text:
\section{Introduction}

The upper critical magnetic field $H_{c2}$ of an isotropic type-II
superconductor generally obeys a linear temperature dependence in the vicinity
of the superconducting transition temperature $T_{c}$ \cite{Werthamer66}.
Deviations from the linear $T$-dependence of $H_{c2}(T)$ are usually
ascribed to inhomogeneities distributed in the sample, which can broaden
the resistive transitions $R(T)$ and $R(H)$ \cite{Zwicknagl84,Larkin71}.
The temperature dependence of $H_{c2}$ is also known to be sensitive to the
orientation of the magnetic field, if the superconducting nucleus size
becomes comparable to the characteristic dimensions of the structure (see, for
example, Refs. \cite{Lee97,Drechsler00}). In particular, artificially
prepared metallic multilayers (ML) consisting of alternating superconducting
(S) and normal metal (N), or of S and insulating (I) layers, or even of two
different superconductors, S and S$^{\prime }$, show nonlinear $H_{c2}(T)$
dependences (see, for example, an early review \cite{Jin89}).

Among a variety of layered superconducting systems,
superconductor-ferromagnet (S/F) metallic hybrids attract special attention
because of rich physics of these objects \cite%
{Buzdin05,Efetov05,Pokrovskii05} as well as promising perspectives for
their applications in superconducting spintronics \cite%
{Kupriyanov04,Ryazanov1,Ryazanov2}. Based on the unique properties of S/F
hybrids, several kinds of device physics were proposed such as
proximity-effect superconducting spin-switching \cite%
{Beasley97,Tagirov99,Buzdin99,Gu02,Fominov10} and Josephson current
switching \cite{Karmin1,Houzet,Karmin2} actuated by an external magnetic
field. Very recently, magnetic-field-controlled superconductivity switching
in the S/F proximity systems \cite{Luo,Leksin1,Leksin2,Leksin3,Zdravkov12} and
the Josephson current switching in the S/F/S junctions \cite{Ryazanov12,Ryazanov12-2}
were demonstrated experimentally.

The influence of the magnetic field on superconductivity in S/F hybrid structures
was pointed out in theoretical studies\cite{Radovic88,Kuboya}. It was demonstrated
that in order to evaluate correctly their
critical magnetic fields it is necessary to account for the magnetic field
penetration into both, the superconducting and ferromagnetic layers. An
approximate single-mode analysis for the critical field \cite{Radovic88} was
further developed in Ref. \cite{Yoksan06}, where rigorous solution of
the quasiclassical Usadel equations \cite{Usadel70} was worked out both for
SF-bilayers and for SF-multilayers. These theoretical studies of the critical fields are
important not only because of possible influence of the pivoting field on
the onset of superconductivity in the system, but in view of justifying
the consistency of the FFLO \cite{FF,LO} physics, implemented into
the Usadel formalism, with the actual experiments.
Moreover, more experimental data collected here reduce ambiguities in
fitting procedures for large number
of physical parameters (from 6 to 12, see below).

Measurements of the upper critical fields
in S/F multilayers since the very beginning of their studies served as
an important proof of coupling between the layers \cite{Chien}. Samples with decoupled S-layers
are described by the theoretical approach of Ref. \cite{Radovic88}. In a magnetic field parallel to the layers a two dimensional (2D) behaviour is observed close to $T_{c}$ \cite{Chien,Verbanck,Aarts, Mattson97}. In the case of a coupling, a 2D-3D crossover occurs \cite{Chien,Verbanck2}. There are also  studies of $H_{c2}$ in ferromagnetic
alloy - superconductor heterostructures \cite{Armenio,Huang,Cirillo}, where
2D-3D crossover, the flux pinning mechanism and the anisotropy coefficient,
$\gamma_{GL}$=$H_{c2}^{\parallel }(0)$/$H_{c2}^{\perp }(0)$, were deduced.
In the case of S-layers coupling, the difference in the phase of the superconductig order parameter between S-layers can vary what
 significantly affects on $T_{c}$ and complicates the experimental detection
of oscillatory $T_{c}(d_{F})$ behavior \cite{Prishepa}.
Therefore, to explore experimentally the evolution of the $T_{c}(d_{F})$ dependence
 from oscillatory type to reentrant one under applied magnetic field
we have chosen the system with sole superconducting layer.
Our experiments, for the first time, refer to the regime of reentrant
superconductivity to which we could drive our samples from the oscillatory
regime, by applying an external magnetic field (see below).

Being interested in superconducting spin-valve physics, proposed by the
Beasley group \cite{Beasley97} and later developed in Refs.
\cite{Tagirov99,Buzdin99,Gu02,Fominov10}, here we present the results
of our measurements of a critical magnetic field
$H_{c2}$ in Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$/Nb/Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$ spin-valve cores
for the parallel and perpendicular to the sample plane geometry.
Since our samples exhibit expressed oscillatory $T_{c}(d_{F})$ behavior
as a function of the CuNi alloy thickness at zero magnetic field,
for our $H_{c2}(T)$ measurements we have chosen several characteristic
points at the steeply descending, minimum, increasing and asymptotic
segments of this $T_c(d_F)$ dependence. In addition, in the $T_c(d_F)$
dependence, the transition from oscillatory to reentrant behavior,
driven by the external magnetic field, has been observed for the first time.
A detailed analysis of the parallel and perpendicular critical fields
as well as superconducting transition temperatures is given within
the framework of the quasiclassical Usadel equations formalism, which
appears to be most suitable one for the short mean-free-path materials
utilized in our samples.

Our paper is organized as follows. In Section II we present details of
fabrication and characterization procedures of our FSF trilayer
samples and describe measurements
of their temperature dependent critical magnetic field $H_{c2}(T)$. Section
III is devoted to theoretical analysis of the problem within the framework
of quasiclassical Usadel equations. Section IV presents a detailed comparison between
our experimental data and theoretical calculations as well as a brief discussion
of our key observations.

\section{Experiment}

\subsection{Thin film deposition and sample preparation}

The three-layer Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$/Nb/Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$ structures were
grown on commercial silicon substrate
utilizing a magnetron sputtering machine by the Leybold Company, model Z-400.
Three mounted targets allowed fabrication of
the whole multi-structured samples within one cycle of sputtering without
breaking vacuum in the chamber. The interfaces between the constituent thin
films were found extremely clean \cite{Sidorenko10}. Since our study
requires a set of specimens with identical thickness of the superconducting
layer of Nb and varied thickness of the ferromagnetic layers, the method of
growing wedge-shaped films was applied. It allowed us to obtain a set of up
to 40 specimens prepared in a single run on a long substrate under identical
vacuum conditions.

Actually, a commercial silicon wafer was cut into pieces of  size $%
7\times 80$ mm$^{2}$, cleaned and put into the vacuum chamber. After that
the chamber was evacuated with a turbo-molecular pumping system to a base
pressure of $3\times 10^{-6}$ mbar, and the sputtering was done in the atmosphere of
argon ($99.999\%$ purity) with the pressure of $8\times 10^{-3}$ mbar. At
the beginning, each target ($75$ mm in diameter) was presputtered during about $10$
minutes in order to clean its surface from possible oxides and absorbed
gases.

The first Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$ layer was grown on an amorphous silicon buffer
film deposited just before, to isolate the structure from gases absorbed by a
natural oxide on a surface of the substrate. To provide superior homogeneity
of the Si and Nb film thickness over the size of the substrate the
"spray" deposition technique was employed \cite{Zdravkov06,Sidorenko09}. To
realize this technique a magnetron was moved along the substrate by a custom
motorized setup providing a uniform coverage of the substrate surface with the
sputtered material.

To deposit a wedge-shaped Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$ layer, the target was
positioned with the symmetry axis just above the substrate edge. A wedge
shape of the ferromagnetic alloy was obtained due to the native gradient of
sputtering aside of the symmetry axis. The deposition rate on the thick end
of the wedge was about 3-4 nm/sec. As in the earlier experiments
\cite{Sidorenko10,Zdravkov11}, we operated the magnetron in the ac regime to keep
the concentration of nickel about 59\% in the deposited CuNi alloy films
(hereafter the Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$ alloy will be referred as CuNi alloy). As we
already pointed out, the superconducting niobium layer was grown with the Nb
target moving along the substrate. In this way the reduced effective
deposition rate of about 1.3 nm/sec was achieved \cite{Sidorenko10,Kehrle12}.
Subsequently, the second wedge-shaped ferromagnetic layer was sputtered on
top of the Nb film with the thickness of the both CuNi layers
varied from 2 to 50~nm (more accurate data are presented in Sec.~II). In
order to protect our FSF structure from oxidation in ambient
conditions it was capped by a thin silicon layer. The sketch of the whole FSF
structure is presented in Fig. \ref{trilayer-fig}.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{trilayer-fig.eps}
}
\caption{(Color online) The sketch of our trilayer FSF sample with top (CuNi-T),
bottom (CuNi-B) CuNi ferromagnetic layers and superconducting (S) Nb layer.}
\label{trilayer-fig}
\end{figure}

To obtain a series of FSF strips with varying CuNi
layer thicknesses $d_{F}$ to be used in our $H_{c2}(T,d_{F})$ measurements,
samples of equal width (about 2.5 mm) were sequentally cut perpendicularly to the wedge
gradient and correspondingly numbered resulting in the FSF3 batch.
Then, aluminum wires of 50~$\mu$m in diameter were attached to
the strips by ultrasonic bonding for four-probe resistance measurements.

\subsection{Thickness and composition characterization}

The thickness of the each layer in our FSF structure was determined
by means of Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). He$^{++}$ ions
were accelerated to energies of 3.5 MeV by a tandem accelerator. In order to
avoid channeling effects the samples were tilted azimuthally by 7$^{\circ }$,
and the backscattered ions were detected at the angle of 170$^{\circ }$
with respect to the incident beam.

The RBS spectra fitting procedure is described in Ref. \cite{Kehrle12}.
The results of the RBS evaluation are presented in Fig.~\ref{FSF3-RBS-all}.
Depending on the sample, the graph shows almost linearly increasing thicknesses of
both copper-nickel layers from about 1 to 48~nm. The niobium layer
thickness is nearly constant of around 15.5~nm (dashed line in Fig.~\ref{FSF3-RBS-all})
with slight tendency to increase for largest sample numbers. The thicknesses of both
CuNi alloy layers were found to be nearly the same only for intermediate range
of the samples (approximately for Nr. 20$\div{27}$).
However, the deviation of the CuNi layers thicknesses over the mean value
mainly did not exceed 10 \%.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{FSF3-RBS-all.eps}
}
\caption{(Color online)  Thicknesses of the layers of FSF3 batch evaluated by
RBS spectrum over the whole strip-like specimens.
}
\label{FSF3-RBS-all}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Critical fields measurements}

The critical field measurements were performed in a $^{4}$He cryostat
equipped with a superconducting solenoid providing magnetic fields up to $17$
\thinspace T. The temperature was controlled in the range of $0.4-8$~K with
an accuracy of about $1$~mK. Resistivity measurements were performed in
Oxford Instruments $^{4}$He-$^{3}$He Heliox insert, using the conventional
four-probe method. In order to avoid thermoelectric voltages, alternating
of the current polarity was performed during our measurements.
The resistive transitions for the sample \#26 are displayed in
Fig. \ref{RT-FSF3-26} for different values of the magnetic field.
The critical temperatures $T_{c}$ assigned to the applied field,
\textit{i.e.} the upper critical magnetic field $H_{c2}$, were determined as
midpoints of the resistive transitions $R(T)$. The estimated accuracy of the $T_c$
evaluation is within a few mK.
The critical values of the magnetic field were measured
for two field orientations -- perpendicular and parallel to the sample
plane, $H_{c2}^{\perp }(T)$ and $H_{c2}^{\parallel }(T),$ respectively. Both
the critical temperature values and the slope of the curves $H_{c2}^{\perp
}(T)$ in the vicinity of $T_{c}$ are listed in Table \ref{sample-tbl}.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{RT-FSF3-26.eps}
}
\caption{(Color online) Resistive transitions for the sample \#26 of the batch FSF3
in the presence of the magnetic field.}
\label{RT-FSF3-26}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\caption{Sample characteristics together with the results of our
measurements. Total thickness of the ferromagnetic layers is denoted as $d_{
\mathrm{CuNi}}$. The critical temperature, ${T_c}$, is given for \textit{H} = 0. }
{\small
\begin{tabular}{@{}llllllllll}
\br
Sample number& 33 & 31 & 28 & 26 & 20 & 15 &  10 & 5 & 1\cr
\mr
$d_{\mathrm{CuNi}}$
           & 2.5 & 3.4 & 6.6 & 10.8 & 23.9 & 39.6 & 60.1 & 79.5 & 89.0\cr
$T_c$ (K)  & 6.73 & 6.7 & 5.25 & 2.40 & 2.69 & 2.86 & 2.98 & 3.00 & 3.35\cr
$\partial H_{c2}/\partial T$ (T/K)&-0.522&-0.469&-0.477&-0.236&-0.216&-0.221&
            -0.217&-0.217&-0.216\cr
\br
\end{tabular}}
\label{sample-tbl}
\end{table}

Figure \ref{FSF-HCT-fig} displays the temperature dependencies for
perpendicular (left panel) and parallel (right panel) critical magnetic
fields for the FSF3 series with the niobium layer thickness value
$d_{\mathrm{Nb}}=15.5$~nm. One observes that both critical fields
demonstrate a non-monotonous dependence on the ferromagnetic CuNi
layer thickness. This observation requires an explanation which will
be obtained by means of our theoretical analysis developed in the next
section.

\begin{figure*}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{FSF3-perp-fig.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{FSF3-para-fig.eps}
\caption{Temperature dependence of perpendicular (left panel) and parallel
(right panel) critical magnetic fields for our FSF samples with the niobium
layer thickness value $d_{\mathrm{Nb}}=15.5$\,nm. With a good accuracy the
thicknesses of the ferromagnetic layers are equal, i.e.
$d_1=d_2=d_{\mathrm{CuNi}}/2$. Experimental data are shown by symbols.
Solid lines represent fits to our theoretical predictions.}
\label{FSF-HCT-fig}
\end{figure*}

\section{Theory}

In this Section we elaborate a theoretical analysis of the superconducting
phase transition in F$_{1}$SF$_{2}$ trilayers in the presence of an external
magnetic field. A sketch of our trilayer is shown in Fig. \ref{fsf-fig}.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{fsf-fig.eps}
}
\caption{(Color online) F$_{1}$SF$_{2}$ trilayer structure.}
\label{fsf-fig}
\end{figure}
Our treatment is based on the quasiclassical theory of superconductivity. As
in the vast majority of experiments the electron elastic mean free path
$\ell $ in both superconducting and ferromagnetic layers remain much smaller
than the coherence length $\xi _{0}\sim v_{F}/T_{c}$, and $\xi _{F0}\sim v_{F}/h$,
respectively, where $h$ is the exchange energy, it would be
appropriate to stick to the so-called dirty limit and apply the Usadel
equations \cite{Usadel70,Belzig}. In addition, we will make use of the fact
that at temperatures sufficiently close to the critical one, $T\sim T_{c}$,
the superconducting order parameter $\Delta (T)$ is much smaller than
temperature, $\Delta (T)\ll T$. In this limit, one can linearize the Usadel
equations for the anomalous quasiclassical Green function $F$ and obtain
\begin{equation}
D\left( \nabla -2i\dfrac{e}{c}\bm{A}\right)^{2}F
-2(|\omega _{n}|+ih{\rm sgn}(\omega _{n}))F+2\Delta (\bm{r})=0,  \label{F}
\end{equation}
where $D=v_{F}\ell /3$ is the diffusion constant, $\bm{A}$ is the vector
potential, $\omega _{n}=\pi T(2n+1)$ is the Matsubara frequency and $h$ is
the exchange field in the ferromagnet. The exchange field $h$ and the
superconducting order parameter $\Delta $ differ from zero, respectively, in
the ferromagnetic and superconducting layers only. For simplicity, in what
follows, we will assume that the magnetization in each ferromagnetic layer
is spatially uniform within this layer, and that mutual orientation of the
two magnetizations is collinear, i.e. either parallel (P), or antiparallel
(AP).

Equation (\ref{F}) should be supplemented by appropriate boundary conditions
matching the $F$-functions at the S/F interfaces \cite{Kuprianov88,Garcia2007}.
In the vicinity of the critical temperature these boundary conditions read
\begin{equation}
r\sigma _{-}\dfrac{\partial F_{-}}{\partial x}=r\sigma _{+}\dfrac{\partial
F_{+}}{\partial x}=F_{+}-F_{-},  \label{bc}
\end{equation}%
where $r$ is the interface resistance per unit area, $\sigma _{\pm }$ and
$F_{\pm }$ are the Drude conductivities and anomalous Green functions at both
sides of the corresponding S/F interface, respectively. Below we will
consider two orientations of the external magnetic field: perpendicular and
parallel to the S/F interfaces.

\subsection{Perpendicular upper critical field}

Let us first consider an F$_{1}$SF$_{2}$ structure subject to an external
magnetic field $H$ perpendicular to the S/F interfaces. In order to account
for a uniform magnetic field we can choose the gauge $\bm{A}=(0,0,Hy)$,
where $y$, $z$ are in-plane coordinates, and $x$-axis is perpendicular to
the layers' plane. In this case we can use the following Ansatz for both the
anomalous Green function and the order parameter \cite{Radovic91}
\begin{gather}
F(\bm{r},\omega _{n})=g(y,z)F(x,\omega _{n}), \\
\Delta (\bm{r})=g(y,z)\Delta (x),
\end{gather}%
where the function $g(y,z)$ obeys the equation
\begin{equation}
\left( \dfrac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}+\left[ \dfrac{\partial }{
\partial z}-2i\dfrac{e}{c}Hy\right] ^{2}\right) g(y,z)
=-\dfrac{4\pi |H|}{\Phi _{0}}(m+1/2)g(y,z),\quad m\geqslant 0,
\end{equation}
and $\Phi _{0}=\pi c/e$ is the flux quantum. Then, Eq. \eqref{F} takes the
form
\begin{equation}
D\left[ \dfrac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}-\dfrac{2\pi |H|}{\Phi _{0}}
(1+2m)\right] F \\
-2(|\omega _{n}|+ih{\rm sgn}(\omega _{n}))F+2\Delta (x)=0.  \label{F_perp}
\end{equation}
Since the magnetic field enters only through the second term in Eq. %
\eqref{F_perp}, in order to obtain the critical field it suffices to
restrict our analysis to the lowest Landau level, \textit{i.e.} to set $m=0$.

In the ferromagnetic regions the superconducting order parameter $\Delta $
equals to zero identically, and Eq. (\ref{F_perp}) can be solved exactly. In
the superconducting region it is necessary to obtain the solution of the
equation
\begin{equation}
D_{S}\left[ \dfrac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}-\dfrac{2\pi |H|}{\Phi _{0}}
\right] F_{S}-2|\omega _{n}|F_{S}+2\Delta (x)=0  \label{F_perp2}
\end{equation}%
with the effective boundary conditions
\begin{gather}
\left. \dfrac{\partial F_{S}}{\partial x}\right\vert _{x=0}=W_{1}^{\perp
}(\omega )F_{S}(x=0),  \label{W1} \\
\left. \dfrac{\partial F_{S}}{\partial x}\right\vert _{x=d}=-W_{2}^{\perp
}(\omega )F_{S}(x=d),  \label{W2}
\end{gather}%
where the parameters $W_{1,2}^{\perp }$ account for the influence of the top
and the bottom ferromagnetic layers, respectively, on the superconducting
layer. They read
\begin{gather}
W_{1,2}^{\perp }=\dfrac{1}{\sigma _{S}}\dfrac{1}{r_{1,2}+\dfrac{\coth
k_{1,2}d_{1,2}}{\sigma _{1,2}k_{1,2}}},  \label{Wdef} \\
k_{1,2}=\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{D_{1,2}}\left( \dfrac{\pi D_{1,2}|H|}{\Phi _{0}}
+|\omega |+ih_{1,2}{\rm sgn}(\omega) \right) },  \label{k12def}
\end{gather}%
where $\sigma _{S,1,2}$ and $D_{S,1,2}$ denote the conductivities and the
diffusion constants in the superconductor and in the two ferromagnetic
layers with thicknesses $d$, $d_{1}$, and $d_{2}$, respectively (see Fig.
\ref{fsf-fig}). Exchange fields of the ferromagnets are denoted by $h_{1}$
and $h_{2}$. The interface resistances per unit area $r_{1}$ and $r_{2}$
refer to the S/F$_{1}$- and S/F$_{2}$-interface resistances.

Spatial dependence of the superconducting order parameter is fixed by the
self-consistency equation
\begin{equation}
\Delta (x)=\lambda \pi T\sum_{|\omega _{n}|<\omega _{c}}F(x,\omega _{n}),
\label{self}
\end{equation}%
where $\lambda >0$ is the BCS coupling constant, and $\omega _{c}$ defines
the high frequency cutoff, which is typically of the order of corresponding
Debye frequency. Introducing the superconducting critical temperature $T_{c0}
$ in the absence of both the external magnetic field and the ferromagnetic
layers one can expel $\lambda $ and $\omega _{c}$ from Eq. \eqref{self} and
get
\begin{equation}
\Delta (x)\ln \dfrac{T_{c0}}{T}=\pi T\sum_{|\omega _{n}|<\omega _{c}}\left[
\dfrac{\Delta (x)}{|\omega _{n}|}-F_{S}(x,\omega _{n})\right] ,
\label{Delta_x}
\end{equation}%
where $T_{c0}=\omega _{c}(2\gamma /\pi )e^{-1/\lambda }$ ($\gamma
=e^{C}\approx 1.781$).

The critical magnetic field $H_{c2}^{\perp }(T)$ is determined by a highest
value of $H$ at which the system of equations \eqref{F_perp2}-\eqref{W2},
\eqref{Delta_x} still has a non-trivial solution. In order to proceed
further we will employ the fundamental solution method \cite{Fominov02}. It
is convenient to introduce the function $G(x_{1},x_{2},\omega )$ which
inside the superconductor ($0<x_{1},x_{2}<d$) obeys the following equation
\begin{gather}
\left[ \dfrac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial x_{1}^{2}}-k_{S}^{2}\right]
G(x_{1},x_{2},\omega )+\delta (x_{1}-x_{2})=0,  \label{Geq} \\
k_{S}=\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{D_{S}}\left( \dfrac{\pi D_{S}|H|}{\Phi _{0}}+|\omega
|\right) },  \label{ks2}
\end{gather}%
together with the corresponding boundary conditions at the SF interfaces
\begin{gather}
\left. \dfrac{\partial G(x_{1},x_{2},\omega )}{\partial x_{1}}\right\vert
_{x_{1}=0}=W_{1}^{\perp }G(0,x_{2},\omega ), \\
\left. \dfrac{\partial G(x_{1},x_{2},\omega )}{\partial x_{1}}\right\vert
_{x_{1}=d}=-W_{2}^{\perp }G(d,x_{2},\omega ).  \label{Gbound}
\end{gather}%
Equations \eqref{Geq}-\eqref{Gbound} can be resolved analytically with the result
\begin{multline}
G(x_1,x_2,\omega)=\\=
\begin{cases}
\dfrac{
\left[
\cosh k_S x_1 + W_1^{\perp}(\omega) \dfrac{\sinh k_S x_1}{k_S}
\right]
\left[
\cosh k_S (x_2-d) - W_2^{\perp}(\omega) \dfrac{\sinh k_S (x_2-d)}{k_S}
\right]
}{
\left[
k_S + \dfrac{W_1(\omega) W_2^{\perp}(\omega)}{k_S}
\right]
\sinh k_S d+
\left[ W_1^{\perp}(\omega) + W_2^{\perp}(\omega) \right]\cosh k_S d
}, &x_1 < x_2
\\
\dfrac{
\left[
\cosh k_S (x_1-d) - W_2^{\perp}(\omega) \dfrac{\sinh k_S (x_1-d)}{k_S}
\right]
\left[
\cosh k_S x_2 + W_1^{\perp}(\omega) \dfrac{\sinh k_S x_2}{k_S}
\right]
}{
\left[
k_S + \dfrac{W_1^{\perp}(\omega) W_2^{\perp}(\omega)}{k_S}
\right]
\sinh k_S d+
\left[ W_1^{\perp}(\omega) + W_2^{\perp}(\omega) \right]\cosh k_S d
}, & x_2 < x_1.
\end{cases}
\end{multline}
The solution of Eqs. \eqref{F_perp2}-\eqref{W2} can now be
expressed as a convolution of the function $G(x_{1},x_{2},\omega )$ and the
spatially dependent order parameter $\Delta (x)$:
\begin{equation}
F_{S}(x,\omega )=\dfrac{2}{D_{S}}\int\limits_{0}^{d}G(x,x^{\prime },\omega
)\Delta (x^{\prime })dx^{\prime }.  \label{FS}
\end{equation}%
Combining Eqs. \eqref{Delta_x} and \eqref{FS} we effectively reduce our
problem to the integral equation for the superconducting order parameter
which can be resolved in a straightforward way.

To proceed with numerical solution it is useful to discretize this integral
equation employing the Fourier transformation
\begin{gather}
\Delta (x)=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty }\Delta _{m}f_{m}(x), \\
f_{m}(x)=\cos \dfrac{\pi mx}{d},\quad 0<x<d.
\end{gather}%
Then, the integral equation can be transformed into an infinite system of
linear equations,
\begin{multline}
\Delta _{m_{1}}\int_{0}^{d}f_{m_{1}}^{2}(x)dx\ln \dfrac{T_{c0}}{T}
=\pi T\sum_{|\omega _{n}|<\omega _{c}}\Biggl[\dfrac{\Delta _{m_{1}}}{|\omega
_{n}|}\int_{0}^{d}f_{m_{1}}^{2}(x)dx-\dfrac{2}{D_{S}}\sum_{m_{2}=0}^{\infty
}\Delta _{m_{2}} \\
\times \int_{0}^{d}f_{m_{1}}(x_{1})G(x_{1},x_{2},\omega
_{n})f_{m_{2}}(x_{2})dx_{1}dx_{2}\Biggr],
\end{multline}%
which can be reduced by a partial summation over the Matsubara frequencies
to a form:
\begin{multline}
\left[ \ln \dfrac{T_{c0}}{T}+\psi \left( \dfrac{1}{2}\right) -\psi \left(
\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{D_{S}|H|}{2\Phi _{0}T}+\dfrac{\pi D_{S}m_{1}^{2}}{4Td^{2}
}\right) \right]  \\
\times \Delta _{m_{1}}(1+\delta _{m_{1},0})=\sum_{m_{2}=0}^{\infty
}g_{m_{1}m_{2}}\Delta _{m_{2}},\quad m_{1}=0\ldots \infty ,  \label{Deltameq}
\end{multline}%
where $\psi (x)$ is digamma function. The matrix elements $g_{m_{1},m_{2}}$
describe the strength of the proximity effect in the superconducting layer.
They are defined by the following expression,
\begin{multline}
g_{m_1 m_2}
=\pi T\sum_{|\omega_n| < \omega_c}
\dfrac{4d^3/D_S}{\left[(k_S d)^2 + (\pi m_1 )^2\right]
\left[(k_S d)^2 + (\pi m_2 )^2\right]}
\\\times
\dfrac{[W_1^{\perp} + (-1)^{m_1 + m_2} W_2^{\perp}]k_S \sinh k_Sd +
W_1^{\perp} W_2^{\perp} [\cosh k_Sd - (-1)^{m_1}][1 + (-1)^{m_1+m_2}]}{
\left[
k_S + \dfrac{W_1^{\perp} W_2^{\perp}}{k_S}
\right]
\sinh k_S d+
\left[ W_1^{\perp} + W_2^{\perp} \right]\cosh k_S d
}.
\end{multline}

The critical magnetic field $H_{c2}^{\perp }(T)$ coincides with the maximal
value of the parameter $H$ provided system of equations \eqref{Deltameq} has
a nontrivial solution. In our numerical calculations an infinite system of
equations \eqref{Deltameq} was truncated to a finite one providing
sufficient accuracy of the solution.

\subsection{Parallel upper critical field}

Let us now turn to a configuration of the external magnetic field $\bm{H}$
oriented parallel to the S/F interfaces. For a uniform magnetic field we
choose the gauge $\bm{A}=(0,Hx,0)$ and employ the following Ansatz for the
anomalous Green function and the order parameter \cite{Yoksan06},
\begin{gather}
F(\bm{r},\omega )=\exp \left( i\dfrac{2\pi Hx_{0}}{\Phi _{0}}y\right)
F(x,\omega ), \\
\Delta (\bm{r})=\exp \left( i\dfrac{2\pi Hx_{0}}{\Phi _{0}}y\right) \Delta
(x),
\end{gather}
where $x_{0}$ is a free parameter which should be chosen in a way to
maximize the critical magnetic field (or temperature). Then, the Usadel
equation \eqref{F} reduces to
\begin{equation}
D\left[ \dfrac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}-\left( \dfrac{2\pi H}{\Phi _{0}
}\right) ^{2}(x-x_{0})^{2}\right] F \\
-2(|\omega _{n}|+ih{\rm sgn}(\omega _{n}))F+2\Delta (x)=0.  \label{F_par}
\end{equation}
As before, we can effectively transform the above differential equation into
an integral one:
\begin{equation}
F_{S}(x,\omega )=\dfrac{2}{D_{S}}\int\limits_{0}^{d}G(x,x^{\prime },\omega
)\Delta (x^{\prime })dx^{\prime },  \label{FS2}
\end{equation}
where now
\begin{multline}
G(x_1,x_2,\omega)=
-\dfrac{A_2 B_2}{A_1 B_2 - A_2 B_1}
\dfrac{q_1(x_1) q_1(x_2)}{W}
-\dfrac{A_1 B_1}{A_1 B_2 - A_2 B_1}
\dfrac{q_2(x_1) q_2(x_2)}{W}
\\+
\begin{cases}
\dfrac{A_2 B_1}{A_1 B_2 - A_2 B_1}
\dfrac{q_1(x_1) q_2(x_2)}{W}
+\dfrac{A_1 B_2}{A_1 B_2 - A_2 B_1}
\dfrac{q_2(x_1) q_1(x_2)}{W}, & x_1 < x_2,
\\
\\
\dfrac{A_1 B_2}{A_1 B_2 - A_2 B_1}
\dfrac{q_1(x_1) q_2(x_2)}{W}
+\dfrac{A_2 B_1}{A_1 B_2 - A_2 B_1}
\dfrac{q_2(x_1) q_1(x_2)}{W}, & x_1 > x_2,
\end{cases}
\label{Gpara}
\end{multline}
and $q_{1,2}(x)$ denote two linearly independent solutions of
the equation
\begin{equation}
\left[ \dfrac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}-\left( \dfrac{2\pi H}{\Phi _{0}}
\right) ^{2}(x-x_{0})^{2}-\dfrac{2|\omega _{n}|}{D_{S}}\right] q(x)=0.
\label{qeq}
\end{equation}%
The parameters $A_{1,2}$ and $B_{1,2}$ are defined by the following
relations
\begin{gather}
A_{1}=q_{1}^{\prime }(0)-W_{1}^{\parallel }q_{1}(0),\quad
A_{2}=q_{2}^{\prime }(0)-W_{1}^{\parallel }q_{2}(0), \\
B_{1}=q_{1}^{\prime }(d)+W_{2}^{\parallel }q_{1}(d),\quad
B_{2}=q_{2}^{\prime }(d)+W_{2}^{\parallel }q_{2}(d),
\end{gather}%
and
\begin{equation}
W=q_{1}(x)q_{2}^{\prime }(x)-q_{1}^{\prime }(x)q_{2}(x)
\end{equation}
is the Wronskian for the two solutions $q_{1}(x)$ and $q_{2}(x)$. For
simplicity we will assume that the orbital effects of the magnetic field in
the ferromagnetic layers are small. Then, we can obtain parameters
$W_{1,2}^{\parallel }$ from Eqs. \eqref{Wdef}, \eqref{k12def} in which the
external magnetic field should be set equal to zero $H\equiv 0$. Combining
Eq. \eqref{Gpara} with the equations derived in Sec.~3A, we derive the upper
critical field $H_{c2}^{\parallel }(T)$ for the parallel orientation of the
magnetic field.

On the basis of the analysis developed above the upper critical field $H_{c2}
$ was evaluated numerically for the both cases of perpendicular
($H_{c2}^{\perp }(T)$) and parallel ($H_{c2}^{\parallel }(T)$) external
magnetic fields. The corresponding results are presented in the next Section.

\section{Comparison between the theory and experiment}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{Tcd-H-perp-fig.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{Tcd-H-para-fig.eps}
\caption{Superconducting transition temperature versus the total thickness
of ferromagnetic layers for both perpendicular (left panel) and parallel
(right panel) magnetic field orientations. Different curves correspond to different
values of the applied magnetic field (for clarity the curves are shifted upwards
respectively by  2K, 4K, 6K and 8K). Experimental data points are denoted by symbols.
Solid curves indicate the best fit to our experimental data.}
\label{Tcd-H-fig}
\end{figure*}

Let us perform a detailed comparison between our experimental observations
and theoretical results. By fitting our theoretical curves to the
experimental data it becomes possible to estimate the parameters of our
F$_{1}$SF$_{2}$ structures which could not be measured directly. Such fits for
the perpendicular critical magnetic field measured in different F$_{1}$SF$_{2}$
 samples are displayed in the left panel of Fig. \ref{FSF-HCT-fig} by
solid lines along with the experimental data points denoted by symbols. The
thickness of the S-layer remains the same for all samples in a series. The
same set of parameters was employed to fit all the experimental data
presented in Fig. \ref{FSF-HCT-fig}. These parameters are:
\begin{gather}
T_{c0}=7.83\,\mathrm{K},\quad \xi _{S}=5.05\,\mathrm{nm},  \label{fit-perp1}
\\
h_{1}=h_{2}=99.4\,\mathrm{K},  \label{fit-perp2} \\
\sigma _{1}=\sigma _{2}=0.38\sigma _{S},\quad D_{1}=D_{2}=3.25D_{S},
\label{fit-perp3}
\end{gather}
Unfortunately, our fitting procedure does not allow to unambiguously
determine the interface resistances $r_{1,2}$. From Eq. \eqref{Wdef} we
observe that under the condition
\begin{equation}
0<r_{1,2}\lesssim \left\vert \dfrac{\coth k_{1,2}d_{1,2}}{\sigma
_{1,2}k_{1,2}}\right\vert
\end{equation}%
the critical temperature remains almost insensitive to the values $r_{1,2}$.
Making use of the fact that the best fit of our data is obtained for fully
transparent interfaces and employing the parameter values \eqref{fit-perp1}-
\eqref{fit-perp3} we arrive at an estimate
\begin{equation}
0\leq r_{1,2}\lesssim \xi _{S}/\sigma _{S}.
\end{equation}

Our theoretical results for the parallel critical magnetic field (solid
lines) are presented in the right panel of Fig. \ref{FSF-HCT-fig} for the
same values of fitting parameters \eqref{fit-perp1}-\eqref{fit-perp3}.

In both cases of perpendicular and parallel magnetic field configurations we
observe a reasonably good agreement between the theory and the experiment,
in particular, having in mind that single set of the fitting parameters was
used for all our samples. Further improvement of the quality of our fits can
be achieved by a small adjustment of these parameters individually for each
sample. We note that one can indeed expect such parameters as exchange field
$h$, conductivity $\sigma $ and diffusion constant $D$ to be slightly
different for the ferromagnetic layers, since these parameters may depend,
\textit{e.g.}, on the layer thickness and different growth conditions for
the bottom and top CuNi layers. There exists also a number of
other physical reasons which might be responsible for a small mismatch
between the theoretical curves and the corresponding experimental data in
Fig. \ref{FSF-HCT-fig}. One of such reasons is that the standard
weak-coupling BCS theory of superconductivity employed here can describe the
properties of niobium samples only approximately \cite{Carbotte90}: strong
coupling corrections to this theory may easily reach $\sim 30\%$ in this
case. This observation alone appears to be sufficient to account for the
remaining discrepancies between the theory and experiment. In addition, the
quasiclassical Usadel equation formalism employed here yields quantitatively
correct results only provided the condition $\ell _{F}\ll \sqrt{D_{F}/h}$ is
fulfilled in ferromagnetic metals. It is not completely clear if this
condition is well satisfied in our samples, which are in the intermediate
regime between strong and weak ferromagnets. Bearing all the above in mind
we conclude that our theory sufficiently well describes the experimental
data for the critical magnetic field in all our samples.

To complete our analysis, in Fig. \ref{Tcd-H-fig} we display both our
theoretical results (solid lines) and the experimental data (symbols) for
the superconducting critical temperature $T_{c}$ as a function of the total
thickness of the ferromagnetic layers at different magnitudes of the applied
magnetic field. A good agreement between the theory and experiment is
observed for all samples. At low magnetic field $T_{c}(d_{\mathrm{CuNi}})$
exhibits nonmonotonous oscillatory dependence which becomes reentrant at high
enough magnetic fields (the curves from top to bottom in Fig. \ref{Tcd-H-fig},
see also Ref. \cite{Avdeev1}).

In conclusion, we have experimentally and theoretically analyzed the upper
critical field in F$_{1}$SF$_{2}$ trilayers in both perpendicular and parallel
geometries. The series of samples with variable thicknesses of F-layers
were prepared in a single run utilizing the original wedge
deposition and moving magnetron techniques. The sample series exhibit an
oscillatory behavior $T_c(d_F)$ in absence of an external magnetic field,
so several characteristic points in this dependence were chosen
for the critical fields measurements.
Perpendicular $H_{c2}^{\perp}(T)$ and parallel $H_{c2}^{\parallel}(T)
$ critical fields were measured in the same samples in the temperature range
$0.4-8$~K and for magnetic fields up to 9 Tesla. A transition
from the oscillatory to the reentrant behavior of $T_c(d_F)$,
driven by the external magnetic field, was observed for the first time.
Temperature dependence
of the critical magnetic field  was derived from
the quasiclassical Usadel equations for arbitrary values
of the system parameters, such as superconducting transition temperature of the
stand-alone superconducting layer $T_{c0}$, superconducting coherence length
$\xi _{S}$, exchange splitting energies $h_{1,2}$ in the F-layers,
conductivities of the ferromagnetic and superconducting layers $\sigma
_{1,2,S}$, conduction diffusion coefficients $D_{1,2,S}$ in the F and S
layers, and the interface resistances $r_{1,2}$ for the S/F$_{1}$- and
S/F$_{2}$ interfaces, respectively. A fairly good agreement between our theoretical
predictions and the sets of the experimental data on $H_{c2}^{\perp,\parallel}(T)$
for different magnetic layers thickness, as well as $T_c(d_F)$ at different
magnitudes of the magnetic field, has been achieved for a single set of fit parameters.
The transition from the oscillatory to the reentrant $T_c(d_F)$ behavior in magnetic
field has been successfully described by the theory. On one hand, this observation
demonstrates consistency of the FFLO physics (described within the Usadel
equation formalism) with the experimental findings obtained in our particular
Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$/Nb/Cu$_{41}$Ni$_{59}$ trilayer spin-valve cores.
On the other hand, the theory allows to include more experimental data
to rectify conditions for obtaining sizable spin-valve effect in
superconductor-ferromagnet heterostructures.

\section*{Aknowledgements}

We would like to thank V.~V.~Ryazanov, M.~Yu.~Kupriyanov and A.~I.~Buzdin
for useful discussions as well as M.~Schreck and S.~Gsell for help with RBS measurements.
The work is supported by A.~von~Humboldt Foundation within the frame
of the Institutspartnerschaften Project and in part by the DFG grant No.~GZ:~HO 955/6-2.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Chalet VG5 - Situated in the beautiful Turoa village, this house would suit anyone coming to Ohakune from a group of friends to a family.
Stay for three nights and get the fourth night Free - 4 nights for $480. This special only applies for mid week Sun-Thu. Sorry, but this rate can't be booked online. It can only be booked through Ruapehu Chalet Rentals 06-385-8149. Special not valid during school holidays.
Linen: All beds have duvets and pillows. Your chalet will have bathmat/s and tea-towel/s provided. You can either bring your personal linen (sheets, pillow-cases, towels etc) or hire through Ruapehu Chalet Rentals.
Single: $20.00 and Double: $25.00 Hire-linen is a flat rate and not charged per night.
Bathroom: This bathroom has a shower, toilet, vanity and a large mirror.
Kitchen: Open plan kitchen with an oven, large fridge/freezer, dishwasher and microwave. Even has a sandwich press and crockpot!
Dining / Living: Open-plan lounge and dining area. Dining table seating 6 with an additional two breakfast bar stools. There is a 1 x 2 seater couch and a 1 x 3 seater L shape couch with a settee.
Entertainment: In the lounge there is a flat screen T.V with Free-view, a DVD player and a play station. Selection of books for your enjoyment.
Heating: This warm and cosy chalet heats up nicely with a heat pump flowing through the living and sleeping areas with extra electric heaters for warmth.
External: There is an additional storage area for ski's outside the chalet.
(HINT: Our chalet codes start with one of the letters "J", "V" "T" so when you look at the Ohakune Map, click on the appropriate area, V=Village find VG5).


Forech is a manufacturer of conveyor belts and provides customised solutions for moving heavy materials. They approached Miranj for some incremental improvements to their 7-year old brochure website. However, our conversations soon revealed that they can greatly benefit by re-imagining their online strategy. We got on board to do exactly that.
Manufacturing businesses are extremely reliant on sales through direct channels. That's how the industry works — or is at least expected to work. As a result, their websites are created within minimal expectations – typically a brochure site without the breadth of information that can lead potential clients to them through search. We decided to challenge this status quo. We did extensive conversations with different team members at Forech to learn more about their business, the characteristics of their domain and the different players involved.
Based on our understanding of their business domain we came up with a robust content strategy and storytelling that would go beyond drawing attention towards their products. We showcased their product use cases in different industries and to transport different materials. And importantly, we highlighted their global footprint through the vast network of distributors and clients which can be extremely confidence inducing for potential clients and partners.
Customisable Business Enquiries: This feature allows Forech to create unique enquiry forms for each of their offerings. Not only can the fields be customised for each type of product but they can also configure the system to direct the enquiries to the relevant sales teams based on criteria such as the product, geography, etc.
Sheets to Tables: We developed and released a Craft 3 plugin which allows the client to upload a spreadsheet (XLS) containing technical specifications for their products and they get converted into HTML tables for native web rendering.
Auto-Translation Support: We developed a unique module that uses Google Translation APIs to automatically populate translations (into French, Spanish and German) within their CMS massively cutting down translation efforts. These translations are not perfect to begin with but the CMS provides the clients an opportunity to fix errors. The translated pages are also search indexed for greater discoverability.
Within a month of launching the website, they noticed a whopping 60x growth in incoming leads. We all were stoked!


text:
Enjoy your journey with Caltex and stand to win two brand new Toyota C-HRs
by drivingMotion June 17, 2020
written by drivingMotion June 17, 2020
Caltex's Ohayo promotion offers amazing prizes, from cars to gift cards
PETALING JAYA, Selangor, June 17 2020 — Ohayo! Chevron Malaysia Limited, which owns and markets the Caltex brand, is inviting all drivers for a chance to experience all things Japanese with the Caltex Ohayo promotion, which runs till July 15, 2020.
Following the overwhelming success for its "Fuelled to Win" contest and promotion last year, which offered a Volvo XC40 as the grand prize, Chevron has raised the bar with the Caltex Ohayo promotion, offers not one, but two Toyota C-HR vehicles as grand prizes. Other attractive prizes up for grabs include travel packages to Japan and gift vouchers from retailers such as Aeon and Panasonic.
"The response towards our Fuelled to Win last year was truly remarkable. Based on the feedback from our valued customers, we are giving the opportunity for more people to win and experience all things Japan with the Caltex Ohayo promotion," said Jay Gomez, Country Chairman of Chevron Malaysia Limited.
"This year, we will be awarding two lucky winners with a Toyota C-HR each. In addition to providing the opportunity for our customers to visit Japan, regarded as one of the most exotic travel destinations in Asia, we also have gift vouchers, each worth up to RM500, to give away. Overall, we will be giving away prizes amounting over RM400,000," he added.
Given the current government mandated Movement Control Order, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, Caltex has ensured that the travel packages to Japan will be valid until December 31, 2021 for winners to enjoy the sights and culture of Japan when the situation has stabilised.
To participate in the Caltex Ohayo promotion and stand a chance to win these amazing prizes, customers will need to fuel up with a minimum of RM30 at any Caltex service station across the country and send a photograph of their receipt to 018 299 9980 via WhatsApp. Alternatively, they can scan the QR codes displayed at the Caltex stations and follow further instructions which will be provided via WhatsApp.
Furthermore, B Infinite and Caltex JOURNEY™ card members will double their chances of winning in the contest.
"The Caltex Ohayo promotion is our way of showing our appreciation to our loyal customers who have come to us for our superior and high-quality fuels and products. Indeed, our customers are at the heart of all our operations, and they can be assured that we will continue to be there for them with more than 420 service stations around the country, which carry our proprietary Caltex with Techron® fuel," added Gomez.
For more information, visit www.caltex.com/my or the official Caltex Malaysia Facebook page at www.facebook.com/Caltex.Malaysia.
SST EXEMPTION : PRICES OF HONDA CARS LOWER BY UP TO RM9,502.47
Mazda Unveils All-New Mazda BT-50
ISUZU MALAYSIA CELEBRATES MALAYSIA DAY WITH EXCLUSIVE FACEBOOK...
Caltex Ohayo promotion rewards two customers with a...
Grand Prize Winner of "BMW e-Direct Debit Sign-Up...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Filipe Miranda Cunha Pinto known as Filipe Pinto (born in São Mamede de Infesta, Matosinhos municipality, Portugal on 3 July 1988) is a Portuguese singer that won season 3 of the Portuguese reality television music competition series Ídolos in 2010. He won the 2013 MTV Europe Music Award for the Best Portuguese Act.

Ídolos
Pinto auditioned with the Pearl Jam song "Better Man".

During the gala live shows, he sang:
Gala 1: Radiohead - "High and Dry"
Gala 2: Smashing Pumpkins - "Disarm"
Gala 3: Foo Fighters - "Times Like These"
Gala 4: Michael Jackson - "Billie Jean"
Gala 5: Zeca Afonso - "Venham mais Cinco"
Gala 6: Amy Winehouse - "Valerie"
Gala 7: Roberto Carlos - "Quero que tudo vá Pro Inferno" / U2 - "With or Without You"
Gala 8: Guns N' Roses - "Sweet Child o' Mine" / Incubus - "Drive"
Gala 9: Carlos Santana - "Smooth" / Ornatos Violeta - "Ouvi Dizer" / Oasis - "Don't Look Back in Anger"
Gala 10: Whitesnake - "Here I Go Again" (as a duet with Diana) / Goo Goo Dolls - "Iris" / Nirvana - "Lithium" / Pedro Abrunhosa - "Eu Não Sei Quem Te Perdeu" (in duet with Pedro Abrunhosa)
Gala 12: Bush - "Letting the Cables Sleep" / Pearl Jam - "Better Man" / Ornatos Violeta - "Ouvi Dizer"

He won the final against competition from the finalist and eventual runner-up Diana Piedade. In addition to a record contract, he won a 6-month scholarship to study music at London College of Music. In March 2010, Ídolos also released the compilation album Ídolos Os Melhores Momentos that included Pinto's interpretation of "Ouvi Dizer".

After Ídolos
After the finals, he took part in a tour with the rest of the finalists. He also took part in a series of festivals in 2011 including Super Bock Super Rock and Festival Sudoeste. After his win, he completed his education with a degree in Forestry from University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro.

His debut commercial single was "Insónia" followed by his debut studio album Cerne on Farol Records in 2012.

Discography

Albums

Singles
2012: "Insónia"
2015: "E Tudo Gira"
2017: "Amor tem Si"

References

Idols (TV series) winners
1988 births
Living people
21st-century Portuguese male singers
MTV Europe Music Award winners

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.greenlemonmobile.app.ebook;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.view.KeyEvent;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class CrashActivity extends Activity implements OnClickListener {

    private TextView title;
    private ViewGroup titlebar;
    private Button exit;
    private Button send;
    private String crashString;
    private TextView error;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        Intent intent = getIntent();
        if (intent != null) {
            crashString = intent.getStringExtra("key0");
        }
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_crash);
        initViews();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onKeyDown(int keyCode, KeyEvent event) {
        if (KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK == keyCode)
            return true;
        return super.onKeyDown(keyCode, event);
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        switch (v.getId()) {
            case R.id.exit:
                finish();
                android.os.Process.killProcess(android.os.Process.myPid());
                break;
            case R.id.send:
                Intent i = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND);
                i.setType("message/rfc822");
                i.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, new String[] {
                    "achellies@163.com"
                });
                i.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, crashString);
                i.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "LimeMobile Crash Log");
                try {
                    startActivity(Intent.createChooser(i, getResources().getText(R.string.choose_email_client)));
                } catch (android.content.ActivityNotFoundException ex) {
                    Toast.makeText(this, "There are no email clients installed.",
                            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                }
                break;
        }
    }

    public void initViews() {
        titlebar = (ViewGroup) findViewById(R.id.main_titlebar);
        title = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.title);
        exit = (Button) findViewById(R.id.exit);
        exit.setOnClickListener(this);
        error = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.edit_input);
        send = (Button) findViewById(R.id.send);
        send.setOnClickListener(this);

        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(crashString)) {
            error.setText(crashString);
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: QT - why specify parent with graphic widgets? Question:
Specifying a parent with Qt is always seem to be a good idea. However I don't understand why it is required in some particular cases. There is plenty examples of using QGraphicsView in the following way:
MainWindow::MainWindow()
{
    QGraphicsView *view = new QGraphicsView(this);
    ...
}

So why this is better than QGraphicsView *view = new QGraphicsView(NULL)? in this specific case?
Thank you,
Alex

A: A QWidget with no parent is actually a top-level window. However, sometimes people omit specifying the parent when creating the QWidget because the parent will automatically be set later, for example when the QWidget is part of a layout. For example:
QGraphicsView *vew = new QGraphicsView; // the view has no parent

QBoxLayout *layout = new QHBoxLayout;
layout->addWidget(view);

centralWidget()->setLayout(layout); // this automatically reparents the view to 'this'

It doesn't really matter whether you pass this to the new QGraphicsView, or reparent it later. I don't think either is better, but I always do the latter because it looks nicer to me.

A:
"Specifying a parent with Qt is always seem to be a good idea"

There is an explanation.
In this case it is better to specify a parent because you don't need to manage objects destruction. Think about an application with mutliple windows. With NULL everywhere as parent, all objects and their resources are still alive when you close windows. So you create memory leaks. On the other hand, if you have a good object hierarchy, then closing the window will call all the destructors in the hierarchy. One less bug to care about...

can you please explain how the parent window becomes aware of the child view?

There is an internal functionality for the child to add itself to the parent object. This is definitely used in both the QObject constructor and QObjet::setParent(QObject * parent) method. You can notice from the signature that there is no const anywhere, that's because the child object will modify the parent.
http://doc.qt.digia.com/4.7-snapshot/qobject.html#details

A: I'd like to thank UmNyobe and Anthony for helping me to figure it out.
Anyway, I had to look on QT sources to figure out what's happening behind the curtain.
So I understand the whole QObjects idea as following. When a new QObject is created with a specified parent, the  hidden QObjectPrivate::setParent_helper(QObject *parent) function is called. It indeed registers the child with the parent:
parent->d_func()->children.append(q); // Strange, they didn't use `this` to register the object :)

So technically speaking, creating a child with a parent allows the parent to register the child. Therefore, specifying a parent when creating a child is a useful habit.
In some cases, the parent-child relation is specified later anyway (see Anthony's answer), therefore the parent may not be specified.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Feel invigorated and refreshed as you not only revitalize your body, but your mind and soul too. Along with its scenic surroundings, western Crete offers a warm and friendly welcome. Our hosts, walking guide and yoga teacher will help us recover from the stresses of everyday life with a mixture of gentle activities during the course of our week.
Enjoy countryside full of shaded gorges, quiet and traditional nestling villages as well as some dramatic coastline. Each walk is different in its own way, taking in some of the best scenery this wonderful region has to offer. Hear tales of Cretan life, past and present, as you visit a typical village house before meandering along mountain paths. On another day we start from the charming village of Kaliviani, up and over a ridge to the splendid beach of Falassarna as it meets the aquamarine sea where there is time for a swim. The final walk takes us to the stunning Deliana Gorge with its large population of Griffon vultures and a charming ancient church.
We take in the picturesque and sleepy village of Polyrinnia, discovering the fascinating culture and history of this archaeological area. There are panoramic vistas down to the sea and over to the White Mountains, while in the spring time the wild flowers bloom in abundance. Our second tour takes us down to the south coast and the beautiful old monastery of Chryssoskalitissa and the stunning beach of Elafonissi.
With 5 included evening yoga sessions whilst the sun sets, what better way is there to relax and let our cares slip away? Our qualified yoga teacher, Juliet Green, caters for everyone whether we are beginners or experienced. For an hour and a half we find inner calm, relax our 'walking legs' and learn a new respect for our bodies and minds.
Lovely hotel, right on the beach, with friendly and helpful staff. It was a short walk into a small, not too commercialised town and the walks were great, with a very experienced and informative walking guide and beautiful scenery. We visited some lovely beaches, and I really enjoyed the yoga. I thoroughly enjoyed this holiday and would book it again!
We stay at the comfortable family-run Sunny Bay Hotel, situated directly on a shingle beach and a short stroll to a sea-front taverna.
Facilities include an outdoor swimming pool and delightful terrace area, pool/snack-bar open all day and into the evening, breakfast room and a small mini market.
All rooms have satellite TV, a hairdryer, safe, air-conditioning (both at extra charge), fridge and balcony or terrace with a partial sea view.
Gramvousa Boat Trip - A full day excursion to this island where you can see the ruins of an ancient fortress and swim in the crystal clear waters of the wonderful lagoon of Balos.
Chania - You can visit this beautiful Venetian harbour town that has excellent restaurants, shops and a great atmosphere by the local regular bus service.
The transfer time from from Chania Airport to the hotel takes approximately 45 minutes, depending on weather and traffic.
....your camera – the scenery is wonderful!
For the yoga sessions, loose, light and comfortable clothing is recommended.
We suggest a Group Collection to cover guides, transfer drivers, and hotel staff of €20.00 per person. Your Tour Leader will collect this on your behalf and distribute it accordingly, thus relieving you of the burden of who, when and how much to tip. The tipping of housekeeping will be left to your individual discretion (a small amount left in your room on departure should cover this and would be much appreciated). As is customary, 'the hat' will be passed around for the driver and guide on all optional excursions. For any meals that are not included in your itinerary, or taxi fares, your Tour Leader can advise of an appropriate % add on.
Choose an overseas holiday with confidence. All holidays include flights and transfers in resort and are fully ATOL protected.
Solos specialise in singles holidays for the solo traveller interested in singles holidays to the UK, Europe and beyond. Solos Holidays has been serving solo travel for over 30 years, with a wide array of new and exciting single person holidays.
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This years theme is Covers and the songs performed are covers of popular songs in Maldives in recent days. Bathool's performance was a duet with Ahmed Shabeen, also a popular singer in Maldives. Together they performed a cover of "Loabin" by Scores of Flairs.
Their performance was the one of the best performances of the show, and also the most complimented performance of the night.
Bathool and Shabeen are really happy with their performance and excited with the infinite love and support they got. Bathool thanked everyone who helped her with her performance, especially her beloved fans.


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Netflix's best shows, movies, and original series will be available in September 2022.
There are so many new things on Netflix in September 2022 that the list seems never-ending. For your streaming amusement,...
Taylor Swift receives the top honour at the MTV VMAs and releases a new album.
On Sunday, Taylor Swift won the top honour at the 2022 MTV Video Music Awards. She then concluded the night...
Ezra Miller's Response To WB Considering Terminating The Flash Is Unveilled
Credit: giantfreakinrobot.com In an effort to keep the picture on track, Ezra Miller has spoken with WB executives about The...
Flight attendants informed passengers that the captain had passed out, and Jet made an emergency landing, according to a report.
Photo credit: Flickr On a journey from England to Turkey on Tuesday, a Jet2 aircraft had to make an emergency...
Explaining the ending of "Me Time": Why Does Huck Owe Money To A Loan Shark? Sonny's Assistance to Huck:
Credit : Netflix Huck (Mark Wahlberg) takes Sonny (Kevin Hart) wingsuit gliding to celebrate his 29th birthday in the opening...
NBA Star arrested at the Miami Airport
NBA star Taurean Prince was detained at the Miami airport, according to a report by Andy Slater of Fox Sports...
The $1.34 billion Mega Millions prize has yet to be claimed. Here's why we might never identify the offender:
This summer, someone in Illinois became a billionaire. However, more than a month after the winning Mega Millions numbers were...
The $1.33 billion Mega Millions jackpot winner has yet to make a claim.
When Illinois announced the sale of the winning ticket, it was one of the greatest lottery winners in history—a windfall...
$250 million total jackpots for Mega Millions and Powerball; Ohio lottery results for Thursday
Ohio's Cleveland The largest lottery reward this weekend is the $135 million Mega Millions jackpot for the drawing on Friday,...
As the Friday jackpot increases to $135 million, no tickets were sold with all six Mega Millions numbers.
The most recent drawing of the multi-state Mega Millions lottery saw no tickets sold with all six numbers, resulting in...


If you're considering entrepreneurship, there's no better time to see yourself in the optical services and retail industry. My Eyelab, a rapidly expanding eyewear franchise, has paved the way for passionate business owners to discover how to start an optometry practice that's focused on growth. Complete with state-of-the-art technology, extensive support and stellar brand recognition, the My Eyelab optical franchise program offers incredible benefits for both emerging and established investors.
Are you ready to envision a new professional future? Check out these three reasons why the My Eyelab optical franchise concept is the opportunity you've been looking for.
The My Eyelab brand resonates among top players in the optical sector. In fact, we were recently ranked among the top 20 largest optical retailers in the U.S. as a proud recipient of The Sphere of Influence Award by Vision Monday. Between our leveraging of telemedicine services, signature approach to customer care and extensive inventory of prescription eyewear – including a special line of private label frames – My Eyelab is known for breaking barriers in the optical sphere. By offering a comprehensive eyewear franchise program, we invite qualified individuals to champion our model with the backing of this distinguished brand.
Today, the U.S. vision care market generates nearly $40 billion per year and counting, with the largest growth categories being prescription eyeglasses, fitted sunglasses, over-the-counter readers and contact lenses. The My Eyelab optical franchise opportunity teaches owners how to start an optometry practice efficiently while maximizing growth in each of these sectors. Our streamlined model helps them establish top-tier destinations for optical exams and customized eyewear, with a healthy bottom line in mind.
Learning how to start an optometry practice is one thing. Discovering how to optimize the standard optical shop operation with the help of advanced technology is something altogether different – and it's where the My Eyelab optical franchise concept excels. With the help of telemedicine services, our tech-driven business model creates greater efficiency while streamlining operating costs with minimal staffing requirements. Digital eye exams and off-site processing of orders in a centralized lab allows franchisees to run and grow a leaner optical service and retail operation with lower overhead costs than the standard practice.
With over 70 corporate-owned locations, My Eyelab is raising the bar in optical services and retail. Consider joining a true trailblazer with a refined, tech-centric concept that is revolutionizing the optical shop model, one exam at a time. With our established brand presence and efficient operational approach, you'll learn how to start a growth-oriented optometry practice in no time. Speak with one of our franchise representatives today to learn about available My Eyelab eyewear franchise opportunities near you!


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by Jaycee Saye | Aug 27, 2021 | Workout Of The Day | 0 comments
Lubbock County Sheriff's Office Assistant SWAT Commander, Sgt. Josh "Soap" Bartlett, 38, was shot and killed in the line of duty on July 15th, 2021, during a SWAT callout for a barricaded subject. Sgt. Bartlett was a 9 year veteran of the Lubbock County Sheriff's Office and the SWAT team. Prior to starting his law enforcement career, he served two tours in Iraq as an Army Infantryman with the 10th Mountain Division where he received a purple heart among many other awards. Sgt Bartlett is survived by his wife Rebecca, oldest son Zachary and his fiancé Logan Kasidy, sons Christian, Logan and honorary son David, parents Mike and Freda Bartlett and brother Jeremy.
The WOD honoring this hero is…
First… ruck
Then… push-ups, sit-ups, strict pull-ups
Finish with… run
Hero WOD (0800 & 0945)
Restorative Yoga (TBD)


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Д'Або:

 Д'Або, Мэриам (род. 1960) — британская актриса.
 Д'Або, Оливия (род. 1969) — английская актриса и певица.

См. также
 Або (значения)


Following registration of the land, the land sale will be settled and the balance of the land amount is paid.
Final payment is due after Practical Completion stage and the final inspection. The house is then settled.
All inclusions will be listed in the building contract.
Stamp duty is only paid on the land portion of purchase.
If you were to pay stamp duty on an established home (which Revenue NSW class as 'improved land') worth $650,000 you would be paying stamp duty of $24,740. Stamp duty on a new off-the-plan house worth $650,000 but with land value of $350,000 only incurs $11,240 in stamp duty. You are saving over $13,000 by purchasing a new home.
KEEP ONE OR KEEP BOTH – THE CHOICE IS YOURS!
Gillieston Heights is a tranquil suburb of Maitland, part of the idyllic Hunter Region.
An investment with capital growth and regular income?
This NEW 'off the plan home' with two income sources may provide the result you require.
Cliftleigh offers country living without being isolated from big city conveniences. The 2014 opening of the Hunter Expressway puts the Newcastle CBD less than 40 minutes away and the recently upgraded Main Road connects Cliftleigh to Cessnock, Kurri Kurri, and Maitland. The opening of the Hunter Expressway is fuelling a population boom in Cliftleigh. While it's never likely to lose its rural charm, 1000 new homes are expected to be built in the area within the next decade. This population explosion should see this rural community receive new and improved infrastructure.
For more information, Contact Kevin on 0412 849 620 or 4990 1233 today.
© Ray White Cessnock. Based in Cessnock.


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Centennial Lake may refer to one of two lakes in Ontario, Canada:
Centennial Lake (Algoma District)
Centennial Lake (Renfrew County)
Centennial Lake Provincial Nature Reserve

See also
Lake Centennial (Maryland)
Centennial Lakes Park (Minnesota)
Centennial (disambiguation)


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A novel CT imaging system with adjacent double X-ray sources
An M
Xie Y
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine (2013) 2013
0Citations
9Readers
Current computed tomography (CT) scanners rotate fast to reduce motion artifact. X-ray tube must work in a high power to make the image clear under short exposure time. However, the life span of such a tube may be shortened. In this paper, we propose a novel double sources CT imaging system, which puts two of the same X-ray sources closely with each other. The system is different from current dual source CT with orthogonal X-ray sources. In our system, each projection is taken twice by these two sources to enhance the exposure value and then recovered to a single source projection for image reconstruction. The proposed system can work like normal single source CT system, while halving down the working power for each tube. © 2013 Mou An and Yaoqin Xie.
An, M., & Xie, Y. (2013). A novel CT imaging system with adjacent double X-ray sources. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/391212


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Brennan Center for Justice v. New York Police Department
On December 20, 2016, the Brennan Center filed an Article 78 action against the New York Police Department (NYPD) for failing to respond adequately to a Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) request for records.
The request, originally filed in June 2016, was for records regarding the acquisition and use of predictive policing technology. Predictive policing employs computer modeling to try to anticipate crime and to inform deployment of police resources. Algorithms analyze various datasets to predict where, what, and sometimes even who may be involved in a future crime, but there are significant concerns that they may also replicate existing patterns of discrimination.
Publicly available purchase orders showed that the City of New York had paid over $2.5 million to Palantir Technologies since 2012 for software, maintenance, and support. Palantir markets its technology as a platform designed to allow law enforcement to pull in data from a wide range of sources to assist with case management. Palantir also offers a predictive policing feature that suggests geographic areas where crimes are more likely to occur. The design and implementation of this technology could materially affect the civil rights of New Yorkers, but there is little public information about the actual costs and parameters of the NYPD's implementation of predictive policing technology.
The original request was denied in its entirety in late June. The Brennan Center appealed the decision, and NYPD issued a blanket denial of the appeal on August 15, 2016. The Brennan Center sought to have the court compel the NYPD to disclose the documents required by FOIL and/or to comply with FOIL's requirement that it describe in more detail that documents that it is not disclosing.
Read the Original Request & Denial.
Read the Appeal & Appeal Denial.
Read the Verified Petition.
Read the Memorandum of Law.
On April 7, 2017, the NYPD responded to the Brennan Center's lawsuit and agreed to provide some documents in response to the Brennan Center's request, including some vendor agreements and email communications with predictive policing software vendors (which were mostly redacted), a set of privacy protection guidelines from 2009, and a copy of an article on the department's Domain Awareness System. They also disclosed that they do not use Palantir for this purpose, and instead use a predictive policing system that was developed in-house, after testing products from three different vendors. NYPD maintained, however, that they should not be required to produce any documents about their actual testing of commercial products or their current use of predictive policing software; they argued that information about tests of commercial products could reveal vendor's trade secrets, while information about inputs and algorithms in use in the department would potentially allow criminals to replicate the results and predict police movements.
Read the NYPD's Verified Answer and Memorandum of Law.
The Brennan Center does not believe that the information it is seeking would implicate vendor trade secrets or allow criminals to replicate the NYPD's results. Nevertheless, it narrowed its request in its May 18, 2017 reply to focus on records reflecting testing and utilization of the predictive policing system, as well as the historical inputs and outputs of the model. Release of this information would not implicate current or future investigations without the underlying code, but could provide a basis from which to understand how the tools are generally being employed at the NYPD. The Brennan Center also renewed its request for audits of the system and up-to-date governing policies and procedures. Finally, the Brennan Center requested that the NYPD produce relevant vendor communications and redact trade secrets information, if any, rather than withholding them entirely. Disclosure of these communications would significantly contribute to transparency regarding the NYPD's goals for and use of the software.
Read the Brennan Center's Reply.
Read the Transcript of Oral Argument.
The Brennan Center is represented on this matter by Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP.
Citizens deserve to know how their police department is allocating resources to fight crime. The Brennan Center will continue to fight for public release of information about technologies that implicate civil liberties.
On December 27, 2017, the New York State Supreme Court ordered the NYPD to produce certain records about the testing, development, and use of predictive analytics tools to the Brennan Center. Both parties filed cross motions for reargument, which were denied in July of 2018.
Read the December 27, 2017 Order here.
Read the Brennan Center's Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Limited Reargument here.
Read the NYPD's Affidavit in Support of Motion for Leave to Reargue here.
See the orders denying the cross motions for re-argument here.
Finally, after more than two years of litigation, the NYPD started releasing records detailing the department's testing of three commercial predictive policing programs and its ultimate decision to build in-house the predictive software it would use to determine officer deployment. The records include internal communications and notes; promotional materials, email exchanges, and contracts from outside software vendors; and numerous output maps and data collected by the department's in-house algorithms. In all, the Brennan Center received approximately 2,600 pages of information. This trove provides a crucial view into the mechanics of predictive policing, contributing to a more informed public discourse about the costs and consequences of such programs.
NYPD did not relinquish this information easily. Even after the December 27, 2017 court ruling required the department to release records satisfying the Brennan Center's request, the department did not begin producing documents until November of the following year. And the NYPD did not finish releasing the records until April 2019, just short of three years after the Brennan Center filed its original FOIL request. The department's obstructionist approach is concerning because citizens and watchdog organizations should not have to wait years for insight into the technologies shaping police behavior. Nevertheless, the documents represent a victory for members of the public who deserve to know how their police department is allocating its resources, and for civil liberties advocates committed to understanding the implications of predictive policing for individual freedoms.
Letter to New York City Council in Support of Oversight for NYPD
The NYPD: A Resource Page
NYPD Predictive Policing Documents
Shared Statement: 'Predictive Policing' Systems Rely on Biased Data, Exacerbate Disparities


Investing.com – The greenback has surged Tuesday as the United States and China are planning to extend the trade talks until Wednesday.
The representatives of the two countries meet in Beijing, and the talks will continue until the third day. They have more hope that the two largest economies in the world are able to resolve their disputes before the 1st of march.
Steven Winberg, assistant secretary for fossil energy at the u.s. department of energy, has confirmed the extension to the journalists of the american delegation.
"I confirm that we will continue the talks tomorrow, yes," said Winberg to journalists, refusing to answer other questions.
The dollar index, which measures the greenback's strength against a basket of six major currencies, rose 0.3% to 95,55 to 10h29 ET (15h29 GMT). The dollar rose against the yen, with USD / JPY up 0.05% to 108.73.
Investors also await a speech from Trump at 21: 00, Paris time (2: 00 GMT Wednesday), where he is expected to speak on the closure of the government and the construction of a wall on the mexican border. Trump has stated that he would not sign the budget if it did not include the funding of a wall, which led to an impasse with the Congress.
At the same time, the unexpected drop in German industrial output has raised the fear of a growth slowdown in the euro area and could obstruct the plans of the european central Bank to divert the stimulus programs. The EUR / USD declined 0.34% to 1,1433. The british pound lost 0.4 per cent because of the constant pressure on the Brexit, the vote in favour of a withdrawal agreement before the Parliament next week, with the GBP / USD 1,2720.
The AUD / USD fell 0.3% to 0,7127, while the NZD / USD fell 0.5% to 0,6713 and the USD / CAD was steady at 1,3295.


1. Place sliced cucumber in a medium bowl with a fitted lid.
2. Combine 1 cup of water, the vinegars, ½ cup of the dill, sugar, salt, dill seeds, mustard and coriander seeds in a medium saucepan over high heat and bring to a boil. Cook until the sugar and salt has dissolved. Remove from the heat and taste for tartness. Add more sugar if too sour, and let cool to room temperature.
3. Pour the cooled liquid over the cucumbers, cover and refrigerate for at least 24 hours and up to 48 hours, stirring the mixture at least once.


On June 4, 2012, the Dutch Government released a tax bill which proposes certain amendments in Dutch tax law to implement proposals for the 2013 budget.
It is expected that most proposals, unless indicated otherwise, will take effect as of January 1, 2013.
The Bill proposes a one-off irrecoverable levy on the employer of 16% of employee earnings in excess of Euro 150,000 in 2012. For the purpose of the levy, the excess wages will be regarded as paid on March 31, 2013. In most cases, this levy will therefore be included in the wage tax return to be filed, and taxes to be remitted in April, 2013. The levy will be a deductible item in determining the employer's own taxable profits for corporation tax or income tax purposes. This proposal will be a one-off measure which will be repealed after 2013.
The Bill proposes to increase the tax rate of the existing irrecoverable employer's levy on excessive severance payments from 30% to 75%. A severance payment is considered excessive if the employee's annual salary equals at least Euro 531,000 (for the year 2013) while such severance package exceeds a certain 'normalised' annual salary. For purposes of the levy the severance payment is defined as the sum of all payments made during the last preceding two years, in excess of the normalised annual salary.
The Bill proposes that supplies of goods and services made on or after October 1, 2012, which are subject to the main VAT rate, will be taxed at 21%. Where a prepayment has been made for such supplies prior to October 1, 2012, on which prepayment the current main VAT rate of 19% was applied, the taxpayer must account for an additional VAT payment of 2% on October 1, 2012. Supplies of goods and services made before October 1, 2012, will be taxed at the current main VAT rate of 19%, even if the payment for those supplies is made on or after that date.
Further proposals due in September will include limiting the deductibility for personal tax purposes of financing costs incurred in respect of the taxpayer�s principal abode, and possible changes to the tax treatment of compensation paid to employees for commuting and the benefit in kind for using a company car.
For further information or to discuss any of the issues raised, please contact Hans van Ruiten on + 31 10 224 6418 or Peter Bos on + 31 20 578 5623 or Marieke de Vries on + 31 20 578 5176.


This 736 square foot, one bedroom, one bath residence at 1 Seaport features luminous interiors by celebrated AD100 designer S. Russell Groves. Elegant floor-to-ceiling glass walls showcase unique six and a half foot wide horizontal picture windows designed to frame magnificent Northern water and bridge views. Elevated 10'4 ceilings maximize the natural light and airiness in the space, while European oak flooring, custom architectural millwork and solid wood doors with satin nickel hardware bring warmth to the residence. The custom-designed open kitchen equipped with an integrated Gaggenau appliance package and generous island features Calacatta Gold marble illuminated backsplashes and countertops, walnut lower cabinetry with concealed pulls and upper cabinetry doors inventively clad in Calacatta Gold marble. The sophisticated master bath features Calacatta Gold marble floors and walls, a walnut vanity cabinet, platform tub with walnut finishes and custom designed Groves & Co. plumbing fixtures finished in satin nickel with teak levers. A washer and dryer complete this smartly tailored residence.
The first all-glass residential tower at the Seaport, Manhattan's oldest new neighborhood, offers an unprecedented waterfront lifestyle with sky-high amenities and picture-postcard views. Directly overlooking the waterfront, the 60-story tower contains an exclusive offering of homes designed by Goldstein Hill & West Architects. The custom engineered glass walls dynamically reflect the hues of the sky and the river. Residents arrive home to the only private attended Porte Cochere at the Seaport, which leads to a two-story lobby with a 24-hour concierge. The Piano Nobile Lobby Lounge features a double-sided fireplace, dramatic lighting installation and waterside terrace. Two levels of amenities designed by Russell Groves overlook the river. Spanning the entire 30th floor, The Water Club is a restorative hydrotherapy circuit with a floating class edged infinity pool, a digitally activated rain shower, a relaxation lounge and glass enclosed steam and sauna retreats all surrounded by the scenic landscape of the New York harbor and downtown Brooklyn. The sixth floor fitness center contains an extensive range of state-of-the-art cardiovascular equipment with studios for spin, yoga and personal training. An exclusive partnership with FitLore offers each resident access to a fitness concierge, on-call spinning and training sessions and a la carte private culinary services. Adjacent to the fitness center is the SmartKids playroom, where technology and design create an immersive experience.


Tavern on the Green, the iconic New York restaurant better known for its sales volume than stellar cuisine, will open a huge establishment at San Francisco's Metreon, the first step in a long-discussed repositioning of the troubled shopping center.
The 40,000-square-foot restaurant, about four times larger than Pat Kuleto's new Epic Roasthouse, will be located on the top floor, with an outdoor terrace overlooking Yerba Buena Gardens. The business will focus heavily on private events, catering to groups through nearby hotels and Moscone convention center. It will share the opulent (some say over-the-top) feel of the original Tavern on the Green, with chandeliers, murals and art, and may include a bar space serving lighter fare during the afternoon.
Westfield declined to elaborate then and didn't add much on Tuesday.
Industry sources say that the owners, which also own the nearby Westfield San Francisco Centre, have been interviewing architects to reconfigure the Metreon space.
The problem is that the funky layout and tenant mix, originally trumpeted as a newfangled fusion of entertainment and retail, simply didn't work well for shops or shoppers. A stream of exhibits, stores and restaurants have come and gone since its opening in 1999, including the Way Things Work, Where the Wild Things Are, Microsoft, Discovery Channel and Montage. The most successful part of the shopping center is the 15-screen Loews Theatres.
The orientation "fed the belly of the project and the food court and the theaters, but it really made the retail an afterthought," said Matt Holmes, principal with San Francisco brokerage firm Retail West.
New tenants like Tavern on the Green and planned design changes, which include moving the entrance and adding signs and glass storefronts to advertise the shops, should draw more traffic, he said.
Tavern on the Green has a storied history. Originally a Central Park sheepfold, it was converted to a restaurant in 1934. Warner LeRoy, the famed New York restaurateur who founded Maxwell's Plum Bar and later the Russian Tea Room, oversaw a $10 million renovation and reopened the restaurant in 1976.
A rare example of fine dining on a massive scale, the more than 25,000-square-foot restaurant became a popular spot for Broadway openings, charity auctions and movie premieres.
It's made guest appearances in a handful of films, including "Ghostbusters" and "Wall Street." To this day, it remains one of the largest-grossing independently owned restaurants in the country, with nearly $40 million in annual revenue and 600,000 visitors.
In 1995, then-New York Times restaurant critic Ruth Reichl famously deflated Tavern on the Green in a review that, while complimentary of the food, thrashed the service, citing long delays and an aloof waitstaff.
Asked how Tavern on the Green would address such alleged shortcomings as it rolls into a competitive restaurant town, Chief Operating Officer Michael Desiderio said it has already made improvements, including the hiring of Brian Young as executive chef.
He is the former chef de cuisine of the three-star Michelin restaurant Le Bernardin and executive chef at Citarella the Restaurant, an outgrowth of New York's esteemed food shop. He will oversee the San Francisco kitchen.
The restaurant is expected to open during summer 2009. The menu will be contemporary American, featuring local ingredients and wine selections.
"We understand we need to step up certain things," Desiderio said. "We're expecting to get into this market and show how serious we are about food and service.".


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Making Solar Energy More Cost Effective
The cost of installing photovoltaic systems on buildings stems from three main components: the photovoltaic panels, the racking system that holds the panels, and the labor to affix the panels and racking system to the building or structure.
The way the panels are attached to structures is called the "balance of system" for the solar panel. Researchers from the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) and Georgia Tech's College of Architecture have been working together to help address balance of system costs, making solar energy a more cost-effective option.
"Photovoltaic cells are going to be mainstream," said Francisco Valdes, a GTRI research engineer. "They will be part of the building. We started with 140 concepts and narrowed it down to five products, two of which are now in production."
The Georgia Tech team developed two solutions for attaching the panels — Quad Pod and Anaconda. The Quad Pod is a canopy solution, while Anaconda is a method of attaching the panels to a flat roof. Both systems have been installed in the Atlanta area, and design improvements are underway as the projects transition into the hands of private companies.
— Lance Wallace
Get the latest Georgia Tech research news through our free print magazine, monthly electronic newsletter, and Twitter feed.
Georgia Tech is home to more than 2,500 faculty members who conduct scientific and engineering research in hundreds of different research areas.
Previous: A Light Touch
Next: The Sound of Nanoscale Materials
Tweaks Behind the Rebirth of Nearly Discarded Organic Solar Technologies
A minuscule chemical tweak is advancing an organic solar technology that was believed unviable.
Novel Solar Cells Arrive at International Space Station for Testing
Five different types of solar cells fabricated by Georgia Tech researchers have arrived at the International Space Station to be tested.
National Labs, Georgia Tech, Collaborate on AI Research
Georgia Tech is part of a new research center created to solve some of the most challenging issues in AI.


Esme's life is turned upside down when she discovers she has inherited the family curse and a six hundred year old vampire. She is forced to flee her mundane life, learn how to save herself and her lover from insane devil worshipers and eventually combat demons in the darkest pits of Hell.
Cursian, for his part, has to train a head strong woman. Fight for his sanity and try to survive their curse. Will he ever learn to bear the guilt of his burdens as he leads Esme to her fate?
The Prophecy tells the passionate and savage story of two star crossed lovers who have to save the world from damnation. With their realities shredding around them, can they find the strength necessary to survive? It is a race against the ultimate evil.


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Ambiguity around marketing in Cannabis Act causing confusion
November 5, 2018 |Written By donalee Moulton
Mark Gruchy says the confusion stems less from what the legislation says and more from what it does not say. PHOTO: David Hebbard, Dogberry Hill Productions.
The article you're about to read could be in violation of the Cannabis Act. That legislation contains prohibitions on the promotion of marijuana, prohibitions one lawyer believes could make everything from educational commentary to coffee table books to select movie showings potentially illegal.
Included in the act are requirements around the promotion of cannabis and cannabis accessories. The language that governs this issue "is broad enough that there is ambiguity," says Mark Gruchy, an associate with Gittens & Associates in St. John's.
"It does not surprise me that there is confusion," says Gruchy.
The confusion stems less from what the legislation says and more from what it does not say. The Tobacco and Vaping Products Act, on which much of the Cannabis Act is modeled, allows for exceptions to promotion bans and restrictions "if no consideration is given by a manufacturer or retailer." Despite relying heavily on the language in the Tobacco Act — what Gruchy says at times appears to have been a "cut and paste" — this qualifying phrase does not appear in the legislation governing the legalization of marijuana.
That omission poses potential freedom of expression issues, says Gruchy.
"I would argue a T-shirt with a statement like 'Weed: Good Times and Munchies' could fall within the definition of promotion and, despite coming into existence completely independent of the actual cannabis industry, could be viewed as illegal promotion. That could open people selling or making such products to seizure, fines and prosecution."
The argument has merit, says Cara Faith Zwibel, director of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association's Fundamental Freedoms Program in Ottawa.
"There is a risk," she says, noting that under the Cannabis Act, "there is a lot more that is open to interpretation."
Gruchy points out, for example, that there is no apparent restriction on tobacco-based books that could be considered promotional so long as the tobacco industry isn't paying the author or the publisher.
"With cannabis, though, the legislation would appear to apply regardless of who was funding them," he says.
There is also a legal conundrum, he notes. While the legislation wants to clamp down on glamorizing or normalizing cannabis use, it has apparently done so by restricting payment of any artistic or related endeavour for which the creator is paid.
"Ironically, it's OK if you don't get paid for it," he says.
He cites a recent example of a reporter who explored the issue of fine dining and cannabis.
"How can it be constitutional for a paid journalist to be unable to produce such an article about a legal activity while a blogger could do it in their free time for no money and not break the law?"
Under the federal legislation, promoting cannabis or related accessories in a way that "could be appealing to young persons" or that "evokes a positive or negative emotion about or image of, a way of life such as one that includes glamour, recreation, excitement, vitality, risk or daring" is illegal. However, Gruchy notes, there is a subculture around marijuana that predates the legislation and that has existed for decades.
"The Cannabis Act appears to shut those things down. This will run afoul of the constitution," he says.
The removal of the qualifying consideration phrase may be a reflection of the difference between the tobacco and cannabis industries, says Zwibel.
"In many cases, the manufacturers and retailers in cannabis are more varied, including government."
As a result, showings of sub-culture movie classics such as Dazed and Confused, a 1993 popular film that starred Matthew McConaughey, could be illegal under the act, even for fundraising purposes, says Gruchy.
The legislation, he says, has gone "overboard." "It would certainly seem to go so far as to indicate professors couldn't write a scientific paper if they were paid. That would be captured in this legislation."
Discretion may prevail, but that discretion is in the hands of enforcers. The freedom of expression issue arose in Newfoundland and Labrador following legalization of marijuana when CBC News reported a run-in between officials with the Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation and a cannabis accessory store in St. John's. According to the store owner, staff were warned not to use the word "cannabis."
"To the extent entities try to enforce these things, we could see conflict," says Gruchy.
Zwibel is concerned that the mere whiff of illegality could affect behaviour. There will be a problem, she notes, if the legislation is broadly interpreted. "But even if it is not enforced, it may lead to a chill if people interpret it that way."
There may be a relatively easy solution. "The federal government could pass comprehensive regulations," says Gruchy. If not, he notes, "I guarantee there is going to be litigation."
marijuana|cannabis
More Research Required
Matt Maurer 2018-11-05 01:38
There are a number of exceptions in the Cannabis Act which are not discussed in this article which fundamentally change the analysis. For example the literary, dramatic, musical, cinematographic, scientific, educational or artistic work, production or performance exception clearly would allow for Dazed and Confused to be shown.
Strict edibles guidelines could bog down nascent industry, say lawyers
Though cannabis edibles, extracts, lotions, balms and oils will be legal Oct. 17, consumers will have to wait until December to taste them and, as expected, producers will have to work around strict guidelines, say lawyers in the cannabis sector.
Import and export of cannabis in Canada
Intellectual property law in the cannabis sector


Today Iomega announced their new Personal Cloud technology, a technology that will take your Iomega NAS (Network Attached Storage device) in order to backup, protect, and give others access to your files and information on a personal cloud.
This is a web-based architecture and will allow for consumers and business professionals to connect and exchange their Iomega NAS with all of the data on it to other individuals or other devices through the Internet. Iomega ensures that this data on your personal cloud can only be manipulated by you or whomever else you give access to. There is no subscription fee associated with this technology (including access by others onto your cloud and the protection for your data), but you must buy two or more NAS products to backup your data remotely to another location. In other words, after you have purchased an Iomega StorCenter network storage device, there is no other fee to use the service.
Iomega says that you can create your own personal cloud with this technology in "just minutes," with a small setup page and an invite list so you can choose who you want to give your cloud access to. You can invite up to 250 people or devices onto a cloud, and the process works in a similar way to a home or business network. After you send out invites, an e-mail is sent to all invitees with a link to the cloud.
Iomega ensures that files and data that are shared on the cloud will be available immediately once uploaded, no matter where it is shared from. The cloud interface has a "drag-and-drop" feature that makes it easier to use.
As far as security goes, all data will be backed up on your hard drive, server, and datacenter, and can be accessed only be those people who have been given access to it. Additionally, AES 128-bit encryption can be enabled for extra protection while data is being transferred.
The Iomega Personal Cloud is launching worldwide this month.
The Cloud will also have a feature where you can access it through your TV with Boxee TV, available sometime in February.
Along with the Cloud, Iomega is also launching a media network hard drive, cloud edition. It will come in 1 TB and 2 TB storage capacities and will use EMC Lifeline software, built to have cross-platform support for Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems.
The Iomega Home Media Network Hard Drive Cloud Edition will be available worldwide later this month in two capacities: a 1 TB model for $169.99, and a 2 TB model for $229.99.


EU/LAC city partnerships at high-level and technical-level, to draw attention to the need to provide drug treatment, rehabilitation and aftercare programs to local populations. The inter-regional forum of mayors, which will have a high profile, the inter-city exchanges of policy-makers and technical staff, the joint production of materials on best practices, and the rapid assessments of the current state of drug treatment and rehabilitation, are all designed both to focus the attention of policy-makers and the public on the issues at stake and to improve the quality of care for drug addicts.
Identify a potential partner city on the other continent with which the city would wish to work in partnership, and reasons for such a partnership (we recommend drawing on any personal or professional contacts the city may already have, and making extensive use of the Internet).
Develop clearly-stated goals and desired outcomes of the project in general, and from the exchange visits in particular. These goals and desired outcomes should be written in some detail and forwarded to CICAD at the earliest opportunity. This document will become the basis for the city?s partnership with its twin city.
If needed, bring together a local technical team to organize a local needs assessment, identify the geographical area(s) where the Project will be conducted, recommend to CICAD which institutions should be involved, and organize exchanges with partner cities. Each city will designate one city official as the liaison with CICAD on this project, and advise CICAD in this regard as soon as possible.
Arrange media opportunities (TV, radio and newspaper interviews) for visiting officials from the partner city, to enable the visiting Mayor and others to explain the drug situation in his/her city.
Make logistical arrangements in the host city for visiting officials from the twin city (for example: hotel reservations; local transportation within the city; a visit to a local drug treatment program; perhaps a dinner, if city funds and regulations allow; security arrangements, if necessary, and certainly, sending information about the city in advance to the twin-city counterpart).
Follow-up directly with visitors from the twin city to plan future cooperation.
For Latin American and Caribbean cities only: appoint a city official who will direct the local effort to develop a directory of city drug treatment programs. Participating cities will commit to publishing their directories, either on the Web, or in local newspapers, or through the distribution of flyers.
All communications regarding this project shall bear the logos of the European Union and of CICAD (which CICAD will provide); additional logos (each city?s logo, shield or other graphic device) are, of course, desirable, so that each city can put its own stamp on the project.
Each city?s activities in the project have to be very carefully documented, and most particularly, the city?s expenditures, including, if pertinent, funds provided by the European Commission through CICAD.
To the largest extent possible, each participating city will conduct its own evaluation, with its own funds, and following CICAD guidelines.


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