The term "racialized" is used in this paper to refer to a wide variety of people or communities of different racial and ethnic backgrounds who were historically referred to as "visible minorities".1 Racialization is a complex interweaving of social, cultural and legal processes through which particular groups—primarily those who are non-Caucasian/non-white—are defined and disadvantaged. Each group has its own experience of racialization, and the strategy's development recognizes that "racialized communities" are not monolithic.
The experience of racialized communities in the Canadian justice system is one that is marked by overrepresentation and unequal treatment. This fact has been highlighted by several studies and reports, recently and going back decades. These studies—combined with the fact that racialized communities are overrepresented among the poor—mean that a disproportionate number of people who require legal aid services are likely racialized.
In particular, members of the Black community are overrepresented among the poor and those drawn into the justice system. They are similarly overrepresented among those who are incarcerated in provincial and federal institutions and in the child-welfare system. There is also evidence that children from other racialized communities are also overrepresented in the child welfare system.
Understanding these realities, and how Legal Aid Ontario (LAO) can contribute to preventing them, is a core component of LAO's mandate. This is why the Board of LAO mandated the creation of a Racialized Communities Strategy ("RCS" or "the Strategy") in 2016.
The Strategy will be a multi-year, multi-faceted, and province-wide plan to achieve measurable improvements in the effectiveness of LAO's services for racialized communities. The goal of the Strategy is to develop improvements to current services and explore options for service expansion in response to barriers faced by racialized communities in accessing both LAO's services and justice itself.
What is or is not working well in terms of LAO's rules and processes?
Are there any types of legal issues that impact your community(ies) for which there are no legal aid services currently available?
Are there ways in which legal aid services are provided that limit their effectiveness to your community(ies)?
Are there other agencies and people that we should speak with, and do you have recommendations as to how to effectively engage with these stakeholders?
Throughout the early engagement stage, LAO heard many times that the issues facing racialized communities have been the subject of study and consultation for many years. As such, LAO also conducted extensive independent research of its own.
This paper sets out some key themes for further and broader consultation, based on LAO's early consultations and research. These themes are not intended to limit LAO's broader consultation, but rather, to reflect what many told LAO: "We know what the problems are". By setting out key themes in this paper LAO hopes to make space for a focus during our broader consultation on what actions LAO can take to address these problems more effectively.
2. What is Legal Aid Ontario?
LAO's mandate is to promote access to justice for low-income Ontarians by providing high quality legal services to low-income Ontarians and to advise government on all aspects of legal aid services. LAO's mandate specifically requires it to identify and assess the diverse legal needs of low-income individuals and disadvantaged communities in Ontario.
Help with government assistance issues (such as issues with Ontario Works or the Ontario Disability Support Program).
Among these 76 clinics, LAO funds 2 francophone clinics, and 17 specialty clinics. The speciality clinics focus on providing services in specific areas of law or to specific communities that have been historically disadvantaged. They include Aboriginal Legal Services, the African Canadian Legal Clinic, the Centre for Spanish Speaking Peoples, the Chinese and Southeast Asian Community Legal Clinic, and the South Asian Legal Clinic of Ontario. These clinics provide services that are culturally and linguistically accessible to the communities they serve.
In addition to providing some of the general services that are available at the community legal clinics, these clinics also provide services that are specific to the legal needs of the particular communities that they serve. This may include services to address discrimination in employment and immigration matters. These clinics also work to promote law reform and to address issues of institutional and systemic racism through advocacy and the pursuit of test case litigation.
LAO provides services for criminal, family, child protection, mental health and immigration and refugee law, in English and French across the province.
Help from duty counsel lawyers (lawyers in the courthouse) who are there to explain what people need to do and help when they are in Court.
LAO issues certificates to people who are eligible for them. These certificates are like vouchers for legal services. You can take a legal aid certificate to a lawyer who accepts legal aid certificates and use it to "pay" for that lawyer's services for a certain number of hours. The lawyer will use that time to represent clients in court or to help them deal with other legal matters.
Information and referrals to other service providers.
To promote systemic improvements to the justice system to address unmet legal needs.
The insights and experiences of LAO's vulnerable client strategies can very much inform the development of LAO's Racialized Communities Strategy. Like members of these other vulnerable client groups, racialized persons are overrepresented and unequally treated in the justice system. In addition, each of LAO's other vulnerable client strategies began with a commitment to consult with members of the community and to develop a strategy based on the results of that consultation.
More specifically, each of these vulnerable client strategies has implemented changes in how LAO provides services that may be applicable to the development of the Racialized Communities Strategy. For example, through the efforts of the Aboriginal Justice Strategy, LAO is now able to collect demographic information about clients who self-identify as First Nation, Métis and Inuit in order to refer Indigenous clients to enhanced services. As was emphasized by Justice Tulloch in his 2017 Report of Independent Police Oversight Review,2 it is critical to obtain similar data on the racial make-up of persons engaged in the criminal justice system in order to effect positive change. LAO is interested in learning how we can best obtain that kind of information from clients who are also members of racialized communities.
In addition, all vulnerable client strategies have initiated training or cultural competency programs to assist LAO staff to better assist these specific vulnerable client groups. Through the work of the Domestic Violence Strategy, in particular, LAO has provided in-person training to both staff and private bar lawyers on how to identify and best respond to clients who may be experiencing domestic violence. To better assist clients who are members of racialized communities, LAO is considering anti-racism training programs, and would like feedback regarding what that training might look like.
Finally, each of the vulnerable client strategies have worked with community groups and other stakeholders in advocating for justice reform on specific issues that are relevant to that vulnerable client group. LAO's Mental Health Strategy, in particular, has been active in various government proposals in seeking improvements for the treatment of people living with mental health challenges in the justice system. LAO would like to know from racialized communities whether LAO should take a similar role on issues that may impact racialized communities in the justice system.
Inform LAO's advocacy for systemic improvements for racialized communities in the justice system.
Improve access to information about LAO services through the translation of brochures into 13 languages, other than English and French.
Improve identification of client needs by the introduction of "Project Rosemary", an initiative that will allow clients to self-identify their race. LAO is in the process of developing training to support this initiative.
Participating in the province's Anti-Racism Directorate's consultation.
In addition to the specific programs outlined above, the RCS has worked with LAO's test case program and bail strategy to better direct those initiatives to the concerns of racialized communities.
Funds certificates for representation by private bar, research and other supports for cases that raise issues of public interest, and could lead to law reform that would improve the lives of poor and disadvantaged communities in Ontario.
Has worked with RCS to identify and support cases that are of particular importance to racialized communities.
Recently provided support in the Knia Singh case which challenged the constitutionality of carding, and funded representation for Mr. Carby's family in the Jermaine Carby Inquest.
Piloting bail "best practices" to challenge and litigate improper practices by both Crown and judicial decision-makers, including obtaining information about potential racial bias.
Expanding and enhancing its duty counsel bail program by introducing ten new duty counsel positions in busy bail courts, and introducing new on-site duty counsel positions in seven correctional institutions in the province.
Race is a social construct. This means that "racial difference" is a human creation, not a biological fact. That being said, race matters. Although race is a constructed fiction or myth, it is also a social reality. It produces real social, economic, political, and legal effects. Race becomes "real" when individuals or groups behave and/or create systems that behave in a manner that reflects or perpetuates patterns of subordination and inequality in daily life. These behaviours are, in turn, justified and/or explained by assumed differences in physical and biological characteristics, or in theories of cultural deprivation or intellectual inferiority.
With the passage of time and their growth in numbers, Southern and Eastern Europeans are generally no longer considered to be marginalized communities in Canada.
In this paper, the term "racialized" people or communities is used. Racialization refers to the complex social, cultural and legal processes through which particular groups are both defined and disadvantaged. At present, the impact of racialization is primarily experienced by those who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour; or by people who are visible minorities as defined by the Employment Equity Act S.C. 1995 c.44, and the Census/ National Housing Survey.
Racialized communities are not monolithic. They are composed of different races and ethnicities, all of which have varied histories and experiences in Canada. It is for this reason that this paper refers to "Racialized Communities" and that is why, in LAO's early engagement, it sought out community agencies and others serving racialized communities both generally and targeted to one or more racialized communities specifically. This reality is also reflected in LAO's research which focused not only on the experiences of racialized communities generally but, where available, on specific communities.
The racialized population in Canada is growing rapidly. The growth of this population continues to outpace that of the white and Indigenous populations. According to the 2006 census, racialized persons made up approximately 13.4% of Canada's population. However, by 2011 they represented over 19% of the population.
Ontario is the most diverse province in Canada. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, 26% of Ontario's population self-identify as a member of a racialized community. According to LAO's regional breakdown of the province, approximately 49% of Ontario's racialized population resides in the Greater Toronto Area, specifically within Toronto and the Peel-York district. The North Central and Eastern regions of the province are home to 12.4% of Ontario's racialized population; the majority of which reside in the Ottawa and Durham Regions. A slightly smaller percent (11.3%) of Ontario's racialized population reside in the Southwest Region, with the majority of that population living in Hamilton-Kitchener, although the Windsor district also contains 2% of the province's racialized population.
Please see Appendix E for a map of LAO's regional structure.
Housing: Racialized groups are often forced to accept housing that is unsafe, substandard and in neighborhoods that have high crime rates and a low average income. Studies also suggest that issues in the labour force may result in increased vulnerability to eviction. According to a recent review of the tenant duty counsel services completed by the Advocacy Centre for Tenants Ontario (ACTO), 44% of tenants who utilized those services indicated that they identify with one or more racialized groups.
ACTO's study further notes that tenants who identified as Black or Indigenous were over-represented in the survey compared to the proportion of Black and Indigenous residents in the general population of the cities in which the survey was carried out.
The number of referrals to Children's Aid Societies about African Canadian families shows an over-representation of families of African descent.
Over the past two decades, a number of high profile reports and academic studies, as well as the Ontario Court of Appeal, have recognized that racialized communities are over-represented and subject to differential treatment in the justice system as a whole, and in criminal proceedings in particular.15 The reports of academics, rights-based organizations, and journalists continue to shed light on and have confirmed what members of racialized communities, and the Black community in particular, have long maintained: they are unfairly and unequally treated within the justice system and are over-policed.
The Black community has long complained about being the target of over-policing and racial profiling. Numerous studies have confirmed that the Black community has been the consistent focus of racial profiling by police services in Ontario for several decades. In recent times other racialized groups have made similar allegations of racial profiling. In the 1990s, Toronto's Asian community was the focus of the Asian Crime Unit, which was later incorporated into the Toronto Police Services Guns and Gangs Unit. After the events of 9/11, Canada's South Asian and Middle Eastern communities have also brought forward complaints of racial profiling. In addition, it is a strongly held view that growing Islamophobia has resulted in an increased police focus on South Asian and Middle Eastern communities and some members of the Black community, specifically the Somali community.
Over-scrutiny: Several recent studies suggest that because of their physical appearance/ skin colour, not their behaviour, Black people are subject to higher scrutiny and increased surveillance by law enforcement officials in public spaces such as highways, streets, malls, borders etc.
Detained at scene: Despite clear legal rules authorizing the police to release individuals at the scene of an arrest, over the past 15 years the police have been increasingly detaining people for a bail hearing rather than releasing them from the scene.17 Members of racialized communities who are already subject to over-policing and racial profiling have been disproportionality prejudiced by the growing failure of the police to exercise their authority to release from the scene.
Racial bias in policing stigmatizes communities and leaves them with a lack of faith in the police and the justice system.
While more work needs to be done, several historical studies have noted the racial disparity in decision-making about bail in this province.
A 2002 study of bail courts in Toronto found that "race remains a significant predictor of pre-trial detention", after controlling for relevant legal factors related to flight risk and danger to the public. The same study also found that Black accused, after controlling for similar variables, tend to receive significantly more release conditions than non-Blacks.21 More specifically, they were subject to greater surveillance by the court (i.e. curfews, mandatory supervision requirements).
Over-represented in maximum security and segregation: Despite being rated as a lower risk to re-offend and lower need overall, between 2009/10 and 2012/13, Black offenders were consistently more likely to be placed in maximum security.
In 2011/12, Black inmates made up 9.3% of the incarcerated population, yet comprised 13% of those charged for disrespect towards staff, 21% of those charged for disobeying an order, 24% of those charged for jeopardizing the safety and security of the institution or another person and 12% of those charged with committing a disturbance.
Canada's immigration policy has historically been shaped by discrimination and exclusion. Race and ethnicity played an important role in determining who was allowed in and who was kept out of Canada. Sweeping changes to Canada's immigration system in the 1960s saw the country move to a points system which removed some of the barriers to entry by non-white immigrants. As a result, there was an influx of racialized immigrants primarily from the British colonies and other Commonwealth countries. The latter part of the century saw a rise in the number of immigrants from the African continent, and the global south. It is clear that over the last 50 years the face of immigration to Canada and more specifically Ontario has become increasingly racialized. As of 2006, persons from racialized groups made up 54% of all immigrants to Canada.
There is a high poverty rate for members of racialized communities who are also immigrants. The poverty rate is particularly severe for more recent immigrants.
Sadly, the poverty rates among immigrants have continued to rise over the last two decades, while they continue to fall among those who are born in Canada.
Racialized immigrants often face many of the same issues as racialized non-immigrants. These issues can, however, be further complicated by additional barriers such as immigration status, language, lack of knowledge about rights, and barriers imposed by a lack of knowledge of the Canadian justice system.
Build/improve relationships with racialized communities and the organizations that serve those communities.
Improve communication about LAO and LAO-funded services, policies and practices.
Improve the capacity of LAO staff and LAO-funded service providers to serve racialized clients.
Provide services in a manner that addresses the intersecting needs of clients.
Build and promote an understanding of legal rights and the legal system within racialized communities.
Address barriers to accessing LAO services faced by racialized communities (i.e. language barriers, geographical, cultural barriers, lack of trust, and mental health).
Address the lack of racialized legal service providers and lack of diversity within the justice system.
Acknowledge and develop ways to address systemic racism in the justice system.
Provide legal services in areas that are not traditionally covered by legal aid, such as education, employment, police misconduct and human rights law.
Increase and expand eligibility to increase services to racialized communities.
A detailed list of the issues and concerns noted is attached as Appendix B.
During early engagement sessions many individuals and organizations emphasized that it is important to understand that needs and priorities vary within and among racialized communities.
In-person group engagement sessions. LAO invites recommendations highlighting specific priority issues, around which in-person focus groups could be convened. Open discussions will take place in select cities across Ontario with interested individuals and organizations.
One-on-one consultation sessions with targeted organizations in English French, and other requested languages.
Other requested approaches suggested by interested parties are appreciated and will be considered.
The following are key themes and questions about which LAO will seek input during the full consultation phase of the development of the Strategy. That being said, as with the early engagement phase, LAO welcomes feedback in all areas that community representatives and members feel are important.
Are you a member of a racialized community? If yes, please specify which community(ies) with which you self-identify.
If you are not a member of a racialized community, please indicate if and how this consultation impacts your work, interest in social justice, your family etc.
Are you aware of the legal services provided by Legal Aid Ontario in your community?
How can LAO build awareness of our services among racialized communities?
How would you rate the accessibility of LAO services for each type of legal service outlined above?
How can our services be made more accessible for racialized communities?
Are there particular barriers, such as language or culture that are faced by racialized communities in accessing legal aid services?
For each type of legal service, are there particular barriers at play that may prevent legal services from being easily accessed (e.g. for persons who have been arrested and detained, or for families in difficulty with child welfare authorities)?
Based on your or your community's experience, how would you characterize the quality of the following kinds of legal aid services?
In each of these service areas, do you feel that you or your community received the same quality of service as white clients? If not, please give examples.
Based on your or your community's experience, how should LAO improve the legal services it funds or provides in the above areas?
Are there particular areas of law in which LAO provides funding or assistance, in which racialized communities are being underserviced and their legal needs are not being met?
What suggestions do you have for how LAO might improve its provision of legal services in these underserviced areas of law?
Are there specific factors that impact LAO's ability to serve racialized communities?
If yes, what can LAO do to ensure that these factors do not impact services to racialized communities?
What training, if any, is needed improve legal services for racialized clients?
What education and/or training would improve the provision of legal aid services (by lawyers and non-lawyers) to racialized communities?
How frequently should training occur?
LAO currently requires that lawyers serving certain client groups have specific legal knowledge relating to the particular vulnerabilities of those communities. Should this requirement be extended to those serving racialized communities?
If yes, what should that legal knowledge relate to?
LAO is committing to collecting race-based data from clients to better plan our services and inform the Ontario government of issues impacting on racial communities.
What steps can LAO take to ensure that communities are comfortable being asked questions about race?
Client data is protected under the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. F.31) so that personal information about client identity cannot be released. What other protections should be provided around the release of this information?
Are there appropriate persons and institutions with whom we could share our race data?
LAO's initiative to collect race-based data, is limited to race. Should LAO collect any other demographic information? If, yes what other demographic information should LAO collect and why?
What role, if any, should LAO play in advocating for changes to the justice system to address the overrepresentation and unequal treatment of racialized communities in the justice system?
What role, if any, should LAO have in promoting awareness about legal rights among racialized communities?
In the past, LAO has developed partnerships with community organizations to improve legal services for vulnerable client groups. Who are possible partners from racialized communities for such an arrangement, and what would such partnerships look like?
What can LAO do to support and or work with legal clinics that are connected to racialized communities and is advocating for their rights?
Increase outreach to racialized communities.
Develop relationships with community organizations that serve racialized communities.
Work with community organizations to develop a plan to communicate with communities.
Build a presence in communities that are highly racialized.
Use social media and local (community-specific) media.
Communicate regularly with communities, community organizations, and social services about services, policies and practices.
Produce materials that educate the community and service providers about accessing LAO services and policies (i.e., complaints, certificate appeals, and change of solicitor).
Consider sending alerts to panel lawyers when changes are made to services and eligibility.
Materials and resources about the impact of systemic racism and community-specific information about some highly racialized, low-income neighbourhoods.
Establish a system through which all of a client's legal needs are determined and triaged in a manner that each legal service provider is aware of all possible intersections (i.e. criminal lawyer is aware of client's immigration status and is in communication with immigration lawyer).
Increase community outreach and Public Legal Education and Information.
Use YouTube and social media.
Provide education/posters about criminal processes and the consequences of a criminal record.
Provide information about family law services and Child Protection matters.
Provide education about the importance of applying for citizenship.
Address barriers to accessing LAO services faced by racialized communities (i.e. language barriers, geographical barriers, cultural barriers, lack of trust, and mental health).
Provide documents in languages other than English and French.
Develop partnerships with organizations that have the trust of the communities.
Service providers (lawyers and non-lawyers) should be reflective of the communities served.
Outreach to racialized law student associations to attract diverse lawyers.
Look at ways to attract, retain and promote racialized staff.
Support legal challenges to racial profiling, and legislation that adversely and disproportionately impacts racialized communities.
Provide assistance and services for education law and police misconduct matters.
More employment law services needed.
Advocate for and support the use of cultural assessments in Ontario criminal proceedings.
Expand legal eligibility to include coverage (through certificate or staff lawyers) for less serious matters for young Black men who do not have a criminal record.
Increase financial eligibility, because the threshold is too low.
Improved LAO capacity for clients to self-identify as Métis, Inuit or First Nation.
Working with Client Services Centre to better identify vulnerable clients at intake stage to triage clients to best service option.
Ongoing review and implementation of new panel standards for lawyers wishing to represent Aboriginal clients ("Gladue Panel Standards").
Aboriginal cultural competency training for staff: online and in-person curriculum.
New (2016) family certificate coverage for non-litigation services for parents involved with child protection agencies; for third party caregivers in child protection proceedings.
Criminal coverage for aboriginal accused fleeing domestic violence regardless of likelihood of jail.
LAO funds Gladue report writers across province for serious sentencing cases involving Aboriginal accused.
Provides additional hours of coverage ("Gladue enhancements") for lawyers representing Aboriginal clients.
LAO increased the number of dedicated legal advice service locations around the province.
Participation on the Attorney General's Aboriginal Justice Advisory Group and support for implementation of several recommendations in the Iacobucci Jury Report.
Engagement strategy with all LAO staff to increase localized knowledge and capacity for providing legal services to First Nation, Métis and Inuit.
Working closely with First Nation communities and other Aboriginal service providers such as Aboriginal court workers to ensure enhanced co-ordination and supports.
Development of a training program and interview tools to help lawyers, support workers and the LAO Client and Lawyer Service Centre better identify the legal and service options of clients with mental health and addiction needs, and to better identify secondary consequences and inter-related legal matters.
Conducted province-wide consultations with clients and service providers.
Develop mental health and addiction training with both online and in-person curriculum.
Develop in-patient needs assessment and quality service surveys.
Expanded civil law certificate eligibility services for disputes between guardians where the incapable person is unrepresented; challenging a statutory guardianship for property; and end-of life consent challenges.
Expanded certificates and other forms of support for appeals from the Consent and Capacity Board and Ontario Review Board.
Introduction of second chair/mentorship programs to grow mental health expertise around the province.
Working with Client and Lawyer Service Centre to better identify vulnerable clients at intake stage to triage clients to best service option.
Delivering in-person training on identifying and responding to domestic violence to over 900 LAO staff, 28 clinics and over 350 private bar lawyers. The training is available online to ensure the sustainability of the content and continued access to training for LAO staff and service providers.
Financial eligibility for domestic violence family law clients was increased to match financial eligibility for duty counsel services in November 2014.
Criminal certificate coverage for persons fleeing domestic violence who are also Aboriginal persons, or refugee claimants or have a legally aided ongoing family law dispute regardless of likelihood of jail.
From 2014-2017, LAO partnered with Luke's Place to provide Domestic Violence clients with Family Law Service Centres services and other related services in Durham.
Ongoing regular meetings with representatives of domestic violence community to assess gaps in both Legal Aid services and justice system generally.
Support for Premier's Sexual Violence Strategy.
Ongoing presentations to Violence Against Women community groups on LAO services for clients experiencing violence.
Development of a race-based data collection initiative to collect and analyze information about the race of applicants and clients of LAO to support evidence-based planning of LAO's services.
Develop training and supports necessary to empower staff to ask applicants and clients to self-identify their race.
Met with over 60 community agencies, right-based organizations and individuals.
Development of an information session for community agencies about legal aid services. LAO staff held a pilot session in Ottawa.
Translation of 5 LAO Brochures into 13 languages other than English and French.
Informed the development of a one-time grant of $200,000 for two community organizations to provide services to Black student facing suspensions or expulsions hearings.
Sponsored Continuing Professional Development for criminal lawyers in partnership with Rights Advocacy Coalition for Equality (R.A.C.E.) dealing racial profiling and the consideration in race in sentencing.
Test case funding supporting racialized people.
Inquest into the police shooting of Jermaine Carby.
Challenging the constitutionality of street checks and carding.
Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services consultation on the regulation of street checks/carding - 2015.
LAO made submissions to the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services on carding and street checks to support the elimination of the practice of arbitrary and often discriminatory street checks.
Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services Consultation on the Development of a Safer Ontario - April 2016.
LAO made 27 recommendations for the development of the Strategy for a Safer Ontario.
Participation in the Anti-Racism Directorates Consultation.
Child maltreatment refers to all forms of "child abuse" as defined by the Ontario Association of Children's Aid Societies. It captures physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect.
"Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System", Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System, (Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario), at v, online: <https://archive.org/details/reportracismont00comm>.
Gail Kellough & Scot Wortley, "Remand for Bail: Bail Decisions and Plea Bargaining as Commensurate Decisions" (2002) 42 Brit J Crim, as explained in Akawsi Owusu-Bempa & Scot Wortley, "Race, Crime and Criminal Justice in Canada" in Sandra M. Bucerius & Michael H. Tonry eds The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime and Immigration, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013) at 292.
Employment and Social Development Canada: A Snapshot of Racialize Poverty in Canada, online: Government of Canada, Employment and Social Development Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/communities/reports/poverty-profile-snapshot.html> at 6. The quote refers to persons who are 15 years and older. First generation immigrants are defined as those persons born outside Canada as well as non-permanent resident.


text:
DOE Patents Patent: Photovoltaic solar cell
Title: Photovoltaic solar cell
A photovoltaic solar cell for generating electricity from sunlight is disclosed. The photovoltaic solar cell comprises a plurality of spaced-apart point contact junctions formed in a semiconductor body to receive the sunlight and generate the electricity therefrom, the plurality of spaced-apart point contact junctions having a first plurality of regions having a first doping type and a second plurality of regions having a second doping type. In addition, the photovoltaic solar cell comprises a first electrical contact electrically connected to each of the first plurality of regions and a second electrical contact electrically connected to each of the second plurality of regions, as well as a passivation layer covering major surfaces and sidewalls of the photovoltaic solar cell.
Nielson, Gregory N; Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis; Okandan, Murat; Resnick, Paul J
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Sandia Corporation (Albuquerque, NM)
H - ELECTRICITY H02 - GENERATION H02S - GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRA-RED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
Y02E10/52 - PV systems with concentrators
H02S40/22 - Light-reflecting or light-concentrating means
H02S20/32 - specially adapted for solar tracking
H01L31/068 - the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
H01L31/0543 - {comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses}
AC04-94AL85000
Patent File Date: 2013 Nov 25
Nielson, Gregory N, Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis, Okandan, Murat, and Resnick, Paul J. Photovoltaic solar cell. United States: N. p., 2014. Web.
Nielson, Gregory N, Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis, Okandan, Murat, & Resnick, Paul J. Photovoltaic solar cell. United States.
Nielson, Gregory N, Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis, Okandan, Murat, and Resnick, Paul J. Tue . "Photovoltaic solar cell". United States. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1132260.
title = {Photovoltaic solar cell},
author = {Nielson, Gregory N and Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis and Okandan, Murat and Resnick, Paul J},
abstractNote = {A photovoltaic solar cell for generating electricity from sunlight is disclosed. The photovoltaic solar cell comprises a plurality of spaced-apart point contact junctions formed in a semiconductor body to receive the sunlight and generate the electricity therefrom, the plurality of spaced-apart point contact junctions having a first plurality of regions having a first doping type and a second plurality of regions having a second doping type. In addition, the photovoltaic solar cell comprises a first electrical contact electrically connected to each of the first plurality of regions and a second electrical contact electrically connected to each of the second plurality of regions, as well as a passivation layer covering major surfaces and sidewalls of the photovoltaic solar cell.},
month = {5}
Works referenced in this record:
Silicon point contact concentrator solar cells
journal, August 1985
Sinton, R. A.; Kwark, Y.; Swirhun, S.
IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 8, p. 405-407
https://doi.org/10.1109/EDL.1985.26171
Design criteria for Si point-contact concentrator solar cells
journal, October 1987
Sinton, R. A.; Swanson, R. M.
IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 34, Issue 10, p. 2116-2123
https://doi.org/10.1109/T-ED.1987.23205
Microstructure to substrate self-assembly using capillary forces
journal, March 2001
Srinivasan, U.; Liepmann, D.; Howe, R. T.
Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 1, p. 17-24
https://doi.org/10.1109/84.911087
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Moldable photovoltaic solar cell module
Patent Nelson, Jeffrey S.; Hibbs, Michael; Nielson, Gregory N.; ...
A moldable photovoltaic module is provided. The module includes a flexible polymeric flex-circuit substrate having an electrically conductive printed wiring pattern and solder pads defined on it. Small photovoltaic cells are affixed to the flex-circuit substrate by back-surface contacts in electrical contact with the solder pads. At least one thermoformable polymeric film is joined to the flex-circuit substrate. Each said solder pad comprises a solder composition that, after an initial melt, has a melting point that lies above at least a portion of the temperature range for thermoforming the polymeric film.
Vertically stacked photovoltaic and thermal solar cell
Patent Curran, Seamus; Dias, Sampath; Liao, Kang-Shyang; ...
According to some embodiments, the present invention provides a novel photovoltaic solar cell system from photovoltaic modules that are vertically arrayed in a stack format using thin film semiconductors selected from among organic and inorganic thin film semiconductors. The stack cells may be cells that are produced in a planar manner, then vertically oriented in an angular form, also termed herein tilted, to maximize the light capturing aspects. The use of a stack configuration system as described herein allows for the use of a variety of electrode materials, such as transparent materials or semitransparent metals. Light concentration can be achievedmore » by using fresnel lens, parabolic mirrors or derivatives of such structures. The light capturing can be controlled by being reflected back and forth in the photovoltaic system until significant quantities of the resonant light is absorbed. Light that passes to the very end and can be reflected back through the device by beveling or capping the end of the device with a different refractive index material, or alternatively using a reflective surface. The contacting between stacked cells can be done in series or parallel. According to some embodiments, the present invention uses a concentrator architecture where the light is channeled into the cells that contain thermal fluid channels (using a transparent fluid such as water) to absorb and hence reduce the thermal energy generation. « less
Photovoltaic solar cell
Patent Nielson, Gregory N.; Gupta, Vipin P.; Okandan, Murat; ...
A photovoltaic solar concentrator is disclosed with one or more transverse-junction solar cells (also termed point contact solar cells) and a lens located above each solar cell to concentrate sunlight onto the solar cell to generate electricity. Piezoelectric actuators tilt or translate each lens to track the sun using a feedback-control circuit which senses the electricity generated by one or more of the solar cells. The piezoelectric actuators can be coupled through a displacement-multiplier linkage to provide an increased range of movement of each lens. Each lens in the solar concentrator can be supported on a frame (also termed amore » tilt plate) having three legs, with the movement of the legs being controlled by the piezoelectric actuators. « less
A method is provided for making a molded photovoltaic module. The module includes a flexible polymeric flex-circuit substrate having an electrically conductive printed wiring pattern and solder pads defined on it. Small photovoltaic cells are affixed to the flex-circuit substrate by back-surface contacts in electrical contact with the solder pads. At least one thermoformable polymeric film is joined to the flex-circuit substrate. Each said solder pad comprises a solder composition that, after an initial melt, has a melting point that lies above at least a portion of the temperature range for thermoforming the polymeric film.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Почему компилятор выдает ошибку missing ) after argument list at onload at Typed.js 3:8 Даже если в Typed.js вставить )в строку 3, то он ругается матом на наличие лишней скобки.Не могу понять, из-за чего js матюкается в этом коде (через html подключил файл Typed.js):
Typed.js:
onload = function() {
  Typed = document.querySelector('script[type=neo-ion]');
  eval(Typed(neo.innerHTML));
}
function Typed(data) {

  data = data.replace(/fn=>/gm,'function ')
  data = data.replace(/_htm\$SCMD/gm,'.innerHTML')
  data = data.replace(/_\$out/gm,'seTimeout')
  data = data.replace(/XOR/gm,'||')
  data = data.replace(/\$css_/gm,".style.")
  data = data.replace(/elif/gm,"else if")
  data = data.replace(/\$col/gm,'.style.color')
  data = data.replace(/\$bg/gm,'.style.background')
  data = data.replace(/\$c/gm,'case ')
  data = data.replace(/\@b/gm,'/*')
  data = data.replace(/\@e/gm,'*/')

  return data;
}
function $(e) {
  return document.querySelector(e);
}

Main.js
try{
fn=>reverseHEXColor(hex, bw) {
if (hex.indexOf('#') === 0) {
hex = hex.slice(1);
}
// convert 3-digit hex to 6-digits.
if (hex.length === 3) {
hex = hex[0] + hex[0] + hex[1] + hex[1] + hex[2] + hex[2];
}
if (hex.length !== 6) {
throw new Error('Invalid HEX color.');
}
var r = parseInt(hex.slice(0, 2), 16),
g = parseInt(hex.slice(2, 4), 16),
b = parseInt(hex.slice(4, 6), 16);
if (bw) {
// http://stackoverflow.com/a/3943023/112731
return (r * 0.299 + g * 0.587 + b * 0.114) > 186
? '#000000'
: '#FFFFFF';
}
// invert color components
r = (255 - r).toString(16);
g = (255 - g).toString(16);
b = (255 - b).toString(16);
// pad each with zeros and return
return "#" + padZero(r) + padZero(g) + padZero(b);
}

var inp= document.getElementById("command")
var out= document.getElementById("cmd")
var send= document.getElementById("send")
var included_libS=["li","std"]
    storeLibs=[33.7,1200]
    storeFrameworks=[]
    includedFrameworks=[]
var cloudStorage=1024
var Storage=4056
var resolutedStorage = Storage;
             included_libS_cnt=1
inp.addEventListener("keyup",ver,false)
    function ver(){
      try{
       if(event.keyCode==13)  {

         var a=inp.value.toLowerCase()
         inp.value=""

         if(a=="lib/inf"||a=="get(inf)"){
           information("libs")
         }elif(a=='include#frwrk_StoreFramework'||a=='Sys/in/@StoreFrwrk'||a=='@in#,frwrk::Store'){
           if(included_libS.some(function(value){return value=="@StorageFramework"})){

          }else{
                    including("@StorageFramework",'Framework',1048.06,includedFrameworks,storeFrameworks)
          }

           }elif(a=="theme:light"){
           chTheme(true)
           }elif(a=="theme:dark"){
             chTheme(false)
             }elif(a=='theme:cmd'||a=='theme:shell'){
             chTheme('shell')
             }elif(a=='list'){
               list('all')
               }elif(a=="include#lib_xa"||a=="Sys/in/XA"||'in#lib_XA'){
        if(included_libS.some(function(value){return value=="XackAttachs"})){

          }else{
                    including("XackAttachs",'Library',235.85,included_libS,storeLibs)
        if(k==201){
          if(a=="list_of(lib_xa,commands)"||"xa/list_comms"){
            list("XA")
          }elif(a=='engage'){
            engage()
          }
        }
        }

      }else{
              out_htm$SCMD=`>>:Unknown command <e>"${a}"</e>.`
       }
    }
      }catch(err){
        console.log(err)
      }
       }

  fn=>including(lib='std',type = 'lib',size=0,placeToInclude=included_libS,storageToInclude=storeLibs){
    try{
    included_libS_cnt++

      placeToInclude.push(lib)
      storageToInclude.push(size+Math.ceil(Math.random)*100)

    var k=100
    out_htm$SCMD=">>:including..."

  let f=setInterval(function(){
    let pdot;
      if(k%2==0&&k%3==2){
      pdot="<Ss>.</Ss>"
    }else if(k%3==0&&k%2==1){
      pdot="<Ss>..</Ss>"
    }else if(k%3==1&&k%2==0){
      pdot="<Ss>...</Ss>"
    }else if(k%3==2&&k%2==1){
      pdot="<Ss>..</Ss>"
    }else{
      pdot="<Ss>.</Ss>"
    }
    out_htm$SCMD=`>>:including${pdot}[<Ss>${k-100}%</Ss>]<br>`

    if(k==200){
      let j=0
      let o;
      if(Math.random()>=0.5){
      o=`>>:Done!.<br><Ss>Successfuly included. <e>${type.toLowerCase()}.</e> .${lib}.</Ss>`.split('.')
      clearInterval(f)
      }else{
        o=`>>:Fatal Error!Cannot include ${type.toLowerCase()} ${lib}.`+'
'+`FATAL_ERR_ON_DOWNLOADING_${type.toUpperCase()}`
      }
      out_htm$SCMD=""
       setInterval(function (){
         if(j<o.length){
             out_htm$SCMD+=o[j]
           j++
         }
       },o.length*2)
    }else{
      k++
    }

  },size/Math.ceil(Math.random()*100)
    }catch(err){
      console.log(err)
    }
  }
  fn=>list(param){
    let description=`
     <Ss>List:</Ss>
.
     i.n.clude.#.[.lib.,.obj.,.codeOf.]._.[.name. .of. .it.].-.includes. .an library.,.obj.,.code of.

     `.split('.')
     let g=0
     out_htm$SCMD=">>:"
     setInterval(function(){
       if(g<description.length){
       out_htm$SCMD+=description[g]
       g++
       }else{

       }
     },description.length*10);
   }

   fn=>information(label='libs',StorageToScan=included_libS,storeToPush=storeLibs){
     var resStorage=0
       var resultKeyValue=" "
       for(let h=0;h<storeToPush.length;h++){
         resStorage+=storeToPush[h]
       }
       for(let xZ=0;xZ<StorageToScan.length;xZ++){
         resultKeyValue+=`              ${StorageToScan[xZ]}:<Ss>${storeToPush[xZ]}</Ss>, <e>,<e>M,<e>b,</e><br>,`
       }
       let edenitca=withColon('Mb')
       if(resStorage>=1024){
         resStorage=+(resStorage/1024).toFixed(3)
         edenitca=withColon('Gb')
       }
       var outInf=''
       let j=0

     if(label=="libs"){

         outInf=(withColon(`Libraries information:`).split(',')+'
'+withColon(`Size:`).split(',')+withColon(resStorage+' '+edenitca.split(',')).split(',')).split(',')

         out_htm$SCMD=">>:"
         setInterval(function(){
           if(j<outInf.length){
             out_htm$SCMD+=outInf[j]
             j++
           }else{

           }
         },outInf.length*0.1)

     }elif(label=='framework'||label=='@frwrk'){
       outInf=(withColon(`Frameworks information:`).split(',')+'
'+withColon(`Size:`).split(',')+withColon(resStorage+' '+edenitca.split(',')).split(',')).split(',')

         out_htm$SCMD=">>:"
         setInterval(function(){
           if(j<outInf.length){
             out_htm$SCMD+=outInf[j]
             j++
           }else{

           }
         },outInf.length*0.1)
     }
   }
  chTheme=(theme,el)=>{
    var dark="#000"
    var light="#fff"
        transition='all 2s ease-in-out'

      $('html')$css_transition=transition
      if(!theme||theme==''){

     var html = document.querySelector(el);
    html.style.backgroundColor=reverseRGBColor(html.style.backgroundColor);
    alert(html.style.color);
    html.style.color=reverseRGBColor(html.style.color);
      }
    if(theme=="light"||theme==true){

     col=light

     $("html")$bg=col
     $("#cmd")$col=reverseHEXColor(col,true)
         }elif(theme=="dark"||theme==false){
           col=dark

           $("html")$bg=col
           $("#cmd")$col=reverseHEXColor(col,true)
         }elif(theme=='shell'){
           col='#00f'
           $("html")$bg=col

           $('#cmd')$col=reverseHEXColor(col,true)
         }
  }
  function HEXtoRGBAColor(hex, amp){
if (hex.indexOf('#') === 0) {
hex = hex.slice(1);
}
// convert 3-digit hex to 6-digits.
if (hex.length === 3) {
hex = hex[0] + hex[0] + hex[1] + hex[1] + hex[2] + hex[2];
}
if (hex.length !== 6) {
throw new Error('Invalid HEX color.');
}
var r = parseInt(hex.slice(0, 2), 16),
g = parseInt(hex.slice(2, 4), 16),
b = parseInt(hex.slice(4, 6), 16);

return `rgba(${r},${g},${b},${amp})`;
}
var c = document.getElementById("c");

        let ctx = c.getContext("2d");

                  c.height =window.innerHeight;
                  c.width = window.innerWidth;
const matrixGen=(bgHEX,bgAmp,colorHEX,colorAmp,font_size,speed,h,w)=>{
  this.bg=bgHEX
  this.bgA=bgAmp
  this.col=colorHEX
  this.colA=colorAmp
  this.fontS=font_size
  this.speed=speed;
  this.clear=function(){
    c.height=0
  }
var drops=[]

        msg='jcndkekksndjdjskjrhrkskwbnsnnfnvmbitchnzndjcndnjc'.toString(1)
                  matrixI =[ "哦考寶石化的方式運作時就開始進行操作時皆應該是可以在這個樣子也因此",msg];
                  matrix=matrixI[Math.ceil(Math.random()*matrixI.length-1)]
        matrix = matrix.split("");

        for(var x = 0; x < c.width/x; x++){
            drops[x]=1;
}
        function draw(){
            ctx.fillStyle = HEXtoRGBAColor(this.bg,this.bgA);
            ctx.fillRect(0, 0, c.width, c.height);

            ctx.fillStyle = HEXtoRGBAColor(this.col,this.colA); //green text
            ctx.font = this.fontS + "px courier";

            for(var i = 0; i < drops.length; i++)
            {

                var text = matrix[Math.floor(Math.random()*matrix.length)];
                ctx.fillText(text, i*this.fontS, drops[i]*this.fontS);

                if(drops[i]*this.fontS > c.height && Math.random() <0.1)
                    drops[i]=0;
                    drops[i]++;
            }
        }

        var t=setInterval(draw, speed);

}
var cc=0
fn=>initAndWrite(font,fillStyle,isIntervalEnabled,interval,incOn,k,...msg){
  let c= document.getElementById('cmd')
        c.innerHTML='>>:'
  if(isIntervalEnabled===true){
    let g=0
    let w=setInterval(()=>{
    if(g==msg.length-1){

        clearInterval(w)

    }
    let sthLet=0
    if(incOn){
      if(sthLet<incOn){

      c.innerHTML='>>:'+msg[g]
      sthLet++
      }
      elif(sthLet>=incOn){
      c.innerHTML+=">>:"+msg[g]+'
'
      }
    }
    if(g<=msg.length){
      g++
    }
    if(cc==1){

}
    var intReal=interval
},Math.abs(g+1)*interval-Math.random()*k)

}
}
  fn=>engage(){
    chTheme("dark")
    let rNum=Math.random()*10
    if(rNum<=5){
    initAndWrite('15px courier',HEXtoRGBAColor("#00fe00",1),true,500,2,300,'ENGAGING...','[15%].','[20%]..','[30%]...','[40%]','[40%].','[43%]..','[45%]...',`UNABLE TO ENGAGE.Please try again later or <i><Ss>try to include lib XackAttachs</Ss></i>.<br><footer><e>ERR_CONNECTION_WITH_LIB_XA_IS_NOT_DEFINED<e><footer>`)
    }else{
      initAndWrite('15px courier',HEXtoRGBAColor("#00fe00",1),true,500,2,300,'ENGAGING...','[15%].','[20%]..','[30%]...','[40%]','[40%].','[43%]..','[45%]...',`[50%]`)
    }
    if(cc==1){

    cc=0
    }
  }
}catch(err){
  console.log(err)
}

A: Ошибка в setInterval
...
},size/Math.ceil(Math.random()*100) >)<

Я забыл поставить скобку тут

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Safety Data Sheets (SDS) linked below are workplace safety tools designed to provide both workers and emergency personnel with the proper procedures for handling or working with a particular substance in a safe manner. We comply with all product and service labeling and health and safety impact requirements. Each of our products has a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) that provides information on chemical, physical and toxicological characteristics, safe handling and spill and emergency response measures in accordance with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), an internationally agreed-upon system.


Many times we use this blog to focus on implant-supported dentures. Today, we are going to look at the other end of the spectrum. Namely, how we replace a single missing tooth with a dental crown and a mini implant.
Several improvements and innovations have affected modern dentistry. When Dr. Per-Ingvar Brånemark developed the first modern dental implants, we suspect he knew that was just the beginning of changes in how dentists replaced missing teeth.
Mini implants are one of the great innovations we can offer patients at our dentist office in Buffalo Grove, IL.
Make an appointment at North Shore Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery today if you are looking for a replacement for your missing tooth. Call 847-613-4933 or contact us online.
A missing tooth is often just the start of a what could be considered a slow-motion set of dominoes falling over.
Your teeth are individual parts, but they work together. Your teeth can and do move. This is why orthodontic treatments are possible.
You may not realize, however, the every day your teeth are pushed and pulled. A big part of the reason they stay in pretty much the same positions is because of the mutual support that your teeth provide to one another.
Your teeth also support your jaw health. The roots of your teeth press into your jawbone each time you bite or chew. That pressure signals your jaw to create new tissue. The new tissue replaces older tissue, and your jaw remains strong.
By removing a tooth, that part of your jaw is no longer getting the signal to make new tissue. You can lose up to 25 percent of the bone density in that part of your mouth within 12 months of losing a tooth.
Plus, the teeth next to the opening can start to drift into the empty space. That can affect your bite. That can cause those teeth to begin to feel looser and eventually fall out as well.
By replacing the lost tooth, you can prevent the deterioration of your jawbone and the drifting in what's left of your smile. To do that, you need to replace the whole tooth — crown and root.
At North Shore Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, we can do this by placing a mini implant in your jaw to replace your root. Then we can add a dental crown to restore the appearance of your smile and the function of your missing tooth.
First and foremost, we want you to have the best experience possible before, during, and after your tooth replacement procedure. This starts with how you will be treated by each member of our staff.
And your mini implants placement will be handled by our oral surgeon, Dr. Scott Frank.
Dr. Frank is one of the premier oral surgeons in the United States. He has more than 30 years of experience, and he has placed thousands of dental implants and mini implants in his career.
Other dentists are able to earn continuing education credit from the Academy of General Dentistry by taking courses that Dr. Frank presents at North Shore Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery.
Dr. Frank also is the director of The Elite Dental Group. This is an affiliate of the Seattle Study Club, which is considered one of the most advanced, interactive dental continuing education groups in dentistry.
We can't go through all of Dr. Frank's credentials in this space. However, you will know that you are in good hands if you schedule your tooth replacement at our dentist office in Buffalo Grove, IL.
Dr. Frank will examine your jaw to make sure you have sufficient bone to support the mini implant. He will gladly answer any questions that you may have. Assuming you are a good candidate for this procedure, you can schedule an appointment for your tooth replacement procedure.
We offer sedation options to assure that you don't feel any pain during the placement. In many cases, Dr. Frank is able to place the mini implant and the dental crown in a single visit.
The first step is scheduling a consultation at North Shore Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery.
To do that, contact us online or call our office in Buffalo Grove at 847-613-4933.


text:
Q: Sending parameter to webservice I need to send french string "Commentaire d'arret" to webservice in objective c.
But my app crashes when I am sending this string as parameter to service. And normal string like "india" is working fine.
Can any one help me.

A: Encode your parameter for a GET request:
let param = "Commentaire d'arret"
let encodedParam = (param as NSString).addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters: .urlQueryAllowed)

Results in Commentaire%20d%E2%80%99arret.
If you want to send a POST request prepare your post body like this:
let postString = "param=consultés"
let postData = postString.data(using: .utf8)

Objective-C
NSString *param = @"Commentaire d'arret";
NSString *encodedParam = [param stringByAddingPercentEncodingWithAllowedCharacters:[NSCharacterSet URLQueryAllowedCharacterSet]];

NSString *postString = @"param=consultés";
NSData *postData = [postString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];

A: As you said I have checked your code and you need to do encoding before converting to your URL. try this.
NSString *searchApi = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"xxx/xxx/index?
q=@consultés"];
searchApi = [searchApi stringByAddingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSURL *tempURL = [NSURL URLWithString:searchApi];

A: Try this:
NSString *strParam = @"Commentaire d'arret";
NSString *encodedParam = [strParam stringByAddingPercentEncodingWithAllowedCharacters:[NSCharacterSet URLQueryAllowedCharacterSet]];


Adebayo Akinfenwa's brace inside three second-half minutes was enough to end the Chairboys' winless run but left Blues fighting it out towards the bottom of the table.
And after all was said and done at Roots Hall, the Southend boss spoke to the press and gave his honest assessment of the defeat to Gareth Ainsworth's side.
It was hugely disappointing and it surprised me as well. Off the back of a good display last week where the lads applied themselves really well, fought for everything and showed all the right attributes, I don't think we showed anywhere near enough of them today.
In truth, I thought Wycombe outfought us, outworked us, won all second balls, won all first balls, showed a greater desire for the situation that they're in than we did.
I thought the performance was unacceptable before [the first goal]. I thought they were better than us in the many aspects of the game; running balls down, their workload was better than ours, they were after us more than we were after them.
I thought they were winning the bits and pieces, and in the end, they wore us down. We made a mistake and they scored a goal. You could see how it was going.
I say we were fortunate there was nothing in the first-half but we came in at half-time and said that we needed to do things quicker. We're at home, we're not playing for a draw, we're playing for a win, we've got to speed things up, do things a little bit better and a little bit quicker.
You've got to earn the right to play, teams aren't just going to let you play, you've got to earn the right to play and we spoke about that at half-time coming in. In truth we weren't, we still got outfought, still got outworked.
Whether playing at home becomes heavy on the player, it may well be, but it is what it is and we're playing at home in front of our crowd and our performances have to lift them.
They'll go away accusing our players of not applying themselves well enough and not giving everything, and quite rightly because I thought we got outfought today.
I hadn't seen [that performance coming]; I hadn't seen it in training, I hadn't seen it in the performance last week. I thought we applied ourselves well, equipped ourselves well at Fleetwood last week, whether playing at home has anything to do with that, I'm not sure, but that's no excuse.
They've all got to be strong enough characters to deal with that but that has to stop. It's not about a system, it's not about who you play, we need to go about it in a certain way.
We played today like we were doomed. It was that type of accepting the situation and Wycombe were not accepting the situation that they found themselves in. They were out there doing something about it.
I see that today for the first time and we can't have that anymore, so it's not about how you play, what you play or who you play. It's about how you go about it, whoever those 11 players are.
That's your starting point, that's your base and then you play your football and do your stuff, but teams aren't just going to let you knock the ball around, you've got to earn the right to play.
Blues boss Chris Powell, who was facing a one-game touchline ban praised his sides drive and determination after they secured three hard-earnt points against a tough Bristol Rovers side.


Welcome to Electronic House Expo (EHX) Spring 2008! Held in beautiful Orlando, Florida, EHX brings insight into the latest trends and innovations that drive the custom electronics industry.
Our exclusive EHX Spring 2008 Video Report has been created to give you a first-hand look at the latest universal remote controls, with interviews from five different manufacturers.
This video is presented in widescreen format and has a runtime of 11 minutes, 44 seconds. For best results please ensure that you are using Windows Media Player 11 or newer.
Video sponsored by Niles Audio.


The Town of Chapel Hill and the state Department of Transportation (NCDOT) worked together to plan the Weaver Dairy Road project in Chapel Hill, NC, which will be completed in 2013. The project will allow greater access for transit users, pedestrians, and bicyclists on a 2.74-mile segment of Weaver Dairy Road between Martin Luther King Junior Boulevard and Sage Road.
Figure 1. Vicinity map of Weaver Dairy Road project from Martin Luther King Junior Boulevard to Sage Road.
Chapel Hill is home to over 58,000 people as well as the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 2000, after a series of private developments had widened Weaver Dairy Road to five lanes, the road needed improvements to allow multimodal access for pedestrians and bicycles. Most of the existing facilities did not include bicycle amenities such as bike lanes or wide outer lanes.
Proposed improvements to Weaver Dairy Road have been included in Chapel Hill's Transportation Improvements Program (TIP) since the early 1990s. Starting in 2000, the Town Council held public workshops and forums, where neighborhood groups, area businesses, and residents voiced their input on what they wanted the roadway to look like. Although both the Town and NCDOT agreed that improvements were needed, the challenge was to come up with a compromise between NCDOT's original plan with 4-5 lanes and the Town's desire for 3 lanes. Community citizens decried NCDOT's plan for a wider roadway, voicing concerns about bicycle and pedestrian safety, speeding, and the impact on adjacent properties. Although it was a long process, the Town and NCDOT finally agreed on a three-lane cross-section with sidewalks and bike lanes on both sides.
Once a compromise was reached, the project took many years to go through the TIP funding process. Eventually, the project received funding through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds. The estimated total cost was $13 million, but the actual cost was only $10 million. The Town was responsible for 40 percent of the cost of the sidewalks ($302,684), so the estimated cost to the Town was only $121,074.
NCDOT was responsible for administering the project and acquiring right-of-way, which Neppalli says was another main challenge on this project. The Town worked with DOT to develop and review the design, and was also responsible for meeting with the MPO to explain local needs and advocate for funding. In 2007, the Town transferred ownership of and granted construction easements to some areas along Weaver Dairy Road to NCDOT. In 2010, the Town and NCDOT entered an agreement concerning the project, and in 2011, the landscaping plan for Weaver Dairy Road was announced.
Construction began in September 2010, and the entire project is expected to be completed in July-August 2013, having been delayed by two months due to issues with a retaining wall. One of the biggest surprises, says Neppalli, is that construction was a "fairly smooth" process. Although construction posed an inconvenience for lane closures during the day, the Town did not receive many complaints compared to what he had expected. He attributes this to a public education program and to good administration by NCDOT.
Several Complete Streets improvements are planned along the roadway, including one through travel lane in each direction with turn lanes, designated bicycle lanes and sidewalks in both directions, a raised center median to provide refuge for pedestrians at several locations, several bus pull-off areas, and extending the road to Sage Road.
In 2000, the average daily traffic volume (ADT) was between 10,000 and 13,000 vehicles per day. The projected ADT volumes for 2025 are between 17,000 and 20,000 vehicles per day. Neppalli does not know yet what the impact on operating speeds will be, but says that the posted speed will not increase. This is a direct result of the planning process, because the State had originally recommended increasing the speed with the 4-5 lane version, but residents had made it clear that they did not want to increase the speed limit.
Neppalli believes that quality of life will be improved because the road now has turning lanes where needed, bike lanes and sidewalks are now on both sides, and now people will be able to use the free transit system in Chapel Hill more easily because of the sidewalks. Connectivity will also be improved because the new road will connect directly to Sage Road, which will help in reducing travel time. All of these things, he feels, will promote biking and walking and improve the economy.
"When you have Complete Streets implemented in Chapel Hill, everyone wants to come to the road," says Neppalli.


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Five hurt in Logan Square porch collapse, last released from Illinois Masonic
The last of the five people injured in an early Saturday morning Logan Square/Palmer Square area porch collapse
Buglary Alert for Wicker Park residents in the CPD 14th District
Wicker Park residents are being alerted by the Chicago Police Department's (CPD) 14th District about three burglaries that have occurred since the beginning of the year.
Alert to West Town residents: Burglaries
The Chicago Police Department's (CPD) 12th District is alerting residents about burglaries in the District.
DUI patrols will be active in the 12th Police District Saturday
Special attention will be given to drivers in the Chicago Police Department's 12th District Saturday, Jan. 18, starting at 7 p.m. and going until 3 a.m. on Sunday.
District Stations
12th District -- Near West
The 12th Police District Station, opened in 2013, is located at 1412 S. Blue Island, 312.746.8396. The Commander is Melissa Staples.
Crime Stats may be searched via the Police Department's ClearPath site for a date or up to a 2-week date range by one of the following:
14th District -- Shakespeare Station
The 14th Police District is located at 2150 N. California Ave. in a building opened in 1984. With a parking lot accessed from Shakespeare Ave., this district's location is staffed by 320 people which includes 300 officers who cover the area in three shifts each 24 hours, seven days a week.
Blue Line service changes and temporary station closure this weekend
According to the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA), the Blue Line service will be have increased capacity in and out of the Loop tomorrow, Sat., Jan. 18, to accommodate Women's March Chicago 2020 event as well as construction and two station closings through Jan. 31.
Alderman Proco "Joe" Moreno's 1st Ward service office is located at 2058 N. Western Ave. The phone number is 773.278.0101. Service office hours are Monday thru Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. In addition to regular service hours, Alderman Moreno hosts "Ward Night" every Tuesday night from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m.


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Villanova outlasts Xavier in overtime, 71-67, to advance to fifth-straight championship game
The Wildcats never led in the second half, but once they grabbed it in overtime—they never let go.
By Eugene Rapay@erapay5 Mar 15, 2019, 9:59pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Villanova outlasts Xavier in overtime, 71-67, to advance to fifth-straight championship game
Vincent Carchietta-USA TODAY Sports
The Xavier Musketeers had the defending Big East Tournament and National Champions on the ropes, but couldn't knock them out.
The Musketeers had been known for the style of play that would make basketball traditionalists proud, the type of bully-ball post-up play that comes with having imposing big men and a strong frontcourt.
They had bullied the Villanova Wildcats for almost all 40 minutes of the game, but couldn't put them away in regulation. Xavier was held to just one basket over the final 4:41 of play, as Villanova came back and tied it up with an Eric Paschall tip-in with seven seconds remaining in the game.
Xavier tried to prevent overtime, but Collin Gillespie was able to draw a charge. When asked about the call, Xavier head coach Travis Steele wished to not comment.
"I not going to comment on that," he said. "I will tell you that was a huge, huge call though."
Villanova turned the ball over and Xavier had another chance to steal it with a half-court heave, but it was wide right and the game went into overtime.
"The bench was yelling at me, 'offensive glass,' and I saw Booth drive," Paschall said of his tip-in play. "I was on the weak side. Most shots go off on the weak side. I was thinking aggressive rebounding and the ball was there--I just tipped it in and that was it."
In overtime, the cold-shooting 'Cats finally got themselves going, hitting a series of three-pointers to take the lead and eventually pull away for a 71-67 victory to advance past the Musketeers and into their fifth-straight Big East Tournament championship game.
"Really proud of our guys," Villanova head coach Jay Wright said. "It's really gratifying as a coach to see young people under pressure in a really tense environment with a positive attitude--sticking to our core values and grind it out."
After a Zach Hankins finish to start off overtime, the Wildcats responded with a Phil Booth layup and a Paschall three.
The Wildcats never led in the second half, and once they grabbed it in overtime--they never let go of it.
Xavier went to Hankins again, who promptly responded with another layup. On the following possession, Booth collected his own miss and made the second-chance opportunity. Then, Jermaine Samuels knocked down a three, and the 'Cats made the necessary plays to pull away and hold on for the win.
"I don't think they changed anything defensively," Steele said of Villanova's late-game defense in regulation and overtime. "They were switching 1-5 on most off-screens and ball screens throughout the game. We tried to get the ball to the rim as much as possible for us to the post. Paul [Scruggs] did a great job driving the ball as well. We just came up a little bit short."
It was a tough ending for the Musketeers, who had controlled the game by pestering the 'Cats in the post. They also received a huge performance from Paul Scruggs, who began the game with a perfect 8-for-8 start on the floor. Scruggs was making it from almost anywhere on the court. He ultimately finished with 28 points, 11 rebounds, and seven assists.
Whenever Villanova tried to climb back into the game, Xavier would keep it at bay with its own baskets to deflate the Wildcats' momentum.
With 5:53 remaining in the first half, Booth hit a three to cut into the Xavier lead, making it 22-20. The Musketeers fired back with a quick 7-0 scoring spurt over the next 92 seconds.
Xavier would make it a double-digit game, its highest lead of the game, after a Hankins dunk made it 33-23 with just 2:34 remaining in the first half.
The Wildcats fought back, but the Musketeers would take a 34-28 lead at the half.
Booth led the 'Cats with 28 points--on 9-of-20 shooting--seven rebounds, and five assists. Samuels finished with 17 points, nine rebounds and four assists. Paschall had 12 points and five rebounds. Saddiq Bey added 10 points and seven rebounds.
For Xavier--apart from Scruggs' high-scoring, all-around performance--Hankins had 18 points on 8-of-10 shooting.
The Musketeers drop to 18-15 overall. The Wildcats are now 24-9 overall and will advance to their fifth-straight Big East Tournament championship game. Villanova will have a chance to be the first team to ever three-peat as conference champions in the history of the Big East.
The Wildcats will take on the winner of the Marquette Golden Eagles-Seton Hall Pirates in Saturday's championship game, which is scheduled to tip-off at 6 p.m. ET.


The Wagga Women's Health Centre provides an alternative, feminist health care service run by women for women ensuring accessibility, without financial or cultural barriers, to the women of Wagga Wagga and surrounding districts.
Beyond Bank Australia has partnered with the Centre for the past 10 years and in 2013, we provided them with a $20,000 grant from our Foundation to help with the purchase of a new building for the Centre. We were also the Major Sponsor of their Celebrating Women Gala Concert community fundraising initiative.
Support Wagga Women's Health Centre.
The Wagga Women's Health Centre is a registered recipient of our Community Reward Account. "The Wagga Women's Health Centre has enjoyed a long standing relationship with Beyond Bank, formerly Wagga Mutual, for over 10 years. Our Community partnership began in 2004 and we have benefited from participating in the Community Reward Account Program. To date we have received over $15,000 in bonus payments from this program which has been used to support the day-to-day running of the Centre.
We are thrilled and grateful to be one of the 2013 Foundation Grant recipients. The entire $20,000 provided by Beyond Bank will be contributed to our new building project as we work to raise these funds.
Beyond Bank have also provided support to us for our New Building Project by sponsoring our Gala Women's Concert. These ongoing acts of financial generosity prove how the management and staff of Beyond Bank have created a truly philanthropic organisation with the needs and concerns of our community in mind.
"Over the years we have been aided by the professionalism of the Beyond Bank team who have continued to provide us with guidance and advice with regards to our financial needs. The team understand the requirements of not for profit organisations and the restrictions faced and we have benefited from this expertise. We would like to thank Beyond Bank for their continued support of the Wagga Women's Health Centre." Helen Mundy, President, Wagga Women's Health Centre.
You can help us support the Wagga Women's Health Centre by opening a Community Reward Account and nominating the Wagga Women's Health Centre as the recipient. Every year we give up to 1.25% of your annual average balance to your nominated charity organisation – so the more you save the more we can give back to the Wagga Women's Health Centre.
Volunteer opportunities assisting the Wagga Women's Health Centre are also available through our Community Volunteers Program.


Although Pola Stout was born in Poland, she preferred education in Vienna and moved there to study at the Kunsgewerbe Schule. While there, she studied textile design and hand-looming, and then joined the Wiener Werkstatte. In 1934, she went to the United States and began working for Dunhill. Her wools were used by fashion and costume designers, like Lentz Gibbons, a company that exclusively used her fabrics for suits, capes, and coats. In 1940, she started designing for Botany Mills where she designed a collection per season, including limited edition textiles. It wasn't until 1946 that Stout started her own company with a mill in Philadelphia. She is best remembered for her innovative use of stripes.
We have one object that Pola Stout has been involved with.


I have an older Bersa - Model 383, 383A, 383DA, 83, 85, or 86. Do you have magazines or parts available?
Limited parts are available for these models. Call us at 732-493-0333 for more information. Unfortunately, there are no magazines available for the 383, 383A, 383DA 85, or 86.
I have a Series 95. Will the Thunder 380 magazine work in my pistol?
Yes, both the 7 round and the 9 round will work in your pistol.


It has been a while since the last update but we are on summer holiday. However, summer holiday means simply that I do not have to lecture so I have a lot other things to do. Many say Japanese people work too hard but yes we do indeed. We should relax a bit, at least for summer. So, I took my students to a camping site, doing a bbq, some fireworks and so on. We looked at the sky and there were beautiful stars, including some shooting stars.
As a news for the team, we have one new student now so I will be introducing her soon. Also there are a few part-time students helping us. The lab is always busy these days, which is pretty exciting. I never had a proper summer vacation while I was at University because I had to do 40 weeks of practical work during summer vacation for my course.


Did you really think I would use a pic with poo?
So, when my husband decided we needed to change the subject, I had to sum it all up quickly or my teachable moment was just lost on poo.
If your poo is healthy, you are healthy! Just is. Funny, huh? Great, now, listen up!
Your poo is a direct indication of how healthy you are.
If you are eating well and eating foods that don't inflam your gut, you are absorbing the nutrients that your body needs to be well, keep your immune system healthy, heal thyself.
If you are not eating well, you will not poop daily. You will disturb the lining of the gut (likely resulting in leaky gut), you will interfere with nutrient absorption (now we start to get inflammation and diseases), you will not get the vitamins and minerals and nutrients that your body needs to be healthy (immune system not healthy and functioning its best), and you get sick more easily (can't heal thyself).
Sounds simple. It is. Too simple. No. That's just the basics, folks! Of course, there's more to know, but this is the moral of the story.
Poo really matters. Make sure your family has healthy poo if you really want to enjoy a long, happy, healthy journey! And, that means asking your tweens and teens if they are pooping daily. Don't think you have to? Think they are going daily? Ok, ask them… Let me know what you find out. I've been in the exam room with many a mom that is shocked. I work with 10-18 year olds now, they do not poop every day. Trust me.
YOU, and ONLY YOU, are in control of your journey! ENJOY IT!
*If you have little kids or big kids that are constipated, read more here and be sure to read the link above about food intolerances and what they look like. Food intolerances seem to be the first thing that will cause constipation, no matter how much fiber and hydration you get.


Our high lift pallet trucks, lifters and pallet tilter trucks can help your operation run more smoothly and efficiently. With weight capacities as high as 6, 600 pounds, our adjustable pallet trucks can meet your most demanding, heavy-duty warehouse or industrial needs.
Many of our trucks come with a three-year pump warranty and can be lowered and raised to varying heights. In the case of our deluxe foot pump model pallet truck, a five-year pump warranty is included. Our specialty trucks include our drum pallet truck, engineered to help eliminate operator strain, and our stainless steel pallet truck, intended to resist the effects of corrosive solutions.
Be sure to check out our line of manufacturers that offer the highest quality products you'll find, including Wesco pallet jacks and Koke pallet trucks. With names like these, you'll know that you have the most reliable product for all of your heavy lifting needs.
You can also order high-quality scale pallet trucks with LCD display scales, high lift pallet trucks, and pallet trucks with hand brakes. Browse through our online catalog to find the Wesco pallet jack, adjustable pallet truck, or heavy duty pallet jack that meets your industrial or warehouse needs. Give us a call if you have any questions.


Moving to a new home can be an exciting experience, especially if you are moving several hours away from where you previously lived. If you are the sort of person who likes to bike or walk places, along with the excitement of your new home can come the worry that there will be nothing fun to do within walking or biking distance of where you will now live. If you are considering a move to Arcadia, and you want to be able to walk or bike to places near your home, Griffin might be the perfect community for you.
When you buy a new home, you're not just buying a structure in a development, but settling into a community. You want you and your family to feel a sense of pride about where you live, so you can hold head up high when you invite friends over or mention an address to a repair person.
This should be the best of time for buyers of OC real estate. The local economy is buoyant, unemployment is minimal, interest rates are still low and prices are going up.
Cypress at only 17 days. The average asking price of homes here runs $688,768 with 27 percent fewer homes than last year.
La Palma at 20 days with an average asking price of $644.959. Supply here dropped by 56 percent.
Portola Hills at 22 days, averaging $760,937 and a 27 percent decrease in supply.
Stanton at 23 days has an average price of $428,703 with a 41 percent supply drop.
As model construction gets under way, demand is already very high for homes at Lakehouse, a 20-unit community on 3.6 acres located at 2901 E. South Street in Anaheim, Calif., which is being developed and built by Brandywine Homes.
DEMAND HIGH AS BRANDYWINE BEGINS MODEL CONSTRUCTION AT LAKEHOUSE, A 20-UNIT COMMUNITY IN ANAHEIM, CALIF.
ANAHEIM, Calif. – As model construction gets under way, demand is already very high for homes at Lakehouse, a 20-unit community on 3.6 acres located at 2901 E. South Street in Anaheim, Calif., which is being developed and built by Brandywine Homes.
For the first time in nine years, the median selling price for Orange County homes hit $645,000 again, according to CoreLogic, as reported in the Orange County Register. Prices went from that amount in June 2007, dipped and then recovered in April 2016. Along the way, home sellers and buyers, real estate agents, mortgage lenders, and housing investors have learned a few lessons.
Homes above $645,000 recovered more quickly because buyers of these homes typically did not go for the trickier mortgage scenarios that were available back then. These homeowners generally benefited from better income and financial management, made bigger down payments, and settled for more conventional loans. So prices in these high-priced neighborhoods did not fall as far when the real estate bubble burst.


I don't like reading, becasue that would involve...well, reading.
With a generation coming up that is saturated with media, ingnorant of their own history (both the evil and the good chapters), oblivious to our intellectual heritage, and generally resistance to turning a page, I have made it a prayer and calling to encourage others to read. I wanted to take just a moment and share why I feel reading is so important. Important today, in the 21st century.
The pace our our generation is one on the move. We hop from website (or in my case blog to blog), we surf channels, we function with background music in just about everything we do, we have our own headphones, little kids have little DVD players for the back seat of the car. See this article on the MediaWise Web Site for good reasons to slow down the torrent of media.
And then, we try to read a book. We try to read the Bible. Oh, how we need to turn off, slow down, pause, remove the noise and train ourselves to read. I know the pace of my soul greatly changes when I linger in the Scriptures or a good book. Our brains function differently when reading, and the soul may pause before God. I believe the quietness of reading the Scriptures to be one of the reasons God gave us a book. To speak to us - to have us be still and know he is God.
The ability to construct an argument, to connect thoughts in an order, to persuade, to filter all we hear is a skill which is being lost upon a generation. Reading and following a train of thought can be difficult to do with information flying around us in short sound bites. Reading allows us to follow along with someone who is attempting to make a point; it helps us see when someone makes mistakes or fails to make her case. Reading just makes better thinkers. Some basic understanding of logic (I know there are logic haters abounding today as well) doesn't hurt either.
Language is a gift from a speaking God. We use language because God has given it to us. God himself speaks, so of all people, we ought value language highly. Language has taken a beating over the years, be it from Wittgenstein or Derrida. Yet, it is still the only tool we have. Many are keen to quote the research that 90% of communication is non-verbal. I always find this statistic strange. I believe it accurate - with body language, posture, facial expression, and tone being indespensible for good communication. But that 10% seems to be the most important in the process. I can get by with gestures, facial contortions, but combine all thes with words I think the communication is much more complete. Clear and artful writing needs CPR, no it needs a kiss from God. May we ever take seriously the words we write and read - yes, even in e-mail.
John Piper recently remarked that our age is one which is running to alternative forms of communication (video, etc) and telling a generation that it needs to be spoken to in pictures rather than words. He encouraged all the young people, when they hear this sort of thing, to stand up in protest and say "I'm going to the Library." I agree. Young people, reject the patronizing nonsense that you are idiots who cannot tackle a book. Challenge that in yourself, grab a dictionary, grab a friend who wants to change. Have reading hour in protest of those who would belittle your intellect.
The only safety is to have a standard of plain, central Christianity ("mere Christianity" as Baxter called it) which puts the controversies of the moment in their proper perspective. Such a standard can be acquired only from the old books. It is a good rule, after reading a new book, never to allow yourself another new one till you have read an old one in between. If that is too much for you, you should at least read one old one to every three new ones.
One of the great blessing is to walk with the great minds of the past. I have been so encouraged and blessed by reading Augustine, Anselm, and Aquinas. I have been brought up into heavenly visions reading Owen, Bunyan, Edwards, and the letters of Spurgeon. Breathing air from different ages is a pleasant undertaking; don't miss the fresh breezes of history by always chewing on the spirit of the age.
Not being led and held captive by "They"
You will dress only in attire specially sanctioned by M.I.B. special services. You'll conform to the identity we give you. Eat where we tell you. Live where we tell you. From now on, you'll have no identifying marks of any kind. You will not stand out in any way. Your entire image is crafted to leave no lasting memory with anyone you encounter. You are a rumor, recognizable only as deja vu, and dismissed just as quickly. You don't exist. You were never even born. Anonymity is your name, silence is your native tongue. You are no longer part of the system. You are above the system, over it, beyond it. We're "them." We're "they." We are the Men in Black.
Finally, and most importantly, we read to have communion with God. His words must guide us, his truth most be upon us. God has given testimony to himself in many ways; the Scriptures, the Bible, the Good Book, being primary. The Scriptures testify to us as to the nature and will of God, the nature and mission of Jesus, how to walk these roads with him on our way to the celestial city. If reading continues to fall out of repute among the people of God, all manner of error, confusion, false teaching, and hell will be unleashed in our midst.
O Father, have your children drawn to the Scriptures for their lives and communion with you. And do Lord call us continually to wonderful, God exalting, soul stirring, passion inflaming, service inspiring, suffering sustaining, Christ worshipping books.


Toronto (24 May 2018) — The bargaining team for part-time support workers at Ontario's 24 public colleges is optimistic as they begin negotiations for their very first collective agreement.
"The fact our members overwhelmingly voted to join OPSEU/NUPGE in the largest organizing drive in Canadian history sends a strong message that times are changing. I hope this employer will work with us and make sure our members get a fair contract," he said.
Ted Claeys, the OPSEU Bargaining Team Chair, said he is proud of the hard work that has gone into preparing for negotiations. "The bargaining team has worked hard on a reasonable proposal to present to the employer. Ontario's public colleges should set the standard for fair workplaces. A good fair contract with staff is essential to ensuring students are fully supported with access to the quality services they need to be successful."
"The bargaining process shouldn't be difficult. We already have a collective agreement for full-time support staff that this new document can be based on," said Claeys.
The Ontario Labour Relations Board certified part-time support workers at Ontario colleges on January 30, 2018.