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text:
Marine scientific research in the Arctic
Yoshinobu Takei
The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions
Interactions between Global and Regional Regimes
Donald R. Rothwell, Erik J. Molenaar, Alex G. Oude Elferink
Brill Nijhoff
Publications on Ocean Development
Takei, Y. (2013). Marine scientific research in the Arctic. In D. R. Rothwell, E. J. Molenaar, & A. G. Oude Elferink (Eds.), The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Interactions between Global and Regional Regimes (pp. 343-365). (Publications on Ocean Development; Vol. 76). Brill Nijhoff.
Marine scientific research in the Arctic. / Takei, Yoshinobu.
The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Interactions between Global and Regional Regimes. ed. / Donald R. Rothwell; Erik J. Molenaar; Alex G. Oude Elferink. Brill Nijhoff, 2013. p. 343-365 (Publications on Ocean Development; Vol. 76).
Takei, Y 2013, Marine scientific research in the Arctic. in DR Rothwell, EJ Molenaar & AG Oude Elferink (eds), The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Interactions between Global and Regional Regimes. Publications on Ocean Development, vol. 76, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 343-365.
Takei Y. Marine scientific research in the Arctic. In Rothwell DR, Molenaar EJ, Oude Elferink AG, editors, The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Interactions between Global and Regional Regimes. Brill Nijhoff. 2013. p. 343-365. (Publications on Ocean Development).
Takei, Yoshinobu. / Marine scientific research in the Arctic. The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Interactions between Global and Regional Regimes. editor / Donald R. Rothwell ; Erik J. Molenaar ; Alex G. Oude Elferink. Brill Nijhoff, 2013. pp. 343-365 (Publications on Ocean Development).
@inbook{ae16958358d7404ca9663e51c12f1da8,
title = "Marine scientific research in the Arctic",
author = "Yoshinobu Takei",
note = "Funding Information: international organizations may by themselves conduct MSR, yet the existing projects are merely conducted under their auspices.53 in this connection, it is important to remember that article 247 provides for a special regime for the consent requirement for MSR projects in the EEZ or on the continental shelf undertaken by or under the auspices of international organizations.54 The intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (iOC) was established as a body with functional autonomy within the United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UnESCO).55 Whereas the iOC is not a regulatory body comparable to the international Maritime Organization (iMO) or the iSA, one of the functions of the iOC is to "respond, as a competent international organization, to the requirements deriving from the [LOS Convention], the United nations Conference on Environment and Development (UnCED), and other international instruments relevant to [MSR], related services and capacity-building".56 in fact, the iOC Assembly has adopted a procedure to be applied to an MSR project which the iOC wants to carry out in accordance with article 247 of the LOS Convention.57 The iOC has been cooperating with other science bodies such as iCES and PiCES as well as related Un agencies such as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), UnEP, the iMO, the food and Agriculture Organization of the United nations and the international Atomic Energy Agency.58 Currently, its involvement in MSR in the Arctic is limited. it has published research on the need for an ocean observing system for the Arctic.59 The Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology ( JCOMM) of the WMO and",
series = "Publications on Ocean Development",
publisher = "Brill Nijhoff",
editor = "Rothwell, {Donald R.} and Molenaar, {Erik J.} and {Oude Elferink}, {Alex G.}",
booktitle = "The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions",
T1 - Marine scientific research in the Arctic
AU - Takei, Yoshinobu
N1 - Funding Information: international organizations may by themselves conduct MSR, yet the existing projects are merely conducted under their auspices.53 in this connection, it is important to remember that article 247 provides for a special regime for the consent requirement for MSR projects in the EEZ or on the continental shelf undertaken by or under the auspices of international organizations.54 The intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (iOC) was established as a body with functional autonomy within the United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UnESCO).55 Whereas the iOC is not a regulatory body comparable to the international Maritime Organization (iMO) or the iSA, one of the functions of the iOC is to "respond, as a competent international organization, to the requirements deriving from the [LOS Convention], the United nations Conference on Environment and Development (UnCED), and other international instruments relevant to [MSR], related services and capacity-building".56 in fact, the iOC Assembly has adopted a procedure to be applied to an MSR project which the iOC wants to carry out in accordance with article 247 of the LOS Convention.57 The iOC has been cooperating with other science bodies such as iCES and PiCES as well as related Un agencies such as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), UnEP, the iMO, the food and Agriculture Organization of the United nations and the international Atomic Energy Agency.58 Currently, its involvement in MSR in the Arctic is limited. it has published research on the need for an ocean observing system for the Arctic.59 The Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology ( JCOMM) of the WMO and
T3 - Publications on Ocean Development
BT - The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions
A2 - Rothwell, Donald R.
A2 - Molenaar, Erik J.
A2 - Oude Elferink, Alex G.
PB - Brill Nijhoff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Validate array, then return it Im trying to get more into arrays.
Im passing an array to a class which should validate the input ant convert it into uppercase.
class Input {

public function clean(array $variable)
{
    $count = 0;
    $input = array();
    foreach($variable as $row)
    {
        $variable = strtoupper(trim(stripslashes(strip_tags($row))));
        $input[$count]['input'] = $variable;
        $count++;
    }

    return $input;
}
}

$input = new Input;

$array = array('John', 'Marie', 'Alice');
$input->clean($array);

What is the way to validate the entire array and return each result, so i could echo it out?
Thanks!
P.S. is this a good approach? Or should I rather keep on validating every variable separately?

A: $result = $input->clean($array);
var_dump($result);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Comment: Dairy queen in Petersburg, WV is an excellent restaurant. It has excellent service and wonderful good food.
Pros: She does work at this address, just in the basement.
Cons: She is not a physician.
Comment: By far her boldest self promotion.
Pros: Able to do what we needed done.
Cons: None that I could see.
Comment: He gave us a great price. The job was finished before he said he'd have it done. It was a very professional job. He was very friendly, (and accepted our dog into his yard). He went above and beyond what we expected.


Edward, our youngest child, was always a tag-along of his older sister and brother who had rather exiting lives until I retired in 1973. But his time was about to come.
He attended and graduated from Quinnipiac College in 1986. After having attended and graduated from Coronado High School. He, more than his brother or sister was always pretty naturally 'techie.' I observed from his earliest boyhood he was an imaginative Lego Virtuoso. With a temper to match when things didn't work right.
His first job was with a Defense-NASA contractor Martin Marietta doing celestial mechanics programming. Their main offices were in Denver. He had lived here in our Old Colorado City home except when he was at College.
But he somehow felt he missed out on all the exotic places I, Patsy, David and Rebecca had lived in - such as on the beach in Hawaii. Though he said his years at Fort Carson and in Colorado where we vacationed were the best early years of his life.
Somehow he got interested when we got settled on the Westside in Tai Chi and things oriental. He learned some of his moves from his brother David.
So when a program called 'Princeton in Asia' circulated offers to Americans to join a corresponding college in China he jumped at the chance. He would go for at least a year into a Chinese education institution to help them learn spoken English. Orientals have difficulty speaking vernacular English. He would be in an 'English' department. He did not need to know Chinese.
In preparation he contacted all the Cinese he could find in Colorado Springs, most noteworthy the owners of a Chinese Restaurant on Academuy Boulevard where both the owner and his wife came from the same area in Northern China where he was going. The wife had been a Tennis Table champion in China. He picked up many helpful tips. Later that contact would be important to the Chinese here in Colorado.
In preparation, I knew that though China had no 'internet' never-the-less he could do his work better if he took his Toshiba Laptop computer with Windows operating system with him.
So he made his travel plans to fly from Los Angeles February 1989, first to Tokyo, then fly into Dalian, China where the Laioning Foreign Trade School would be expecting him. His agreement was to work there from at least March 1989 to March 1990.He would, first in Los Angeles stay overnight at Joan Kretchmer's home. She was my cousin, and he was able to spend one summer during high school (when 16 years old) with her,his Aunt Joan. Ernesto Panigua, her Mexican born husband to which she had been married many years had died. She was a wonderful and practical influence on Ed that teen age summer. He wouldn't pass through LA to China several times more without visiting her. And both Haning and their boys - David and Justin - got to meet her.
In any event, Ed arrived in Dalian, China, and checked into the Laioning Foreign Trade School. One of the reasons that China opened such 'trade' schools was that it was opening up to the West, including its economic system. Dalian already had a 'Special Industrial Zone' where manufacturing plants from other countries - the US, UK, Germany were invited to set up inside China, and operate with low wage Chinese workers who, never-the-less, had to begin to learn workable spoken, if not written, English. So that trade school had students, some of whom would become 'teachers' to the peasants who would work in the foreign plants.
In any case, Edward was not required to know Chinese - for he would be in an 'English Department' whose Chinese instructors would already have some degree of fluency in English. It was his native voice, diction, and pronouciation that the school needed.
So he was given a room to live in, and he set about making it as livible as possible, using the power adapters and other devices he had brought with him. He even, on his request, was given a telephone in his room.
He had barely gotton settled and before we had gotten any mail from him when the unprecedented Tiananman Square Uprising happened which became world news.
But the most noteworthy thing that happened - which permitted me to keep him informed from the US press and television reporting, and he detailing exactly what he was seeing and doing was the unprecedented 'China Modem Link' he and I set up over plain dial up AT&T long distance telephone circuits between me in my home office with my ordinary home telephone and he in his room. With 11 hours time difference. It was right under the nose of the Chinese Secret Service who had armed guards at every Fax machine in China. But they never knew what was going on and had they run across the link, all they would have heard was a digital buzz and because we Archived all the messages between us (using arc.exe) to compress them - they would never have been able to read what were saying to each other.
If you click here [Click here for Ed in China Stories]'you will be able to read two sections - the first one exactly how we technically did it, and the second comprised of a large number of HIS messages about what was going on there in china.
Here is the first photograph taken on the day Ed and Haning were married in Dalian, China.
Returned to US October 1990, bought House on Kiowa Street.
She had Liver transplant 1992.


text:
Eastern Shore Magazine ™ - Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, East Coast Beaches
Eastern Shore - filled with history, waterfront towns, and beaches. Eastern Shore Magazine ™ helps connect you to all the Chesapeake Bay, Eastern Shore, and Delmarva areas have to offer. Did you know Oxford, MD was voted best waterfront town in the world and is just 90 minutes from Washington DC? Use our Shoregle™ search to find what you're looking for on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, Virginia, and in Delaware.
Eastern Shore Events
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Chesapeake Bay - Glimpses of Bay's Past Reveal Paradise Lost
History Lessons for the Future
Glimpses of Bay's Past Reveal Paradise Lost
Past is Prologue / By Dr. Kent Mountford - Bay Journal
"A faire Bay, compassed but at the mouth with fruitfull and delightsome land." - Capt. John Smith in his 1607 description of the Chesapeake Bay
In latitude 36 degrees north, the ships "Susan Constant," "Godspeed" and the pinnace, "Discovery," were several weeks at sea from the Caribbean. Fresh food was long gone; drinking water was stale in its casks. Bound for the Chesapeake, in the raw cold of an Atlantic spring, they had sailed three days beyond their reckoning and found no land.
Captain Ratcliffe on the "Discovery" voted to return to England. But that night, a storm set upon them and, as Thomas Studley wrote:
"God the guider of all good actions ... did drive them by his providence to their desired port, beyond all their expectations; for never any of them had seen that coast."
This was Virginia, the land they were to colonize for England.
The ships were brought to anchor "at the mouth of a very goodly bay, 18 or 20 miles broad. The cape on the south is called Cape Henry, in honour of our of our most noble Prince. The land, white hilly sands ... and all along the shores great plenty of pines and firs."
Dimly visible to the north was what they named Cape Charles. From there, the Chesapeake's Eastern Shore stretched about 200 miles. Beyond that, the vast watershed spread inland to mountains not yet seen. In all, it drained 64,000 square miles, and had been almost completely covered with a largely unbroken forest since the end of the ice age 10,000 years before.
This remarkable forest was stingy with its nutrients, allowing little nitrogen or phosphorus (the two chemicals most responsible for spurring the modern Bay's massive algae blooms) and sediment to escape. Count Zinzindorf, a traveling companion of explorer and botanist William Bartram in 1742 along the North Branch Susquehanna's thickly forested shores, described "beautifully transparent" water, so clear that swimming chin deep, they "might have seen a pin at the bottom."
In the words of these early explorers and settlers there is a Chesapeake not always recognized today - a Bay filled with grasses, oysters and canvasbacks, a watershed with elk and bison.
After weeks at sea, the Englishmen were drawn ashore by the scent of land and the promise of new spring vegetation. They rowed into what is today called Lynnhaven Inlet and explored Long Creek and Broad Bay. John Smith later recorded: "cypress near three fadome about at the foot (18 feet circumference), very straight and 50, 60, or 80 foot without a branch..." As late as the 18th century, visitors would find tulip poplars 20 feet around and 90 feet high.
John Smith also spoke of oak trees on the uplands that yielded timber: "two foote and a half square ... for 20 yards long." These were trees that had never seen a steel ax; a forest which had grown and matured into tall colonnades with straight trunks and a high canopy which shaded the primeval forest floor in a perpetual deep twilight. These trees grew so slowly that, in some years, they would add only 2 millimeters to their diameter. Such trees, hundreds of years old, could never be replaced yet the temptation to harvest them would be universal.
West, beyond the coastal plain of the piedmont, above the rocky fall lines of the Bay's rivers, lay a much more tangled forest than along the Bay. Colonist Anthony Bagnall said his Wighcocomoco Indian friend Mosco knew nothing of the land beyond the mountains "because the woods were not burnt" (to clear the understory) and this trackless forest was traveled with difficulty. To colonists, who were used to England's orderly fields and coppiced woodlands, the forest and its dampness were unhealthy and dark. It must have been daunting to a settler armed only with an ax.
While the great forest system seemed inexhaustible to Native American and European alike, game could be locally overharvested with primitive weapons. There was more game in the interior and parties would venture there, often at the risk of encountering hostile, inland tribes.
John Smith reported that intensive game drives could yield: "6, 8, 10 or 15 (whitetail deer) at a hunting".
At the same time, Smith accused the Native Americans of overhunting game on the partly landlocked river necks of Maryland and Virginia. His contemporary John Pory wrote that deer, turtles "and other Beasts and fowls will exceedingly increase" if the Indians were pushed out of the country for they hunted regardless of season and did not spare "Male nor Female, old nor young, egges nor birds, fat nor lean..."
Cyprian Thorogood, who came over with Lord Baltimore's colonists on the "Ark" and "Dove," voyaged to the head of the Bay in mid-April 1634, 26 years after Smith's exploration. His boat passed Poole's Island, where he determined the fresh water in the Bay began. He navigated up what is today the Elk River and observed "many deere, yelkes (elk) and turkies, but caught none."
Eastern woodland bison still roamed the hinterlands, inspiring the names for Virginia's Cow and Calf Pasture rivers. The animals were not inexhaustible, though. The last woodland bison was reportedly tracked in heavy snow and shot Jan. 1, 1800, after having foraged, unwelcome, around a farmer's barn. Wild elk, quickly shot out of Maryland, lingered longer along the Susquehanna, where in the 1730s, some elk had been tamed and came and went with farmers' cattle.
Insects were as much a feature of the colonial Chesapeake as today. Naturalist and explorer John White accurately drew a swallowtail butterfly in 1585. Colonists wondered at the emergence of the summer cicadas and their great noise in the forest. Insects were pests too, both the natives such as the salt marsh green head fly, and those species that arrived with the Europeans, such as the black stable fly, a plague of today's summer and autumn Chesapeake.
It's astounding to most of us, but the honeybee, so much a part of our cooking, agriculture and lore, was introduced by Europeans. The Native Americans called it the "white man's fly."
Up the Susquehanna, a Moravian missionary wrote:
"Muschgetters (mosquitoes) tormented us all night." John Smith was inaccurate in saying: "nor (are) their flies ... (in) any way pernicious, where in the south parts of America they are always pernicious, and often deadly," unaware that the Chesapeake marshlands permitted the spread of malarial fevers.
The Natives
But was this wonderful land really pristine, free from human disturbance? Native Americans had arrived 6,000 to 9,000 years earlier, as nomadic hunter-gatherers, and had developed a lifestyle that blended hunting, fishing and agriculture for more than 1,000 years before the Virginia colony was "planted."
How many Native Americans were here before the Europeans? Smith estimated that about 5,000 natives lived within 60 miles of Jamestown. Others suggest there were 30,000 people around the Bay's perimeter, and in the entire basin, perhaps only 100,000. Today, about 15 million people fill the Bay's watershed.
Though this land seemed untouched to the colonists, the Native Americans routinely set fires to drive game out of the woodlands and thus shaped forest ecology by thinning undergrowth, which ensured the growth of larger trees. That, coupled with the gathering of firewood from the forest floor, resulted in the woods being so open that a horse could be ridden anywhere, or even a coach driven without impediment, on the necks of land between the tidewater rivers of what would become Maryland and Virginia.
Native Americans seasonally congregated in villages on coastal plains bordering the Bay and rivers where they planted ecologically sensible crops of beans (which fix the fertilizer nitrogen from air), corn (a nitrogen user that also provides a natural trellis for the beans), squashes (which create a living mulch and groundcover against dehydration) and native tobacco. These fertile, floodplain soils would soon become prime agricultural land for the colonists' plantations.
The native tobacco, though, was not the plant that would become Virginia's "gold," but a harsh-smoking strain that was even too strong for northern Native American tribes like the Iroquois, to whom it was later offered - unsuccessfully - as trade goods. John Rolfe, who married Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas, later introduced a Central/South American strain called "Orinoco," with which the English colonists pursued their fortunes.
In the centuries before Europeans arrived, as soils became less productive, the Native Americans would burn or girdle the trees in an adjacent area, which killed them and allowed sunlight to reach the forest floor.
In spring, they would plant their crops in the rich and moist topsoils. These topsoils had accumulated on the forest floor - at an estimated rate of only an inch every 600 years - to a depth that one colonist reported as 12 inches in 1634.
It was for these substantial parcels of land, cleared of trees and eventually freed of roots and snags, that the Europeans would compete - or less commonly, bargain - with the Native Americans.
This alluvial land was productive. Smith found Powhatan's warehouses bulging with corn that some think was a tribute paid to him as the head of the tribal confederation.
In one of Smith's heavy-handed trading ventures with the Powhatans, 25 pounds of copper and 50 pounds of iron and beads were traded for 479 bushels of Indian corn that was delivered by barge to the Jamestown commissary. Had they been savvier traders that autumn, the colonists might have acquired 350 tons - almost 13,000 bushels - enough to feed 240 colonists for a year.
Bounty from the Bay
Just as the soils of its watershed were rich, so was the Bay itself. Smith and others made long lists and descriptions of fish familiar and foreign to English eyes. Smith talked about the Chesapeake's "fifth river... Pawtuxunt ... Here are infinite skulls (schools) of diverse kinds of fish more than elsewhere."
Still, some modern readers scoff at his observation: "and in diverse places that abundance of fish, lying so thick with their heads above the water, as for want of nets (our barge driving amongst them) we attempted to catch them with a frying pan: but we found it a bad instrument to catch fish with."
But for the English colonists, feeding themselves was a serious business and they actively fished the tremendous migrations of shad, herring and sturgeon that pulsed into the Bay each spring. Long before European intervention, Native Americans funneled these migratory fishes into baskets positioned at the juncture of a "vee" formed by stone weirs hand-built across the river channel. Some of these can still be seen in our nontidal rivers hundreds of years later.
Migratory fish went upstream past what would become the New York border and westward into the Appalachians. William Cooper, founder of Cooperstown and father of novelist James Fennimore Cooper, was an 18th century settler on Lake Otsego, the source of the Susquehanna. He reported on the harsh winter of 1789, during which the fledgling settlement of Cooperstown nearly starved:
"A singular event seemed sent by a good Providence to our relief; it was reported to me that unusual shoals of fish were seen moving in the clear water of the Susquehanna. I went and was surprised to find that they were herrings. We made something like a small net by the interweaving of twigs, and by this rude contrivance, we were able to take them in thousands."
In the 1800s, men who had fished in the previous century still remembered catching more than 1,000 shad per night in the Susquehanna near Wilkes Barre, Pa. But those days ended in the first decades of the century. In 1822, authorities reported: "The spring herring ... formerly visited this lake (Otsego) in immense multitudes for the purpose of spawning; now their ascent is arrested by the erection of dams."
The Indians captured huge, relatively slow-swimming sturgeon by lassoing their tails or wrestling them until the fish tired and could be landed. The colonists used nets of strong cord and Smith reported catching them in abundance during their upstream migration. Their flesh - not caviar - saved many colonists from starvation. Smith commented:
"We had more sturgeon, than could be devoured by dog or man, of which the industrious by drying and pounding, mingled with caviar, sorrel and other wholesome herbs would make bread and good meat; ... we lived very well in regard of such a diet."
Underwater beds of Bay grasses were extensive at the time of European contact, and seeds deep in the sediments indicate they had been a feature of the Chesapeake for thousands of years and probably covered hundreds of thousands of acres along the Bay's shallow margins, down to a maximum depth of 2-3 meters (10 feet). The earliest aerial photographs we have are from 1938 and show immense beds in the Patuxent River, in some places stretching 1,000 feet offshore, where virtually no grasses now grow. Only about 60,000 acres of grasses remain in the Bay today.
In colonial times, these vast underwater meadows offered a wonderful shelter for billions of juvenile fish and crabs. The grasses were foraged by millions of waterfowl, diamondback terrapins and visiting loggerhead sea turtles (which appear to have been the main dish at feasts in Jamestown). As in the last few summers, an occasional wandering manatee - one was recorded in the Rappahannock by Thomas Glover in 1676 - also grazed these grass beds.
Surprisingly few early writers mentioned, or recognized, the value of Bay grasses to the ecosystem, though Smith and three of his companions, wrote that they "spied many fishes lurking in the reeds" - presumably Bay grass beds - while exploring the mouth of the Rappahannock.
These fish were cownose rays, 30 inches across the wingtips, which bottom-feed in June across the Bay's shallows. Each has a serrated spine, slimed with toxic mucus at the base of its tail. John Smith, spearing one massive, flailing ray with his short-sword, was pierced an inch-and-a-half deep in his wrist by this "stinger. The torment was instantly so extreme, that in four hours time had so swollen his hand, arm and shoulder, we (expected) ... his funeral." His body, helped by a "precious oil" administered to the wound by his shipmate Dr. Russell, overcame the anaphylactic shock, and Smith ate some of the ray for supper. This adventure lead to the naming of Stingray Point and (reputedly) Antipoison Creek.
With clear water, grass beds thrived and provided reliable winter food from year to year. Later writers, especially those concerned about waterfowl, recognized the value of the extensive wild celery beds on the Susquehanna Flats for the immense populations of canvasback and redhead ducks.
Tales of waterfowl on the Chesapeake are legion. Native American hunters could barely make a serious harvest of these populations with their bows and arrows. One colonist recorded that the birds "arrive in millionous multitudes." Feeding abundantly on submerged grasses every winter, there was mutual benefit when the birds, upon digestion, returned nutrients to a Bay that was relatively underfertilized when compared with today's eutrophic conditions.
John Smith and two others, hunting from a small boat some distance from Jamestown, brought down 148 waterfowl. Colonist Robert Evelyn, exploring near the head of the Bay in the mid-1600s, saw a flight of ducks and estimated it at a mile across and 7 miles long. The taking to flight by such flocks was amazing. He recorded the "rushing and vibration" as sounding like a storm coming through trees, or like a whirlwind in the case of the geese they startled while canoeing into a small creek.
The clear water that colonists encountered in the Chesapeake Bay was not only husbanded by the basin's massive forests, but it was also maintained by the Bay's extraordinary "reefs" or "rocks" of oysters. In the James and Rappahannock, for example, these oyster reefs or rocks actually broke the surface at low tide, and sailing vessels sometimes grounded unexpectedly upon them.
As late as the Civil War, a crewman aboard the ironclad "USS Monitor," moored in the James, wrote home that they rowed out to the oyster banks daily to gather shellfish for their dinner.
Billions of oysters prospered naturally on grounds covering thousands of acres around the mouths of the Bay's tributaries and at spits or points in the rivers. Here, the ebb and flow of tidal currents swirled a perpetual, living soup of plankton around them. They had only to open their shells to eat, and in the process, they filtered out immense quantities of particulates, clarifying the water. Dr. Roger Newell, of the University of Maryland's Horn Point Environmental Lab, estimated that the Chesapeake's virgin oyster stock had the capacity to filter the entire Bay in several days, a feat that would take today's remnants more than a year to accomplish.
One could wade along many tidal tributary shorelines, as the Native Americans did, and gather abundant, large, rounded "cove" oysters growing on the subtidal sands. But expanding populations, such as those of St. Mary's City - Maryland's Colonial capital - quickly depleted these oyster populations. When Maryland's capitol - and lots of people - moved from St. Mary's to Annapolis in 1694, overharvesting stopped and the cove oysters began to appear again.
The advance warning in this simple observation went unheeded by future generations, and for the next three centuries, the Bay's great oyster resource was mercilessly harvested. The ancient oyster reef structure was dredged away, the meats consumed and the shell carried off for lime burning, road building and, at Solomons Island and Crisfield, filling in the shallows to create new land.
Shell mounds, or middens, characterize the archaeological remains of Native American habitations and demonstrate how dominant oysters were as food. On the lower Potomac's Yeocomico River, archaeologists have documented continuous human habitation reaching back 2,000 years. Middens along the Potomac at Douglas Point indicate that in ancient times, the water was salty enough for oyster growth miles farther upriver than today. Dr. Bob Biggs, a former Bay researcher, believes this was because the vast, ancient forests captured and held more rainfall, and transpired (evaporated into the atmosphere).
Ancient shell deposits, which lie 20 feet or more deep within Chesapeake sediments south of Poole's Island show that perhaps 4,000 years ago, conditions supported prodigious oyster growth much farther up the mainstem Bay than today. These fossil shells are now dredged commercially and thousands of tons are carried down into "the salts" to provide clean surfaces for the larvae of struggling, modern oysters to "strike," or settle, upon and grow.
Impetuous Torrents
Tropical storms have been a feature of the Chesapeake climate since prehistory. And when such storms penetrated into the interior and Appalachians, they caused floods.
In August 1667, there was a great "Hurry-Cane" that destroyed an estimated 10,000 homes in Virginia. Hail, large as turkey eggs, followed by torrential rains ruined two-thirds to four-fifths of the crops. This storm, unprecedented for the 17th century settlers, lasted for 24 hours with the wind beginning in the northeast, backing north and eventually southeast: the typical anticyclonic circulation of tropical storms.
Core samples taken from the floor of the Bay offer a faint picture of storms thousands of years into the past. These cores reveal that ancient and early colonial storms produced only small amounts of sediment compared with storms after deforestation and accelerated development.
The Bay's tributary rivers experience annual freshets, caused by snowmelt and spring rains. John Smith, exploring the James River in 1607, judged by marks on the trees that the river freshets flooded about 8 feet above the base flow level.
But, 78 years after colonization in 1685, the effects of colonization began to be felt and William Byrd I wrote that "a mighty fresh" had come down the James April 26 and 27, causing the river to rise 3 feet higher than ever before, destroying his fences, ruining his tobacco and flooding the first floor of "Belvidere," his house in what is today the heart of Richmond.
Over the next century, English settlers were busy cutting, girdling and burning away the forests for agriculture and timber. Hugh Jones, at the end of the 17th century, said he could not see his neighbors' house for the trees, but speculated that would soon change.
The loss of forest meant increased runoff to the streams and the reduction of evapotranspiration, that immense flow of water up through the billions of trees to the atmosphere. The propensity for flooding and the size of the spring freshets was greatly increased, and as more forest was cut and agriculture expanded onto the piedmont, both runoff and erosion of the land increased further. Dr. Biggs believes that both floods and droughts have increased in severity by 25 percent or more.
The genesis of today's problems in the Bay was in the mid-1700s. Dr. Grace Brush at Johns Hopkins, by studying the Bay's sediments, estimates that by 1760, about 30 percent of the basin's forests had been cut and the layers of sediment deposited on the Bay floor after storms thickened.
Indeed, after a strong freshet, settler Alexander Rose wrote, in 1768: "... the impetuous rains sweep away the whole vegetative Earth from the broken (plowed) grounds (of tidewater) unless they are tended in grain."
Rose's thinking thus anticipated by 230 years the agricultural cover crops that are a hallmark of nutrient management plans on modern Chesapeake farms.
Past as prologue
The words left us by colonists dead for hundreds of years allow us to imagine the extraordinary resources then offered by the Chesapeake. And this is just a sampler from the vast trove of information available.
As obscuring layers are peeled away by historian, archaeologist and natural scientist, more and more of the Chesapeake's past is being revealed.
Since these early colonists, the Bay has been abused for almost four centuries. We have eliminated all but a trace of the peoples who lived here for 9,000 years before us. This vast basin's forests have been removed - often several times over - its rivers have been blocked, its air and waters polluted, its lands incised with centuries of agriculture, allowing so much fertile soil to muddy the Bay. We have inundated the watershed with our locust swarm of population and development.
Yet, there are still substantial remnants of the Bay's great heritage: the autumn flight of geese, a great circle of swimming menhaden, the slash of feeding bluefish, the roil of feeding rockfish. There are the rare, single trees, and even rarer stands of trees that have escaped logging and storms. There is the savor of a Chesapeake oyster, glistening on its half-shell.
Revel in any of these you encounter, and neither despair of making progress against our losses nor become complacent about what remains. All of the Bay's resources are threatened, and they can each vanish if we do not reverse the damages done ... if we do not redouble our efforts to move the Chesapeake toward that dateline of long ago.
Dr. Kent Mountford is a senior scientist with the USEPA Chesapeake Bay Program. His "Capsule History of Chesapeake Bay," from geological origin to modern times, is available on the Chesapeake Bay Program Homepage at: http://www.epa.gov/r3chesapeake
Descendants of cypress recorded by Capt. John Smith can be seen at First Landing State Park near Virginia Beach. Although many cypress grow along the James and Pocomoke rivers, there are only a few, gnarled specimens of very old trees. Only Maryland's "Champion" cypress at Battle Creek, 17 1/2 feet around and 132 feet high remains of the 17th century's great trees. Trees in a virgin forest are not often distinguished by their diameter, but by their height as they strive upward competing for light.
Goodly Pines
There are a few places left where it is still possible to get a sense of what the colonists might have experienced.
Visit a 300-year-old stand of hemlock, 200 miles from the Bay, at Western Maryland's Swallow Falls. Experience the mood of what an ancient forest must have been like: deeply shaded and cool, with morning mist rising from rich moulds and a lush understory. In the summer, temperatures in the forest are 10 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than nearby open country. Some believe that Native Americans never experienced forest temperatures in the 90s.
Of all the streams that Smith and his explorers passed along Maryland's Calvert Cliff shoreline, only uninhabited Parker's Creek, with its otters and eagles, remains somewhat as it might have been in that summer of 1608. This land has been preserved by the American Chestnut Land Trust. Visit Parker's Creek in Port Republic, Md. and join the Trust to protect more wild lands.
Harvesting Corn
Corn is a "New World" crop, unknown in Europe before Columbus' discovery. John Smith's haul of Indian corn was gleaned from many, tiny hand-tilled fields, maybe 3/4 acre per man. By 1609, colonists had planted 30 or 40 acres of their own. By 1614, they had 500 acres and by 1631, with perhaps a 100-bushel-per-acre yield on the best lands, they exported surplus corn. Modern, mechanized farming on Chesapeake soils with hybrid varieties and fertilizer yields 80 to 125 bushels of corn per acre and an average around 110. The U.S. corn crop for 1996 was estimated at a "disappointing" 8.7 billion bushels.
The cownose ray's serrated spine is slimed with a toxic mucus at the end of the tail, as John Smith painfully discovered. Weighing 20-30 lbs. apiece, these rays are powerful and difficult to land when hooked, but produce substantial and tasty meat from their muscular "wings." They school in thousands up the Bay each spring, when females give live-birth to dinner-plate-size juveniles. The adult females are believed to be pregnant again by the time they leave the Bay in late summer to overwinter off South America. Rays feed on bottom-dwelling clams and worms. Because rays disrupt the bottom while feeding, they're considered destructive to grass beds.
Dr. Kent Mountford is an environmental historian and estuarine ecologist.
Article from Bay Journal - March 1997
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Labels: Birds, Chesapeake Bay, corn, crabs, Environment, Fishing, History, John Smith, Native American, oysters
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God bless the Internet and social media, because without it we wouldn't have been invited to tour the General Motors Tonawanda engine plant in Buffalo, New York and shoot this video of the new Gen V engines that power the C7 Corvette Stingray.
This Z51 Corvette blew my mind at Toronto Motorsports Park, its LT1 engine having a much broader powerband than the LS3 it replaces and more zip at higher RPM too thanks to advanced features including variable valve timing and direct injection. Plus its handling balance and grip are just superb, as is its interior and overall build quality. Truly a world-class sports car..
A few months ago I posted this photo of a bright yellow Corvette Stingray Z51 I track tested for AutoGuide.com on our Facebook page, and it just so happens that a Quality Engineering Manager at the Tonawanda plant by the name of Joe Calkins is a fan of our page. He shot me a message asking if we'd be interested in touring the facility where both the 460-hp LT1 and 650-hp supercharged LT4 are built (the LT4 now powering both the Z06 Corvette and Cadillac CTS-V, while the LT1 powers the non-Z06 Corvettes).
I, of course, responded with a "hells yes!", so Joe put me in touch with Mary Ann Brown, the Plant Communications Manager. I wasn't too sure how secretive things would be at the plant, so originally thought it might only make for a photo & text story, but once it became clear we'd be given full access and that video was encouraged, we knew we had to make the most of the opportunity.
We decided to focus the video on the production of the LT4, since it's now the most powerful production engine in GM's history, but the LT1 as well as a 5.3L V-8 truck engine and a V-6 are also built in this same plant, while the 2L turbo and 2.5L 4-cylinder engines are built in the other plant at Tonawanda.
We'd love to go back and see the 2L turbo LTG engine being built, since it's an incredibly advanced design that packs a huge punch (272-hp), plus they're offering it as a crate motor, the first 4-cylinder crate option in GM's history. And it's designed to send power to the rear wheels, which makes it an intriguing option to swap into all sorts of our cool old rear-drive machines in need of a fresh new powerplant.
I do plan to post an in-depth story about the V-8 plant tour in a few weeks, since there's so much incredible technology at work here that I'm sure our tech-oriented readers will enjoy some extra detail, but we hope this video still gives you a good sense of just how advanced GM's engine manufacturing is, and how dedicated and passionate its staff is.
Note: the crankshafts shown during the machining process are for the 5.3L EcoTec3 truck V8, not the LT4.
10 Comments on "Watch 650-hp LT4 V-8 Engines Being Built!
GM Tonawanda Engine Plant Tour"
I changed my vote, instead of boosting the Targa FRS I vote LT1 swap… C'mon its worth it!
A great video and read. In 2013 GM stated and showed videos that the LT1 and ZR1 LT1 engines were being built at Bowling Greens newly revised enging facility. Is this still in production or has it all been moved to Tonawanda? The option to build your own engine, where is that carried out BG or Tonawanda? Just curious.
I was proud of the fact that my ZR1 and my 2014 Stingrays engines were being built at the assembly plant at Bowling Green.
SmokeyWOT that would be a seriously badass swap into a FR-S.
STUNG2014 It's my understanding they do still build some LT1 and LT4 engines in Bowling Green to support the customer build program you mentioned, but I'll confirm this with our friends at GM. And I think if you went and took the tour at the Tonawanda plant (they do give public tours from time to time), you'd feel the same sense of pride in the engine as you do towards the Bowling Green you had with your ZR1. The Tonawanda plant and the folks that run it are all top-top notch.
STUNG2014 Joe at GM just confirmed that you can still opt for the Customer Build Experience in Bowling Green, though it's a $5000 option. The machined blocks and heads and shipped from Tonawanda to Bowling Green for use in this program.
STUNG2014 sorry, the machined blocks and heads are shipped from Tonawanda for this program.
Thanks David for the get back on my comments. I do appreciate the reply. When I have the opprotunity I will most definately do the tour of the plant and Bowling Green as well.
Does GM produce the blocks at this site? If not where?
Where does GM get the engine blocks from?
Anthony Chandler GM produces them at their foundry in Mexico and ships them up to Tonawanda for finishing and final assembly.


1. Chocolate is made from cocoa beans. But where do cocoa beans grow?
2. During World War II, production of Hershey's Kisses was halted. Do you know why?
TOPICS: During World War II, production of Hershey's Kisses was halted. Not because of a shortage of chocolate, but because the signature aluminum foil packaging was rationed.
3. Where could the babe that the Baby Ruth candy bar was named for be found at the time?
TOPICS: The Baby Ruth was named after the first child born in the White House – Ruth – who was born to President Grover Cleveland in 1891 and later died in 1904. The candy manufacturer strongly denies any association with the famous Yankee.
4. What candy bar was included in U.S. solders' rations during World War II?
5. Where was milk chocolate invented?


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Jamie Neill: How Scotland's Munros saved me when my badminton career ended The Outdoors Fix
What do you do when your sporting career, which has been your life since you were nine years old, comes to an end?
For my guest Jamie Neill, the answer was to put on a pair of hiking boots.
Jamie was a professional badminton player travelling the world and playing for Scotland in the World Championships. But when his playing career had to stop, he swapped the indoor courts for the outdoors and he hasn't looked back.
He's now summited over 200 Munros, climbing 40 of them in just one week; hiked the West Highland Way and summited the three highest peaks in North Africa. He also joined a walking group which led to him meeting his partner Nikki and starting a family.
Getting outside has truly helped Jamie's mental and physical transition from a sport that so dominated his life.
Jamie and I met 18 months ago on a group walk on Blencathra in the Lake District. He started telling me about his story then, and I've wanted to get him on the podcast ever since!
I hope you enjoy the podcast episode. Listen out for Jamie's outdoors tips and the relaxing minute of sounds from nature at the end of the podcast.
If would be fantastic if you could rate, review and subscribe to the podcast – it really helps other people discover it – and please feel free to spread the word to your family and friends!
Liv x
You'll find Jamie on Instagram @jamieneillscotland and @i_am_healthandfitness
The Outdoors Fix is on Instagram and Facebook @theoutdoorsfix
The Outdoors Fix is a podcast produced and hosted by Liv Bolton @liv_outsideuk
This episode of The Outdoors Fix was supported by outdoor footwear brand Merrell.
Merrell is launching a year-long campaign called #StepFurther to encourage people from all walks of life to get outdoors on a micro-adventure to experience the benefits for both their physical and mental health.
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Olivia Bolton


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Communication Fascination
Have the Tough Conversation
Holly Pearce Blog December 18, 2018 | 0
COMMUNICATION IS THE WAY TO TRUTH!
Be open, be specific, be vulnerable. These are things I like to live by.
Honestly as a child I told a lot of white lies, and it used to make me feel really guilty, and leave me feeling bad about myself. I would end up in complex situations, trying to cover myself up and project a false image of perfection. As I got older and learnt a few crucial hard lessons, I learnt the value of honesty. I resolved to turn myself all the way around and tell the 100% truth as often as I can.
I didn't wanna be that kid anymore. I didn't wanna feel anxious of being "caught out" all the time. It was time to construct a new identity, based on the authentic me. This was a really difficult process to transition through, and I slipped up many many times. But I'm more truthful today than I've ever been, and I love the acceptance that comes from being fully myself without having to lie.
This post is to encourage you to be that person too. I think we are far too protective of our feelings and thoughts in general, and I would love to see a world where we feel more comfortable in expressing our true and authentic emotions. They are natural.
When it comes to your relationships with others, it always pays to have the tough conversations. You will find that people may even be surprised by your honesty, but are likely to respect you a lot more if you disclose your values and perspectives. This not only creates an environment where you can now comfortably express yourself, but one where the other person feels safe enough to do so too.
Personally I am quite proud of how I have practiced my communication lately. Even as someone who is studying and passionate about communication, it is still hard to be truthful about how I really feel sometimes. My sorest habit is staying quiet when I really need to speak up. However, I've been truthful lately about some feelings and anxieties that I usually would have buried, and relieved a lot of self-created tension in my relationships by doing so.
I think we can all agree that we respect people immensely who are honest, as it takes a lot of vulnerability to put yourself out there like that. But it makes for a much better, clearer and more satisfying relationship, and provides a space where your friend can be honest too. Simple examples of what I'm talking about are as follows:
"Hey, I haven't been hearing much from you lately! Did I do something to upset you or is there anything I can do to help you?"
"Hey, it was great meeting you and I appreciate your offers to hang out. However I don't feel we're a great match as friends, and I wanted to be honest with you."
"Hey, I'm so sorry but I spilt coffee on your journal. I've been feeling very guilty and was afraid of your reaction, but it was my bad and I'd like to replace it."
These are all easy-to-have conversations that we often ignore or put off. And it's understandable that we do so! Because guilty, shame, and unease are very hard emotions to deal with. But by sharing those emotions and taking responsibility for what we feel allows us to untangle and repair those uncomfortable feelings from the roots. Saying sorry is one of my favourite things to do now. I feel commendable and human by admitting to my mistakes, or by telling someone that I feel shame or sadness about something.
SO HAVE THE TOUGH CONVERSATION! It may take an hour to even build up the confidence, but know your very ease of mind is patiently waiting on the other side. Just being on the same page as someone alleviates so many worries you may just be stewing in alone otherwise.
Lately even in the times where I've told myself I can't tell the truth, (it's too terrible, they'll hate me), I have done so anyway, in my own time. It makes me proud to risk myself openly in the ways that are also tied to some of my deepest insecurities (which is honestly a fear of abandonment). I would bottle things up in fear of being rejected for thoughts I was having, but by being honest I not only proved to myself that the worst didn't happen but that I could also come to a conclusion about the situation. I think it's great that I'm pushing myself in these ways, and seeing such success in my relationships whilst doing it.
So if you're feeling unsure about where you stand with someone in your life, make yourself vulnerable by letting them know how you feel and and ask for their feelings. You'll probably find you've given them a place to open up, and you'll feel a lot more at peace amongst your otherwise unhealthy assumptions about the situation.
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Home » Obituary: Hugh Newell Jacobsen, 1929–2021
Obituary: Hugh Newell Jacobsen, 1929–2021
Fletcher Residence in Nashville by Hugh Newell Jacobsen.
Photo courtesy Simon Jacobsen
KEYWORDS obituary
Hugh Newell Jacobsen grew up wanting to be a painter, which may explain the almost surreal flatness of much of his architecture. On the outside, his buildings lacked overhangs; on the inside, there were no moldings, baseboards or trim. Yet their familiar forms—often suggesting Monopoly houses—made traditionalists happy, helping Jacobsen, who died on March 4 at 91, find a middle ground between the modernism of his mentor, Louis Kahn, and the older architecture he admired. "You must never flex your muscle to destroy the progression of the street," he told his son John, in a 2010 video interview. "Good architecture never shouts at its neighbors."
That's one reason he broke large houses into smaller volumes, sometimes grafted onto each other in ways that would never have worked without his extraordinary attention to detail. A house in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, completed in 1981, consists of portions of seven idealized Georgian dwellings, each slightly bigger than the next, arranged in a continuous, telescopic form. (If that wasn't surprising enough, the largest gable end was a mirrored glass window, 42 feet high at its peak.)
Photo © RyanRMiner1585/Wikimedia Commons
Over the years, his instantly identifiable dwellings were featured in Record Houses at least 19 times, often making the cover of the magazine as well. He certainly was not (as he was sometimes called) a postmodernist, given that his approach was already evident when he opened his office in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington in 1958. He was, however, a regionalist. When designing in a part of the country that was new to him, he would identify the local vernacular, which he would then, he said, "clean up" and "abstract."
Though their forms were modest, the houses were luxurious. His clients included Jaqueline Kennedy Onassis, for whom he designed a compound on Martha's Vineyard ("It was bizarre; the plumber held a press conference," he said in a 1984 interview); philanthropist Rachel "Bunny" Mellon; King Hussein and Queen Noor of Jordan; and Meryl Streep.
He also renovated the Renwick Gallery and the Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian, and created office space under the West Terrace of the U.S. Capitol. Among his university projects, the 2005 addition to the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art at the University of Oklahoma consisted of 10 pavilions with pyramidal roofs, each 30 feet square and clad in Texas limestone. Its tight organization and application of luxurious materials to basic forms owed debts to Kahn and Philip Johnson.
Born in Michigan, Jacobsen grew up in Washington and studied art at the University of Maryland. But his father talked him into trying architecture and he enrolled at Yale, where Kahn was the teacher who influenced him most. "When I'm trying to make something out of nothing I can hear him," he said in the 2010 interview. He said he never presented clients with alternative schemes, citing Kahn's pronouncement that "if you have two designs you don't have one design." After a stint at the Architectural Association in London, he went to work for his Yale thesis advisor, Philip Johnson. But Johnson fired him, his son Simon said, because he wasn't good at producing construction drawings. He returned to Washington and tried working for several firms there but quickly went out on his own. Deeply opinionated, in 1965 he published A Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C., omitting several prominent buildings because they didn't meet his standards.
Early on, he worked on renovations of historic buildings, including, eventually, more than 100 houses in Georgetown. Then, commissions for new houses started rolling in. Jacobsen, a bon vivant, loved the work and the life it afforded him. As he said in the 2010 interview, "I feel sorry for anyone who's not an architect."
Recent Articles by Fred A. Bernstein
Taipei Music Center by Reiser+Umemoto
Commentary: HouseZero Data Is Both "Positively Promising" and Reveals "An Opportunity to Make Improvements"
Tribute: Richard Rogers (1933-2021)
Fred Bernstein, a RECORD contributing editor, studied architecture at Princeton and law at NYU and writes about both subjects. He has published articles about embodied energy—a significant component of the climate crisis—in Oculus and the Architect's Newspaper, among other publications.
Obituary: Hugh Hardy, 1931-2017, Architect of Theaters and Theatrical Spaces
Obituary: Mildred Friedman, 1929-2014
Obituary: Helmut Jahn, 1940–2021
Architectural Record May 2021 Issue
Architectural Record July 2021 Issue


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In 2013, Gregory Jordan left his position as managing partner at the international law firm Reed Smith to work as general counsel at PNC Financial. At a recent Law Firm Leaders Forum hosted by Thomson Reuters, he was invited to share his thoughts on effective law-firm management from his new perspective as general counsel to a major financial-services company.
They included: keeping client communications to essentials; paying attention to corporate clients' quarterly schedules; staying close to clients on an ongoing basis so that you will be on their radar when they need you; and several other useful points.
I found Jordan's tips, and David Lat's article, interesting and insightful, and I hope you will as well.
As always, I invite your feedback on this and any other subject – either through the Comments section below, or directly via email.


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U.S. embassy is under attack in Iraq.
Plus, an interview with a NYC politician and a question about Mitch McConnell.
The U.S. embassy in Iraq is under attack, an interview with a New York politician, a question about Mitch McConnell blocking bills and a frightening story about foster care.
A photo of the U.S. embassy in Baghdad this morning. Photo: H. Sumeri | Twitter
What you asked for.
In a poll before the holidays, I asked Tangle readers if they'd want any extra content in their inbox. While many of you said you liked Tangle just how it was, plenty said they'd love to read deep dives or extended interviews with political figures. I won't clog your inbox with more stuff, but I will occasionally publish that content. In the wake of the anti-Semitic attacks in New York City, I spoke with Mark Levine, an NYC Council member who serves in West Harlem and Washington Heights. Given that Levine is Jewish, serves in a diverse district and saw the alleged Monsey attacker apprehended just outside his district, I thought he'd be an interesting person to speak with. You can read my full interview with him, edited for length and clarity, here.
Please enjoy a safe and fun celebration tonight. As previously noted, Tangle will be off tomorrow (barring any huge news) and back on Thursday with everything you missed. For those of you enjoying the holiday or a day off, I hope you enter the new year with good health and lots of joy.
Iraq. This morning, several hundred supporters of Kataib Hezbollah, an Iraqi Shiite militia, stormed the U.S. embassy in Baghdad, the largest U.S. diplomatic facility in the world. Quick rewind: Last Friday, a U.S. contractor was killed in a rocket attack on a base where U.S. troops were housed along the Iraqi-Syrian border. The U.S. blamed Kataib Hezbollah for the attack, and then launched an offensive of its own, killing some 25 members of the militia on Sunday. This morning, supporters of Kataib Hezbollah were at a funeral service for the fallen militiamen. After the funeral, they marched toward the U.S. embassy. The U.S. embassy is in a "heavily fortified" Green Zone that is typically off-limits to ordinary citizens, but when the demonstrators marched toward the embassy, Iraqi security forces made no attempt to stop them. A leader for the group tried to stop the protesters from entering the embassy with commands over a loudspeaker but failed. The protesters broke the main door and set fire to a reception area. U.S. soldiers at the embassy then hit the intruders with tear gas before they retreated back toward the street amidst chants of "Death to America" and "Down, down USA!"
Reports on the ground are a bit muddied: The Washington Post reported that diplomats are trapped inside the embassy's safe room and the Associated Press reported that they escaped out a back door and evacuated via helicopter. The U.S. embassy says there has been no evacuation. U.S. soldiers are guarding the embassy from the rooftop with guns drawn. Now, the Iraqi security forces have surrounded the embassy to keep demonstrators from penetrating any further into the building. A spokesman for Kataib Hezbollah said the group was setting up tents around the embassy and would remain until U.S. forces left Iraq.
The tension in Iraq is a product of Trump's failed foreign policy. In June, Trump was boasting that since he became president, Iranians weren't "chanting death to America" as much. Now Iranian-backed militia supporters are storming the largest U.S. diplomatic base in the world chanting death to America. The sudden spike in violence is a predictable response to the U.S. airstrikes on Sunday and failed sanctions against Iran over the last few years. Iran has lots of influence and support in Iraq. Now, the strikes are making it impossible for the U.S. to salvage any remaining hope for presence or stability in Iraq, all thanks to Trump's belligerent and unorganized foreign policy. Of course, many folks on the left share the sentiment with Trump supporters that these wars are a lost cause and we should finally come home. The Iraq War was a failed occupation from the start, and liberals have been pining for a leader who will find a way out. Other far-left commentators have claimed that the U.S. strike didn't kill guilty militiamen, but instead framed it as an attack on Iraqi soldiers and U.S.-aligned soldiers fighting ISIS, which is why so many Iraqis are upset about the strike.
President Trump, who is at his Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida, responded to the attack via Twitter on Tuesday. "Iran killed an American contractor, wounding many," Trump tweeted. "We strongly responded, and always will. Now Iran is orchestrating an attack on the U.S. Embassy in Iraq. They will be held fully responsible. In addition, we expect Iraq to use its forces to protect the Embassy, and so notified!" A lot of folks on the right have reacted to the news in broad, disappointed terms. Jesse Kelly shared a popular sentiment of Trump-supporting conservatives, saying "Not sure there's a better way to sum up American foreign policy than invading Iraq as part of the 'war on terror' only to have our embassy stormed 16 years later by Hezbollah with the direct support of the Iraqi government we put into place." Newt Gingrich, the former Republican speaker of the House who has become a staunch Trump supporter, called for more war. Gingrich tweeted that the U.S. "should respond to Iran in Iran. The Iranian dictatorship doesn't care how many of its allies we hit in Iraq. We have to go after the heart of the enemy and make them pay decisively." Trump's former National Security Adviser John Bolton also chimed in:
There's a lot to unpack here and a lot of politicking on both sides. What we know for sure is that this is not a good sign for U.S.-Iraq relations and that U.S. embassies don't usually get attacked when things are going well in a country we are occupying. Officially, the U.S. presence has the support of the Iraqi government because it's there to help combat ISIS and the spread of terrorism. While I'm certainly not going to make the case that Iraqis love the U.S. or its military presence there, I also caution you not to read the news as "Iraqis attack American embassy." It's like saying "Americans love Trump." Iraqis are not a monolith and we shouldn't write about them as such. There are so many political plots at play here, one of which is the Iranian influence in the region. Some people are claiming this attack was "orchestrated" by Iran and does not represent Iraqi views and others are saying this is an obvious collapse of Iraqi support for America. You can be sure the truth is somewhere in the middle. I'd also remind readers that the Benghazi attack, which left two American diplomats dead while Hillary Clinton was Secretary of State, was used as a political bludgeon against Hillary for years. She had to give public testimony about the State Department's response and her own handling of the attack. I wrote then what I'll write now: these embassy attacks are not uncommon, but the real test of diplomacy is how they are handled after the fact. It's not clear yet how this attack will play out or how directly involved certain players are in its execution, and I'm not in the business of speculating on facts like that. So we'll see what happens as more info comes out and I'll certainly keep you updated.
Reminder: If you want to ask a question, all you have to do is write in by replying to this email. I love hearing from readers and have pledged to try to get to every question that's submitted.
Q: How is the blockage of legislation by Mitch McConnell not unconstitutional? What laws need to change in order for this type of behavior to stop?
- Heather, Western Michigan
Tangle: The short answer is that it's not unconstitutional because McConnell isn't actually flexing any illegal power to stop a bill from coming to the floor. And no laws need to be changed.
First, a brief, general outline of how this works: The Senate is the upper chamber of Congress (the House of Representatives is the lower chamber) and it's composed of 100 senators. When the House passes a bill, it goes to the Senate for revisions and a vote. Typically, a bill will undergo significant changes in the Senate before being voted on or approved. If a Senate bill is approved, then it goes to the "executive branch," or the president, for a signature. Once it's signed it becomes law, unless someone thinks the bill is illegal, in which case they may challenge it in the courts. These are the "three branches of government" in action: the legislative branch (House and Senate), the executive branch (the president and his staff), the judicial branch (the Supreme Court and lower courts).
Right now, the Senate is composed of 45 Democrats, 2 independents (Bernie Sanders and Angus King, who both work with Democrats) and 53 Republicans. Mitch McConnell is the majority leader of the Senate, meaning he heads the Republican majority. In the 1940s, the Senate began the practice of yielding power to majority leaders. It's sort of an unwritten rule that majority leaders decide what does and doesn't get a vote. This custom is one of the many things that has created such partisan gridlock. 10 Democrats and 10 Republicans could come together on a bipartisan bill in the Senate, but if McConnell doesn't support the bill he can effectively stymie it. That being said, if Democrats really wanted a vote on something, they could do it with the support of 51 senators. That'd mean just getting four Republicans to break ranks and support a vote on a bill.
In short: it's legitimate to be mad at McConnell. The House has passed hundreds of bills that haven't sniffed a vote in the Senate. But it's not McConnell alone, it's a long history of Senate custom that has given him this power — and it's not unconstitutional. If his Republican colleagues wanted to buck that custom and force a vote on a bill, they could. Unfortunately, even a bill that large swathes of Americans support is being stonewalled, it seems like senators are unlikely to cause an intra-party dogfight.
American children who should be receiving support in foster care are instead ending up in juvenile detention centers. A new report from The Washington Post dives into how a shortage of foster care and an increase in biological parents struggling with drug addiction has left thousands of foster children being placed in "crowded emergency shelters, hotels, out-of-state institutions and youth prisons." Marcia Lowry, executive director of A Better Childhood (ABC), told WaPo that "We are just destroying these kids. They're warehoused into emergency shelters, out-of-state institutions and juvenile detention centers, which can cause lifelong emotional trauma — their childhoods spent segregated from the outside world." Click.
85%. How much higher opioid deaths were among people of prime working age in counties where automotive assembly plants had closed five years earlier, compared to counties where they had remained open.
49-45. Joe Biden's lead over Donald Trump in Virginia, according to a new Mason-Dixon Polling & Strategy poll, making him the only leading Democrat to have a polling advantage over Trump in the state.
47-45. Joe Biden's lead over Donald Trump in Florida, according to a new Mason-Dixon Polling & Strategy poll, making him the only leading Democrat to have a polling advantage over Trump in the state.
51-42. Trump's lead over Elizabeth Warren according to the same poll of Florida voters.
4%. The Mason-Dixon Polling & Strategy poll's margin of error, which has a B+ rating from FiveThirtyEight.
5,000. The approximate number of U.S. troops based in Iraq to fight the Islamic State.
27.5%. Joe Biden's RealClearPolitics average of Democratic support as of December 19th, 2018.
People are looking for more balanced news. Be a pal: forward this email to family, friends or colleagues and tell them to sign up for Tangle.
A rare environmental success story is unfolding off the west coast. Bottom trawler fishermen who go after rockfish, bocaccio, sole and Pacific Ocean perch say things are making a comeback, according to the Associated Press. Nearly twenty years ago, authorities closed huge stretches of the Pacific Ocean from bottom-dwelling fishermen to let the population recover. But on January 1st, regulators are re-opening an area three times the size of Rhode Island with new rules in place that have been approved by environmental groups. And the fish are thriving. Now, a major fishing economy is set to make a comeback without doing serious harm to wildlife. The next step is re-igniting America's interest in consuming the fish. Click.


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DoVA collaboration with Lect. Amber Ginsburg creates teaching space and gallery
UChicago News
A nondescript shipping container sits just to the west of the Logan Center for the Arts at the University of Chicago, painted black and framed from 60th Street by flora and trees.
A modest structure compared to its 10-story neighbor, this 380-square-foot building is more than meets the eye: It's KilnHouse, a project designed in partnership by Woodhouse Tinucci Architects and UChicago's Department of Visual Arts. Home to three kilns that can be seen from either end through floor-to-ceiling windows, KilnHouse serves as a resource and pavilion for DoVA students working with kiln-fired ceramics.
But KilnHouse wasn't just any architectural commission, planned behind closed doors and erected solely by contractors. It was the product of a series of classes taught between Woodhouse Tinucci and DoVA lecturer Amber Ginsburg, working in tandem with a series of students to bring the project from idea to reality.
The concept came forth in 2014, when DoVA expanded its curriculum in ceramics. "In practical terms, this project arose from the lack of kilns at the University of Chicago," said Ginsburg. "Initially, I worked on designs to add them to the Logan building. However, it became very clear, very fast, that that was more complicated than expected." Ginsburg then suggested to Eric Eichler, senior project manager for the Logan Center, and Bill Michel, associate provost and executive director for UChicago Arts and the Logan Center, that they build something with students to house the kilns.
"With a certain amount of naivety, I thought it would be easier than adapting [the Logan Center],'" she said. "While it turned out to be long-term project—five years, with plenty of hitches—it was the teaching component that drove my interest and constancy."
Working alongside David Woodhouse and Andy Tinucci, as well as Nathan Bowman and Chris Cordell, KilnHouse was realized over the course of four academic quarters across four years. Classes followed an architectural studio model, and coursework focused on the building design process by covering programmatic mapping, code compliance, aesthetics, materiality, mechanical and electrical systems. The three design courses led into the build course in which students participated in the construction of the building in collaboration with WoodTin Build, the contracting arm of Woodhouse Tinucci. Now, KilnHouse is in its first year of use.
Ginsburg said she's already been able to teach two ceramic-based courses in the space, which can also function as a gallery, and that it is "beautifully considered and designed for critique, performances, and large-scale video projections."
The building also has caught the eye of the design community in Chicago. This past October, the structure was awarded the 2018 Design Excellence Award from the American Institute of Architects Chicago at Designight 2018, the organization's 63rd annual Design Excellence Awards.
The jury particularly loved how architects at Woodhouse Tinucci collaborated with students and faculty on the project. The jurors called it 'a remarkable collaborative effort.
Cecília Resende Santos, AB'18, took one of the KilnHouse design courses and the build course, which shifted her thinking about built environments, exposed her to the pragmatic and legal aspects of building, and made clearer the socio-institutional interactions in architecture.
"I focused on architectural history as part of my art history major as an undergraduate student at the University of Chicago," Santos said. "I was particularly attracted to trying out architectural design; the practical knowledge and skills, what they could add to my study of architectural history, theory and criticism, and to be part of a project that would exist and have a legacy beyond the classroom."
During the build course, she began to discuss with Ginsburg ways she could document the project's process to share with present and future users of the Logan Center.
"While participating in the building course, I noticed pieces of material, debris and parts of the building that were soon to be hidden—the site itself, original container walls, wall frames and more—that I found interesting and attractive," Santos explained. "I realized that the process itself of designing and building the KilnHouse produced certain outcomes or "sub-products" that deserved to be shown, and that revealed the history, the concept and the physical components of the building."
Santos's first inclination was to design an exhibition that would take place at the KilnHouse, featuring materials found at the construction site and produced during all four courses. The display would inaugurate and demonstrate the building's function as an exhibition space. This idea grew to include an oral history of the project so as to, as Santos said, "construct a memory of the building and its process, first by sharing "process products" and components, and then by creating a record that could be shared."
Souce: UChicago News
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The cryptocurrency exchange Gate.io explained that it lost $200,000 in Ethereum Classic (ETC) coins after the 51% attack that the network is currently experiencing. It seems that the exchange lost 40,000 ETC since the network experienced double spend attacks.
The information was released a few hours ago by the crypto exchange in a blog post and shows that the attack continues to affect different parties in the space.
Gate.io is just one of the exchanges that confirmed that the ETC network is experiencing a 51% attack. Apparently, three addresses have been identified to be related to the attacker.
The exchange explains that the sensor they have blocked attacker's transactions and submitted them to a manual exam. However, during the attack, all the transactions looked valid and were confirmed on the blockchain. The company informed that they will also be taking all this loss for the users.
Coinbase is another exchange that confirmed the situation. Apparently, deep block reorganizations started to occur earlier on Monday. As a result, several double spends occurred on the network. According to some reports, the attacks continue.
According to Bitfly CEO, Peter Pratscher, the number of reorganized blocks can be confirmed on the ETC network but no analysis of the movement of transactions could be performed yet. That means that to confirm double spendings it will be necessary to make a deeper analysis.
According to Andrew Cravenho, Blockscout's project lead, a reorg that occurred between blocks 7261495 and 7261496, 26,000 ETC were spent and once and for a second time on block number 7261497.
He is also sceptical about the version provided by Ethereum Classic on its Twitter account. They've informed that the attack could be related to the testing of ASIC miners by the Linzhi Shenzhen. However, during a conversation with CoinDesk, Wolfgang Spraul denied the accusations saying that they would never be testing new ASICs on any mainnet.
This is in line with what Cravenho believes. He said that if a company would be tasting new hardware they would not do testings with $100,000 in just a single transaction.
Talking with CoinDesk, Donald McIntyre, a developer of the Ethereum Classic community, mentioned that there was no attack by any ASIC provider. However, Cody Burns, another ETC developer said that what is happening on the network is yet to be uncovered to understand better what is happening.
After the attack will pass, McIntyre suggests that developer teams behind ETC must change the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus algorithm behind.
Currently, Ethereum Classic is the 18th largest digital asset in the market. In the last 24 hours, it has lost 3%, becoming one of the worst performing assets among the top 50. Each ETC can be purchased for $4.97 and it has a market capitalization of $533 million.


text:
Ceropegia rhynchantha ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Leuchterblumen (Ceropegia) in der Unterfamilie Seidenpflanzengewächse (Asclepiadoideae). Sie ist in West- und Ostafrika beheimatet.

Beschreibung

Erscheinungsbild und Laubblatt
Ceropegia rhynchantha wächst als schlingende und kletternde, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze. Die unregelmäßig verzweigten Sprossachse sind glatt, kräftig und rosa bis hellrot gefärbt.

Die gegenständig angeordneten, wenig fleischigen Laubblätter sind 1 bis 1,7 cm lang gestielt. Die einfache, ovale bis elliptische, olivgrüne Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 2,5 bis 4,5 cm und mittig einer Breite von 1,0 bis 2,3 cm zugespitzt. Die Blattadern können rosafarben bis rosarot sein. Die Blattoberfläche und der Blattrand sind fein flaumig behaart.

Blütenstand und Blüte
Der extraaxillare Blütenstand enthält wenige mehr oder weniger aufrecht stehende Blüten. Der Blütenstandsschaft ist ungefähr doppelt so lang wie der etwa 1 cm lange Blütenstiel. Blütenstandsschaft und Blütenstiel sind glatt.

Die zwittrigen Blüten sind zygomorph und fünfzählig  mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Die fünf nur an ihrer Basis verwachsenen und unbehaarten Kelchblätter sind bei einer Länge von 2,75 mm linealisch-lanzettlich. Die fünf Kronblätter sind zu einer bis 3 zu cm hohen, hantelförmigen, außen glatten Krone verwachsen. Die Krone ist in der Mitte rosarot gefärbt, überdeckt mit feinen purpurroten Flecken und die Färbung läuft zur Basis und zum oberen Ende hin in purpurfarbene Längsstreifen aus. Die stark aufgeblähte Basis ("Kessel") weist einen Durchmesser von 8 mm auf. Bei den relativ breiten Kronblattzipfeln sind die seitlichen Ränder stark nach außen gebogen und die Spitzen verwachsen. Die Kronblattzipfel sind innen hell gelb gefärbt, außen hell gelb mit zum oberen Ende hin auslaufenden purpurfarbenen Punktreihen. Oberhalb des Verwachsungspunktes sind die Kronblattzipfel zu einem Stielchen ausgezogen, das etwa halb so lang wie die restliche Blüte ist. Das Stielchen erweitert sich an der Spitze zu einem ovalen, laternenähnlichen, rosa gefärbten Köpfchen. Die innere Nebenkrone ist 4 mm hoch und überragt das Gynostegium um das Dreifache. Die Pollinien sind subquadratisch-elliptisch mit kurzen Translatorarmen.

Vorkommen
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Art reicht von Westafrika bis Äthiopien, im Einzelnen Nordkamerun (Typlokalität), Burkina Faso und Niger sowie Nordnigeria. Friis et al. (1987) fanden die Art relativ weit von den anderen Vorkommen entfernt in Äthiopien. Huber erwähnt auch das Vorkommen in Guinea. Das Global Biodiversity Information Facility verzeichnet unter "Vorkommen" auch Mali, Benin und Togo, basierend auf Belegen aus den Herbarien des Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, des Forschungsinstituts Senckenberg in Frankfurt, sowie der Universitäten in Lomé und Abomey-Calavi.

Die Typuslokalität ist ein Felsenhügel bei Kokumi am Benue (Nordkamerun), in einer Höhenlage von etwa 300 Meter.

Taxonomie
Die Erstbeschreibung von Ceropegia rhynchantha erfolgte 1913 durch Rudolf Schlechter in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, Band 51, S. 155. Die Gattungszugehörigkeit wurde bisher nicht in Zweifel gezogen bzw. in eine andere Gattung umgruppiert.

Belege

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 West African Plants.
 JSTOR Plant Science - Neotype of Ceropegia rhynchantha.

Leuchterblumen
rhynchantha

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia