text:
Asian American business owners question skill games ban, ask why casinos are still allowed
NORFOLK, Va. (WAVY) – Dozens of Asian Americans who own convenience stores in Virginia asked Gov. Ralph Northam why he's allowing casinos to come to Hampton Roads, but won't let small businesses operate these money-making machines.
A line in a recently passed bill (HB 2168) previously led some to believe the games could stick around until summer 2022.
But a proposed amendment from Governor Northam says those games must shut down by July 1, 2021. That's the cut off the General Assembly previously set.
Skill games will likely be banned this summer in Virginia, despite making millions for COVID relief
Skill games resemble slot machines. They are often found at gas stations, truck stops and restaurants and they've generated millions for the state's coronavirus response. Some business owners say they've become part of their livelihood. The Asian American store owners say Northam is discriminating against them by refusing to lift the ban.
"Well, it's very important that we get some help from our machines, otherwise some of our stores will be shut down permanently," said Bobi Patel, a local store owner.
A media release from former Norfolk Councilman Randy Wright states the tax on the gaming terminals generates an estimated $150 million a year.
A news conference on the issue happened around noon Monday at the Azalea Inn Restaurant on Little Creek Road in Norfolk.
Many Asian-owned and other minority-owned business owners rely on skill games to make money.
"The casinos will only produce $114 million annually. All five of them. While the skill games have already given more than $140 million to the fund that will double when we can go back to normalcy." said Wright during the press conference.
Virginia's General Assembly starts its first Asian American Caucus
Tags: allowed, American, Asian, ban, Business, casinos, Games, Owners, question, skill
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text:
Nigerian mum bursts into tears as she reunites with her mentally challenged son who went missing four years ago (video)
A viral video has captured the emotional moment a Nigerian mother reunited with her mentally challenged son, Bamidele, who went missing four years ago.
The young man, who was a 400-level student at Olabisi Onabanjo University, was found wandering on the streets by an NGO, South-Westshire Health Trust, who took him into their facility and has been taking care of him.
In the latest development, Bamidele started remembering a few things about his family and the NGO used the information he gave them to trace his mum.
Two days ago, the mum reunited with her son, and it was indeed an emotional moment.
In the viral video, the mother, seeing her son, burst into tears, hugged him, and kept asking if he could remember her.
Watch video below,
In related news, a Nigerian father shed happy tears as he reunited with his son after nine years of being apart from each other.
The lovely moment was captured on camera and was shared by the brother of the returnee on Twitter — according to him, his dad hasn't seen his brother in 9 years. In the video, the dad was first ectstatic seeing his son after almost a decade as he warmly embraced him.
Things later got quite emotional after the old man was shown the new car his son got for him. Overwhelmed with the gesture and reunion, the graceful father couldn't hold back tears as his son comforted him. Watch video here.
TikTok star, Emira D'Spain becomes the first black transgender model to work with Victoria's secret
MAPOLY student allegedly arrested by police officers for buying contraceptives and pregnancy test strips in Ogun State

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bryan Hunter introduces Erlang, comparing various language features with C#'s, emphasizing what it is good for and doing a demo.
How to see the demo in better resolution?
How to see demo in better resolution?
Ping me here or on Twitter (@bryan_hunter) if you would like screencasts on other specific bits.
It is not true that Erlang is stable across platforms, at least a couple of years ago when I gave it a fair go. Among a few bugs I encountered, the debugger kept crashing.


I love your lowlands surrounded by tidal creeks and marshes. I grew up swimming endless hours in the creeks of Mt. Pleasant and searching for seashells at low tide on the beaches. Although I cannot purchase places similar to my childhood home, I found the perfect 1940's restored cottage in Park Circle, North Charleston. We can easily walk to the river, to the neighborhood park we all call "the Duck Pond" or bike to Riverfront Park. Often we make our way down E. Montague - our area's main street - to sit outside and drink a pint or order a pistachio pesto pizza from Evo Pizzeria. When we do drive, we are so close to everywhere- 15 minutes to downtown for a nice dinner and walk along the Battery, 20 minutes to the Isle of Palms and Sullivan's Island and 10 minutes to Charles Towne Landing State Park where you can see an array of wildlife and scenic views on your hike. And when we don't wish to venture far form home, we sit on the porch and visit with neighbors or watch birds and butterflies in our flower beds. Life is good in the Lowcountry. You will always be my home.
Michel Hammes is a professional book peddler and is happily married. She and her husband Cary Jones have two dogs and two cats tho Michel would like to have a yard full of cats and is very put out that her husband has not warmed to the idea. She is finally going to Botswana, Africa next year to see elephants, lions and hippos in the wild. If she gets eaten, she said to not be sad- it was a good way to go...although she hopes it is fast.


The Bajra Bhakri is a Indian flat bread, it is tasty and healthy because of its high dietary fiber and other nutrients. This Bhakri is usually made with one of the millet flour. Bhakri is served with chutney, baingan bharta, all vegetables, thecha ( made from green chillies and peanuts ), pithale. Bhakris are made primarily with hot water, and flour. It needs to add hot water to make the dough which helps in rolling out easily. The Bajra Bhakri is mainly prepared in winter especially near the festival of Sankranti. Our ancestors were experts at making these tasty and healthy dish.
Sieve millet flour in a round shaped big bowl. Make a well into the flour and add boiled water. Rest it for about minute. Now knead to make soft dough. Make a small ball from dough and sprinkle some flour on floor or rolling board and make Bhakri by rolling with your palms, make it round shape. Meanwhile heat the frying pan or tava. Place bhakri on tawa (make sure tava should be hot). Be careful while putting the bhakri on tava dusted side should be at upper side. Spread little water on bhakri. Flip it and roast from both sides with the help of hand as shown in video. This technique helps bhakri to puff up nicely. Here, healthy, puffy Bajra Bhakri is ready to serve. It goes well with any curry. Enjoy!!!
Complete recipe contains - 378 calories.
Per serving contains 94.5 calories, along with carbohydrates - 18.25 g, fats - 1.05 g, proteins - 2.75 g.
Since the recommended dietary allowance for carbs is 130 grams daily, you'll gain 18 percent of your daily intake. The carbs consist almost entirely of starches, which are slowly digested complex carbs. You'll also get 6 percent of the daily value for protein based on consuming 2,000 calories daily.
Heart - It has ability to protect heart health. Millet is a rich source of magnesium, which is an important mineral for reducing blood pressure and the risk of heart attacks of strokes, particularly in the case of atherosclerosis. Millet is also a great source of potassium, which further keeps blood pressure low by acting as a vasodilator.
It helps to protect from diabetes, Magnesium is considered one of the most important minerals for increasing the efficiency of insulin and glucose receptors in the body, thereby preventing this disease.
Digestion - as it is fiber-rich foods which helps to improve digestion, millet can help to move gastrointestinal system along and eliminate problems like constipation, excess gas, bloating, and cramping.
Helps to lower risk of cancer.
It helps to increase energy levels, and improve muscle and nerve health.
It is good to eat Bajra Bhakri for lunch and dinner.


text:
Q: Auto Upload Files When Added to a Folder I was wondering how i could get file to automatically upload when added to a folder on my computer.
Simliar to what dropdox does so that when i add a new file to a folder on my desktop it will automatically recognize this an start and upload in the background and and place it on a server??
I have been googling could some point me in the right direction on how to learn this and what technology is used i.e ajax php jquery.
I understand this is probably quite a broad question but want to find the right places to start:)
Any Help Please.

A: You can use LINUX server's Cronjobs. Cronjobs is scheduled tasks. You have code a script which checks this folder and if there is a new file, uploads it. And you have to run this script every (for example) 5 minutes , via cronjobs.
But your computer must be open, always. And i'm not sure, can you list your local folders. Maybe you can use some technologies for this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
export interface JSONSerializable {
    toJSON(): Object;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Year : 2021 | Volume : 16 | Issue : 5 | Page : 92-100
Efficacy and safety of conventional synthetic, biologic, and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: A narrative review
Richard Conway1, Luke Corcoran2, Elena Nikiphorou3
1 Department of Rheumatology, St. James's Hospital; Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
2 Department of Rheumatology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
3 Department of Rheumatology, King's College Hospital; Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
Date of Submission 19-Jul-2021
Dr. Richard Conway
Department of Rheumatology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8
The range of therapeutic options available for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is becoming increasingly diverse. Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic DMARDs, and targeted synthetic DMARDs offer the rheumatologist a far greater breadth of treatment options than before. When choosing a treatment in the individual patient, several important factors need to be considered, one of which is the safety in RA interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Rheumatologists frequently encounter RA patients with RA-ILD or other co-existing lung diseases. The pulmonary safety profile of our medications is difficult to ascertain and as they are generally infrequent, adverse events are rarely identified in the initial treatment trials. The concern for the safety of these treatments has largely emerged from real-world observational data and has often been based on small numbers of case studies or retrospective analyses of observational studies. The evidence has been controversial with many agents implicated both in the context of predisposing or worsening the risk of ILD and at the same time as potentially beneficial treatments in delaying the onset or progression of ILD. As a result, clear guidance on the treatment of RA-ILD is generally lacking. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to detail our current knowledge of the safety of DMARDs in RA-ILD.
Keywords: Biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, interstitial lung disease, JAK inhibitors, methotrexate, rheumatoid arthritis
Conway R, Corcoran L, Nikiphorou E. Efficacy and safety of conventional synthetic, biologic, and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: A narrative review. Indian J Rheumatol 2021;16, Suppl S1:92-100
Conway R, Corcoran L, Nikiphorou E. Efficacy and safety of conventional synthetic, biologic, and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: A narrative review. Indian J Rheumatol [serial online] 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 1];16, Suppl S1:92-100. Available from: https://www.indianjrheumatol.com/text.asp?2021/16/5/92/332983
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population.[1] It typically causes symmetrical erosive arthritis resulting in progressive disability. However, the systemic effects of RA can involve nearly all other major organs. Lung involvement is one of the more common extra-articular manifestations and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality.[2] It is estimated that 3-8% of RA patients develop clinically significant interstitial lung disease (ILD), but the true prevalence is still unclear.[3],[4],[5] RA-ILD is one of the leading causes of death in RA with an associated mortality of 10-20% and the literature suggests a mean survival of 5–8 years at diagnosis.[3],[6]
Early treatment of ILD is important to mitigate the associated morbidity and mortality. But the therapeutic approach for RA-ILD is complicated by the potential disease-influencing role of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). While the development of RA-ILD is most likely largely driven by systemic inflammation in a genetically predisposed population, our medications have been implicated in the development of pulmonary complications. RA treatments have been suggested as causative factors in pneumonitis, predisposition to lung infections, and ILD. However, it has also been shown that the treatment of RA with these medications can be beneficial to the pulmonary manifestations of RA.[4],[7],[8]
The current European League Against Rheumatism recommendations and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines do not have specific guidance for RA-ILD suggesting management in a multidisciplinary setting; the ACR guidelines do recommend the use of methotrexate (MTX) in pulmonary disease.[9],[10] They also highlight early and aggressive treatment of RA with DMARDs. This article aims to review the current efficacy and pulmonary safety information of currently available DMARDs to provide insights into the treatment approach in RA-ILD. A summary of the evidence regarding currently used DMARDs in RA lung disease is shown in [Table 1] and [Figure 1]. We have proposed an algorithm for the treatment of RA in patients with ILD as shown in [Figure 2].
Table 1: Level of evidence of pulmonary efficacy and harm of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
Figure 1: Overall weight of evidence on pulmonary safety of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
Figure 2: Suggested management algorithm for rheumatoid arthritis with coexisting rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease
Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
MTX is the first-line medication for the treatment of RA and one of the most effective. It also has the worst reputation of the DMARDs for its association with pulmonary adverse effects.[11] It has been associated with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis and chronic ILD.[11] However, in contrast, recent data suggest beneficial effects in delaying the onset and progression of RA-ILD.[4],[12]
The diagnosis of MTX-pneumonitis can be difficult to make both due to its clinical presentation and lack of proven diagnostic criteria. The presentation of MTX-pneumonitis can be clinically indistinct from a severe respiratory infection or worsening of existing respiratory pathology. Even the histology shares features common with RA-ILD (cellular interstitial infiltrates, diffuse alveolar damage, tissue eosinophils, and granuloma).[13] A systematic literature review of 3463 patients with RA on MTX showed that 2% of patients had an element of lung toxicity. On review, only 15 (0.43%) of these patients were felt to be definitive cases of MTX-pneumonitis.[14] Prespecified adverse event analysis of the randomized double-blind cardiovascular inflammation reduction trial (CIRT) of MTX to prevent cardiovascular disease demonstrated that 0.3% of MTX-treated patients compared to 0.1% of placebo-treated patients developed pneumonitis.[15],[16] These findings are complemented by meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A meta-analysis of 22 RCTs involving 8584 patients with RA showed no association between MTX and noninfectious respiratory adverse events.[17] It did show an increased risk of infectious respiratory complications with MTX (risk ratio [RR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.21). When the specific adverse event of pneumonitis was looked at, it was found to be increased in MTX treated patients with a relative risk of 7.81 (95% CI 1.76–34.72), a similar relative risk to that reported from the CIRT study.[16],[17] A meta-analysis of MTX in 1630 non-RA patients was performed to avoid the potential confounding factor of the misdiagnosis of RA-ILD as MTX-pneumonitis.[18] This demonstrated no increase in infectious (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.88–1.19) or noninfectious (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.58–1.96) pulmonary complications with MTX, and only a single case of possible MTX-pneumonitis.[18] A combined meta-analysis of the 29 studies with 10,214 participants (5362 receiving MTX and 4852 comparator agents) included in these two meta-analyses was also performed.[19] This showed that MTX was associated with an increase in total respiratory adverse events (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16) and infectious respiratory adverse events (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.17), but not with noninfectious respiratory adverse events (RR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.73–1.44) or pulmonary death (RR 1.53, 95% CI: 0.46–5.01).[19]
Recently, the previously assumed association between MTX and RA-ILD has been challenged. Ibfelt et al. used the Danish national registry, to examine 30,512 RA patients of whom 60% had received MTX.[20] These patients were then compared to the RA patients who had never received MTX. There was no significant difference in incident ILD between the two groups, hazard ratio (HR) 1.00 (95% CI 0.78, 1.27). The standardized incidence ratio for ILD was 3-4 fold higher in people with RA compared to the general population but MTX use did not increase this further.[20] A prospective study of 128 patients compared respiratory outcomes using pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCTs) in those prescribed and not prescribed MTX.[21] Over 2 years, they demonstrated no significant difference in outcomes between the MTX and non-MTX patients or between MTX and non-MTX patients with proven ILD on HRCT at baseline. A multivariate analysis of two prospective cohort studies (the early RA study and the early RA network) examined rates of ILD in newly diagnosed RA patients exposed and nonexposed to MTX.[4] MTX exposure was associated with both a significantly reduced risk of incident RA-ILD (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.3–0.79) and a longer time to ILD diagnosis (OR 0.41, 95%CI 0.23–0.75). A retrospective multinational case–control study examined the association between MTX exposure and ILD in 410 RA patients with and 673 RA patients without ILD.[12] There was an inverse relationship between MTX exposure and RA-ILD (OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.26–0.69)) and a delay in ILD detection in MTX-users (11.4 ± 10.4 years vs 4.0 ± 7.4 years, P < 0.001).[12]
In summary, the evidence suggests that MTX may rarely be associated with pneumonitis.[16],[17] Recent studies have suggested that MTX may be protective in delaying the onset and progression of RA-ILD.[4],[12] The analysis of the literature shows a low incidence rate for MTX-associated hypersensitivity. MTX does appear to cause a small increased risk of respiratory infections. As the first-line medication in the treatment of RA and one of the keystones, this is reassuring as it shows the relative safety of MTX in ILD patients. There is little evidence to suggest the necessity of avoiding MTX when indicated due to respiratory concerns. The one caveat to this is that MTX is probably best avoided in patients who have an insufficient pulmonary reserve to survive the rare complication of MTX-pneumonitis.[22],[23] Those with a poor pulmonary reserve are also vulnerable to the increased risk of infectious pulmonary adverse events with MTX; this risk is shared with all other DMARDs.[17]
Leflunomide has been associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and worsening or new-onset ILD. This association initially emerged in case reports from Japanese populations.[24],[25] A systematic literature review of this data suggested that leflunomide was associated with ILD, however, this was vulnerable to the same potential confounding factors as the original case series.[26] A nested case–control study of 62,734 people with RA in the United States found an increased risk of ILD with leflunomide use (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.6).[27] However, among patients who had not received MTX and had no history of ILD the risk was not increased (RR 1.2, 95% CI 0.4–3.1), suggesting that this finding was likely due to channeling bias.[27] A meta-analysis of eight RCTs found no increase in total respiratory adverse events (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81–1.01) or infectious respiratory adverse events (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.84–1.10) with leflunomide.[28] Leflunomide was associated with a decrease in noninfectious respiratory adverse events (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41–0.97), and with no cases of pneumonitis compared to six cases in comparators.[28]
There is no clear evidence of a causal relationship between leflunomide and ILD. Similar to MTX, there appears to be a rare possibility of pneumonitis, and caution is probably warranted in those with poor baseline pulmonary function.
Azathioprine, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine
There is little in the published literature showing a significant link between the above medications and the worsening of ILD. The PANTHER-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) trial raised concerns regarding the pulmonary safety of azathioprine.[29] In this trial, in IPF, the combination of prednisolone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine was associated with increased mortality and severe respiratory adverse events.[29] Of course, the question remained as to which component of the combination treatment was responsible, with prednisolone perhaps the most likely culprit. Reassuringly, a retrospective cohort analysis demonstrated no increase in respiratory adverse events with azathioprine compared to mycophenolate mofetil.[30] There is a documented association between sulfasalazine and eosinophilic pneumonitis which generally recovers once sulfasalazine is ceased.[31],[32],[33] There is no evidence suggesting a link between sulfasalazine and ILD. Cases of possible drug-induced pneumonitis with hydroxychloroquine have also been reported.[34] Despite these reported idiosyncratic types of lung toxicity reactions, controlled studies have not convincingly demonstrated safety concerns or benefits of hydroxychloroquine or sulfasalazine in the context of ILD.
Cyclophosphamide has been commonly used in connective tissue disease-associated ILD, particularly in systemic sclerosis.[35] Extrapolating from these data, cyclophosphamide has been used in RA-ILD. Evidence supporting this is limited to retrospective case series.[36],[37],[38] Given the limited supporting data, and the increased adverse events observed with cyclophosphamide compared to other DMARDs, we would suggest being cautious in its use in RA-ILD.[39],[40]
Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors
There are currently five tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) licensed for the treatment of RA. Three monoclonal antibodies (adalimumab, golimumab, and infliximab) a recombinant soluble TNF receptor (etanercept), and the pegylated monoclonal antibody, certolizumab. TNFi are the most frequently used biologic DMARDs in RA and are often prescribed in conjunction with MTX. TNFi has known significant adverse effects and patients are monitored closely while using them. Concern has been raised over the long-term respiratory effects of these medications as TNF exhibits both profibrotic and antifibrotic effects and so there is biologic plausibility for an effect on ILD.[18],[19]
It was hypothesized that TNFi may have a role in stabilizing ILD due to the presence of TNF alpha in IPF.[18] However, successive trials, while many were underpowered, have not demonstrated this. The initial RCTs that demonstrated the efficacy of TNFi in RA reported no excess of ILD compared to placebo.[41],[42] However, RCTs are both underpowered to identify rare complications and of too short a duration to identify adverse events with long latencies. RCTs of TNFi in RA have generally excluded patients with RA-ILD from recruitment. A salutary lesson was learned from the postapproval identification of the increased risk of tuberculosis in TNFi treated patients.[43] Several case reports and series have reported new-onset or progressive ILD coincident with the commencement of TNFi.[44],[45],[46],[47] A case–control study of 163 RA patients from Japan found TNFi was associated with an increased risk of progression of RA-ILD, new-onset ILD, and mortality.[48] A retrospective study of 100 RA-ILD patients from Korea reported a 25% mortality in those treated with TNFi, frequently in the early stages of treatment.[49] A Spanish multicentre prospective observational study explored the association between different biologic DMARDs and outcomes in 69 patients with RA-ILD.[50] They found that nonanti-TNF biologic were associated with reduced worsening of ILD in multivariate analysis with an OR of 0.102 (95%CI, 0.015–0.686).[50]
There were also several early case reports documenting the improvement of RA-ILD with TNFi treatment.[51],[52] A US cohort study of 8417 people with autoimmune diseases found no association between TNFi use and incident ILD over an average follow-up of 3 years, with an adjusted HR of 1.03 (95% CI 0.51–2.07).[53] Detorakis et al., in a progressive study design, demonstrated stable ILD scores in patients on TNFi with no significant new incidences.[54] As TNFi is prescribed in more advanced forms of RA, which are more likely to develop ILD, this may be the cause of the increased incidence of RA-ILD. A British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register study looked at 367 RA-ILD patients.[55] They found that patients on a TNFi had a higher proportion of death from RA-ILD when compared to those on a conventional DMARD (21% vs. 7%).[55] However, there was no difference between all causes of mortality between the two groups. The authors hypothesized that the difference in deaths attributed to RA-ILD was due to the TNFi cohort having a more severe rheumatoid disease.
The evidence for a link between TNFi and RA-ILD is difficult to interpret. There are significant issues with confounding by indication when using real-life longitudinal data which call for caution when interpreting potential associations.[56] Inadequate adjustment for RA disease severity and other potential confounders leaves studies open to potential channeling bias. Patients commencing TNFi therapy tend to have more advanced RA and have most likely been on a conventional DMARD previously. Despite no large studies identifying a significant risk, all five TNFi have been implicated in causing or worsening RA-ILD. The data would suggest caution when prescribing TNFi in patients with known RA-ILD and close monitoring to identify new cases of RA-ILD. As a result of the existing literature, the British Society of Rheumatology recommends caution when prescribing TNFi in RA-ILD.[57]
Rituximab has emerged as the treatment of choice in RA-ILD and is also frequently used in ILD associated with connective tissue diseases. A 10-year single-center study from the United Kingdom examined 56 RA-ILD patients treated with rituximab.[7] The main outcome measure was serial PFTs; 16% improved, 52% were stable, and 32% deteriorated. There were also nine deaths due to progressive ILD.[7] A study utilizing the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for RA included 352 patients with RA-ILD; mortality was reduced by half in the rituximab-treated patients (compared to TNFi) but this did not reach statistical significance, HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.26–1.10.[58] A study based on the Spanish NEREA registry included 68 patients with RA-ILD and examined a primary endpoint of a decline of ≥5% in the predicted forced vital capacity; rituximab exposure was associated with a lower risk, HR 0.51 (95% CI 0.31, 0.85).[59]
While most of the data regarding rituximab use in RA-ILD is positive, there have been some notes of caution also. Rituximab has been associated with both infectious and noninfectious respiratory complications.[60] A systematic review of published data to 2010 identified 121 cases of new-onset ILD attributed to rituximab treatment.[60] Franzen et al. performed a prospective study of serial PFTs in 33 RA patients treated with rituximab. They reported an asymptomatic decline in the Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) in 22% of their patient cohort over 26 weeks.[61] Clearly the relevance of this finding is limited by the absence of a control group or further investigation as to the etiology of the PFT decline.
Rituximab remains a first-line treatment for RA-ILD. The data on which this is based is quite limited however and further studies are needed to confirm the suggested beneficial effects.
Abatacept
Abatacept is a selective T-cell co-stimulation moderator. The initial trials for abatacept excluded patients with preexisting ILD. Pooled data from 4149 patients in these trials showed that 11 abatacept-treated patients developed new-onset RA-ILD compared to none in the placebo group suggesting a possible association, incidence rate 0.11 (95% CI 0.06–0.20).[62] Subsequent to this however there were case reports of abatacept's efficacy in treating refractory RA-ILD.[63] Several trials have now suggested a role for abatacept in treating RA-ILD.[8],[64],[65] A Spanish multicenter study of 263 patients with RA-ILD reported stabilization or improvement of PFTs in 87.7%–90.6% of patients and of HRCT appearances in 77% of patients.[8] A retrospective Italian study reported similar results with stable or improved PFTs in 86.1%–91.7% and stable or improved HRCT in 81.4% of patients.[65] A 49-patient single-center study in Japan reported a reduction of new-onset or exacerbations of ILD in abatacept treated patients.[66] A large US-based cohort study of 3295 patients with known RA-ILD showed a nonsignificant incidence rate ratio of 0.44 (95% CI 0.18–1.09) for abatacept (compared to TNFi) for ILD exacerbation.[67] A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of nine studies of abatacept in RA-ILD has been performed and demonstrated improvement or stabilization of ILD imaging in 77%–93% and PFTs in >85%.[68] Abatacept was associated with significantly lower ILD worsening rates than TNFi and a 90% reduction in ILD deterioration at 24 months.[68] While these data are encouraging, all of these studies are limited by the observational nature of the data and the lack of a control group.[69] Based on these data, abatacept is emerging as a promising treatment option in RA-ILD.
Interleukin-6 inhibitors
Interleukin (IL)-6 inhibition with tocilizumab has been theorized to be protective of RA-ILD due to the profibrotic effects of IL-6.[70] However, observational data and published studies suggest an unclear picture. The majority of RCTs with tocilizumab did not report the occurrence of cases of ILD.[71],[72],[73] There was one death from ILD in a tocilizumab and MTX treated patient in the SURPRISE study.[74] Retrospective case series demonstrate worsening of RA-ILD. One study found an increased risk of worsening of RA-ILD in patients on tocilizumab monotherapy.[75] A retrospective Japanese study of 395 consecutive RA patients who received tocilizumab identified six patients with worsening of their RA-ILD posttocilizumab monotherapy.[76] These studies have suggested pre-existing RA-ILD and high disease activity as potential risk factors for exacerbations.[75],[76] Case-series have also demonstrated potential protective effects of tocilizumab in RA-ILD and the stabilization of respiratory function with its use.[77] In a study of 11,219 patients based on the Market-Scan databases, no significant difference between the risk of RA-ILD or its exacerbation was seen between other biologic DMARDs and tocilizumab.[78]
As the literature is unclear, despite the assumed anti-fibrotic effects of tocilizumab, we are unable to clearly comment on its potential role in RA-ILD.
Targeted Synthetic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
JAK inhibitors
JAK inhibitors (JAKi) are the newest option available for the treatment of RA. To date baricitinib, tofacitinib, filgotinib, and upadacitinib have been licensed. As these medications are relatively new there is a limited amount of observational data and our understanding of the off-target effects of the inhibition of the JAK pathway in ILD is somewhat limited. There is a mechanistic rationale for the blockade of the JAK/STAT pathway in ILD given the demonstration of the potential importance of this pathway in the pathogenesis of ILD.[79] The literature to date has not demonstrated any significant concerns regarding the respiratory safety of JAKi, however, given the limited data, it remains inconclusive. The initial RCTs showing the efficacy and safety of the JAKi had a lack of patients with preexisting lung disease, including RA-ILD. There were small numbers of cases of ILD reported in the RCTs, however, these were not more than would be expected due to the natural history of RA itself.[80] A long-term extension of a Japanese study which followed 187 patients receiving upadacitinib for 84 weeks reported no cases of ILD.[81] A descriptive report of 3770 patients from eight RCTs and one long-term extension study of baricitinib found 21 cases of ILD with an exposure-adjusted incidence rate of 0.17 per 100 patient years.[82] A retrospective study of 47 patients in Scotland compared the use of baricitinib and tofacitinib to rituximab in the treatment of RA patients with known ILD or bronchiectasis.[83] They found that JAKi use (compared to rituximab) was not associated with an increase in the rate of hospitalization or mortality due to respiratory causes.[83] A meta-analysis of pulmonary adverse events in 79 studies with 159,652 patients treated with JAKi did not show any increase in ILD with JAKi.[84]
The preliminary data for the safety of JAKi in RA-ILD is encouraging, however, longer-term trials are needed to further elucidate this.
This article has summarized the current evidence on the use of DMARDs in the context of RA-ILD. There are important and significant limitations in the existing literature which we need to be cognizant of when interpreting the data; these include confounding by indication, channeling bias, a lack of suitable comparator groups, and the use of retrospective observational data. For nearly every treatment option available there is a group of case studies suggesting exacerbation or new-onset RA-ILD. Larger studies have to date failed to corroborate such a relationship. New evidence for MTX suggests that it is much safer than previously supposed. Some experts have recommended against TNFi in the treatment of RA with RA-ILD, but the evidence is inconclusive. Rituximab and abatacept have the most supportive data in the treatment of RA-ILD, however, it remains limited. The newest group of medications, the JAKi, so far shows promising safety data in RA-ILD but do not as yet have a commensurate amount of real-world evidence as other bDMARDs. Treatment in RA-ILD should be decided on a case-by-case basis with tailored therapy for each patient.
Luke Corcoran: None declared, Richard Conway: Speakers bureau - Janssen, Roche, Sanofi, Abbvie, Elena Nikiphorou: Speakers bureau - AbbVie, Eli-Lilly, Gilead, Celltrion, Pfizer, Sanofi.
Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2016;388:2023-38.
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Md Yusof MY, Kabia A, Darby M, Lettieri G, Beirne P, Vital EM, et al. Effect of rituximab on the progression of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease: 10 years' experience at a single centre. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017;56:1348-57.
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Smolen JS, Landewé RB, Bijlsma JW, Burmester GR, Dougados M, Kerschbaumer A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79:685-99.
Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, St.Clair EW, Arayssi T, Carandang K, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 2021;73:924-39.
Fragoulis GE, Conway R, Nikiphorou E. Methotrexate and interstitial lung disease: Controversies and questions. A narrative review of the literature. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019;58:1900-6.
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Sparks JA, Barbhaiya M, Karlson EW, Ritter SY, Raychaudhuri S, Corrigan CC, et al. Investigating methotrexate toxicity within a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial: Rationale and design of the Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial-Adverse Events (CIRT-AE) study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2017;47:133-42.
Sparks JA, Dellaripa PF, Glynn RJ, Paynter NP, Xu C, Ridker PM, et al. Pulmonary adverse events in patients receiving low-dose methotrexate in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular inflammation reduction trial. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020;72:2065-71.
Conway R, Low C, Coughlan RJ, O'Donnell MJ, Carey JJ. Methotrexate and lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:803-12.
Conway R, Low C, Coughlan RJ, O'Donnell MJ, Carey JJ. Methotrexate use and risk of lung disease in psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2015;350:h1269.
Conway R, Carey JJ. Methotrexate and lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Panminerva Med 2017;59:33-46.
Ibfelt EH, Jacobsen RK, Kopp TI, Cordtz RL, Jakobsen AS, Seersholm N, et al. Methotrexate and risk of interstitial lung disease and respiratory failure in rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021;60:346-52.
Dawson JK, Graham DR, Desmond J, Fewins HE, Lynch MP. Investigation of the chronic pulmonary effects of low-dose oral methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective study incorporating HRCT scanning and pulmonary function tests. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:262-7.
Al Nokhatha SA, Harrington R, Conway R. Is methotrexate contra-indicated in lung involvement of rheumatoid arthritis? Joint Bone Spine 2020;87:535-7.
Fragoulis GE, Nikiphorou E, Larsen J, Korsten P, Conway R. Methotrexate-associated pneumonitis and rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: Current concepts for the diagnosis and treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019;6:238.
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Raj R, Nugent K. Leflunomide-induced interstitial lung disease (a systematic review). Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2013;30:167-76.
Suissa S, Hudson M, Ernst P. Leflunomide use and the risk of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1435-9.
Conway R, Low C, Coughlan RJ, O'Donnell MJ, Carey JJ. Leflunomide use and risk of lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic literature review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol 2016;43:855-60.
Raghu G, Anstrom KJ, King TE Jr., Lasky JA, Martinez FJ. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1968-77.
Oldham JM, Lee C, Valenzi E, Witt LJ, Adegunsoye A, Hsu S, et al. Azathioprine response in patients with fibrotic connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Med 2016;121:117-22.
Parry SD, Barbatzas C, Peel ET, Barton JR. Sulphasalazine and lung toxicity. Eur Respir J 2002;19:756-64.
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Barnes H, Holland AE, Westall GP, Goh NS, Glaspole IN. Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;1:CD010908.
Schupp JC, Köhler T, Müller-Quernheim J. Usefulness of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in interstitial lung diseases. Respiration 2016;91:296-301.
Ota M, Iwasaki Y, Harada H, Sasaki O, Nagafuchi Y, Nakachi S, et al. Efficacy of intensive immunosuppression in exacerbated rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Mod Rheumatol 2017;27:22-8.
Li L, Liu R, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Li Y, Xu Y, et al. A retrospective study on the predictive implications of clinical characteristics and therapeutic management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol 2020;39:1457-70.
Martin F, Lauwerys B, Lefèbvre C, Devogelaer JP, Houssiau FA. Side-effects of intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. Lupus 1997;6:254-7.
Martin-Suarez I, D'Cruz D, Mansoor M, Fernandes AP, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. Immunosuppressive treatment in severe connective tissue diseases: Effects of low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:481-7.
Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Kalden JR, Antoni C, Smolen JS, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1994;344:1105-10.
Moreland LW, Baumgartner SW, Schiff MH, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Weaver AL, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein. N Engl J Med 1997;337:141-7.
Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1098-104.
Ostor AJ, Crisp AJ, Somerville MF, Scott DG. Fatal exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis associated fibrosing alveolitis in patients given infliximab. BMJ 2004;329:1266.
Kramer N, Chuzhin Y, Kaufman LD, Ritter JM, Rosenstein ED. Methotrexate pneumonitis after initiation of infliximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:670-1.
Lindsay K, Melsom R, Jacob BK, Mestry N. Acute progression of interstitial lung disease: A complication of etanercept particularly in the presence of rheumatoid lung and methotrexate treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:1048-9.
Schoe A, van der Laan-Baalbergen NE, Huizinga TW, Breedveld FC, van Laar JM. Pulmonary fibrosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:157-9.
Nakashita T, Ando K, Kaneko N, Takahashi K, Motojima S. Potential risk of TNF inhibitors on the progression of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ Open 2014;4:e005615.
Koo BS, Hong S, Kim YJ, Kim YG, Lee CK, Yoo B. Mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease treated with an anti-tumor necrosis factor agent. Korean J Intern Med 2015;30:104-9.
Mena-Vázquez N, Godoy-Navarrete FJ, Manrique-Arija S, Aguilar-Hurtado MC, Romero-Barco CM, Ureña-Garnica I, et al. Non-anti-TNF biologic agents are associated with slower worsening of interstitial lung disease secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2021;40:133-42.
Vassallo R, Matteson E, Thomas CF Jr. Clinical response of rheumatoid arthritis-associated pulmonary fibrosis to tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition. Chest 2002;122:1093-6.
Antoniou KM, Mamoulaki M, Malagari K, Kritikos HD, Bouros D, Siafakas NM, et al. Infliximab therapy in pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen vascular disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007;25:23-8.
Herrinton LJ, Harrold LR, Liu L, Raebel MA, Taharka A, Winthrop KL, et al. Association between anti-TNF-α therapy and interstitial lung disease. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013;22:394-402.
Detorakis EE, Magkanas E, Lasithiotaki I, Sidiropoulos P, Boumpas DT, Gourtsoyiannis N, et al. Evolution of imaging findings, laboratory and functional parameters in rheumatoid arthritis patients after one year of treatment with anti-TNF-α agents. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2017;35:43-52.
Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, Lunt M; BSRBR Control Centre Consortium; Symmons DP, et al. Influence of anti-TNF therapy on mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1086-91.
Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment and the risk of severe interstitial lung disease. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:172-8.
Holroyd CR, Seth R, Bukhari M, Malaviya A, Holmes C, Curtis E, et al. The British Society for Rheumatology biologic DMARD safety guidelines in inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology 2018;58:e3-42.
Druce KL, Iqbal K, Watson KD, Symmons DP, Hyrich KL, Kelly C. Mortality in patients with interstitial lung disease treated with rituximab or TNFi as a first biologic. RMD Open 2017;3:e000473.
Vadillo C, Nieto MA, Romero-Bueno F, Leon L, Sanchez-Pernaute O, Rodriguez-Nieto MJ, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in slowing down progression of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease: Data from the NEREA Registry. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020;59:2099-108.
Hadjinicolaou AV, Nisar MK, Parfrey H, Chilvers ER, Ostör AJ. Non-infectious pulmonary toxicity of rituximab: A systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:653-62.
Franzen D, Ciurea A, Bratton DJ, Clarenbach CF, Latshang TD, Russi EW, et al. Effect of rituximab on pulmonary function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016;37:24-9.
Weinblatt ME, Moreland LW, Westhovens R, Cohen RB, Kelly SM, Khan N, et al. Safety of abatacept administered intravenously in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Integrated analyses of up to 8 years of treatment from the abatacept clinical trial program. J Rheumatol 2013;40:787-97.
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Kang EH, Jin Y, Desai RJ, Liu J, Sparks JA, Kim SC. Risk of exacerbation of pulmonary comorbidities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after initiation of abatacept versus TNF inhibitors: A cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020;50:401-8.
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Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Azuma J, et al. Study of active controlled tocilizumab monotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate (SATORI): Significant reduction in disease activity and serum vascular endothelial growth factor by IL-6 receptor inhibition therapy. Mod Rheumatol 2009;19:12-9.
Gabay C, Emery P, van Vollenhoven R, Dikranian A, Alten R, Pavelka K, et al. Tocilizumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ADACTA): A randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 4 trial. Lancet 2013;381:1541-50.
Burmester GR, Rubbert-Roth A, Cantagrel A, Hall S, Leszczynski P, Feldman D, et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous tocilizumab versus intravenous tocilizumab in combination with traditional DMARDs in patients with RA at week 97 (SUMMACTA). Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:68-74.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
Conway R
Corcoran L
Nikiphorou E
interstitial lung disease
Conventional Syn...
Biologic Disease...
Targeted Synthet...


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West Falmouth
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Joanne Quinn El-Fayoumy, 87, of Osterville passed away on June 11, 2018. Born October 7, 1930 In New York to Thomas and Helen (Foster)) Quinn. She was predeceased in 1989 by her beloved husband Saad G. El-Fayoumy. She received her BA in English from Barnard College and went on to complete a Master's degree from Columbia University where she met her husband to be. Her passion for the written word made her a popular professor at Norfolk State University in Virginia from 1967 to her retirement in 1988. Over the years she and Saad spent time living and traveling in Eqypt and the Sudan and had many adventures and made lifelong friends. Her home was filled with the many exotic pieces collected during that time. She will be greatly missed by many including cousins Kevin O'Neil (Paula), Michael O'Neil (Margaret) and goddaughter Erin O'Neil Konrad (Ernst) nephew Dr. Magdy El-Fayoumy of King of Prussia PA as well as many dear cousins and friends. Visitation will be on Thursday June 14, 2018 from 10 to 11AM in the John-Lawrence Funeral Home, 3778 Falmouth Road, Marstons Mills, MA. A funeral service will follow at 11AM in the funeral home. Burial will be in Mosswood Cemetery.
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Welcome to the Traditional Astrology Forum. I�m Tom Callanan the moderator of this particular topic, and I�m more than ably assisted by Kim Farnell. In order to form a more perfect place for discussion, we�re going to outline the purpose of this department and some guidelines.
This particular forum exists to learn, apply, and exchange techniques and ideas regarding traditional and ancient astrology and astrologers. �Traditional astrology� is a pretty broad topic, so we�ll offer a rough definition as follows: the type of tropical astrology practiced prior to 1700 and everything between 1700 and Alan Leo is close enough to count as traditional with a few exceptions. This type of astrology uses the tropical zodiac table of dignities, planetary strength, and is somewhat more involved with events in the native�s life than with motivation for behavior. The accuracy of this definition is not important; it is only a guideline. If anyone disagrees with it, and wishes to make a case, feel free.
What do we talk about? Pretty much the same stuff that has always been on this forum, but let�s not limit ourselves. Everything that concerns traditional astrology belongs here; as does anything contemporary that is written by and about traditional astrology by contemporary authors as well as those in the past. Although there are mundane and natal forums, these topics will be covered here, but from strictly a traditional viewpoint. Along the same lines, This is not an appropriate place for, �which one is better traditional or modern� debates. We would rather discuss the subject than defend it.
What to do about the outer planets? They exist in the material universe, but so do a lot of other things that have nothing to do with this topic. Let�s use them judiciously. There are more than a few first-rate traditional astrologers who use them � one of them is the owner of this site. I do have a suggestion for beginners and newcomers to traditional astrology who wish to become proficient with traditional astrology quickly. If possible adjust the preferences on your computer�s astrology program so the outer planets are not displayed. You will be surprised how much simpler it will make delineation. If we don�t permit ourselves to use them, then we will become familiar with the mindset of traditional astrology, and learn the subject that much more quickly. Horrified moderns diffident beginners types may ignore this advice. All computer settings are temporary, and can be undone with a minimum of fuss should you wish to reinstate the outers. If we are to use the outer planets, I ask that we do not use them as sign rulers, at least not here.
Asteroids, Chiron, Centaurs, Sabian symbols and other conventions associated with modern astrology that would spin William Lilly in his grave are not welcome. There are other forums on Skyscript where these conventions are more appropriate. It�s nothing personal; it�s just in keeping with the philosophy of this particular forum. On the other hand any modern seriously interested in learning the tradition should feel free to ask questions that compare one method to the other in order to clarify the differences.
Let�s make mistakes. No one ever learned anything by being right. Passion is fine. People who hold strong opinions tend to be more interesting than people who are wishy-washy, but there is a difference between strong beliefs and self-absorption.
Let�s be helpful. The last thing I want is a novice fleeing the site chased by the twin dragons of arcane terminology and jargon. People who ask legitimate questions at any level are entitled to answers. Help them; don�t confuse them.
Use sources judiciously. If we are stating an idea that is unusual or radical, then a source is helpful because opinions without facts are often useless. But this is a forum - not a place for scholarly publication. Extensive footnotes aren�t necessary for every claim.
Let�s be civil. Skyscript members are unusually well behaved; let�s keep it that way. We were all novices once and none of us, not even your intrepid moderator knows everything there is to know about astrology or even traditional astrology. Ideas are fair game; people are not. People from all over the world come to this site. There are going to be many differences in outlook. Respect that. Also respect the fact that we have members for whom English is not their first language. As Deb says, they make an honest effort to write in their second or third language, therefore we owe them the obligation to make the effort to understand and help them.
This is not a free chart service. While it is understandable that someone would want to understand his or her own chart in the traditional manner, the best way to do that is through effort. It takes no effort to write, �I spent all night thinking about this and I can�t figure it out: what does Jupiter in the 4th house mean?� A little better is: �All the books I�ve read say that Jupiter in the 4th house indicates a happy family life, but my parents� marriage fell apart the week after the honeymoon and now Dad rarely comes home and Mom has more boyfriends than I do. What�s wrong with my chart?� At least that person read a little bit.
When referring to a specific chart, please post the data. I�ll either ask Deb or learn how to post charts myself, and will do so when appropriate. If the chart is of another person it is not necessary to identify the individual other than by gender; in fact with identity theft on the rise, it is probably best not to identify beyond a false name and gender. It would be appropriate to ask the individual for permission to post the data. Also it is a big help to add the MC and/or ASC sign and degree so we can check our chart against the one under discussion for accuracy. Typos are common and can throw off a chart by hours.
Finally, and most importantly, let�s have fun. There is no purpose served in putting time, effort, not to mention money into this craft and not taking pleasure from it. Astrology has so much to give. It can provide endless hours of satisfaction even if we never earn a dime from it. That spirit should be reflected in our work, our posts, and our responses. Relax and enjoy, and be grateful for this endlessly fascinating subject and the marvelous technology that makes all of this possible.


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«Iron Man 3» – primera imagen oficial
Jal-9000
Marvel Studios nos comunica el notición de que Iron Man 3 entra en fase de producción, y nos regala una primera imagen de Stark rodeado de armaduras nuevas y brillantes.
Esta nueva entrega del hombre de hojalata la dirige Shane Black, y sigue estando protagonizada por Robert Downey Jr. en el papel de Tony Stark/Iron Man.
Aunque anteriormente se hubiera confirmado el nombre de Ben Kingsley (por él mismo), en el comunicado sólo se confirman los nombres de Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle y Jon Favreau, de modo que la rumorología ya está en marcha nuevamente… Lo de siempre.
Based on the ever-popular Marvel comic book series, first published in 1963, "Iron Man 3" returns Robert Downey Jr. ("Iron Man," "Marvel's The Avengers") as the iconic Super Hero character Tony Stark/Iron Man along with Gwyneth Paltrow ("Iron Man," "Iron Man 2,") as Pepper Potts, Don Cheadle ("Iron Man 2") as James "Rhodey" Rhodes and Jon Favreau ("Iron Man," "Iron Man 2") as Happy Hogan. Set for release in the U.S. on May 3, 2013, Marvel's "Iron Man 3" marks the second feature to be fully owned, marketed and distributed by Disney, which acquired Marvel in 2009.
"Iron Man 3" continues the epic, big-screen adventures of the world's favorite billionaire inventor/Super Hero, Tony Stark aka "Iron Man." Marvel Studios' President Kevin Feige is producing the film. Executive producers on the project include Jon Favreau, Louis D'Esposito, Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Charles Newirth, Victoria Alonso, Stephen Broussard and Dan Mintz.
The creative production team on the film includes two-time Oscar®-winning director of photography John Toll, ASC ("Braveheart," "Legends of the Fall"), production designer Bill Brzeski ("The Hangover," "Due Date"), editors Jeffrey Ford, A.C.E. ("Marvel's The Avengers," "Captain America: The First Avenger") and Peter S. Elliot ("Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer"), and costume designer Louise Frogley ("Quantum of Solace," "Contagion").
Marvel Studios most recently produced the critically acclaimed "Marvel's The Avengers," which set the all-time, domestic 3-day weekend box office record at $207.4 million. The film, which is currently in release, continues to shatter box office records and is The Walt Disney Studios' highest-grossing global and domestic release of all time and marks the studios' fifth film to gross more than $1 billion worldwide.
In the summer of 2011, Marvel successfully launched two new franchises with "Thor," starring Chris Hemsworth, and "Captain America: The First Avenger," starring Chris Evans. Both films opened #1 at the box office and have grossed over $800 million worldwide combined. In 2010 "Iron Man 2," starring Robert Downey Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson and Mickey Rourke, took the #1 spot in its first weekend with a domestic box office gross of $128.1 million.
In the summer of 2008, Marvel produced the summer blockbuster movies "Iron Man" and "The Incredible Hulk." "Iron Man," in which Robert Downey Jr. originally dons the Super Hero's powerful armor and stars alongside co-stars Terrence Howard, Jeff Bridges and Gwyneth Paltrow, was released May 2, 2008, and was an immediate box office success. Garnering the number one position for two weeks in a row, the film brought in over $100 million in its opening weekend. On June 13, 2008, Marvel released "The Incredible Hulk," marking its second number one opener of that summer.
Iron Man 3, primer trailer oficial
Pósters conceptuales y Wall-Art para Los Vengadores
Cartel, trailer y sinopsis para «Rock of ages»
Etiquetas: Avengers, Hulk, Iron Man, Iron Man 2, iron man 3, los vengadores, Marvel Comic, Marvel Studio, películas de superhéroes, Pepper Potts, Robert Downey, Shane Black, Thor


text:
Q: GDB doesn't find debugging symbols in Rust executable This is my Cargo.toml with debugging settings:
[package]
name = "rpolysolve"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["stiv"]

[dependencies]
[profile.dev]
debug = true
opt-level = 0

As I can see from console output, cargo has not removed debug symbols:
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 5.66 secs

I have downloaded gdb-7.9.1-tdm64-2 to my C:\gdb-7.9.1-tdm64-2 folder on windows7. Now I try to launch it with this command from project folder:
C:\gdb-7.9.1-tdm64-2\gdb64\bin\gdb.exe ./target/debug/rpolysolve.exe

GNU gdb (GDB) 7.9.1
... GNU blablabla cut here ...
Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...
Reading symbols from ./target/debug/rpolysolve.exe...(no debugging symbols found)...done.

As you see it says no debugging symbols found and there is now way how I can set a breakpoint. How can I fix this?

A: Ok, the solution is to switch toolchain, i.e. to make binaries be compatible with GNU:
rustup install stable-gnu
rustup default stable-gnu

I don't know if there is gdb.exe for msvc toolchain.


Located adjacent to the A5086 between Cockermouth and Egremont, Lamplugh Village Hall is an integral part of the Parish and surrounding community. Many activities take place at the Village Hall and it is the centre for a variety of local clubs and societies.
The well equipped hall makes an ideal venue and, as well as being popular for family events, it is also used by business organisations for meetings and seminars. Please explore our website to find out more about the Village Hall, including the events and facilities. To see the current bookings and availability please view our calendar.
To serve our community better, we have ambitious plans to improve our Village Hall and are therefore progressing significant developments. If you are interested in getting involved in this exciting project, have an idea, a suggestion, or want to guide the decisions made, do contact us and get involved! Also call in to our public consultation (open 1 to 5pm on Saturday 10th June and 10am to 12pm on Sunday 11th June) to see plans and a model of possible options and to share your thoughts and opinions.
For more information about the Village Hall or to reserve tickets for any of our events (that can be paid for on the door), please email bookings@lamplughvillagehall.org.uk or contact us. Posters for our forthcoming events are displayed on the notice board.


Canyoning tour program in Dalat Vietnam is an activity that includes abseiling, sliding the water, jumping down the waterfalls, hiking and swimming. You'll need some special skills for abseiling but it isn't very difficult.
Welcome to the DLI Da Lat Airport limousine page, including both limo and private Da Lat Airport car service transfers plus fares and tipping protocols.
Are you a DLI Da Lat Airport limousine or private car company?


text:
Q: Trying to save a User Password using Repository Pattern I've been trying to debate on how to add information on a table with child tables.  When I initialize a User, the user needs to have the password encrypted and the data inserted into the child classes.  As I am not fully familiar with the Repository, Unit of Work Patterns, I want to ensure I do this properly the first time around.  Thanks!
My tables are:
User, UserRoles
My Code:
[HttpPost]
    public ActionResult AddUser(User user)
    {
        try
        {
            if (ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                uow.UserRepository.Insert(user);
                uow.Save();
                return RedirectToAction("Index", "User");
            }
        }
        catch (DataException)
        {
            ModelState.AddModelError("", "Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists, see your system administrator.");
        }
        return View(user);

    }

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository, IDisposable
{
    private StudentSchedulingEntities _context;

    public UserRepository(StudentSchedulingEntities context)
    {
        if (context == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("context");

        _context = context;
    }
    public IEnumerable<User> GetUsers()
    {
        return _context.Users.ToList();
    }
    public User GetUserByID(int id)
    {
        return _context.Users.Find(id);

    }
    public void InsertStudent(User user)
    {
        _context.Users.Add(user);
    }
    public void DeleteStudent(int userID)
    {
        User usr = _context.Users.Find(userID);
        _context.Users.Remove(usr);
    }
    public void UpdateStudent(User user)
    {
        _context.Entry(user).State = EntityState.Modified;
    }
    public void Save() {
        _context.SaveChanges();
    }
    public void Dispose()
    {
        Dispose(true);
        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
    }
    protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing)
        {
            if (_context != null)
            {
                _context.Dispose();
                _context = null;
            }
        }
    }
}

 public interface IUserRepository : IDisposable
{
    IEnumerable<User> GetUsers();
    User GetUserByID(int userID);
    void InsertStudent(User user);
    void DeleteStudent(int userID);
    void UpdateStudent(User user);
    void Save();
}

public class UnitOfWork : IDisposable
{
    private StudentSchedulingEntities _context = new StudentSchedulingEntities();
    private GenericRepository<User> userRepository;

    public GenericRepository<User> UserRepository
    {
        get
        {

            if (this.userRepository == null)
            {
                this.userRepository = new GenericRepository<User>(_context);
            }
            return userRepository;
        }
    }

    public void Save()
    {
        _context.SaveChanges();
    }

    private bool disposed = false;

    protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (!this.disposed)
        {
            if (disposing)
            {
                _context.Dispose();
            }
        }
        this.disposed = true;
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        Dispose(true);
        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
    }
}

Update From Comments:
[HttpPost]
    public ActionResult AddUser(AddUserViewModel auvm)
    {
        try
        {
            if (ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                uow.UserRoleRepository.Insert(auvm.UserRole);
                uow.UserRepository.Insert(auvm.User);

                uow.Save();
                return RedirectToAction("Index", "User");
            }
        }
        catch (DataException)
        {
            ModelState.AddModelError("", "Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists, see your system administrator.");
        }
        return View(auvm);

    }

public class AddUserViewModel
{
    public User User { get; set; }
    public UserRole UserRole { get; set; }
    public UserRoleType UserRoleType { get; set; }
    public IEnumerable<SelectListItem> UserRoleTypes { get; set; }
}

A: Simply create a new User object. Assign the UserRoles to the user. Save the user object. The context class acts as the unit of work - it saves everything only when you call Save Changes.

*

*Create a new user

*Add the roles to the user (if required)

*Call repository InsertStudent

*Call Save
Your code above seems to be doing this except for the roles, so far it seems OK to me.

Some choose to go the ViewModel route (which is recommended) so you would be posting a UserCreateViewModel which looks very similar to your User class. This way if the user class changes or you don't want everything exposed to the user, you can more easily handle these cases.


The TCU Justice Coalition plans to use social media and a proposal to broaden DEI into the Core Curriculum to create a more welcoming campus.
The School of Interdisciplinary Studies celebrates their public launch, engaging students with programs that empower change.
TCU will celebrate the public launch of their new School of Interdisciplinary Studies Thursday.
The DEI committee hopes to include diversity in the core with the support of students and faculty.
DEI committee hopes to lead faculty towards more commitment to diversity across all departments.
TCU looks to select a new candidate for provost position by December.


The video will start in 8 Cancel Play now. If you enjoyed this, you may also like some of my other writing. He was not violent and has never taken off my clothes by force. This is but a small piece of my lifelong daily writing practice Day He makes me happy. Boys are idiots at fifteen. Leicestershire Police Woman hurt in double decker bus bridge crash left 'unable to sleep or eat properly'.
August 20, at Subscribe to our Daily newsletter Enter email Subscribe. To download the Android app click here. I feel better now. Whats to say eventually he wont try this with her? Emigration Irish ex-pats offered free flights home from Australia, US, Canada and New Zealand if they find a job in Ireland The scheme was extended after it proved hugely popular.


text:
HomeUSA News
'You sign off on genocide': Protesters attack Haley over Palestine (VIDEO)
US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley received the wrong kind of welcome at the University of Houston when she was met with chants accusing her of having blood on her hands and of signing off on genocide in her support for Israel.
Haley was mere moments into her speech at the university on Tuesday and had just referred to the "very busy few weeks in American foreign policy" when she was interrupted by a protester shouting, "Nikki Haley, the blood is on your hands."
"Oh jeez," a visibly nervous Haley said as the protester continued to shout, "you continue to sign off on the genocide of a native people" to loud applause and booing.
"Nikki, Nikki can't you see, you are on a killing spree!" a number of protesters shouted. "Haley, Haley, you can't hide, you sign off on genocide."
Haley has emerged as a staunch supporter of Israel in her role at the UN. After Israel killed more than 60 Palestinians at the Great Return March protests last week, Haley defended its "restraint" at an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council before walking out of the room when Palestinian envoy Riyad Mansour began speaking.
Nikki Haley walked out on the Palestinian rep so we walked out on her#NikkiSidesWithGenocide#FreePalestinepic.twitter.com/QlZh3p1KCN
— Ramadan Kareem (@kareem_hlayhel) May 23, 2018
"Nikki, Nikki you will see, Palestine will be free!" the protesters shouted. Haley looked uncomfortable throughout, a small smile falling from her face as the chants continued.
READ MORE: 'No link between US embassy move & deaths of Palestinians' – Nikki Haley at UNSC
The protest ended with a walkout and loud applause as Haley continued to speak. "While disruptive as that might have been, it's a reason to celebrate, because my husband and my brother are combat veterans and they fought for their right to be able to do that," she said. The irony of the situation, with the protest being against her support for Israel's killing of protesters in Gaza, seems to have escaped her.
UH students walked out on @nikkihaley today #NikkiSidesWithGenocidepic.twitter.com/AGFSrNHADX
— emily Ⓥ (@emilyherbivore) May 22, 2018
Students for Justice in Palestine and 12 other groups released a statement explaining their issue with Haley's presence at the university. "Nikki Haley's spiteful actions before and during her time as ambassador to the United Nations demonstrate her blatant discrimination against Palestinians and blind eye to injustices around the world," it said. "Nikki Haley has worked relentlessly to block the UN Humans Rights investigation into Israel's murderous crimes in Gaza, which resulted in 109 dead and thousands more injured, including children, women and the disabled."
IsraelNikki HaleyState of Palestine
'Terrible massacre': Israel kills 59, injures 2,771 Gaza protesters as US embassy opens in Jerusalem
A refugee's lifetime: Palestinian grandmother tells RT of 70 years of Israeli occupation


text:
Nuclear reactor at Fort Belvoir to be decommissioned
By fox5dc.com staff
FOX 35 Orlando
FORT BELVOIR, Va. (FOX 5 DC) - Tucked away on the Fort Belvoir army base, the SM-1 nuclear reactor was fully operational for many years, but now there's a plan to take it all down and build over it.
Stepping into the former nuclear power plant is like a blast from the past. It's been virtually untouched since the day it was deactivated back in the 1970s. The plan now is to tear it down and haul it away.
"We actually had several former operators come back and tour the facility, do interviews. And they recall it as it is now, you can see some of the on-shift boards are the same the day that it was shutdown," said U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project manager Brenda Barber.
The now rundown abandoned building is straight out of a retro movie set. What was once buzzing with energy -- literally -- as the country's first nuclear power reactor to provide electricity to a power grid, is now at rest.
The 2 megawatt SM-1 reactor began operations at Fort Belvoir in 1957 and for 16 years would power the base and serve as a training facility for nuclear technicians from all branches of the military.
But it is now one of three deactivated nuclear plants that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is tearing down. The first one they completed was a floating barge on a Virginia military base.
"We did that one because it was mobile and it was more vulnerable from our perspective. The second one is here cause it's in D.C. proper -- it's close to the White House so we are moving to this facility to remove this potential risk and then the last one is in Alaska in a very remote location," said Barber.
Project manager Brenda Barber tells FOX 5 that all nuclear fuels and harmful radioactive waste was removed from this Fort Belvoir site, when it closed in 1973 they had to wait decades before bulldozing over it to allow for any remaining radioactivity to decay.
But starting in 2020, nearby communities could begin to see materials from this site on the move on some of their city streets.
"We will try to remove all the radioactivity. All the impacted items first. They will be properly secured into department of transportation shipping containers and they will leave via truck from the installation," said Barber.
"We feel this is a very low-risk project, safety is a number one priority but we do want to engage public early," she said.
The very first public meeting on the dismantling was scheduled for Tuesday night, but because of the snow it was postponed til next month.
Skydiver injured after 'hard landing' in DeLand, police said
Man charged with murder in death of Home Depot worker, 83, after shoplifting incident: police
FWC recommending charges in alleged shark hammer attack at Florida beach
Union representing Disney World employees urging workers to reject company's latest wage offer


text:
Megan Gale reveals she won't have anymore kids
Megan Gale believes her career suffered after split from Andy Lee
"People Thought We'd Split Up": Megan Gale says her kids struggled during Shaun's Survivor stint
Australian Survivor star Shaun Hampson breaks down as he talks about Megan Gale
MAFS: Are these Jessika Power's RACIEST pics yet?
How To Grow Your Instafollowing (It's Not What You Think)
Paris Jackson reveals Grandfather Joe's final moments as she pays tribute to him after his death
David Beckham shares an emotional Instagram post about his mother
Hugh Jackman shares a rare photo with wife Deborah Lee Furness
Carrie Bickmore announces she's pregnant with her third child on Instagram
Samuel Johnson shares an emotional Instagram post about his late sister Connie
Jessica Simpson reveals her son Ace Knute was rushed to hospital after he broke his arm
Jeremy Meeks and Chloe Green welcome baby boy
Did Ariana Grande and Pete Davidson just joke about having kids together on Instagram?
Megan Gale has made an emotional tribute to husband Shaun Hampson on Instagram
Such a proud wifey. - by Abi Moustafa
Megan Gale has taken to Instagram to make a heartfelt announcement about her husband Shaun Hampson's career – confirming he has retired from AFL after suffering from a series of injuries.
megankgale View Profile
6,174 likes - View Post on Instagram
This guy 💛 When he wasn't injured, he was one of the best tap ruckmen in the AFL. Not bad for someone who hadn't even picked up a footy until his mid teens. Unfortunately, injuries for him were common,often debilitating & most of the time,pushed to one side while he played on & on & often in agony unbeknownst to a lot of people. 2016 was his best season to date & he dominated in the ruck for @richmond_fc & 2017 was looking bright...until his back gave out on him. After enduring countless procedures to get his back right again so he could reclaim his position in the squad (I've lost count how many needles he's had into his spine & his L5 disc) he fought back bloody hard & he almost got there at the end of the season, listed as an emergency for the Tigers for the 2017 AFL Grand Final. But it wasn't to be. I can't imagine the feeling of trying to overcome all kinds of physical, emotional & mental obstacles to get to an end goal, the ultimate goal of your whole career & only just missing out. Only to watch all of your brothers forge ahead & claim victory & glory without you. And then, as an added kicker, narrowly missing out on reaching 100 games. But he never once said anything negative about that. Or any of it. I've never seen someone persevere, persist & be so professional while battling & dealing with some serious levels of pain. And all the while managing to laugh, joke, keep his spirits up, support his teammates to the enth degree & do everything in his power to still give 100% to his club. And then at the end of those long, hard days, still manage to come home & give 100% to his kids & not let the strain of the day impact on his ability to be an amazing Dad & partner. He'll probably be quite embarrassed that I've posted this. I may even be asked to remove it as he'll think it's making too much of a fuss..that it's too much "carry on". But it was something I felt had to be said. You are one in a million Shaun Hampson - & those who know & love you would agree with me I'm sure. I'll miss watching you do your thing on the field as will a lot of people, but I'm excited for your future & our future together. Cheers to you big guy - you've done us all proud 😘❤
"This guy 💛," she simply began the post.
"When he wasn't injured, he was one of the best tap ruckmen in the AFL. Not bad for someone who hadn't even picked up a footy until his mid-teens. Unfortunately, injuries for him were common, often debilitating & most of the time, pushed to one side while he played on & on & often in agony unbeknownst to a lot of people," she wrote.
"2016 was his best season to date & he dominated in the ruck for @richmond_fc & 2017 was looking bright...until his back gave out on him. After enduring countless procedures to get his back right again so he could reclaim his position in the squad (I've lost count how many needles he's had into his spine & his L5 disc) he fought back bloody hard & he almost got there at the end of the season, listed as an emergency for the Tigers for the 2017 AFL Grand Final. But it wasn't to be."
"I can't imagine the feeling of trying to overcome all kinds of physical, emotional & mental obstacles to get to an end goal, the ultimate goal of your whole career & only just missing out. Only to watch all of your brothers forge ahead & claim victory & glory without you. And then, as an added kicker, narrowly missing out on reaching 100 games."
shampson_ View Profile
la famiglia #guineapig
The model then went on to praise her husband for his incredible attitude despite such a difficult period in his life. "He never once said anything negative about that. Or any of it. I've never seen someone persevere, persist & be so professional while battling & dealing with some serious levels of pain. And all the while managing to laugh, joke, keep his spirits up, support his teammates to the enth degree & do everything in his power to still give 100% to his club."
"And then at the end of those long, hard days, still manage to come home & give 100% to his kids & not let the strain of the day impact on his ability to be an amazing Dad & partner."
Gale then went on to admit her partner and the father of her children would be "quite embarrassed" that she has posted the heartfelt letter, but it was something she "felt had to be said."
Too sweet. Wishing Shaun all the best in his future endeavours.
Aquatic Adventures with this spunk ⚓🐠 @vomoislandfiji #vomomoments 🐚🌊 @shampson_
Abi Moustafa
A word enthusiast, bold lipstick collector and avid pop culture junkie. Am inclined to chat politics but only after we discuss Mariah Carey's octave range.


This eighteen multiplex cinema, with an additional Imax auditorium, was the first of its kind to be built in Canada. It is located in the City of Vaughan which borders with the north-west limits of the City of Toronto.
There are nine cinema auditoria to the north of the central circular rotunda, and nine cinema auditoria to the south of the circular rotunda, with the Imax theatre at the east of the rotunda. In addition to housing the ticket booths and ticket dispensing machines, there is a central circular refreshment dispensing area in the centre of the rotunda.
A four sided structural steel tower, which is exposed to view, rises from the precise centre of the rotunda, through the refreshment vending area, and the bar area above, to support the main truss system at the high roof level of the rotunda. Above the roof of the rotunda, there is a decorative "flying saucer like" structure clad in steel deck siding.
The non structural interior masonry walls, which provide sound attenuation between the auditoria, and the perimeter precast wall panels, which are part of the building envelope, along with the glass and aluminum curtain walls of the rotunda are supported on reinforced concrete grade beams spanning between caissons, which are carried down to sandy silt till, capable of safely sustaining a pressure of 1440 kilopascals, ie. 30096 pounds or 15.05 tons per square foot.
Within the envelope of the insulated precast wall panels, the structure is a steel frame, with the columns, arranged within the walls separating the auditoria, supporting steel beams above the walls and steel trusses which span the width of the auditoria, which in turn support 400 mm deep open web steel joists, and 38 mm deep by 0.76 mm, thick steel deck.
The roof of the rotunda is carried on five major structural steel trusses, a 1000 mm deep welded wide flange steel beam, two 700 mm deep welded wide flange beams, and eight 600 mm deep wide flange beams, all of which support steel purlins and 38 mm deep by 0.76 mm thick steel deck.
The reinforced concrete structure, in the centre of the rotunda, which supports the bar above the refreshment dispensing area was awarded honourable mention by the Ontario Ready Mixed Concrete Producers Association.


text:
The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. It was first published by Oxford University Press as a book with CD-ROM in 2005, and was released as the second edition on the Internet in April 2008. It is maintained by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library. The editors are Martin Haspelmath, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil and Bernard Comrie.

The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with OpenStreetMap maps. The information of the atlas is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data project hosted by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

See also
Intercontinental Dictionary Series

References

External links

Download WALS Interactive Reference Tool (obsolete - Windows XP or Mac PowerPC)
Conlang Atlas of Language Structures. Inspired by WALS, it includes some of the information contained in WALS and adds data about many constructed languages.

Linguistic atlases
Creative Commons-licensed websites
Creative Commons-licensed databases
2005 non-fiction books
Internet properties established in 2008
Linguistics websites
Works on linguistic typology
Comparative linguistics
Linguistics databases
Cross-Linguistic Linked Data

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you've read previous blog posts, you'll know that I'm a fan of different and unusual chart types. If the chart types are visually interesting and striking, but don't necessarily follow visualisation best practices, then, for me, sometimes, so much the better! I've blogged about, and attempted, sunburst charts, radial bump charts, bump charts, spiral charts, chord charts, spark bar charts … you get the message.
But when I recently found out about the Marimekko chart a few months ago, even I wasn't sure if I liked it. I couldn't really think of a use of such a chart other than just for the sake of it, and though that doesn't always stop me, I wanted to be sure I could make sense of a use case for it.
So what is a Marimekko chart? Below is a simple example from think-cell.com, the first example you might come across using a well-known search engine. Essentially, it is a stacked bar-chart which totals to a whole both horizontally and vertically. To this extent, each vertical bar has a different width proportional to the overall sub-sample.
But this week's MakeoverMonday dataset got me thinking. The original chart requiring a makeover was the chart below, from the Guardian.
The chart aims to show the chance of each profession becoming automated within 15 years or so, along with the percentage each profession consists of in the workforce. The main issue, for me, with the original visualisation, was that showing two percentages on the same axis doesn't really make sense. We're being asked to compare two percentages which aren't relevant to each other, so don't belong on the same scale.
But I wanted a different way to combine likelihood of automation with the overall share of UK workforce for each profession. From a numerical point of view, multiplying the two together will give the overall percentage of the entire UK workforce. And from a visualisation point of view, this can be represented by multiplying height and width together to give area.
Enter the Marimekko chart. With x-axis ranging from 0% to 100% and y-axis also ranging from 0 to 100%, the entire chart area therefore represents 100% of the UK workforce. Realising this as I experimented with visualising the data was the lightbulb moment for me where the Merimekko was concerned. The total area of the bars therefore nicely sums up to the overall percentage of the population at risk, in this case a round figure of 30%.
Thank you also to the suggestion of Steve Wexler – he has a simper version of the same process here, which will be familiar to any users of his excellent and instructive stacked bar charting method for Likert questions in survey data. Be sure to check it out for his thoughts on the Merimekko (initially sceptical and similar to mine). But where it really comes into its own is in visualising two interconnected percentages, both of which sum to 100%, so the total chart area can represent the sample whole.
Previous PostHow do you visualise chess games? Next PostWhy have I stopped contributing to Makeover Monday?


H.Con.Res. 547 (93rd): Concurrent resolution to limit the spread of nuclear technology without adequate guarantees of its peaceful use.
This resolution was introduced on June 18, 1974, in a previous session of Congress, but was not enacted.
H.Con.Res. 547 (93rd) was a concurrent resolution in the United States Congress.
Concurrent resolution to limit the spread of nuclear technology without adequate guarantees of its peaceful use, H.R. Con. Res. 547, 93rd Cong. (1974).


text:
Emergency Responder Safety: States and DOT Are Implementing Actions to Reduce Roadside Crashes, Report to Congressional Requesters [open pdf - 4MB]
From the GAO (Government Accountability Office) Highlights: "Police, fire, medical, towing, and other responders risk being killed or injured by passing vehicles when responding to a roadside emergency. To protect these vulnerable workers and improve highway safety, all states and the District of Columbia have enacted Move Over laws. GAO was asked to review issues related to Move Over laws and emergency responder roadside safety. This report: (1) examines data NHTSA [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration] collects on crashes involving violations of Move Over laws, (2) describes selected states' actions and challenges related to Move Over laws, and (3) describes DOT [U.S. Department of Transportation] efforts to improve emergency responder roadside safety. GAO analyzed NHTSA's 2018 crash data, which were the latest data available; reviewed federal and state laws and regulations, and DOT initiatives to improve emergency responder roadside safety; reviewed state reports to DOT; and interviewed NHTSA and FHWA [Federal Highway Administration] officials, traffic safely and law enforcement officials in seven selected states, and stakeholders from traffic safety organizations and occupational groups, such as the Emergency Responder Safety Institute and the International Association of Chiefs of Police. GAO selected states based on a variety of factors, including traffic fatality rates per vehicle mile traveled and recommendations from stakeholders."


Why choose We Buy Cars Your Way?
We Buy Cars Your Way has one mission: to provide you with an easier, safer, faster way to sell your car at a competitive price.
Free – no fees, commissions or charges for using our website or for selling your car to us…we even pick up your car for free!
All this means, We Buy Cars Your Way is the name you can trust to offer you a safe, fast, hassle-free way to sell your car.
We always carry out an on-site inspection of a car before we make a final offer. If we consider that the value of the car is affected by any aspect of its history or condition, including any unusual feature, customisation, excessive kilometres, or market conditions, the final price that we offer at the on-site inspection may differ from the online instant value.
What if I don't have the car's registration papers?
Unfortunately, we will not be able to purchase your car without the current registration papers. To have these re-issued to you, please contact the motor registry office in your state or territory.
Payment to you for the agreed sale price will be by Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). Alternatively, you may choose to be issued a Bank Cheque.
We will make the payment into your account once we collect your car, however as with all EFT payments, standard bank processing times apply.
How can I be sure that I will receive payment?
At your appointment, when you agree to sell your car to us, you will receive a contract of sale from our Valuation Specialist which contains details of the transaction, and clearly states all terms and conditions.
What do I need to have ready at the time of the appointment?
Photo ID (including name and address), your drivers licence is perfect.
At the time of booking your appointment, one of our Team Members will confirm with you all items and paperwork you need to have with you at the appointment.
Don't forget to please take out all of your personal belongings from the car prior to the appointment.
I have outstanding finance against my car, what do I need to do?
We can arrange settlement of any outstanding finance on your car. Please note that you will need to provide an up to date letter detailing a current settlement figure from your finance company. One of our Team Members will be able to help you with this process.
The settlement amount will be deducted from the amount paid to you for your car. We will promptly pay your finance company after the sale. However, it may take your finance company 5-10 working days to credit the funds to your account with them and provide final clearance.
Can I sell on behalf of somebody else?
I am not the owner of the vehicle. Will you pay money into my bank account?


Refurbished in 2011, Victor Hugo Hotel offers a choice of 32 comfortable and cosy rooms. Free Wi-Fi throughout the hotel and 24-hour reception services are available.
Exceptionally located in the heart of Toulouse, Victor Hugo Hotel is only 100 meters away from Jean Jaures metro station (lines A and B), a five minute walk from SNCF Matabiau railway station, and just 100 meters away from the regular airport shuttle.
Our hotel provides modern facilities, a warm family atmosphere and attentive service: it is the perfect place for you to spend a pleasant stay. Besides, bilingual skilled personnel are at your disposal to give you information regarding the city of Toulouse.