cap company given that debt tends to be lower-cost and at times, more accessible. However, since TRIB is presently unprofitable, sustainability of its current state of operations becomes a concern. Running high debt, while not yet making money, can be risky in unexpected downturns as liquidity may dry up, making it hard to operate.
Historical Performance: What has TRIB's returns been like over the past? Go into more detail in the past track record analysis and take a look at the free visual representations of our analysis for more clarity.


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January 7, 2020 Zahira
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Read and explore the all time favorite comedy movies that takes out the kid in you each time you watch them. One other useful aid in movie-watching is the flexibility to turn on or turn off options like sub-titles in English or the learners L1, or using shut-captioning in movies, documentaries or videos produced with this feature.
With the entire obtainable expertise right this moment, it is extremely straightforward to binge on watching Christmas movies. Age Coverage for R-Rated Movies After 6 theatre doesn't enable children underneath the age of 6 to attend R-rated movies after 6 p.m. For R-rated showtimes beginning before 6 p.m., youngsters under the age of 6 might only be admitted with a mother or father or legal guardian.
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The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Chargers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The team plays its home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California, which it shares with the Los Angeles Rams.

The Chargers were founded in Los Angeles in 1959, and began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). They spent their first season in Los Angeles before relocating to San Diego in 1961 to become the San Diego Chargers. The team joined the NFL as a result of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. In 2017, the Chargers moved back to Los Angeles after 56 seasons in San Diego, a year after the Rams had moved back to the city after spending 21 seasons (1995–2015) in St. Louis. The team previously played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum during their first stint in Los Angeles, Balboa Stadium and San Diego Stadium (also known as Jack Murphy Stadium and Qualcomm Stadium) while in San Diego, and Dignity Health Sports Park (formerly named StubHub Center) from 2017 to 2019, while SoFi Stadium was under construction.

The Chargers won the AFL championship in 1963, and reached the AFL playoffs five times and the AFL Championship game four times before joining the NFL. Since then, the Chargers have made 15 trips to the playoffs and made four appearances in the AFC Championship game. In 1994, the Chargers won their first and only AFC championship, and faced the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XXIX, losing 49–26. The Chargers have eight players and one coach enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: wide receiver Lance Alworth (1962–1970), defensive end Fred Dean (1975–1981), quarterback Dan Fouts (1973–1987), head coach and general manager Sid Gillman (1960–1969, 1971), wide receiver Charlie Joiner (1976–1986), offensive lineman Ron Mix (1960–1969), tight end Kellen Winslow (1979–1987), linebacker Junior Seau (1990–2002), and running back LaDainian Tomlinson (2001–2009).

Franchise history

Barron Hilton era (1960–1965)

Sid Gillman years (1960–69)

First season in Los Angeles (1960)
The Chargers were established with seven other American Football League teams in 1959. They began AFL play in Los Angeles the following year in 1960. The Chargers' original owner was hotel heir Barron Hilton, son of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton. According to the official website of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Barron Hilton agreed after his general manager, Frank Leahy, picked the Chargers name when he purchased an AFL franchise for Los Angeles: "I liked it because they were yelling 'charge' and sounding the bugle at Dodger Stadium and at USC games."

Move to San Diego (1961)
After the 1960 season, there were rumors that the team was considering moving to San Diego, Atlanta, or Seattle. In January 1961 the team announced that a deal was made with San Diego to play in Balboa Stadium in Balboa Park.

They played for the whole ten-season existence in the AFL before the upstart league merged with the older NFL. Their only coach for the ten-year life of the AFL was Sid Gillman, a Hall of Famer who was widely recognized as a great offensive innovator. The early AFL years of the San Diego Chargers were highlighted by the outstanding play of wide receiver Lance "Bambi" Alworth with 543 receptions for 10,266 yards in his 11-AFL/NFL-season career. In addition he set the pro football record of consecutive games with a reception (96) during his career.

With players such as Alworth, Paul Lowe, Keith Lincoln and John Hadl, the high-scoring Chargers won divisional crowns five of the league's first six seasons and the AFL title in 1963 with a 51–10 victory over the Boston Patriots. They also played great defense, as indicated by their professional football record 49 pass interceptions in 1961, and featured AFL Rookie of the Year defensive end Earl Faison. The Chargers were the originators of the term "Fearsome Foursome" to describe their all-star defensive line, anchored by Faison and Ernie Ladd.

Eugene Klein era (1966–1983)
Hilton sold the Chargers to a group headed by Gene Klein and Sam Schulman in August 1966.

In 1970, the Chargers were placed into the AFC West division after the completion of the AFL/NFL merger. But by then, the Chargers fell on hard times; Gillman, who had returned as general manager, stepped down in 1971, and many of the Chargers players from the 1960s had already either retired or had been traded. The Chargers acquired veteran players like Deacon Jones and Johnny Unitas; however, it was at the later stages of their careers and the team struggled, placing third or fourth in the AFC West each year from 1970 to 1978. During the 1973 season, the Chargers were involved in the first major drug scandal in the NFL. That same year, however, a rookie quarterback from Oregon named Dan Fouts would serve as the catalyst to the Chargers' return to prominence as the 1970s wore on.

Don Coryell years (1978–1986)

The Chargers hired head coach Don Coryell in 1978, who would remain coaching the team until 1986. Coryell developed an offensive scheme and philosophy known as Air Coryell, also known as the "Coryell offense" or the "vertical offense". With Dan Fouts as quarterback, the San Diego Chargers' offense was among the greatest and most exciting passing offenses in NFL history, setting league and individual offensive records. The Chargers led the league in passing yards an NFL record six consecutive years from 1978 to 1983 and again in 1985. They also led the league in total yards in offense 1978–83 and 1985. Under the tutelage of Coryell, Dan Fouts, wide receiver Charlie Joiner, and tight end Kellen Winslow blossomed on the field and would all be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Chargers earned four consecutive playoff appearances (1979–82) during the Air Coryell era, including three AFC West division championships (1979–81). However, they came short of making it to the Super Bowl, including two straight losses in the AFC Championship game in 1980 and 1981.

Despite making the playoffs again during the strike-shortened 1982 season, the Chargers missed the playoffs every season from  to . In 1984, Klein cut salary in preparation of selling the team, sending defensive linemen Johnson and Kelcher to San Francisco, where they would join Dean and offensive tackle Billy Shields for another 49ers championship in Super Bowl XIX.

Spanos family era (1984–present)
Alex Spanos purchased a majority interest in San Diego from Klein on August 1, 1983. Spanos's family still owns 97% of the team and until his death in 2016, George Pernicano owned the other 3%. Al Saunders was named the seventh head coach in Chargers history in 1986 following the resignation of Coryell during the middle of that season. In , Fouts retired after a 15-year career in which he set seven NFL records and 42 club records, and became the NFL's second most prolific passer of all-time with 43,040 yards. Fouts's jersey number (14) was retired at halftime of "Dan Fouts Day" game in San Diego.

In 1989, Dan Henning, a former Chargers quarterback, Washington Redskins assistant, and Atlanta Falcons head coach, was named the eighth head coach in Chargers history. First-year running back Marion Butts set a club record with 39 carries and a team rookie record with 176 yards in Chargers' 20–13 win in Kansas City. After a three-year stint as Director of Football Operations, Steve Ortmayer was released after the season and replaced by Bobby Beathard.

Bobby Ross years (1992–1996)
Following Henning's three-season stint with the Chargers, Bobby Ross was hired as the ninth head coach in 1992. Additionally, the Chargers acquired quarterback Stan Humphries in a trade with the Washington Redskins. The Chargers would lose their first four games of the season and come back to become the first 0–4 team to make the playoffs as they won 11 of the last 12 games and clinched the AFC West title. Ross was named NFL Coach of the Year for the Chargers' dramatic turnaround by Pro Football Weekly. In the first round of the playoffs, the Chargers shut out the Chiefs 17–0, but the Dolphins shut out the Chargers in the divisional playoffs to eliminate the Chargers. In 1993, the Chargers finished 8–8 (fourth in their division).

In the 1994 season, the Chargers made their first and, so far, only Super Bowl appearance, against the 49ers in Super Bowl XXIX. They got to the Super Bowl by winning their first six regular season games, the only NFL team to do so in 1994, and finished the season 11–5. Quarterback Stan Humphries and wide receiver Tony Martin combined on a 99-yard touchdown completion to tie an NFL record during a defeat of the Seattle Seahawks, 27–10. They would become the 1994 AFC West Division champions behind a defense led by linebacker Junior Seau, defensive tackles Reuben Davis and Shawn Lee, defensive end Leslie O'Neal and an offense keyed by running back Natrone Means, Humphries and Martin. The Chargers had upset victories over the Dolphins and Steelers in the AFC playoffs. Despite those two close triumphs (22–21 against the Dolphins in the Divisional Round, and 17–13 against the Steelers in the AFC Championship Game), the Chargers lost Super Bowl XXIX to the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 49–26, who were led by quarterback Steve Young (Super Bowl MVP) and wide receiver Jerry Rice.

Despite the lopsided loss in the Super Bowl, Beathard, who traded for or drafted the bulk of the Chargers roster, and who hired coach Ross, was named the NFL's smartest man by Sports Illustrated, and became the only general manager to lead three different teams to the Super Bowl (Chargers, Dolphins, Redskins).

The Chargers' follow-up year in 1995 did not bring the same success of the previous season, but the team still managed to get into the playoffs with a five-game winning streak to end the season at 9–7. However, in the first round, the Chargers were eliminated by the Indianapolis Colts in a 35–20 defeat.

In 1996, running back Rodney Culver and his wife, Karen, were killed in the crash of ValuJet Flight 592 in the Florida Everglades. Culver was the second player in team history to die while on the active roster after David Griggs was killed in a one-car accident in Davie, Florida, 11 months earlier. In 1997, Ross and Beathard were at odds with one another, resulting in Ross and his staff being released. The Chargers selected Kevin Gilbride to become their new head coach. Gilbride, whose coaching background with the Jacksonville Jaguars and Oilers featured a more open passing attack, would mark a major change in offensive style from the ball control ground game of Ross. However, the Chargers struggled in pass protection that year, resulting in Humphries suffering several concussions and his retirement from the game. To replace Humphries, Beathard drafted quarterback Ryan Leaf after the Indianapolis Colts selected Peyton Manning with the first pick in the 1998 NFL Draft. The Chargers traded several players and draft choices to the Arizona Cardinals in order to move up to the second pick and select Leaf. In 1998, the Chargers went 5–11. Said safety Rodney Harrison, "If I had to go through another year like that, I'd probably quit playing."

Gilbride was replaced by interim head coach June Jones, who was on the Chargers' staff before the hire. Jones left the team at the end of the season to coach at the University of Hawaii and the Chargers named former Oregon State University head coach Mike Riley as their new head coach. Leaf wound up having a disappointing career with the Chargers due to poor play and frequent conflict with both Chargers management as well as the press and his teammates, causing his release after the 2000 season. He has been arguably the biggest draft bust in NFL history, and his failure to be the player the team envisioned was seen as a black mark on the franchise. Quarterback Jim Harbaugh, who was acquired in a trade with the Baltimore Ravens for a conditional draft choice in 2000, became the Chargers starting quarterback. Beathard retired in April 2000 and was replaced in January 2001 by John Butler, former general manager of the Bills. From  to , the Chargers had eight straight seasons where they were .500 or worse.

In 2001, Norv Turner, the former head coach of the Redskins, was named offensive coordinator by Riley. Turner installed the offense that he coached with the Dallas Cowboys under Jimmy Johnson. Turner learned the offense from Ernie Zampese, former offensive coordinator during the Coryell era, while the two were on the Los Angeles Rams coaching staff. The Chargers signed Heisman Trophy winner free agent quarterback Doug Flutie, formerly with the Bills, and traded the team's first overall selection in the 2001 NFL Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for their first-round selection (5th overall) and third-round selection in the same draft. In addition the Chargers obtained wide receiver-kick returner Tim Dwight and the Falcons' second-round draft selection in the 2002 NFL Draft. The Chargers used that selection in the 2001 draft to select Texas Christian University running back LaDainian Tomlinson and their own first pick in the second round to select Purdue University quarterback Drew Brees.

Marty Schottenheimer years (2002–2006)

Hired as a replacement to Riley, Marty Schottenheimer's Chargers squad opened the 2002 season with four straight victories, making him the only coach in team history to win his first four games.
Butler would succumb to cancer after a nine-month struggle in April 2003. Replacing Butler was A. J. Smith, who was named Executive Vice President-General Manager, replacing his close friend. Smith and Butler had worked together with the Bills, playing key roles with Buffalo's Super Bowl teams. In 2003, the Chargers traded Seau to the Dolphins for a draft pick in 2004 NFL Draft. Seau was selected to the 2003 Pro Bowl, his 12th Pro Bowl selection of his career, and in his final season with the Chargers, he was chosen by teammates as the recipient of the Emil Karas Award as the team's Most Inspirational Player. Also in 2003, Tomlinson accumulated 195 total yards from scrimmage in a late-season game against the Packers to raise his season total to 2,011 and became the first player in team history and the eighth player in NFL history to record consecutive 2,000-yard seasons. Tomlinson also became the first player in NFL history to rush for 1,000 yards and catch 100 passes in the same season.

The Chargers coveted Eli Manning and wanted to select him with their first round pick, which was also the first overall pick of the draft. However, after Manning indicated before the draft that he would not sign with the San Diego Chargers, they were forced to adjust their plans. Philip Rivers was their first alternative to Manning because the Chargers head coach at the time, Marty Schottenheimer, had coached Rivers at the Senior Bowl and he liked what he saw from Rivers. The Chargers agreed to a trade on draft day with the New York Giants. Manning was selected by the San Diego Chargers then later in the draft traded for Rivers, selected with the fourth pick by the Giants. The Chargers also received draft picks from the Giants that were used to select future Pro Bowlers Shawne Merriman and Nate Kaeding. Rivers was one of 17 quarterbacks taken in the 2004 NFL Draft along with Ben Roethlisberger, Eli Manning, and Matt Schaub. Rivers, Roethlisberger, Schaub and Manning have been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters; none had produced a season with a losing record until Schaub in 2010, but Roethlisberger and Manning both have won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway (1st pick), Jim Kelly (14th), and Dan Marino (27th).

In August 2004, Rivers signed a six-year, $40.5 million contract that included $14.5 million in signing bonuses. However, due to a protracted contract negotiation, Rivers only reported to the team during the last week of training camp, and incumbent Drew Brees retained his starting job. After the starting quarterback switch, it was almost certain that Brees' days as the Chargers' starting QB were over. However, Rivers held out nearly all of training camp, and Brees remained the starter throughout the 2004 season, where he started 15 games and led the team to a 12–4 regular season record. Brees posted spectacular numbers, completing 65.5% of his passes for 3,159 yards, with 27 touchdowns to only 7 interceptions, giving him a 104.8 passer rating. The Chargers won the AFC West and Brees was selected to the 2004 Pro Bowl. He was named 2004 NFL Comeback Player of the Year.

Marty Schottenheimer was named NFL Coach of the Year for the 2004 NFL season. He led the team to a playoff appearance, his 12th as a head coach. However, it resulted in a disappointing loss to the underdog New York Jets in overtime in 2005.

During the 2005 NFL Draft, the Chargers tried to get some key rookies that would help carry the momentum from their mostly successful 2004–2005 run. They used their first pick on LB Shawne "Lights Out" Merriman from the University of Maryland. Then, they used their next pick on DT Luis Castillo from Northwestern University. Their other choices were WR Vincent Jackson from Northern Colorado, RB Darren Sproles from Kansas State, OT Wesley Britt from University of Alabama, OT Wes Sims from Oklahoma University, and Center Scott Mruczkowski from Bowling Green State.

The Chargers got off to a rough start in their 2005 campaign, losing a close one to the Dallas Cowboys in their Week 1 home opener (28–24) and then they lost on the road to their AFC West rival, the Denver Broncos (20–17). It was not until a Week 3 home game on Sunday night that they got their first win of the season, when Manning and the New York Giants got "shocked to the system" as LaDainian Tomlinson had one of the greatest games of his career. He got 220 total yards, had 3 rushing touchdowns, and threw for a touchdown as he helped the Chargers win 45–23.

A week later, they were able to build off their win by not only beating the two-time defending champion New England Patriots 41–17, but also ending the Pats' 21-game winning streak at home. In their Week 5 Monday Night home game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Chargers wore their throwback uniforms during this season (they had also worn them during the 1994 season). The Steelers held on to win with a 40-yard field goal by Jeff Reed (24–22). The Chargers rebounded on the road against their division rival Oakland Raiders (27–14). In their Week 7 road trip to Philadelphia, they hoped to build off their win against the Eagles. Late in the game, with the Chargers leading 17–13, the Chargers tried to go for a field goal to put their lead well out of reach, but it got blocked and Eagles DB Matt Ware returned it 65 yards for the game-winning touchdown and the Chargers fourth loss of the season.

After going 3–4, the Chargers turned things around as they began a five-game winning streak. They won at home against division rival Kansas City Chiefs (28–20) and on the road against the New York Jets (31–26). Coming off their Week 10 bye, they went home and wore their throwback uniforms again. This time, it was a dominating performance as the Chargers manhandled the Buffalo Bills, 48–10. Then, they went on the road and won a close match against the Washington Redskins (23–17) in overtime and then they swept the Oakland Raiders at home by a score of 34–10.

The Chargers were 8–5, coming off a 23–21 loss to the Miami Dolphins. On December 18, the Chargers beat the undefeated Indianapolis Colts 26–17, snapping a 13–0 winning streak. However, despite a record of 9–6, they were officially eliminated from AFC playoff contention in 2005 after a 20–7 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs the following Saturday. The Chargers lost their final game of the season by a score of 23–7 to the AFC West champion Denver Broncos to finish with a record of 9–7.
The Chargers delivered an impressive performance in 2006, losing only to the Ravens and Chiefs; they finished 14–2 which secured them the #1 AFC seed in the playoffs. However, they lost 24–21 to the New England Patriots in the divisional round.

Norv Turner years (2007–2012)
Following the 2006 season, they replaced Schottenheimer with new head coach Norv Turner. In 2007, they went 11–5, beating the Tennessee Titans and the defending champion Indianapolis Colts to reach the AFC title game. However, they fell to the Patriots for the second year in a row. In 2008, the Chargers dropped to 8–8, but as the AFC West was unusually weak that year, they still managed to win the division title. Defeating the Colts in the wild card round, they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round.

San Diego began the 2009 season 2–3. After losing to the Broncos on Monday night, they began an unbroken winning streak for the rest of the season, which included defeating the entire NFC East. In Week 11, they avenged their earlier loss against the Broncos by inflicting a 32–3 rout on them. The next game saw them beat a 1–11 Cleveland Browns squad 30–23, in which LaDainian Tomlinson broke Hall of Famer Jim Brown's rushing record and was congratulated by him afterwards. The Chargers secured another division title, the #2 AFC seed, and looked to be a near shoo-in for the Super Bowl. However, the team's postseason futility continued. Hosting the New York Jets on January 17, 2010, they endured an upset defeat, where, despite an early lead, were unable to overcome the strong Jets' defense. Kicker Nate Kaeding also missed three field goal and PAT attempts, which resulted in the Chargers losing 17–14.

The 2010 season was the 1st season without LaDainian Tomlinson since 2000 (Tomlinson was let go by management due to an oversized contract relative to production and other issues; he went on to lead the Jets in rushing with 914 yards & tied for 3rd in receptions with 52). The 2010 campaign started off slowly again, this time 2–5 (including losses to some of the worst teams in football at the time – the Kansas City Chiefs, the Oakland Raiders, the Seattle Seahawks and the St. Louis Rams). The losses were due to turnovers & mental mistakes by young players on special teams allowing blocked punts & kick/punt return touchdowns. The loss to Oakland ended their 13-game winning streak against the Raiders since their last loss on September 28, 2003. The Chargers then went on another second half run with four straight wins but this time instead of keeping the streak going the entire second half they had a big let down losing at home to the Raiders again, this time 28–13 (ending their shared NFL record, with the Dolphins, of 18 straight wins in December). Despite the loss, they still had a chance to win their 5th straight AFC West title, tying the Raiders, but they had another bad loss at the Bengals 34–20 ending their chances. The Chargers beat Denver to end the season with a 9–7 record & out of the playoffs for the first time since 2005. They finished the season as the 8th team in NFL history to rank #1 in overall offense (395.6 yards/game), and overall defense (271.6 yards/game), and became only the 2nd of those teams to not make the playoffs (1953 Eagles 7–4–1). They were second to the Colts in passing yards per game (282.4), second to the Patriots in points scored per game (27.6), 1st in passing yards allowed per game (177.8), 4th in rushing yards allowed per game (93.8), and tied for 2nd in sacks (47). On the negative stat sheet, they gave up the most punt return yards per game (18.9) & had 29 turnovers. Philip Rivers had another great season with a career-high 4,710 yards (#1 in the NFL), 294 yards passing per game (tied for 1st with Manning), 66% completion pct. (third to Brees & Manning), 30 TD's, only 13 INT's & a 101.8 passer rating (second to Brady). Mike Tolbert 11 rushing TD's & Antonio Gates 10 receiving TD's were among the league leaders in TD's scored. On defense, Shaun Phillips' 11 sacks were in the top 10.

With the special teams failure of the 2010 season campaign, the Chargers hoped to rebound with a strong performance to start the season, and a way to overcome slow starts.

The Chargers started off the 2011 season with a 4–1 campaign, with their only loss to the New England Patriots. From that point on, however, the Chargers began a six-game skid with losses to the Jets, Chiefs, Packers, Raiders, Bears, and Broncos, with the first four by only a score and against Denver in overtime. Injuries to both the offensive and the defensive line hit the Chargers hard. But finally on December 5, 2011, the Chargers got their first win in over a month against the Jacksonville Jaguars, beating the also-struggling team.
The Chargers then began a three-game winning streak most notably beating the Ravens by more than any team has beat them that season.
However, the Chargers were beaten, 38–10, by the Detroit Lions to drop their record to 7–8 and eliminate the possibility of being in the playoffs. After a 38–26 victory over the Raiders in week 17, the Chargers finished at 8–8 and in a numerical tie for first place in the AFC West along with Oakland and Denver. However, the Chargers were beaten out by Denver for the Division Title via tie-breaker. After missing the playoffs for the third straight season in 2012, the Chargers fired general manager Smith and head coach Turner.

Mike McCoy years (2013–2016)
On January 9, 2013, the Chargers announced that Tom Telesco, former Vice President of Football Operations with the Indianapolis Colts, would take over as General Manager following the firing of A. J. Smith. Additionally, the organization promoted John Spanos to President of Football Operations. On January 15, 2013, Broncos offensive coordinator, Mike McCoy, was hired as the new head coach and Ken Whisenhunt as offensive coordinator.

The Chargers finished the 2013 season 9–7 and made the playoffs for the first time since 2009. They entered the playoffs as the sixth seed. On January 5, 2014, the Chargers defeated the Cincinnati Bengals at Paul Brown Stadium (27–10) to advance to the AFC Divisional Playoff Round. The Chargers then lost to the Denver Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High the following Sunday, January 12, 2014 (24–17).

After starting the season strongly, including a five-win run in September and October, the Chargers were beset by a string of injuries to key players, and eventually finished the season at 9–7. In contrast to 2013, the record was not enough to make the playoffs. The Chargers began the season 5–1, winning five straight after losing their season opener. It was followed by a three-game losing streak, and they finished 4–4 in the second half. They won just two of their final five games, coming back from double-digit fourth quarter deficits twice to remain in playoff contention. They lost the final game of the season when a win would have secured a playoff berth. In three of their last four games, and five of their last eight, the Chargers did not score more than one touchdown. Compared to 2013, the offense dropped in points (from 12th in the league to 17th), yards (5th to 18th), first downs (3rd to 15th), net yards per pass (2nd to 8th), rushing yards (13th to 30) and yards per rush (21st to 31st). It was the second time in three years the team finished second-to-last in yards per carry. San Diego was just 2–4 against teams in their division in the AFC West, and were swept by both the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs. It was their worst intradivision record since they were 1–5 in 2003. The Chargers were only 3–6 against teams with winning records. They matched their 9–7 record from 2013, but missed the playoffs for the fourth time in five seasons.

During the season, the Chargers, the St. Louis Rams, and the Oakland Raiders all intimated they might apply to move to Los Angeles at the end of the season. The Chargers announced in December 2014 that they would not be seeking to move for the 2015 season, followed by an announcement from the NFL that no team would move to L.A. until the 2016 season at the earliest.

Controversy filled the 2015 off-season, as attorney and team spokesperson Mark Fabiani continually bashed the local San Diego city government's efforts to negotiate a replacement for Qualcomm Stadium. When St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke announced in January 2015 his intention to build a new stadium in Inglewood, the Chargers felt pressured to announce their own Los Angeles plan to preserve what they claimed was "25 percent of their fan base" in the affluent Los Angeles and Orange County areas. In February 2015, the team announced a stadium proposal in Carson, in partnership with the Oakland Raiders, their AFC West divisional rivals. In August 2015, San Diego city officials announced their new plan for a new $1.1 billion Chargers stadium at the Mission Valley site of the existing stadium, which included a $350 million contribution of public funds without raising taxes, but Chargers officials scoffed at the proposal and refused to negotiate with the city on any proposal that was not located at the team's preferred downtown location.

The 2015 season started off with a win against the Detroit Lions at home. The Chargers lost to the Cincinnati Bengals and Minnesota Vikings on the road before defeating the Cleveland Browns on a last second field goal. Following their 2–2 start, the Chargers lost their next six games, dropping to 2–8. In their six straight losses, they lost heartbreakers to the Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, Baltimore Ravens and the Chicago Bears, as well as sound defeats by both, division rivals, the Oakland Raiders and the Kansas City Chiefs. They finally broke their losing streak by defeating the Jacksonville Jaguars on the road, bringing their record to 3–8, in last place in the AFC West and 3rd worst in the American Football Conference (one game ahead of both the Browns and the Tennessee Titans). They are also tied for the third worst record in the National Football League. They then proceeded to beat the Miami Dolphins in Week 14 winning 30–14. They finished the season 4–12.

The day following the conclusion of the  regular season, the Chargers, Rams, and Raiders all filed to move to Los Angeles. On January 12, 2016, the NFL owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles and approved the Inglewood stadium project over the Carson project. The Chargers were given a one-year approval to move, conditioned on negotiating a lease agreement with the Rams or an agreement to work with the Rams to build the new stadium.

On January 14, 2016, the team applied to trademark the term "Los Angeles Chargers" for the purposes of running and marketing a professional football franchise. After two weeks of negotiation, the Chargers and Rams on January 29, 2016, reached an agreement-in-principle to share the planned SoFi Stadium. Both teams would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs and would pay $1 per year in rent to the facility's controlling entity, StadCo LA, LLC.

Meanwhile, in San Diego, the Chargers had continued preliminary work on a ballot initiative for public approval on a new facility at the controversial downtown location, while refusing to negotiate with the City of San Diego on its proposed new Mission Valley stadium, which was the location strongly preferred by its local stadium task force. On November 8, 2016, Measure C, which required a two-thirds majority to use public hotel tax funds towards the proposed downtown stadium's construction was voted down (57% opposed over 43% in support). In December 2016, the San Diego City Council extended an offer for the Chargers to lease the 166-acre Mission Valley property for $1 per year for 99 years. On December 14, 2016, at an owners' meeting, the terms of the Chargers and Rams lease agreement, as well as the team's debt ceiling were approved thus taking the first steps for a possible move to Los Angeles in 2017. Around this time, the Raiders announced that they would move to Las Vegas, instead of Los Angeles, effective in 2020.

Return to Los Angeles

Chargers owner Dean Spanos announced the move in a letter to the city of San Diego posted to the team's official site on January 12, 2017. The team, which would pay the NFL a $645 million relocation fee announced it would be returning to their birthplace in Los Angeles starting with the 2017 season at Dignity Health Sports Park (then known as StubHub Center) in Carson, despite the stadium's 30,000 seating capacity being well below the 50,000 minimum that the NFL set for temporary homes. The home of Major League Soccer's LA Galaxy served as the Chargers' temporary home field until they joined the Rams at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood starting with the 2020 NFL season. The Chargers became the second former San Diego professional sports franchise to move to Los Angeles, after the Clippers in 1984.

The move drew some controversy. Los Angeles Times columnist Bill Plaschke welcomed the team to town by writing "We. Don't. Want. You.", noting that "The Chargers aren't even the second team in town behind the Rams. The Chargers aren't even the third team of interest here behind the Rams and Raiders. The Chargers might not even be in the top-five favorite NFL teams in Los Angeles." At a game at the Staples Center between the Los Angeles Clippers and Lakers, the Chargers' logo was shown on a scoreboard and was "booed heartily". Chargers tight end Jeff Cumberland was also "jeered" by the crowd when featured on the big screen.

One week after the move from San Diego to Los Angeles was announced, ESPN's Adam Schefter reported that the other NFL owners were "angered" by the decision, and that "the NFL wants the Chargers to move back, though nobody believes that possibility is realistic."

Anthony Lynn years (2017–2020)
On January 13, the Chargers fired defensive coordinator John Pagano. It took the team one week to find a replacement for Pagano, as they hired Gus Bradley on January 20. Bradley was formerly the head coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars, and before landing that head coaching job was the defensive coordinator for the Seattle Seahawks. The Chargers also announced they had hired Anthony Lynn to be their next head coach.

In their first game back in Los Angeles at StubHub Center included an announced attendance was just over 25,000, divided "around 50/50" between fans of the Chargers and the visiting Miami Dolphins. After the poor response, the NFL was reportedly considering ways to move the Chargers back to San Diego, although that possibility was considered unlikely. The league officially denied that such discussions were happening, as San Diego was stated not to have a usable stadium and that the Spanos family refuses to consider going back to the city; the league did acknowledge that a vote of the owners could change the situation. The team had a 9–7 record, but missed the playoffs for the fourth consecutive time.

After a 12–4 regular season record, the Chargers qualified for the 2018 playoffs. The team defeated the Baltimore Ravens in the Wild Card round, but lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots in the Divisional round. However, Chargers' attendance problems continued into their second season. For instance, there were so many fans of the visiting Kansas City Chiefs at the Chargers' 2018 home opener that USA Today remarked it "was essentially a Chiefs home game". In December 2018, a Los Angeles Times columnist asked if the Chargers would receive a parade in the city if they were to win the Super Bowl.

The team's struggles to draw fans reportedly led them to lower their initial revenue goal when they moved into the new stadium from $400 million to $150 million, and caused some owners to doubt the Chargers' viability in Los Angeles. Beyond low attendance, the Chargers receive only 18.75% of season ticket revenues through 2040, contributing to the reduced goal.

In the 2019 season, the Chargers had a poor 5–11 record, and were swept by their division.

On September 13, 2020, Tyrod Taylor became the starting quarterback for the Chargers and the first new quarterback to start since Philip Rivers' starting debut on December 31, 2005. He led them to win 16-13 due to a missed field goal by the Bengals. On September 20, 2020, Taylor suffered a punctured lung while receiving a pain-killing injection, forcing rookie quarterback Justin Herbert to start. Herbert led the team to a narrow loss against the Chiefs, 23–20, in his first start. In week 13, the Chargers lost to the Patriots, 45–0, in the worst blowout loss in team history. The season concluded in a 38–21 win over the Chiefs. Justin Herbert broke multiple rookie records throughout the season, but despite his record-breaking season, the Chargers finished the season with a 7–9 record. At the conclusion of the 2020 season, the organization announced that Lynn was fired as head coach.

Brandon Staley years (2021–present)

The Chargers signed Rams defensive coordinator Brandon Staley to become their new head coach on January 17, 2021. Brandon Staley brought in Saints quarterbacks coach Joe Lombardi, grandson of Vince Lombardi, as the new offensive coordinator, and Renaldo Hill, Broncos defensive backs coach, as their new defensive coordinator.

In the 2021 season, the Chargers' record improved to 9–8 (with an extra 17th game added to the NFL regular season). Herbert broke numerous sophomore year records, but despite his and the rest of the team's efforts, the Chargers missed the playoffs in a week 18 win-or-tie-or-go home overtime loss to the Raiders.

On February 3, 2022, the Chargers hired Vikings special teams coordinator Ryan Ficken. In 2022, the Chargers announced the location of a new headquarters in El Segundo, California. The Chargers finished the 2022 NFL Season with a 10-7 record and the 5th seed in the AFC. They lost in the Wild Card round of the playoffs to the Jacksonville Jaguars.

On January 17, 2023, the Chargers fired Offensive Coordinator Joe Lombardi and Quarterbacks Coach Shane Day. The Chargers hired former Cowboys Offensive Coordinator Kellen Moore to be their new Offensive Coordinator on January 31. Chargers Defensive Coordinator Renaldo Hill unexpectedly left the team on February 20 to join the Miami Dolphins as their secondary coach and passing game coordinator, with the vacancy being filled by the Chargers defensive backs coach Derrick Ansley on the same day.

Logos and uniforms

Except for color changes along the way, the Chargers have essentially used the logo of an arc-shaped lightning bolt since the team debuted in 1960. During its period in the AFL, the club also used a shield logo that featured a horsehead, a lightning bolt, and the word "Chargers". The team brought the logo back for on-field design in the 2018 season.

From 1960 to 1973, the colors consisted of various shades of Electric blue ("powder" blue, but technically called Collegiate blue) or white jerseys, both with gold lightning bolts on the shoulders. The helmets were white and had both the arc-shaped lightning bolt logo, in gold or navy depending on the year, and the player's number. At first, the team wore white pants before switching to gold in 1966. In 1973, the numerals on the blue jerseys changed from white to gold.

In 1974, the sky blue was changed to dark royal blue. The helmet was also changed to dark blue and the players' numbers were removed. Additionally, the face masks became yellow, thus making them one of the first teams in the NFL (with the Kansas City Chiefs) to use a facemask color other than the then-predominant grey. From 1978 through 1983, the Chargers wore their white jerseys at home, coinciding with the hiring of coach Don Coryell – when Joe Gibbs, a Coryell assistant in 1979–80, became head coach of the Washington Redskins in 1981, he did the same, and white at home became a Redskins staple through 2007 – but Coryell switched the Chargers to their blue jerseys at home starting in 1984. With the exception of the 1991 season and other sporadic home games since, San Diego wears its blue jerseys at home.

In 1985, the Chargers started using navy blue jerseys and returned to wearing white pants. The team's uniform design was next revamped in 1988. It featured an even darker shade of navy blue. The lightning bolts on the jerseys and helmets were white, with navy interior trim and gold outlining; the facemasks became navy blue. In 1990, the team started to wear navy pants with their white jerseys. From 1988 to 1991, the team displayed stripes down the pants rather than lightning bolts. The Chargers went with all-white combinations in 1997 and 2001, only to have the blue pants make a comeback. On October 27, 2003, the Chargers wore their navy pants with their navy jersey for a Monday Night Football game versus the Miami Dolphins that was played at Sun Devil Stadium, then the home of the Arizona Cardinals, due to wildfires in southern California. This was the only game in which the Chargers had worn the all-dark combination until the uniform change in 2020.|

From the late 1980s to 2000, the Chargers wore white at home during some preseason games and dark for regular season games. In 2001, the Chargers started wearing their dark uniforms for preseason games and white uniforms in September home games due to the heat before switching back to dark in October.

In March 2007, the Chargers unveiled their first uniform redesign since 1988, on the team's official website. The team formally unveiled this new uniform set, which mixes old and new styles, in a private team-only event. Navy blue remains the primary color on the home jersey, but the familiar lightning bolt was reverted to gold, and now has navy outlining and powder blue interior trim. The latter color is a nod to the 1960s uniforms. The redesigned lightning bolt was moved to the sides of the shoulders from the top, and includes a new numbering font and word mark in white, with gold outlining and powder blue interior trim. The pants also have a redesigned lightning bolt in gold, with powder blue trim on a navy stripe. Additionally, the team pays tribute to other uniform features from their history by wearing a metallic white helmet, with a navy face mask, the newly revamped bolt in gold with navy and powder blue trim, and white pants. The road white jerseys with navy pants, as well as the alternate powder blue jerseys with white pants, were also redesigned with the new scheme.

From 2002 to 2006, the Chargers used the early-1960s powder blue uniforms as alternate jerseys, which many football fans (both of the Chargers and of other teams) clamored for the team to bring back full-time.

Since 2007, the Chargers have worn the alternate powder blue jerseys twice per season. The alternate powder blue jerseys have also been worn in a playoff game against the Indianapolis Colts in 2008.

In 2009, in honor of their 50th anniversary as one of the eight original AFL teams, the Chargers wore their 1963 throwback uniforms for three games.

For the 2013 season, the Chargers made minor tweaks to their current uniforms. These include a two-tone nameplate (gold with powder blue trim on home jersey, navy with gold trim on away jersey, and white with navy trim on alternate jersey), collars matching the color of the jersey, and the addition of a gold stripe on the socks.

On January 12, 2017, with the announcement that the Chargers were moving to Los Angeles, the team unveiled a new alternate logo incorporating the letters "LA" with a lightning bolt. The logo was immediately and widely ridiculed by fans, the media, and even other professional sports franchises, in part for its resemblance to the Los Angeles Dodgers logo. The team tried to defuse the controversy by changing the color scheme of the new logo before scrapping it altogether after two days.

The team officially announced on April 16, 2019, that it would wear its powder blue jerseys, the same uniforms they wore during their inaugural season in 1960 while in Los Angeles, as its primary home uniform beginning with the 2019 NFL season. The club also announced that the facemask color would change from navy blue to gold, which was previously worn when the team wore its royal blue NFL Color Rush uniforms.

On March 24, 2020, the team announced new logos and upcoming new uniforms for the team. The new logos removed the navy blue completely, altered the double bolt lessening the curve, and debuted a new script logo featuring powder blue and gold and lightning bolt shooting from the A in Chargers. On April 21, 2020, the team unveiled their new uniforms. This uniform set has numbers on the helmet and includes two color-rush uniforms, a royal blue set similar to the one used in their previous look, and an all-navy set, which has color of the logo on the helmet changed to navy as well. Gold pants were also included in the rebrand. Powder blue also returned as the primary color.

Rivalries

Las Vegas Raiders

The Chargers–Raiders rivalry dates to the 1963 season, when the Raiders defeated the heavily favored Chargers twice, both come-from-behind fourth quarter victories. One of the most memorable games between these teams was the "Holy Roller" game in 1978, in which the Raiders intentionally fumbled in order to score a touchdown. This somewhat controversial play resulted in a rule change the following season. On November 22, 1982, the Raiders hosted their first Monday Night football game in Los Angeles against the Chargers. The Chargers led the game in the 1st half 24–0 until the Raiders scored 28 unanswered points in the second half to win 28–24. On January 10, 2022, the Raiders defeated the Chargers in overtime, 35-32. The winning field goal was unnecessary for the Raiders' playoff chances, and if the game had ended in a tie, both teams would have made the playoffs. With the field goal, the Chargers were eliminated. The Raiders lead the series 67–57–2 as of the end of the 2022 season, including having won the only playoff game between the two teams, the 1980 AFC Championship game.

Los Angeles Rams
Initially, the Los Angeles Raiders and Rams were considered to be competing in the "Battle of Los Angeles" during the Raiders' tenure in Los Angeles from 1982-94. However, the rivalry ended as the Rams moved to St. Louis and the Raiders returned to Oakland in the mid-1990s. The Raiders unsuccessfully attempted to move back to Los Angeles in 2015 following a failed joint stadium project with the then-San Diego Chargers. The intercity rivalry was revived only with the Chargers' move from San Diego in 2017, following the Rams' return to Los Angeles in 2016. Hostility erupted between the two clubs during a 2017 joint scrimmage at the Rams' training camp in Irvine, California. Rams cornerback Nickell Robey-Coleman and Chargers receiver Keenan Allen initiated an altercation and multiple players rushed into the skirmish, creating an uproar from the crowd. Following the hiring of coach Sean McVay in 2017, the Rams managed to win back-to-back division titles, including an appearance in Super Bowl LIII during McVay's second season as head coach. The Chargers experienced their own playoff success by boasting a 12-4 record in 2018 and making an appearance in the 2018 AFC divisional round but lost to the New England Patriots. The Rams lead the only regular-season matchup in Los Angeles thus far.

Kansas City Chiefs

Chiefs lead 66–58–1 as of the end of the 2022 season, but the Chargers won the only playoff meeting between the two teams, a 1992 AFC wild card game.

Denver Broncos

Broncos lead 70–54–1 as of the end of the 2022 season, including having won the only playoff meeting between the two teams, a 2013 AFC Divisional game.

Season-by-season record

The table below shows the five most recent NFL regular season records along with their respective finish in the NFL playoffs. The Los Angeles Chargers appeared in the postseason in one of the five last seasons, which happened in 2018 that resulted in a Divisional loss to the Patriots. Recent notable honors with current members of the Los Angeles Chargers include NFL Rookie of the Year in 2016 for Joey Bosa (Defensive) and in 2020 for Justin Herbert (Offensive) along with NFL Comeback Player of the Year for Keenan Allen in 2017.

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, W–L% = Winning percentage

Players of note

Current roster

Retired numbers

The Chargers currently have four retired numbers: #14 (Dan Fouts), #19 (Lance Alworth), #21 (LaDainian Tomlinson) and #55 (Junior Seau). As of 2010, the Chargers' policy was to have the Chargers Hall of Fame committee evaluate candidates for a player's number to retire after the player has retired from the league after five years, Seau was the only exception to this policy. The committee consists of Chargers Executive Vice President Alex Spanos, Chargers public relations director Bill Johnston, San Diego Hall of Champions founder Bob Breitbard, and the presidents of the San Diego Sports Commission and the Chargers Backers Fan Club. There are few recognized guidelines in sports regarding retiring numbers, and the NFL has no specific league policy. "You have to have enough numbers for players to wear", said NFL spokesman Greg Aiello. The Chargers have rarely retired numbers. The San Diego Union-Tribune wrote, "The [Chargers] tend to honor their heritage haphazardly."

Pro Football Hall of Famers

Chargers Hall of Fame

The Chargers created their Hall of Fame in 1976. The members of the Hall of Fame are honored at the Chargers Ring of Honor, founded in 2000 and viewable above the visiting team's sideline of Qualcomm Stadium on the press level. Eligible candidates must have been retired for at least four seasons. Selections are made by a five-member committee chaired by Dean Spanos, Chargers vice-chairman. , other committee members included Bob Breitbard, founder of the San Diego Hall of Champions; Ron Fowler, president of the Greater San Diego Sports Association; Jane Rappoport, president of the Charger Backers; and Bill Johnston, the team's director of public relations. The Chargers in 2012 allowed fans to vote for the newest member.

50th Anniversary Team

The Chargers announced their 50th Anniversary Team in 2009 to honor the top players and coaches in the team's history. The Chargers were founded in 1959. The team included 53 players and coaches selected from 103 nominees. The Chargers originally stated that only 50 members would be selected. Online voting by fans accounted for 50% of the voting results; votes from Chargers Hall of Famers and five members of the local media made up for the other 50%. Over 400,000 votes were cast online. Dan Fouts and LaDainian Tomlinson received the first and second most votes, respectively. The team features 7 Pro Football Hall of Fame members and 11 players that were active on the 2009 Chargers team.

San Diego Hall of Champions
Alworth, Mix, Hadl, Joiner, Coryell, Gillman, Garrison, Fouts, White, Winslow, Faison, Benirschke, Lincoln, Washington, Humphries, Ladd and Wilkerson are also members of the San Diego Hall of Champions, which is open to athletes from the San Diego area as well as those who played for San Diego-based professional and collegiate teams.

Staff

Head coaches

Current staff

Radio and television

The Chargers' flagship radio station is KYSR-FM Alt 98.7 in Los Angeles, with daily coverage and special programming on KLAC-AM 570 LA Sports Play-by-play voice Matt "Money" Smith & NFL Network analyst  Daniel Jeremiah comprise the broadcast team.  KYSR-FM's iHeartMedia Los Angeles sister-station KFI AM 640 served as the previous flagship station for the team since the Chargers' return to Los Angeles from 2017 to 2019.  Past Chargers radio broadcasters have included Josh Lewin, Ralph Lawler, Stu Nahan, Tom Kelly, Lee "Hacksaw" Hamilton, Dan Rowe, Ted Leitner, and Hank Bauer. Bauer served seventeen seasons (1998–2014) as the radio color analyst; however, the Chargers and then-flagship KIOZ decided not to renew his contract, and was replaced by Conway starting with the 2015 season. As of 2014, the Chargers also stream their radio broadcasts on their official mobile application (through iOS and Android devices) as well as on their website.

As of the 2020 season, Chargers preseason games will be broadcast by KCBS-TV; likewise, in the former San Diego market, KFMB is the local affiliate. As per the NFL's television deals, KCBS also broadcasts CBS coverage of most Chargers regular season games against AFC teams.

Dennis Packer, the public address announcer of all USC football games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, serves as the public address announcer of all Chargers home games at SoFi Stadium. Packer replaced legendary P.A. announcer Bruce Binkowski, who went on to become the executive director of the Holiday and Poinsettia Bowl games, which were played at their former home, now-defunct SDCCU Stadium. The Holiday Bowl's being played in 2020 & 2021 at Dignity Health Sports Park and will return to Snapdragon Stadium in 2022. Poinsettia Bowl went defunct in 2016.

With the Chargers' return to Los Angeles in 2017, the team became a beneficiary of league scheduling policies. Both the Chargers and the Los Angeles Rams share the Los Angeles market, which is on the West Coast of the United States. This means that the Chargers cannot play home games, road division games against the Denver Broncos or Las Vegas Raiders, or interconference road games against the NFC West (in seasons that the AFC West and NFC West meet in interconference play) in the early 10:00 a.m. Pacific time slot. In addition, they cannot play interconference home games at the same time or network as the Rams. As a result, both teams generally will have more limited scheduling options, and will also benefit by receiving more prime-time games than usual (click here for further information). Thus, regardless of the previous season's record, the Chargers will receive a disproportionate number of Sunday Night, Monday Night and/or Thursday Night games, compared to the rest of the league. Additionally, if the Chargers and Rams are both playing at the same time on Sunday afternoons on a certain network (for instance, a Rams road game against an AFC opponent at the same time as a Charger home game with an NFC opponent with both on Fox, or the reverse where the Rams are on the road against an AFC opponent and the Chargers are at home against an AFC opponent on CBS), in the Los Angeles market, Fox and CBS have authorization to carry the extra game on their secondary sister stations; Fox games air on KCOP-TV, while CBS games are aired on KCAL-TV. In 2020, the Chargers signed a multi-year preseason TV deal with KCBS-TV and KCAL-TV and will have a weekly show with the latest team news, replacing KABC-TV after three seasons (2017, 2018 and 2019) of televising Chargers preseason football.

Radio affiliates

English stations

California

Spanish stations

California

Mexico

Theme song

The Chargers' fight song, "San Diego Super Chargers", was recorded in 1979 at the height of the team's success with Air Coryell, and has a distinctly disco sound. The team under then-new owner Alex Spanos replaced the song in 1989 with a non-disco cover version, but the original version was revived in 2002. The team played this song at home games after Chargers scores and victories until it departed San Diego. From time to time during highlights of NFL PrimeTime, ESPN's Chris Berman and Tom Jackson would briefly sing the first line of the song's chorus.

References

External links

 Los Angeles Chargers at the National Football League official website

1960 disestablishments in California
1960 establishments in California
2017 establishments in California
American Football League teams
American football teams disestablished in 1960
American football teams established in 1960
American football teams established in 2017
Chargers
American football in Inglewood, California
American football teams in California
Sports teams in Inglewood, California
National Football League teams

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Honore de Balzac was quite literally a child of the Napoleonic age. Born in 1799 he grew to be one of the most highly regarded French writers of any age and his works are acknowledged influences on several authors of renown who followed him including Zola, Flaubert, Henry James and even Jack Kerouac His most frequently referenced writer in the English language was, however, Charles Dickens. Those who are familiar with Balzac's work need no introduction to it here, but for those less familiar with it, this favourable comparison reveals that here was one who knew how to tell a good story filled with real, well crafted, rounded characters who are authentic to their age. This collection of Balzac's fiction contains only those stories which are set in the Napoleonic era itself. Having grown up in this period and having about him a plethora of living reference sources in the form of those who took an active part in it, these highly entertaining tales, combined with Balzac's own genius can be nothing other than pure reading pleasure. Several of Balzac's pieces have been filmed including some of those collected here.
Available in soft cover and good quality hard back with dust jacket for collectors.


text:
Photo: C. Elliott for the Rialto Theatre
7 places to see incredible live music in Arizona
Restaurants + Bars Trip Planning Phoenix, AZ, United States Arizona, United States
Branden Eastwood
ARIZONA'S MUSIC SCENE is as misunderstood as its topography. I have this conversation all the time: Yes, there's more to the state than deserts and a really big canyon. And yes, there's more to Arizona music than cowboy poets and country bars.
Phoenix is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. and draws every major touring act, from the Rolling Stones to Gorillaz. There are three major universities spread equidistant down the heart of the state, producing college jam bands, hip-hop emcees, and one of the world's best unsigned blues bands. And then, of course, you can't discount the awesome country-and-western joints dotted throughout the state.
The end result is a music scene that encompasses both modern cosmopolitan centers and a traditional American West pedigree. Like other great music destinations in the U.S. — Austin, Chicago, Seattle — Arizona's music scene can't be summed up by any single genre or venue. That said, there are some spots that deserve special notice. This list is a start.
1. The Desert Bar, or Nellie E Saloon (Parker)
It doesn't get any more Arizona than this. Known to locals simply as "the Desert Bar," Nellie E Saloon is an old mining camp in the Buckskin Mountains near Lake Havasu City. Its somewhat ramshackle structures look a lot like what you'd expect to have found in that very spot 100 years past. It's rusty, dusty, and screams of a genuine frontier vibe that most bars can only dream of emulating. Live music is a staple, and the tunes trend toward rock with a Western garnish. Bring your cash, because this place isn't set up for credit cards or other such frivolities of the modern world.
The scene: Meat, potato, beer. Guitar, base, drum. Country, western. That's about it. See you out back for a game of horseshoes.
Getting there: There are two ways into the Desert Bar. The first is just off AZ-95 on Cienega Springs Road. The other way, the back way, is a bit more complicated. It requires a four-wheel-drive vehicle, and directions include such notable landmarks as "that pile of rocks," and "a cactus." GPS coordinates for the trail start: 34.255558, -114.147963. Good luck!
2. Rhythm Room (Phoenix)
Photo: Dave Blake/Blues Alley Photo
The Rhythm Room is nothing short of a Phoenix-area institution and probably one of the most soulful locations in the entire state. Opened in 1991, it's the quintessential jazz and blues club, hosting near nightly acts that range from world renowned legends like T-Model Ford to local heroes the Sugar Thieves. There's plenty of space to drink outside and a dance floor to shake-a-tail-feather indoors. The beers are cold and the clientele doesn't give a damn, so make yourself at home and listen to some of the best music in Arizona.
The scene: It's a mostly dark bar catering to blues aficionados and those who want to hear rhythm-driven guitar music.
Claim to fame: Both HighTone Records and blues legend Robert Lockwood, Jr. chose the Rhythm Room as a venue to record live albums.
3. Matt's Longhorn Saloon (Prescott)
Sitting along Prescott's historic Whiskey Row, Matt's Saloon is a good ol' country music bar with a long history. The current business was opened in the early '60s, but the structure it occupies was built in 1901 and was originally a general store. The inside is immense and includes plenty of space for line dancing, and some off-track betting as well.
The scene: It's country. Matt's is an old-school kind of Americana that's into big boots, big trucks, and big hats. If it's big, Matt's digs it.
The music: The acts that have played Matt's are the heavy hitters of the country-and-western twang. Buck Owens, Lee Hazlewood, and the venerable Waylon Jennings have all performed at the Saloon.
4. Rialto Theatre (Tucson)
Tucson is only two hours south of Phoenix, which means it needs something special to draw the premier touring bands. That something special is the Rialto Theatre. Opened in 1922 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003, the Rialto looks every bit the place you'd expect to see the ghost of Johnny Cash tuning a guitar. The open floor plan leaves enough space for wall flowers, mosh-pitters, and coupled-up slow dancers. This is where you wish you'd seen the Black Keys before they started playing arenas.
Across the street is the equally historic and charming Hotel Congress. If you're planning to toss a few drinks back at the concert, getting a room here for the night and ditching your car is a great move.
The scene: The Rialto sees a very eclectic group of artists. You can have punk rock shows one weekend and a classic dance performance the next. As such, the scene tends to match whoever's on stage.
Too hot for the times: In 1928 the Rialto hosted what may have been its most controversial show ever. The "All New Gay Paree Revue" featured 150 performers singing and dancing in what was for the times quite risque garb. Posters of bare-legged women sent a stir through Tucson, causing one reverend to put together a small mob who demanded the bills be taken down. Much to the reverend's chagrin, there was a larger mob in town that day…and they all had tickets to the show.
5. Pepsi Amphitheater at Fort Tuthill Park (Flagstaff)
The lush green lawn and surrounding pine trees of the Pepsi Amphitheater are not entirely congruent with most images of Arizona. Flagstaff hangs onto the vibe of Western outpost, but this is also where the more granola side of Arizona is found. The outdoor amphitheater is where you go for your summertime festivals and National Public Radio live shows.
The scene: Just like every venue that hosts an eclectic group of performers, the amphitheater audience and atmosphere changes with the acts. What makes the place special is sitting in the grass and enjoying the cool mountain air.
Past acts: Primus, Michael Franti, Pines Bluegrass & Acoustic Music Festival
6. Yucca Tap Room (Tempe)
At one point or another, just about every Arizona State University student who listens to indie music, and is turned off by the idea of joining a frat or attending a football game, has gone through a phase of hanging out at Yucca Tap. Yucca is where the up-and-coming college bands — that aren't after the glitz — go to first cut their teeth. If you can fill this cash-only bar with your friends and a few fans, the larger stage promoters in the area will take notice.
The scene: You can't get away from the term "hipster" when you visit Yucca Tap. This place was rocking skinny jeans before skinny jeans were skinny jeans — black beanies in the summer and thick glasses galore.
The music: Yucca covers a lot of ground. Last March they hosted hip-hop luminaries Slum Village and in December will bring the dirty guitar rock of Nashville Pussy. This isn't a venue for people who get their tunes from top-40 radio.
7. Talking Stick Resort Arena (Phoenix)
If you're in Arizona to see the big show, Talking Stick Resort Arena is where you'll find it. Home of the Phoenix Suns (and the Phoenix Mercury, and the Arizona Rattlers), Talking Stick is where the A-listers with the widest possible appeal play their tunes. For a huge arena, the place has sweet acoustics.
The scene: Talking Stick is big. It's not going to win points on unique charm. It's a world-class venue that has the best sound money can buy.
Name game: Talking Stick Resort Arena has gone through a few name changes over the years. If a picture of the outside is familiar but the name isn't, maybe America West Arena or US Airways Center ring a bell.
This post is proudly produced in partnership with the Arizona Office of Tourism.
Restaurants + Bars Trip Planning Phoenix, AZ, United States Arizona, United States Arizona: Go Grand


The Network of Schools in Creativity and Innovation Mosaic, an international community of individuals passionate about the management of creativity and innovation, intended to be long-lasting, rich in new ideas and motivated by a collective desire to change the rules of the game and break down barriers, was launched today. At present, it has four initial partner schools and cities (Strasbourg, Bangkok, Lille and Grenoble), but this is just the beginning.
It all started in 2009, when Mosaic HEC Montréal launched the Summer School on Management of Creativity in an Innovation Society, in collaboration with the University of Barcelona. This two-week intensive program will be offered for the eighth time this year (from June 23 to July 9) and has thus far attracted more than 500 participants. The first week of the program is held in Montréal and the second, in Barcelona. Its originality, which lies in its innovative, active, collective, multidisciplinary and international teaching approach, immediately attracted attention from other universities.
In 2010, in collaboration with Mosaic, the Bureau for Economic Theory and Applications (BETA) at the University of Strasbourg created the Autumn School on Management of Creativity, the seventh edition of which will take place from November 7 to 12, 2016. Then in 2014 came the first edition of the Asian Symposium on Creativity & Innovation Management, organized by IKI-SEA Bangkok University. A second edition was held from February 21 to 26, 2016.
In 2015, the Spring School on Management of Creativity and Innovation was launched by the Université Catholique de Lille and the Groupe HEI ISA ISEN. Its second edition will be held from May 10 to 12 this year. The most recent addition was announced along with the creation of the Network – the Winter School on Promising Creativity, the first edition of which is taking place from March 16 to 19 at the Université Grenoble Alpes.
Mosaic is a source of inspiration for all the other schools of creativity and innovation, which in fact all started by sending participants to the Summer School on Management of Creativity in an Innovation Society, and it continues to contribute to the other programs' content. For while each school and city wishes to express, showcase and develop a specific aspect of creativity through local research, they all send and host experts to and from the other schools, given their emphasis on sharing ideas and expertise.


So you just bought your first house and you either jumped on the property ladder for it to be your forever home or you eventually want to move somewhere bigger when the family grows and you want to make sure that your house is in the best possible shape not only for you to live in but also to make it more attractive to future buyers. Here are three things you should get checked out and make sure they are improved.
If you managed to grab a steal of a house because it needed a lot of updating then windows may seem like a pricey place to start but they can make a huge impact. Click here for all your window needs but remember that good windows can make a huge difference in the heat of your home and keeping it insulated so in the long run will end up saving you so much more money than you spend on them. Big open windows can bring lots of light into the room making your home more welcoming, a lot of houses will already be double glazed but may just need the front and back doors changing.
The roof may also need looking at because lets face it when we go to look around a house we aren't climbing a ladder to ask about it. Make sure you ask questions but when you are doing your repairs it is wise to get a professional roofer to have a look if you need any work doing. It is best to do this ahead of time instead of having to call a roofer in an emergency as it will give you a chance to find out the best price and use the best people. Making sure the roof is safe and well insulated can be a huge selling factor later and add value to your property.
Sometimes people forget that the garden is just as important part of the home as any of the rooms. Whether your garden is huge or tiny making sure you make it look inviting, tidy and clean can make a dramatic difference to any visitors. You don't have to spend a fortune by landscaping it just make sure you look after any grass, plant some pretty flowers and keep any slabs clean. I love plating winter pansies in when it is cold to add a splash of colour to grey days. When it comes to selling your house if your garden looks well looked after front and back it will reflect well on your sales.


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Bahir Dar reporting series : Did you think that you have understood how land tenure influences farmers' decision making?
Land tenure has undoubtedly an influence on farmers' decision to invest on their land. Literature and common sense suggests that if a farmer owns the land and has certainty that he can use the land in future will be more likely to invest in capital or labour intensive technologies such as terraces or wells or plant trees. Also it is suggested that privately own land is better managed than collective land, because a farmer will optimize his own profit and not be able to free ride on the other (also referred to as the tragedy of the common).
untreated gully
I though that I had understood how land tenure is influence farmer's decision making. On my last trip to Adet (near to Bahir Dar), when I interviewed some farmers I discovered that I got it all wrong...
One farmer rented land, that mean his has only the certainty to use this land for one season. So my theory would say that he would never build a terrace as it is very labor intensive. But this farmer was building it. He explained to me that he was allowed to rent the land only if he would build the terrace. The owner does not have enough labor to build the terrace and gave his land for very low cost to anyone who would invest labor on the land.
I also visited a gully (erosion) that has been stabilized with an area exclosure (area where the livestock cannot access) with improved fodder, such as grass with long roots and multipurpose trees. It looked very good, the farmers are proud of it, and all see the benefit of this techniques. Despite of this 300m further there was an other gully, without stabilization, every year some centimetre from the field is lost, grass productivity is very low. So my first though was : a smart farmer improved his gully where as the non treated gully is communal land. And here wrong again : the treated gully was on communal land where as the non treated one belonged to a group of farmer privately.
treated gully
What happened? Farmers are willing to give equal labour to rehabilitate communal land, as they understand that they are collectively responsible for this area. But on the privately owned land, farmers do not manage to coordinate, mainly because their field size are unequal, and so the smaller farmer would have to provide more labour to the bigger farmer, than the bigger farmer to the small one. As no one has money, one cannot pay for labour...
I had always believed that land tenure is a very important driver of farmers' decision making, but my field trip to Adet showed me that labour dynamics are the most important driver, at least in the Adet watershed.
Written by Unknown on Saturday, November 12, 2011
Labels: Bahir Dar reporting series, Ethiopia, institutions, land tenure, social capital
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is it really about land grabbing?


The Titans have more than a dozen anticipated projects, totaling $4.4 million, it says is needed to keep Nissan Stadium up to date.
These projects include new environmentally-friendly lighting and digital security systems, new security fencing; updated doors throughout the stadium; fiber-optic upgrades for broadcast TV trucks and transmissions; and roof replacements on concession stands and other buildings.
Those had better be some crazy futuristic doors, that's all I'm saying.
Under teams of the lease that brought the Titans to Tennessee in 1997, the team owners get to spend money on stadium upgrades, and then the city has to reimburse them for the cost. That is, as previously noted, completely insane, but now that the lease is in place, there's little the city of Nashville can do but to refill the capital-improvements bucket when it's run empty, and that's what it's set to consider doing now.
I really should quit this whole blog-writing game and go into business as a stadium-lease consultant, shouldn't I? I promise to save your city millions of dollars in the long run — if that's what your elected officials care about, which I know it probably isn't, because in the long run their political careers are all dead.
This entry was posted in Tennessee Titans by Neil deMause. Bookmark the permalink.
You'd make way more money putting that knowledge to use for the other side than in using it to help municipalities… most of whom do not understand basic economics/math anyway.
They understand basic math when its their own money. Tax money is like drug or stripper money…Easy come Easy go.
If there's one thing I've learned in a half century, it's that they don't understand it at all.
It sure is frustrating to read this site. It's not Mr. deMause's fault, he's the capable messenger. It's the never-ending demands of billionaire sports owners and franchises of the municipalities in which they operate, and the incredibly stupid deals these municipalities have agreed to. And now we have the Raiders relocating to Vegas, where the state government fell all over themselves to allocate $750 million of tax money to build the stadium, and will spend millions in NDOT money to provide road access to the stadium. The lease agreement is yet to be negotiated and signed. Given the negotiating prowess the governments have already shown, I fear the lease agreement will be a one-of-a-kind disaster that gives the Raiders everything they want in perpetuity.
This facility is nearing 18 years old. Buying new doors is a waste of money obviously. It should be replaced with something, really anything, that costs $2Bn.
As an aside… if a football stadium (even one like this that hosts two tenants) needs new doors every 18 years (or around 270-300 major events hosted), wouldn't baseball stadia need new doors every three years or so?
Yankee fans, get on the phone. You've been forced to use shabby old doors more than three times as long as the standard… that is unacceptable.


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Please remember that the Chinese New Year (CNY), which will begin on February 5, 2019, is quickly approaching. Importers should be working with suppliers to finalize any pre-holiday shipments as soon as possible. The CNY holiday will cause origin operations to cease during the official holiday dates with the potential to impact production and shipping for up to one month.
This week, temperatures throughout the United States are expected to drop below zero degrees Fahrenheit. As a result, carriers are expecting to temporarily suspend Protect From Freeze which could cause shipping delays. See more here.
The American Trucking Associations (ATA) Truck Tonnage Index increased 6.6 percent in 2018. The Truck Tonnage annual gain for 2018 was the highest since 1998. See more here.
The Administration has reportedly reached a deal to temporarily reopen the federal government after a month-long shutdown. The temporary stopgap will continue to fund the government through February 15, 2019. See more here.
Multiple sources report continued delays for importers at various ports, container yards and inland rail terminals. Factors contributing to continued delays include a surge in imports ahead of proposed tariffs and chassis shortages.
According to the IATA, air cargo freight ton kilometers (FTKs) grew zero percent year-over-year in November 2018. Factors that contributed to stagnant air cargo growth include proposed tariffs and new inventory restocking cycles. See more here.
In a recent report from Retail Dive, Walmart is expected to raise truck driver wages by one cent per mile. By raising wages, Walmart hopes to attract top talent to alleviate capacity issues due to the driver shortage. See more here.
Recently, Walmart's CTO spoke about digital transformation and how it can impact suppliers' delivery schedules to Walmart stores. Click here to listen to the full podcast.
The increase in plant-based protein shipments year-over-year in November 2018, according to Food Logistics. Click here to access more stats.


text:
The Oaken Heart
Margery Allingham
Georgina Sutton
Margery Allingham, already a successful crime writer, was living quietly in the Essex village of Tolleshunt D'Arcy ('Auburn') when the Second World War broke out. Her house became an Air Raid Wardens' post and a First Aid centre, and Allingham herself became responsible for 275 East London evacuees in a rural community of just over 600. Commissioned by American publishing friends to recount what life was like, she began The Oaken Heart in the autumn of 1940, when the Battle of Britain gave way to the London Blitz. Bombs fell, even on the Essex countryside, and a German invasion was fully expected. She conceived her work as an honest letter to America. Places were given fictional names but otherwise she told it like it was, whether funny or painful.
Unsentimental yet personal and rich in detail, this is an evocative first-hand account of day-to-day realities in a small community upended and terrified of the future - like so many villages of the time.
Biography & Memoir >
This title is due for release on October 26, 2021.
This title is due for release on October 26, 2021
The Oaken Heart...


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A Slītere Nemzeti Park () Lettország négy nemzeti parkja közül a legkisebb. A terület Kurland északi csücskén található, a Kolka-fok körül. Ez magában foglalja a Balti-tenger 101,3 km²-nyi vízfelszínét 10 méteres mélységéig, valamint 163,6 km² szárazföldet. A nemzeti park az európai Natura 2000 hálózat része.

A különböző élőhelyek miatt változatos növény- és állatvilág található itt, sok növény-, gomba- és állatfajjal, amelyek gyakran csak itt fordulnak elő Lettországon belül. A nemzeti park több védelmi zónára oszlik. Egyes területeket a látogatók nem kereshetik fel, de a parkban viszont  számos kerékpár- és túraútvonal található.

Története
A parkot többek között a 11 km²-es Slītere Természetvédelmi Területről hozták létre, amelynek erdőjét 1921 óta hagyták megműveletlenül. 1957-ben a védett terület mérete 78,6 km²-re, 1977-ben pedig 148,8 km²-re bővült. A Szovjetunió idején nagy részeket hagytak magukra, mivel katonai területként voltak számontartva. 2000-ben a természetvédelmi területet nemzeti parkká alakították át.

Földrajza
A park a Kurland-félszigeten található, a Kolka-fok azon pontján, amely az Irbe-szoros végét jelöli a Riga-öböl déli partján. Területe 265 km², ebből a Balti-tenger 101 km², ezzel Lettország legkisebb nemzeti parkja.

A 35 méter magas Zilie Kalni a park egyik legismertebb geológiai jellegzetessége. Több ezer évvel ezelőtt a Zilie Kalni alkotta a Balti-jégtó ősi magaspartját, ma félkör alakban terül el és meredeken szakad le a tengerbe.

40 millió évvel ezelőtt az éghajlat még szubtrópusi volt; a korszak megkövesedett borostyánját még mindig megtalálhatóak a tenger partján, miután a heves viharok felkavarták az üledékeket a tengerfenéken, és partra sodorja őket a hullámzás.

A kis Irbe folyó délnyugat-északkelet irányban, az Irbe-szoros partjának vonalát követve halad a Balti-tenger felé, és a nemzeti parkon belül éri el a tengert. Barna, hordalékban gazdag vize folyamatosan átformálja a torkolatának homokpartjait. Késő ősszel a pisztrángok a folyón úsznak fel, hogy elérjék ívóhelyüket.

Élővilága

Flóra
A Slītere Nemzeti Park híres az egykori partvonalat borító lombhullató erdőkről, valamint a dűnék (lett nyelven kangarik) és mélyedések (vigák) egyedülálló együtteséről, amelyekben dűnék közötti lápok találhatók. A lomblevelű erdők nagy része a Zilie Kalnin található. A park további 30%-át tűlevelű erdők borítják. 128-féle mohát, 195 zuzmót és több mint 700 gombafajt dokumentáltak. A Zilie Kalni lejtőit medvehagyma, tiszafa, balti borostyán, hegyi veronika és pajzspáfrány borítja. Lettországban az erdei árpa és az unalmas virágú rohanás csak ebben a nemzeti parkban található meg. A park több száz növény- és lombosmohafajnak ad otthont, ezek közül 29 faj Lettországban sehol máshol nem található meg.

Fauna
A Lettországban őshonos legnagyobb bogár, az ácscincér és lárvái a fenyőállományokban élnek. A Lettországban kihalással fenyegetett hegyi virágbogár az eredeti vegyes lombhullató erdőben él, ahol sok öreg fa és holt fa található. A kifejlett bogarak virágzó növényekkel táplálkoznak, különösen a réti legyezőfűvel. Az itt élő védett kétéltűek és hüllők a nádi varangy, a mocsári teknős és a rézsikló.

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

Európa nemzeti parkjai
Lettország földrajza


text:
Les Championnats d'Afrique de slalom de canoë-kayak sont une compétition sportive de canoë-kayak dans laquelle sont engagés les meilleurs pratiquants de slalom du continent africain.

La première édition a lieu en 2008 à Sagana.

Notes et références

Compétition fondée en 2008