text:
The Basics Of Kosher
WHY GO KOSHER?
KOSHER GUIDE
Application For Certification
The Hebrew word kosher means fit or proper as it relates to kosher dietary law. Kosher foods are permitted to be eaten, and can be used as ingredients in the production of additional food items.
The basic laws of Kashrus (a Hebrew word referring to kosher and its application) are of Biblical origin (Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 17). For thousands of years, Rabbinic scholars have interpreted these laws and applied them to contemporary situations. In addition, Rabbinic bodies enacted protective legislation to safeguard the integrity of kosher laws.
The laws of kashrus are complex and extensive. The intention of this guide is to acquaint the reader with some of the fundamentals of kashrus and provide insight into its practical application. Given the complex nature of the laws of kashrus, one should consult an Orthodox Rabbi whenever a kashrus issue arises.
Though an ancillary hygienic benefit has been attributed to the observance of kashrus, the ultimate purpose and rationale is to conform to the Divine Will, as expressed in the Torah.
Not too long ago, most food products were made in the family kitchen, or in a small factory or store in the local community. It was relatively easy to ascertain if the product was reliably kosher. If Rabbinical supervision was required, it was attended to by the rabbi of the community, who was known to all. Today, industrialization, transcontinental shipping and mass production have created a situation where most of the foods we eat are treated, processed, cooked, canned or boxed commercially in industrial settings, which can be located hundreds or thousands of miles away from home.
What adds further complication is that it is generally not possible to judge the kosher status of an item on the basis of the information provided in the ingredient declaration for a variety of reasons.
First, the product may be made from kosher ingredients, but processed on non-kosher equipment. Second, the USDAdoes not require the listing of certain processing aids, such as pan liners and oils that serve as release agents. Though not legally classified as ingredients, these items could nonetheless render the product non-kosher. Third, many ingredients can be kosher or non-kosher, depending on their source of origin. For example, glycerin and emulsifiers are made from either vegetable or animal oils. Finally, many ingredients are listed only in broad terms, with no breakdown of the many complex components that make up the actual item. For example, a chocolate flavor may contain 50 ingredients, but the ingredient declaration will list this entire complex of ingredients as "flavors".
Unless a person is an expert in food production, the average consumer cannot possibly make an evaluation of the kosher status, which is why it is important to purchase only those products that have the endorsement of a reliable kosher agency.
II. Kosher and Non-Kosher Meat, Poultry, and Fish
A. Meat:
The Torah states that kosher mammals are those which chew their cud (ruminants) and are cloven-hoofed. The following animal species are among those considered to be Kosher: Addax, Antelope, Bison, Cow, Deer, Gazelle, Giraffe, Goat, Ibex and Sheep. In addition, meat and poultry require special preparation, which will be discussed below.
B. Poultry:
The Torah does not enumerate specific characteristics to distinguish permitted and forbidden birds. Instead, it enumerates 24 forbidden species of fowl, while all other birds are considered to be kosher. Nonetheless, for various reasons, in practice we eat only those birds which have an established tradition that the species is kosher.
In the United States, the only poultry accepted by mainstream kashrus organizations as kosher are chicken, turkey, duck and goose.
C. Fish:
The Torah establishes two criteria to determine what are kosher fish. The fish must have fins and scales. The scales must be easily removable without damaging the skin. [Generally, scales on kosher fish are either thin, rounded and smooth-edged (cycloid) or narrow segments that are similar to teeth of a comb (ctenoid)]. All shellfish are prohibited. Unlike meat and poultry, fish requires no special preparation. Nonetheless, the fish scales must be visible to the consumer in order to establish the kosher status of the fish. Therefore, filleted or ground fish should not be purchased unless properly supervised, or the fillet has a skin tab with scales attached to the flesh. Furthermore, purchasing fish in a non-kosher fish store is problematic, even if the scales are intact, because the knives and tables are not kosher, and Rabbinic guidance should be sought.
Rabbinic law prohibits consumption of fish and meat together.
Processed and smoked fish products require reliable rabbinic supervision, as do all processed foods.
III. Meat & Poultry Processing
A. Shechita:
The Torah requires that meat and poultry be slaughtered in a prescribed manner known as shechita. The trachea and esophagus of the animal are severed with a special razor-sharp, perfectly smooth blade, causing instantaneous death with no pain to the animal. Only a trained kosher slaughterer (shochet), whose piety and expertise have been attested to by rabbinic authorities, is qualified to slaughter an animal for kosher consumption.
B. Bedika:
After the animal has been properly slaughtered, a trained inspector (bodek) inspects the internal organs for any physiological abnormalities that may render the animal non-kosher (treif). The lungs, in particular, must be examined in order to determine that there are no adhesions (sirchot), which may be indicative of a puncture in the lungs. If an adhesion is found, the bodek must further examine it carefully to determine its kashrus status. It should be noted that in addition to fulfilling the requirements of halacha (Jewish law), the bedika of internal organs insures a standard of quality that exceeds government requirements.
C. Glatt Kosher:
Though not all adhesions render an animal non-kosher, some Jewish communities or individuals only eat meat of an animal that has been found to be free of all adhesions on its lungs. "Glatt" literally means "smooth", indicating that the meat comes from an animal whose lungs have been found to be free of all adhesions. Recently, the term "glatt kosher" is increasingly used more broadly as a generic phrase, implying that the product is kosher without question.
D. Nikkur:
In some kosher animal species, many blood vessels, nerves and lobes of fat are forbidden and must be removed. There are special cutting procedures for beef, veal and lamb known as "Nikkur" (Hebrew word for "excising" ), which must be performed by a specially trained individual.
E. Koshering:
The Torah forbids the consumption of the blood of an animal. The two Torah accepted methods of extracting blood from meat, a process referred to as "koshering", are either salting or broiling.
Meat should not be placed in warm water before it has been "koshered". Once meat is cooked prior to koshering, it cannot be made kosher.
1. Salting:
The meat must first be soaked for a half hour in cool (not ice) water in a utensil designated only for that purpose. After allowing for excess water to drip off the meat, the meat is thoroughly salted so that the entire surface is covered with a thin layer of salt. Only coarse salt should be used. Both sides of meat and poultry must be salted. All inside loose sections of poultry must be removed before the koshering process begins. Each part must be soaked and salted individually.
If the meat or poultry was sliced during the salting process, the newly exposed surfaces of the cut must now be soaked for a half hour and salted as well.
The salted meat is left for an hour on an inclined or perforated surface to allow the blood to flow down freely. The cavity of the poultry should be placed open, in a downward direction.
After the salting, the meat must be thoroughly soaked, and then thoroughly washed to remove all of the applied salt.
According to kosher law, meat must be koshered within 72 hours after slaughter so as not to allow the blood to congeal. If meat has been thoroughly soaked prior to the 72 hours limit, an additional seventy-two hours time stay is granted to complete the first step of the salting process.
2. Broiling:
An alternate means of "koshering" meat is through broiling. Liver may only be koshered through broiling, because of the preponderance of blood in it.
Both the liver and meat must first be thoroughly washed to remove all surface blood. They are then salted slightly on all sides. Subsequently, they are broiled specifically on a designated liver-broiling perforated grate over an open fire, which draws out the internal blood. When koshering liver, slits must be made in the liver prior to broiling.
The meat or liver must be broiled on both sides until the outer surface appears to be dry and brown. After broiling, the meat or the liver is rinsed off.
F. The Kosher Butcher:
Years ago, salting of meat and poultry was performed in the home of the consumer. More recently, the kosher butcher performed salting in the butcher shop. Today, the entire process of slaughtering, bedika, nikkur and salting has shifted to the slaughterhouse. This allows for uniform consistency of high standards. Nonetheless, the kosher butcher plays a critical role in distributing the product. The butcher must be a person of integrity and the store should be under reliable Rabbinic supervision.
G. Packaging:
From the time of slaughter, kosher meat and poultry must be properly supervised until it reaches the consumer. A metal tag called a plumba, bearing the kosher symbol is often clamped on the meat or fowl to serve as an identifying seal of supervision. Alternatively, the meat or fowl is packed in tamperproof packaging with the kosher logo prominently displayed.
H. Cost:
Because kosher meat and poultry have many processing requirements (shechita, bedika nikkur and salting), which must be performed by specially trained individuals, the labor costs associated with kosher meat and poultry are significantly greater. This accounts for the higher cost of kosher meat and poultry.
IV. Caterers, Restaurants, Hotels:
Caterers, restaurants, and hotels must be supervised by a reputable Orthodox Rabbinic authority.
It cannot be assumed that kashrus is maintained simply because a kosher impression is created by an advertisement or by a statement, such as, "we serve a kosher clientele." Too often, 'vegetarian' or 'dairy' restaurants are assumed to be kosher and beyond the need for supervision. Unfortunately, this is a prevalent misconception. Fish, baked goods, cheese, shortening, oil, eggs, margarine, dressings, and condiments are among the many foodstuffs requiring supervision in 'vegetarian' and 'dairy' restaurants. Even those food items that are kosher in their raw states could be rendered non-kosher when prepared on equipment used for non-kosher food. For these reasons, reputable kosher supervision is required.
V. Meat and Milk in the Kosher Kitchen
The Torah forbids: 1) cooking meat and milk together in any form; 2) eating such cooked products, or 3) deriving benefit from them. As a safeguard, the Rabbis extended this prohibition to disallow the eating of meat and dairy products at the same meal or preparing them on the same utensils. Furthermore, milk products cannot be consumed after eating meat, for a period of time. There are different traditions for how long to wait between meat and dairy, but the most prevalent custom is to wait six hours.
Meat may be eaten following dairy products with the one exception of hard cheese that is aged 6 months or more, which requires the same waiting time as that of dairy after meat. Prior to eating meat after dairy, one must eat a solid food, either drink a liquid or thoroughly rinse one's mouth, and check the cleanliness of ones hands.
A. Utensils:
Unless one is a vegetarian and meat is totally excluded from his kitchen, a kosher kitchen must have two different sets of utensils, one for meat and poultry and the other for dairy foods. There must be separate, distinct sets of pots, pans, plates and silverware.
B. Washing Dishes:
Ideally, it is best to have two kitchen sinks, one for meat and the other for dairy. If this is not feasible, and one uses one sink for both meat and dairy, dishes and utensils should be placed and washed on a rack, so as not to touch the sink. Separate racks are to be used for meat and dairy use. Care must be taken to make sure that the water should not be allowed to rise to reach the level of the rack, and dishes cannot be soaked in a sink used for both dairy and meat.
VI. Eggs
The eggs (or other by-products) of non-kosher birds or fish are not kosher. Caviar, therefore, must come from a kosher fish and this requires reliable supervision. Commercial liquid eggs also require supervision. Eggs of kosher fowl, which contain a bloodspot, must be discarded, and therefore eggs should be checked before use.
VII. Shortening and Oil:
Government regulations concerning the labeling of food ingredients have undergone strict changes. Not only must the label specify the type of shortening, i.e., vegetable or animal, but it must declare the actual source as well. Thus, it is commonplace to find mention of cottonseed oil, lard, coconut oil, and other oil sources. The result of this explicit label display is that the consumer can easily detect what is blatantly non-kosher. However, it is important to be aware that the kosher status of a product containing even pure vegetable shortening can only be verified by reliable kosher certification. The reason for this is that manufacturers of vegetable shortening often process animal fats on common equipment. Pure vegetable products may satisfy USDA guidelines for purity, however, in terms of Jewish law, vegetable oil may be non-kosher because it is processed on non-kosher equipment.
VIII. Emulsifiers:
Emulsifiers are complex substances that are used in many types of food production. They can perform a number of critical functions, among them acting as a surfactant (reducing the surface tension of a liquid) thus making oil and water soluble. Emulsifiers are critical components in many food items, such as margarine, shortenings, cream fillings, toppings, coffee creamers, whiteners, prepared cake mixes, donuts, puddings, ice cream, frozen desserts, instant mashed potatoes, peanut butter, breakfast cereals, chocolates and candies. Emulsifiers may be listed on the ingredient label as polysorbates, glycerides, mono and diglycerides, sorbitan monostearates, etc. Emulsifiers are produced from either animal or vegetable oil, and emulsifiers require reliable kosher supervision.
IX. Flavors:
A critical sector of the food industry is manufacturers of flavors. Flavors, whether artificial or natural, are components of nearly every product. Flavor production is highly complex and uses raw materials from every imaginable source. Some common kosher sensitive ingredients used in flavors are fusel oil (which may be extracted from grape juice), glycerin and castorium (a beaver extract). Since the ingredient declaration never includes a breakdown of ingredients used in flavors, food items containing natural or artificial flavors require reliable supervision.
X. Fillings and Cremes:
All fillings, cremes, and fudge bases must be certified kosher because they may contain fats, emulsifiers, gelatin stabilizers and flavors.
XI. Breads, Rolls, Challah, Bagels and Bialys:
These basic household staples present several kashrus problems and require kashrus certification.
Many types of bread are made with oils and shortenings. Basic ingredients of specially prepared dough mixes and dough conditioners are shortenings and di-glycerides. In bakeries, pans and troughs in which the dough is placed to rise and to bake are coated with grease or divider oils, which may be non-kosher. These oils often do not appear on the label. There may also be an issue of other non-kosher products prepared and baked on the same equipment. These are some of the reasons that bread requires kosher supervision.
It is Rabbinically prohibited to consume bread with dairy ingredients. Since bread is frequently eaten at all meals, the Rabbis were concerned that one might inadvertently eat dairy bread with a meat meal. There are two exceptions – if the bread is baked in an unusual shape or design indicating that it is dairy, or if the loaf is so small that it would be consumed at one meal.
Jewish law requires that a portion of batter or finished baked product be set aside for what is known as "challah"'. While any size portion is adequate for challah, it is customary to separate a portion the size of an olive. After separation, the challah is burned. This ritual is obligatory only when the owner of the dough at the time of its preparation is Jewish, and the dough is made from flour of any of the following five grains: wheat, oats, rye, spelt, and barley. In addition, there is no requirement to separate challah if the batter contains less than 2-1/2 pounds of flour. If the batter contains at least 5 pounds of flour, a blessing is recited before separating challah.
If this mitzvah has not been performed in the bakery, it may be performed in the home by placing all the baked goods in one room, breaking open all sealed packaged material, and taking a small piece from any of the baked goods and burning it.
XII. Cake, Pastries and Doughnuts
These products generally contain shortening, emulsifiers, flavors and other kosher sensitive ingredients, and therefore reliable supervision is necessary.
XIII. Dairy Products
A. Milk:
Rabbinic law requires that there be supervision during the milking process to ensure that the source of the milk is from a kosher animal. Following the opinion of many rabbinic authorities, OU policy is that in the United States, the Department of Agriculture's regulations and controls are sufficiently stringent to ensure that only cow's milk is sold commercially. These government requirements fulfill the Rabbinical requirement for supervision. However, some individuals are more stringent and only consume milk that was produced with full-time supervision. This is known as cholov yisroel.
B. Cheese:
All cheeses require kashrus certification, including hard cheeses (Swiss, cheddar, etc.) and soft cheeses (cottage, farmer, pot, and cream cheese). Rennet, processed from the stomachs of unweaned calves, is often used in the production of hard cheese as a curdling and coagulating agent. Kosher hard cheese is produced with microbial rennet, which is derived from kosher sources. Because hard cheese is typically made with animal rennet, the Rabbinic sages decreed that even when animal rennet is not used, a full-time supervisor must be present to guarantee the kosher integrity of the product. Hard cheese produced with kosher ingredients and a full-time supervisor is known as gevinas yisroel.
Soft cheeses may contain cultures and flavors that are not kosher. Since these products are pasteurized, the kosher integrity of the equipment is an issue as well.
XIV. Pareve Foods:
The adjective 'pareve' means that the food item does not contain dairy or meat ingredients, and it was not processed with heat on dairy or meat equipment. Pareve foods are neutral and may be eaten with meat or dairy foods.
A. OU policy is that dairy or meat items are labeled OU-D and OU Dairy or OU Meat respectively. An item that is labeled OU without a suffix can be assumed to be pareve. Nonetheless, we recommend checking the ingredients listed on the label, since on rare occasions, the OU-D is inadvertently omitted.
B. Sherbets:
According to government standards, any product labeled 'sherbet' or 'fruit sherbet' must contain milk and is, therefore, not pareve. Water ices may be pareve or dairy, which will be reflected in the OU designation.
C. Margarine:
Margarine contains oils and glycerides and requires rabbinic certification. Margarine may contain up to 12% dairy ingredients, and some margarines are OU Dairy while others are pareve.
D. Many non-dairy creamers are, in fact, dairy and bear an OU-D. The government requires that creamers be labeled "non-dairy" if milk derivatives are used instead of whole milk.
XV. Natural and Health Foods
With the proliferation of so-called "Natural" or "Pure" and similarly promoted health food products in the United States, some clarification is in order with regards to their kashrus status. There is a mistaken notion that natural products are inherently kosher. In fact, all non-kosher food items are natural, and therefore natural has no bearing on the kosher status.
XVI. Wines and Grape Products
All grape juice, grape wines or brandies must be prepared under strict Orthodox Rabbinic supervision. Once the kosher wine has been cooked, no restrictions are attached to its handling. Such products are generally labeled "mevushal".
Grape jam (produced from grape pulp) as well as all varieties of jam and jelly require supervision because they may be processed on non-kosher equipment and may contain non-kosher additives.
Grape jelly is produced from grape juice and can be used only when produced from kosher grape juice under proper supervision.
Natural and artificial grape flavors may not be used unless they are kosher endorsed. Many grape flavors contain natural grape extracts and are labeled artificial or imitation because other flavoring additives are used in the formula.
Liqueurs require supervision because of the flavorings used in these products. In addition, the alcohol base may be wine derived.
XVII: Traveling Kosher
For the businessperson or tourist traveling across the United States, kosher certified products are available almost everywhere, even in the smallest groceries in the most remote towns. However, it is much more difficult to obtain reliably kosher certified products in most foreign countries.
A traveler bringing along frozen (T.V.) dinners where only non-kosher ovens are available for reheating, may use the ovens by covering the frozen package with two layers of aluminum foil. If a microwave will be utilized, then the food must also be double wrapped. Kosher meals should be ordered in advance when traveling by plane, train or ship. These meals are also heated in non-kosher ovens. The employees of the carrier are instructed to heat these meals in the same manner that they were received; totally wrapped in double foil with the caterer's seal and the Rabbinic certification seal intact. The traveler can ascertain by the intact seals that the dinners have not been tampered. Any dinner, which is not properly sealed, should not be eaten. The kosher certification only applies to the food in the sealed package.
Any other food (rolls, wines or liqueurs, cheeses, and coffee creamers or snacks) served loose by the carrier is not included in the kosher endorsement, unless it is sealed and bears its own separate endorsement.
Do you need more information about kosher certification?
© 2021 The orthodox council of kashrut MaHaRa'L


SINGAPORE, April 16, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- ConnecTechAsia2019, Asia's Mega Infocomm Media and Technology Event, will be returning this year from 18 to 20 June in Singapore with a focus on emerging technologies enabling the rapid digital transformation of Asia's businesses and cities. The ConnecTechAsia Summit will be headlined by prolific industry leader, Harriet Green, CEO and Chairman, IBM Asia Pacific, where she will explore how the shift from digital experimentation to scale adoption of new technologies will fundamentally alter the value chains of entire industries and change the way we work and live.
A recent industry poll revealed that 94 per cent of Southeast Asian companies are confident their digital readiness will help them stay competitive -- with 93 per cent prepared to adopt new technologies to accelerate their digital transformation efforts. Despite the overall optimism, some businesses in the region are still playing catch-up in terms of adoption, while the rest of Asia powers ahead with digital transformation towards greater efficiencies and empowerment.
Themed 'Shaping Future Societies', the ConnecTechAsia2019 Summit keynote will highlight the new era of business reinvention with speakers such as Harriet touching on a wide span of topics including artificial intelligence (AI), automation, Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, 5G and more. While regional adoption rates of these technologies are still considerably lower compared to the rest of the world, organisations here have been actively experimenting with technologies such as AI and moving workloads onto the cloud.
"A new era of business reinvention is dawning. Organisations are facing an unprecedented convergence of technological, social and regulatory forces. Not only is there a clear need for any organisation to be fully digital in itself; these organisations also need to be able to accommodate high expectations from clients and deal with pervasive interconnectivity. How can organisations deliver on that? That's key question every CEO and every leader in any organisation has started asking," shares Harriet Green, CEO and Chairman, IBM Asia Pacific.
"There are three key drivers -- people, process and data – that any organisation needs to align in order to move from random acts of digital to a real, tangible digital transformation. I am excited to contribute to the discussions at the ConnecTechAsia Summit and share some of the best practices and insights for all of us to think about."
This year's ConnecTechAsia, in its new formula leverages strong partnerships with leading business intelligence and research affiliates such as Accenture, Deloitte, KPMG, Light Reading, McKinsey, Ovum, Tractica, and top brands such as Amazon, Ericsson, Google, Grab, Huawei, IBM, iflix, Mediacorp, Manulife, Microsoft, Netflix, NTT DOCOMO, Singtel, StarHub, Unilever, just to name a few, to deliver an intrinsic platform for the gathering of governments and the industry to Connect, to Shape and to Transform The Future.
From 1,800 exhibitors, 200+ conference speakers and hundreds of delegates, power-packed features including free workshops, speciality zones, immersive educational tracks and seminars, attendees will take away from ConnecTechAsia2019, the witness of the convergence of technologies, and knowledge of how these technologies will enable tomorrow's hyper connected world.


GILMER -- The Gilmer Lady Buckeyes maintained their stranglehold on the District 15-4A race thanks to an historic shooting performance from senior guard Destiny Brooks.
Brooks set school records with 42 points and 10 three-pointers in Gilmer's 74-26 rout of Kilgore on Friday night.
Gilmer improved to 24-3 overall and 5-0 in league play.
Both teams' seasons resume Tuesday. The Lady Buckeyes play host to Bullard, while Kilgore (7-17, 2-3) travels to Spring Hill.
BULLARD -- The Bullard Lady Panthers cruised to an easy 58-17 victory over Gladewater in District 15-4A action, Friday night.
Bullard (24-5, 4-1) was led by four players who scored in double figures. Allie Kirgan led the way with 14 points. Lauren Zachry and Hanna Lloyd knocked down three 3-pointers apiece and finished with 13 and 11 points, respectively.
Sydney Foster chipped in with 10 points as well.
Gladewater plays at Chapel Hill on Friday.
LONGVIEW -- The Chapel Hill Bulldogs rolled to a 69-18 rout of Spring Hill on Friday night in District 15-4A competition.
Kyia Moore led a balanced Chapel Hill (22-7, 3-2) scoring effort with 15 points. Mykaela Alfred added 14 points, April Walker contributed 13 points, while Aubrey Elder had 10.
Lacey White led Spring Hill (1-4 in district) with eight points.
TYLER -- The Tyler Grace Community Lady Cougars earned a 51-42 non-district win over Slocum on Friday.
Addie Daughtry had 20 points, including three 3-pointers, to lead Grace (21-8), while Jordan Tauscher added 13 points in the win.
Slocum (17-8) was led in defeat by Shelby Bowman's 15 points -- all on 3-point shots -- and 11 points from Jessi Ives, who knocked down a trio of 3's.
Grace returns to the court next Friday at home against Bullard Brook Hill, while Slocum travels to Evadale on Tuesday.
CORSICANA -- The Corsicana Tigers took a narrow 55-53 win over Whitehouse in a battle of first-place teams in District 17-5A on Friday.
Whitehouse (16-8, 2-1) was led in defeat by McKade Marquis, who scored 26 points. Colby Duhon added 13 points.
The Wildcats' season resumes Tuesday at home against Nacogdoches.
HARMONY -- The Sabine Cardinals remained unbeaten in District 15-3A with a 53-43 win over Harmony on Friday night.
Will Shawn sparked Sabine (18-5, 6-0) with 27 points, which included six 3-pointers.
Harmony (9-11, 2-4) was led by Waymon Lay and Spencer Seahorn, who scored 12 and 10 points, respectively.
Both teams' season continues Tuesday. Sabine plays host to Tyler Cumberland Academy, while Harmony visits Troup.
SLOCUM -- Milford sent the Slocum Mustangs to their second consecutive District 27-A loss, 59-57, Friday night.
Slocum (13-13, 2-2) got 15 points apiece from Keet Cockerham and Alex Maldonado in the loss. Jacob Lane chipped in with 13 points.
The Mustangs are back in action next Friday when they play host to Trinidad.


How to include "Free Trial" in the Pricing Table?
Need some information related to pro sites.
Do I have to make Free it's own level if I want a limited free Trial?
Looks like the Free Trial in Pro Sites settings just puts a sentence at the bottom to signup free. Not a column in the pricing table.
cause the built-in Free in settings seems to only be for the plans correct?
The free trial as a plan. I only want the Free to be temporary then they can upgrade to paid. So the PRO could say something more clear to free for 30 days or such. I want to allow them 30 days free trial but make it very clear it's free... and allow 90 days with coupon code.
(1) is there a way to make the free trial have its own permissions, like no domain mapping, and be very clear on the Pricing page to encourage people to try?
(2) If that's impossible in Pro Sites then we can do the Ads supported free page but.. can we get emails somehow of just the free users to email them coupon codes or encouragement to upgrade.
I'm afraid that what you are looking for is not quite possible because free and free trial are different things.
Free Trial will have limited time, the one that you set, and during that time they will have all the pro features of the level they have selected.
Free account on other hand is not time limited but it doesn't have access to premium features.
You can't create separate table for Free Trial but for Free it is possible with bit of a custom coding.
Would this do the trick for you?


text:
Does it Matter if You're Black or White?
By doceggfan
I know what you're thinking. You're thinking that this post will relate to the design shift from white to black in the old US of A-NTSC land. Well, you'd be wrong, I'm not going to talk about that. It's already common knowledge and well understood, though I will just quickly mention that it's supremely handy that both designs use a standard 10.2mm CD jewel case with a clear plastic tray. These are dime-a-dozen and can easily be replaced if you want to return your collection to showroom condition.
Nope, not going to talk about these.
The situation is completely unlike our horrendous PAL counterparts. While it's nice that they stayed pretty consistent in design over the brief lifespan of the Dreamcast, which appeals to the OCD in me (more on that later) as they look nice and uniform on the shelf, it is a hell-ish nightmare-scape of torment to keep them in pristine condition, and often involves spending a small fortune on duplicates and crappy games, just so you can cannibalise the unbroken hinges and crackless facades for incorporation into your core set.
Early and late releases aren't much different, apart from the giant Dreamcast banner on the latter.
Did they think that a larger font was going to solve all their problems?
But I've already kind of got off topic, in a sense. I started going down this rabbit hole when I wanted to replace the black trays of recent independent releases James & Watch: Arm and Leona's Tricky Adventures with more appropriately coloured white trays. I could have gone with clear trays, like the American releases, but since there is no inlay art, the white plastic of the Japanese style release was the way to go if I wanted these new games to look the part on any respectable Dreamcast shelf. White trays are usually hard to source, but I found a supplier in Australia (officeideas.com.au) and bought up quite a few. Not just for these games, but also for a lot of my Japanese releases that had sun-faded or damaged white trays that needed replacing.
Before: Bad
After: Good
The white tray design for Japanese Dreamcast games was probably based on a conscious decision to distinguish the Dreamcast pack from the black trays of its younger sibling Saturn, but perhaps also to invoke some rose-tinted memories of the PC Engine days of yore. NEC released its games with white trays during its successful campaign against Nintendo's carry-over champ Famicom, and presumably this might have given the Dreamcast a small nostalgia bump against its own Famicom-style adversary, the Sony Playstation.
PC Engine on the left, Dreamcast on the right.
Also notice the similar placement of company logos too, although I'm
probably starting to sound like Jesse Ventura.
After hunting through my collection though, I started to notice a small black tray infestation amongst all my gleaming white Japanese releases. How could this be? Why would Sega deny me uniformity in my collection? It seemed that the problem was limited to games released in 24mm double CD jewel cases, but not always, only some of the time.
Here are some of the culprits.
The only commonality that I could deduce from these six games as to why they were black while other double cd Dreamcast releases were white was that perhaps games with a darker theme - such as the war simulator Advanced Daisenryaku 2001, the werewolf themed visual novel Interlude, and the blood splattered interactive movie es - could opt to go with a black case instead to match their dark soul. es is also worthy of note, as it has 3 discs, which meant a standard white double case wouldn't hold all of them, which could also indicate a reason for turning black.
However, my theory was thrown out of the water when I looked at D2 - a dark game with 4 discs in a white plastic case.
That's right! Even our beloved Shenmue, one of the dreamcastiest of Dreamcast games, is guilty
of shunning the white case standard.
Now, I'm not sure whether myself or the seller I bought these games from replaced the broken or damaged white plastic case in which the game was originally sold with a shiny, new and more readily available black case, but a quick search seems to indicate that these games are always found in black cases. The decisive indication is that Shenmue is always in a black case, so it would seem that while 95% of Japanese games conform to the white standard, sometimes particular releases would stray from this uniformity.
Why Shenmue? D2 got its act together.
Being the OCD, anally retentive nut that I am, I could not let this stand. I was also curious to see how these games would look in a respectable white suit, so I started by testing Shenmue out in D2's case.
Much better, it now seems even more Shenmue-ier than ever, thanks to the power of the white plastic. What about the especially dark looking es, would it also look good in white, or would it contrast too greatly against the game's angsty dark tone? Let's find out:
I used a spare flip tray to account for the 3rd disc.
They look much better, and the itch at the back of my skull is starting to ease. Now to tackle the rest of these renegades. Luckily, my supplier also has white double cd jewel cases for sale, but I've run out of white inner trays at the moment and am waiting for a re-up. I also need to buy some extra copies of D2 for that unusual quadruple CD white case to fix all my copies of Shenmue. Handily, D2 came out in 4 different flavours, so I can plug some holes in my collection at the same time.
You're next jerks! You will soil my collection no more!
While I'm waiting, I'll just go and re-fold my socks and order my sock drawer by colour and size. Hmmm, that picture isn't hanging straight, I'll have to remember to go tear up the carpet then...
Tags: black, case, cd case, collecting, D2, DCJY Features, es, Expanding The Dreamcast Collection, japan, Japanese, jewel case, ocd, PAL, plastic, region, Shenmue, US-NTSC, white
noiseredux said...
I think my OCD is worse than yours. It would be bother me far more to know that the white backtray was not the way the game was actually released.
OOOh man, I really hate getting DC games in black cases. Even as an American, I still every now and then get one in an opaque case because the seller probably broke the original case. Luckily I don't need to buy more DC duplicates to replace the case.
DCGX said...
I only have around 100 Dreamcast games, about a third of which are Japanese. Luckily, I suppose, the three double cases are white to match the other Japanese cases. I'm not as much of a stickler about cases though, as long as the game has its original case (or style of case) that it was released in.
That said, Leona's Tricky Adventures drives me nuts with its green spine (I also swapped out its black disc tray for a white one). I'm also really hating the ReDux: Dark Matters 'Steelcase' version I have since it doesn't match the other DVD-style Dreamcast cases. I've actually been looking to trade just the steelcase for the limited edition case to make them uniform.
way2easy said...
Hi, slightly off topic but I recently sent Water Melon an email asking them if they sell PAL cases. As they seem to be the only company making new PAL cases I thought they may be able to sell a significant amount. They responded with a "sorry, but we don't sell these cases".
Maybe if they get enough emails they may start selling them?........
aha. While they look good I think my OCD sense is more along the lines of it has to be
the way the original manufacturer released the game. I currently have problems with my own DC collection as not all Clear CD cases are the originals. For example, the plastic that fits into the Center of the CD might be designed differently so simply finding a spare clear case won't always fix my itches.
I've always wanted to find a database which defines what type of CD case the Dreamcast Game's original came in. Maybe we can work together.
But damn...white does look good.
Dreamcast Magazine Issue 10
Guest Article: The Great Serial Connector Hunt
Five Dreamcast Games Better Than Street Fighter V
Shenmue. A Retraction
DreamPod - Episode 27
Le$ - Dreamcast Mixtape
Turn Your PS4 Into A Dreamcast
A Quick Look At Godzilla Generations
Dreamcast Magazine Issue 9
A Quick Look At Atari Anniversary Edition
SEGAbits Swingin' Report Show feat. DCJY
Dreamcast Cameo in 'Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris' (19...
Top 5 Dreamcast Games for Studying Japanese
This HKT-01 Dev Box Can Be Yours...For £1000
SLaVE: An Update
Developer Interview: KTX Software
Expanding the Dreamcast Collection: Part 2 - The H...
A Quick Look At Sega Smash Pack

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Wireless electric car charging coming to London
Kiss goodbye to your cables, people -- mobile phone giant Qualcomm is set to bring wireless electric car charging to London by early 2012.
Rory Reid
Nov. 10, 2011 9:54 a.m. PT
Kiss goodbye to your cables, people -- wireless electric car charging is set to become a reality in London.
Mobile giant Qualcomm has teamed up with team Boris and Transport for London to roll out the first wireless electric vehicle charging trials in L-Town by early 2012.
Chargemaster, Europe's leading operator of electric car charging infrastructure (there's not much competition), has been tasked with installing the gubbins. Fifty specially modified electric vehicles -- including electric taxis provided by Addison Lee -- will take part in the trial.
The wireless charging network will allow electric car owners to do away with cumbersome cables and top up their cars by parking over Qualcomm's wireless inductive power transfer plates, which are set to be installed in Tech City, near Canary Wharf -- our answer to Silicon Valley.
Qualcomm, best known for mobile phone chips, acquired its wireless electric charging tech following its acquisition of experts HaloIPT. The technology, based on inductive power transfer, generates an electrical current that produces a magnetic field, which in turn charges a device.
Historically, this sort of tech has been used to charge electric toothbrushes, but it's been scaled up to to provide the levels of juice required to recharge electric cars. The charging can be done while stationary, with the car parked over a charging pad, or in theory while on the move -- Scalextric-style.
HaloIPT's wireless gubbins can also leech power from an electric car's battery, putting it back into the national grid. This creates the possibility of drivers earning cash for supplying spare juice to the rest of us, though given the limited range of today's electric cars, we can't see this feature being used too often.
More useful in the short term, perhaps, is the wireless charging system's ability to work as a data network, funnelling marketing information and special promotions (cheap charging rates for regular customers, perhaps?) to individual cars.
Head over to Qualcomm website for more information or watch the video below to see it in action.
Discuss: Wireless electric car charging coming to London


Our Memory Foam Sofa bed Mattress is designed to turn your sofa bed into the ultimate sleeping surface for your body. Turn that uncomfortable sofa mattress in to a modern comfortable memory foam mattress.
Memory Foam reacts with the temperature of your body to help support your head, neck, and spine where you need it most. You can fold the mattress into your sofa like a coil mattress and it will return to its original shape. Memory foam mattresses are designed to mold and cradle every part of your body evenly which can allow you to get in your most comfortable position. Premium visco memory foam sofabed mattress has a knitted all-around cover which is breathable, moisture absorbent and naturally antibacterial with a soft luxurious feel.


text:
Q: How to always return the executed value of a getter in Mongoose? I have a mongoose schema with a getter function for one of the properties, for example:
const User = new mongoose.Schema(
    {
        active: Boolean,
        email:  {type: String, get: toLowerCase}
    }
)

and toLowerCase is defined as:
function toLowerCase(str) {
    return str.toLowerCase()
}

When I perform User.findOne(), an example object returned looks like
// user
{
    active: true,
    email: "LowerCase@gmail.com" // note: not lower-cased
}

BUT if access the email property with same object with user.email it returns lowercase@gmail.com
user.email // lowercase@gmail.com

Is there a way to have mongo directly return the executed getter value?

A: By default, Mongoose executes getters when converting a document to JSON. That means that email field in the result from User.findOne() will not be in lowercase. But, in the moment when you send your data back with res.json(), getter will be executed and the email field will be set to lowercase value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
A case of compulsive contrarianism
Rep. Ha Tae-kyung of the Bareunmirae Party raised an issue about President Moon Jae-in's bodyguard who exposed his gun while guarding the president on a visit to the Chilsung market in Daegu, home to Korean conservatism. "According to presidential security protocol, a gun cannot be pulled out without an armed threat," said Rep. Ha. Excessive presidential security force has caused a controversy several times.
It is not abnormal for presidential bodyguards to clash with civilians. But they are not fit if Daegu citizens felt nervous about the tense security. Moon's secret service should have apologized if it went against its slogan of "friendly, open and modest" security. But the Blue House acted the opposite way. Kim Eui-kyeom, the presidential spokesman, presented photos to prove that security guards carried guns during the Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye governments as well. It is pardoning itself just because the practice was used in the past administrations. "The security is certainly open!" one blogger even mocked.
The Blue House has been making a habit of finding excuses and scapegoats to blame for its mistakes and missteps. During a visit to Malaysia, President Moon said greetings in an Indonesian tongue. Instead of apologizing for the diplomatic blunder, the presidential office insisted the greeting is permissible among Malaysians.
Tak Hyun-min, Moon's protocol aide, criticized the press for making it an issue when the host country did not mind. During the president's visit to Cambodia, the Blue House's social media pages even posted a picture of a culture center in Taiwan while the president was on a state visit to Cambodia. During his visit to the Czech Republic, the Blue House said on its home page that the president was making a visit to Czechoslovakia. As usual, there was no apology for the blunder.
After an international research group found that the second strongest-ever earthquake that struck the southeastern city of Pohang in 2018 was likely triggered by the government's geothermal experiments, the ruling Democratic Party attributed it to the Lee Myung-bak administration. A responsible ruling party would have come up with a measure to prevent any future misfortunes like the earthquake that left 118 residents homeless and caused massive damage to the region from happening again.
The Blue House and loyalists of the Moon administration claim that they can do no wrong because they are clean. They refuse to admit to any flaws or criticism. According to political consultant Park Sung-min, the ruling power suffering from compulsive contrarianism.
Former President Roh Moo-hyun pressed forward by losing. Sometimes, losing can be winning, he advised.
JoongAng Ilbo, March 26, Page 30


We are so proud of you all. Look what the teacher on the Life Education Bus wrote to Mr. Farrell!
"I'm just writing to say thank you for the warm welcome to your school I received last week. I thoroughly enjoyed bringing the Life Education Centre to work with your pupils, staff and parents/carers.
I worked with all of the classes over the course of two days and was impressed with the children's behaviour, their willingness to share ideas and ask thoughtful questions. It was so nice to see how well they listened to each other and how respectful they were about differing opinions on the sensitive PSHE topics we covered."
I will look forward to working with you all again in the future.
Thank you everyone for behaving as expected and demonstrating good learning behaviours.


Finn Hall, Downtown Houston's Premier Food Hall officially opened last month, and has created quite the buzz. Finn Hall offers Downtown Houston dwellers 10 independently operated eating establishments and two full bars, including an elevated craft cocktail lounge in the mezzanine. During a recent lunch excursion to the Downtown Houston food hall I tried a little bit of everything. My Finn Hall Food Guide highlights my favorite dishes. From Craft Burger's juicy lucy truffle burger, to Dish Society's healthy power salads. It's all below. Enjoy!
Finn Hall (712 main st.) describes itself as "a beautiful, open Art Deco space to discover the latest culinary creations from local, up-and-coming chefs." The Downtown Houston food hall pays homage to the influence and importance of the European food hall, where quality, experience, and atmosphere are the three key elements. If you're hungry for something new, Finn Hall is for you!
The one point that I find unfortunate about Finn Hall is parking. There isn't a designated Finn Hall garage or lot. This Downtown Houston destination is made for folks who are downtown. Especially during the day. During my lunch visit, I found street parking a few blocks away. If you're visiting after 6pm, finding free parking on the street may not be so bad.
Finn Hall offers diners 10 options, all unique in their own right. Houston favorites like Dish Society, Goode Co. and Craft Burger can all be found under one roof. In hindsight I might say that all these choices make decision making quite difficult, so I've identified some of my favorite dishes from each place! Hopefully this will make your lunchtime at Finn Hall a bit more manageable.
Dish Society's Harvest Salad is my top pick for something healthy and fresh, especially if you're looking to celebrate the lighter side of lunch. It's a mix of organic greens, kale, butternut squash, apples, bleu cheese, & candied pecans with house maple vinaigrette. I topped it with fried chicken, because fried chicken makes everything better.
Chef Tune's burgers, fries and milk shakes will forever be my kryptonite! Especially the Juicy Lucy Truffle Burger and Lamb Poutine fries. During my visit I chatted with Chef Tune about the lack of press and attention CBFT receives from Houston food writers. As I watched the line at his pod grow longer and longer during the lunch hour, it became apparent that his food speaks for itself, with or without our help.
Yong's Korean Fried Chicken Wings are LIFE! The order comes with four wings, with your choice of sauce coating. I suggest the gochujang sauce vs. the soy ginger option. These four little wings cost $7 bucks, but were worth every penny.
This falafel-centric Mediterranean concept stole my heart at last month's grand opening. Their hummus and falafels are legit. This is another great option if you're looking for a lighter, healthier lunch option. The Oddball Veggie Sampler would be my choice. It offers a variety of daily vegetables, falafels and homemade pita chips.
Low Tide is the brain child of Harold's in the Heights owner Alli Jarret. I haven't been back to HITH since the departure of Ex. Chef Andre Ware, but was happy to see her seafood concept at Finn Hall. My goal was to try items that would act as "sides" to my tasting spread. The Hush Puppies and Crispy Crawfish Etoufee Balls were decent. I'd suggest you order Low Tides Henrietta Chicken & Biscuits instead. Crispy fried chicken stuffed in between a well made biscuit, slathered in creamy white gravy!
My lunch date is a taco/fajita connoisseur. Her one job was to review Goode Co. Taqueria's fajita taco. She was hesitant at first. Almost a bit reluctant to complete her assignment. The bribe of a sandia aguas fresca put a little pep in her step. She raved about how surprisingly delicious both the taco and drink were. I think her exact words were "this is one damn GOODE fajita taco." I'd like to add that their aguas fresca beverages are some of the best I've had!!
Hopefully my Finn Hall Food Guide will assist you during your visit to Downtown Houston's premier Food Hall.
I want to hear from you! Have you been to Finn Hall? If so, what did you order? What was your favorite restaurant or meal?


it is to us as a country.
that usually the national press doesn`t care all that much about.
low profile thing. Covering that is not a glamour job.
headline. Trump campaign guts GOP`s anti-Russia stance on Ukraine.
whoa, that little story was scary. What do you think that was all about?
accounted for inside Ukrainian politics.
due to be paid $12.7 million based on listings in this secret ledger.
Paul Manafort with Putin-linked Russian oligarchs like Oleg Deripaska.
him Kostya which is short for Konstantin.
English. He learned it at the GRU.
that`s how we talked about him.
Kiev. That`s who he works with in Ukraine. That comes out August 18th.
August 19th, Paul Manafort resigns from the Trump campaign very next day.
this lasted through the presidential election.
working on the Trump campaign.
been the one who got that plank changed in the Republican Party platform.
who did it, or at least that`s who`s bragging about doing it.
2006 is when that contract started. It didn`t say when it ended.
during the campaign with his Russian military intelligence friend.
Washington Post" breaks the news of where this ended up.
relationship with the Russian military intelligence guy.
give Russian billionaire private briefings on the 2016 campaign.
Manafort believed he was owned by Eastern European clients.
reputation and asked, quote, how do we use it to get whole?
might make them forgive my debt?
sort of exchange might be expected for providing that access.
which happened just days after the inauguration.
be compromised by the government of Russia.
Flynn was allowed to resign.
inquiry might be looking for communications related to them.
Comey still served at the FBI.
House about James Comey getting fired.
that Sean Spicer made about the Comey firing on the night Comey was fired.
lawyer on the Russia issue. This would imply that he should get one.
now reportedly wants to know how those statements came about.
list. This is what Mueller has reportedly demanded of the White House.
all days, if you do not subscribe to your local paper, you should fix that.
your local paper. Seriously. Your country needs you.
stop for a dinner tonight, you missed whole new chapters in this story.
Russian billionaire private briefings on the election.
congratulations on both these scoops.
dive going back to July 2016, but we could talk about that in a minute.
peek and then just – they`re all memorized. It`s terrible.
when I`m asked these questions, Bob Mueller knows a lot more than I do.
would benefit foreign governments and that he did not report.
reported some of this material and that could run afoul of federal law.
between that and the campaign?
connection to a foreign government.
you think that he could trade that for money, not you know what I`m saying?
I`m trying to figure out which it which direction the leverage goes here.
LEONNIG: So, clearly, we don`t know for sure.
he wanted paid by foreign clients and Deripaska was one.
It`s complicated though. I mean you could interpret the other way as well.
billionaire and there was a dispute between them.
wants. And that`s a – that`s a strange place to be.
hands of the special counsel.
really important stories, thanks for helping us understand it.
LEONNIG: You bet. Thanks, Rachel.
direct hit from Hurricane Maria today. Stay with us.
MADDOW: Puerto Rico is big. Three and a half million people live there.
There are more people in Puerto Rico than there are in Iowa or in Arkansas.
knocked out when Hurricane Maria made landfall as a category four storm.
dire estimates saying it could be up to six months to get power back on.
National Weather Service radar arrays.
U.S. Virgin Islands got hit very hard as well. You`ll remember that St.
So, Maria, as you can see there, continues across Puerto Rico right now.
Caicos Thursday night into Friday. But in Puerto Rico tonight, it is dark.
and more than 3 million Americans in the dark.
tonight and he joins us by phone.
what you`re going through tonight.
line town of Tuavaja (ph).
it will then be more dangerous than even a – the wind itself.
because of flooding and some smaller cities and towns.
hard to get through but.
until the emergency is under control.
going to be a need to evacuate people?
FEMA has had the part that was diverted because of the weather.
year, but nothing like this.
force, a concrete building, a shelter shaking.
where we`re flattened, completely lost.
normality. But up we really trust in God and trust and all our friends.
way. So, we were getting great support from the federal government.
for talking to us. Good luck tonight. Please keep us apprised.
campaign manager. You won`t believe what he`s found for work.
dealings that he`s involved with right now.
an Iraq war veteran in their family?
shoring up and standing up and defending the Iraqi government, right?
than 5,000 troops serving right now.
D.C. bureau who co-authored this scoop.
hasn`t made you feel weird.
have made even more money but instead, he was becoming toxic.
Manafort in this one story.
doing right now, because he`s still operating that way.
they should not go ahead with this.
policy, including by operating in foreign countries on something like this?
this position that was sort of outside of what was acceptable under U.S.
VOGEL: Well, it`s fun talking with you about that.
efforts after 48 hours. And again, right now, we are in hour 33.
but even still, none of that stops the clock.
south, as well. Just incredible time for this all to be happening.


Posted on Wed 01 May 2013 By OSU Open Source Lab .
Quotes and select photos from Beaver BarCamp 11 are now available on the OSU Open Source Lab's website.
A gallery of user-contributed photos from the event is also available in a Google Plus photo gallery.


text:
Irish Writer Alan McMonagle's debut novel, Ithaca, is published by PICADOR (March, 2017).
The book is available from all good bookshops.
"It's a stunner"
- Edna O'Brien
"Compelling from start to finish. Read it"
- Patrick McCabe
"Right from its remarkable opening sentence, this extraordinary debut had me hooked. A fierce, funny, on-its-own-terms, beautiful, heartbreaker of a novel"
- Joseph O'Connor
"Fast and urgent and full of feeling and savage humour and all kinds of tenderness"
- Kevin Barry
"Strange and wondrous; savage with vision, leaping with wit and moving in ways that are quite impossible to shake off, Alan McMonagle's ITHACA is a stunner"
- Belinda McKeon
"Flawless prose and razor dialogue...Mesmerising, unforgettable"
- Donal Ryan
"Full of fierce, elegant, misguided longing, and so finely written"
- Sara Baume


text:
To no one's surprise, Avi Hoffman is 'still Jewish'
By	Talia Lavin	 August 20, 2013 1:39 pm
vi Hoffman performing his play "Still Jewish After All These Years" at the Triad Theater in New York. (Facebook)
Over the course of his 90-minute one-man show, Avi Hofmann never reveals why he feels the need to remind his audience that he's still Jewish. It's hard to imagine how anyone could forget.
The 55-year-old's "Avi Hoffman: Still Jewish After All These Years" is an extended showcase of the undeniable Jewishness of his career, from his beginnings in Yiddish theater to his invitation to audition for the role of "Benjamin the shlubby Jew" on "Law & Order." With help from a multimedia slide show, Hoffman recounts his 40-year performance career. "I have every photograph, every program, every article and every review of everything I've ever done since I was 4 years old," Hoffman told SouthFlorida.com (the show originated, appropriately, in Boca Raton). Over 90 minutes, he has time to display a large swath of his collection.
The show is an unapologetic nostalgia trip, larded like Bubbie's chicken soup with plenty of schmaltz. Accompanied by the piano stylings of Michael Larsen, Hoffman faces the audience with the gravitas and ease of a veteran showman, working the cramped quarters of the Triad Theater on Manhattan's Upper West Side like a comedian from the Borscht Belt (the show also features a memorable Jackie Mason impression).
When he mentions working with Yiddish masters like Molly Picon or the legendary theater producer Joe Papp, the theater filled with appreciative sighs. It was a very Yiddish crowd on Monday night, and included Hoffman's mother, who has written a weekly column in the Yiddish Forward for 30 years.
"Still Jewish" hits some odd notes over its 90 minutes; during a medley of songs from Hoffman's favorite Jewish rockers — Paul Simon, Bob Dylan and Billy Joel — Hoffman performs the unlikely feat of transposing "Mrs. Robinson" into a rousing musical-theater ballad, warbling the "whoa whoa whoas" in a saucy vibrato that would no doubt make Simon smack his head into the nearest wall. And when describing a Japanese-language production of "Fiddler on the Roof," Hoffman gesticulates like a kung fu master and utters a series of (karate-inspired?) yelps that veer dangerously into racist caricature territory.
Many of Hoffman's jokes have the quality of shopworn standards. Though the room filled with appreciative laughter, one got the sense that the audience was laughing in recognition of punch lines they'd heard again and again.
Midway through the show, Hoffman faced the audience, sat on the stage and sang low into the microphone. It was his favorite Billy Joel ballad: "Don't Go Changing."
This seemed surprisingly apt for a show pitched to please an audience looking for a trip down memory lane, or whatever that particular avenue was called in the Jewish Bronx of the 1950s. For those of a certain age, the show is delicious for its familiarity, like the taste of your 40,000th kosher dill pickle. "Still Jewish" is sometimes sweet, sometimes sour — but rarely, if ever, surprising.


This post is about analyzing the data of YouTube. This total analysis is performed using Apache Spark. This YouTube data is publicly available and the data set is described below under the heading Data Set Description.
Using that dataset, we will perform some analysis and will draw out some insights, like what are the top 10 rated videos in YouTube and who uploaded the most number of videos.
This post will help you to understand how to handle data sets that does not have proper structure and how to sort the output of reducer.
Column 1: Video id of 11 characters.
Column 2: Uploader of the video.
Column 3: Interval between day of establishment of YouTube and the date of uploading of the video.
Column 4: Category of the video.
Column 5: Length of the video.
Column 6: Number of views for the video.
Column 7: Rating on the video.
Column 9: Number of comments on the videos.
Column 10: Related video ids with the uploaded video.
Here, we will find out what are the top five categories with maximum number of videos uploaded.
In line 1, we are creating an RDD with the existing dataset, which is inside HDFS.
In line 2, we are taking each record as input using the map method and extracting the 4th column, which is the category of the video.
In line 3, we are creating a pair of category_name,1(count) which is used to calculate how many times that the category is present.
In line 4, we are using the reduceByKey method so that all the values of that key are aggregated. Then we are swapping the category_name and its count, and sorting the result with this we will get the sorted records of category_name and its count in descending order. Finally, we are taking the top five from the list.
You can this result in the below screenshot.
In this problem statement, we will find the top 10 rated videos in YouTube.
In line2, we are first filtering the lines with more than six elements to avoid ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception and then we are using map method to pass the split line as output to the next RDD.
In line 3, we are creating a pair of key and value by using the video id, which is the first column and 7th column 7 respectively.
In line 4, we are using the reduceByKey method to find the ratings of the video, and to sort them by value, we are using the map method and swapping the key and value. Now, values become the keys and we are performing the sortByKey method and sorting the videos based on their rating and taking the top 10 videos.
This output can be seen in the below screenshot.
Hope this post has been helpful in understanding how to perform simple data analysis using Spark and Scala.
Please let us know with your feedbacks for the same.


For the University of Suffolk, maintaining and enhancing the quality of our provision is paramount. It is not enough for our students to gain awards which are consistent with the standards expected of the higher education sector - we want them to have the best possible learning experience on the way. This means listening to our students and working with them to continuously improve what we do. Students are represented at all levels in the University, from course committees through to Senate and the Board of Directors. There are also regular opportunities to provide feedback through questionnaires and surveys. The close working relationship with our students that these processes foster enables us to respond positively to their needs and expectations.
It is important for the University of Suffolk to ensure that what we deliver reaches, and in many cases surpasses, the standards expected of higher education in the UK. We do this by making sure that we are regularly scrutinised by academics from elsewhere in the university sector who are able to offer valuable advice on our provision. This includes regular feedback from the external examiners appointed to each of our courses and external input in the development and ongoing review of our courses. In addition, where appropriate, we have sought external accreditation of our courses by professional bodies such as the Nursing and Midwifery Council.
Extensive input from employers also serves to ensure that our provision is vocationally relevant and improves the employability of our graduates. In many cases, the feedback that we receive from these sources has identified features of University of Suffolk provision which are examples of good practice within the sector, which we are subsequently able to share throughout the University.


The child holds a crucial spot in every society. He is also not only vital to the realities of the present, he also determines the eventualities of the future. If he is not driving the society, he is a co-pilot. If he is not a co-pilot, he is the traffic warden. If he is not the traffic warden, then he is unavoidably the next in line to the driver's seat. And so the question of societal progress is substantially answered by this child, and the equation of national development is for none but him to solve.
The protection of the child should therefore be priority in every society of the world. This is even more so for a country like Nigeria where the average age is eighteen. The needs of the child should be met that he may in turn meet the needs of the nation. His gifts should be harnessed that he may in turn harness the gifts of the nation. And his growth must be prioritised that he may in turn foster national growth and development.
At its Seventh Congress, the United Nations (UN) affirmed this truth in approving the Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice in 1985. In the preamble, it is written that the UN recognizes: That the young, owing to their early stage of human development, require particular care and assistance with regard to physical, mental and social development and require legal protection in conditions of peace, freedom, dignity and security.
Nigeria's Child Rights Act of 2003 has introduced a great deal of child-friendly and progressive legal measures. But the fact that the law provides for the education, good health, safety and protection of the child is only the beginning. It is not enough. It is the duty of the society to also see to the effective implementation of the letters of the law, and ensure that the average child benefits from the goodwill of the lawmakers. For this reason, due attention must be paid to the justice system, where rights and duties – including of and for the child – are enforced.
During his recent visit to Nigeria, Bill Gates, the world's second richest man, reminded us that one in three children is chronically malnourished and could be at risk of stunting. This fact does not have a direct bearing on the justice system, but it reflects the level of neglect suffered by the Nigerian child, which inevitably has penetrated the doors into the compounds of justice.
Though the law prescribes for underage offenders to be remanded in juvenile homes, we many of them instead in typical prisons, wining and dining with adult convicts. Just last year, the Chief Judge of Lagos State, Justice Olufunmilayo Atilade, granted pardon to 209 juvenile offenders detained in various prisons across the state. Many of these child-inmates are accused of petty crimes or even whipped up charges. Yet they are locked up with much older criminals, in overcrowded prison cells, living in the worst of living conditions.
The police would arrest children indiscriminately on the streets or upon the request of a Nigerian big man, they charge them to court without any legal aid or even just remand them without trial, they jack up their ages so they can keep them in the prison among adult offenders, and treat them just as bad as others. This is a pattern that recurs every now and then, with different victims each time – every one of them innocent, naïve, or at least deserving of fair hearing and just treatment.
In a nutshell, a lot of progress has been made but a lot more still has to be done if we truly want to protect the Nigerian child from injustice – whether as a complainant or as a defendant. Our police need to be reoriented and stopped from maltreating children in the name of law enforcement. Our courts need to have designated judges and designated family courts for children. Our prison system needs more jails meant only for children so that they are mixed up with and influenced by hardened criminals. And more correctional centres need to spring as well as borstal institutions. We certainly do not have enough.
Apart from these, it is high time our child justice system shifted focus away from custodial to non-custodial sentencing. The best form of reformation for children is not to be locked up in walls and away from society. It is not to subject them to psychological torture. It is to empower them, make them feel useful, give them a sense of belonging and a sense of purpose. And these cannot be achieved in prison walls, but in centres specially structured for the purpose. If at all a child is sentenced to prison, it must be for a definite number of years, for a serious offence committed over and over, and for the greater good of the society – not merely out of the urge to punish.
Again the child occupies a crucial spot in the dynamics of any society, and it is only natural that this is reflected in such society's temple of justice. For centuries, the Latin maxim, let justice be done even it heaven falls, has been thought an ideal all stakeholders in the justice system should aspire towards. This is remarkable, but a little tweak is hereby proposed as a similar ideal worthy of our admiration and labour. Let justice be done even if it were for a child.


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Wetherby War Memorial - The Great War 1914 - 1918
Private Ernest Walker
Gunter, R B N
Durrant, C M
Weston, C G
Kelly, K G
Armitage, G J
Durrant, H M L
Hargreaves, J P
March, G
Dukes, W
Fowler, R
Westerman, H
Kirk, J C
Wiggins, T A
Telford, G
Harper, J W
Alexander, H W
Mason, T F
Wilkinson, W
Brown, C
Adkin, J
Barton, F
Hobman, A
Webster, A E
March, E A
Miller, G
Hannan, E
Utley, G
Walker, F
Bygrave, E W
Chapman, E
Varley, N W
Bowen, F J
Byrom, F
Backhouse, S
Dalby, M
Crossland, A
Crossley, J S
Dean, R
Frost, A E
Hodgson, F H
Holt, J
Hood, W H
Kitchen, T
Linfoot, E
Metcalfe, J C
Marsden, J
Pawson, W
Precious, G
Scutt, T G
Shields,P
Wiggins, J
Young, T
Pratt, W
Taylor, H
Dawson, G W
Lister, J
Binge, T
Atack, G
Durham, E F
Precious, G R
Wheelhouse Smith, W
Backhouse, H
Swann, J W
Burnsides, G A
Coles, W
Kelly, H W
Miles, J G
Tapsell, K
1/5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment
Died Saturday 1st July 1916
Cemetery : Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France
Grave Reference or Panel Number : Pier and Face 2A, 2C and 2D
Son of Henry and Elizabeth Walker of Westgate, Wetherby.
Ernest was born at Wetherby on the 27th May 1893 to parents Henry, occupation, a Domestic Gardener, and Elizabeth Walker, the family residing at Walton Cottage located in Walton Lane.
By 1903, the family had relocated to premises in Fox Yard, located off Bank Street behind the Fox Inn Public House. In the Electoral Register of the following year, the Walker family are recorded as residing in Kell's Yard, off Westgate. (Authors note: This location could in fact be the Yard located opposite the Fox Inn. The Yard itself being named after Councillor Thomas Kell, a local solicitor).
The 1911 Census details now record at this period that Henry was in the employment of Wetherby Rural District Council as a Highway Labourer, Ernest, now aged 17 years, employed as a Grocer's Errand Lad.
With the family now consisting of five children, Fred, employed as a Warehouseman for the Co-operative, William, a Domestic Gardener, Lily, a Domestic Servant at Home and Henry attending School, Ernest took the opportunity to enlist in the local Territorial Force contingent, the 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment.
An analysis of the serial number issued to Ernest, 1490, indicates an enlistment in August 1913, this act taking place at Wetherby Town Hall, the Drill Hall of "F" Company. Upon attesting, his service obligation would be that of four years service in the United Kingdom with the Territorial Force. After a series of questions put towards the recruit before enlistment, a declaration and an oath would then be taken before the Attesting Officer or Magistrate, in this case, one Second-Lieutenant Charles Ellis Foulds, employed at the London City & Midland Bank and also the Secretary of the Wetherby Hockey Club. The son of a Colliery and Coal Merchant, Foulds had received his commission on the 17th June 1913 and would eventually rise to the rank of Captain.
After receiving a medical inspection conducted by the attending Medical Officer, Herbert Hargreaves M.B. of Collingham, he was then declared "Fit," the Approving Officer, Captain and Adjutant of the 5th West Yorkshire Regiment, Percy Gordon Williamson, then signing the document.
At this period, the Territorial Force were under strength and struggling to find new recruits. In the Wetherby area and in the County in general, a concerted effort was made to find recruits to fill the ranks of the 5th Battalion. One of Second-Lieutenant Foulds first duties as an officer was a recruitment drive in the district, an analysis of various sources indicating amongst others, the enlistment of William Pratt (1489), killed in action in 1917 whilst serving with the 2/6th West Yorkshire's.
In early August 1913, the 1st West Riding (Territorial) Division attended their Annual Camp at Aberystwith, Wales. Exactly one year later, the 1st West Riding Brigade containing the 5th, 7th and 8th Battalion's, West Yorkshire Regiment, were once again attending or about to attend their two week Annual Camp at Scarborough when on the 4th August 1914, war was declared on Germany. With most of the men of the 5th Battalion enjoying their free time wandering around the town, at the battalion's camp located on Scarborough Racecourse near Seamer, the news was received with both trepidation and excitement. For the men of both the 7th and 8th Battalion's (Leeds Rifles), the news was greeted with a certain amount of disapointment, not just because the storm clouds of war were looming, but that they had just arrived at the camp, looking forward to the chance of momentarily escaping the hardships of life and work in the city of Leeds. For the men of the 5th Battalion, they had been 'lucky' in certain respects having already having spent one week on the east coast enjoying glorious weather however if events had transpired, they themselves were due to be replaced in the following week by the men of the 6th Battalion.
Men were now rallied at speed for departure to York. Special trains were detailed at Scarborough Railway Station to overcome a further influx of holiday crowds, those already in the town estimated at 70,000 people with a further 30,000 expected.
The first to depart the town was the 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil Ernest Wood V.D., each train detailed to depart within an hour of each other. As thousands of people assembled to witness the departure of the "Terriers," the 5th Battalion were followed by the 7th and 8th Battalion's (Leeds Rifles) under the commands of Lieutenant-Colonel's Albert Edward Kirk V.D. and Edwin Kitson Clark T.D. respectively. The Yorkshire Post dated the 4th August 1914 records their departure as follows:-
"The Leeds Rifles had a particularly hearty send-off. As soon as the strains of the "Ca Ira," the regimental march, were heard in the distance, a huge crowd collected outside the departure platform, and cheered almost without a break until the last file had wheeled inside the gateway. When, a few minutes later, the 8th Battalion appeared, some of the crowd took up the music of the band and sang "The Old Folks At Home." Now and again the old cry was heard, "Are we down-hearted?" to which there came from a number of tongues vigorous denial. The spectators gave salvoes of cheers, and the ladies waved handkerchiefs."
Upon arrival at their respective barracks, it was not long before orders arrived for the constituent units of the 1st West Riding Brigade to concentrate at Selby. By the 5th August, a telegram was sent to York by the Officer Commanding 6th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Oswald Wade, this stating that the battalion was virtually at full strength, a further telegram sent on the 8th reporting that the 6th West Yorkshire's were now at War Establishment, a remarkable feat of organisation by any standard.
The respective battalions now prepared for entrainment, the 6th from Belle Vue Barracks, Bradford, the 7th from Carlton Barracks and the 8th from Whitehall Road and Green Lane Council Schools, Leeds, respectively. On the 10th August, the 6th Battalion more or less 'slipped' away from the Midland Station at Bradford without pomp or ceremony unlike the 7th and 8th Battalion's of the Leeds Rifles, the 7th being addressed before their departure by both their Colonel and the Earl of Harewood, Lord-Lieutenant of the West Riding. The 7th West Yorkshire's were the first to depart wearing full service dress and with rifles slung over shoulders. Marching via Woodhouse Lane, Briggate and Kirkgate, Marsh Lane Goods Station was eventually reached, the men then entraining for Selby. For the 8th Battalion, their route of march would witness them passing down Wellington Street and then Boar Lane, the latter lined with crowds cheering loudly as the men passed by. It must have been a sight to behold as the crowd and the men were swept with patriotic fervour however tragically, it was not without incident. Rifleman Thomas Beckwith, 1430, aged 37 years, a soldier with "D" Company of the 7th Battalion and a resident of 14 Kelsall Terrace, Burley, Leeds, was thrown from his horse in Clay Pit Lane on the journey to Marsh Lane. A Boot Riveter by trade and a married man with children, Thomas died on the 12th August at Leeds General Infirmary after sustaining a fractured skull. Originally interred in Woodhouse Cemetery on the 14th August, Thomas now lies in Lawnswood Cemetery, Leeds.
It is now that we turn our attentions to the 5th West Yorkshire's. The City of York, as one could imagine, was by now virtually bursting at the seems as men flocked to the city either to enlist or re-enlist in the Line and Special Reserve Battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment. Such was the influx of men that accommodation was at a premium, some men were lucky to be housed in Fulford Barracks but for some, tents had to be established in the Barracks Square.
Upon their return from Scarborough, the 5th West Yorkshire's had mustered at their Headquarters located in St. Andrewgate (Colliergate Drill Hall) whereupon equipment was issued from the West Riding Territorial Association stores. As previously stated, accommodating the men was a serious issue and to this end the 'Out-Companies' from Ripon, Harrogate and Selby were found billets in Haxby Road Council School. As per the other constituent units of the 1st West Riding Brigade, the 5th Battalion journeyed to Selby by 'special' train and once assembled, the brigade numbered about 4000 men. Accommodation once again proved to be problematic however some men were to be found billeting arrangements in private houses whilst the remainder would be placed under canvas.
War Establishment
It is of interest to note that the 5th Battalion, even by the 28th August, were short of their full establishment. In Harrogate, Frederick Arthur Kelley, late Captain of the 1st West Riding Royal Engineers and now commanding the Harrogate Defence League, was tasked to make strenuous efforts to find yet more recruits without interfering with those responding to Kitchener's 'Call to Arms.' About fifty men were required and if none were to be found, there was a possibility that drafts would have to be found from outside the natural recruitment area of the battalion. Kelley enthusiastically set about his own recruitment drive, men being found from a variety of sources, some from the National Reserve but also men who had previously served with the Territorial Force but who were now time expired.
Harry Westerman of Horsefair, Wetherby, had previously served for a number of years with the 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment. Time expired, Harry re-enlisted at York on the 18th August 1914, the attesting officer being one Captain Alwyne Percy Dale, a veteran of the South African War and a resident of York. The 3rd September 1914 proved to be a good day for Kelley and his recruitment drive, one example of a number of men who enlisted on this date being one Harold Slee, 2185, a native of Pannal and aged 24 years.
The problem however of reaching War Establishment was not unique to the 5th Battalion. The 7th Battalion (Leeds Rifles) did not complete full establishment until the 16th August, the Yorkshire Post dated the 17th August declaring the rank and file as numbering 1,020 once complete. Their sister battalion, the 8th, were in a similar predicament to that of the 5th with a shortfall of 50 men to bring them up to an establishment of 1,010 but recruitment had moved swifltly in Leeds and by nightfall on the 17th, the Yorkshire Evening Post announced that the battalion had reached their allocated strength.
As the men set about various tasks involved with the act of mobilisation, yet still more men arrived at Selby to train with the territorials. Men arrived from the Jewish community of Leeds as well as men of the National Reserve, transferred to the 7th and 8th Leeds Rifles. Even before the 1st West Riding Brigade had arrived in the town, a detachment of twenty men of "D" Company of the Selby contingent of the 5th West Yorkshire's had been detached to guard a War Office powder magazine located on the Selby - Market Weighton railway line at Barlby. The remainder of this company, numbering 66 men under the command of Captain Henry Cooper Scott, then proceeding to York to join their battalion.
As the County of Yorkshire mobilised their respective territorial units, one section of the 1st West Riding Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps arrived at Selby to set up a Field Hospital. Provision for recreation tents was also submitted by the Y.M.C.A. to establish and make available their resources pending substantial funding.
The threat of an enemy invasion was also foremost in everyone's mind to the extent that some of the men became undoubtedly nervous and likely to act in haste. At just after 3 a.m. on the morning of the 17th August, the "Ammonia," a steamer belonging to a chemical firm from Goole under the command of Captain J. Robinson, proceeded up the River Ouse in the direction of York. As the ship approached the Selby Railway Swing Bridge, the vessel was challenged by the sentry on duty and after repeated calls whereupon there was no reply, he duly opened fire. Upon the commotion, the guard on duty then turned out as the boat continued onwards towards the toll bridge and began to fire volleys of rifle fire at the steamer which was then compelled to stop, three rounds being lodged in the funnel of the boat. Captain Robinson was then brought ashore and questioned as to why he had failed to stop the vessel when challenged. He stated that he was unaware that the steamer was likely to be challenged and he believed that the engines had in fact ceased operation but that the boat was carried forward by the incoming tide. The identity of the sentry and the guard are unknown but there is no question that this escapade brought much amusement to those who were not involved in the 'fighting' in the days to come.
Hydraulic Bridge, Selby. Author's Collection.
York Knavesmire
On the 19th August, the 1/1st West Riding Brigade relocated to a camp near Selby. The precise location of the camp is unknown but the Author is of the opinion that this may have been located near Barlby and in close proximity to the Powder Magazine and associated rail and road networks. One may surmise that the 'camp' was not an established facility for example, as late as October 1915, the Second Line Territorial Battalion of the Regiment, the 2/5th, had to find accommodation on a march to York at Selby in four schools and halls, transport animals being housed in an old disused mill.
It is of interest to note that certainly after the 17th August, newspaper articles referring to the exact location of the West Riding Brigade are virtually non existent. The reality of the seriousness of the situation it would appear, had been impressed by higher authority upon the various newspapers reporting every movement of the brigade, a news 'blackout' in essence. Tempest's History Of The Sixth Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, records that on the 24th August, the battalion, in brigade, had moved to the Knavesmire (York Racecourse), this date of relocation being confirmed by a variety of sources. Although the stay of the brigade on the Knavesmire was only about one week, a letter published in the Yorkshire Post dated the 7th September describes some of the facilities available to the men and the general daily routine. Wrote by the Reverend Stanley Bickersteth D.D., Chaplain 2nd Class (T.F.) to the Leeds Rifles and dated the 24th August, the following extract is an abridged account of the aforementioned letter:-
"I write here on duty as chaplain of the Leeds Rifles, and my work yesterday will give you a sample of my work. At 7 I celebrated the Holy Communion for the 7th and 8th Battalions in the Y.M.C.A. tent, using the sacred vessels which the officers subscribed to purchase a year ago. At 9 I conducted the parade service, and preached to over 2,000 men, the General, Sir Herbert Plumer, K.C.B., and his staff attending. At the close of the service I gave a message to the troops from the Archbishop, whose home at Bishopthorpe is hard by, that he was sending a large marquee, 120 feet long, to be used as a reading, writing, and games tent, alongside of the invaluable Y.M.C.A. tent already pitched."
In August, Temporary Brigadier-General Frederic Alexander MacFarlan had been appointed the G.O.C. of the 1/1st West Riding Brigade. An accomplished officer who had served with the Cameron Highlanders in Sudan, Egypt, South Africa and China, MacFarlan was also an excellent sportsman who excelled in both cricket and rowing.
Command of the West Riding Division had been assumed by Major-General Thomas Stanford Baldock C.B. in September 1911. Originally commissioned into the ranks of the Royal Artillery in April 1873, Baldock had performed good service in South Africa and in addition to his military attributes, he was also an accomplished and published historian.
In command of the 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, was one Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil Ernest Wood V.D. Originally commissioned into the 1st West Riding of Yorkshire Volunteers in April 1886, Wood served as a Captain with the 1st Volunteer Service Company of the 2nd West Yorkshire Regiment in the South African War (Second Boer War) and was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with Three Clasps (Orange Free State, Transvaal and Laing's Nek). After the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act of 1907 was introduced, in effect the creation of the Territorial Force, Wood was appointed to the 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, in November 1908.
It was whilst in camp at York that the 6th Battalion volunteered for foreign service, the first battalion in the brigade to do so. The Yorkshire Post dated the 4th September recorded that on this day news was received by the West Riding County Association that in addition to the troops enumerated in the appeal over the names of the Earls of Harewood and Scarborough, Lord-Lieutenant and Chairman of the West Riding County Association respectively, the 5th, 7th and 8th Battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment had also been selected for foreign service. In addition to these units of the 1/1st West Riding Brigade, the 5th and the 7th Battalions of the West Riding Regiment (Duke of Wellington's) of the 2nd West Riding Brigade also volunteered, the news of all these units volunteering also being announced in the Post on the 4th by Brigadier-General Horatio Reginald Mends, Secretary of the West Riding of York County Association dated the 2nd September.
It was on or about the 31st August that the respective battalions of the 1/1st West Riding Brigade proceeded to Strensall Camp. The camp was established by the War Office in 1884