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Not Theology: a Religious Studies blog on religion, conflict, and the Middle East
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Apocalypticism and the Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS) was never a part of the legitimate resistance against Syrian President Bashar al Assad. There are possibly hundreds of opposition groups inside Syria. Several of these groups consider themselves to be the leader of the rebellion. These groups are not part of a larger monolithic whole; rather, they are divergent ethnic and religious groups that are often antagonistic and even violent towards one another.
The Islamic State has used the chaos created by the Syrian rebellion to try and fulfill an obscure Islamic prophecy. Back during the zenith of Osama bin Laden's war with the West, some Islamists started focusing on any Islamic teachings, no matter how obscure, that promoted a jihadist vision that would be global in scope. Their goal was to legitimize their politicized version of Islam and to cement the legitimacy of jihad in the minds of Muslim moderates. This search led to scholarship regarding something called Yawm ad-Din, the Day of Judgement.
Eschatology is a part of theology concerned with the final events in history. Such a concept is often referred to as "end times" and it is definitely not limited to Islam. Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Baha'i, and new religious movements such as New Age religions also have eschatological theology and followers who believe in imminent apocalypticism
The Day of Judgement was first introduced to jihadi groups by the world's foremost jihadist scholar, a Palestinian man named Abu Muhammad al Maqdisi. Maqdisi's prominence and knowledge has attracted jihadi acolytes over the years including Abu Mus'ab al Zarqawi. Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) called upon Maqdisi to find out if their jihad in Yemen would lead to an Islamic Caliphate. Maqdisi affirmed an exceptional destiny for the jihadists in Yemen, but added a caveat that the group in Yemen would have to go on to Syria to fulfill their destiny. Maqdisi explained that AQAP would help bring about Allah's judgment by helping to usher in the end of the world. Maqdisi explained that jihadists in the AQAP would help mobilize popular support against the West and its apostate allies by launching attacks all over the globe. But first, the fighters in Yemen had to get to Syria.
Yemeni fighters poured into Syria, but the original al Qaeda and its affiliate the Islamic State of Iraq would play a part in popularizing Syria's role in bringing about the Day of Judgement.
Abu Bakr al Baghdadi assumed control of the Islamic State of Iraq in 2010. Baghdadi's closest aide, Hajji Bakr, who has been described as the "prince of the shadows," helped his leader consolidate power. He proclaimed Baghdadi as a legitimate caliph that was helping to usher in the apocalypse. Baghdadi's followers believe there will only be four more caliphs after Baghdadi before the end of the world.
During this period, Bakr saw jihad in pragmatic terms. He wanted to attack government troops and police as a blueprint to open up power vacuums to deplete security and resistance to an Islamic State takeover. He also wanted to introduce a powerful religious motivation for uniting jihadists behind a single program—his program. The Day of Judgement prophecy became an influential tool for motivating jihadists to take over Iraq and Syria under Baghdadi's control.
When Syrians began peaceably protesting against their government in 2011, Assad's administration released an unknown number of jihadists from prison with a calculation that these men would foster violence among the protesters and give the regime an excuse to violently suppress them. Taking advantage of the volatility, al Qaeda's Ayman al Zawahiri encouraged Baghdadi to send members of his Islamic State of Iraq into Syria. He did, and this group morphed and eventually came to calling itself Jabhat al Nusra or Nusra Front.
Nusra expanded in Northern Syria, and it eventually splintered with the Islamic State of Iraq.
In 2013, Baghdadi announced that he was in control of Nusra and that he was merging it with the Islamic State of Iraq into one group, "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (ISIL or ISIS). Some leaders within Nusra rejected this merger and reaffirmed an allegiance to al Qaeda. Others, particularly foreign fighters from Yemen, joined with Baghdadi.
The end times prophecy worked as a solidifying agent and as propaganda to bring jihadists groups under Baghdadi's control.
The Qur'an does not go into much specificity about the Day of Judgement. Instead, Islamists have had to depend on hadith for descriptions and guidance. Various hadith explain that chaos and corruption will rule in Muslim lands, and Jesus (whom Muslims see as a Muslim and a Prophet) will return near the day of judgement to restore justice and to defeat the Antichrist called the Mahdi. After he defeats the Mahdi, Muslims believe that Jesus will assume leadership of the world and will live for another 40 years before dying of natural causes. The rule of Jesus will be the precursor to Muhammad returning for the final day of judgement.
The prophecy that the Islamic State has used is a version of this narration. It describes that the armies of "Rome" will gather on what are currently grasslands in Northern Syria. These armies will face off against the armies of Islam (Islamic State) and then be vanquished. IS will then be free to takeover Istanbul before a final showdown in Jerusalem. It is there in Jerusalem that Jesus will return to slaughter the Antichrist and his followers the Christians and Jews.
Most Islamic sects consider hadith to be essential supplements to, and clarifications of, the Qur'an. Sunni and Shi'a hadith collections differ drastically. Sunni hadith texts number around 10 thousand. Shi'ites refute six major Sunni collections, but Shi'a sects cannot agree with one another on which of their texts are actually authentic. Consequently, hadith texts within Shi'a traditions are more contested, and therefore an exact number for Shi'a hadith is difficult to claim.
Posted by Allen Benjamin Johnson, III
Filed in al-Qaeda, Conflict, International Relations, Iraq, ISIL, ISIS, Islam, Islamic State, Islamist, Sectarian War, Security, Shi'ite, Suicide Bombers, Sunni, Terrorism, Yemen ·Tags: al-Qaeda, Conflict, Islam, Islamist, Religious Studies, Shi'a, Suicide Bombers, Sunni, Syria, Terrorism, Yemen
Continued Struggles in Pakistan
With around 200 million citizens, Pakistan remains an unstable nation that has yet to figure out how to accomplish some of its basic governmental functions.
Islamabad continues to see long lines of angry and frustrated motorists, parked along the edge of Islamabad's tree-lined avenues, waiting for hours to refuel their vehicles.
About 10 years ago, Pakistan's government started encouraging people to use CNG,or compressed natural gas. It wanted to cut the country's hefty bill for imported oil and use Pakistan's domestic gas reserves instead. CNG has the added benefit of being cleaner and cheaper than regular gasoline. At first, the plan was a huge success.
As industry and the public competed for energy amid massive and unrelenting power outages, demand for natural gas soared. A court ruled CNG retailers were making excessive profits and ordered a cap on prices, causing hundreds of CNG suppliers to close down. Separatist insurgents in Pakistan's Baluchistan province — where a lot of the gas comes from — regularly bomb the pipelines. CNG has become a nightmare for the Pakistan government.
To compound the matter, as Pakistan has become more integrated, its provinces outside Islamabad have assumed a greater share of federal resources. In order for Pakistan to grow its economy, these provinces must now improve their own fiscal performances in relation to Pakistan's national fiscal outcome.
Pakistan has experienced high fiscal deficits and very limited inflows of foreign currency during the past two years. This has resulted in short-term domestic borrowing and soaring debt servicing costs.
The latest International Monetary Fund figures show Pakistan is unlikely to be able to make a dent in paying off its debts, and Islamabad last week borrowed $2 billion only by accepting excessive interest rates.
Fiscal discipline has eroded in the Pakistani government in recent years. The government has particularly struggled with its continued financing needs for expanding energy sector subsidies, power theft, rising losses incurred by state-owned enterprises, and high expenditures for security.
Islamabad long ago adapted to attacks by Islamist militants by setting up roadblocks, and by turning its government buildings, five-star hotels, villas, and diplomatic enclaves into modern-day fortresses—wrapped in razor wire and blast barriers and monitored by a multitude of security cameras and armed guards.
Yet outside of Islamabad, Pakistan's provinces remain dangerous ground. The Pakistani Taliban said earlier this month that they will not renew a ceasefire they called for at the beginning of March to facilitate peace negotiations.
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif came to power last year vowing to end the violence through negotiations instead of military operations. The militant group announced a one-month ceasefire on March 1, and then extended it for another 10 days. According to a report from the Pak Institute for Peace Studies, the number of terrorist attacks fell in Khyber Paktunkhwa province and in the tribal regions during March — both areas that have been sites of numerous militant attacks.
The two sides held one round of direct talks on March 26, and on the following Sunday, Minister of Interior Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan struck an upbeat note, saying that comprehensive talks with the Pakistani Taliban were expected to start in days. He said the government was releasing about 30 prisoners requested by the Pakistani Taliban to facilitate the process.
But the announcement of the ceasefire's end undercut the government's position, and it left Taliban supporters scrambling to understand what it meant.
The first casualties from the end of the ceasefire occurred last night when at least nine people, including five police officers, were killed and more than 30 were wounded in two attacks in northeast Pakistan.
Officials said militants ambushed a police patrol in Bhadbare, on the outskirts of the provincial capital of Peshawar, late Monday night. Two members of the police were originally wounded, and when other officers arrived at the site to retrieve them, the attackers struck again. In the other incident, three people were killed and 30 wounded when a bomb exploded in a congested bazaar in the town of Charsadda, east of Peshawar.
Reports indicate that the militants have become frustrated because the government has had little to offer them. Muhammad Ibrahim, who has been representing the Pakistani Taliban in the talks, blamed the government for not listening to their demands.
Achieving fiscal sustainability and national security has been a major recurring challenge for Pakistan's policymakers; however, Pakistan's safety challenges are in no way limited to terrorism.
Pakistan has one of the world's worst records for fatal traffic accidents. Tahir Khan, superintendent of the National Highway and Motorway Police, said that every year, 12,000 to 15,000 people die in crashes in Pakistan, mainly because of poor roads, badly maintained vehicles, and reckless driving.
Last month, at least 33 people were killed in a multivehicle collision along a coastal highway in southwestern Baluchistan Province.
Filed in Conflict, IMF, Islamabad, Pakistan, Suicide Bombers, Terrorism ·Tags: IMF, Islamabad, Pakistan, Pakistani Taliban, Terrorism
Jihadi Cool
Al Qaeda's dissemination of jihad ideology has become more sophisticated over the last decade. Al Qaeda invested large amounts of capital into creating books, magazines, and music videos that are designed to appeal to Muslims under 30 years of age. Language and graphics are designed with a specific local audience in mind so that al Qaeda can properly target young Muslims in a desired region. Al Qaeda is paying close attention to what material their targeted demographics respond to and connect with.
Al Qaeda has expanded into cyberspace
Al Qaeda's reach in Cyberspace is multifaceted. The network has a variety of different messages available on the internet that are designed to resonate with different groups. Al Qaeda's franchises and affiliates, like the one in Iraq that I posted about yesterday, tend to focus on local issues that affect a particular local population. However, the traditional centralized body of al Qaeda tends to disseminate messages that are more global in scope.
Jihadi Cool is a term that was originally coined by Marc Sageman, a psychiatrist and former CIA operations officer, to encapsulate the phenomenon of al Qaeda's influence within Cyberspace. Jihadi Cool describes rogue vigilantism by politically disenfranchised Muslim youths. Jihadi Cool appeals to those radicalized youths who are often described as "wannabe thugs."
Has the new front for the War on Terror become the internet? Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, and all electronic social networking media have become problematic, because al Qaeda operatives can operate behind electronic aliases and disseminate Jihadi propaganda. This propaganda then plays on Muslim youth's politics of despair, in that these youths have a worldview where they perceive the Muslim world's (Dar al-Islam) hegemonic power as being stripped away. Then there are the wars in Syria and Afghanistan, the political strife in Egypt, and the constant battle between Iran and Saudi Arabia over who will be the voice of the Middle East. Western popular culture and secular political forces are no longer the only targets of al Qaeda. The Sunni organization is increasingly getting into sectarian conflicts with Shi'ites.
Al Qaeda essentially uses electronic social networking media to encourage random disgruntled youths into acts of violence against the West, Shi'a institutions, and the governments of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Iran. By hiding their propaganda in forms of popular media, such as rap videos available in various languages, al Qaeda can provide a cultural counterweight to Shi'a popular influences which both excites and provokes impressionable youth into becoming soldiers for al Qaeda's distinctive version of discord which often includes suicide bombers and large body counts.
Filed in al-Qaeda, Arab Street, Conflict, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Islam, Jihad, Lebanon, Middle East, Muslim World, Politics, Proliferation, Salafism, Saudi Arabia, Security, Shi'ite, Suicide Bombers, Sunni, Syria, Terrorism ·Tags: al-Qaeda, Deobandi, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Muslim Rage, Shi'ite, Sunni, Syrian Civil War
Iraq's Disintegration Could Effect the Syrian Civil War
Two audacious and carefully coordinated jailbreaks that occurred in Baghdad over the weekend and which killed at least twenty security guards have now been claimed by the al Qaeda affiliate al Qaeda in Iraq. The al Qaeda franchise has been emboldened in recent months and these latest efforts have freed hundreds of Islamic militants including many senior al Qaeda officers.
The main target of the jailbreaks was the infamous Abu Ghraib prison which became famous in 2004 when American military prison guards were exposed for abusing its prisoners.
Until the attack, Abu Ghraib was one of Iraq's most secure locations, and this is yet another example of security all over the country disintegrating.
More than 2,500 people have been killed in Iraq in the past three months alone while over 90,000 people have been killed next door in Syria since the beginning of its civil war.
There is a real danger that many of these freed militant fighters will cross the border into Syria to join the ongoing sectarian war. Al Qaeda's Sunni fighters have been heavily involved with trying to bring down the Shi'ite Syrian regime of Bashar al Assad.
The Syrian civil war has become ground zero for the Middle East's sectarian conflict, and the violence is drawing in fighters (both Sunnis and Shi'ites from other countries) into Syria to join the battle. The resulting sectarian violence is then leaking over the Syrian border back into Iraq as well as into Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, and Iran. This means Iraq could revert to being devoured by sectarian conflict as it was a decade ago, but the even bigger fear is that other countries could follow.
Filed in al-Qaeda, Conflict, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jihad, Lebanon, Middle East, Security, Shi'ite, Suicide Bombers, Sunni, Syria, Terrorism ·Tags: Abu Ghraib, al-Qaeda, Conflict, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Security, Shi'ite, Sunni, Syria, Syrian Civil War
Profiling A Terrorist: Defining How We Look At Terrorism
People that live in the West have created stereotypes for terrorists. While profiling those who could become a terrorist can be beneficial and even save lives, creating iconic clichés can lead to misinformation and dangerous assumptions.
Misinformation about terrorism has become popular, in part, because people crave a simple answer for the reasons why a heinous crime has been committed. The truth is that terrorism has been used by many groups and organizations throughout history as a tactic to influence populations. Terrorism has never been an isolated problem, and it has never been limited to a single religion or ideology.
Talal Asad, Robert Pape, Alan Krueger, and Mark Juergensmeyer are just some of the academics that have been theorizing about terrorism post 9-11. Their work and the work of others like them is incredibly important if we are going to correctly comprehend the motives and actions of terrorist groups.
Terrorists have to commit themselves to a cause in order to be galvanized into action, and individuals associated with terrorism tend to experience a progressive radicalization.Terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda have a command structure of well educated operatives who often take a complicated worldview for their causes, and al-Qaeda is not the only group like this.
If one looks systematically across a number of terrorist organizations and at various incidents of terrorism, patterns begin to emerge. It can be argued that those who become involved in terrorist organizations are often from middle class backgrounds with a high amount of education relative to the society that they come from. The vast majority of Palestinian suicide bombers have been college students, for example.
Education can be an important mechanism for radicalization as it is an amplifier for the adoption of views, and for a confidence in the assuredness of those views. Furthermore, research has found that terrorist organizations typically send better educated individuals on the more important missions, because the better educated tend to have better odds at succeeding to carry out an attack. The most common occupation for a terrorist in an engineer.
There are many instances where groups like the Taliban have recruited uneducated youths and indoctrinated them with an extreme ideology (religio-political) to incite and encourage them; however, data on failed terrorist attacks show that often terrorists are extremely educated people who are just as likely to cite nationalistic, economic, and civil inducements as they are to espouse religious ones.
Terrorists who do identify primarily as religious tend to coalesce their religious beliefs with existing socio-cultural views influenced by their economic status, national identity, and political reality. Religious terrorists may seek out extreme religious ideologies because they are in line with their pre-existing socio-cultural worldview. This would indicate that religious extremism is not a catalyst in creating a terrorist as much as it is an approbation.
As I have said in past posts, a better understanding of what role religious extremism may play (and may not play) in terrorist actions could save future lives. However, it is important to not sensationalize religion's influence on acts of terrorism.
So, who believes in a cause so zealously that they are willing to give up their lives for it? Terrorism is a political tactic that is used to spread fear, but, more importantly, it is intended to inflict harm on a random group of people in order to reach and influence a much wider audience. Terrorism often targets a country's foreign policy.
What countries do terrorists come from, and what countries do they target with their attacks?
Countries that have a suppression of civil liberties (such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen) tend to be a producer of terrorists. However, Islamic countries are no more likely to produce a terrorist than non-Islamic countries. By and large, the most common signifier for a terrorist producing country is chronic political instability and widespread suppression.
Terrorist organizations tend to target wealthier countries. Globalism has interconnected the international system like never before, and wealthier countries have more influence and power in the international system because of their ability for unilateral decision making. Terrorist attacks are commonly perpetrated by groups that wish to force states into a multilateral decision making process.
The phenomenon of suicide bombings is one of the terrorist acts most reported by the media (even though those kinds of attacks only make up around 5% of terrorist attacks overall). These are people that are willing to kill themselves in order to kill other people. Experts have been studying Suicidology in an effort to prevent suicides for the last thirty years, but it is an incredibly difficult challenge. Are there better ways of identifying people who are radicalized or may have mental instability, and, if so, could policies be implemented that could reduce the frequency of suicide attacks?
One of the consistent factors in suicide bombings is that the bombing itself is an act of contesting authority.
We face risk every day going about our regular lives. We are at risk for getting in a car crash, falling down a flight of stairs, and getting assaulted by someone on the street. We adequately cope with that level of risk, and it is important that we keep the risk of a terrorist attack in perspective.
Terrorism can only effect us if we let it. We cannot let past terrorist acts rule our lives or direct our policymaking. We need to think about the ways that we can reduce acts of terrorism, and then we need to continue on with our lives.
Filed in al-Qaeda, Conflict, International Relations, Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Religious Studies, Security, Suicide Bombers, Taliban, Terrorism ·Tags: al-Qaeda, Religious Studies, Security Studies, Suicide Bombers, Suicidology, Taliban, Terrorism
The Role of Religion in Security Studies
Why is religion an important component of international security analysis?
In order to answer this question, we need to inspect what exactly we mean by "security analysis." The topic of security has been one of the primary interests in the study of international relations for the past 60 years. The political connotations for security were colossal during this time as is evidenced by how the Cold War was shaped by the subject of security: Two superpowers and their allies contested spaces, communities, and ideologies, and these contested issues had ramifications for war and peace, a balance of power, an arms race, and arms control.
As the Cold War evolved, security on an international level became a dominant focus. The most accepted concept of international security during this time was called realist hegemony where security experts thought that the international level would be the most stable when a single nation, or hegemon, was in power. However, once the Cold War ended and the United States was left as the solitary superpower, it became evident that our concepts of international security were inadequate.
Events like September 11th showcased that a broader approach to security analysis was needed, because the traditional concepts ignored non-state actors and the issues that were important to them. Understanding security no longer means understanding a state's military strength against the military power of other states. While the state remains important in the contemporary world, a state is ultimately limited by its boundaries or the boundaries of its allies. Non-state actors, on the other hand, have no such limitations. The nature of the "enemy" has changed; consequently, the nature of international conflict is understood differently.
International security is now understood as a complex arrangement of political, economic, and social factors under which military power can accomplish only limited security objectives.
Religion is an important component of the social factors that affect international security. Religion can both prevent and provoke various forms of conflict, and religious factors are related to ethnic group identity, territory, politics, language, and economics. Religious factors are therefore an essential element for effective conflict management as well as an important component in security analysis.
Filed in al-Qaeda, Conflict, International Relations, Proliferation, Religious Studies, Security, Suicide Bombers, Terrorism ·Tags: International Relations, Jihad, Religion, Religious Studies, Security Studies, Terrorism
Hezbollah: A Conceptual Framework
The organization known as Hezbollah first appeared in Lebanon in 1982 with the purpose of targeting and attacking Israeli, American, and French military forces. A loose federation of Shi'a and incendiary groups, Hezbollah emerged as a response to foreign military occupation of Lebanon.
On June 6, 1982, Israel invaded Southern Lebanon in what would become known as the 1982 Lebanon War. With 3,000 tanks and armored vehicles and 78,000 combat soldiers, Israel would go on to occupy the southern Lebanese region. Among Israel's intentions was to remove a Syrian influence from Lebanon and to expel the Palestinian Liberation Organization from the area. Israel believed that its actions would lead to regional stability; however, Hezbollah was born one month later as a resistance movement.
Former Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak described Hezbollah's creation in a June 8, 2009 article for Time Magazine entitled "A Brief History Of: Hizballah." Barak described the effect of Israel's invasion by saying, "When we entered Lebanon, there was no Hezbollah… It was our presence there that created Hezbollah."
Initially, Hezbollah had almost no popular support among the Lebanese people. However, the longer Israeli troops occupied Lebanon (a total of 18 years) the more that resentment grew within the population. Specifically, Shi'a resentment led to the forming of several militant organizations.
Hezbollah responded by expanding into an umbrella organization that coordinated the operations of what were otherwise a detached aggregation of preexisting Shi'a tribes and social groups. Israel's invasion solidified these differing groups by giving them the common purpose of resisting an occupation.
Hezbollah experimented with a stratagem of suicide attacks during the first year of its formation. The first couple of attacks targeted Israeli forces, but the third attack was on U.S. Marines in Beirut. A fourth attack later struck French soldiers the same day as the third attack.
Scholar Robert A. Pape has argued that the vastly different groups involved in Hezbollah's coordination of early suicide attacks cooperated, because they saw such attacks as a legitimate means of self-defense. However, Pape contends that not all of the groups involved saw suicide attacks as an act of religious martyrdom. Pape's research has led him to believe that early suicide bombers acted for the secular reason of advancing their community's economic and political power. This secular justification, according to Pape, was offered in hundreds of speeches and interviews by early resistance leaders (Pape 2010).
Hezbollah leadership slowly started a discourse over the nature of suicide attacks and religious martyrdom as the group continued to coordinate and consolidate its power over smaller organizations. This discourse was used to encourage new bombers and to replenish their ranks.
As Hezbollah's influence grew, it began to receive funding from the Syrian and Iranian regimes.
The Hezbollah movement has been a real problem for Israel. Many Israelis will tell you that Israel has not had a broad strategy for dealing with this group; instead, the country finds itself continually stuck in an ad hoc military campaign. Hezbollah has emerged as a symbol of armed resistance against Israel, and has gained a following among Shi'a, Sunnis, and non-Muslim Arabs over the years.
That pan-Arab support may be dwindling, however.
As I noted in my post yesterday, there are reports of sectarian conflict erupting as a part of Syria's current civil war. The Syrian regime has been a major supporter of Hezbollah both financially and politically. As denominations and tribes battle one another on Hezbollah's border, one can only guess at how the current climate may affect Hezbollah's infrastructure and mission.
Sunni militants are trickling into Syria to battle President Bashar al-Assad's regime as well as Shi'a militias who are also battling the regime. The Sunni terrorist organization al-Qaeda has used the Syrian civil war as a recruitment tool and fundraiser after years of loses to U.S. and Iraqi forces. The influx of Sunnis has added to the destabilization of the region, and it has galvanized Shi'a militant organizations to combat the incoming Sunnis.
According to Reuters, senior officials in Baghdad believe that seasoned al-Qaeda fighters in Iraq "are crossing the 680 km (422 mile) border into Syria to liaise and conduct attacks on Assad's government."
Hezbollah may very well move to counter al-Qaeda's growing influence in order to retain its own power.
Filed in al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Iran, Suicide Bombers, Syria ·Tags: Hezbollah, Lebanon, Syria
Are Suicide Bombers A Product Of Religious Extremism?
There are arguments that both support and oppose the hypothesis that suicide bombers are foremost a product of religious extremism.
Since 1980, suicide bombings have been identified with a variety of religious and secular ideologies. These ideologies include: the Hindu BKI in India, the LTTE in Sri Lanka, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the SSNP in Lebanon, the PFLP in the Palestinian territories, al-Qaeda in Iraq, the Taliban in Afghanistan, and the PPK in Turkey.
Salafi, Deobandi, and Marxist ideologies are three of the most common belief systems that are associated with suicide bombings. Marxism is a socio-political and economic worldview that is not historically associated with religion. This would suggest that suicide bombings are at least not completely a product of religious extremism.
Focusing on the Deobandi and Salafi movements, both of which I have written on in this blog before, neither Deobandi nor Salafi are unified belief systems. There is no single authority on either. Quintan Wiktorowicz has written in Studies in Conflict and Terrorism that "(t)he divisions within the Salafi community, in part, represent a generational struggle over sacred authority–the right to interpret Islam on behalf of the Muslim community." In other words, Wiktorowicz claims that there is no single and exclusive understanding within Salafi ideology regarding actions such as suicide bombings. With this knowledge, one can assume that other ideological factors other than religion are also contributors in the making of a suicide bomber. We can come to this conclusion, because there is no homogeneous authority within a belief system like Salafi to encourage every believer into becoming a bomber. If there were, the world would have experienced millions more of these bombings.
What Makes A Suicide Bomber?
Suicide bombers seek to coalesce their religious beliefs to existing socio-cultural views influenced by their economic status, national identity, and political views. Therefore, they may seek out extreme religious ideologies because they are in line with their pre-existing socio-cultural worldview. This would indicate that religious extremism is not a catalyst in creating a suicide bomber as much as it is an approbation.
Individuals associated with suicide bombings tend to experience a progressive radicalization. A better understanding of what role religious extremism may play (and may not play) in that experience could save future lives. However, it is important to not sensationalize religion's influence on acts of suicide bombings.
A lack of data on successful suicide bombers is a contributing factor to the ambiguity that religion plays in these events. Many groups that plan the bombings put off releasing the bomber's identities in order to protect their families and larger community from revenge. Yet, data from failed suicide bombers is available, and it is conclusive. There are plenty of instances where groups like the Taliban recruited uneducated youths and indoctrinated them with an extreme religious ideology to incite and encourage them. However, there are just as many instances where failed bombers turn out to be extremely educated, and these people are just as likely to cite nationalistic and economic inducements as they are to espouse religious ones.
One of the few consistent factors in suicide bombings is that the bombing itself is an act of contesting authority.
Suicide bombers are reactionary. They are reacting to their socio-economic-cultural realities. They are disgruntled by factors (both real and perceived) within their community, region, or nation state.
I think it is pragmatic to state that suicide bombings are not singularly a product of religious extremism. But, for those instances where religious extremism is a factor, it would be beneficial to ask if suicide bombers (who we know are religious) subscribe to an extreme religion because they are already disgruntled, or does an extreme religion advance their militancy?
Filed in Afghanistan, al-Qaeda, Assassination, Conflict, Islam, Pakistan, Suicide Bombers, Terrorism ·Tags: Deobandi, Islam, Religion, Suicide Bombers, Terrorism
Al Shabab Spreads Its Influence
The militant group known as al Shabab has claimed responsibility for the two bombings that erupted in Uganda this past Sunday.
The bombings killed more than 70 people who were watching the World Cup final.
Al Shabab is based in Somalia, and it is believed that the group has links to al Qaeda. The attacks on Sunday mark the first time that al Shabab has struck outside Somalian borders.
Filed in al-Qaeda, Jihad, Suicide Bombers, Terrorism ·Tags: Al Shabab, al-Qaeda, Somalia, Suicide Bombers, Terrorism, Uganda
Violence Erupts Before Iraq's Elections
Militant insurgents bombed several hotels and an office of the ministry over the course of this week in Bagdad, Iraq.
On Monday, there was a coordinated attack in Bagdad in which three bombs in 10 minutes were targeted at hotels known for serving foreign reporters, soon these hotels were to house foreign observers for the March 7th Iraqi elections. An article in the New York Times by Anthony Shadid and John Leland said that these attacks are "underscoring the uncertainty of the political landscape weeks before parliamentary elections."
Filed in al-Qaeda, Iraq, Middle East, Suicide Bombers, Terrorism ·Tags: al-Qaeda, Iraq, Suicide Bombers
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The Continued Challenges Created By Biden's COVID Package
INTERVIEW ON THE PRICE OF BUSINESS SHOW, MEDIA PARTNER OF THIS SITE.
Recently Kevin Price, Host of the nationally syndicated Price of Business Show, interviewed Bethany Schenk, Founder, President, & CEO of Web Benefits Design Corporation
Price and Schenk discuss the far reaching COVID package, how political it has become, exaggerated claims among leaders in both major parties, and more.
The Price of Business show notes "Bethany is the Founder and CEO of Web Benefits Design. Bethany has over 22 years of industry experience in the healthcare, benefits, and information technology industries. Bethany's multiple responsibilities include product development, marketing, sales, account management, compliance, human resources and operations. Bethany co-founded Web Benefits Design and has led its growth into one of the nation's leaders in benefits administration technology and full service outsourcing solutions. Bethany graduated from Florida State University with a Risk Management Insurance and Actuarial Science degree."
The Price of Business is one of the longest running shows of its kind in the country and is in markets coast to coast. The Host, Kevin Price, is a multi-award winning author, broadcast journalist, and syndicated columnist. He is Editor at Large for this site. Learn more about the show and its digital partners at www.PriceofBusiness.com.
LISTEN TO THE INTERVIEW IN ITS ENTIRETY HERE
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Move to prevent extra billing will strengthen BC's public health system
By Colleen Fuller and Seth Klein
DarkoStojanovic / Pixabay
It's taken over 14 years, but British Columbians will finally be protected against unlawful charges for medical services — just like all other Canadians.
In 2003, the BC government brought in the Medicare Protection Amendment Act (Bill 92) to prevent unlawful extra billing as required by the federal Canada Health Act. These provincial and federal laws ban doctors and private clinics from charging patients for medically necessary surgeries and other procedures covered by our public health care system.
In a rare display of agreement, the BC legislature originally passed Bill 92 unanimously. But owners of for-profit surgical clinics and the BC Medical Association (now Doctors of BC) mounted an aggressive opposition campaign. Three weeks after it passed, then-Premier Gordon Campbell said the new Act would not be proclaimed and most of its provisions were never enforced. The ensuing years have seen a steady stream of extra billing by private clinics and doctors.
Under the Canada Health Act, Ottawa contributes funding for provincial health care. But for every dollar of extra billing, the federal government claws back an equal amount from its cash transfers. In 2003, Ottawa clawed back $127,000 from BC for violating extra billing provisions of the Canada Health Act. In 2015–16, that amount mushroomed to $15.9 million, enough for 53,000 MRIs.
BC is the only province that Ottawa has repeatedly fined for unlawful extra billing. Bill 92 aligns us with the rest of the country.
Last week's announcement by health minister Adrian Dix that Bill 92 will finally be proclaimed is welcome news.
Doctors found to have unlawfully billed patients can be fined up to $20,000 and multiple violations could mean de-enrolment from the public system, meaning no more public funding. Patients who believe they have been inappropriately billed can apply to the provincial government to recover those costs.
A 2012 audit of two private clinics discovered patients were required to sign a waiver pledging not to seek such reimbursement. Patients also had to agree "not to disclose any information to any government regarding the particulars of the beneficiary's surgery," including costs. If the patient did disclose, the waiver "require[d] the beneficiaries to indemnify the Extra Billing Clinic for damages and costs arising from disclosure." Bill 92 should end such practices.
While this government action is important, it cannot succeed without additional welcome plans unveiled last month to reduce waiting times for surgeries and diagnostic services across the province within the public system. This year, BC will fund 4,000 additional hip and knee surgeries, plus 5,400 more dental and other surgeries compared to last year. Additional funding will provide 37,000 more MRI exams, addressing a persistent bottleneck in the system.
Equally important are long overdue plans to centralize surgical waiting lists. Currently in BC, every surgeon manages their own list, which is extremely inefficient. One study of waiting times in Alberta found that as many as 43 per cent of patients on surgical waiting lists no longer needed to be there, mostly because they had already received the surgery — unbeknownst to the surgeon whose list they were on. Centralized queue management is vital for the efficient flow of services and procedures and allows patients to see the first available appropriate surgeon.
Additional welcome plans unveiled last month will reduce waiting times for surgeries and diagnostic services across the province within the public system.
The response to Bill 92 from private surgical and diagnostic companies is no surprise. One physician predicted a mass exodus of surgeons from the province. But if they want to extra bill they likely will have to leave the country too. BC is the only province that Ottawa has repeatedly fined for unlawful extra billing. Bill 92 aligns us with the rest of the country.
Opponents also claim waiting times will increase because private companies will be forced to close. Bill 92, however, will allow private surgical and diagnostic clinics to receive contracts from health authorities to provide services, as they have done since the 1990s, as long as they follow the law. Doctors remain able to leave medicare entirely and charge patients who are able and willing to pay.
What will come to an end is the erosion of our universal right to timely medical care.
Equal access to hospital and physician services based on need, not ability to pay, is the fundamental principle underpinning our public health system. This move by the new BC government strengthens that principle and should save the province millions of dollars a year in federal fines — money that can now go into patient care.
This piece was originally published in the Vancouver Sun.
Topics: Health care, Privatization, P3s & public services
5 reasons why private surgeries won't shorten waits in the public system
The Lawsuit
Colleen Fuller
Colleen Fuller is an independent health policy researcher whose areas of expertise include health care and pharmaceutical policy, privatization, public and private health insurance, trade/globalization and health care, and health industry investors. Follow Colleen on Twitter
Seth Klein
Seth Klein is a CCPA-BC research associate and the former CCPA-BC Director. His research deals primarily with welfare policy, poverty, inequality and economic security. A social activist for over 30 years and a former teacher, Seth holds a BA in international relations, a BEd from the University of Toronto and an MA in political science from Simon Fraser University.
Seth is an adjunct professor with Simon Fraser University's Urban Studies program and the former BC director of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. His book A Good War: Mobilizing Canada for the Climate Emergency is now available.
Seth is also a past co-chair of the BC Poverty Reduction Coalition, an advisory board member for the Columbia Institute's Centre for Civic Governance, and an advisor and instructor for Next Up, a leadership program for young people committed to social and environmental justice.
Follow Seth on Twitter


Manchester Thunder made it five wins out of five in the Superleague as they condemned Hertfordshire Mavericks to their first defeat of the season.
The Thunder came from behind at half-time to win 57-48 away from home.
Elsewhere, Loughborough Lightning beat Surrey Storm 55-54 and Celtic Dragons suffered their fifth straight loss with a 65-45 home defeat against Team Bath.
Yorkshire Jets are the only other team without a win this season after losing 48-44 at Team Northumbria on Monday.
The 2014 champions Thunder trailed 26-24 at the break, but started the third quarter strongly. A 12-5 burst saw them take the lead and they held on for the victory.
All eight teams are back in action on Monday, with Thunder hosting reigning champions Surrey Storm and Hertfordshire travelling to five-time Superleague winners Team Bath.


Mayflex has formed a distribution agreement with Entertech Systems to provide Suprema biometrics for access control to the UK market and will also offer the BioConnect identity management platform.
Gary Harmer, director of sales, electronic security at Mayflex comments, "We are delighted to be working with this new vendor partner. The introduction of Suprema and Entertech Systems allows Mayflex to bring another vital piece to an IP security installation. We already have a number of industry recognised access control solutions in our product portfolio; however with the addition of biometrics we are meeting the demands of those installations that require that additional level of security, such as data centres, cash handling offices, or environments where sensitive records such as HR information is kept.


Stunning and simple to make, this Easy Blueberry Cheesecake Trifle is a spectacular edible centerpiece to add to your trifle collection. It's made with layers of angel food cake, cheesecake and blueberry pie filling that together are certain to make this layered beauty the showpiece of your dessert table.
I just can't help myself, if a dessert can be transformed into a trifle, I'm going to make it happen. The very first trifle I ever enjoyed was a traditional English trifle made with sponge cake layered with vanilla custard and fresh fruit. Needless to say, I was hooked from my very first bite. As soon as I was able to navigate the kitchen myself, trifles became a part of my baking reality and I must say, they're here to stay. Some of my most popular trifles you can find here in the MSSK Recipe Index begins with my Outrageous Lemon Lovers Trifle, Strawberry Cheesecake Trifle and Boston Cream Doughnut Trifle just to name a few. They make such an attractive addition to the dessert table and are perfectly suited to be the star ending to any meal. Trifles can hold their own.
When making this or any trifle, keep in mind each recipe varies in amount and size. My rule of thumb when choosing a trifle bowl, is to go big. There's nothing worse than having more ingredients than you can fit into the bowl. So, start with a 4 quart bowl or larger, to be safe.
For a timesaver, a bakery angel food cake works perfectly in this recipe if, you don't want to make your own.
Use a premium fruit filled pie filling for the best end result.
Assemble the trifle in advance then cover and chill without finishing the top. Decorate the top just before serving so it looks the very best when you present it.
The flavor of pie filling in this particular trifle can easily be changed without any further adaptations.
Be creative and have fun. No two trifles look alike so, make your masterpiece the way you like.
Other Trifle recipes you may like to try is this irresistible fresh fruit filled Punch Bowl Fruit Salad Trifle or layered Peaches And Cream Trifle. My magnificent Red Velvet White Chocolate Cheesecake Trifle is worthy of any special occasion.
Bake cake according to package instructions. Set aside to cool. Slice cooled cake into 1-inch thick slices, then cube. Divide into thirds and set aside.
Using an electric mixer, whip together both packages of pudding mix with 3 cups of half and half and vanilla in a medium-size mixing bowl. Whip for 2-3 minutes or just until the pudding is beginning to thicken but, is still pourable. Pour into another bowl. Set aside.
In the same medium-size mixing bowl cream together softened cream cheese with one container whipped topping. Whip until smooth and fully combined.
Add the pudding to the whipped creamed cheese mixture. Continue to whip on medium speed about 2 minutes or until smooth and fully combined.
To assemble: In a 4 quart or larger trifle bowl layer 1/3 cubed cake, drizzle with 1/3 pie filling, 1/2 whipped cheesecake. Repeat ending with cake and pie filling.
Chill for at least 4 hours or overnight. Just before serving frost top with remaining whipped topping and garnish as desired.
To garnish as pictured, set aside 1/2 cup cup blueberry pie filling for the top then divide the remaining into thirds for layers.
Perfect timing! I had all of the ingredients in my pantry and just whipped this up for dessert tonight. Snuck a taste and it's soooo good!
Haha, the cook deserves to have the first taste, thanks!
My family loves this, and I love how easy it is to prep and make!
I'm delighted your family loves this one!
I've made a lot of your trifles and this looks like another winner. Adding it to our menu this week!
Ah that's awesome, thanks so much!
This is probably my favorite dessert! Love blueberries and cheesecake together!
Same here, a real fave!
This is my new favorite dessert!
Such an easy and fun to make summer dessert. This recipe is a keeper for sure.
The perfect light and sweet finish to a big meal. May make again for Easter with a different flavor of pie filling!
Looks awesome, I can't wait to make for Easter. I have a question can I mix up the pudding, add to cool whip as specified, store in fridge overnight & assemble the next day?
Yes, you can that's a terrific way to save time. Happy Easter!


File consists of the early draft typescript of Coterminous by Ian Colford, written in the summer of 2004. The Coterminous title was later changed to Evidence.
Item consists of the manuscript of the Coterminous by Ian Colford wriiten in October 2002, and edited by Rick Cumyn, in July 2003.
Item is a manuscript copy of Crimes of Hector Tomas, a novel by Ian Colford.
Award announcement, Dalhousie News, photographs, media announcement.


text:
Georgia Tech Class of 2022 Early Action Statistics
Georgia Tech loves its students from Georgia (photo credit: Daniel Mayer).
The Georgia Tech Class of 2022 Early Action statistics are out and we've got them for our readers. In all, 18,124 students submitted Early Action applications to the Georgia Institute of Technology. Of these students, 4,677 earned admission and some of these students got to find out a day earlier than the rest of applicants — when admissions officers hand-delivered their acceptances to their Georgia-based high school. Georgia Tech showed their love for some of their home state's high schools. Early Action applications to Georgia Tech were up from last year by a margin of 16%. For Early Action applicants to Georgia Tech's Class of 2022, 26% earned admission. And if you're wondering if students from Georgia have better odds than do their peers who don't call Georgia home, you bet they do. 46% of Georgia students earned admission compared to 19% of out-of-staters. The difference is striking indeed.
Georgia Tech Class of 2022 Early Action Admits
Regular Decision applications are up to the Georgia Institute of Technology from last year as well — by a margin of 13%. More than 35,600 students have applied to Georgia Tech this year, which includes the Early Action and Regular Decision pools. This figure marks an all-time application record for the university. These applicants hail from all 50 nifty United States and from 137 countries. If Georgia Tech's love for its home-staters wasn't clear already based on their Early Action admit rate for in-staters and their personal visits to area high schools to deliver acceptances, Georgia Tech also shares with the world that applicants hail from 121 counties in Georgia. Who knew there were so many counties in Georgia?
As reports Laura Diamond in a Georgia Tech press release, "The middle 50 percent range of SAT scores was 1390-1530 out of 1600. The middle 50 percent range of the composite ACT score was 32-35 out of 36. Beyond strong academics, the admitted students have impacted their schools, communities and families, [Rick Clark, Director of Undergraduate Admission] said. They're mentors, tutors, fencers, team captains, Eagle Scouts, student body presidents and robotics champions. They range from entrepreneurs to environmentalists, from dancers to pilots and from bee keepers to app developers. Interestingly, 47 percent of the admitted students are non-engineering majors. 'When we look at the Class of 2022, we're excited about the character, background, insights, passion and the dynamic personalities they will add to our campus,' Clark said." We love it when the bee keepers get cited! As our regular readers know all too well, we are all about the weird at Ivy Coach. We're all about the bee keepers — as we've previously specifically articulated when writing about Johns Hopkins University's Class of 2022.
Congratulations to all students who earned admission to Georgia Tech this Early Action cycle! And good luck to all applicants in the Regular Decision round.
Categories: Early Decision / Early Action
Tags: Admission to Georgia Tech, Early Action at Georgia Tech, Georgia Tech Admissions, Georgia Tech Class of 2022 Early Action Statistics, Getting Into Georgia Tech
Georgia Tech Class of 2022
Georgia Tech Class of 2025 Early Action 1 Statistics
Kisa says:
Does applying Early Action have advantage over aRegular Decision for out-of-state students?


For many people, being healthy is a matter of keeping a healthy weight and eating the right foods. The truth is, there are a ton of different factors that play into your overall health. You may not even be aware of many.
may be exactly the change you need.
If you eat too much fat, chances are you will simply gain weight. Sleep, on the other hand, has a much more vague effect on your health, much like stress. No matter what sort of health problems you're having, there is a chance that it's due in part to you not getting enough sleep.
Not sleeping enough has quite the effect on your brain. A lack of sleep can put a damper on your memory, make it harder for you to concentrate on tasks, and cause your mood to change suddenly. It also puts you at a greater risk for accidents if you deal with heavy machinery or drive often.
Your brain isn't the only thing affected by a lack of sleep. If you don't get enough sleep, you put yourself at risk for higher blood pressure, diabetes, and weight gain. In fact, simply sleeping eight hours each night can be a crucial part of a weight loss plan.
We often think of sleep in a binary way. When you're tired, you sleep; if you aren't tired, it probably means you don't need to sleep at the moment. The truth is, there are a number of factors that affect how tired you are and how well you sleep.
Staring at a phone or TV shortly before going to bed is one way to keep yourself awake. Blue light from these devices makes it difficult for you to fall asleep even if you haven't been exposed to it for a bit. Napping is also a killer when it comes to sleep. If you take a two-hour nap every day, chances are you won't be very tired when it's actually time to go to bed.
Other factors that affect sleep include drinking alcohol or coffee or eating shortly before bed, stress, and lack of a good mattress. All of these things must be addressed if you want to sleep better.
One of the best things you can do to make sure you sleep better is invest in a quality mattress. There used to be a time when mattresses were very expensive and your options were somewhat limited, but there are almost endless configurations on the market today. Whether you want a mattress that's firm, soft, cooling, supportive, or anything else, you can find an option that works for you.
The key to finding a good mattress is understanding what you like. Some people like a firm mattress that supports your body and has solid, supported edges. For others, a cooling mattress with an ultra-soft feel may be the best option. There really is no best answer; as long as you choose a mattress that offers the features you're looking for, you're well on your way to sleeping better.
Contrary to what some might believe, memory foam is an option as well. Memory foam mattresses used to be a luxury that few could afford. There are tons of them on the market now. If you're willing to do your homework and compare some of the different memory foam mattresses, you should have no problem finding one that fits your budget.
If you don't want to buy a whole new mattress, a simple mattress topper can work wonders as well. There are mattress toppers that are made out of memory foam, feathers and other materials. These toppers simply fit over the top of your mattress like a sheet, then your sheets go over the top of that to provide a nice, clean look.
Getting enough sleep can be difficult, but it doesn't have to be. Simply investing in a new mattress and changing a few habits can transform the way you sleep.
Father's Day Gifts for Every Dad!


text:
2019 Media Classic
Talking Stick - O'odham • WeKoPa - Saguaro • Mountain Shadows
Mountain Shadows Shines in Scottsdale
Bruce Vittner – GWAA
As you fly into Phoenix Airport, you can't help but notice the iconic Camelback Mountain just to the north. It was on the other side of that mountain where we spent two days of sheer enjoyment at Mountain Shadows Resort in Paradise Valley, a tiny community next to Scottsdale.
It is the shadow from Camelback Mountain and Mummy Mountain that garnered the name of this iconic resort that was first opened in 1959. Each afternoon you watch the sun dip below the mountain and watch the temperature drop. It's not bad, however, when the temperature is a warm 70 degrees in December while the sun is shining as it does over 330 days per year.
Mountain Shadows has a rich history of Hollywood celebrity visits and the property served as the location for television shows including a Monkees episode. Since it was one of the few properties that were open year-round, it became a great dining and entertainment place for the locals who began moving to this arid and warm climate from other parts of the country.
The original golf course was designed by Jack Snyder and built in1961. It was a short course, par 56, and worked its way up towards the mountain and then back down. It quickly became a favorite for those Hollywood celebrities and socialites who were drawn to its seclusion, challenging greens and unique desert setting.
The property had changed ownership quite a few times, but the purchase of the property by Westroc Hospitality and Woodbine Development Corp. in 2014 brought about major changes. The golf course was redesigned to make it a par 54 Short Course that is challenging and fun with holes ranging from 75 yards to the fifteenth hole that measures 180 yards from the back tee. The seventh is the one that measures 75 yards, but most of the yardage from the tee to the green is a pond.
We saw many couples playing the course, and also many juniors. It is not easy. The tees are well designed and the greens and green surrounds are well manicured, but many of the holes have desert waste area in between the tees and greens.
We were able to speak with Forrest Richardson who was mentored by Snyder and did the redesign work. Said Richardson, "Having 18 par-3 holes is a real joy. The player has an opportunity for a hole-in-one at each and every tee, which is the magic of the par-3.
The goal was to create holes that could be set up for success, but also with tee and hole locations that could test the most skilled players. I think we succeeded with greens that can be attacked with ease on many days, yet when the timing is appropriate you can set the hole in some diabolical spots.
The defenses of one-shot holes are the greens and their surrounds. With 18 par-3s it is essential that the greens have variety. When you play Mountain Shadows you experience everything from a Redan to a Biarritz, and I created some fresh green concepts as well. One example is the 16th with its thumbprint dimple just off-center within a large and flat plateau surface.
"A lot of people ask about the par-2, which I created between the 17th and 18th as a bonus hole. I first wrote about the par-2 in 2001, offering up the idea that it could save space and be a whole lot of fun. The opportunity arose at Mountain Shadows, and I am very proud to have finally managed to build one! If I were to give up one word to describe the Short Course it would be 'fun' — I think Jack Snyder would completely agree. We need more fun in golf, and we need people to have successes, score well and finish their rounds with a smile on their faces, said Richardson."
"The course is challenging, but not overpowering," said Chris Ohm, assistant pro at the resort. "The course is fun, entertaining, convenient and takes less that 2 ½ hours to play," Ohm added. Club rentals are free for those staying at the resort that has 180 rooms that have all been redesigned.
For those looking for a larger challenge but still wishing to stay at Mountain Shadows, the resort has special pricing and preferred access to Camelback Golf Club's two championship layouts that are located less than two miles away.
Our stay was very enjoyable. The property is a completely new build on the former site. We stayed in a Garden Premium King room. It looked right over the golf course with a comfortable veranda, and some rooms even have private cabanas. The rooms are bright and modern contemporary as the ceilings show the concrete and our room had a huge rain shower stall near the center, almost as a showpiece.
The food is excellent and the huge bar had a large contingent of guests and locals enjoying libations. Mountain Shadows is 15 minutes from the airport, and is very easy to get to and close to the many attractions in Scottsdale. For more information you can visit www.mountainshadows.com or call 855-485-1417.
Bedell
Claggett
Cowx
Cronin
Draycott
Lieser
McNeilly
Van Sickle
Vittner
Vukelich
Zurak
©Media Classic 2022 - 2017 - All Rights Reserved


text:
Războiul Indo-Pakistanez din 1971 a fost un conflict militar între India și Pakistan. Sursele indiene, Bangladeshiene și internaționale consideră că începutul războiului a fost Operațiunea Chengiz Khan, atacul pakistanez din 3 decembrie 1971 asupra a 11 baze aeriene indiene. Conflictul a durat 13 zile și este considerat a fi unul dintre cele mai scurte războaie din istorie.

În cursul războiului, forțele indiene și pakistaneze s-au ciocnit pe fronturile estic și vestic. Războiul a luat sfârșit după ce Comandamentul Estic al Forțelor Armate Pakistaneze a semnat declarația de capitulare, prima capitulare publică din istorie, la 16 decembrie 1971, în urma căreia Pakistanul de Est s-a separat și a devenit statul independent Bangladesh. Circa 97.368 de vest-pakistanezi aflați în Pakistanul de Est la declararea independenței, inclusiv circa 79.700 de soldați pakistanezi și personal paramilitar și 12.500 de civili, au fost luați prizonieri de război de India.

Note

Războaiele Indo-Pakistaneze
Războaiele Indiei
Războaiele Pakistanului
1971

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
SDNY tweets
MRL on Patreon
In SDNY Lawsuit Against Venezuela Oil Company Is Responded To By Guaido While Maduro Absent
Honduras - The Source - The Root - etc
SDNY COURTHOUSE, Oct 23 – Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. has been sued for failing to pay off on Notes owned by four Italians named Lovati. It is a state owned company; responding in its name and making a motion to dismiss in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York is a representative of Juan Guaido.
Nicolas Maduro and his representatives, the Lovatis' lawyer Anthony J. Costantini of Duane Morris LLP told SDNY Judge Andrew L. Carter on October 29 in proceeding with Inner City Press one of two people in the gallery, have defaulted.
Judge Carter chided Petroleos de Venezuela's or PDVSA's lawyer Dennis H. Tracey of Hogan Lovells for making a motion to dismiss or in the alternative for a 120 day stay without the requisite pre-motion letter.
A new schedule was agreed to, with the Lovatis' response due on November 12 and PDVSA's reply on November 26. Judge Carter declined to hear anything about the asserted Maduro default, saying "they are not present."
"While hope spring eternal," Judge Carter said, what makes you believe things will be different in 120 days?
We may come and ask for more time, Guaido's lawyer said. Inner City Press will be here. The case is Lovati et al. v. Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., 19-cv-4799 (Carter).
Asa Saint Clair was questioned for wire fraud by the US authorities at 845 United Nations Plaza last month, for his involvement in a dubious cyber-currency called Igobit, issued through a UN-linked "inter-governmental organization" called the World Sports Alliance.
Inner City Press, before being banned from the UN by Secretary General amid its questions about his corruption and links to UN briber CEFC China Energy, reported on the World Sports Alliance, including here and here and here, on Burundi.
On October 23 Inner City Press now covering the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York was the only media in the SDNY Magistrates Court when Asa Saint Clair was brought into the court in shackles. He was arrested in California trying to get on a plane to Madagascar by way of Paris. More on Patreon here.
Now, despite telling the government he was making $50,000 a month, he was given a publicly funded Federal Defender lawyer, who argued he should be immediately released.
He still may be. Magistrate Judge Debra Freeman rejected the AUSA's request to limit his use of electronic devices, and like the US Attorney's Office made no connection to the UN itself.
There is a pattern here: in the Ng Lap Seng case, so recently in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, he went to jail but those he bribed in the UN remain free and in action. The same is true for Patrick Ho of CEFC China Energy, up to the level of Secretary General Antonio Guterres.
Even in terms of fraudulent coins, Inner City Press has exposed and asked the UN in writing about the use of Guterres' image to sell coins by former UN ambassador of El Salvador Carlos Garcia. He was shown in the Ng Lap Seng case to be helping with money laundering by Francis Lorenzo, still someone not sentenced by SDNY and its AUSAs Richenthal and Zolkind.
Nor did they ask on UN official Meena Sur, whom Inner City Press publicly exposed as linked to now SDNY-investigatived WSA, here.
And Garcia continued his coin scam with Guterres' image, and now WSA's Saint Clair is about to be bailed - even as his case remains hours later sealed.
Inner City Press, exclusively covering all this even amid attempt to limit its access and real time reporting, will continue on these cases. Watch this site.


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The Daily Telegraph has more stories submitted to Digg, the social news website, than any other daily newspaper site.
and its most-Digged story has more Diggs than any other newspaper site's top story.
The graph shows how many pages have been submitted for each site that made the Digg 'front pages' (ie proved sufficiently popular).
It's based on an analysis of newspaper site pages submitted to Digg (which also suggests that the reason for the success of the Telegraph and Mail is that their users are more likely to Digg than those of other newspaper sites).
This entry was posted in newspapers, online journalism and tagged daily mail, Mirror, research, social bookmarking, social media, social networking, Telegraph, the sun, Times, web 2.0 on February 21, 2009 by Paul Bradshaw.
Hello there! Quick question that's entirely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My website looks weird when browsing from my iphone4. I'm trying to find a template or plugin that might be able to fix this issue. If you have any suggestions, please share. Thanks!


text:
Q: why model.set(..) replace multiple records at a time using backbone.js? I have one problem which is related to saving records from edit mode.
Scenario:

*

*Click on edit (first records), it will load selected model data in
edit mode panel.

*Update any value in textbox

*Click on save, it will save successfully and refresh view.

*Click on edit (second records(, it will load selected model data in
edit panel.

*Update any value in textbox

*Click on save, it will save successfully and refresh view
But the problem is It will replace updated model value with Row1 and Row2. I would like to update only selected row. What was wrong in this code.
 window.App = { Models: {}, Collections: {}, Views: {}, Helper: {} }
                 App.Helper.getFormsValue = function (form) {
                     var newName = form.find('.name').val();
                     var newAge = form.find('.age').val();
                     var newOccupation = form.find('.occupation').val();
                     return { name: newName, age: newAge, occupation: newOccupation };
                 }

Model and Collection
App.Models.Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
                defaults: { name: '', age: 0, occupation: '' }
            });
            App.Collections.People = Backbone.Collection.extend({
                model: App.Models.Person
            });

Add Person
App.Views.AddPerson = Backbone.View.extend({
                el: '#addPersonWrapper',
                events: {
                    'click .add': 'addPersonForm',
                    'click .save': 'addPerson'
                },
                addPersonForm: function (e) {
                    $(e.target).hide();
                    this.$el.find('.addPerson').show();
                },
                addPerson: function () {
                    var form = this.$el;
                    form.find('.addPerson').hide();
                    form.find('.add').show();
                    var person = new App.Models.Person(App.Helper.getFormsValue(form));
                    this.collection.add(person);
                }
            });

Edit Person
App.Views.EditPerson = Backbone.View.extend({
                el: '.editPersonWrapper',
                template: template.get('editTemplate'),
                initialize: function () {
                    this.$el.show();
                    this.rentder();
                },
                events: {
                    'click .save': 'savePerson'
                },
                rentder: function () {
                    this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.toJSON()));
                },
                savePerson: function () {
                    console.log(this.model.toJSON());
                    var form = this.$el;
                    this.model.set(App.Helper.getFormsValue(form));
                    this.$el.hide();
                }
            });

Person View
App.Views.Person = Backbone.View.extend({
                tagName: 'tr',
                template: template.get('listTemplate'),
                initialize: function () {
                    this.model.on("change", this.render, this);
                    this.model.on('destroy', this.remove, this);
                    this.on("edit", function (view) {
                        var editperson = new App.Views.EditPerson({ model: view.model });
                    }.bind(this));
                },
                events: {
                    'click .edit': 'editPerson',
                    'click .delete': 'deletePerson'
                },
                render: function () {
                    this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.toJSON()));
                    return this;
                },
                editPerson: function () {
                    this.trigger("edit", this);
                },
                deletePerson: function (e) {
                    this.model.destroy();
                },
                remove: function () {
                    this.$el.remove();
                }
            });

People View
App.Views.People = Backbone.View.extend({
                el: '#personList',
                initialize: function () {
                    this.collection.on("add", this.addPerson, this);
                    this.render();
                },
                render: function () {
                    this.collection.each(this.addPerson, this);
                },
                addPerson: function (person) {
                    var personView = new App.Views.Person({ model: person });
                    this.$el.append(personView.render().el);
                }
            });

Default Data
 var peopleCollection = new App.Collections.People([
                { name: 'Imdadhusen', age: 31, occupation: 'M.C.A.' },
                { name: 'Manindar', age: 27, occupation: 'B.E.I.T.' },
                { name: 'Kuber', age: 32, occupation: 'M.S.C.I.T.' },
                { name: 'Rashidali', age: 5, occupation: 'S.K.G' }]);
            var addPerson = new App.Views.AddPerson({ collection: peopleCollection });
            var peopleView = new App.Views.People({ collection: peopleCollection });

HTML

                Name
                Age
                Occupation

                <input class="add" type="button" value="Add Person" />

Person Name

                    <input class="name" type="text" placeholder="Name of the person" />

Person Age

                    <input class="age" type="text" placeholder="Age of the person" />

Person Occupation

                    <input class="occupation" type="text" placeholder="Occupation of the person" />

                    <input class="save" type="button" value="Save Person" />

List Template

Edit Template

Can any body help me to finding the cause of the problem. Any comment and suggestions would be highly appreciated!

A: You're not removing your edit view when the user clicks on save. I didn't really look into your HTML, but the problem seems to be that all your edit views (I say all because you don't remove them, so they accumulate) share the same element. So when the user clicks to save, all your edit views catch the click event, and therefore apply the modifications to their own model.
For a solution, either remove your edit views once they're no longer used (this.remove(); will do the trick, except that you'll have to deal with the fact that it removes your element), either use a single edit view (that would certainly require you to change more code).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Review of the legislation over 16th of November 2006.
Review of the legislation 20 October 2006 y.
Review of the legislation 10 October 2006 у.
Weekly review 28th of August 2006.
Weekly review 21th of August 2006.
Weekly review 14th of August 2006.


ROCHESTER - Richard N.J. Lemay, 84, died peacefully surrounded by his loving family on Sunday, December 2, 2018 at Frisbee Hospital in Rochester. He was born on Charles Street in Rochester to Kilda and Paul Lemay, and he was the oldest of three children.
In the Army, he worked for Intelligence, in the National Security Agency for 22 years. After retiring from the Army, he spent 20 years as a nuclear supply supervisor at the Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth.
He was preceded in death by his loving wife Elaine Eva Lemay.
Survivors include his children, Terrie, Richy and Vicky Lemay; granddaughter, Jade Quimett; and two sisters, Claire and Priscilla.
Richard will be remembered as a generous and patriotic man, who loved telling stories to friends and family.


Oh my dear child .... in the world the Lord has arranged that His servants are surrounded by spiritual protection .... without it you would have to perish, for you are constantly pursued by evil powers intent on pushing you off the path you are taking. It is a constant battle for your soul; nevertheless, the Father leads you out of all danger .... Lay your heart down at His feet and He will protect it now and forever. And when you experience the salvation of God .... when you are blessed to hear the Word of God, all demons shall disappear, for the blessing of the Lord is upon His Own and those who want to harm them will perish. So listen to what we want to tell you: It is not the Father's will that you should waste your strength .... It is worthless for you to seek a connection which can give you far less than you are offered through your daily receptions. None of you can hear the host of angels rejoicing about a willing child .... However, if you let the grace pass you by, you will have deprived yourselves and will not be accepted so easily again, for the Lord's will has chosen all of you but you disregard His Words. However, much would be taken away from you, my child, were you to start all over again with that which showed you the right path in the beginning. Time and again the Lord admonishes all of you to remain faithful; time and again He lovingly draws you to Himself, therefore, hand your hearts over to Him and remain gladly and loyally devoted to Him .... But your dear friends shall be advised that only constant striving towards higher spheres will bring them close to the path again which they left for fear that it might harm them .... We make a sacrifice if it is for your highest good .... In hours of laborious communication we will gladly inform you of our endeavours and seek to introduce you to the kingdom of God; however, you must be willing and comply with our advice and admonitions. We cannot instruct anyone with a reluctant heart who fails to make innermost heartfelt contact with us and wants to accept our teachings. Yet we will give increasingly more and in greater depth to the child of God which trusts us .... whose prayer is granted by the Father and which ever more willingly opens its heart and ears to our teachings .... If the Father bestows such grace upon you, then you should gratefully accept it, but don't ever allow yourselves to be set back when you struggled step by step on the path. Continue your path with God and look upwards, not backwards.


text:
/*!
 * read-glob-promise | MIT (c) Shinnosuke Watanabe
 * https://github.com/shinnn/read-glob-promise
*/
'use strict';

var readGlob = require('read-glob');
var wrapPromise = require('wrap-promise');

module.exports = function readGlobPromise(globPattern, options) {
  return wrapPromise(function(resolve, reject) {
    readGlob(globPattern, options, function(err, bufs) {
      if (err) {
        reject(err);
        return;
      }
      resolve(bufs);
    });
  });
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
MEDICINE (RUSSIA)
MEDICINE (POLAND)
MEDICINE (INDONESIA)
MEDICINE (BANGLADESH)
DENTISTRY ( INDONESIA)
DENTISTRY (BANGLADESH)
PHARMACY (INDONESIA)
VETERINARY MEDICINE (INDONESIA)
VETERINARY MEDICINE (BANGLADESH)
ENGINEERING (RUSSIA)
AFFILIATION UNIVERSITY
First Moscow State Medical University
Volgograd State Medical University
Russian National Research Medical University University
Kursk State Medical University
Privolzhsky Research Medical University
Moscow Aviation Institute
Medical University Of Lodz
Warsaw Medical Medical University
Vistula University
Universitas Hasanuddin
Institute Technology Bandung
Universitas Padjadjaran
Universitas Andalas
Institute Pertanian Bogor
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mymensingh Medical College
Dhaka Dental College
Dhaka Medical College
Hasanuddin University (UNHAS)
Hasanuddin University or also known as Universitas Hasanuddin is one of the largest autonomous universities in Indonesia. It is located in Makassar which is the capital of South Sulawesi province. The university was established in 1956 and named after Sultan Hasanuddin, a former King of the Gowa Kingdom.
Hasanuddin University was first established on 11 June 1956 and it started with the first faculty of economics during the early years. Throughout the years, Hasanuddin University started to grow and have developed several faculties that offer degree programs to students. Hasanuddin University also has become one of the lists for top universities in Indonesia during 2016.
Centre of excellence for Indonesian maritime-based development of humanity, sciences, technology, arts, and cultures.
Missions:
To provide a qualified learning environment to develop the capacity of innovative and proactive learners.
To preserve, develop, find, and create the sciences, technology, arts, and cultures.
To implement and disseminate the sciences, technology, arts, and cultures for the prosperity of Indonesian maritime society.
Integrity: honesty, courage, responsibility, determination.
Innovation: the combination of creativity, quality-orientation, independence, pioneering.
Catalytic: bravery, determination, dedication, and competitiveness.
Wisdom: appropriateness, fairness and civilizedness, holism, and adaptability.
Facilities provided:
lecture room


Canadys, South CarolinaPhotos, maps and news from Canadys, South Carolina.Updated May 24, 2018.
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text:
Waiting for the Other Shoe
By Chris Fontecchio May 25, 2006, 2:18pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Waiting for the Other Shoe
Now that we know Manolo Saiz is on a fast track to indictment, now that Liberty Seguros is no longer a cycling team, there is one HUUUGE question to be answered, and soon:
Who will hire Vino?
[editor's note, by chris] Moved to the flip... with the caveat that current reports are that Liberty will keep riding for now. And with the warnings that Vino might not be an innocent victim here.
Poor Alexander Vinokourov, sitting on his lawn with a "Will win Tour de France for Food" sign. Actually, the truth is more like, within 24 hours, he won't be able to leave his house due to the scrum of media and directeur sportifs pressing forward.
Assuming Liberty doesn't try to carry on through July (which is completely unclear), there are two alternate possibilities: the Coast-Bianchi quickie reincarnation, or the jump to another squad. I'm not aware of any sponsor who can step in and run a team, although it's not like they email me this kind of information... but the big negative factor is that Saiz built the team, so unlike Coast where they just needed a title sponsor, the ex-Liberties would need a whole new management. Hell, half the team could be in jail by July, for all we know.
So Vinokourov could go to anyone who's ready to hire, right? We'll see, but if he is you can eliminate the burned bridge (T-Mobile); the teams who don't need a Tour leader (CSC, Phonak, Gerolsteiner, Caisse d'Epargne, Davitamon); and the teams who don't hire non-Basques (Euskaltel). I would also rate low the likelihood of him landing with anyone who has mixed leadership for the Tour -- namely, Discovery -- after Vino's experience at T-Mobile. And none of the Italian teams are at all serious about the Tour.
Some options:
Quick Step! They hired Garate and Rujano for the grand tours, but these guys look more like lieutenants in July -- exactly what Vino needs! They also have seemingly unlimited funds, and there's no team time trial to consider. The only downside for Vino would be their focus on helping Boonen win the Green Jersey... but the truth is, Boonen needs no more than one or two riders to help him, if that.
Any of several French teams. The feel-good story, where a French team actually has something to do in the Tour de France. Also, the Kazakh riders (and many of the eastern bloc guys) tend to have a special connection to France through some development program they all started in in St. Germain. Last summer's hot rumor was Credit Agricole, and they're undoubtedly still hiring. Not sure anyone can offer him money or support though.
Saunier Duval. Intriguing... they grab guys on the fly somehow. And with David Millar, Koldo Gil, Jose Gomez Marchante, etc., they have a squad of guys who don't quite have a realistic shot at winning but could make a great supporting cast. My wild card.
Rabobank. A very long shot... if they really think Menchov can compete, then they're off the list along with the other teams who think they're all set. Also, they're Rabo, so doing something to strengthen their hand seems impossible. But if Menchov felt like working for a fellow ex-Soviet, and the Chicken jumped in to help as well (while nabbing his KOM points)... like I said, it's too sensible to happen, but it could work.


text:
Most Liked Comment On Youtube In 2023
Last Updated on: January 20, 2023 by Aishwar | Fact Checked
How to Get the Most Liked Comment on Youtube
Getting to the top of the comment list has been a goal of video viewers and members of the YouTube community ever since YouTube introduced a method of rating comments. According to the number of votes they receive, two comments are highlighted on every YouTube video. If you keep some basic ideas in mind, you may be able to get your comments noticed.
A video comment with the most likes on YouTube was posted in November 2020 by Seth Everman. As of now, 3.3 million people have liked it.
A viral comment was posted under the song "Bad Guy" by Billie Eilish.
"I'm the bald guy." is the most popular comment on YouTube right now.
What do you think? It's the same for me. In general, most people are unaware of what caused the comment to go viral so quickly. The comment became the first to reach 1 million likes as well as the most popular comment ever on YouTube.
A more fascinating aspect of viral marketing was revealed by the most viewed comment on YouTube.
Why Did the Comment Go Viral?
The first step to understanding viral marketing is understanding why a particular comment went viral.
After some research, I discovered four main factors:
Push
Taking these points into account, let's discover why the YouTube comment went viral. Understand the viral marketing process and you can replicate its success for your ideas, products, and content.
Popularity
Despite the fact that he may be a nobody, Seth Everman is not. Among his many responsibilities is his YouTube channel, which has over one million subscribers.
Since 2006, his videos have gone viral. His comedic piano videos and parody videos are known for their deadpan expressions.
His social media following was already massive at the time he posted the YouTube comment. His YouTube channel was one of the most popular in his birthplace, Sweden, not only on social media platforms like Twitter and Instagram.
Personal experience tells me followers make content go viral since I have few followers across various platforms.
The most liked comment on YouTube can teach us how important platform and popularity are to viral marketing.
You are almost preparing yourself for viral hits when you build up a following over time. Creating content for a larger audience will increase your odds of hitting the right mark at just the right time.
Seth's ready base of fans went into high gear when he posted the now-famous YouTube comment.
Placement
Exactly the right comment was posted by Seth on YouTube in exactly the right place.
It is natural that his fans would recognize him as the face behind the comment since they are familiar with his music. Perhaps he would have been favored if he commented on a video related to food, but he wouldn't have become a viral sensation.
Due to the fact that the YouTube comment was posted in a genre where he is well known, it quickly became viral. In other words, he published the right words in the right place at just the right time.
Placement is not a new concept in marketing.
Performance
When it comes to performance, the content itself matters.
Sure, "I'm the bald guy" isn't funny or wise. What made it popular was several characteristics:
It was a short comment.
Simple was the comment.
A joke was made in the comment.
It was a relevant comment.
Personalization was evident in the comment.
A research study found that a part of the reason why short phrases and slogans work is their simplicity. They are easily understood. They are easy to understand.
Among viral content's important elements is humor. An interesting fact is that studies show self-defeating humor to be one of the most successful types of viral content. These findings were published on page 15 of the Journal of Creative Communications.
Virality is also characterized by relevance. In relation to the popular song, "Bad Guy," "I'm the bald guy" has become a viral YouTube comment.
Last but not least, the comment was personalized. Seth actually has a bald head.
Seth shares more about his comment going viral in a YouTube video on his channel. Seth immediately posted about it on his Twitter and Instagram accounts after his comment had broken the record for most-liked YouTube comment at the time.
The comment gained momentum due to his social sharing.
Around 776,00 likes had been given to his comment at that point, making it the most liked comment in the world. A million people liked his comment after sharing it on social media! He publicly celebrated his millionth post on social media when he reached this milestone.
3.3 million people have now liked his comment and counting as a result of a second push.
How To Feature Channels On Youtube
How To Use Google Hangout On Air
Conclusion: Most Liked Comment On Youtube In 2021
Apply these traits to your content if you want to create viral content as well:
Share your content on platforms where your existing audience can see it.
Post content on topics and in areas where you already have a following. Shared content is more likely to be found and shared by your community.
Post content is short. If possible, it should be as short as possible.
Provide straightforward content that is simple and easy to understand.
Write clever, humorous, and witty content.
Make sure that your content is directly relevant to other topics, ideas, and content that are already popular.
Personalize the content you post.
When you reach minor or major milestones, share your content on social media platforms.
In response to his millionth like, Seth tweeted, "Hello @YouTube, I would like one gold comment award, please." YouTube responded, and Seth received his gold plaque about one week later.
Aishwar
Aishwar Babber is a passionate blogger and a digital marketer. He loves to talk and blog about the latest tech and gadgets, which motivates him to run GizmoBase. He is currently practicing his digital marketing, SEO, and SMO expertise as a full-time marketer on various projects. He is an active investor in NewSmartWave and ImageStation.


Capital of the state of Paraná state, the city is especially known for its innovative urban solutions which boasts its residents and tourists an excellent quality of life and infrastructure of excellence for those who visit or live in a big city.
Besides the ease in transportation, Curitiba is known as the "Green City" because of its many squares and parks.
More than 30 parks and forests are the most visible results of a series of public measures taken over time. Some are of special significance. In the 1970s, The option with strategic vision was to create reserves of green parks and woodlands that unite the functions of environmental preservation, sanitation, sports and leisure.