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An Interview with Howard Zinn
Posted on May 22, 2006 by Howard Zinn Website
Interview by Shelly R. Fredman
When I arrived at Boston university in 1978, it was like showing up at a party after all the guests had gone home. The Civil Rights movement and the Vietnam War protests were over, and everyone around me was studying business and honing their resumes. The Sixties had died. All the activists were gone.
Except for Howard Zinn. You could sign up for Zinn's classes, "Marxism" and "Anarchism," and there, every Tuesday and Thursday, you could hear the stories no one else would tell you: Columbus's arrival on these shores from the Arawak Indian's point of view, Emma Goldman's message to the unemployed in Union Square, black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, who one day sat down at the Woolworth's counter where only whites could eat. Now, some twenty years later, in the wake of Katrina, mired in Bush's reckless reign and the ever-escalating death toll in Iraq, it seemed a good time to revisit Zinn.
Best known for A People's History of the United States, Howard Zinn has been a professor, radical historian, social activist, and intellectual leader of the Left for forty years. In over twenty books, he has devoted himself to connecting America's past with its present, providing a frame for left-wing activism and politics.
Praised by academics and lay readers alike, Zinn feels more at home on the streets than in the ivory tower.
Zinn's message of hope is unflinching, and he is busier than ever. He has written a play, "Marx in Soho," is producing a People's History of the United States television series, and his new book, Original Zinn, will be released in July. He seems to have stashed De Leon's fountain of youth in his back pocket. Though we are seated at a small table drinking coffee, occasionally he still moves his large hands through the air, as he did in class, underscoring the urgency of his words. And at the end of his most radical sentences, a wry smile lights up his eyes, as if he's imagining the glorious trouble we the people can, and will, make.
Shelly R. Fredman: Since the context of this interview is Tikkun, I'd like to start by asking you about Michael Lerner's new book, The Left Hand of God. In it, Lerner says that, post 9/11, a paradigm of fear has gripped our culture and been used to manipulate the public into supporting politicians who are more militaristic. How would you characterize the post 9/11 world?
Howard Zinn: Michael Lerner is certainly right about how fear has been used since 9/11 to push the public into support of war. "Terrorism" is used the way "communism" was used all through the Cold War, the result being the deaths of millions and a nuclear arms race which wasted trillions of dollars that could have been used to create a truly good society for all.
SF: Lerner also claims that the parts of our cultural heritage that embody elements of hope are dismissed as naaive, with little to teach us. You must have had your own bouts with critics who see your vision as naíve.
How do you address them?
HZ: It's true that any talk of hope is dismissed as naíve, but that's because we tend to look at the surface of things at any given time. And the surface almost always looks grim. The charge of naíveté also comes from a loss of historical perspective. History shows that what is considered naíve in one decade becomes reality in another.
How much hope was there for black people in the South in the fifties? At the start of the Vietnam War, anyone who thought the monster war machine could be stopped seemed naive. When I was in South Africa in 1982, and apartheid was fully entrenched, it seemed naive to think that it would be dissolved and even more naive to think that Mandela would become president. But in all those cases, anyone looking under the surface would have seen currents of potential change bubbling and growing.
SF: Has the Left responded adequately to the kind of fascism we see coming from Bush's people? Street protests seem to be ineffective; it's sometimes disheartening.
HZ: The responses are never adequate, until they build and build and something changes. People very often think that there must be some magical tactic, beyond the traditional ones-protests, demonstrations, vigils, civil disobedience-but there is no magical panacea, only persistence in continuing and escalating the usual tactics of protest and resistance. The end of the Vietnam War did not come because the Left suddenly did something new and dramatic, but because all of the actions built up over time.
If you listen to the media, you get no sense of what's happening. I speak to groups of people in different parts of the country. I was in Austin, Texas recently and a thousand people showed up. I believe people are basically decent, they just lack information.
SF: You have been outspoken against the war in Iraq. Despite all the chaos we've heard may ensue, do you still believe we should get out of Iraq now?
HZ: Yes, we should immediately withdraw. There will be chaos – it is actually there already, and much of the chaos and violence has come about because of our involvement. But that doesn't change the fact that our occupation of Iraq is wrong.
What's more troubling [than a military mistake] is that this is an administration that is impervious to pressure. If you listen to LBJ's tapes, where he discusses the escalation of the war in Vietnam, you can hear that he is torn.
Still, the good news is that more and more of us are becoming aware of Bush's true nature. Less than fifty percent of Americans are for the war, and forty percent are calling for [Bush's] impeachment.
Tikkun… to heal, repair, and transform the world. All the rest is commentary. A Jewish magazine. An Interfaith movement.
SF: Where do you see the Democrats in all this? What of their role, their responsibility?
HZ: The Democratic Party is pitiful. Not only are they not articulating a spiritual message, as Lerner says, they don't even have a political message. The Democrats are tied to corporate wealth. And they are incompetent when it comes to understanding how to win elections. By the time Kerry ran, the public had actually shifted.
Fifty percent were against the war. The Democrats should have been saying they would end the war, and make those dollars available for healthcare.
SF: What about the upcoming crop of presidential candidates-Hillary Clinton, for instance?
HZ: Hillary Clinton is so opportunistic. She goes where the wind is blowing. She doesn't say what needs to be said. And Barack Obama is cautious. He's better than Clinton, but I'd suggest Marian Wright Edelman as the Democratic candidate for president. Shethe epitome of what we need. A very smart black woman who deals with children, poverty… She's in the trenches, and she ties it in with militarization. But she doesn't come out of government.
That's another problem-the Democratic Party is a closed circle. It may take a threatening third party to shake things up.
SF: Many people believe that history is a pendulum, and that we are overdue for a swing to the Left. Lerner, for instance, views American history as an oscillation between the voices of hope and the voices of fear-the fear after the stock market crash in 1929, the hope of the New Deal, the fears of McCarthyism, the hope of the Civil Rights movement and social change movements in the sixties. Is this a compelling view of history?
HZ: Without making it chronological, like a roller coaster, with predictable ups and downs, it's certainly true that in any period there are voices that demand maintenance of the status quo, and other voices demanding change. In other words, it isn't so much a period of hope, then a period of fear, etc. But in every period there are both tendencies, with one or another dominant and the dominant characteristic often leads to a simplified picture of an era.
My differences with Lerner, though, reside in the proportion of attention he pays to spiritual values. These are important, but they're not the critical issue. The issue is how are people living and dying. People are dying in Iraq and our wealth is being squandered on war and the military budget.
SF: Don't you believe the Left needs to address spiritual needs to win? How else can we galvanize the heartland, people taken in by the religious rhetoric of Bush?
HZ: Yes, there are special needs and they need to be addressed. But after the last election there was a kind of hysteria among liberal pundits about a "failure" to deal with the moral issues. There is a hard core for whom religion is key. They are maybe twenty-five percent of the population. It's a mistake to try to appeal to that hard core.
I define the spiritual in emotional terms-to the extent that religion can draw on the Ten Commandments (for example, thou shalt not kill), it is important. And I find the spiritual in the arts, because they nourish the spirit and move people. Artists like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, for example, and now Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam. We need more of these.
It's not that people are turned off by the Left. The Left hasn't reached out to people with a clear, coherent, and emotional message. The Left often does not know how to talk to other people. Tikkun itself appeals to intellectuals.
I've never spoken the language of ivory tower academics. And there are other voices on the Left that speak in understandable language. For instance, Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed, in which she took menial jobs across the country and wrote about those lives, was a bestseller. There's an emotionalism to her message that makes contact and touches thousands. Michael Moore's movies have been seen by all sorts of people. GI's in Iraq watched his movie. We just have to do more along those lines.
SF: Many on the Left seem to identify religion with the fundamentalist versions of it we see in the worst moments of human history. Do you see any value in religious ideas and traditions? If I can get personal: do you identify at all as a Jew, with the Jewish story? Is there anything in it that's meaningful to you? Are there any thoughts of the world beyond this one-where, for example, you can sit with Marx in Soho and eat Deli Haus blintzes together?
HZ: If I was promised that we could sit with Marx in some great Deli Haus in the hereafter, I might believe in it! Sure I find inspiration in Jewish stories of hope, also in the Christian pacifism of the Berrigans, also in Taoism and Buddhism. I identify as a Jew, but not on religious grounds. Yes, I believe, as Pascal said, "The heart has its reasons which reason cannot know." There are limits to reason. There is mystery, there is passion, there is something spiritual in the arts – but it is not connected to Judaism or any other religion.
For those who find a special inspiration in Judaism or Christianity or Buddhism or whatever, fine. If that inspiration leads them to work for justice, that is what matters.
Published by ZCommunications • May 22, 2006
Category: Articles & Interviews, Interviews With Howard Zinn Tags: Politics, Possibility, War, ZCommunications
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Wisconsin Watch Media Partners Center (https://partners.wisconsinwatch.org/2020/04/investigative-reporter-position/)
Jobs at WCIJ
Wisconsin Watch hiring investigative reporter to dig into the coronavirus crisis, voter disinformation and suppression
By Wisconsin Watch | April 30, 2020
Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit newsroom that focuses on government integrity and quality of life issues. Sign up for our newsletter for more stories and updates straight to your inbox.
Wisconsin Watch is seeking an investigative reporter to examine the coronavirus crisis, voter suppression and disinformation, and other key issues in Wisconsin — a politically divided state that may shape the outcome of the presidential election.
This one-year, limited term position is ideal for a relentless investigative reporter. Start date for the position is negotiable.
The reporter will help lead fact-checked investigative reporting projects, often in collaboration with other news outlets. Ongoing projects include Outbreak Wisconsin, which chronicles people's journeys through the pandemic, exposes failing systems and explores solutions; Narrow Margin, our investigation of voter suppression, disinformation and voting system integrity in Wisconsin's 2020 election; and News414, which connects underserved Milwaukee neighborhoods with journalists who address their information needs via a free texting service.
Emily Hamer / Wisconsin Watch
Wisconsin Watch and WPR reporter Sarah Whites-Koditschek conducts an interview in Iowa County, Wis., on Dec. 18, 2018.
Wisconsin Watch is the news outlet of the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism, a nonpartisan, independent nonprofit based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication. Like many organizations, we're working from home until conditions improve.
Our mission is "to increase the quality, quantity and understanding of investigative journalism to foster an informed citizenry and strengthen democracy."
Our multimedia journalism digs into undercovered issues, documents broken and failing systems, puts findings into regional and national contexts and explores potential solutions. We aim for impact that improves people's lives and holds power to account.
The Center also trains current and future investigative journalists through workshops, internships and fellowships, mentoring and collaborations with journalism classes and news organizations. And we share information about journalistic practices, ethics and impact with the public.
The Center's guiding values: Protect the vulnerable. Expose wrongdoing. Explore solutions.
If you have just some of the skills listed below, or others we failed to list, please consider applying for this position, especially if you are a candidate whose experience includes working with diverse members of the public. We are a nimble organization that strives to make the best use of the skills of our staff, and is dedicated to developing them.
The reporter will:
Work with the managing editor, investigations editor and multimedia editor to strategize, frame, report and write news stories.
Develop sources and report in diverse communities, including urban and rural, and engage members of the public in identifying breakdowns in systems, attempts to dissuade or mislead residents and explorations of potential solutions to problems.
Cultivate collegial and productive relationships with other news organizations.
Work with student-journalists, including in a classroom setting or online learning environment, and early-career journalists working as interns and fellows for Wisconsin Watch.
Location: The reporter will ideally be located in or near Madison or Milwaukee and should expect to travel regularly throughout Wisconsin — to the extent that conditions allow — and perhaps on occasion to other states. Journalists based in other Wisconsin communities also will be considered for this position. Some evening and weekend work is necessary.
Qualifications: At least three years of experience in reporting and writing news. The ideal candidate will be able to report and complete complex stories and visualize related multimedia elements while meeting deadlines. The candidate also will be comfortable working with college students to help them report and write stories.
Bonus skills:
Be able to analyze data and develop sources using our customized version of the Wisconsin voter database and other datasets.
Familiarity with Wisconsin, its history and its politics.
Multimedia skills including photography, audio, video and editing.
Spanish-language proficiency.
Expected salary range: $55,000 to $65,000 a year, commensurate with skills and experience.
Benefits: Five weeks of paid vacation, subsidized medical and dental benefits, transportation benefits, sick days.
Deadline: The initial application window will be open until May 15, 2020. Applications will be accepted until the position is filled.
Krista Eastman / University of Wisconsin-Madison
The Wisconsin Center for Investigation Journalism staff, photographed Nov. 18, 2019, in Vilas Hall at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Come join our team!
The Center's staff includes an executive director who is responsible for the news and business operations, an associate director who runs the daily business activities, a managing editor who runs the daily news activities, an investigations editor who edits, manages fellows and interns and facilitates cross-newsroom collaborations, a digital and multimedia director who is responsible for the website and our multimedia content and operations, a development director who leads revenue-generation efforts, a membership manager who guides efforts to expand our community of supporters, and an engagement manager who leads efforts to interact with the public.
We also have investigative reporting and public engagement and marketing interns, including one reporter based in Milwaukee with the News414 project, a radio reporting fellow paid by Wisconsin Public Radio, a Report for America corps member who is managing a criminal justice reporting project, a reporting fellow paid by the Cap Times, and skilled volunteers.
Wisconsin Watch's reports are published at WisconsinWatch.org, and content is made available at no charge to the public and to news organizations through our own distribution system plus a nationwide partnership with the Associated Press.
A successful candidate should understand the Center's role in the news environment and share a commitment to its mission and values.
At the Center, we are proud of, and continuing to increase, the distribution of our investigations. Since our launch in 2009, we have produced nearly 380 major news reports that have been cited, published or broadcast by more than 890 newspapers, radio and TV stations and news websites in Wisconsin and nationwide reaching an estimated audience of nearly 99 million. In 2019, we shared 46 investigative reports with more than 220 news organizations — more than half of them located in Wisconsin. During the pandemic, the audience on our website is triple the normal size.
The Center has won dozens of national, regional and state awards from the Milwaukee Press Club, Associated Press Media Editors and the Society of Professional Journalists and finalist awards from Investigative Reporters and Editors, as well as a regional Edward R. Murrow Award for a short documentary.
We're a flexible, fun workplace that still manages to do hard-core work. It's not unusual for homemade baked goods or guacamole to show up at the "world headquarters" in UW-Madison's Vilas Communications Hall.
To apply: Please send a cover letter, resume, up to five reporting/writing samples and a list of references to Managing Editor Dee J. Hall at dhall@wisconsinwatchmediapartners.wpcomstaging.com. If you'd like to chat about the job before applying, contact Dee via email.
The Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism embraces diversity and inclusiveness in our journalism, training activities, hiring practices and workplace operations. The complex issues we face as a society require respect for different viewpoints. Race, class, generation, sexual orientation, gender and geography all affect point of view. Reflecting these differences in our reporting leads to better, more-nuanced stories and a better-informed community.
We especially encourage members of traditionally underrepresented communities to apply, including women, people of color, LGBTQ people and people with disabilities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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4 Food Components That Impact Chronic Pain
Chronic pain affects 8 million Canadians, and the direct costs are estimated to be between $38.3 and $40.4 billion Canadian (1). Its astronomical cost and major impact on quality of life have led several researchers to evaluate diet as a therapeutic option, given its accessibility and low cost. A meta-analysis also confirms that diet plays a role in the management of chronic pain (2).
Pathophysiology and Definition of Chronic Pain
Chronic pain can generally be defined as pain lasting more than 3 months (3). Its 7 major categories include primary pain (including fibromyalgia and low back pain), cancer-related pain, post-surgical and post-traumatic pain, neuropathic pain, migraine and orofacial pain, visceral pain and musculoskeletal pain (4). Visceral pain will not be discussed in this article, as the nutritional treatment of this type of pathology (especially irritable bowel syndrome) has already been partially discussed in a previous article.
The physiopathology of pain is complex. It results from the activation of peripheral receptors and specific nerve fibers. Chronic pain can be caused by the continuous activation of these fibers by a prolonged tissue lesion. These lesions release several substances, including those involved in the inflammatory cascade (5). This inflammatory state includes the migration of immune cells into the injured tissue, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (6). This state can become chronic and is associated with chronic pain (7).
Nutrients Associated with Chronic Pain
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids compete in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, chemical mediators involved in the inflammatory cascade (8). A higher intake of omega-3 leads to decreased production of pro-inflammatory metabolites and increased production of anti-inflammatory ones (8).
Thus, omega-6 is classically associated with a pro-inflammatory component, whereas omega-3 is more associated with an anti-inflammatory state (8). In a randomized controlled trial of 56 participants, increased omega-3 intake coupled with decreased omega-6 intake for 12 weeks reduced the negative impacts related to migraine pain (measured by the HIT-6 questionnaire) and the number of hours of migraines per day, compared to a low omega-6 diet alone (9). Similar results were observed in a randomized controlled trial of 51 participants supplemented for 8 weeks with 400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 350 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared with a placebo group (10). According to a meta-analysis published in 2017, a marine-derived oil supplement (accounting for 130 mg to 4050 mg of EPA and 10 mg to 2700 mg of DHA per day) has a modest but positive impact on arthritis pain (11). A modest improvement in pain is also observed when omega-3 (1530 mg of EPA and 1040 mg of DHA per day for 8 weeks) is administered for the treatment of rotator-cuff-related shoulder pain (12).
In summary, omega-3s appear to have a positive impact on the signs and symptoms of several pathologies that cause chronic pain.
Polyphenols and Flavonoids
Polyphenols are known to act as anti-inflammatory substances and modulate inflammation (13). Supplementation of polyphenols (specifically caffeic and paracoumaric acid) has an anti-inflammatory effect and induces an analgesic effect in mice (13). In humans, adding 50g of freeze-dried strawberries daily (which include several polyphenols, such as catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, etc.) improves knee pain caused by osteoarthritis and decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1b and MMP-3) (14). Similarly, adding 40g of dried blueberry powder per day in 63 adults for 4 months resulted in a significant improvement in the WOMAC score, which was not observed in the placebo group (15). However, no difference in inflammatory markers was observed (15). Literature reviews have been carried out on the impact of polyphenol consumption on diabetic neuropathy (16) and rheumatoid arthritis (17), demonstrating the promising avenue of polyphenols in the treatment of these pathologies.
Some studies also show that curcumin, the polyphenolic pigment in turmeric, also has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects (18). A meta-analysis demonstrates that an extract of approximately 1000 mg of curcumin in patients suffering from arthritis allows a significant decrease in the WOMAC score and the visual analog scale (VAS) (19). Moreover, no significant difference was detected with traditional pharmacological treatment for pain (19). However, these results should be interpreted with caution, given the small sample sizes, methodological quality, and limited number of studies (19).
Polyphenols and flavonoids therefore appear to be important dietary components in managing chronic pain for many conditions.
The Glycemic Index
Foods with a high glycemic index lead to an increase in oxidative stress via NF-kB, a protein important in activating the inflammatory process (20). Two randomized controlled trials report a decrease in CRP with a low glycemic index diet compared to a high glycemic index diet (21) or a low carbohydrate and low fat diet (22).
Although additional studies are clearly needed, the glycemic index appears to be a promising avenue for managing inflammation and associated pain.
Key Food: Ginger
Several in vitro and in vivo studies have described the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties of gingerol, the active molecule in ginger (23). A systematic review concludes that ginger can reduce pain in several pathologies, including osteoarthritis (24). However, additional studies are needed before ginger can be formally recommended for treating pain given the limited number and quality of studies (24). More recently, a study reported that an extract of ginger, turmeric, and black pepper similarly decreased circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory prostaglandin PGE2 as naproxen in patients with osteoarthritis (25).
Many limitations must be reported on these results. Although a few randomized controlled studies are available, many of these results are derived from in vitro or rodent studies. In human studies, sample size and study quality (e.g., lack of a control group) limits the interpretation of results. In addition, the inclusion of diverse potential chronic pain-causing conditions in these studies can complicate the results, as some conditions may require their own treatments (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome). Finally, the very notion of pain, as an individual, physical, emotional, and psychological experience, makes it difficult to measure this variable objectively.
Despite these limitations, nutrition seems to be a very promising avenue for treating chronic pain. A TeamNutrition nutritionist can explain the different nutritional treatment options to your clients and adapt these recommendations to their diet and lifestyle. Contact us to learn more about our services.
Gouvernement du Canada. (2021). Douleurs Chroniques. Available at https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante-publique/services/maladies/douleur-chronique.html. Accessed June 27, 2022.
Brain, K., Burrows, T.L., Rollo, M.E., et al. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition interventions for chronic noncancer pain. J Hum Nutr Diet; 32(2):198–225.
IASP. (2019) Definitions of Chronic Pain Syndromes. Available at https://www.iasp-pain.org/advocacy/definitions-of-chronic-pain-syndromes/. Accessed June 27, 2022.
Treede, R-D., Rief, W., Barke, A. et al. (2019). Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain; 160(1):19–27.
Le manuel MSD. (2022). Revue générale de la douleur. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/professional/troubles-neurologiques/douleur/revue-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-douleur. Accessed July 7, 2022.
Mittal, M., Siddiqui, M.R., Tran, K., Reddy, S.P. et Malik, A.B. (2014). Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal; 20(7):1126–67.
Sam Zhou, W.B., Meng, J., et Zhang, J. (2021). Does Low Grade Systemic Inflammation Have a Role in Chronic Pain? Front Mol Neurosci; 14:785214.
Simopoulos, A. (2002). Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr; 21(6):495–505.
Ramsden, C.E.; Faurot, K.R.; Zamora, D.; et al. (2013). Targeted alteration of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for the treatment of chronic headaches: A randomized trial. Pain; 154(11):2441–51.
Soares, A.A.; Loucana, P.M.C.; Nasi, E.P.; Sousa, K.M.H.; Sa, O.M.S. et Silva-Neto, R.P. (2018) A double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (OPFA-3) for the prevention of migraine in chronic migraine patients using amitriptyline. Nutr. Neurosci; 21(3), 219–23.
Senftleber, N.K., Nielsen, S.M., Andersen, J.R. et al. (2017) Marine oil supplements for arthritis pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nutrients; 9(1):42.
Sandford, F.M., Sanders, T.A., Wilson, H. et Lewis, J.S. (2018) A randomised controlled trial of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of rotator-cuff-related shoulder pain. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med; 4(1): e000414.
Bjoklund, G., Aaseth, J., Dosa M.D., Pivina, L., Dadar, M., Pen, J.J. et Chirumbolo, S. (2019). Does diet play a role in reducing nociception related to inflammation and chronic pain? Nutrition; 66:153–65.
Schell, J., Scofield, R.H.., Barret, J.R. et al. (2017). Strawberries Improve Pain and Inflammation in Obese Adults with Radiographic Evidence of Knee Osteoarthritis. Nutrients; 9(9):949.
Du, C., Smith, A., Avalos, M. et al. (2019). Blueberries Improve Pain, Gait Performance, and Inflammation in Individuals with Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis. Nutrients; 11(2):290.
Naseri, R., Farzaei, F., Fakhri, S. et al. (2019). Polyphenols for diabetes associated neuropathy: Pharmacological targets and clinical perspective. Daru; 27(2):781–98.
Rosillo, M.A,; Alarcón-de-la-Lastra, C. et Sánchez-Hidalgo, M. (2016). An update on dietary phenolic compounds in the prevention and management of rheumatoid arthritis. Food Funct; 7(7): 2943–69.
Hewlings, S.J. et Kalman D.S. (2017). Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health. Foods; 6(10):92.
Daily, J.W., Yang, M. et Park, S. (2016). Efficacy of Turmeric Extracts and Curcumin for Alleviating the Symptoms of Joint Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Med Food; 19(8):717–29.
Dickinson, S., Hancock, D.P., Petocz, P., Ceriello, A. et Brand-Miller, J.(2008). High-glycaemic index carbohydrate increases nuclear factor-κB activation in mononuclear cells of young, lean healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr; 87(5):1188–93.
Gögebakan, O., Kohl, A., Osterhoff, MA. et al. (2011). Effects of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance with diets varying in protein and glycaemic index on cardiovascular risk factors: the Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes) study: a randomized, controlled trial. Circulation; 124(25):2829–38.
Ebbeling, C.B., Swain, J.F., Feldman, H.A., Wong, W.W., Hachey, D.L., Gracia-Lago, E. et Ludwig D.S. (2012). Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.JAMA; 307(24):2627–34.
Semwal, R.B., Semwal, D.K., Combrinck, S. et Viljoen, A.M. (2015). Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry; 117:554–68.
Terry, R., Posadzki, P., Watson, L.K. et Ernst, E. The use of ginger (Zingiber officinale) for the treatment of pain: a systematic review of clinical trials. Pain Med; 12(12):1808–18.
Heidari-Beni, M., Moravejolahkami, A.R., Gorgian, P., Askari, G., Tarrahi, M.J., et Bahreini-Esfahani, N. (2020). Herbal formulation "turmeric extract, black pepper, and ginger" versus Naproxen for chronic knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res;34(8):2067–73.
Geneviève Marchand
Nutritionist dietitian Québec


An act to amend the heading of Title 1.1A (commencing with Section 1739.7) of Part 4 of Division 3 of, and to amend Section 1739.7 of, the Civil Code, relating to collectibles.
AB 1570, as introduced, Chang. Collectibles: sale of autographed memorabilia.
Existing law regulates the sale or offer to sell by a dealer to a consumer of a collectible in or from this state, as specified. Existing law defines the term "collectible" to mean an autographed sports item, as specified, sold or offered for sale in or from this state by a dealer to a consumer for $5 or more. Existing law defines a "dealer" as, among other things, a person who is in the business of selling or offering for sale collectibles in or from this state, or a person who by his or her occupation holds himself or herself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to collectibles.
Existing law provides for the regulation of pawnbrokers and makes it unlawful for a person to engage in the business of a pawnbroker without a license issued by the chief of police, the sheriff, or where appropriate, the police commission.
This bill would instead define the term "collectible" to mean all autographed items, whether or not sports related, as specified, and would make conforming changes to the provisions regulating the sale or offer to sell by a dealer to a consumer of a collectible in this state. The bill would exclude a pawnbroker licensed pursuant to a specified law from that definition of a dealer under specified circumstances.
10personality signed by that individual's own hand.
15this state by a dealer to a consumer for five dollars ($5) or more.
4foreclosure on a collateral loan.
8invoice, sign, or other commercial or promotional material.
11broadcast to the public in or from this state.
15and placed it on the open market.
19collectible produced in that series of limited editions.
23number of collectibles have been produced.
30(A) The item has never been circulated, used, or worn.
34(C) The item is otherwise free from creases, blemishes, or marks.
13 personality who autographed it.
15accompanied by a separate invoice setting forth that information.
29the certificate shall contain an explicit statement to that effect.
32the dealer and, if bonded or insured, provide proof thereof.
34number from the State Board of Equalization.
37a witness to, the autograph signing.
5serial number on the receipt.
7not autographed by thebegin delete sportsend delete personality in his or her own hand.
16CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY AT THE TIME OF SALE.
3specimen example of a certificate of authenticity.
14not in lieu of, any other remedy that may be provided by law.
17number from the State Board of Equalization.
20from the authentication, sale, or resale of collectibles.


The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission seeks an OPS Research Scientist to coordinate and lead research on the critically endangered Florida grasshopper sparrow. The position will also lead a statewide burrowing owl survey and work on other upland nongame avian projects as needed. The successful candidate will collaborate with agency managers and other researchers to prioritize and implement projects that estimate avian densities, monitor population trends, estimate demographic rates, assess habitat-use and resource selection, and produce other information necessary for the successful management of focal species. The candidate will write grant proposals to fund research, analyze and publish data in peer-reviewed journals, books, and proceedings. The candidate will represent the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission at professional and public meetings and serve on inter-divisional and inter-agency teams on bird-related conservation and management issues. He/she will also provide technical assistance to improve the quality of focal species' habitats and prepare technical and non-technical reports, such as annual reports, final reports, and contract reports to granting agencies. He/she will also administer budgets and supervise daily activities of subordinate seasonal and temporary staff. Some overnight and weekend travel is required. Work weeks are 40 hours, with some overtime available. Please see below for information OPS employment, but note that funding is recurring and there is no term date for this position. The position will be based out of Gainesville, Florida and will start in January 2019. Please email Andrew Cox (FLAvianResearch@yahoo.com) with any questions.
A bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university a major course of study in one of the physical or natural sciences or mathematics and three years of professional experience in one of the physical or natural sciences or mathematics; or a master's degree from an accredited college or university with major course of study in one of the physical or natural sciences or mathematics and two years of professional experience as described above; or a doctorate from an accredited college or university with major course of study in one of the physical or natural sciences or mathematics.
Preferred Experience: Applicants having professional experience in research with Florida's upland nongame bird species, strong quantitative and geographic information systems (GIS) skills, and an established publication record are encouraged to apply and may be given preference. Having an advanced degree is strongly preferred.
Knowledge of: Upland nongame birds and habitat with emphases on breeding ecology, wintering ecology, population ecology, and habitat relationships; upland nongame bird habitat conservation principles and techniques; avian monitoring, survey, and sampling protocols, study design, principles of statistical inference and analysis, familiarity with advanced techniques to model the occupancy, abundance, and demography of avian populations. Skills: use of a variety of bird trapping and banding techniques, strong quantitative skills. Ability to: collect, record, and analyze data relating to biological research, utilize problem-solving techniques, conduct research studies or analyses using scientific methods and techniques, use computer word-processing, spreadsheet, database, and GIS software packages, review technical literature and prepare scientific reports, peer-reviewed journal articles, and popular articles; use laboratory and field equipment including 4WD vehicles and telemetry equipment; establish and maintain effective working relationships with others, work independently, plan, organize and coordinate work assignments, determine work priorities, elicit cooperation as necessary to achieve objectives and ensure proper and timely completion of assignments; assess budgetary needs and prepare and manage a budget; supervise assigned staff, which includes but is not limited to: recruitment, training, planning and directing work, reviewing performance with employee, and ensuring compliance with Commission and FWRI rules, policies, and procedures; incorporate biological, administrative, ethical, social, and political considerations in formulating coherent, effective policies and procedures, and to understand and apply rules, regulations, policies and procedures relating to the conduct of a Commission employee.
Applicants are required to apply through People First by the closing date listed. Resumes and supporting documentation may be submitted at the same time of application online.
If you experience technical difficulties during the application process or when attaching documents, call People First staffing at 1-877-562-7287.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Supersymmetry (SUSY)~\cite{Ramond:1971gb,Golfand:1971iw,Neveu:1971rx,Volkov:1972jx,Wess:1973kz,Wess:1974tw,Fayet:1974pd,Nilles:1983ge}
is a theoretically attractive extension of the standard model (SM) that is based on a symmetry between bosons and fermions.
SUSY predicts the existence of a superpartner for every SM particle, with the same gauge quantum numbers but differing by one half unit of spin.
In R-parity conserving SUSY models, supersymmetric particles are created in pairs, and the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is
stable~\cite{FARRAR1978575,djoua,carena}. As a result, SUSY also provides a potential connection to cosmology as the LSP, if neutral and stable, may be a
viable dark matter candidate.

Previous searches based on 13\TeV proton-proton collision data at the CERN LHC focused on strong production of colored SUSY
particles~\cite{ATLASat13TeV:manyjets,ATLASat13TeV:monojet,ATLASat13TeV:hadronic,ATLASat13TeV:manyb,MT2at13TeV,Sirunyan:2017cwe,RAZORat13TeV,AlphaTat13TeV,Aad:2016tuk,Sirunyan:2017uyt,Aaboud:2016lwz,Aad:2016jxj,Aad:2016qqk,Khachatryan:2017rhw,Khachatryan:2016xdt,Khachatryan:2017qgo,Khachatryan:2016uwr}.
Pair production of these particles would have the largest cross section for SUSY processes and therefore provides the strongest discovery potential with small datasets.
However, the absence of signals in these searches suggests that strongly produced SUSY particles may be too massive to be found with the present data.
In contrast, neutralinos (\PSGcz) and charginos (\PSGcpm), mixtures of the superpartners of the SM electroweak gauge
bosons and the Higgs bosons, can have masses within the accessible range. Because of the absence of color charge,
the production cross sections are lower, and these particles may have thus far eluded detection.
This provides strong motivation for dedicated searches for electroweak SUSY particle production.

Depending on the mass spectrum, the charginos and neutralinos can have significant decay branching fractions to
vector bosons V ($\PW$ or \Z) and the Higgs boson (\PH).
Here, ``\PH'' refers to the 125\GeV Higgs boson~\cite{Khachatryan:2016vau}, interpreted as the lightest CP-even state of an extended Higgs sector.
The \PH boson is expected to have SM-like properties if all of the other Higgs bosons are much heavier~\cite{Martin:1997ns}.
The observation of a Higgs boson in a SUSY-like process would provide evidence that SUSY particles couple to the Higgs field,
a necessary condition for SUSY to stabilize the Higgs boson mass.
Pair production of neutralinos and/or charginos can thus lead to the $\PH\PH$, V\PH, and VV decay modes,
with a large fraction of the possible final states containing at least one isolated lepton.
Such events can be easily selected with simple triggers and do not suffer from large quantum chromodynamics multijet background.

In this paper we focus on a simplified model~\cite{bib-sms-1,bib-sms-2,bib-sms-3,bib-sms-4,Chatrchyan:2013sza}
of supersymmetric chargino-neutralino ($\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDt\xspace$) production with the decays
$\PSGcpmDo\xspace\to\PW^{\pm}\PSGczDo\xspace$ and $\PSGczDt\xspace\to\PH\PSGczDo\xspace$, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:tchiwh}.
Both the $\PSGcpmDo\xspace$ and $\PSGczDt\xspace$ are assumed to be wino-like and have the same mass.
The lightest neutralino $\PSGczDo\xspace$, produced in the decays of $\PSGcpmDo\xspace$ or the $\PSGczDt\xspace$, is considered to be the stable LSP, which escapes
detection.
When the $\PW$ boson decays leptonically,
this process typically results in a signature with one lepton, two jets that originate from the decay $\PH\to\bbbar$, and
large missing transverse momentum from the neutrino in the $\PW$ boson decay and the LSPs.

\begin{figure}[hbt]
  \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{Figure_001.pdf}
    \caption{
      Diagram corresponding to the SUSY simplified model targeted by this analysis, \ie,
      chargino-neutralino production, with the chargino decaying to a $\PW$ boson and an LSP,
      while the heavier neutralino decays to a Higgs boson and an LSP.
\label{fig:tchiwh}
}

\end{figure}

Results of searches for electroweak pair production of SUSY particles were previously reported by the ATLAS and CMS
Collaborations using data sets of 8\TeV proton-proton (\Pp\Pp) collisions \cite{Khachatryan:2014mma,Khachatryan:2014qwa,Aad:2015eda} in a variety of
event topologies and final states. No excesses above the SM expectations were observed, and the results
of those searches were used to place lower limits on the mass of pair-produced charginos and neutralinos. Assuming
mass-degenerate $\PSGcpmDo\xspace$ and $\PSGczDt\xspace$, and sleptons (the SUSY partners of the SM leptons) with lower masses, the
searches probed masses up to approximately 700\GeV.
For the $\PW\PH$ decays assumed here, the strongest mass limit was around 270\GeV.
With the increase of the LHC collision energy from 8 to 13\TeV,
and a significantly larger data set, searches based on 13\TeV data have the potential to quickly surpass the sensitivity of the
previous analyses.

This paper presents the result of a search using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9\fbinv of $\Pp\Pp$ collisions
collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13\TeV with the CMS detector in 2016.
The results are interpreted in the simplified SUSY model with chargino-neutralino production depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:tchiwh}.

\section{The CMS detector}
\label{sec:detector}

The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid, 13\unit{m} in length and 6\unit{m} in diameter, which
provides an axial magnetic field of 3.8~T. Within the field volume are several particle detection systems.
Charged-particle trajectories are measured with silicon pixel and strip trackers, covering $0 \leq \phi < 2\pi$ in
azimuth and $\abs{\eta} < 2.5$ in pseudorapidity, where $\eta \equiv -\ln [\tan (\theta/2)]$ and $\theta$ is the
polar angle of the trajectory of the particle with respect to the counterclockwise beam direction.
The transverse momentum, the component of the momentum $p$ in the plane orthogonal to the beam, is defined in
terms of the polar angle as $\pt = p \sin \theta$.
A lead-tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter and a brass and scintillator hadron calorimeter surround
the tracking volume, providing energy  measurements of electrons, photons, and hadronic jets
in the range $\abs{\eta} < 3.0$.
Muons are identified and measured within $\abs{\eta} < 2.4$ by gas-ionization detectors embedded in the steel
flux-return yoke of the solenoid.
Forward calorimeters on each side of the interaction point encompass~$3.0 < \abs{\eta} < 5.0$.
The detector is nearly hermetic, allowing momentum imbalance measurements in the plane transverse to the beam direction.
A two-tier trigger system selects pp collision events of interest for use in physics analyses.
A detailed description of the CMS detector, together with a definition of the coordinate system
used and the relevant kinematic variables, can be found in Ref.~\cite{JINST}.

\section{Event samples, reconstruction, and selection}

\subsection{Object definition and preselection}
\label{sec:objdef}

Event reconstruction is based on the particle-flow (PF) algorithm~\cite{CMS-PAS-PFT-09-001,CMS-PAS-PFT-10-001},
which combines information from the tracker, calorimeter, and muon systems to reconstruct and identify PF candidates,
\ie, charged and neutral hadrons, photons, muons, and electrons.
To select collision events, we require at least one
reconstructed vertex.
The reconstructed vertex with the largest value of summed physics-object
$\pt^2$ is taken to be the primary $\Pp\Pp$ interaction vertex. The physics
objects are the objects returned by a jet finding
algorithm~\cite{antikt,FastJet} applied to all charged tracks
associated with the vertex, plus the corresponding associated missing transverse momentum.
The missing transverse momentum vector, \ptvecmiss, is defined as the negative vector sum of the momenta of all
reconstructed PF candidates projected onto the plane perpendicular to the proton beams. Its magnitude is referred to as \ETm.
Events with possible contributions from beam halo processes
or anomalous noise in the calorimeter can have large values of \ETm and are rejected using dedicated filters~\cite{Chatrchyan:2011tn}.

Data events are selected using triggers that require the presence of an isolated electron or muon with \pt
thresholds of 27\GeV or 24\GeV, respectively.
Muon events may also be accepted using a trigger that does not require isolation but instead requires $\pt >$~50\GeV.
The trigger efficiency, measured using a data sample of $\ensuremath{\cPZ/\Pgg^\star} \to \ell \ell$
events, varies in the range 70--95\% (85--92\%)
depending on the $\eta$ and \pt of the electron (muon).

Selected events are required to have exactly one lepton (electron or muon), with
electrons (muons) satisfying
$\pt > 30 (25)$\GeV and $\abs{\eta} < 1.44 (2.1)$.
Electron candidates are reconstructed starting from a cluster of energy deposits in the
electromagnetic calorimeter. The cluster is then matched to a reconstructed track. The electron selection is based on the shower shape,
track-cluster matching, and consistency between the cluster energy and the track momentum~\cite{Khachatryan:2015hwa}. Muon candidates are
reconstructed by performing a global fit that requires consistent hit patterns in the tracker and the muon system~\cite{MUOART}.
For both lepton flavors, the impact parameter with respect to the primary vertex is required to be less than 0.5\unit{mm}
in the transverse plane and 1\unit{mm} along the beam direction.

Leptons are required to be isolated from other activity in the event. A measure of lepton isolation is the scalar \pt  sum
 ($\pt^\text{sum}$) of all PF candidates not associated with the lepton within a cone of radius
$\Delta R \equiv\sqrt{\smash[b]{(\Delta\eta)^2+(\Delta\phi)^2}} = 0.3$,
where $\Delta \eta$ and $\Delta \phi$ are the distances between the lepton and the PF candidates
at the primary vertex in $\eta$--$\phi$ space~\cite{TRK-11-001}.
Only charged PF candidates compatible with the primary vertex are included in the sum.
The average contribution of particles from additional $\Pp\Pp$ interactions in the
same or nearby bunch crossings (pileup) is subtracted from $\pt^\text{sum}$. We require
that $\pt^\text{sum}$ be less than 5\GeV.  Typical lepton identification and isolation efficiencies, measured in
samples of $\ensuremath{\cPZ/\Pgg^\star} \to \ell \ell$ events, are approximately 80--85\% (85--90\%) for electrons (muons),
depending on \pt  and $\eta$.

Particle-flow candidates are clustered to form jets using the anti-\kt clustering algorithm~\cite{antikt} with a distance parameter of 0.4, as
implemented in the {\FASTJET} package~\cite{FastJet}.
Only charged PF candidates compatible with the primary vertex are used in the clustering.
The pileup contribution to the jet energy is estimated on an event-by-event basis using
the jet area method described in \cite{cacciari-2008-659} and is subtracted from the overall jet \pt.
Corrections are applied to the energy measurements of jets to account for non-uniform detector response
and are propagated consistently as a correction
to \ptvecmiss~\cite{Chatrchyan:2011ds,Khachatryan:2016kdb}.
The selected lepton can also be reconstructed as a jet, so any jets within $\Delta R = 0.4$ of the
lepton are removed from the list of considered jets.

Selected events are required to contain exactly two jets with $\pt > 30$\GeV and $\abs{\eta} < 2.4$. Both of these jets must
be consistent with containing the decay products of a heavy-flavor (HF) hadron, as identified using the combined secondary
vertex (CSVv2) tagging algorithm~\cite{ref:btag}. Such jets are referred to as b jets.
The CSVv2 algorithm has three main operating points: loose, medium, and tight.
We require both jets to be tagged according to the loose operating point, and at least
one of them to be tagged with the medium operating point.
The efficiency of this algorithm
for jets arising from b quarks with $\pt$ between 30
and 400\GeV is in the range 60--65\% (70--75\%)
for the medium (loose) working point.
The misidentification rate for jets arising from light quarks or gluons is approximately 1\% (10\%) for the medium (loose) working point.

The largest background in this search arises from \ttbar and $\PQt\PW$
events with decays into two-lepton final states
in which one of the leptons is not
reconstructed or identified. In order to reduce these backgrounds, we search for
a second electron or muon
with $\pt > 5\GeV$ and looser identification and isolation requirements, and reject
events where such a lepton is found.
Second leptons are required to satisfy $\pt^\text{sum}/\pt < 0.1$, where $\pt^\text{sum}$
is calculated here with a cone radius of $\Delta R$ = 0.2 for $\pt^{\text{lep}} \le 50$ \GeV, and $\Delta R =
\max(0.05, 10\GeV/\pt^{\text{lep}})$ at higher values of lepton transverse momentum.
We also reject events
with reconstructed hadronically decaying tau leptons with $\pt > 20\GeV$~\cite{Khachatryan:2015dfa},
or isolated tracks with $\pt > 10\GeV$ and opposite electric charge relative to the selected lepton.
For this purpose, a track is considered isolated if $\pt^\text{sum}/\pt < 0.1$ and $\pt^\text{sum} < 6$\GeV, where
$\pt^\text{sum}$ here is constructed with charged PF candidates compatible with the primary vertex, the cone radius is $\Delta R = 0.3$, and \pt is the transverse momentum of the track.

The final two requirements that complete the preselection are $\ETm \geq 125$\GeV and $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace > 50$\GeV,
where \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace is the transverse mass of
the lepton-\ETm system, defined as
\begin{equation}
 \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace = \sqrt{2 \pt^{\ell} \ETm [1 - \cos(\Delta\phi)]},
\end{equation}
where $\pt^{\ell}$ is the transverse momentum of the lepton
and $\Delta\phi$ is the angle between the
transverse momentum of the lepton and \ptvecmiss.

\subsection{Signal region definition}

The signal regions are defined by additional requirements on the kinematic properties of preselected events.
The invariant mass of the two b jets is required to be in the range $90 \leq \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace \leq 150$\GeV,
consistent with the Higgs boson mass within the resolution. The \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace distribution for signal and background processes is shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:mt_mct} (top left), displaying a clear peak for signal events near the Higgs boson mass.

To suppress single-lepton backgrounds originating from semileptonic
\ttbar, \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace, and single top quark processes, the preselection requirement
on \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace is tightened to $>$150\GeV.
This is because the \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace\ distribution in these processes with a
single leptonically decaying \PW\ boson has a kinematic endpoint
$\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace < m_{\PW}$, where $m_{\PW}$ is the \PW\ boson mass.  The endpoint can be exceeded by off mass-shell $\PW$ bosons or because of detector resolution effects.
The \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace requirement significantly reduces single-lepton backgrounds, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mt_mct} (bottom left).

In order to further suppress both semileptonic and dileptonic \ttbar
backgrounds,
we utilize the contransverse mass variable,
\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace~\cite{Tovey:2008ui,Polesello:2009rn}:
\begin{equation}
\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace = \sqrt{2 \pt^{\cPqb 1} \pt^{\cPqb 2} [1 + \cos(\Delta \phi_{\cPqb\cPqb})]},
\label{eq:mct}
\end{equation}
where $\pt^{\cPqb 1}$ and $\pt^{\cPqb 2}$ are the transverse momenta of the two jets, and $\Delta \phi_{\cPqb\cPqb}$
is the azimuthal angle between the pair.
As shown in Refs.~\cite{Tovey:2008ui,Polesello:2009rn}, this variable has a kinematic endpoint at $(m^{2}(\delta)-m^{2}(\alpha))/m(\delta)$,
 where $\delta$ is the pair-produced heavy particle and $\alpha$ is the invisible particle produced in the decay of $\delta$.
In the case of \ttbar events, when both jets from b quarks are correctly identified,
the kinematic endpoint corresponds to the top quark mass, while signal events tend to have higher values of \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace.
This is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mt_mct} (bottom right). We require $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace > 170$\GeV.

After all other selections, we define two exclusive bins in \ETm  to enhance sensitivity to signal models
with different mass spectra: $125 \leq \ETm < 200\GeV$ and $\ETm \geq 200\GeV$.
The \ETm distribution is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mt_mct} (top right).

\begin{figure}[hbt]
  \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figure_002-a.pdf}
        \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figure_002-b.pdf}
        \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figure_002-c.pdf}
        \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figure_002-d.pdf}
    \caption{
      Distributions in \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace (top left), \ETm  (top right), \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace (bottom left), and \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace (bottom right)
      for signal and background events in simulation after the preselection.
      The \ETm, \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace, and \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace distributions are shown after the $90<\ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace<150$\GeV requirement.
      Expected signal distributions are also overlaid as open histograms for various mass points,
      with the signal cross section scaled up by a factor of 50 for display purposes.
      The legend entries for signal give the masses $(m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace},
      m_{\PSGczDo\xspace})$ in \GeV and the factor by which
      the signal cross section has been scaled.
\label{fig:mt_mct}
}

\end{figure}

\subsection{Signal and background simulation}
Samples of \ttbar, \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace, and \ensuremath{\Z+\text{jets}}\xspace events, as well as \ttbar production in association with a vector boson,
are generated using the \MGvATNLO 2.2.2~\cite{Alwall:2014hca}
generator at leading order (LO) with the MLM matching
scheme~\cite{Alwall:2007fs},
while
$\PQt\PW$ and single top quark $t$-channel events are generated at next-to-leading-order (NLO) using \POWHEG\ V2~\cite{Nason:2004rx,Frixione:2007vw,Alioli:2010xd}.
A top quark mass of $m_\cPqt=172.5$\GeV, and the NNPDF3.0 LO or NLO~\cite{Ball:2014uwa} parton distribution functions (PDFs) are used in the event generation.
Single top quark $s$-channel production is simulated using \MGvATNLO 2.2.2
at NLO precision with the FxFx matching scheme~\cite{Frederix:2012ps}.
Samples of diboson ($\PW\PW$, $\PW\cPZ$, and $\cPZ\cPZ$) events are generated with either \POWHEG or
\MGvATNLO at NLO precision.
Normalization of the simulated background samples is performed using
the most accurate cross section calculations
available~\cite{Alioli:2009je,Re:2010bp,Alwall:2014hca,Melia:2011tj,Beneke:2011mq,
Cacciari:2011hy,Baernreuther:2012ws,Czakon:2012zr,Czakon:2012pz,Czakon:2013goa,
Gavin:2012sy,Gavin:2010az},
which generally correspond to NLO or next-to-NLO precision.

The chargino-neutralino signal samples
are also generated with \MGvATNLO
at LO precision.  For these samples
we improve on the modeling of initial-state radiation (ISR), which affects the total transverse
momentum ($\pt^\mathrm{ISR}$) of the system of SUSY particles, by
reweighting the
 $\pt^\mathrm{ISR}$ distribution in these events.
This reweighting procedure is based on studies of the \pt  of \cPZ\ bosons~\cite{Chatrchyan:2013xna}.
The reweighting factors range between 1.18 at  $\pt^\mathrm{ISR} = 125$\GeV
 and  0.78 for $\pt^\mathrm{ISR} > 600$\GeV.
We take the deviation from 1.0 as the systematic uncertainty in the reweighting
procedure.

Parton showering and fragmentation in all of these samples are performed using \PYTHIA V8.212~\cite{Sjostrand:2007gs}
with the CUETP8M1 tune \cite{Khachatryan:2015pea}.
For both signal and background events, additional simultaneous proton-proton interactions (pileup)
are generated with \PYTHIA and superimposed on the hard collisions.
The response of the CMS detector for SM background samples is simulated using \GEANTfour-based model~\cite{Geant}, while that for new
physics signals is performed using the CMS fast simulation package~\cite{fastsim}.
All simulated events are processed with the same chain of reconstruction programs as that used for collision data.

Small differences between the \PQb~tagging efficiencies measured in data and
simulation
are corrected using data-to-simulation scale factors.
Corrections are also applied to account for differences between lepton selection efficiencies (trigger, reconstruction, identification,
and isolation) in data and simulation.

\section{Backgrounds}
\label{sec:bg}

The backgrounds for this search are classified into six categories.
The first and most important category, referred to as dilepton top quark events, consists mainly of events
from top quark pair production with both quarks decaying leptonically,
but also including contributions from the associated production of a
single top quark with a \PW\ boson, both of which decay leptonically.
The second to fifth categories include processes with a single leptonically decaying \PW\ boson.
Events with a single \PW\ are divided into two categories: those with b
jets (\ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{HF}}\xspace, for ``heavy flavor'') and those without (\ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{LF}}\xspace, for ``light flavor'').
A separate category comprises $\PW\cPZ$ events
in which the \cPZ\ boson decays to \bbbar (\ensuremath{\PW\Z\to\ell\nu\bbbar}\xspace).
Events with one leptonically decaying top quark, either from
\ttbar or from single top quark $t$- or $s$-channel production, are
included
in the fifth category (``single-lepton top quark'').
Finally, other SM processes contribute a small amount to the expected yield in the signal region
and are grouped together in the ``rare'' category.  This includes
events from
\ensuremath{\Z+\text{jets}}\xspace, \PW\PW, \PW\Z (except the decays described above), $\Z\Z$, triboson,
\ensuremath{\ttbar\PW}\xspace, \ensuremath{\ttbar\Z}\xspace, and \ensuremath{\PW\PH \to \ell\nu \bbbar}\xspace\ processes.

All background processes are modeled using MC simulation.
Three data control regions (CRs) are defined by inverting the signal region
selection requirements, as summarized in Table~\ref{tab:crsel}.
The CRs are defined at both preselection and signal region selection levels.
The CRs at the preselection level are defined with looser cuts in order to check the modeling of key discriminant variables.
The CRs after the signal region level selections are used to validate the modeling of the main backgrounds and to
assign systematic uncertainties in the background predictions.
The regions \ensuremath{\mathrm{CRM}\bbbar}\xspace and \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace are split into two bins in \ETm  to mirror the signal region selection.
The expected signal contribution in any of the CRs is always less than 1\% of the total SM yields,
and typically much smaller.

\begin{table}[htb]
\centering
\topcaption{\label{tab:crsel}
Event selections in signal and control regions. The region \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace\ is only used at the preselection level.}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}

Selection & Signal regions & \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace & \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace & \ensuremath{\mathrm{CRM}\bbbar}\xspace\ \\
\hline
N(leptons)                     & $=$1               & $=$1 or 2          & $=$1               & $=$1                     \\
Isolated track veto            & $\checkmark$        & inverted if 1$\ell$ & $\checkmark$        & $\checkmark$              \\
Tau candidate veto             & $\checkmark$        & inverted if 1$\ell$ & $\checkmark$        & $\checkmark$              \\
Number of b tags               & $=$2               & $=$2               & $=$0               & $=$2                     \\
\hline
 & &Preselection level &&\\
\hline
\ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace  [\GeVns{}]                          & \NA   & \NA                   &  $\in$[90,150]& $\notin$[90,150]    \\
\MET [\GeVns{}]                 & $\geq$125 &   $\geq$125 &      $\geq$125      & $\geq$125 \\
\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace   [\GeVns{}]        & $>$50       & $ >$150        &  $>$50      & $>$150     \\
\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace [\GeVns{}]   & \NA       & \NA                   &  $>$170      & \NA    \\
\hline
&&Signal region selection level &&\\
\hline
\ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace  [\GeVns{}]                         & $\in$[90,150]   & \multirow{4}{*}{not used}                  & $\in$[90,150]& $\notin$[90,150]\\
\ETm [\GeVns{}]                         & $[125,200), \geq 200$&  & [125,200), $\geq$200& $[125,200), \geq 200$\\
\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace   [\GeVns{}]                         & $>$150       &         &  $ >$150      & $ >$150    \\
\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace [\GeVns{}]                         & $>$170       &                    &  $ >$170      & $ >$170    \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{table}

The dilepton top quark background can be isolated in the \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace control region by selecting dilepton events.
In addition to a lepton passing the analysis selections, events must contain one of the following:
a second electron or muon, an isolated track candidate, or a tau lepton candidate.
The latter categories are included to accept hadronically decaying tau leptons.
If all the kinematic selections used for the signal regions are applied,
the number of events in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace is too low to validate the modeling of
the dilepton top quark background.
Therefore, this CR is used primarily to validate the modeling of \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace.

Since the signal produces a resonant peak in the \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace distribution, the
requirement on \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace is inverted to define the background-dominated control region
\ensuremath{\mathrm{CRM}\bbbar}\xspace, which includes a mixture of all backgrounds in proportions similar to those in the signal region.
Consequently, this control region is dominated by the dilepton top quark background
and is used to validate the modeling of these processes in the kinematic tails of the
\ETm, \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace, and \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace distributions.

The \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace region is designed to study the \ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{LF}}\xspace background.
It is used to validate the modeling of the kinematic tails
in \ETm, \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace, and \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace for \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace processes.
In this region, the dijet mass \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{jj}}}\xspace computed from the two selected jets is used in place of \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace.

The background estimation and the associated uncertainties are
described
in the following sections.

\subsection{Dilepton top quark backgrounds}
\label{sec:diltop}

The dilepton top quark process contributes to the event sample in the signal region when the second lepton is not reconstructed or identified.
Due to the presence of two neutrinos, these events tend to have higher \ETm
than the single-lepton backgrounds, and their \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace distribution is
not bounded by the \PW\ boson mass.
However, as mentioned above, the \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace requirement significantly suppresses dilepton top quark events.
The modeling of this background is validated in two steps.
First, the modeling of the \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace distribution is validated in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace;
second, the modeling in the kinematic tails of the \ETm, \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace, and \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{CT}}}\xspace distributions is validated in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CRM}\bbbar}\xspace.
Distributions of \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace and \ensuremath{\mathrm{CRM}\bbbar}\xspace, after the preselection level cuts defined in Table~\ref{tab:crsel}, are displayed in
Fig.~\ref{fig:crs_mbb}~(left)
and Fig.~\ref{fig:crs_mbb}~(right), respectively.

\begin{figure}[hbt]
  \centering

        \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{Figure_003-a.pdf}
        \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{Figure_003-b.pdf}
    \caption{
      (left) Distribution in \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace\ after the preselection level cuts defined in Table~\ref{tab:crsel}, comparing data to MC simulation.
      (right) Distribution in \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CRM}\bbbar}\xspace\ after preselection level cuts defined in Table~\ref{tab:crsel}.
      The signal region range of $90 \leq \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace \leq 150$\GeV has been removed from the plot.
\label{fig:crs_mbb}
}

\end{figure}

In \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}2\ell}\xspace, we observe agreement between data and MC, validating the modeling of the \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace distribution.
We then use \ensuremath{\mathrm{CRM}\bbbar}\xspace\ at the signal region selection level to derive a scale factor
for the dilepton top quark background separately in each of the analysis \ETm bins.
All other background components are subtracted from the observed data yields,
and the result is compared to the dilepton top quark MC prediction.
Agreement is observed in the higher \ETm  bin within statistical uncertainties.
For the lower \ETm bin, we find fewer events in data than predicted,
and we derive a scale factor of 0.72 for the dilepton top quark background in this bin.
From the statistical precision of the data, we assign a systematic uncertainty of 30\% in the prediction for both bins.
This accounts for any effects that could impact the modeling of this background in simulation,
including generator assumptions on factorization and renormalization scales, and PDFs, as
well as experimental uncertainties in the jet energy scale, the
lepton identification and isolation, trigger, and b tagging efficiencies.

\subsection{W boson backgrounds}
\label{sec:wjets}

The \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace\ requirement ($>$150\GeV) effectively suppresses the contribution from \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace events.
However, as discussed above, events from \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace can still enter the \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace tail due to
off-shell \PW\ production or \ETm  resolution effects.
The control region \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace consists mostly of \ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{LF}}\xspace events and is therefore used to validate the modeling of \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace
in the tails of all kinematic variables such as \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace.

Figure~\ref{fig:crzb_mt} shows the \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace\ distributions of data and
simulated events in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace after the preselection requirements.  The data and simulation agree within uncertainties.
The observed yields in data are then compared with MC predictions
after applying all the kinematic requirements at signal region selection level defined in Table~\ref{tab:crsel}.
We find agreement within statistical uncertainties.
Based on the statistical precision of the data, we assign a 10\% systematic uncertainty in the \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace prediction.
This procedure directly tests the \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace background prediction in the kinematic phase space of the signal region,
including experimental uncertainties in the jet energy scale, in the efficiencies for trigger,
lepton identification and isolation.  It also accounts for most generator assumptions.
Additional uncertainties for effects not tested by this procedure are discussed below.

\begin{figure}[hbt]
  \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Figure_004.pdf}
    \caption{
Distribution in \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace after the preselection level cuts defined in Table~\ref{tab:crsel}.
\label{fig:crzb_mt}
}

\end{figure}

For the \ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{LF}}\xspace background, the uncertainty due to the b tagging requirements
is evaluated by varying the b tagging efficiencies
within their measured uncertainties.  The uncertainty in the yield in
the signal regions is 1\%.

For the \ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{HF}}\xspace background the effects contributing to the kinematic tails
are similar
to those in \ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{LF}}\xspace.
In this case the tail of the \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace distribution receives
contributions from off-shell \PW\ boson production and \ETm  resolution
effects, but also
from neutrinos in semileptonic decays within the b jets.  Since this
last effect
is accounted for in the event generation,
we do not apply any additional correction or uncertainty for kinematic tail modeling beyond the one
derived above in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace.

The most uncertain aspect of the prediction for the \ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{HF}}\xspace background is the estimate of its cross
section relative to the \ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{LF}}\xspace process.  We assign a 50\% uncertainty to the
normalization of this
background~\cite{Sirunyan:2016jpr}.
This uncertainty is validated by comparing data to simulation in a
CR with $60 < \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace < 120$\GeV and with one or two jets, where
the dominant contribution to the event sample is from \ensuremath{\PW+\text{jets}}\xspace.
We find that the 50\% uncertainty
conservatively covers differences between data and simulation as a function of the
number of b jets.  Finally, the uncertainty in this prediction due to the uncertainty
in the b tagging efficiency is also evaluated and found to be 5\%.

The effects discussed above also contribute to the tail of the \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace distribution in \ensuremath{\PW\Z\to\ell\nu\bbbar}\xspace events.
As a result, the tail modeling systematic uncertainty for this background is taken
to be the same as those evaluated in \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace.
An additional uncertainty of 12\% is applied to the normalization of the \ensuremath{\PW\Z\to\ell\nu\bbbar}\xspace background,
based on the CMS cross section measurement of inclusive $\PW\cPZ$ production at 13\TeV~\cite{cmsWZ13TeV}.
A unique aspect of the \ensuremath{\PW\Z\to\ell\nu\bbbar}\xspace background is that \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace peaks at the \cPZ\ boson mass, at the lower edge of the \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace selection
used in this analysis.  Uncertainties in the jet energy scale can therefore strongly impact the
prediction of this background.  By varying the jet energy scale within
its uncertainty, we derive an uncertainty of
27\% in the \ensuremath{\PW\Z\to\ell\nu\bbbar}\xspace background prediction.  While this uncertainty is large, the absolute magnitude of this background remains very small in the signal region.
Finally, the uncertainty in the background prediction for this process due to the uncertainty
in the b tagging efficiency is 2\%.

\subsection{Other backgrounds}
\label{sec:rare}

The single-lepton top quark backgrounds are highly suppressed by several of the selections applied in this analysis.
Since these contain exactly one leptonically decaying \PW\ boson, the \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace requirement is an effective discriminant against them.
Requiring exactly two jets also suppresses the \ensuremath{\ttbar\to\ell+\text{jets}}\xspace background, which typically has four jets in the final state.
As a result, this background comprises a small fraction of the expected SM prediction in the signal region.

Isolating the single-lepton top quark background in a region kinematically similar to the signal region is difficult
since dilepton top quark events tend to dominate when requiring large \ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{T}}}\xspace.
The main source of uncertainty in the prediction of this backgrounds is the
modeling of the \ETm  resolution, which was found to be well modeled in the study of \ensuremath{\mathrm{CR}0\PQb}\xspace.

Additional studies of \ETm  resolution are performed using \ensuremath{\gamma+\text{jets}}\xspace\ events following the method used in Ref.~\cite{Sirunyan:2016jpr}.
The resolution in data is found to be up to 20\% worse than in simulation, leading to higher single-lepton top quark
yields than expected from simulation. However, the impact of this effect on the total background
prediction is negligible.   Due to the difficulties in defining a dedicated control
region for this process, we assign a conservative uncertainty of 100\% to the
single lepton top quark background prediction.

The ``rare'' backgrounds contribute less than 15\% of the expected yield in the signal region.
We apply an uncertainty of 50\% on the event yields from these processes.

\section{Results}

Figure~\ref{fig:sr_mbb} shows the distributions of \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace in data compared with
the SM background prediction
after all signal region requirements except the \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace selection. No significant deviations from the predictions are observed.
Table~\ref{tab:yields36fb} shows the expected SM background yields in the signal region compared to the observation,
as well as predicted yields for several signal models with the masses $(m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}, m_{\PSGczDo\xspace})$ indicated in~\GeV.
The correlation coefficient for the background prediction between the two bins is 0.61.
The correlation is incorporated in the likelihood model described below for the interpretation of the results,
and it can be used to reinterpret these results in other signal models~\cite{Collaboration:2242860}.

\begin{figure}[hbt]
  \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{Figure_005-a.pdf}
        \includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{Figure_005-b.pdf}
    \caption{
      Distributions in \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace after all signal region kinematic
      requirements for the two exclusive \ETm  bins (left: $125 \leq \ETm < 200$\GeV,
      right: $\ETm \geq 200$\GeV).
      The signal region is $90 \leq \ensuremath{M_{\bbbar}}\xspace \leq 150$\GeV.
      The hatched band shows the total uncertainty in the background prediction,
      including statistical and systematic components.
      The expected signal distribution for a reference SUSY model is overlaid as an open histogram, and
      the legend (on the last line) gives the masses as $(m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}, m_{\PSGczDo\xspace})$ in \GeV.
\label{fig:sr_mbb}
}

\end{figure}
\begin{table}
\centering
  \topcaption{ Expected and observed event yields in the signal regions.
    The uncertainties shown include both statistical and
  systematic sources.
The correlation coefficient for the background prediction between the two bins is 0.61.
Predicted yields are shown also for several signal models with the masses $(m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}, m_{\PSGczDo\xspace})$ indicated in \GeV
and with statistical-only uncertainties. \label{tab:yields36fb}}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}

& $125 \leq\ETm< 200$\GeV &$\ETm \geq 200$\GeV\\
\hline
Dilepton top quark&$4.6\pm1.5$&$4.9\pm1.7$\\
\ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{LF}}\xspace&$0.2\pm0.1$&$0.5\pm0.4$\\
\ensuremath{\PW+\mathrm{HF}}\xspace&$1.0\pm0.9$&$1.3\pm1.0$\\
\ensuremath{\PW\Z\to\ell\nu\bbbar}\xspace&$0.1\pm0.1$&$0.4\pm0.2$\\
Single-lepton top quark&$1.6\pm1.6$&$0.3\pm0.4$\\
Rare&$0.0^{+0.2}_{-0.0}$&$1.2\pm0.7$\\[1.5ex]

Total SM background &$7.5\pm2.5$&$8.7\pm2.2$\\[1.5ex]

Data&11&7\\[1.5ex]
$\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDo\xspace$ (225,75)&$2.4\pm0.4$&$2.3\pm0.4$\\
$\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDo\xspace$ (250,1)&$7.6\pm1.0$&$10.0\pm1.2$\\
$\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDo\xspace$ (500,1)&$0.9\pm0.1$&$6.3\pm0.2$\\
$\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDo\xspace$ (500,125)&$1.0\pm0.1$&$5.5\pm0.2$\\
$\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDo\xspace$ (350,100)&$2.7\pm0.3$&$8.0\pm0.5$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{table}
\section{Interpretation}

The results of this analysis are interpreted in the context of the simplified SUSY model
depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:tchiwh}, $\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDt\xspace\to\PW^{\pm}\PH\PSGczDo\xspace\lsp$.
The $\PSGcpmDo\xspace$ and $\PSGczDt\xspace$ are assumed to have the same mass,
and the branching fractions for the decays listed above are taken to be 100\%.
The \PW\ and Higgs bosons are taken to decay according to their SM branching fractions.
Cross section limits as a function of the SUSY particle masses are set using a modified frequentist approach,
employing the CL$_{\mathrm{s}}$ criterion and an asymptotic formulation~\cite{Read:2002hq,Junk:1999kv,Cowan:2010js, ATL-PHYS-PUB-2011-011}.
Both signal regions are considered simultaneously in setting limits.
The ``expected'' limit is that under the background-only hypothesis,
while the ``observed'' limit reflects the data yields in the signal regions.
The production cross sections are computed at NLO plus next-to-leading-log (NLL) precision
in a limit of mass-degenerate wino $\PSGcpmDo\xspace$ and $\PSGczDt\xspace$, light bino $\PSGczDo\xspace$,
and with all the other sparticles assumed to be heavy and decoupled~\cite{Fuks:2012qx,Fuks:2013vua}.
The uncertainty in the cross section calculation includes variations
of factorization and renormalization scales, and of the PDFs.

The systematic uncertainties in the signal yield are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:sig_systs}.
The signal models with the largest acceptance uncertainties are those with $\Delta m = m_{\PSGczDt\xspace} - m_{\PSGczDo\xspace} \simeq m_{\PH}$.
For these models, the kinematic properties of the events are most similar to those from
SM backgrounds, and as a result, the acceptance is smaller than
for models with larger $\Delta m$.
For these models with compressed mass spectra,
the largest uncertainties in the signal yields arise from the jet energy scale (up to 40\%),
\ETm  resolution in fast simulation (up to 50\%), and limited size of MC samples (up to 60\%).
These uncertainties reach their maximal values only for models where the acceptance of this
analysis is very small and the sensitivity is similarly small.
For models with large $\Delta m$, where this analysis has the best sensitivity,
these uncertainties typically amount to only a few percent.
Other experimental and theoretical uncertainties are also considered and lead to small
changes in the expected yields.  These include effects from the renormalization and factorization
scales assumed in the generator on the signal acceptance, the
b tagging efficiency, the lepton reconstruction, identification, and isolation efficiency,
the trigger efficiency, and the modeling of pileup.
Finally, the uncertainty in the integrated luminosity is 2.5\%~\cite{CMS-PAS-LUM-17-001}.

\begin{table}[hbt]
  \topcaption{Sources of systematic uncertainty in the estimated signal yield, along with their typical values.
    The ranges represent variation across the signal masses probed.
    \label{tab:sig_systs}}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lc}
Source & Typical range of values [\%] \\
\hline
Integrated luminosity                     & 2.5   \\
Size of MC samples                        & 2--60  \\
Pileup                                    & 1--5       \\
Renormalization and factorization scales  & 1--3       \\
ISR modeling                              & 1--5   \\
b tagging efficiency                      & 2--8   \\
Lepton efficiency                         & 2--5  \\
Trigger efficiency                        & 1--5   \\
Jet energy scale                          & 1--40       \\
Fastsim \ETm  resolution                  & 1--50       \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Figure~\ref{fig:limits} shows the expected and observed 95\% confidence level (CL) exclusion limits
for $\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDt\xspace\to\PW^{\pm}\PH\PSGczDo\xspace\lsp$ as a function of $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$ assuming $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace} = 1$\GeV (left)
and then in the two-dimensional plane of $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$ and $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace}$
(right).
This search excludes $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$ values between 220 and 490\GeV when $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace} = 1$\GeV,
and $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace}$ values up to 110\GeV when $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$ is around 450\GeV.

\begin{figure}[hbt]
  \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.44\textwidth]{Figure_006-a.pdf}
         \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Figure_006-b.pdf}
    \caption{
      (left) Cross section exclusion limits at the 95\% CL are shown for $\PSGcpmDo\xspace\PSGczDt\xspace\to\PW^{\pm}\PH\PSGczDo\xspace\lsp$
      as a function of $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$, assuming $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace} = 1$\GeV.
      The solid black line and points represent the observed exclusion.  The dashed black line represents
      the expected exclusion, while the green and yellow bands indicate the
      $\pm$1 and 2 standard deviation (s.d.) uncertainties in the expected limit.
      The magenta line shows the theoretical cross section with its uncertainty.
(right) Exclusion limits at the 95\% CL  in the plane of $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$ and $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace}$.
      The area below the thick black (dashed red) curve represents the observed (expected) exclusion region.
      The thin dashed red line indicates the +1 s.d.$_{\text{exp.}}$ experimental uncertainty.
      The -1 s.d.$_{\text{exp.}}$ line does not appear as no mass points would be excluded in that case.
      The thin black lines show the effect of the theoretical
      uncertainties ($\pm$1 s.d.$_{\text{theory}}$) on the signal cross section.
\label{fig:limits}
}

\end{figure}

\section{Summary}

A search is performed for beyond the standard model physics in events with a leptonically decaying $\PW$ boson,
a Higgs boson decaying to a \bbbar pair, and large transverse momentum imbalance.
The search uses proton-proton collision data recorded by the CMS experiment in 2016 at $\sqrt{s} = 13$\TeV,
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9\fbinv.
The event yields observed in data are consistent with the estimated standard model backgrounds.
The results are used to set cross section limits on chargino-neutralino production in a simplified supersymmetric model
with degenerate masses for $\PSGcpmDo\xspace$ and $\PSGczDt\xspace$ and
with the decays $\PSGcpmDo\xspace\to\PW^{\pm}\PSGczDo\xspace$ and $\PSGczDt\xspace\to\PH\PSGczDo\xspace$.
Values of $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$ between 220 and 490\GeV are excluded at 95\% confidence level by this search when the $\PSGczDo\xspace$ is massless,
and values of $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace}$ are excluded up to 110\GeV for $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace} \approx  450$\GeV.
These results significantly extend the previous best limits, by up to 270\GeV in $m_{\PSGcpmDo\xspace}$ and up to 90\GeV in $m_{\PSGczDo\xspace}$.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).

\hyphenation{Rachada-pisek} Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation \`a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Clar\'in-COFUND del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845.

\end{acknowledgments}
\clearpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
class ArtworkSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
  attributes :id, :title, :artist, :year, :description
  belongs_to :museum
  has_many :user_comments
  has_many :categories
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Three days, nine teachers, six workshops and the street parade. Schedule for MeetShareDance in Porto, organized in collaboration with A_Ju_Dança and Faculty of Sport Porto.
This entry was posted in 2018 - Porto and tagged A_Ju_Dança, Dança Inclusiva, danza inclusiva, disability, fadeup, festival schedule, inclusive dance festival, meetsharedance festival, Porto dance, portugal.


text:
See Inside 'Aura', Portland's Newest Event Venue
Ryan Gavin
Ryan Gavin Published: April 25, 2017
So, you've seen the construction on Center & Free Streets in Portland for months and months, but now... the wait is over.
Aura, formerly the famous Asylum, has reinvented itself, and we were super impressed.
Tonight, we were invited for a "sneak peek" opening to see what the new venue is like, and the changes were stunning.
Don't worry, the sports bar that we all know and love is still there. But where the former event room used to be, Portland now has a magnificent tiered venue that has all the hallmarks of a fancy nightclub in the big city. A big stage with state-of-the-art sound, lighting and video systems are the centerpiece in the main event space, surrounded by a standing area with tables, a raised bar with more room to chill and watch a show, and a balcony tier above the main level with wrap-around seating for a few hundred people.
Every inch of the old Asylum has been redone with a hip, sleek new look that will be perfect for hosting the kinds of events that Portland just loves. See what's coming up at Aura here.
Filed Under: Aura, events, Grand Opening, Maine, new, Portland
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Popular Soup and Sandwich Shop Opening on Main Drag in Old Orchard Beach, Maine


June 15, 2018 - The construction industry generally remains behind the technology curve, but times are changing. In a world of chronic skilled labor shortages and increasing competition, contractors must embrace technological innovation or be left behind.
What needs can technology meet?
With increasing demand for technological solutions to address long-term problems comes investment. An astonishing variety of technologies are being developed to address pain points in the construction industry.
•It sounds simple, but your first priority should be to improve communication. Technology that improves communication will minimize costs and help keep your project on track. Keeping stakeholders in the loop about construction progress not only improves your customer relationships, it also reduces the chance of litigation.
•It may not be the newest kid on the block, but project-management software is the best way to improve efficiency and coordination. The software is rapidly evolving and growing in adoption, yet a surprising number of companies still rely on old-fashioned pen-and-paper or spreadsheets.
•Visual documentation technologies, including Internet-enabled construction cameras and drone imaging, provide great ways to record conditions on the jobsite down to the smallest detail. There are also exciting innovations underway in 360-degree virtual reality and augmented reality visualization technology.
•On the horizon is better machine learning and smart tagging for camera technologies. Imagine a camera being able to automatically detect safety issues while scanning a jobsite. Technology is also being developed to allow better visualization of the interior of buildings during construction to provide a visual history of the project from the inside.
Next steps for construction technology?
With so much technology available comes the need for better integration. Contractors need all of their services and products to be able to play together in one ecosystem. For example, construction cameras or drones should be able to seamlessly mesh with popular project-management software like Procore and PlanGrid or virtual reality (VR) platforms.
The future is both exciting and challenging for the construction industry. Technology will play an increasingly important role in staying competitive for contractors. Change is coming. Be ready.
Ken Pittman is the Chief Marketing Officer for Winston-Salem, N.C.-based TrueLook.


Image Title: Neutral Area Rug Tzadik Info Throughout Decor 10. Filename: neutral-area-rug-tzadik-info-throughout-decor-10.jpg. Image Dimension: 700 x 700 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Wendell Hessel. Uploaded Date: Saturday - December 29th. 2018 02:59:19 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: housetohome.co.uk.
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Rather than write an update, I created a quick informal video which you can watch below. Let me know if you have any questions on the products.I tried the pizza crust for dinner this evening and it was very good. My friend(who isn't a dieter) even thought so. At 40 calories per slice and 0 carbs I couldn't ask for anything more.
To celebrate the fact that so many of our products have not been affected by the Peanut Butter recall, especially PB2, I'm considering offering a nice discount on PB2 for a limited period of time for our in store and online customers. If you are interested in a discount let me know in the comments below.
Posted on February 13, 2009 February 13, 2009 Categories UpdatesLeave a comment on PB2 discount?


What will be my last quilt finish of 2018, Jingle Jangle Santa is clearly the most jolly!! :) Santa is a digitally printed panel designed by Urban Chiks from her Swell Christmas collection. I fell in love with this Santa the first time I saw him, but just wasn't sure what I'd do with such a large panel. Then I happened across a photo of Tricia Troester's quilt that was shared on Nicole's Instagram account and couldn't get it out of my head! I just had to recreate one for myself (okay, it's really for my son - but he has promised to share!).
The Ho Ho Ho! is a quilt pattern named "Jingle Jangle" by Robin Gump - (you can find it in her shop here). I think it's a perfect backdrop to this adorable Santa. I raw edge appliqued him on top of the completed quilt top and then cut away the fabric from behind him so that it wouldn't show through (the white on the panel is pretty easy to see through).
You know how much I love quilting straight lines (mostly because it's easy and I have confidence with it), so that is what I did for the Ho Ho Ho's.
Since it is full on winter here and is dark right after I get home from work, it's really difficult to get a good photo. He is much brighter than it shows here, but I wanted to get some photos and share now because at the moment, Santa is getting washed and dried to make him crinkly and soft for my son to snuggle under in bed.
Are any of you making Christmas quilts this year? If so, I wish you the best of luck in getting all of your holiday projects completed. And I hope you all have a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!