text:
Q: Java8: change the reference of the variable outside of forEach I try to do two things at once:
1.Sum values from specific field of the objects in a list
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> doReqQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> boQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
models.forEach(detail -> {
    doReqQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getDoReqQty(), (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
    boQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getBoQty(),  (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
});

2.Filter a object from list
DoRequestDetailModel originProductRequestDetail = models.stream()
    .filter(m -> m.getIsOriginProduct())
    .reduce((a, b) -> {
         throw new IllegalStateException();
    })
    .get();

I would like this code, but it dosen't work:
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> doReqQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> boQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
DoRequestDetailModel originProductRequestDetail = new DoRequestDetailModel();
models.forEach(detail -> {
     doReqQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getDoReqQty(), (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
     boQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getBoQty(),  (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
     if(detail.getIsOriginProduct()) {
          originProductRequestDetail = detail;
     }
});

The next code could be done
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> doReqQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> boQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
List<DoRequestDetailModel> tempList = new ArrayList<>();
models.forEach(detail -> {
    doReqQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getDoReqQty(), (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
    boQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getBoQty(),  (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
    if(detail.getIsOriginProduct()) {
         tempList.add(detail);
    }
});

Is there a better solution ?

A: You would have to use AtomicReference as well:
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> doReqQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
AtomicReference<BigDecimal> boQtySum = new AtomicReference<>(BigDecimal.ZERO);
AtomicReference<DoRequestDetailModel> originProductRequestDetail = new AtomicReference<>(new DoRequestDetailModel());
models.forEach(detail -> {
     doReqQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getDoReqQty(), (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
     boQtySum.accumulateAndGet(detail.getBoQty(),  (bg1, bg2) -> bg1.add(bg2));
     if(detail.getIsOriginProduct()) {
          if(originProductRequestDetail.get()) throw new IllegalStateException();
          originProductRequestDetail.set(detail);
     }
});

It's because you're changing a reference of an outside variable in the scope of the function invoked inside forEach. Here is a related question.


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If you need to re-order the pages in a PDF, you can drag and drop the thumbnails of each page in the sidebar of the Preview window.
Select the thumbnails of the pages you want to move within the document. You can press the Shift key or the Command key while clicking each page thumbnail to select multiple pages.
Drag your selection up or down through the sidebar until you find the location where you want the pages to appear.
Release the pointer to insert the pages into the new location.
To remove a page, select its thumbnail, then choose Edit > Delete or press the Delete key on your keyboard.
If the pages you've inserted are the wrong orientation, you can rotate them to match the current document.
Navigate to the page that needs to be rotated, or select its thumbnail from the Preview sidebar. To rotate multiple pages at once, press the Shift key or the Command key while selecting each page thumbnail.
Choose Tools > Rotate Left or Tools > Rotate Right. You can also use the Rotate tool in the Toolbar at the top of the Preview window.
Additional information about this topic is available from Preview Help. Use the Help menu to search for phrases like "Combine PDFs" and "Add, delete, or move pages in a PDF".


text:
« The Black Rep's Thought-Provoking "Milk Like Sugar" Showcases a Strong Cast
Relationships, Life, and Art Are Examined With Wit, Poignancy in Mustard Seed's Ideally-Cast "Well" »
STLAS's Well-Cast "Farragut North" Examines Motives, Aspirations in the World of Politics
February 18, 2019 by Michelle Kenyon ("Snoop")
Farragut North
by Beau Willimon
Directed by Wayne Salomon
St. Louis Actors' Studio
Spencer Sickmann, Joshua Parrack, David Wassilak, Shannon Nara
Photo by Patrick Huber
St. Louis Actors' Studio hits the campaign trail in its latest production, Farragut North. Taking an incisive, often harsh look at the world of contemporary political campaigns, this play features some sharply drawn characters and intense situations and a thought-provoking, occasionally witty script. Onstage at STLAS's Gaslight Theatre, this production features a strong cast of excellent local performers.
This play was also the source material for the 2011 film The Ides of March, although if you've seen that movie, don't think you know what's going to happen in this play, because it's quite a bit different even though the initial situation and some of the characters are the same. The play opens in the midst of a fictionalized 2008 primary race, as campaign staffers for a leading Democratic presidential candidate gather at their hotel bar and swap stories. The central figure is Stephen Bellamy (Spencer Sickmann), the candidate's press secretary, who is confident of victory in the upcoming caucus, and of the endorsement of a major political figure that will help their candidate emerge as the front-runner in the presidential race. Stephen's boss, campaign manager Paul Zara (David Wassilak), is also confident as he prepares to travel to an important meeting in another state. As Stephen and Paul tell their stories, a newer staffer, the young and promising Ben (Joshua Parrack) listens, as does ambitious journalist Ida (Shannon Nara), who is eager for every juicy scoop that Stephen can give her. The situation for Stephen gets more complicated when Tom Duffy (Peter Mayer), the campaign manager for another prominent candidate, calls and requests a confidential meeting, and Stephen debates whether or not he should tell Paul. In the midst of the intrigue that results from the meeting, Stephen also navigates a burgeoning personal relationship with an ambitious young intern, Molly (Hollyn Gayle), and Stephen finds out that the campaign situation isn't as simple as he had imagined. As new twists emerge, Stephen finds himself in the midst of several difficult dilemmas, and his own personal goals as well as those of his colleagues and candidate, undergo some intense challenges.
The centerpiece of the this play is Stephen's emotional journey, which is deftly navigated here by the always excellent Sickmann, who brings an accessible relatability to his especially determined, sometimes difficult character. Wassilak is also strong as the dedicated political veteran Paul, and Mayer makes the most of his limited stage time as the tough-talking, hard bargaining Tom. There are also excellent turns from Parrack as the idealistic, aspirational young Ben, and Nara as the persistent Ida. Luis Aguilar, in a dual role as a waiter and another campaign staffer, and Gayle as Molly are also fine, although Gayle's portrayal isn't quite as worldly as the character seems to suggest. The strongest moments are the scenes between Sickmann and Wassilak, and Sickmann and Mayer, which crackle with energy and intensity as the intrigue of the well-constructed plot unfolds.
Technically, this production uses its space well, with a versatile if somewhat stark set by Patrick Huber. The characters are well outfitted by costume designer Andrea Robb, as well. Huber also designed the lighting, which works well to set and establish the mood and tone of the show, as does director Wayne Salomon's sound design.
This is an intense, taut, intriguing political thriller, with much of the intensity coming from the characters' big personalities and the great cast's memorable performances. It's a decidedly cynical, sometimes bleak take on the world of politics, although hints of idealism show up from time to time, only to be crushed by harsh realities and the reminder that anyone on a campaign, no matter how seemingly essential, can be replaced. St. Louis Actors' Studio's production brings these stark realities to the stage with crisp, biting incisiveness. There's one more weekend to catch it.
Peter Mayer, Spencer Sickmann
St. Louis Actors' Studio is presenting Farragut North at the Gaslight Theatre until February 24, 2019
Posted in St Louis Theatre | Tagged beau willimon, farragut north, review, st louis, st. louis actors studio, wayne salomon | Leave a Comment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Quebec Is Limiting What Type Of Edibles Can Be Sold
Quebec will also be banning the sale of topicals and cannabis products with a THC content over 30%.
by Mark Young– August 6, 2019
iStock / Oleksii Liskonih
While cannabis may be slowly becoming part of Canadian life, the province of Quebec is putting limits on the edibles that citizens can buy.
Edibles are currently not available in Canada to buy until October 17, 2019, but Quebeckers will not be able to partake with the government citing concerns of it being easier for children to consume.
The French-Canadian province is banning "chocolate, candies, confectionery, desserts and other products that are attractive to minors," according to Radio Canada. Solid food or candies with cannabis cannot contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) greater than 5 mg per piece and 10 mg per total package, while for liquids, the limit will be 5 mg per total package.
Although edibles will be allowed starting October, federal license holders are required to give 60 days notice if they plan on selling edibles, so it is expected that they will not hit shelves until December.
These aren't the only measures being placed on the province as the Quebec government is "limiting the THC content of cannabis products to under 30%, prohibiting additives or substances to improve the taste and smell of vape products, and banning the sale of topical products."
IStock / Dmitry_Tishchenko
This news comes as Ottawa also announced restrictions on edible marijuana, citing similar concerns. However, their restrictions are not as stringent as their neighbors.
Three new classes of marijuana will be hitting shelves later this year with edibles (candy, baked goods), cannabis extracts and cannabis "topicals" (ointments, oils, makeup) previously being prohibited until lawmakers could come to a consensus on how they will be regulated.
Discussion on the products began during the initial legalization process in Canada in October 2018, however, it wasn't until earlier this February that lawmakers came to an agreement for overall rules.
Since then, some cities and provinces like Quebec have decided to try and become stricter and increase regulations.
Is It The Right Move?
While many say the enhanced restrictions will keep children away from cannabis, detractors are saying the opposite will probably occur and that overall the population will suffer.
Samantha Gold, who suffers from chronic back pain, told the CBC that she was hopeful that the new cannabis topicals will relieve some of the pain she deals with every day.
iStock / Aleksandr_Kravtsov
"If there's a possibility that it can help people like me, then it should be accessible and it should be considered as a treatment option," Gold said. "To just ban it arbitrarily without having pain patients in the conversation is not very fair to us."
Lionel Carmant, a junior health minister for the Quebec Government, said they believe the new products have no place in recreational shops
"The topical creams are usually a medicinal use, so we don't think they should be sold at the [Société québécoise du cannabis]," Carmant told CBC.
When talking to Radio Canada, Jean-Sébastien Fallu, an associate professor at the School of Psychoeducation at the University of Montreal, said that the government should look at the American states that have recreational marijuana and learn from them.
Citing the poor preparation of Colorado's legalization of edible products, Fallu said that it was the lack of education that really hurt people.
"By banning completely, I am not sure that we will protect [children]. People can buy it over the Internet or at home with varying THC levels," Fallu said. "We take consumers as people who are not capable of responsible behavior. We also forget that cannabis users are not all parents and those who are parents are not irresponsible parents. We do not trust citizens and consumers."
Considering how over 70 percent of the marijuana market in Canada is illegal, Fallu says that restrictions on marijuana will most likely push the edible market into the black market, circumventing one of the main reasons for legalizing it in the first place.
With restrictions and prohibition attitudes, it wouldn't be far off to see a future where the legal market is full of weak and limited supplies, while the stronger stuff stays on the streets.
iStock / HighGradeRoot
The Future Of Edibles
While edibles and topicals are indefinitely banned, it is not permanent.
With increased education, change may come naturally as more and more people gain their own thoughts and opinions.
Health Canada is expected to spend over $100 million dollars on marijuana education efforts over the next six years.
"Inevitably, that communication and education is going to be more nuanced and subtle," David Hammond, a professor in the school of public health at the University of Waterloo, told the CBC.
While Canada, and most other drug awareness campaigns, come from the angle of "stay away from it," the new outlook will most likely do away with that thinking.
Instead, many health officials want people to know exactly what will happen and the best way for people to stay safe.
Mostly pointed at younger audiences, the messaging will attempt to educate those on how cannabis can hurt, and help people, while making sure that there is no confusion. The current campaigns are mostly on social media and at places like festivals where younger crowds congregate.
"You're going to see that some of these campaigns are going to fall on their face and some of them will do quite well, but they'll all contribute to the discussion and that's a good thing," Hammond said.
Quebec Is Limiting What Type Of Edibles Can Be Sold was last modified: August 6th, 2019 by Mark Young
edibles, Quebec
Mark Young
Mark Young is a freelance writer for Wikileaf. specializing in cannabis news content. He loves tennis, dinosaurs and Dolly Parton. He is always looking for cool stories, especially when it comes to LGBTQ people. You can see what he's obsessed with ...


On 28 November Societe Generale Group held a traditional meeting with investors, where it presented 2020 Strategic and Financial Plan.
The Group is aimed at continuing to strengthen its positions on the Russian market. Societe Generale Group plans the significant rise in the revenue of its Russian subsidiary, Rosbank being a part of it, due to the improvements in economic environment and banking sector. The Group forecasts that the revenue growth rates of its business in Russia in the period from 2016 to 2020 will be 11% per year, and the return on equity will be no less than 16%.
For more detailed information, follow the link to the Group press release confined to Investor's Day.


The Mass (as the kids round our way like to call it) is up and running again in all its arcane glory. Don't forget to tune in at midnight tonight to hear dj Dan-E H weave his mystical and mysterious magic in all things alternative to what is happening in the silly mainstream.
THE FALL – Hey Student!


Cite as: Armstrong, Edward M.; US NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory > Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (2010). AMSR-E geolocated L2 swath SST data set for 2005-08-01 (NCEI Accession 0003619). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0003619. Accessed [date].
2010-12-20T18:40:21Z - NCEI Accession 0003619 v1.1 was published.


text:
WCA Middle School Awards Ceremony
Williamsburg Christian Academy held its annual Middle School Awards Ceremony on Thursday, May 30th, 2019. The ceremony serves as an opportunity to recognize students with awards given for excellence in specific subjects, and the Principal's Award, given to a student…
Williamsburg Christian Academy Names Graham as New Head of School
Williamsburg Christian Academy (WCA) announced the appointment of Johnny Graham as its new Head of School on Wednesday, May 29th, 2019 after an extensive search process which started last year. "This exciting announcement comes after a year-long search for a…
WCA Honors High School Students at Awards Ceremony
Williamsburg Christian Academy held its annual High School Awards Ceremony on Wednesday, May 24th 2019. The ceremony serves as both an opportunity to recognize students and seniors, and as the school's National Honor Society Induction ceremony. The awards ceremony includes…
WCA Sophomore Sullivan Selected to Attend HOBY Leadership Conference
Each year, schools around Virginia are encouraged to nominate a sophomore for the annual Hugh O'Brian Youth (or HOBY) State Leadership Seminar, held on college campuses across the country. This year's nominee from WCA is sophomore Kaitlyn Sullivan. HOBY was…
Four Eagles Named Student Athletes of the Month for April, May 2019
Please join us in congratulating senior Peter Rodenberg, Freshman Nicole Zani, Sophomore Carly Bruck, and 7th grader Ryan Kailian, who were added to WCA's Spring "Student-Athletes of the Month." for April and May, our final student-athlete picks for the year!…
Sons of Coach Edgar Randall Revive Basketball Camp at WCA
Early this year we mourned the loss of former WCA Athletic Director Edgar Randall, who passed away after fighting a tough battle with cancer. Coach Randall was beloved by so many at WCA both past and present, and also by…
This WCA Eagle is Now Also an Eagle Scout
WCA Junior Franklin West started his journey to becoming an Eagle Scout seven years ago when he joined Troop 103 in Williamsburg. On May 6th, he saw that journey come to fruition at a Court of Honor Boy Scouts of…
Participate in #WCAGivingDay2019, in the GiveLocal757 Donation Drive!
Be a part of the largest fundraising event in Hampton Roads! The upcoming regional GiveLocal757 fundraising campaign will be WCA's sole community fundraiser this year, WCA Giving Day! This is an opportunity for every parent, grandparent, uncle, fan of the…
WCA Drama Club Returns to Stage With 'High School Musical'
The final curtain has been drawn, the cast has taken its final bows, and the revival of the WCA Drama club is complete. After two years in which WCA focused on rebuilding membership and interest in the drama program, director…
WCA Celebrates Flowering of the Cross on 40th Anniversary
The Thursday before Easter marked one of our most treasured events at WCA, The Flowering of the Cross. Each year just before Easter weekend, our students bring in flowers and adorn them on a wire-strung cross one class at a time…
A Preview of Spiritual Emphasis Week 2019
Each year WCA celebrates the reconciliation of our sins through the crucifixion and death of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ with our Flowering of the Cross ceremony. This year, the event will be preceded by a week of reflection,…
WCA Missions Team Serves Orphanage, School for the Deaf in Jamaica During Spring Break
Many students count the days down to Spring Break with anticipation of trips to Disney World, beaches or even staying home and getting a week's worth of sleeping in. Not many sign up for early morning work days in locations…
5th Annual Book Bazaar Celebrates Love of Literacy for Students
Our 5th Annual Book Bazaar and Breakfast on Friday, March 15th ended a period of 6 weeks in which students were challenged to read 1,000 books. In the end, our Kindergarten through 5th-grade students read a total of 1,487 books,…
Four More Eagles Named WCA's Winter Season Athletes of the Month
Please join us in congratulating Junior Nandi Davis, Sophomore Ethan Conrad, and 7th graders Nathan Watson and Rayanne Hepburn, who were added to WCA's Winter "Student-Athletes of the Month." These student-athletes were recognized not only for their dedication to their sports…
Lower School Students Learn Financial Stewardship at C&F Bank and Food Lion
This week our 1st and 2nd graders toured C&F Bank and shopped at Food Lion as a part of the goods and services unit in our social studies curriculum. At the bank, they learned about saving money and listened to…
2018-2019, Academics, Events, Fundraising & Donors, Lower School News


text:
Æthelbald was a medieval Archbishop of York.

Æthelbald was consecrated in 900. He died between 904 and 928.

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Archbishops of York
9th-century English bishops
10th-century English archbishops
9th-century births
10th-century deaths

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package uk.ac.rdg.resc.cloudmask.web.client;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class LinkedDataCanvas extends DataCanvas {
    private List<LinkedDataCanvas> linkedViews;

    public LinkedDataCanvas(int width, int height) {
        super(width, height);
        linkedViews = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public void addLinkedView(LinkedDataCanvas view) {
        if (view.width != width || view.height != height) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Linked views must have the same image bounds");
        }

        view.minX = minX;
        view.maxX = maxX;
        view.minY = minY;
        view.maxY = maxY;

        for (LinkedDataCanvas other : linkedViews) {
            other.linkedViews.add(view);
            view.linkedViews.add(other);
        }
        linkedViews.add(view);
        view.linkedViews.add(this);
    }

    public void removeLinkedView(LinkedDataCanvas view) {
        for (LinkedDataCanvas other : linkedViews) {
            other.linkedViews.remove(view);
        }
        linkedViews.remove(view);
        view.linkedViews.clear();
    }

    @Override
    protected void doZoom(boolean in, double centreX, double centreY) {
        super.doZoom(in, centreX, centreY);
        for (LinkedDataCanvas view : linkedViews) {
            view.doLinkedZoom(in, centreX, centreY);
        }
    }

    private void doLinkedZoom(boolean in, double centreX, double centreY) {
        super.doZoom(in, centreX, centreY);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doDrag(double coordsChangeX, double coordsChangeY) {
        super.doDrag(coordsChangeX, coordsChangeY);
        for (LinkedDataCanvas view : linkedViews) {
            view.doLinkedDrag(coordsChangeX, coordsChangeY);
        }
    }

    protected void doLinkedDrag(double coordsChangeX, double coordsChangeY) {
        super.doDrag(coordsChangeX, coordsChangeY);
    }

    @Override
    public void draw() {
        super.draw();
        for (LinkedDataCanvas view : linkedViews) {
            view.drawJustThisCanvas();
        }
    }

    public void drawJustThisCanvas() {
        super.draw();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. Eating gluten, even in small amounts, can damage the intestine.
A gluten-free diet means avoiding all foods that contain wheat, rye, and barley in all forms. It is important to read all labels carefully for these ingredients, as sometimes, they are listed under less common names. For example, wheat may be referred to as spelt, triticale or khorasan on an ingredients label.
Despite these restrictions, people with celiac disease can eat a well-balanced diet with a variety of foods, including bread and pasta. Many gluten-free alternatives are now made with potato, rice, soy, or bean flour. In addition, plain meat, fish, fruits and vegetables are naturally gluten-free, so people with celiac disease can continue to eat these foods after diagnosis.
For a quick overview of the gluten-free diet and a list of some great alternatives, visit our Gluten-Free Diet page.
Following a gluten-free diet may seem daunting at first, but, with a little creativity, anyone can make delicious gluten-free meals.
Visit the Gluten-Free Recipes section for delicious meal ideas.
Download the Beyond Celiac Getting Started: A Guide to Celiac Disease & the Gluten-Free Diet.
This free, comprehensive guide provides information for maintaining a gluten-free diet and also lists nationwide resources to help you find gluten-free food near your home.
For more personal advice, Beyond Celiac strongly encourages you to make an appointment with a registered dietitian skilled in celiac disease. A dietitian is a key member of your healthcare team and can help you learn the basics of a gluten-free diet and make suggestions to get your body healthy.
Celiac disease damages the villi, which are finger-like projections in the small intestine. Villi are responsible for absorbing nutrients from food. Because of this, it is highly likely that people with celiac disease will be deficient in essential vitamins and nutrients when diagnosed. Laboratory tests should be done within three to six months following a diagnosis and annually for the rest of your life.
Is the small intestine healing?
Am I being followed and screened for common nutritional deficiencies and associated diseases?
Am I being exposed to gluten?
Adults with celiac disease should have a bone mineral density scan within the first year after diagnosis.
The specific tests you receive will vary depending on your situation and your doctor's advice. Please use these tests as a guide to your lifelong management of celiac disease.
While blood tests are extremely helpful, visiting a registered dietitian knowledgeable of celiac disease and the gluten-free diet is considered the "gold standard" for understanding how to know if you are accidentally being exposed to gluten (even if symptoms are not present).
The American Gastroenterological Association and the American College of Gastroenterology recommend regular healthcare follow-up with a physician and dietitian for those with celiac disease. This care is seen as critical in providing patients with accurate information about the gluten-free diet, which is currently the only treatment for celiac disease, and improving adherence to it.
Pediatric celiac disease management should also focus on monitoring the child's growth, discussing the need for a 504 plan at the child's school, and age-specific support groups and/or summer camps.
Learn more about celiac disease management and monitoring.
While, the gluten-free diet has proven to be an effective treatment for many with celiac disease, there are many challenges in adopting and maintaining a gluten-free diet that can impact a person's quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Additionally, 30 percent of those with celiac disease are not healing on the gluten-free diet alone. Patients, doctors and researchers agree that there is a great need for alternative treatments that could replace or supplement the gluten-free diet.
Find the latest information about celiac disease drugs being studied, how they would work and how far they are in the clinical trial process with our drug pipeline.
A potential vaccine to help treat celiac disease is moving closer to reality. Get the latest info here.
Watch our video, Gut Reaction: How Celiac Disease Is Triggered and How It Might Be Treated, which explains in detail how celiac disease works and how scientists are approaching ways to treat it. Find out everything you need to know about how gluten damages the intestines of those with celiac disease. Follow the path it takes in your body and see a demonstration of how potential treatments could work.
Keep up to date on the latest research on celiac disease treatments by following our research news feed or signing up for our research emails.
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is the severe skin rash associated with celiac disease. Its symptoms are extremely itchy and blistering skin. Sometimes referred to as gluten rash or celiac rash, DH is a chronic condition that is considered to be the skin form of celiac disease.
Dermatitis herpetiformis treatment consists of a lifelong gluten-free diet, just like celiac disease. The skin's response to the gluten-free diet is much slower compared to the healing of the intestines with celiac disease. It may take about six months to achieve some improvement in the skin condition and up to two years or more to get total control through the gluten-free diet alone.
Rash symptoms can be controlled with medications, such as Dapsone. In general, itching and new lesions will begin to subside within 48-72 hours of starting Dapsone. However, this medication does not treat the intestinal condition, meaning that people with DH should also maintain a strict lifelong gluten-free diet.
Learn more about Dermatitis Herpetiformis.


We are proud to be associated with the Sir John Cass's Foundation Primary School, founded in the churchyard three hundred years ago.
The Rector is a governor of the school and takes weekly assemblies. The excellent choir join us in church often for special services such as our Patronal Festival in June and the Portsoken Ward Club Carol Service.
Children of members of the congregation who have worshipped at least fortnightly for two years qualify for entrance to the school. Please speak to the Rector for further information.


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"Portrait of Tracy" is a composition by American jazz bassist Jaco Pastorius.  It was named after his first wife, Tracy Sexton.

The song has been sampled by American R&B trio, SWV in their hit "Rain".

The song was also sampled by British music producer Luke Vibert in his track "Mr. Mukatsuku".

References

1976 songs
Songs written by Jaco Pastorius


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Beyond the Canvas: Meet 5 artists hoping to change the world
By Amna Nawaz
Watch Episode 3 of Season 3 of Beyond the Canvas in the player above.
In the third episode of season three of Beyond the Canvas, we feature five change-making artists. Each artist is creating work that reflects issues and conversations in the larger society.
First, Academy-award winner Riz Ahmed speaks about his recent film "Mogul Mowgli" and increasing Muslim representation in Hollywood. He remains one of few Muslims starring in major roles in film and television, and he is using his success to change the landscape.
Next, we speak with portrait photographer Jess T. Dugan. By using photography to capture themselves, their family, and their queer community, Dugan is making powerful visual statements about the lives of everyday LGBTQ+ people.
We also hear from Peyton Scott Russell, the street artist who created the now-iconic mural of George Floyd in Minneapolis. The larger-than-life depiction ensures we will always remember Floyd and his life.
Next, we turn to the Liberty Exhibit, a powerful installation in Philadelphia that is changing what we thought we knew about the American Revolution. With an emphasis on people of color, the museum works to tell a complete history by including the stories of people of color whose contributions to the period are often overlooked.
Lastly, we speak with Alexei Ratmansky and dancers and choreographers at the Miami City Ballet as they prepare an inventive production of the classic piece, "Swan Lake."
Amna Nawaz


Netanyahu's arrival in DC was rattled by Mike Flynn's resignation fallout, as well as preparations for the meeting, as Flynn was one of the main contact persons for Bibi's chamber. A senior aide told Kafe Knesset Flynn's resignation definitely cast a cloud over the pre-meeting deliberations "exhibiting just how liquid the situation here is these days".
Late last night, as senior White House officials announced a potential departure from the traditional U.S. two-state stance, Netanyahu already got his first Trump gift even before the meeting began. For days his main political rival Naftali Bennet and other right wing politicians – including from his own Likud Party – have been demanding him to omit the two-state term and the idea of a Palestinian state. The White House briefing ahead of the meeting relieves Bibi from that pressure and enables him to return home with at least one significant achievement. Bennett tweeted this morning that he wishes the PM good luck: "For the first time in 24 years we can step out of the Palestinian state mud". Israeli two-staters, however, were less enthusiastic. "It doesnt matter what Trump wants, its about the Israeli interest. Only the two-state solution will keep Israel jewish and democratic", Meretz leader Zehava Galon said.
Netanyahu didn't forget Valentines Day, and had a special red roses bouqet prepared for Sara, tweeting a romantic message for everyone to see, and was supposed to have an early night in bed to rest before the historic meeting. Immediately after arriving in the White House, the President and the PM will be giving a joint press conference, only then moving to the Oval Office for the traditional photo op. After a one-on-one , bilateral meeting, and joint lunch, Netanyahu will be meeting the press corp for a short briefing, before continuing to Capitol Hill for a series of back to back meetings with Paul Ryan, Mitch McConnell, Chuck Schumer and other senators. Tomorrow morning he will be having an early breakfast with Vice President Mike Pence.


As a direct seller, you have the opportunity to build your business not only locally (which I recommend to begin with), but nationally and even internationally. Building a team that's spread out over several time zones can be a great way to increase your organization, but it also brings its own unique set of challenges. Supporting remote team members is certainly more challenging than supporting those who are local, but if you follow a few simple guidelines, it's really not as challenging as it may seem.
When I started my direct sales business, I was a remote recruit. My upline lived 4 hours away and I pretty much started with no knowledge about how to succeed. As a network marketer, I had an entire team of remote recruits because I did virtually all of my recruiting over the internet. So I've experienced this from both sides and I have a clear idea about what it takes to help remote team members succeed.
Here are my top 5 tips for mentoring and supporting remote team members.
I encourage you to limit the amount of time during which you're available to your local team, in part to teach them to be resourceful and find their own answers whenever possible. Remote team members, however, are inherently independent out of necessity. For them, you want to be a little more available, because they aren't getting the benefit of your hands-on mentoring. Set up a schedule with specific times to talk with them (at least a few times a week when they're first getting started) and use e-mail, text, or social media to communicate as well. You could even consider using Skype or Google Hangouts so the connection between you is more personal.
This is important with all your new representatives, but it's crucial with remote team members. Because they don't have the benefit of coming with you to a party to observe or even attending your new representative training, they can only rely on your one-on-one training to ensure they're prepared to step in front of a group of people and do their first party. Set up a training schedule with them early on and make sure you stick to it.
If at all possible, have someone record your party (or at least the most important parts) and send that to them so they can study and learn from it. Youtube makes this easier than its ever been. Don't worry about making this video perfect (a video taken with your smart phone is fine). The idea is to let her "come along" with you to a party without actually being there.
Take some time and walk your representative through all of the online tools your company offers. Make sure she knows how to use them and that she's taking advantage of any and all corporate training.
Even if you're doing live meetings and have recognition as a part of them, you can still include remote team members. Send out an e-mail to your entire team listing those who've earned recognition as a follow up to your live meetings, post the results in your private team Facebook Group, and make a point to single out those remote team members who can't be present at your live meetings to collect their incentive rewards. Mail any awards you can't give them in person as soon as you can, and keep them up to date on any pertinent information you cover during your live meeting which effects them.
If you establish a strong mentoring relationship with your remote team members right from the beginning and let them know that their success is important to you, you'll find this is a great way to grow a national or international team and explode your business.


So how do we fix this for 5.6 ?
On the current Jessie build, this happens in line 436 of select_lang.lib.php, which just does require_once GETTEXT_INC. It didn't seem much, so I looked it at it: a simple echo GETTEXT_INC showed that the file wass expected to be found in the same /usr/share/phpmyadmin/libraries/select_lang.lib.php path.
realpath()returns the absolute path normally. is_file() and is_readable both return true.
Use the same realpath(), is_file() and is_readable() in the PhpMyAdmin code : realpath() return empty, and the two checks return false. WTF ?
So, the file is there, PHP CLI can read it, but PHP mod_apache can't. Looks like a php.ini difference, maybe open_basedir ? Nope, it's empty in both. What can it be ?


This advanced practical and interactive workshop focuses on teaching delegates how to harness the full power, tools and features of LinkedIn and Twitter, helping them create a step change and increase in customer engagement and lead generation for their businesses.
The course covers how to create a coherent strategic content calendar, develop key campaign messages, accelerate engagement; better understand platform context and the specific techniques that should be used for LinkedIn and Twitter.
A review of paid media options, i.e. promoted posts, traffic driving ads, remarketing and lead generation ads will be covered during the workshop as well as how to integrate with other marketing channels including email, newsletters, blogs and website content. Time will also be spent interpreting platform analytics and metrics, in particular the performance of paid and free campaigns.
Handling incidents (trolls & more), management of a crisis and businesses reputation and how to use social media to deliver and / or enhance customer service are key features covered during the workshop.
This session will suit both moderately and experienced social media for business users who wish to develop and improve their skills, add value and step up their game in professional services and B2B businesses.
- How to effectively integrate with other mainstream marketing channels – email, blogging, websites etc.
Colin helps take and develop your understanding of social media to another level. He works to evolve your thinking to ensure you understand the depth and breadth of social media, how it can work for you, against you and how you should manage it. He helps you understand how to communicate your messages in the right way, in the right style, on the right platform and manage it in the right way to drive and develop your social media offering and engagement with your brand.


Finance & Commerce has been honoring Minnesota's Top Women in Finance each year since 2001. In that time, we've recognized dozens of women, but only three have been selected for the Top Women in Finance Hall of Fame — Denise Doll-Kiefer in 2014 and Jill Johnson and Sharon Olson in 2016.
In 2018, we added two more to their ranks by honoring Laurie Nordquist, Wells Fargo's new CEO and president for the Upper Midwest, and Kim Brown, president of JNBA Financial Advisors. These women stand out among even the impressive collection profiled in this magazine.
Erin Procko, the Twin Cities banking director for Bell Bank, also received the Circle of Excellence award this year for being selected as one of the Top Women in Finance for a second time.
An expert panel of judges representing banking and business selected the 2016 honorees. The profiles of the women in this magazine take an "in their own words" approach, with each honoree asked the same questions to find out how they got where they are and their advice for women entering their field.
The honorees were feted Nov. 15 at the Hyatt Regency in downtown Minneapolis at an annual social hour, dinner and awards ceremony that featured Nordquist as the keynote speaker. Please join me in celebrating these impressive and accomplished women.
Linda Nelson | Olsen Thielen & Co. Ltd.
Kristin Pyka | Hammer Residences Inc.
Ann Senne | RBC Wealth Management-U.S.
Jayme Shuda | Mahoney, Ulbrich, Christiansen & Russ P.A.
Cassie Warner | Weis Builders Inc.
All photos of honorees were taken by Craig Lassig.


Ben Franklin at Rogers Middle School!
Folktales, Fables and Fairy Tales!
Read about the Rockland Education Foundation's 2018 grants on our brochure page.
Become a member of the Rockland Education Foundation Century Club.
Please consider making a donation to Rockland Education Foundation. You may use your credit card or Paypal account to contribute.


Building your game launcher is a very easy and painless procedure as we will look at inside here.
At this point, you can specify the filename of the launcher in the SideBar Builder and then proceed to Build the Launcher by clicking the Build Launcher button.
Once the Game Launcher Creator starts to build your launcher, the Build Launcher window will keep you updated with the current progress and where it is currently up to. This provides you with a visual idea of what's going on with the current build process. Once this is complete, Game Launcher Creator will open up the directory where your launcher has been built to.
You will end up with one file and one folder. The executable file will be splash.exe or what ever you named your launcher in the Sidebar. Feel free to rename this after build.
You will also end up with a data folder. This contains all the necessary data including images, buttons, videos and music/sounds contained inside your launcher. You may distribute the launcher executable and the data folder along with your game.


Increase usable memory or switch to 64-bit Excel as recommended version.
Being limited to 2 GB of memory usage for Excel seems ridiculous in this day and age. Large files are more and more common, and the newer versions of excel (2013 and 2016), particularly VBA-containing sheets, seem to experience major performance changes based on how many files are open. Being forced to close all other sheets just to run VBA code in one is annoying.
Can you either make changes to increase the usable memory or make whatever shifts are necessary to be able to recommend the 64-bit version of excel as standard? At this point the performance impact of being so limited is starting to become a major issue.
Undocking a worksheet. I would love to be able to undock a worksheet or two while working in a workbook. When creating formulas that cross reference other workbooks it becomes very time consuming to keep selecting another tab. It also disables the use of show precedent or dependent options. I use another bit of software called plan-swift that more or less runs on an excel type platform and it has this undocking option so I can put each worksheet on a separate screen It save lots of time and helps me be more accurate.
Currently I save copies of a worksheet and reopen in a new workbook to have excel meet my needs and manual type the cell into the worksheet i'm using since clicking is actually in a different workbook and usually leads to crashing. I would be happy to explain this idea further if you have any questions.
That will give you a second (or third, fourth, etc.) window that displays the same workbook, and you can independently navigate sheets, etc. to keep those you want 'always visible' available.
It's a bit different interaction paradigm than the browser or IDE (SSL Mgmt Studio) where you "drag a tab", but it accomplishes the same result.
Great news – we've introduced the SWITCH function to Office 365 subscribers. If you update today, Aug 19, 2016, (if you haven't already), you should now have this in your arsenal.
Updating the status here – we've actually got something in the works that should be out soon. Stay tuned!
Someone from the Office development team should respond to some of these issues.
Lots of people have taken the trouble to contribute ideas and issues about Microsoft products, but I haven't seen a single response from a Microsoft staff member on these forums. Are we just venting our anger here, or does Microsoft actually care about its customers?
Thanks for your feedback! Just a note to let you know that we're working to promote the usage of Excel User Voice sites through customer connection channels. If you hear someone asks "Will [feature x] ever be built in Excel? I really need it", please immediately send them to http://excel.uservoice.com/ and ask them to submit their idea or else vote on it, if it already exists.
Customers complain about poor performance when Excel is connected to SSAS. Please look at support case REG:115011912292884 for more details. Besides other things, we need to make MD perform equally well with PreferredQueryPatterns = 1. Also, in some cases Excel takes forever to refresh the metadata after clicking the Refresh button. This usually happens when there are a lot of calculations in the model, a new calculation is added, and Refresh is clicked. There are no pending queries to SSAS.
Good news – as of the June release, we've completed work on this feature.
Thanks for logging this request. We've started working on several items to improve performance of Excel with SSAS, can't wait to release them and get your feedback!
Fix The Pen, Now. I spent $$$$$$ on the Surface Book, and now the main purpose of buying it is DEAD.
Specifically, Excel sporadically chooses when and when not to allow pen for inking. Sometimes there is an invisible box where writing isn't allowed. Sometimes it works okay, but I am literally in the cold sweat mode hoping it works each time. Maybe I need counseling?
By the way, I have an audience of 50-100 future business managers every day, watching me use this. I get a new group every 3-4 months. Guess what I complain about!?
Fix it. Then don't f*%^$*#(*& with it again without testing it completely before release.
This has been re-fixed, and the pen should work again in Excel.
Bring back the black theme!
Black theme is back. Update to the latest update for Office 2016, and you can choose Black Theme as one of the options.
Since a recent update HTML formatted files with .xls extension are no longer opened. When downloading such a file Excel opens but does not open the file anymore, it just shows a blank screen, no error message. This used to work for years and was very easy to create reports from our intranet by just sending HTML files with Excel headers out. Because of this we now have to re-engineer all reports, please bring the functionality back.
The Excel team has released a change in behavior in today's security update for Excel 2010, 2013, and 2016. Excel will warn about the mismatch between the file extension and HTML content, but will now open the workbook in Protected View as an additional layer of security. If you trust the workbook, you can then enable editing. The behavior of .xla and .xlam files will remain the same.
How do I get the update? It depends on which version of Office you have.
The Excel team has made a change in the behavior of certain file types to increase security. This change came in the security updates KB3115262, KB3170008, and KB3115322. Previously, when you tried to open an HTML, XLA, or XLAM file with an .XLS file extension from an untrusted location, Excel would warn about the mismatch between the file extension and content, but would still open the workbook without Protected View security. After the security updates Excel no longer will open the workbook because these files are not compatible with Protected View and there is no warning or other indication it was not opened.
Thank you for your patience and input—community suggestions drove our decision to change this behavior in a way we hope will be much better for your workflows!
We know about this issue and are working on a fix.
I would like to not have to select a range in VBA in order to to apply a Border.
Great news, that exact line of code you have there works just fine to apply borders, so you should be good to go.
Currently when using pivot charts you can only have one chart, as when you make one chart from the select pivot data and then go to make another the first chart will change with e new pivot table options, so currently you have to make multiple pivot tables of the same data to have more than one chart, it would be better if you could have a option to stop the charts from updating automatically.
In Excel 2013, we introduced the ability for you to create a PivotChart independent of a PivotTable. Please give that a try and see if it meets your needs.
There are several users editing a CSV file (it's easier, no license required, etc). I want to have a spreadsheet which will automatically load the CSV when I start Excell, populate the spreadsheet and update all the formulas. I will not change the CSV format, and it would be better to not re-import the CSV everytime. For example: all employees enter the time start and time end in the CSV. At the end ot the week, I start my spreadsheet and without any additional click, I see how much do I have to pay.
•Use the Text Import Wizard to set how your csv file will be imported.
•After you select Finish to exit the Import Wizard, a dialog box titled Import Text will come up.
•Select the Properties button on this dialog box.
•An External Data Range Properties box will come up.
•In the Refresh Control section of the box, you should uncheck the "Prompt for file name on refresh" selection, set the frequency of refresh in minutes, and make sure there will be a refresh when you open the workbook.
You can return to the Properties box anytime by either right-clicking on the imported data in the worksheet or selecting "Connections" from the Data tab.
When editing a cell contents, a graph title, graph axis, etc., it would save time if we could change the font attributes of the selected text (bold, italics, etc.) by a Ctrl+... key combination, instead of going through popup menu > Font > dialog > OK button.
This is working in the current version of Excel.
in the support page: https://support.office.com/it-it/article/Rilevare-gli-errori-nelle-formule-3a8acca5-1d61-4702-80e0-99a36a2822c1?ui=it-IT&rs=it-IT&ad=IT there's an error.
Excel visualizza questo errore quando un valore non è disponibile per una funzione o una formula.
Se si usa una funzione come CERCA.VERT, il valore cercato ha una corrispondenza nell'intervallo di ricerca? Nella maggior parte dei casi non è così.
We're fixing this now, will likely take several days to propagate out to the internets.


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Q: iOS Smart App Banner Not Recognizing Device/Compatibility I'm having problems with the behaviour of iOS Smart App Banners.  I have an iOS app that is compatible with iOS 7 or later, and have added the smart app banner meta tag to my wbesite.  In spite of this, I see the smart app banner on a device running iOS 6 and I don't see the smart app banner on a device running iOS 8, which is the opposite of what should happen.
My understanding from the Smart App Banner Documentation is that:

Smart App Banners automatically determine whether the app is supported on the user's device. If the device loading the banner does not support your app, or if your app is not available in the user's location, the banner will not display.

A: Clearing History and Website Data in Safari resulted in the Smart App Banner appearing in iOS8.  Re-reading the Smart App Banner Documentation, I realized that the Smart App Banner doesn't discriminate if the app is not supported by your version of iOS, only if the app is not supported by your device.  As such, a Smart App Banner for an app that requires iOS7 will appear on a device running iOS6, even if that device doesn't support iOS7.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I also have a detailed review of the new Anova Precision immersion circulator.
The Anova Sous Vide Immersion Circulator is available on Amazon for $200.00.
UPDATE: The new version of the Anova Culinary Precision Cooker/Immersion Circulator is available on Amazon for $179.
The Sansaire Sous Vide Immersion Circulator can be purchased on Amazon for $200.


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Tag: automotive voltage stabilizer
When will the Chargers and Cowboys meet?
AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka said the Chargers have been a source of uncertainty in the NFL for months, with the league's top officials in Washington and Oakland expressing reservations about their viability.
But in the past week, the NFL has taken action on several fronts to address the league.
The league announced Tuesday that the Chargers will be allowed to remain in Los Angeles through the 2021 season.
That will give the Chargers the option to keep the team in the city through 2024.
A league source told the Associated Press that the league has already reached out to the Chargers to negotiate a new contract with the team.
The source said the league is also in talks with a number of other teams about potential relocation.
The source also said the NFL is considering a potential relocation for San Diego, which would give the league two franchises, with one in Los Angles and one in San Diego.
The Chargers are hoping to keep their current stadium, which seats about 15,000, but the team could find it difficult to move to Los Angeles without a new stadium.
NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell is scheduled to visit Los Angeles on Friday.
He is expected to be asked by the league about the status of the Chargers.
Categories:	EE essential
Tags:	2000w voltage stabilizer, andeli voltage stabilizer, automotive voltage stabilizer, luminous voltage stabilizer, qmax voltage stabilizer
Israel to install 2,000 volts in electric car charging system
Israel will install 2.5 million volts of voltage stabilizers for its electric car charger system, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Thursday.
The plan will cost an estimated $300 million, and is a response to the country's rapid electrification.
"We are going to add 2.0 million volts," Netanyahu told a cabinet meeting, according to the Israeli daily Haaretz.
"It will be a massive change in our car charging infrastructure."
The Prime Minister's Office said that the system will be in place in 2019, and will provide a voltage stabiliser for the countrys electricity network.
It's not clear what kind of protection the voltages will offer.
Israel's grid has experienced significant problems in recent years due to a lack of solar and wind power generation, but the Prime Minister said the new voltages could help restore some of the grid's power generation.
The prime minister said that "the government has been talking to many countries, and it was decided to use the voltage stabilizing capabilities in the country."
The voltages would provide the same voltage as the grid, and would also keep the electric car system from overheating.
But Israel has struggled with a lack to keep its grid stable and reliable, and many experts say it will likely take decades for the voltagers to come online.
Israel has long used its existing grid, which provides electricity to some 1.5 billion people, to charge electric vehicles.
But recent years have seen an increase in battery storage, a technology that is supposed to increase battery life and allow electric vehicles to be more efficient.
Tags:	automotive voltage stabilizer, brentford voltage stabilizer, graphite voltage stability, voltage stabilizer review
How to stop a surge in electric cars
How to prevent a surge from the battery pack of your electric car when it starts overheating, which can be a problem when you are driving it.
The Australian Government is working with Tesla and Nissan to develop a system that could be installed on every car sold in Australia by 2025.
It would have a similar effect on a car as a surge shield, but would be much less likely to cause problems.
Instead of a battery pack, the system would use an air compressor that would suck up the energy from the engine, reducing the heat build-up that is so damaging to the battery.
The compressor would then compress the air around the battery and release it back into the atmosphere.
Electric cars have been a big success story, but there is still a lot of work to be done.
Tesla has already said it is working on a new battery technology that would deliver a peak output of about 2,500 kilowatts (kWh), which would be enough to power the average Australian home for more than 20 years.
This would be significantly more than the current technology, which delivers around 500kWh.
In 2018, Tesla was granted approval to develop the new battery, which was due to be ready in 2019.
That time is now behind us, but the Australian Government has been working on the plan for a few years now.
They have been studying the issue of overheating for several years and have been in discussions with Nissan, Tesla and others, with Nissan's lead engineer saying in 2018 that they would be able to meet Australia's needs.
A Tesla spokesman said the company was "very supportive of this initiative" and would be working with other suppliers to help develop the technology.
Nissan is currently building its own electric car, but is currently working with a supplier to develop its own battery.
Meanwhile, Nissan has also been working with Toyota to develop an air-cooled version of the battery, called the Nissan EV-2.
Toyota is planning to introduce the new technology into its cars this year, but this has not yet been announced.
For more on electric cars, read our article How can you stop a sudden surge in your electric cars?
Categories:	Control
Tags:	220v voltage stabilizer, automotive voltage stabilizer, domestic voltage stabilizer, stabiline voltage stabilizer, voltage stabilizer


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An unshorn alpaca grazing
Domesticated
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Camelidae
Genus: Vicugna
Species: V. pacos
Vicugna pacos
Alpaca range
Alpaca is the common name for a domesticated, gregarious, high-altitude South American ungulate, Vicugna pacos (syn. Lama pacos), of the camel family (Camelidae), characterized by a very long neck, long and slender legs (but short relative to the similarly appearing llama), small and elongate head, short ears with thin points, short tail, and a cleft upper lip. While its native range is in the high Andes mountains, this large herbivorous mammal is no longer found in the wild, but is maintained extensively in domestic herds, largely grazing in high elevations of the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Chile; the alpaca is commercially raised as well on other continents, notably in North America and Australia.
Alpacas are not used as beasts of burden, but mainly are valued for their fiber, and traditionally have been valued also for meat, hair, hides, and their dung, used as fuel. They have been domesticated for thousands of years, even prior to the Incas, who raised and bred alpacas for textiles reserved for royalty.
1 Overview and description
1.1 History of the scientific name
2 Behavior
2.1 Spitting
2.2 Sounds
2.3 Reproduction
3 History and uses
3.1 Fiber
3.2 Meat
Alpaca fiber is lustrous, soft, and silky, and provided in enough quantity for commercial use. Alpaca wool is used for making knitted and woven items, much as with sheep's wool. These items include blankets, sweaters, hats, gloves, scarves, a wide variety of textiles and ponchos in South America, and sweaters, socks, coats and bedding in other parts of the world.
Overview and description
Closeup of an alpaca's face
Alpacas are even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla), with two-toes on each foot and an "unguligrade" form of locomotion. (Unguligrade involves most of the weight of the animal supported by the hoofs, in contrast with "digitigrade," where the toes touch the ground, or "plantigrade," where the entire foot is on the ground, as in humans.) There are three other camelids in South America, the domesticated llama (Lama glama), and the wild guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). The alpaca was traditionally placed in the Lama genus (Lama pacos) with the llama, but generally is now placed with the vicuña in genus Vicugna.
Suri alpaca
The alpaca and llama are only known in the domestic state. While visually similar, alpacas are considerably smaller than llamas and the alpaca has a shorter head than the llama. Llamas, which are the largest South American camelid, are on average 1 to 2 feet taller and proportionally bigger than alpacas. Alpacas and llamas also differ in that alpacas have straight ears and llamas have banana-shaped ears (rather long and slightly curved inward) and llamas do not have eyelashes, while the alpaca does.
Alpacas have a camel-like face, a long neck, ears that have thin points, and an upper lip with a deep cleft. The tail is short. There is no dorsal hump as in the camels. With the exception of the face and legs, the entire body is covered with a long, thick, and soft wool, and the hair can stand on the head, presenting a tuft that can cover the eyes in males. The alpaca is larger than the vicuña but smaller than the other camelid species. The adult alpaca reaches about 90 centimeters (3 feet) in height and 70 kilograms (154 pounds) in weight (Grzimek et al. 2004).
Alpacas are kept in herds that graze on the level heights of the Andes of Ecuador, southern Peru, northern Bolivia, and northern Chile at an altitude of 3000 to 4800 meters (9,800-15,750 feet) above sea-level, throughout the year (Grzimek et al. 2004).
As with all the South American camelids, alpacas digest their food by the process of rumination. Their stomachs are divided into three chambers (Nowak 1983). After food is swallowed, it is kept in the first chamber for a while where it is partly digested with the help of bacteria and protists.
Alpacas and llamas can (and do) successfully cross-breed. The resulting offspring are called huarizo, which are valued for their unique fleece and often have gentle temperaments and are suitable for pets.
History of the scientific name
Shorn alpacas
In the eighteenth and nineteen centuries, the four South American camelid species were assigned scientific names. At that time, the alpaca was assumed to be descended from the llama, ignoring similarities in size, fleece, and dentition between the alpaca and the vicuña. Classification was complicated by the fact that all four species of South American camelid can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. It was not until the advent of DNA technology that a more accurate classification was possible.
In 2001, the alpaca genus classification changed from Lama pacos to Vicugna pacos in many taxonomies following the presentation of a paper (Wheeler et al. 2001) on alpaca DNA to the Royal Society showing that the alpaca is descended from the vicuña, not the guanaco. The relationship between alpacas and vicuñas was disputed for many years, but Wheeler's DNA work provided substantial evidence of the relationship. However, many academic websites have not caught up with or embraced this change.
Alpacas are social herd animals that live in family groups consisting of a territorial alpha male, females, and their young. They are generally considered gentle, inquisitive, intelligent, and observant. As a prey animal, they are cautious and warn the herd about intruders by making sharp, noisy inhalations that sound like a high pitch burro bray. The herd may attack smaller predators with their front feet, and can spit and kick. Due to the soft pads on their feet, the impact of a kick is not as dangerous as that of a hoofed animal, yet it still can give quite a bruise, and the pointed nails can inflict cuts.
Alpacas have a communal dung pile, where they do not graze. This helps in the control of internal parasites. Generally, males have much tidier, and fewer dung piles than females who tend to stand in a line and all go at once. One female approaches the dung pile and begins to urinate and/or defecate, and the rest of the herd often follows.
Not all alpacas spit, but all are capable of doing so. "Spit" is somewhat euphemistic; occasionally, the projectile contains only air and a little saliva but alpacas commonly bring up acidic stomach contents (generally a green grassy mix) and project it onto their chosen target. Spitting is mostly reserved for other alpacas, but an alpaca will occasionally spit at humans that, for example, take away food.
For alpacas, spitting results in what is called "sour mouth." Sour mouth is characterized by a loose-hanging lower lip and a gaping mouth. This is caused by the stomach acids and unpleasant taste of the contents as they pass out of the mouth.
Some alpacas will spit when looked at, others will never spit—their personalities are very individualized and there is no hard and fast rule in terms of social behavior, although there is often a group leader, and a group trailer/runt that is picked on by others.
A Bolivian man and his alpaca
Individuals vary, but alpacas generally make a humming sound. Hums are often comfort noises, letting the other alpacas know they are present and content. The humming can take on many inflections and meanings, from questioning to a high-pitched, seemingly almost desperate, squealing when a mother is separated from her offspring.
Alpacas make a variety of sounds. When they are in danger, they make a high-pitched, shrieking whine. Some breeds are known to make a "wark" noise when excited. Strange dogs—and even cats—can trigger this reaction. To signal friendly and/or submissive behavior, alpacas "cluck," or "click" a sound possibly generated by suction on the soft palate, or possibly in the nasal cavity. This is often accompanied by a flipping up of the tail over the back.
When males fight they also scream, a warbling bird-like cry, presumably intended to terrify the opponent. Fighting determines dominance, and therefore the right to mate the females in the herd, and it is triggered by testosterone. This is why males are often kept in separate paddocks—when two dominant males get together, violent fights often occur. When males must be pastured together, it is wise to trim down the large fang-like teeth used in fights, called "fighting teeth." Although alpacas may try to bite each other, they only have a bottom row of teeth, so damage is usually minimal. When fighting they will often tangle others necks and attempt to push each other around, but they settle down after a week, as they establish dominance.
When alpacas breed, males make a similar noise called an "orgle." This is thought to possibly stimulate ovulation in the female. This can sound like a warbling or gargling noise in the back or the throat, possibly generated by movement of the tongue.
A closeup of an alpaca.
Females are "induced ovulators," which means that the act of mating and the presence of semen causes them to ovulate. Occasionally, females conceive after just one breeding (which can last anywhere from 5 minutes to well over an hour) but occasionally do have troubles conceiving. Artificial insemination is technically difficult because the act of breeding stimulates ovulation—but it can be accomplished. Babies conceived from artificial insemination are not registerable with the Alpaca Registry.
A male is usually ready to mate for the first time between one and three years of age. A female alpaca may fully mature (physically and mentally) between 12 and 24 months. It is not advisable to allow a young female to be bred until she is mature, as over breeding a young female before conception is possible is a common cause of uterine infections. As the age of maturation varies greatly between individuals, it is usually recommended that novice breeders wait until females are 18 months of age or older before initiating breeding.
The young male's penis is attached to the prepuce, and generally does not detach until one to two years of age. The penis is a very long, thin, prehensile organ that is perfectly adapted for the task of finding the vaginal opening despite a fluffy tail, penetrating the hymen (if present,) navigating the vaginal canal, and entering the cervical opening, where deposit of the semen occurs.
Pregnancies last 11.5 months ± 2 weeks, and usually result in a single offspring or cria. Twins are rare, approximately 1/1000, slightly rarer than the proportion of twins in human births. After a female gives birth, she is generally receptive to breeding again after approximately two weeks. Crias may be weaned through human intervention at approximately 6 months and 60 pounds. However, many breeders prefer to allow the female to decide when to wean her offspring. Offspring can be weaned earlier or later depending on their size and emotional maturity.
It is believed that alpacas generally live for up to 20 years and occasionally longer.
History and uses
Alpacas have provided a variety of uses for people, providing wool, meat, hide, and dung, with the later being a valued fuel in areas where there is deficiency of trees to supply wood. These uses even predated the Incas, who bred this species specifically to use its soft fiber for fine textiles (Grzimek et al. 2004).
Alpacas have been domesticated and breed for five thousand years, before the Spanish Conquest and before the Incas (Metcalf 1999). They were central to the Aymara civilization of Western Bolivia before being conquered by the Incas (Metcalf 1999). It is believed that their name came originally from the Aymara language, as pacos, with the name passing to the Incas and the Spanish, and with the prefix al added later (Metcalf 1999).
The Moche people of northern Peru often used Alpaca images in their art (Berrin and Larco 1997). The Moche civilization flourished in Peru from about 100 C.E. to 800 C.E..
Alpacas are too small to be used as pack animals. Instead, they have been bred exclusively for their fiber and meat.
Of the various camelid species, the alpaca and vicuña are the most valuable fiber-bearing animals: the alpaca because of the quality and quantity of its fiber, and the vicuña because of the softness, fineness, and quality of its coat.
Alpaca fleece is a lustrous and silky natural fiber. While similar to sheep's wool in that it is a natural fiber, it is warmer, not prickly, and bears no lanolin, which makes it hypoallergenic (Quiggle 2000; Stoller 2006). It is also soft and luxurious. In physical structure, alpaca fiber is somewhat akin to human hair, being very glossy. The preparing, carding, spinning, weaving, and finishing process of alpaca is very similar to the process used for wool.
The fiber comes in more than 52 natural colors as classified in Peru, 12 as classified in Australia, and 16 as classified in the United States (Horn and Horn).
Alpaca meat was once considered a delicacy by Andean inhabitants. It remains popular among some South American populations. However, a recent resurgence in the commerce of alpaca meat was curtailed by a recent change to Peruvian law granting the alpaca protected status. Today, it is illegal to slaughter or trade in alpaca meat in Peru. Because of the high price commanded by alpaca on the growing North American alpaca market, illegal Alpaca smuggling has become a growing problem (Hennessy 2005).
This article originally incorporated text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
Berrin, K. and Larco Museum. 1997. The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500018022.
Grzimek, B., D. G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and M. C. McDade. 2004. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0307394913.
Hennessy, H. 2005. Microchips to guard Peruvian alpacas. BBC News March 30, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
Horn, P., and R. Horn. n.d. Alpaca colors. All American Alpacas. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
Metcalf, A. A. 1999. The World in so Many Words: A Country-by-Country Tour of Words That Have Shaped our Language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395959209.
Nowak, R. M., and J. L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801825253.
Quiggle, C. 2000. Alpaca: An ancient luxury. Interweave Knits (Fall 2000): 74-76.
Stoller, D. 2006. Stitch 'N Bitch Crochet. New York: Workman, ISBN 0761139850.
Wheeler, J., M. Kadwell, M. Fernandez, H. F. Stanley, R. Baldi, R. Rosadio, and M. W. Bruford. 2001. Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 268(1485): 2575–2584. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
All links retrieved March 9, 2016.
International Alpaca Association (IAA)
Alpaca Animal Enquiry Australian Alpaca Association Ltd.
Alpaca history
History of "Alpaca"
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Domesticated animals