text:
Q: I can't center text over a button with CSS I'm a super noob. I'm trying to simply center these two elements. The text and the button.
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:600);

body {
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 50px;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;
}

.text {
  position: absolute;
    /* comment */
    display: inline-block;
    text-align: center;
  width: 500px;
  height: 40px;
  top: 20%;
  margin-top: -60px;
}

p {
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: top;
  margin:0px;
    text-align: center;
}

.word {
  position: absolute;
  width: 520px;
  opacity: 0;
}

.letter {
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  float: left;
  transform: translateZ(25px);
  transform-origin: 50% 50% 25px;
}

.letter.out {
  transform: rotateX(90deg);
  transition: transform 0.22s cubic-bezier(0.55, 0.055, 0.675, 0.19);
}

.letter.behind {
  transform: rotateX(-90deg);
}

.letter.in {
  transform: rotateX(0deg);
  transition: transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.175, 0.885, 0.32, 1.275);
}

.wisteria {
  color: #8e44ad;
}

.belize {
  color: #2980b9;
}

.pomegranate {
  color: #c0392b;
}

.green {
  color: #16a085;
}

.midnight {
  color: #2c3e50;
}

.wrap {
  height: 100%;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.button {
  min-width: 300px;
  min-height: 80px;
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-size: 22px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 1.3px;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #313133;
  background: #4FD1C5;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(129,230,217,1) 0%, rgba(79,209,197,1) 100%);
  border: none;
  border-radius: 1000px;
  box-shadow: 12px 12px 24px rgba(79,209,197,.64);
  transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;
  cursor: pointer;
  outline: none;
  position: absolute;
  padding: 10px;
  }

button::before {
content: '';
  border-radius: 1000px;
  min-width: calc(300px + 12px);
  min-height: calc(60px + 12px);
  border: 6px solid #00FFCB;
  box-shadow: 0 0 60px rgba(0,255,203,.64);
  position: relative;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  opacity: 0;
  transition: all .3s ease-in-out 0s;
}

.button:hover, .button:focus {
  color: #313133;
  transform: translateY(-6px);
}

button:hover::before, button:focus::before {
  opacity: 0.1;
  color: red;
}

button::after {
  content: '';
  width: 30px; height: 30px;
  border-radius: 100%;
  border: 6px solid #00FFCB;
  position: absolute;
  z-index: -1;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  animation: ring 1.5s infinite;
}

button:hover::after, button:focus::after {
  animation: none;
  display: none;
}

@keyframes ring {
  0% {
    width: 30px;
    height: 30px;
    opacity: 1;
  }
  100% {
    width: 300px;
    height: 300px;
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

@keyframes example {
0% {opacity: 0.0}
100% {opacity: 1.0}
</style>```

    ```

      <button class="button">ENTER</button>

Cornerstone is

        compassionate.
        accomodating.
        knowledgable.
        attentive.
        polite.
        professional.
        qualified.
        experienced.
        skilled.
        accessible.
        friendly.

        attentive.
        receptive.

        proficient.
        innovating.

A: if you want to use absolute positioning, try adding this to your ".button" class.
Css:
margin-left: 50%;

Also, if you want to apply your .button class to all buttons, simply remove the "." from the beginning of ".button" in your css.
Hope this helps.
EDIT:
To center your .text class do this:
HTML:

Cornerstone is

        compassionate.
        accomodating.
        knowledgable.
        attentive.
        polite.
        professional.
        qualified.
        experienced.
        skilled.
        accessible.
        friendly.

        attentive.
        receptive.

        proficient.
        innovating.

CSS:
.text { text-align: center }

Also, if you want to give .text more of a block-y appearance, you can set margin-left and margin-right to .text in css, as long as they are the same value .text will remain centered. Make sure to get rid of the first 2 lines of .text you have right now (display: inline-block and position: absolute).

A: Are you trying to do something like that?
HTML

      <button class="button">ENTER</button>

Cornerstone is

        compassionate.
        accomodating.
        knowledgable.
        attentive.
        polite.
        professional.
        qualified.
        experienced.
        skilled.
        accessible.
        friendly.

        attentive.
        receptive.

        proficient.
        innovating.

CSS
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:600);

body {
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 50px;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;
}

.text {
  position: absolute;
    /* comment */
    display: inline-block;
    text-align: center;
  width: 500px;
  height: 40px;
  top: 40%;
  margin-top: -60px;
}

p {
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: top;
  margin:0px;
    text-align: center;
}

.word {
  position: absolute;
  width: 520px;
  opacity: 0;
}

.letter {
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  float: left;
  transform: translateZ(25px);
  transform-origin: 50% 50% 25px;
}

.letter.out {
  transform: rotateX(90deg);
  transition: transform 0.22s cubic-bezier(0.55, 0.055, 0.675, 0.19);
}

.letter.behind {
  transform: rotateX(-90deg);
}

.letter.in {
  transform: rotateX(0deg);
  transition: transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.175, 0.885, 0.32, 1.275);
}

.wisteria {
  color: #8e44ad;
}

.belize {
  color: #2980b9;
}

.pomegranate {
  color: #c0392b;
}

.green {
  color: #16a085;
}

.midnight {
  color: #2c3e50;
}

.wrap {
  height: 100%;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.button {
  min-width: 300px;
  min-height: 80px;
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-size: 22px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 1.3px;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #313133;
  background: #4FD1C5;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(129,230,217,1) 0%, rgba(79,209,197,1) 100%);
  border: none;
  border-radius: 1000px;
  box-shadow: 12px 12px 24px rgba(79,209,197,.64);
  transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;
  cursor: pointer;
  outline: none;
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  padding: 10px;
  }

button::before {
content: '';
  border-radius: 1000px;
  min-width: calc(300px + 12px);
  min-height: calc(60px + 12px);
  border: 6px solid #00FFCB;
  box-shadow: 0 0 60px rgba(0,255,203,.64);
  position: relative;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  opacity: 0;
  transition: all .3s ease-in-out 0s;
}

.button:hover, .button:focus {
  color: #313133;
  transform: translateY(-6px);
}

button:hover::before, button:focus::before {
  opacity: 0.1;
  color: red;
}

button::after {
  content: '';
  width: 30px; height: 30px;
  border-radius: 100%;
  border: 6px solid #00FFCB;
  position: absolute;
  z-index: -1;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  animation: ring 1.5s infinite;
}

button:hover::after, button:focus::after {
  animation: none;
  display: none;
}

@keyframes ring {
  0% {
    width: 30px;
    height: 30px;
    opacity: 1;
  }
  100% {
    width: 300px;
    height: 300px;
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

@keyframes example {
0% {opacity: 0.0}
100% {opacity: 1.0}

Codepen Example

A: Because your .button has position:absolute, you can add top, left value for it as
.button {
  min-width: 300px;
  min-height: 80px;
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-size: 22px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 1.3px;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #313133;
  background: #4FD1C5;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(129,230,217,1) 0%, rgba(79,209,197,1) 100%);
  border: none;
  border-radius: 1000px;
  box-shadow: 12px 12px 24px rgba(79,209,197,.64);
  transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;
  cursor: pointer;
  outline: none;
  position: absolute;
  padding: 10px;
  top: 5%;
  left: 40%;
  }

JSFiddle https://jsfiddle.net/viethien/6msqnc9w/3/

A: You can do something like this:

var words = document.getElementsByClassName('word');
var wordArray = [];
var currentWord = 0;

words[currentWord].style.opacity = 1;
for (var i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
  splitLetters(words[i]);
}

function changeWord() {
  var cw = wordArray[currentWord];
  var nw = currentWord == words.length-1 ? wordArray[0] : wordArray[currentWord+1];
  for (var i = 0; i < cw.length; i++) {
    animateLetterOut(cw, i);
  }

  for (var i = 0; i < nw.length; i++) {
    nw[i].className = 'letter behind';
    nw[0].parentElement.style.opacity = 1;
    animateLetterIn(nw, i);
  }

  currentWord = (currentWord == wordArray.length-1) ? 0 : currentWord+1;
}

function animateLetterOut(cw, i) {
  setTimeout(function() {
        cw[i].className = 'letter out';
  }, i*80);
}

function animateLetterIn(nw, i) {
  setTimeout(function() {
        nw[i].className = 'letter in';
  }, 340+(i*80));
}

function splitLetters(word) {
  var content = word.innerHTML;
  word.innerHTML = '';
  var letters = [];
  for (var i = 0; i < content.length; i++) {
    var letter = document.createElement('span');
    letter.className = 'letter';
    letter.innerHTML = content.charAt(i);
    word.appendChild(letter);
    letters.push(letter);
  }

  wordArray.push(letters);
}

changeWord();
setInterval(changeWord, 2000);
body {
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 40px;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;
}

p {
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: top;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: center;
}

.word {
  position: absolute;
  width: 520px;
  opacity: 0;
}

.letter {
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  float: left;
  transform: translateZ(25px);
  transform-origin: 50% 50% 25px;
}

.letter.out {
  transform: rotateX(90deg);
  transition: transform 0.22s cubic-bezier(0.55, 0.055, 0.675, 0.19);
}

.letter.behind {
  transform: rotateX(-90deg);
}

.letter.in {
  transform: rotateX(0deg);
  transition: transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.175, 0.885, 0.32, 1.275);
}

.wisteria {
  color: #8e44ad;
}

.belize {
  color: #2980b9;
}

.pomegranate {
  color: #c0392b;
}

.green {
  color: #16a085;
}

.midnight {
  color: #2c3e50;
}

.wrap {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  text-align: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.text {
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
  height: 60px;
  top: 25%;
  margin-top: 60px;
}

.first {
  width: 50%;
  text-align: right;
}

.second {
  width: 50%;
  text-align: left;
}

.button {
  min-width: 300px;
  min-height: 80px;
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-size: 22px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 1.3px;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #313133;
  background: #4FD1C5;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(129, 230, 217, 1) 0%, rgba(79, 209, 197, 1) 100%);
  border: none;
  border-radius: 1000px;
  box-shadow: 12px 12px 24px rgba(79, 209, 197, .64);
  transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;
  cursor: pointer;
  outline: none;
  position: absolute;
  padding: 10px;
}

button::before {
  content: '';
  border-radius: 1000px;
  min-width: calc(300px + 12px);
  min-height: calc(60px + 12px);
  border: 6px solid #00FFCB;
  box-shadow: 0 0 60px rgba(0, 255, 203, .64);
  position: relative;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  opacity: 0;
  transition: all .3s ease-in-out 0s;
}

.button:hover,
.button:focus {
  color: #313133;
  transform: translateY(-6px);
}

button:hover::before,
button:focus::before {
  opacity: 0.1;
  color: red;
}

button::after {
  content: '';
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  border-radius: 100%;
  border: 6px solid #00FFCB;
  position: absolute;
  z-index: -1;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  animation: ring 1.5s infinite;
}

button:hover::after,
button:focus::after {
  animation: none;
  display: none;
}

@keyframes ring {
  0% {
    width: 30px;
    height: 30px;
    opacity: 1;
  }
  100% {
    width: 300px;
    height: 300px;
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

@keyframes example {
  0% {
    opacity: 0.0
  }
  100% {
    opacity: 1.0
  }

  <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" />
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge, chrome=1">

    <button class="button">ENTER</button>

Cornerstone is

      compassionate.
      accomodating.
      knowledgable.
      attentive.
      polite.
      professional.
      qualified.
      experienced.
      skilled.
      accessible.
      friendly.

      attentive.
      receptive.

      proficient.
      innovating.

A:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


THE surprising winners of this year's season of The Block may be celebrating the result — but plenty of others are absolutely fuming.
FANS of The Block have reacted with fury after controversial contestants Hayden Vale and Sara Tumino won the series finale, taking home a whopping profit of $545,000 — plus their $100,000 prize for winning.
The couple, who shocked audiences when they won the first challenge of the year and opted to renovate Apartment 3 in the old Gatwick instead of building a new luxurious penthouse, provided plenty of colour this season thanks to their frequent clashes with each other — and other contestants.
At one point, Sara even tried to quit the show, screaming at a producer after finding out her and Hayden had placed last in Bathroom Week.
"Again, last? Even after everything, last. You've got to be kidding me. This is f**ked. It's f**ked, it's f**king embarrassing now," she yelled, all the while panting heavily.
But in the end, it was worth her sticking around. During Sunday night's nailbiting finale, Hayden and Sara's apartment sold for $3.02 million dollars — $545,000 over the reserve price — making them the winners of The Block for 2018.
And a lot of viewers weren't happy.
Not impressed with who won tbh #theblockau but congrats to everyone!!
In second place — and first to go under the hammer — was South Australian couple Kerrie Charter and Spence Thomson. Their reserve was $2.45 million, and they managed to profit $415,000 after their apartment sold for $2,850,000.
Perth couple Courtney Brown and Hans Baumgartner placed third, with their apartment going under the hammer for $2,770,000. They walked away with a profit of $410,000, after being given a reserve of $2.4 million.
Best friends Bianca Chatfield and Carla Dziwoki came in fourth, walking away with $301,000 ($150,500 each) when their penthouse sold for $2,991,000 (reserve, $2.70 million), while fan favourites Norm and Jess from Queensland earned themselves $209,000 (over their reserve of $2.65 million) when their penthouse sold for $2,859,000 in the nailbiting auction.
Sunday night's results has taken the total prizemoney across The Block's 14 seasons to a whopping $20,775,501.


text:
Home»Politics»Senator Portilla, R-Miami, Threatens to Kill Open Carry Bill
Senator Portilla, R-Miami, Threatens to Kill Open Carry Bill
Guns In The News / February 13, 2016 /	845
Article first appeared at Ammoland.com
Ammoland – Senator Diaz de la Portillahas been the main obstacle to restoring some open carry rights to Florida. He refused to let a bill out of committee in 2015. The bill has been reintroduced in 2016. Now that the bill has overwhelmingly passed the house, he has become more vocal with his threats. From cbslocal.com:
Diaz de la Portilla, R-Miami, said on Monday that he had grown uneasy with the proposal. The House passed its version of the bill last week after adding an amendment that would allow state lawmakers to carry sidearms into legislative meetings.
"I am concerned that it may become a vehicle for some very, very bad amendments. I think that's what we learned last week," Diaz de la Portilla said. "Because of those concerns, I'm very, very seriously considering not hearing it at all."
Portilla seems to be throwing excuses against the wall to see if any of them will stick. The last one was that he was afraid that people exercising their Second Amendment rights would scare tourists. It is hard for that one to be credible, when 45 other states have the same or more freedom to exercise Second Amendment rights.
The House voted 80 to 38 to pass the open carry reform. The Senate seems to have majority support for the bill, if it would get out of the Judiciary committee that Portilla controls.
45 states have open carry of holstered handguns. 30 of those states do not require a license to carry. The mild reform that Senator Portilla is holding up requires a license for open carry in Florida. A case before the Florida Supreme Court argues that the lack of the ability to legally open carry, with or without a license, violates the Second Amendment.
Florida had open carry until 1987, when the shall issue concealed carry bill was passed. The shall issue bill has been wildly successful, with 1.5 million people having permits. Their crime rate is a small fraction of that of police. From yourobserver.com:
Consider, too, these facts, courtesy of Rep. Steube: "After 28 years of data in Florida, licensed conceal-permit holders are six times less likely to commit a crime than law enforcement officers. Specifically, permit holders only commit misdemeanors and felonies at a rate of .0002% annually."
Janet Reno, known for her role in the Waco massacre, was State Attorney for Date County at the time. Miami is essentially Dade County. She created a government led coalition to lobby for an open carry ban. She was able to have the ban passed in a special session without going through the usual committee or public vetting processes. It has been in place ever since, though there have been several attempts at reform.
It is not surprising that another Miami politician is blocking the reform now. The surprise is that he is a Republican.
If open carry dies in 2016, this will be the second year that Senator Portillo has been instrumental in killing it. Some credit should be given to the Republican Senate leadership, who assigned the bill to his committee.
Senator Portilla's email can be found here.
c2016 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice is included.Link to Gun Watch
About Dean Weingarten;
Dean Weingarten has been a peace officer, a military officer, was on the University of Wisconsin Pistol Team for four years, and was first certified to teach firearms safety in 1973. He taught the Arizona concealed carry course for fifteen years until the goal of constitutional carry was attained. He has degrees in meteorology and mining engineering, and recently retired from the Department of Defense after a 30 year career in Army Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation.
Muzzle Direction – Muzzle Up Or Down Which Is Safer?
Police: Concealed Permit Holder Saves Officer Surrounded By Mob
Biden to Nominate Anti-Second Amendment Judge Merrick Garland for Attorney General
Proposed Bill Bans Body Armor, Makes Possession A Crime & Forces Citizens To Turn It In Or Face Arrest
Biden's America
Embattled WA Lawmaker Shea Talks as Rights Fight Looms

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Does anybody love the treadmill? Even the most enthusiastic of runners have, at best, a precarious relationship with the health club's most pervasive piece of fitness equipment. It's boring. It doesn't simulate a real-life run. It is, essentially, a one-trick pony. Yet, for nearly every kind of competitor, it's a necessary evil.
Bringing the runner's high indoors, however, is the new SkillRun—a treadmill so versatile and functional, we'd be loath to place it anywhere near the glorified conveyor-belt machines that crowd most gym floors. Launched in January by the Italian fitness gurus Technogym, SkillRun is the third debut from the brand's Skill line, a collection of training equipment designed in collaboration with Olympic champions. Coming on the heels of SkillMill (a non-motorized tread designed to boost stamina and strength) and SkillRow (an indoor rowing machine), SkillRun aims to improve everything from speed and strength to cadence and agility.
Of course, there are the standard treadmill functions—a large color console, and one-touch controls among them. But it's the SkillRun's unique innovations that ensure you'll never daydream while running on the tread again. You'll be too busy analyzing your real-time biofeedback, altering your form to achieve the most efficient cadence, step length, ground contact time, and propulsion game. Or, you'll be doubled over catching your breath after a brutal sled or running-against-resistance (which essentially simulates the conditions of running under water) training session. Or, you'll be testing your maximum speed in parachute mode, which features a belt attachment to allow for explosive and unrestrained running.
All the bells and whistles make Technogym's newest piece of equipment the most groundbreaking runner's toy in years. But SkillRun's greatest—and, perhaps, most broadly applicable—feature is its ability to simulate an outdoor run. In addition to the highest commercial incline on the market (25 percent), the treadmill's -3 percent decline (another first) ensures enough uphill and downhill variation to work all of the muscles—and train for virtually any kind of running route. Runners who use Garmin and other run-tracking watches can also upload outdoor routes to be mimicked indoors. Make no mistake: With SkillRun, the days of zoning out to old episodes of Seinfeld while logging an easy 5K are over.


text:
The Scottish South of the Wall
For many years now, Rangers and Celtic have hinted that they would like to move to the Premier League to play at a higher level, as well as bringing more money into Scottish football. Recent changes have allowed this dream to become a reality. Nearly.
Started on 13 September 2016 by BeanyUnited / First Post
Latest Reply on 28 September 2016 by mgriffin2012 / Last Post
Mustang132 ninjaskill
ninjaskill
Really good signing in Robertson and good start in the Champions League, guess you won't be in it next year though or is there still a Scottish way in?
BeanyUnited
Larsson confirms the signings of Tom Huddlestone and Fraizer Campbell
Henrik Larsson,who after the two leg battering of Levadia, admitted to the press that he was interested in signing at least one more first team midfielder and a backup striker to rotate with Leigh Griffiths in the hectic schedule.
With the signings of Tom Huddlestone and Fraizer Campbell, Larsson has certainly completed this target of his.
Tom Huddlestone comes in as captain
In a somewhat controversial move, but one that has not caused too much of a fuss, Tom Huddlestone has been appointed the club captain within 24 hours of signing for Celtic.
It didn't cause too much of a stir at the club, as they had yet to officially replace Scott Brown as Celtic captain after his £20,000,000 move to PSG earlier in the summer.
Huddlestone brings more to the side than Scott Brown ever did, despite what fans might want to admit.
He can defend, with a strong tenacity to get stuck into the opposition at every opportunity, he is strong in the air, good in front of goal but most of all he is a very, very good passer of the ball.
Larsson said he was looking for a man to control the side from deep in
midfield, giving others the freedom to attack.
Huddlestone is the third player to join Celtic this summer, from Hull City, this time the transfer being £5,000,000.
Fraizer Campbell leaves Crystal Palace for £1,700,000
Henrik Larsson was addamant that his side needed a true back up striker, for the large amount of games that they were to fact this season. Leigh Griffiths was not going to be able to cope with the hectic schedule alone and Celtic needed to ensure they were banging in goals.
As a result, Larsson went for the cheap but proven Championship option of Fraizer Campbell, which has been well received by fans of Celtic. The striker has been frozen out of football for a while now, so he will be desperate to grab this chance with both hands.
mgriffin2012
Huddlestone could be a great signing man and hopefully Campbell comes off for you!
You are reading "The Scottish South of the Wall".


The last time we drove a 124 Spider, we found its engine was wheezy towards the top end.
But evidently this is an engine that loosens as it goes, because with almost twice as many miles on the odometer (around 2000 of them), this example revved much more easily.
That said, and it being a turbocharged unit, it still does its best work through the mid-range, which is unsurprising given that it develops its 138bhp peak at only 5000rpm and its 177lb ft from as little as 2250rpm.
You don't wring it out like you would an MX-5. Instead, there's urge from 2000rpm (but not below), where there's also some appealing induction noise, which is replaced by conventional mechanical racket by 4500rpm.
Curiously, it's not unlike an old Ford Kent engine in its note. But even in this freer-revving form, there's no point hanging onto the last 750rpm.
Despite what looks like, on paper, a paucity of power, the figures it produces aren't too shabby. The 124 will reach 60mph from rest in 7.3sec, despite needing two gearshifts on the way.
For that, you can thank decent traction that allows a 0-30mph time of 2.5sec, more than half a second quicker than most front-drive hot hatches.
With only one tester aboard and with very little fuel in, we suspect the 124 would be able to dip into the high six-second bracket for the standing start, which would give it near parity with a 200bhp hot hatch – although it's the traction deficit of the front-driver that shines the Fiat in such a theoretically good light.
Response is generally good. Clearly the turbo isn't being asked to work too hard, because there's little lag, and there's no audible giveaway that this is a blown unit.
It drives through a fine six-speed gearbox, too, with a clean, positive shift action and such nicely matched ratios that there are few cars in production in which it's easier to perform heel-and-toe downshifts. The 124 also brakes well, with good pedal feel and short stopping distances.


Skeptoid interviews three of the most popular and controversial figures in modern pseudoscience.
I've got 12 minutes left on my parking meter.
...and author Dr. Deepak Chopra.
It is very nice to be here.
Gentlemen, thank you all for making yourselves available today. Obviously you're all known for presenting information that's been met with mixed reactions from the more mainstream colleagues in your various fields, however you've all arguably been more commercially successful than your colleagues.
Dr. Oz, you began your career as a medical doctor but you now promote unproven, and often implausible, alternative medicine on television. Is this the secret of your success?
People want to hear the truth from someone that they trust. The medical industry has shown that it focuses only on profits, so I try to present a view that's more personalized and principled.
You're talking about principles? One of the highest paid actors on television; how much of that money do you give to charity?
Alex, I think your meter's running out.
Dr. Chopra — it is doctor, right?
Yes, I too once had a career in medicine, many many decades ago, before I also saw the light and discovered that the physical world is just a projection of our own inner being.
Alex, let's try and get a word in from you. You're best known for promoting conspiracy theories on the radio and on the Internet.
That's right, except they're not theories, they're the truth.
I understand that among your beliefs is that the government is planning to put millions of law-abiding citizens into extermination camps.
Anyone with an open mind can see it happening if you just look outside.
Dr. Chopra, do your transcendental theories support any explanation for what Alex is saying?
It is his reality, and so it is also real within all of us. Because of electrons, and quantum theory.
That's actually something I was hoping to discuss in more detail with all of you. Dr. Oz, do you use specialized language to promote what you do?
I think the best way to answer that question is like this.
They call me Dr. Oz, I play a doctor on TV.
My job's to tell you science has it wrong.
I'll sell you magic products all day long.
You need these berries hailing from exotic lands.
To blow your brain cells away.
Sorry! OK, it's like this.
They want to put you in a prison camp.
and by that little chip that they implant.
Conspiracies control your money and your mind.
Deepak, you've heard your fellow guests explain their perspectives.
Oh yes, very much indeed.
What can you tell us about your work?
The light of knowledge brightens consciousness.
Infinity and chaos are equivocal.
Well I have to say, you've all given us a lot to think about today. Perhaps some of our listeners will tune into your programs to learn more.
Not likely! They're all paid shills for the government.
My friend, I think you need to have your chakras realigned.
I can do that for you!
Well thanks for being here, gentlemen.


text:
Unity March Set for El Paso Saturday
EL PASO, Texas (AP) -- Latino groups say they'll march through the Texas border city of El Paso a week after a mass shooting that authorities say was carried out by a gunman targeting Mexicans.
Organizers said Saturday's march will begin at the port of entry on the U.S.-Mexico border. Mexican officials say eight Mexican nationals were among 22 people killed in last weekend's attack at a Walmart.
An El Paso detective said in an arrest affidavit that 21-year-old Patrick Crusius told investigators he targeted Mexicans at the store with an AK-47 rifle. The affidavit says Crusius confessed while surrendering to police.
Crusius is charged with capital murder. Federal prosecutors say they're weighing hate-crime charges.
The League of United Latin American Citizens' "March for a United America" comes as families are gathering for funerals.


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text:
Q: How to split huge GML file in Java? I have already an operational application but which convert gml to shape.
The requirement of the gml file size to be supported was increased to 2GB.
Upon execution, OutOfMemory exception occurs.
Any guidance on the right direction is appreciated.

A: I think that you should use 64=bit OS, 64-bit Java Vm, nd extended vtd-xml. If you do all those things and have enough memory, you will be ok.


Starting July 15th, 2014 USA citizens can travel without a visa to Kazakhstan for stays of up to 15 days or less regardless of the purpose of the trip.
A valid, signed US passport. The passport must have at least 6 months remaining after the completion of your stay in Kazakhstan, and contain at least one blank visa page.
A valid, signed passport. The passport must have at least 6 months remaining after the completion of your stay in Kazakhstan, and contain at least one blank visa page.
Tourist Visas are issued up to one month and as single entry only.
HIV test certificate for those applying for a visa with a stay over 3 months.
Tourist Visa issued only up to one month and as a single entry only.
Your application will be checked and hand carried to the Embassy; normal processing time is approximately five business days. Rush processing fees are detailed below.


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Staff (and family members) of Melbourne Heart Care have been participating, as a team, in the National Heart Foundation's MyMarathon challenge. During the month of October, we will have completed 42.2 km's per person (a team total of 590.8 km) to help fight the single biggest killer of Australians – heart disease. Please support our team who have already exceeded their goal and are currently at 790 km and still going.
Sep 12 Comments Off on BEST BIRTHDAY PRESENT EVER!
Twanny Farrugia has been ill all his life. He has had open heart surgery, kidney failure, multiple hip and knee replacements and is blind, yet he has an infectious positive outlook on life and a wonderful sense of humour.
He was diagnosed with renal failure when he was just 15 years old.
His family migrated from Malta in 1965 and he received his kidney transplant 2 weeks after his 18th birthday in 1971.
Twanny said, "it was the best birthday present ever, to be given the beautiful gift of life". The donor family were grieving for their loved one but, because of their kindness, they gave me a second chance".
Twanny's father died 32 years ago of a heart attack and he was an organ donor so the Farrugia family feel that they have "given back, full circle".
In 2007, Twanny went in for surgery to have a stent procedure but suffered a heart attack and went on to have bypass surgery. He said "I am lucky as I was in the lab when I had the heart attack, so I guess it's the best place to be if that happens".
Twanny has been attending cardiac reviews at Melbourne Heart Care with Dr Emily Kotschet.
Throughout all of this Twanny remains positive and has a love of life. He spent 30 years doing ballroom dancing and, before he lost his eyesight, he was an avid caravaner. He walks regularly with his beloved guide dog, Val, and has even tried tandem bicycle riding, given his poor vision. Twanny says "I don't often worry about the technical aspects of my life as I have a great medical team. I focus on the psychosocial aspect of wellbeing, my belief is if I am healthy in my mind, my body will follow through, that's how I fight all my battles".
Twanny is due to celebrate his 47th year with his transplant and he is now the second-longest kidney transplant recipient in Australia.
For more information on organ donations please click on the following link.
An evening education session and tour of our new cardiology service available at Holmesglen Private Hospital, 490 South Road, Moorabbin 3189, Vic.
Speaking was Dr Emily Kotschet, electrophysiologist and cardiologist on new pacing and heart failure devices.
Also speaking that evening was Dr Rob Gooley, interventional cardiologist on new therapies for valve disease, Dr Logan Bittinger, electrophysiologist and cardiologist on acute arrhythmia management and Dr Andrew Tay, emergency physician on diagnosis and management of chest pain in the community and in ED.


CONWAY, S.C. (AP) — The Waccamaw River near the South Carolina coast has finally gone back into its banks after 29 days of flooding following Hurricane Florence.
The National Weather Service says the river level at Conway dipped below the flood stage of 11 feet (3.4 meters) just after midnight Sunday.
That Waccamaw River gauge has been over that level since early Sept. 16, two days after Florence made landfall in North Carolina, dumping more than 2 feet (61 centimeters) of rain in areas upstream.
The river set a record at nearly 21.2 feet (6.5 meters) on Sept. 26, breaking the old record set two years ago from heavy rains after Hurricane Matthew by 3.3 feet (1 meter).
The river flooded nearly 1,000 homes around Conway.


NEW YORK (Reuters) - A New York nanny was found guilty of murder on Wednesday in the 2012 stabbing deaths of two children in her care at their luxury Manhattan apartment, according to the Manhattan district attorney's office.
A jury unanimously rejected the insanity defense of Yoselyn Ortega, 55, whose lawyer said she hallucinated a devil's order "to kill the children and herself" when she plunged a kitchen knife into Lucia Krim, 6, nicknamed Lulu, and her brother Leo, 2, and left their bloody bodies in a bathtub.
The Oct. 25, 2012 killings were discovered when Marina Krim, returned to the family's Upper West Side apartment to find her children dead and their nanny standing over them stabbing a knife into her own neck. Krim had returned home with the children's 3-year-old sister, Nessie, after Ortega failed to appear with the other children at Lulu's dance class.
Ortega was charged with two counts each of first- and second-degree murder, punishable by a maximum sentence of life in prison. A verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity could have resulted in Ortega spending the rest of her life in a psychiatric facility.
Insanity defenses rarely succeed in New York, where proving mental illness is not enough to find a defendant not responsible by reason of mental disease or defect. Defense attorneys must prove that the suspect could not understand the consequences of his or her actions.
In the last decade, only six people were cleared of criminal charges as a result of claiming an insanity defense out of 5,111 murder cases tried between 2007 and 2016 in New York, according to Janine Kava, spokeswoman for the state Division of Criminal Justice Services. The state does not track how often the defense is raised, she said.
During the trial at state Supreme Court in Manhattan, Ortega's lawyers argue she was mentally incapable of intending to kill and too psychotic to understand her actions.
But prosecutors said the evidence showed she had thought through her actions and thus understood the consequences, including grabbing Leo from behind and slitting his neck so he would not fight back as his sister had.
They said Ortega's attack was prompted by her anger at being asked to work too hard. Ortega, who had brought her 17-year-old son from the Dominican Republic and enrolled him in a private school, was overwhelmed by financial concerns and tuition costs, they said.


text:
1st Player Transport
Managed by: Player
2nd Hekmatyar & Co. Logistic Inc.
Managed by: Floyd Hekmatyar
3rd danz Transport
Managed by: danz
1 15017 Player Transport Player 29/09/2015 13:56 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £1,233,136,535 £68,900,746 £1,235,566,678 36555
2 15005 Hekmatyar & Co. Logistic Inc. Floyd Hekmatyar 29/09/2015 04:48 > 29/09/2015 14:10 £841,289,305 £19,081,208 £847,128,885 19100
3 15011 danz Transport danz 29/09/2015 08:41 > 29/09/2015 19:12 £442,832,328 £24,377,739 £442,874,946 28876
4 14980 Dutch Transport PW= xxx Mr Dutch 28/09/2015 20:47 > 29/09/2015 09:22 £358,034,933 £6,530,007 £357,224,396 15797
5 14987 sena Transport sena 28/09/2015 21:42 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £319,251,044 £16,443,503 £317,891,253 34763
6 15004 min Transport min 29/09/2015 04:20 > 29/09/2015 10:44 £172,454,479 £4,778,691 £172,578,085 14319
7 15012 Komu11 Transport Komu11 29/09/2015 09:49 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £79,795,798 £3,990,049 £79,670,390 9645
8 14995 gern Transport gern 29/09/2015 00:41 > 29/09/2015 12:07 £75,858,142 £1,676,489 £75,317,083 15036
9 15025 Rene Transport Rene 29/09/2015 17:36 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £74,136,192 £5,407,299 £73,019,470 22691
10 14990 Hitler was right fucking cunt fuck shit 28/09/2015 23:05 > 29/09/2015 05:29 £53,132,283 £834,386 £53,325,686 4303
11 14988 Player Transport Player 28/09/2015 21:56 > 29/09/2015 06:24 £38,541,500 £967,531 £38,347,189 5819
12 14985 Jools Transport Jools 28/09/2015 21:15 > 29/09/2015 04:06 £32,998,160 £794,479 £32,805,652 6535
14 14981 Von Schneider LLC H. Von Schneider 28/09/2015 20:47 > 29/09/2015 03:25 £25,146,697 £506,591 £25,240,461 4253
15 14994 Zaragon AIr Zaragon 29/09/2015 00:41 > 29/09/2015 07:18 £24,046,078 £545,659 £24,230,441 1414
16 15028 Dutch Transport Dutch 29/09/2015 19:39 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £20,463,019 £197,303 £20,012,994 1311
17 15022 PSparrow Transport PSparrow 29/09/2015 16:41 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £19,474,780 £1,048,711 £19,527,911 3615
18 14996 Mothership_Q Transport Mothership_Q 29/09/2015 01:22 > 29/09/2015 08:41 £15,086,548 £248,214 £15,486,694 1967
19 14984 gustus Transport gustus 28/09/2015 21:15 > 29/09/2015 12:20 £14,437,061 £555,979 £14,464,981 3947
20 14983 zach Transport zach 28/09/2015 21:15 > 29/09/2015 07:18 £13,258,788 £428,031 £12,956,620 4351
21 15018 megacoolzombie Transport megacoolzombie 29/09/2015 14:37 > 29/09/2015 20:07 £11,781,802 £783,154 £11,995,708 2273
22 15023 Smushine Transport Smushine 29/09/2015 16:55 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £11,778,160 £1,653,587 £9,310,446 3325
23 15026 BoredPanda Transport BoredPanda 29/09/2015 18:03 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £10,336,788 £577,350 £9,280,853 11098
24 15027 Player #1 Transport Player #1 29/09/2015 18:03 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £8,639,605 £927,514 £8,404,067 1946
25 15019 Mixxy3k Transport Mixxy3k 29/09/2015 14:37 > 29/09/2015 19:53 £6,456,119 £435,693 £6,631,796 1717
26 15020 Valkyria Transport Valkyria 29/09/2015 15:05 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £5,683,453 £993,148 £5,061,377 3915
27 14993 HeroYoojin Transport HeroYoojin 29/09/2015 00:13 > 29/09/2015 08:27 £2,465,117 £73,383 £2,435,330 3693
28 15010 Mr Mister Transport Mr Mister 29/09/2015 07:46 > 29/09/2015 09:08 £1,014,965 £375,136 £775,015 2348
29 15024 Player Transport Player 29/09/2015 16:55 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £754,347 £187,126 £278,125 2622
30 15030 dvdmcwilliams Transport dvdmcwilliams 29/09/2015 21:02 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £495,363 £28,983 £83,055 388
31 14982 Sam och jojo Transport Sam och jojo 28/09/2015 20:47 > 28/09/2015 21:29 £137,171 £5,455 £46,026 991
32 14991 Brass-Forte Transport Wan 28/09/2015 23:05 > 28/09/2015 23:32 £133,931 £3,535 £42,567 160
33 14986 <Nuggit> INC. <Nuggit> 28/09/2015 21:42 > 28/09/2015 22:37 £90,031 £39,265 £99,808 1080
34 15007 T. Canoy & Co. tcanoy 29/09/2015 05:29 > 29/09/2015 10:31 £7,228 £2,019 £56,841 401
35 14989 opexu Transport opexu 28/09/2015 23:05 > 29/09/2015 04:20 £2,688 £0 £55,602 0
36 15031 madkingmatt1 Transport madkingmatt1 29/09/2015 21:15 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £1 £0 £99,809 0
38 15001 Unnamed J. T. Black 29/09/2015 01:49 > 29/09/2015 02:03 £1 £-192 £99,617 0
39 14992 Patchy319 Transport Patchy319 28/09/2015 23:18 > 28/09/2015 23:32 £1 £0 £99,425 0
41 15016 Tanaka Reina Transport Tanaka Reina 29/09/2015 12:48 > 29/09/2015 13:01 £0 £-384 £99,616 0
42 15032 zoxzix Transport zoxzix 29/09/2015 21:15 > 29/09/2015 21:29 £0 £0 £100,000 0


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text:
Q: Sending cookies from C# Application to an Internet Explorer pop-up window I have a C# application that has links to certain features on a web application that uses the same login credentials.  If the user has logged in using the application and they click a link, a new browser window opens (usually IE but may be just the default browser) and asks the them to authenticate again.
Is there a way to make the account stay logged in whether it is in the C# application or in a separate browser window? The web application uses cookies to store the users session variables for authentication, the C# application has the same session info but not in a cookie.
Essentially I need to create a cookie from the C# application's session information and pass it to the new browser window.
Any ideas?

A: I've only been able to do this for an embedded WebBrowser control (see code below) but NOT for new IE window. Still haven't found an answer.
[DllImport("wininet.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
public static extern bool InternetSetCookie(string lpszUrlName, string lbszCookieName, string lpszCookieData);

string url = "http://www.google.com";

// write the session cookie
InternetSetCookie(url, null, "abc=1");

webBrowser1.Navigate(url);

A: I believe any new window instance will start a new session and therefore wipe out any session cookies you may have created prior to opening a new browser through either Process.Start("iexplorer.exe", "www.msn.ca") or webBrowser1.Navigate("www.msn.ca", true).
However I finally found a work around for this problem. It involves the following:

*

*Create your own web browser that looks almost exactly like Internet Explorer. See the folowing link for code for a basic browser and customize it as needed.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms379558(VS.80).aspx
I fixed the bug by replacing the obsolete RaftingStrip with the ToolStrip, ToolStripContainer. (Email me if you want this debugged code. I'd post it but I think it's too long for this forum.)
For myself, I added

*

*constructor to pass the target url, set it to the Address bar, set it as the home page and also pass the security token

*properties to enable/disable the Address bar and Search bars

*added Cut, Copy, Paste, SaveAs, and Print buttons

*changed the progress icon from "C#" to an hourglass

*On the web browser form's declaration section, add
DllImport("wininet.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
public static extern bool InternetSetCookie(string lpszUrlName,
         string lbszCookieName, string lpszCookieData);

*On the web browser form load and Create_a_new_tab(), before the webpage.Navigate() insert the lines below that save the token to a session cookie. (This may also be required on the button_go_click and button_search_click events if navigating to a new domain.  Personally, I would disable the Address and Search bars if passing a security token.)
string url = comboBox_url.Text.Trim();  // write the session cookie
string security_token = "my_session_id=12345" // should have been passed to constructor
InternetSetCookie(url, null, security_token);

The user will never know the difference and you have control over what features to turn on/off or implement.

A: You can use the usual session mode.
e.g:
Session.Add("<sessionName>", <variable which contains the session data>>

If you want to hold the username which is in a variable called "User", you can use the below code:
Session.Add("UserName", User);

In order to validate this session in your webpage, use the below code under the page_lad method.
if(Session["UserName"] != null)
{
   ********
}
else
{
   ******* (you can redirect to your home page...)
}


text:
Why Jeff Bezos may need India's richest man
By Rishi Iyengar, CNN Business
Published 10:23 AM EDT, Mon August 5, 2019
Why Big Tech is racing to bring the internet to India (2018)
04:19 - Source: CNN Business
India 15 videos
Paytm CEO on IPO: Our business model is new for many investors
Indian Hotels Company transforms hotels into quarantine centers
Google CEO on India's Covid crisis: The worst is yet to come
Vaccine manufacturer: Global harmonization of regulation is lacking
University creates student avatars for virtual graduation ceremony
Asia's richest man wants to build the next tech giant
Online dating isn't the norm in India. Bumble wants to change that
How Big Tech plans to clean up the world's most polluted city
She's helping bring electricity to millions in India
He wants to bring a billion people to digital payments
Indian Oil's Singh: More oil suppliers is better for trade
Quitting coal is India's energy challenge
Farmers are using the sun to help water their crops
The company driving India's electric car revolution
New Delhi CNN Business —
The world's richest man may be looking to strike a deal with India's top billionaire to grab a bigger slice of the country's enormous retail market.
Jeff Bezos' Amazon (AMZN) is in talks to invest in Reliance Retail, India's biggest retailer owned by billionaire Mukesh Ambani, the Economic Times newspaper and Reuters reported late last week. The American giant could be looking to buy up to 26% of the company, sources told the two publications.
"We do not comment on media speculation and rumors. Our company evaluates various opportunities on an ongoing basis," a Reliance spokesperson told CNN Business. "We have made and will continue to make necessary disclosures in compliance with our obligations," the spokesperson added.
A spokesperson for Amazon in India declined to comment.
Reliance Retail has nearly 11,000 stores across India and sells everything from smartphones to groceries. A partnership would give Amazon a stronger brick-and-mortar presence in a country where it has committed more than $5 billion to growing its business.
Hamleys, founded in London, has 167 stores across 18 countries.
Keith Mayhew/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images
India's richest man just bought the world's oldest toy store
Amazon is in a fierce fight with Flipkart — owned by arch rival Walmart (WMT)— for India's online retail market, which is projected to be worth $200 billion by 2027. The broader retail market is already estimated to be worth more than $670 billion.
Both groups account for just over 30% of Indian e-commerce, according to recent estimates by research firm Forrester, although Flipkart has a narrow lead.
"For Amazon, what they're looking for is access to offline infrastructure, which includes a supply chain and offline stores," Forrester analyst Satish Meena told CNN Business. "Without having an offline presence, it's going to be difficult for Amazon to capture a bigger market," he added.
The Seattle-based company has been trying to grow its physical presence in India. It bought a small stake in department store chain Shoppers Stop in 2017 and invested in grocery chain More last year. A deal with Reliance would give it access to thousands of stores across the country, particularly in areas where internet access is patchy. Reliance has outlets in more than 6,700 cities and smaller towns.
A deal with Ambani's Reliance could bring additional advantages. The Indian company owns one of the country's biggest mobile networks, Reliance Jio, which has more than 300 million users. It's helping to bring millions of Indians online through cheap cellular data. While Amazon already has a strong online presence, access to the Jio network could mean getting in front of the vast majority of Indians coming online for the first time.
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Ambani has already declared an intention to combine his digital and retail clout, announcing plans for an e-commerce platform of his own in a speech in January. Partnering with Amazon would give those plans a major boost.
"This deal will provide Reliance Retail with ready access to an established e-commerce platform," said Kiran Pedada, assistant professor of marketing at the Indian School of Business. "Reliance will get access to Amazon's technology and its global knowledge and experience," Pedada added.
Amazon has been racing to dominate the Indian market, and reportedly even tried to swoop in and buy Flipkart last year before losing out to Walmart.
Both companies have been hit by new Indian regulations on e-commerce that prevent them from undercutting competitors with big discounts and impose restrictions on their investments in the country.
People rest outside a shuttered store displaying an advertisement for smartphone maker Oppo Electronics Corp. in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, on Friday, June 2, 2017. India's rates traders seem convinced record-low inflation and an unexpected slowdown in economic growth will prompt the central bank to soften its hawkish stance when its announces a policy decision Wednesday. Photographer: Udit Kulshrestha/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Udit Kulshrestha/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Xiaomi loses top spot in India's vast smartphone market to a Chinese rival
Having one of India's biggest homegrown companies and the country's wealthiest man in its corner could help Amazon more effectively lobby the Indian government against regulations that hurt its business.
"An added bonus coming into this is the policy influence Reliance brings into the picture," said Meena of Forrester.
But Amazon's main priority will likely be blowing past its biggest rival in India.
"If [a deal with Reliance] goes ahead, it's going to be very difficult for Walmart and Flipkart," Meena added.
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We ate here on our visit to Dubai. It was fantastic. The food and the staff were great. If you are in the area make sure you eat here.
They are professional when it comes to take aways. Wish most of their staff spoke English. Having said that, their Shawarma is out of this world, simply delicious.
Great food and service. Nice outdoor seating. Seems very popular with locals. Easy to get to via metro. Expect smokers...as in most restaurants.
Like the fresh bread and Hummus. It's yummy with pickled vegetables and Salad. The food is very nice and reasonably priced. My favorite are the chicken kebabs. Recommend for good food and value for money.
Great food; affordable prices and great service. You can sit outside and enjoy the evening cool or sit inside the aircon rooms - there's enough space!
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I heard about The Burger Bus from a few friends. I remembered it came to Goleta on Tuesdays, so Linn, Scott and I went to try it out.
You know how I like to support local restaurants...well, these burgers are made from ALL local ingredients.
Meat from Shalhoob Meat Company.
Bread from Our Daily Bread.
Cheese from Spring Hill Cheese.
Produce from Santa Barbara Farmers Market & Tri-County Produce.
It's a school bus that has been converted into a traveling restaurant.....and well, they make a MEAN burger!! It was SOOOO good!!!
We took ours back to the office, and enjoyed eating outdoors on the picnic tables across the street. Yum, yum, yum, yum, yum!! Do yourself a favor and find out when they'll be near you soon!!
Wow Annemarie, thank you so much for loving our food and supporting a local business. We truly appreciate being listed on your blog and helping to spread the word about The Burger Bus. Come by and see us again soon!


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text:
ST. GERMAIN; Timothy September 14, 2017
HERBICIDE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING GROWTH OF PLANTS OF THE BUCKTHORN FAMILY
Herbicide compositions and methods of controlling growth of plants of the Buckthorn family (e.g. Rhamnaceae) are described herein. The herbicide compositions comprise a herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein N is in the range of 2-5.
Inventors: ST. GERMAIN; Timothy; (Guelph, CA)
ST. GERMAIN; Timothy
62307379 Mar 11, 2016
Current CPC Class: A01N 35/06 20130101
International Class: A01N 35/06 20060101 A01N035/06
Foreign Application Data
Mar 14, 2016 CA 2923767
1. A herbicide composition comprising a herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof for use in controlling growth of plants of the family Rhamnaceae, wherein N is in the range of 2-5.
2. The herbicide composition of claim 1, wherein the N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione is a compound of the formula: ##STR00004## or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
3. The herbicide composition of claim 1, wherein the herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof has a concentration less than 10.sup.-3 M.
7. The herbicide composition of claim 1, wherein the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are of the genus Rhamnus.
8. The herbicide composition of claim 1, wherein the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are selected from the group of species consisting of Rhamnus frangula and Rhamnus cathartica.
9. The herbicide composition of claim 1, wherein the herbicide composition further comprises an adjuvant.
10. A method of controlling growth of plants of the family Rhamnaceae comprising the steps of: applying to the plants of the family Rhamnaceae or an area adjacent plants of the family Rhamnaceae or applying to soil or water that controls the emergence of the plants of the family Rhamnaceae a herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein N is in the range of 2-5.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione is a compound of the formula: ##STR00005## or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof has a concentration less than 10.sup.-3 M.
16. The method of claim 10, wherein the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are of the genus Rhamnus.
17. The method of claim 10, wherein the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are selected from the group of species consisting of Rhamnus frangula and Rhamnus cathartica.
18. The method of claim 10, wherein the herbicide composition further comprises an adjuvant.
[0001] The embodiments disclosed herein relate to herbicide compositions and methods for controlling the growths of plants, and specifically to herbicide compositions and methods of controlling growth of plants of the Buckthorn family.
[0002] Due to increased human invasion into previously untouched ecosystems, a host of invasive weeds has become entrenched in places where they have no natural effective competition and therefore threaten to destabilize or destroy the ecological system. One specific example of such an invasive plant is European Buckthorn (e.g. Rhamnus cathartica), an invasive shrub of the Buckthorn (e.g. Rhamnaceae) family that originated in Europe and has recently spread through the eastern United States and eastern Canada.
[0003] Generally, plants of the Buckthorn family are aggressive, noxious shrubs that dominate remediation and disturbed sites. Buckthorn plants are commonly aggressive seeders that shut out successions of other trees in the understory and alter the soil chemistry in places where it has dominated, thereby further impeding the ability of native species to survive.
[0004] The current forestry, restoration and agriculture practices for controlling growth of plants of the Buckthorn family require the use of mechanical techniques such as cutting and chipping trees and subsequent application of herbicides such as triclopyr or glyphosate to the cut stumps. Plants of the Buckthorn family will often re-sprout despite the direct application of these herbicides, and their seeds can remain dormant in the soil for up to 5 years.
[0005] There is therefore a need for herbicide compositions and methods for controlling growth of plants of the Buckthorn family.
[0006] According to one aspect, a herbicide composition comprising a herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is provided, wherein N is in the range of 2-5. The herbicide composition is for controlling growth of plants of the family Rhamnaceae.
[0007] According to another aspect of the composition, the N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione is a compound of the formula:
[0008] or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
[0009] According to another aspect of the composition, the herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof has a concentration less than 10.sup.-3 M.
[0013] According to another aspect of the composition, the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are of the genus Rhamnus.
[0014] According to another aspect of the composition, the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are selected from the group of species consisting of Rhamnus frangula and Rhamnus cathartica.
[0015] According to another aspect of the composition, the herbicide composition further comprises an adjuvant.
[0016] According to another aspect, a method of controlling growth of plants of the family Rhamnaceae is provided. The method comprises the steps of: applying to plants of the family Rhamnaceae or an area adjacent the plants of the family Rhamnaceae or applying to soil or water that controls the emergence of the plants of the family Rhamnaceae a herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein N is in the range of 2-5.
[0017] According to another aspect of the method, the N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione is a compound of the formula:
[0019] According to another aspect of the method, the herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof has a concentration less than 10.sup.-3 M.
[0023] According to another aspect of the method, the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are of the genus Rhamnus.
[0024] According to another aspect of the method, the plants of the family Rhamnaceae are selected from the group of species consisting of Rhamnus frangula and Rhamnus cathartica.
[0025] According to another aspect of the method, the herbicide composition further comprises an adjuvant.
[0026] Additional aspects will be apparent in view of the description which follows. It should be understood however that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
[0027] The drawings included herewith are for illustrating various examples of articles, methods, and apparatuses of the present specification. In the drawings:
[0028] FIG. 1 is a picture of 15 Buckthorn seeds sitting on a filter paper in a Petri dish;
[0029] FIG. 2 is a graph showing an average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for each site;
[0030] FIG. 3 is a graph showing an average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for seed from the Iroquois Shoreline Woods Park site in Oakville, Ontario;
[0031] FIG. 4 is a graph showing an average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for seed from the Ignatius Jesuit Centre site in Guelph, Ontario;
[0032] FIG. 5 is a graph showing an average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for seed from the Snyder Flats Conservation Area site in Bloomingdale, Ontario;
[0033] FIG. 6 is a picture of a newly emerged radicle (left) and the same radicle after seven days of elongation (right);
[0034] FIG. 7 is a picture showing radicles of the control (left) compared to radicles treated for seven days using a Juglone having a concentration of M (right);
[0035] FIG. 8A is a graph showing the average length of radicles grown over seven days using seeds from the Iroquois Shoreline Woods Park site in Oakville, Ontario after treatment with various concentrations of Juglone;
[0036] FIG. 8B is a graph showing the average length of radicles grown over seven days using seeds from the Ignatius Jesuit Centre site in Guelph, Ontario after treatment with various concentrations of Juglone;
[0037] FIG. 8C is a graph showing the average length of radicles grown over seven days using seeds from the Snyder Flats Conservation Area site in Bloomingdale, Ontario after treatment with various concentrations of Juglone; and
[0038] FIG. 9 is a graph showing a comparison of effects radicle growth of Buckthorn seeds collected from the three aforementioned sites in southern Ontario after treatment with various concentrations of Juglone.
[0039] Various apparatus or processes will be described below to provide an example of one or more embodiments. No embodiment described below limits any claimed embodiment and any claimed embodiment may cover processes or apparatus that differ from those described below. The claimed embodiments are not limited to apparatus or processes having all of the features of any one apparatus or process described below or to features common to multiple or all of the apparatus described below. It is possible that an apparatus or process described below is not an embodiment of any claimed embodiment. Any embodiment disclosed below that is not claimed in this document may be the subject matter of another protective instrument, for example, a continuing patent application, and the applicants, inventors or owners do not intend to abandon, disclaim or dedicate to the public any such embodiment by its disclosure in this document.
[0040] The present disclosure relates to herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidally effective amount of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. The present disclosure also relates to methods for controlling growth of undesirable vegetation such as but not limited to plants of the Buckthorn family.
[0041] The term herbicide," as used herein, means an active ingredient that kills, controls, or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of vegetation. A "herbicidally effective amount" is an amount of an active ingredient that causes a "herbicidal effect," i.e., an adversely modifying effect and includes deviations from, for instance, natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation, and retardation. The terms "plants" and "vegetation" can include, for instance, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, and established vegetation.
[0042] Compositions of the present disclosure include N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, wherein N is in the range of 2-5. In one example, compositions of the present disclosure can include the compound of formula (I), 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione (e.g. Juglone). Juglone occurs naturally in the leaves, roots, husks, fruit (e.g. the epicarp), and bark of plants in the Juglandaceae family, particularly the black walnut (Juglans nigra).
[0043] In some embodiments, N-hydroxy-1,4naphthalenedione can be an agriculturally acceptable salt of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable salts of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione can include, but are not limited to, sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts or substituted ammonium salts, in particular mono-, di- and tri-C1-C8-alkylammonium salts such as methylammonium, dimethylammonium and isopropylammonium, mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy-C2-C8-alkylammonium salts such as hydroxyethylammonium, di(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, tri(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, hydroxypropylammonium, di(hydroxypropyl)ammonium and tri(hydroxypropyl)ammonium salts, olamine salts, and diglycolamine salts.
[0044] Compositions of the present disclosure including N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, can be applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount sufficient to induce a herbicidal effect.
[0045] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure including N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof are applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation wherein the composition has a concentration of N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione less than 10.sup.-3 M.
[0049] The compositions disclosed herein can also be mixed with or applied with an additive. In some embodiments, the additive can be diluted in water or can be concentrated. In some embodiments, the additive is added sequentially. In some embodiments, the additive is added simultaneously. In some embodiments, the additive is premixed with the N-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
[0050] In some embodiments, the additive includes an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant.
[0051] Exemplary agriculturally acceptable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, antifreeze agents, antifoam agents, compatibilizing agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, colorants, odorants, penetration aids, wetting agents, spreading agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freeze point depressants, antimicrobial agents, crop oil, safeners, adhesives (for instance, for use in seed formulations), surfactants, protective colloids, emulsifiers, tackifiers, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate (mineral oil (85)+emulsifiers (15%)) or less, nonylphenol ethoxylate or less, benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt or less, blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant or less, C.sub.9-C.sub.11 alkylpolyglycoside or less, phosphate alcohol ethoxylate or less, natural primary alcohol (C.sub.12-C.sub.16) ethoxylate or less, di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer or less, polysiloxane-methyl cap or less, nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate or less, emulsified methylated seed oil or less, tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8 EO) or less, tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO) or less, and PEG(400) dioleate-99.
[0052] Exemplary surfactants (e.g., wetting agents, tackifiers, dispersants, emulsifiers) include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids, for example lignosulfonic acids, phenolsulfonic acids, naphthalenesulfonic acids, and dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, and of fatty acids, alkyl- and alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, lauryl ether sulfates and fatty alcohol sulfates, and salts of sulfated hexa-, hepta- and actadecanols, and also of fatty alcohol glycol ethers, condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of the naphthalene sulfonic acids with phenol and formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctyl-, octyl- or nonylphenol, alkylphenyl or tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, isotridecyl alcohol, fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetate, sorbitol esters, lignosulfite waste liquors and proteins, denatured proteins, polysaccharides (e.g., methylcellulose), hydrophohically modified starches, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarboxylates, polyalkoxylates, polyvinyl amine, polyethyleneimine, polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers thereof.
[0053] Exemplary thickeners include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum, and organic and inorganic sheet minerals, and mixtures thereof.
[0054] Exemplary antifoam agents include, but are not limited to, silicone emulsions, long-chain alcohols, fatty acids, salts of fatty acids, organofluorine compounds, and mixtures thereof.
[0055] Exemplary antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to, bactericides based on dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal, and isothiazolinone derivates, such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones, and mixtures thereof.
[0056] Exemplary antifreeze agents, include, but are not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea, glycerol, and mixtures thereof.
[0057] Exemplary colorants include, but are not limited to, the dyes known under the names Rhodamine B, pigment blue 15:4, pigment blue 15:3, pigment blue 15:2, pigment blue 15:1, pigment blue 80, pigment yellow 1, pigment yellow 13, pigment red 112, pigment red 48:2, pigment red 48.1, pigment red 57:1, pigment red 53:1, pigment orange 43, pigment orange 34, pigment orange 5, pigment green 36, pigment green 7, pigment white 6, pigment brown 25, basic violet 10, basic violet 49, acid red 51, acid red 52, acid red 14, acid blue 9, acid yellow 23, basic red 10, basic red 108, and mixtures thereof.
[0058] Exemplary adhesives include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, tylose, and mixtures thereof.
Methods of Application
[0059] The compositions disclosed herein can be applied in any known technique for applying herbicides. Exemplary application techniques include, but are not limited to, spraying, atomizing, dusting, spreading, or direct application into water (in-water). The method of application can vary depending on the intended purpose. In some embodiments, the method of application can be chosen to ensure the finest possible distribution of the compositions disclosed herein.
[0060] The compositions disclosed herein can be applied pre-emergence (before the emergence of undesirable vegetation) or post-emergence (i.e., during and/or after emergence of the undesirable vegetation including but not limited to after mechanical cutting of the vegetation (e.g. to a cut stump)).
[0061] In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are applied to undesirable vegetation or an area adjacent the undesirable vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of undesirable vegetation by spraying (e.g. foliar spraying). In some embodiments, the spraying techniques use, for example, water as a carrier.
[0062] In some embodiments, herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compositions described herein when they are applied directly to the undesirable vegetation or to the locus of the undesirable vegetation at any stage of growth or before emergence. The effect observed can depend upon the type of undesirable vegetation to be controlled, the stage of growth of the undesirable vegetation, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of the herbicide composition applied.
[0063] The compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesired vegetation in non-crop areas. Exemplary non-crop areas include, but are not limited to, turfgrass, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallow land, rights-of-way, aquatic settings, tree and vine, wildlife management areas, or rangeland. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can also be used in forestry (e.g., for site preparation or for combating undesirable vegetation in plantation forests). In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used to control undesirable vegetation in conservation reserve program lands (CRP), trees, vines, grasslands, and grasses grown for seeds. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used on lawns (e.g., residential, industrial, and institutional), golf courses, parks, cemeteries, athletic fields, and sod farms.
[0064] In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are used to control growth of undesired vegetation of species of the family Rhamnaceae. In certain embodiments, the species of the family Rhamnaceae is of the genus Rhamnus. In certain embodiments the species of the genus Rhamnus is selected from the group: Rhamnus alaternus, Rhamnus alnifolia, Rhamnus arguta, Rhamnus bourgaeana, Rhamnus cathartica, Rhamnus crocea, Rhamnus davurica, Rhamnus diffusa, Rhamnus globosa, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Rhamnus japonica, Rhamnus lanceolata, Rhamnus libanotica, Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris, Rhamnus lycioides, Rhamnus palaestina, Rhamnus pirifolia, Rhamnus prinoides, Rhamnus pumila, Rhamnus saxatilis, Rhamnus serrata, Rhamnus smithii, Rhamnus staddo, Rhamnus utilis or is of the subgenus Frangula including but not limited to the species Rhamnus befulaefolia, Rhamnus californica, Rhamnus caroliniana (Frangula caroliniana), Rhamnus frangula (Frangula alnus), Rhamnus glandulosa, Rhamnus hintonii, Rhamnus purshiana (Frangula purshiana) and Rhamnus rubra (Frangula rubra).
[0065] While the above description provides examples of one or more apparatus, methods, or systems, it will be appreciated that other apparatus, methods, or systems may be within the scope of the claims as interpreted by one of skill in the art.
[0066] By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of certain embodiments of the present disclosure are given below.
Seed Germination
[0067] Juglone was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and diluted in sterile water to a 10.sup.-3 M stock solution for 24 hours at 40.degree. C., then further diluted to obtain 10.sup.-4, 10.sup.-5 and 10.sup.-6 M solutions. Seeds were previously collected from 3 different sites (Site 1: Iroquois Shoreline Woods Park in Oakville, Ontario, Canada, Site 2: Ignatius Jesuit Centre in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, and Site 3: Snyder Flats Conservation Area in Bloomingdale, Ontario, Canada) and then placed into cold stratification. For this experiment, seeds were removed from 40 day cold stratification and surface sterilization was done for 30 s in 3% hydrogen peroxide followed by two one minute sterile water rinses. Sheets of 90 mm filter paper were placed on the bottom of Petri plates, followed by 15 seeds, and then topped with another sheet of filter paper. A pipette then dispensed 2 ml of treatment or control onto each plate directly onto the top filter paper, thereby wetting the seeds and bottom filter paper as well. Five reps (plates) were done for each site at each treatment. Plates were then placed into Ziploc bags (to maintain humidity) and kept at 24.degree. C. in the dark. Plates were checked every day for germination (i.e. emergence of the radicle). The number of germinated seeds per plate was recorded daily. Using Microsoft Excel, a graph was created to show the average number of germinated seeds per group with standard error. Statistics were done using JMP statistical software.
[0068] FIG. 1 shows a picture of Buckthorn seeds sitting on a filter paper in a petri dish.
[0069] All seeds that germinated did so by Day 12; no further germination was observed up to Day 32 when the experiment was ended. The overall effect on germination was analyzed for Day 12 using a Least Squares Model and a significant difference was found at different sites and at different treatments, F(.sub.10.64)=7.74 and p<0.001. The significant difference between the treatments was F(.sub.4.64)=6.2 and p=0.003.
[0070] It should be noted that herein, F refers to the F statistic and p refers to p value. When conducting an ANOVA test or a regression analysis to determine if the means between two populations are significantly different, the F statistic is the quotient of the dividend (variance of the group means) divided by (mean of the within group variances). The F statistic indicates if a group of variables are jointly significant. The p value is determined from the F statistic and represents the probability that the obtained results could have happened by chance. When p is <0.05, the result is statistically significant.
[0071] Differences between sites were also observed. Seeds from Site 3 exposed to control germinated much less than seeds from either of Site 1 or Site 2. These trends seemed to carry through to all treatments.
[0072] FIG. 2 is a graph showing the average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for each site.
[0073] Individual comparisons between controls and the 10.sup.-6 M and 10.sup.-5 M dilution treatments revealed that the percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated was consistently significantly lower in seeds that received treatment with the concentrations of Juglone. The percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated appeared to increase as the concentration of Juglone increased above 10.sup.-5 M.
[0074] FIG. 3 is a graph showing the average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for seeds from the Iroquois Shoreline Woods site in Oakville, Ontario (Control vs 10.sup.-6 MP: p=0.0278, one-tail T-test, Control vs 10.sup.-5 M: p=0.07, one-tail T-test).
[0075] FIG. 4 is a graph showing the average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for seed from the Ignatius Jesuit Centre site in Guelph, Ontario (Control vs. 10.sup.-6 M: p=0.039, one-tail T-test, Control vs 10.sup.-5 M: p=0.063, one-tail T-test).
[0076] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the average percentage of Buckthorn seeds that germinated from each treatment group for seed from the Snyder Flats site (Control vs 10.sup.-6 M: p=0.045, one-tail T-test Control vs 10.sup.-5 p=0.1561, one-tail T-test).
[0077] The lowest concentration of Juglone (10.sup.-6 M) was significantly effective in preventing seed germination. Differences in seed germination has also been found between sites; seeds collected from Iroquois Shoreline Woods site germinated at higher rates than those from Ignatius Jesuit Centre site, with the lowest germination seen in seeds from Snyder Flats site.
Radicle Elongation
[0078] From the seed germination study (above), the first five (5) germinated Buckthorn seeds from each group (same treatment, same site) were set aside for radicle elongation measurements (see FIG. 6). These five were placed together in new Petri plates between two new filter papers dosed with treatment (i.e. same filter setup & treatment as germination study). For each of the 75 germinated seeds (5.times.15 groups), the initial length of the emerged radicle was measured. The length of the radicle was then re-measured daily for a total of 7 days. It proved to be quite difficult to accurately measure radicle length by hand (i.e. caliper) due to the delicateness of the radicle and the "curling" formations. Therefore, on Day 7 all radicles were also sacrificed and scanned on an Epson.RTM. flatbed scanner then analyzed off-label by WinRhizo.TM. software, which measured the full length as "Brother 1" of the inputted "root". Using Microsoft Excel, a graph was created to show the average length of radicle 7 days after emergence with standard error.sub.; when measured by hand. WinRhizo Day 7 measurements were compared to hand-measured Day 7 measurements to check for accuracy. Another graph was created to show the average growth of the radicle over time. Statistics were done using JMP.TM. statistical software.
[0079] FIG. 6 is a graph showing the appearance of a newly emerged radicle (left) compared to the radicle after 7 days of elongation (right).
[0080] An observable difference between the radicles of the control vs. the radicles exposed to the 10.sup.-3 M concentration of Juglone was indicated by a difference in colour. The control radicles were light yellow/green on Day 7 compared to the darker brown/black radicles of the 10.sup.-3 M treatment (see FIG. 7).
[0081] Growth rates on Day 7 as measured by hand were similar to those obtained by WinRhizo software; therefore, statistical analysis was carried out on the hand-measured growth data.
[0082] The growth rates of seed radicles were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA, repeated measures). There was no significant difference (F.sub.(4.20)=0.38 and p=0.1485) in radicle growth between treatments of various concentrations of Juglone for seed radicles germinated from seeds from the Iroquois Shoreline Woods Park site in Oakville, Ontario (see FIG. 8A). However, there was a significant difference (F.sub.(4.19)=0.73 and p=0.0264) in radicle growth between treatments of various concentrations of Juglone for seed radicles germinated from seeds from the Ignatius Jesuit Centre site, in Guelph, Ontario and more specifically, it was found that concentrations of 10.sup.-3 M of Juglone limited radicle elongation significantly. There was no significant difference (F(.sub.4.19)=0.17 and p=0.5339) in radicle growth between treatments of various concentrations of Juglone for seed radicles germinated from seeds from the Snyder Flats Conservation Area site in Bloomingdale, Ontario (see FIG. 8C).
[0083] When the treatment effects (net WinRhizo values) were compared by ANOVA (2-way with replication), significant difference in growth (p=0.0005) was detected among the treatments. T-tests comparing controls and Juglone treatments detected significantly reduced growth of radicles growing in the presence of Juglone concentrations of 10.sup.-3 M for all sites, but at only for the Iroquois Shoreline Woods Park site and Snyder Flats Conservation Area site for concentrations of 10.sup.-4 M. Growth reduction was not achieved on seed from any site with more dilute concentrations (see FIG. 9).
[0084] A concentration of 10.sup.-3 M Juglone significantly reduced radicle elongation over seven days, compared to controls, from seed from all three sites. Radicle growth from seed from two sites, the Iroquois Shoreline Woods Park site and Snyder Flats Conservation Area site, was also reduced significantly by Juglone at a concentration of 10.sup.-4 M.
[0085] The growth curves appeared to be continuing to diverge after seven days. In addition, the blackening of treated radicles suggests a possible damaging effect by the Juglone.