text:
Rosenberg, Alfred
Persons Germany P-T
Education and early political career
The Nazi ideologist
The myth of the 20th century
Rosenberg's theory on races
Rosenberg's theory on religion
His position and activities after the seizure of pwer
Minister of the occupied territories in the East
Alfred Rosenberg's career envelops nearly the entire National socialism in Germany. He was the party ideologist who later held a few more or less important posts in the Nazi government. Rosenberg is considered the person who has developed the essentials points of the Nazi ideology and put them to paper.
Rosenberg built an ideological foundation under the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, the National socialist racial theory, the persecution of the Jews, the notion of Lebensraum (space to live) and the ban on degenerate art. His rejection of Christianity in favour of a "Nordic religion of the blood" could not count on the cordial agreement of Hitler but in real life, Rosenberg's ideas of a new religion had an influence on Nazi policy which must not be underestimated.
Rosenberg's interests lay mainly in the sphere of religion and philosophy. He lacked the charisma and political cunning of other Nazi leaders. In the Third Reich, he therefore occupied a more or less isolated position among the high ranking N.S.D.A.P. officials.
National socialism
A political ideology drawn up by Hitler based on the superiority of the German race, the leader principle and fierce nationalism that was fed by the hard Peace of Versailles. National socialism was anti-democratic and racist. The doctrine was elaborated in Mein Kampf and organised in the NSDAP. From 1933 to 1945 National socialism was the basis of totalitarian Germany.
Political ideology aiming at slight or no class differences. Means of production are owned by the state. Evolved as a response to capitalism. Karl Marx tried to substantiate socialism scientific.
Alfred Rosenberg (1893 - 1946)
Alfred Ernst Rosenberg was born January 12th, 1893, in Reval, the present-day Tallinin, the Estonian capital, at the time part of Czarist Russia. His parents were Baltic Germans. His father was a wealthy salesman from a Latvian family of Huguenots, his mother was of Estonian lineage and originated from Reval.
Rosenberg studied architecture at the Polytechnical Institute in Riga where he was a member of a pro-German group of students. He continued his studies at Moscow University, graduating in 1917. In Moscow, he was a witness to the communist revolution. He supported the counter revolutionaries and became a rabid anti-communist. After the establishment of the new governemnt in Moscow, he immediately returned to Reval. From Estonia, independent meanwhile, Rosenberg left for Germany via Paris in Novembver 1918. Like so many other emigrants from Russia, he settled down in Munich. His stay in Moscow at the time of the revolution would have a profound impact on the development of his ideological ideas with his loathing of Russia in general and of communism in particular being a few central subjects.
In January 1919, Rosenberg became one of the first members of the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (D.A.P., German Workers Party), an extreme rightwing splinterparty, based in Munich which focused mainly on rebuilding Germany's military strength after the lost First World War. Adolf Hitler (Bio Hitler), at the time a completely unknown local politician would join the D.A.P. in October 1919. Like the other later well known Nazis like Rudolf Hess (Bio Hess) and Hans Frank (Bio Frank), Rosenberg was a member of the Thule-Gesellschaft, an anti-Semitic, rightwing extremist organisation that actively resisted the communist city council of Munich. On February 24th, 1920, partly with members of the D.A.P. and under the direction of Hitler, the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartie (N.S.D.A.P. or National socialist German Workers Party) was established. Not surprisingly, Rosenberg also joined the new party. He received member number 625. In 1921 Rosenberg became editor and in 1923 Schriftleiter (editor in chief) of the partyorgan Völkische Beobachter (People's Observer).
On November 9th, 1923, Rosenberg participated in the failed Bierhalleputsch. This made him one of the Alte Kämpfer (Old warriors) of the movement. Later he would be awarded the Blutorden for this, a decoration especially instituted for these veteran warriors. The putsch was an attempt by Hitler to violently overthrow the Bavarian govenrment. A number of Bavarian officials were having a meeeting in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich and Hitler barged in with his SA raiders. The officials were arrested and unrest erupted in the streets of Munich. In the Residenzstrasse, this led to a firefight where Hitler and his followers were arrested. Hitler would spend a year in Landsberg prison. The N.S.D.A.P. was banned.
During his imprisonment, Hitler named Rosenberg the leader of the movement during his forced absence. Rosenberg established the Grossdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (Greater German People's Association), a replacement of the N.S.D.A.P., which would exist until the re-establishment of the N.S.D.A.P. in 1925. Later on Hitler remarked in private that his choice of Rosenberg had been a tactical one. He considered Rosenberg a man of a weak personality lacking initiative. The last thing Hitler wanted was a temporary leader who was popular and striving for power; after all, a person like that was likely not to give up his position easily after Hitler's release. Whatever it was, Rosenberg frequently visited Hitler in prison and later claimed he had helped him to write Mein Kampf. How much of the contents of the book can be attributed to Rosenberg remains unclear but his ideas have shaped the politician Hitler in large measure.
Little is known about Alfred Rosenberg's private life. In 1915, he married Hilda Leesmann, an ethic Estonian. He divorced her in 1923 and in 1925 he married Hedwig Kramer. This marriage would last until his death. They had two children: a son who died at an early age and in 1930 a daughter Irene. She has always refused all contact with those wanting to speak to her about her father.
Alte Kämpfer
"Old fighters". German soldiers with experience on the war front. Sometimes used within the NSDAP for those who had been fighting for the same cause before. Soldiers with battle experience were considered heroes by recruits and the home front, especially towards the end of the war.
Blutorden
"Blood Order". German decoration awarded in 1934 to those members of the NSDAP who had participated in the Bierhalleputsch of 1923.
putsch
Coup, often involving the use of violence.
Usually sudden and violent reversal of existing (political) the political set-up and situations.
Reval at the time of Rosenberg's childhood Bron: Naval-History.net.
Postage stamp of 1935 in memory of the putsch of November 9th, 1923	Bron: Public Domain.
The Blood Order	Bron: ww2awards.com.
Rosenberg has exerted a profound infuence on the shaping of Hitler's view on the world in the early 20s. Foreign policy, Bolshevism and the alleged Jewish conspiracy to achieve world domination were the focal points of Rosenberg's thinking. The term Jewish Bolsjevism, frequently used by the Nazis, came directly from Rosenberg.
Like many ideologists, Rosenberg was convinced that a succesful policy was unthinkable in practice without a comprehensive theoretical base. He let no chance slip by to entrust his ideas to paper. In the end he would have published more books than all high ranking Nazis put together. As early as 1919, he published two anti-Semitic books; "Die Spur der Juden im Wandel der Zeiten" (The track of the Jews in the course of time) and "Unmoral im Talmud" (Indecency in the Talmud). Moreover, in 1921 he targeted the Freemasons in ''Die Verbrechen der Freimaurer" (The crimes of the Freemasons) in which he exposed his ideas about a global conspiracy by Jews and Freemasons.
Apart from these theoretical essays, the transformation of his ideas into practical policy had Rosenberg's attention. In these early years, he wrote extensively about almost every aspect of the Nationalsocialist program. His first publication in this connection was "Wesen, Grundsätze und Ziele der N.S.D.A.P." (Nature, basic principles and goals of the N.S.D.A.P.), published in 1922.
Later, Rosenberg said about this book: "In this period (the early years of the N.S.D.A.P.) I wrote a short essay that despite its limited length is important in the history of the party. It was always asked what program points the party had and how they should be explained. That is the reason why I wrote this principal programme including the goals of the N.S.D.A.P." This essay connected the movement in Munich for the first time to the local branches that were set up all over Germany.
In the 20s, Rosenberg remained the most prominent ideological and cultural helmsman of National socialism for the time being. Therefore, in 1927, Hitler ordered him to establish a National socialist cultural organisation which had as its main goal to lend the image of the N.S.D.A.P. a more civilised nature among certain layers of the German population. Especially the intellectual middle class felt less inclined to the radical and violent nature of the N.S.D.A.P. at the time.
On January 4th, 1928, Rosenberg was one of the most prominent signatories of the founding charter of the new organisation that initially went by the bombastic name Nationalsozialistische Gesellschaft für Deutsche Kultur (Nationalsocialist organisation for German culture). In May 1928, its principles were published. The aim was to tie energetic and selfless German men and women to the organisation in the struggle against the degeneration and degradation of life in order to call upon papers, magazines and hitherto suppressed scientists and artisans to organise exhibitions and exert influence on the programming of theatres. Eight out of the 18 members of the committee of recommendation were professors, the others were publishers, managers of theatres, writers and clergymen.
From October 1928 onwards, the official name of the organisation was Kampfbund für Deutsche Kultur (Taskforce for German Culture). Rosenberg failed however to give the Bund the status of an official branch of the N.S.D.A.P. as culture was not high on the list of priorities of the power hungry Nazis. In consolation, Hitler was prominently present at the first public gathering of the Kampfbund at Munich University on February 23rd, 1929. Between April and October 1929, the number of members, who were organised in 450 local branches, increased from 300 to about 38.000. All over the country lectures were given in which everyone and everything not corresponding to the National socialistic view on the world was being attacked.
Between 1929 and 1931, the Kampfbund published a magazine "Mitteilungen des Kampbundes für Deutsche Kultur" (Notices by the Taskforce for German culture). Authors like Thomas Mann, Kurt Tucholsky, Bertold Brecht and visual artisans like Paul Klee and Wassily Kandisky were vehemently attacked and called enemies of the people who were not worthy to be German. Not even the youth was forgotten. On Whitsunday 1930, a large youth meeting was held by the Kampfbund in Weimar and Whitsunday in 1931 saw a similar event in Potsdam. Central themes were the boosting of German morale and a call to resist against hostile influences in the sphere of theatre, literature, visual arts and degenerated architecture.
In these years, Rosenberg could also exert his influence in practical national politics as he became a member of the Reichstag in 1930 for the N.S.D.A.P. constituency of Hessen-Darmstadt. Apart from that, Rosenberg continued publishing. In 1932, "Das Wesensgefüge des Nationalsozialismus" (the principal structure of National socialism) appeared, in 1934 "Blut und Ehre" (Blood and honour) was published. He also was the publisher of the official theoretical magazine of the N.S.D.A.P., "Die Nationalsozialistiche Monatshefte" (the NS monthly papers) a monthly subtitled Zentrale politische und kulturelle Zeitschrift der N.S.D.A.P. (Central political and cultural magazine of the N.S.D.A.P.). However, the book that would seal Rosenberg's reputation among friend and foe forever was "Der Mythos des 20sten Jahrhunderts" (The Myth of the 20th century).
The track of a tank.
A copy of the Nationalsozialistisches Monatsheft of 1943 Bron: Public domain.
"The Myth of the 20th century", subtitled "Eine Wertung der seelisch-geistigen Gestaltenkämpfe unsere Zeit" (An opinion on the mental and rational struggle for personality in our time) was published in 1930. It counts over 700 pages and is considered the most important theoretical work on National socialism second to Hitler's Mein Kampf. Until 1945, over a million copies had been sold. It also enjoys the questionable honour of having been included in the index of banned books by the Catholic Church. The book pretended to present an all encompassing explanation of world history and to form a philosophic base for the National socialist claim to power. The work was meant as a continuation of "The Foundation of the Nineteenth Century" by British author Houston Stewart Chamberlain. He argued - in short - that western civilisation had been profoundly influenced by Germanic peoples.
The Myth is considered the key book on racial theory of the Nazis and was revered within Nazism. On the other hand however, the influence on Nazism must not be overestimated. Only a few have really read it from cover to cover and many considered and still consider the contents incomprehensible. Hitler once called it a book nobody can understand and on another occasion even rubbish.
In "The Myth", Rosenberg quotes an immense number of cultural historic and philosophical texts from the entire world history and from all cultures. He more or less pushes all this material into the template of National socialistic world view. The entire world history is explained with one principle, that of National socialism. Rosenberg portrays the National socialistic revolution as the final goal of world history.
"The Myth", seen as a whole, is an attempt by Rosenberg to raise his racial ideology to a scientific level by referring to age old philosophic patterns of thinking. In doing so, Rosenberg wanted to secure the Nationalsocialistic claim on new forms of religion and world view. In practice, this was to fail miserably. To the practical politicians of the Nazi regime, the work was far too theoretical and the majority of German intellectuals were not swept away by it. The racial theory Rosenberg exposes in his book may well be an enormous theoretical structure but it is supported in no way whatsoever by any fact or scientifically sound arguments.
Abbreviation of national socialism.
Cover of the book Der Mythos des 20sten Jahrhunderts Bron: Public domain.
Houston Stewart Chamberlain Bron: Public domain.
Rosenberg saw it as his duty to create a hierarchy of races in order to justify Hitler's politics. He used the works of racist and anti-Semitic authors like Frenchman Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau, British Houston Stewart Chamberlain and American Madison Grant as base. Rosenberg however lacked any anthropological knowledge. Moreover he skipped the scientific sources available to the authors mentioned above. In stead of scientifically founded research he chose his own philosophical ideas as his base.
Rosenberg argued there are two opposing races. On the one hand the Arian race as creator of all values and culture and on the other hand the Jewish race, representatives of cultural corruption and degeneration in all possibled fields. In his vision, the notion of race was the decisive factor in art, culture and the entire course of world history. The Teutons (read: Germans) represented the masterrace of the Arians whose task it was to dominate Europe. He rejected Jewry and Christianity. Their ideals of love thy neighbour and charity should be replaced by a new heathenish Teutonic sense of honour. The Jews had destroyed the pure racist ideal by their humane religion that was destructive to the true Teutonian spirit of blood, honour and courage.
In the Mythos he wrote: "The essence of the present worldrevolution lies in the awakening of the types of races, not only in Europe but across the entire planet. This awakening is the natural reaction aimed at the last chaotic remnants of the liberal, economic imperialism where its subject of exploitation has fallen into the trap of bolsjevistic Marxism out of pure desperation, in order to finish what democracy has started, namely the eradication of the racial and national conscience".
Blacks, Jews and other Semitic races were put at the bottom of the ladder by Rosenberg. At the top stood the white Arian race. Rosenberg considered the Nordic peoples representatives of the masterrace that was superior to all other races, even other Arians. The masterrace consisted of Germans, Scandinavians, Baltics, Dutch (including the Flemish) and the inhabitants of the British Isles. Rosenberg also saw the Berbers in northern Africa as Arians. The Germans were the superior Nordic race, the master race within the master race. In the course of the years, Rosenberg shaped this racial theory differently but his base remained white monocracy, extreme German nationalism and rabid anti-Semitism.
Two quotes by the anti-Semite Rosenberg do not need further comment: "Anti-Semitism is the connecting element in the rebuilding of Germany" and "Germany will consider the Jewish question as solved only after the last Jew has left the Greater German living space. Europe will have solved its Jewish question only after the last Jew has left the continent"
Mention must be made of the fact that Rosenberg was violently opposed to homosexuality. In his pamphlet "Der Sumpf" (the moor) he especially targets lesbians as they stood in the way of procreation of the Nordic race.
From the Greek: demos (the people) kratein (rules). Democracy is a form of government elected by the majority of the people in which the people can check on the leaders and have the government resign in case a majority of the people no longer agrees with the government.
The policy of a state to extend its territory by annexations of border areas of other states through colonisation. After World War 2 the term got more of an economic and cultural meaning rather than the actual domination of a territory.
The pursuit of a people to become politically independence or securing such independence.
Joseph-Arthur de Gobinea. He inspired Rosenberg Bron: Public domain.
To Rosenberg, the age old religious Jewish-Christian doctrines were irrelevant. In his opinion, these should be dumped on the garbage heap of world history. What only counted for him was a belief that would only serve the interests of the Nordic race. With that, the individual would be tied securely to his racial origin. As he said himself: "The general ideas of the catholic and protestant churches (….) do not correspond with our German soul"
Rosenberg advocated a new myth of the blood, based on his assumption of the inborn urge of the Nordic soul to defend its noble character against racial and cultural degeneration. Rosenberg argued that this passion had already been shown in early Indo-European philosophies like the classic European paganism, the Zoroastranism from ancient Persia and Hinduism from the old northern India.
Rosenberg has described the transition to the new religion as follows: "From education by the church to the reform by Germanic values is an enormous step that stretches over various generations. We now find ourselves in the transition from one phase to the next. We (the National socialists) are the conquerors of the old era and the founders of a new era. We are the bearers of a heavy and therefore grand fate. Every revolution had been able to destroy old images. But to found a case on nothing and yet not burn all bridges behind it, that is the noble nature of the National socialist era. The German people is not characterised by original sin but by a hereditary noble nature. The notion of Christian charity has been replaced by the National socialistic Germanic idea of fellowship"
Rosenberg's ideas about religion were influential in some circles within the N.S.D.A.P. where a convinced anti-Christian mood was prevalent. Martin Bormann (Bio Bormann), Hitler's private secretary was a prominent representative of this. Bormann had frequent contacts with Rosenberg and they exchanged information on planned actions against churches. They discussed the abolition of religious education, the disowning of ecclesiastical property, banning Christian publications and the closing down of theological faculties.
In 1940, Bormann wrote to Rosenberg: "The churches can not be conquered by means of a compromise between National socialism and the Christian doctrines but only by means of a new ideology that you yourself have announced in your writings".
If theory was to be transformed into practice, then the support of the Führer was essential. Rosenberg's contemplations however found little sympathy with the Führer in general, at least in public. While Rosenberg considered religion and philosophy as independent goals, to the pragmatic Hitler they were no more than tools to seize absolute power. In the first pIace, it was now imperative not to alienate the churches too much. That official Nazi ideology did not correspond with the doctrines of the church had better be left unspoken. The radical, overt anti-Christian ideas of Rosenberg should for the time being better be left indoors. After the seizure of power in 1933, Hitler assured the Catholic and Protestant churches the Nazis would not replace them with a Germanic paganism at all. He presented himself as the man who would save Christianity from total destruction by the atheistic communists who had after all been pulling the strings in the Soviet Union for years. The churches would become part of a new, positive Christianity united under the banner of National socialism.
That Hitler did not entirely sacrifice the opinion of his early ideologist on the altar of practical power politics becomes clear from the rare occasions when the Führer condemned Christianity as weak and proposed a people's religion of the blood, based on the fate God had attributed to the German people. He thereby rejected traditional Christianity as a religion based on Jewish culture and advocated an ethnic and cultural pure race whose fate lay in the hands of the German people. After the final victory of the war, the State church would have to transform itself into an organsation that stood for the cult of race, blood and struggle instead of the obsolete Redemption and the Ten Commandments that were antique and Jewish.
Soviet Russia, alternative name for the USSR.
Martin Bormann, representative of the anti-Christian movement within the NSDAP Bron: Public domain.
Viewing Rosenberg's career in the second half of the 20s and in the 30s, we witness a gradual decrease of influence of the chief ideologist. What started as an ideological movement for Rosenberg evolved in real life to a practical political movement that came to lead a major European power. Practice was now everything and ideology came second. In this, Rosenberg differed from the power politicians who established, consolidated and expanded the Nazi regime all over Europe. Political power was not sufficient for Rosenberg, it was only the beginning. After the seizure of power, the battle for the hearts and minds of the population could begin in earnest. In Rosenberg's words: "A person fights and dies only for what he believes in". To Rosenberg, the conquest of state power was just the first, but certainly not the most important goal.
That attitude may have been a cause of his defeats in the skirmishes within the N.S.D.A.P. in the years after 1933. The opinion of a purely theoretician were, to put it mildly, not very popular in the circles of Nazis who had some say in matters. They considered themselves men of vigour and violence who would have nothing to do with intellectual mumbo jumbo. After 1933, Rosenberg was hardly taken seriously by the big shots of the party. They considered him an innocent scholastic who could not make any real contribution to day to day politics. Especially in the Minister of Propaganda Josef Goebbels (Bio Goebbels), Rosenberg found a power hungry rival. Goebbels did not only despise Rosenberg as a person, he also was of the opinion that he himself was the one to determine the ideological direction of the party and the regime. It was therefore Goebbels who sidetracked Rosenberg and his Kampfbund by incorporating them into the Reichskulturkammer (State agency for culture) the organisation in which all cultural activities within the Reich were brought together under the umbrella of the Ministry of Propaganda.
In 1933, Rosenberg was appointed Reichsleiter für Weltanschauung und Aussenpolitik (State leader for world view and foreign politics). In this function, he was a member of the party leadership of the N.S.D.A.P. but it did not carry any significant political power. In these years, Rosenberg was not entirely left behind empty handed. After the seizure of power, he became Leiter des Aussenpolitischen Amtes der N.S.D.A.P. (chief of the foreign agency), in short A.P.A. He would remain in this position until 1945 but the influence he could exert from there was still not profound. Actually, the A.P.A. was no more than an office for receiving foreign visitors that still had to share its power with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Moreover, Rosenberg did not exactly excel in diplomatic tactical capabilities. For example, in 1934, he vIsited Great Britain In order to convince the British that Germany represented no danger. It should have led to a tightening of the bond between Germany and Great Britain but it turned out a downright disaster. When Rosenberg laid a wreath at the grave of the Unknown Soldier in London, it sported a ribbon with a life size swastika. A British World War One veteran promptly threw it into the Thames.
Not obstructed by any self-knowledge, Rosenberg tried to become Minister of Foreign Affairs but that post went to Joachim von Ribbentrop. In Janauary 1934, Rosenberg was appointed by Hitler Sonderbeauftragter des Führers für die Überwachung der gesamten geistigen und Weltanschaulichen Schulung und Erziehung der N.S.D.A.P. (special envoy of the Führer for the supervision of the combined spiritual schooling and education of the N.S.D.A.P.) He was put in charge of the spiritual and philosophical development of the N.S.D.A.P. and all its branches. Here also he could exert only minimal influence on daily matters. It is characteristic that in 1937, he was stripped of his function as editor in chief of the Völkische Beobachter. He retained the honorary title of publisher.
On January 29th, 1940, Rosenberg was ordered by Hitler to establish the Hohe Schule der N.S.D.A.P. (Academy of the N.S.D.A.P.). It was intended to become the future elite university of Nazism but it was not to come into being until after the war. Rosenberg was ordered to continue the preparatory work by establishing an enormous Fachbibliothek der Judenfrage (Specialist library for the Jewish question). As the first institution of the party university, Rosenberg founded the Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage (Research institute for the Jewish question) in Frankfurt on March 26th, 1941. For three days, on occasion of the opening, lectures were held with the central theme the death of the Jewish people. This should be achieved by the Verelendung (making them suffer) of the European Jews by forced labour in enormous camps in Poland.
On April 2nd, 1941 Rosenberg was given the task to further expand the library by Hitler personally. The party organisation that was perfectly suited for this already existed. As early as 1940, the Einstazstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR, executive staff) was founded as part of the A.P.A. and the executive organ of the Hohe Schule. Since its establishment, the ERR had already, through its 15 so called Aussenstelle (foreign branches, among others one in Amsterdam), confiscated objects of art and culture from Jews, Freemasons and all sorts of opponents to the Third Reich in the occupied territories on a large scale. When the agents of the ERR were raiding in France, they discovered so many cultural objects that they did not limit themselves to Jewish property alone. Between April 1941 and July 1944, 29 convoys went from Paris to Germany to the main warehouse of the ERR in Schwanstein Castle. According to estimates by the ERR itself, 1,418,000 freight cars loaded with books and works of art and another 427,000 ton of cultural heritage were shipped to Germany, including 550,000 books of which some 300,000 ended up in the specialist library in Frankfurt.
Equilateral cross, symbol of Nazi-Germany.
Joachim von Ribbentrop, Rosenberg's rival in the field of Foreign Affairs
Following the invasion of the Soviet Union, Rosenberg was appointed Reichsminister für die besetzten Ostgebiete (Stateminister for the Occupied territories in the East) on July 17th, 1941. This would be the higherst political position he would ever hold. Because of his Baltic ancestry, the Führer considered him an Ostexperte (Expert of the East) and therefore perfectly suited to set up an entire new ministry and to establish German rule in the occupied territories in the East. Behind the scenes and prior to Operation Barbarossa, discussions had already been going on about the establishment of such a ministry, in short the Ostministerium. Hitler considered ruling the occupied territories in the East too complex to leave to the army. Actually, from March 1941 onwards, Rosenberg was already active as Ostminister but his official appointment came at a joint luncheon with Hitler at the Wolfsschanze. On this occasion, Rosenberg formulated his political goals that ultimately would become reality: "Annexation of the entire Baltic region, the Crimea, the area of the Volga-Germans and Transcaucasia; a general policy of dominance, slave labour by prisoners of war, administration and exploitation of the areas conquered and Germanisation that have to be carried out with the most severe methods including persecution of the Jewish civilian population and the Ausrottung (Elimination) of everyone standing in our way.".
Rosenberg designed the organisational structure of the occupied areas in the East. New Reichskommissariate (civil administrative units) would have to be created: Ostland (the Baltic states and Byelorussia, ruled from Riga), the Ukraine (and neighbouring areas) ruled from Rovno, Caucasia, Moscow (the city and the other Euro-Russian territories).
After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, these plans were put into practice, after the local fighting had ended, by setting up the Reichskommissariate Ostland and Ukraine led by respectively Hinrich Lohse and Erich Koch. Both were bound by the directives from the Ostministerium and Rosenberg had the exclusive authority to delegate rights and duties to the Statecommissioners.
In the course of the war, the Ostministerium, together with the Reichssicheheitshauptamt (RSHA, `Head office of state security) and the police formed the central authority for the extermination of the Jews in eastern Europe. It is typical in this connection that two high ranking officials of the Ostministerium attended the Wannsee conference: Georg Leibbrant, chief of the political branch of the ministry and Alfred Meyer, Rosenberg's deputy.
Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler (Bio Himmler) immediately took the initiative in the mass murder of the Jewish population in the occupied eastern territories. In both Reichskommissariate the Einsatzgruppen (special action commandos) moved around with full knowledge of the German civil administration. Most of the Jews were murdered in 1943 and the last ghettos were eliminated in the summer of that year. The contacts between the Ostministerium, the State commissioners and Heinrich Himmler seemed to have worked seamlessly in this connection. Rosenberg had described it as early as 1941: " The goal of the State commissioner is to aim for some kind of German protectorate and subsequently make it into a part of the Greater German state by means of colonisation by German people and the deportation of unwanted elements".
Rosenberg and his Ostministerium frequently urged the chiefs of the SS and the police to avoid public excesses and all too visible mass executions, with little success though. This was not prompted by a less extreme attitude towards the fate of the Jews but by a politically expedient consideration. The goal of the Ostministerium was after all the Germanisation of the occupied areas and it was feared, unrest would erupt among the non-Jewish population if confronted with large scale blood baths.
After 1942, participation in the genocide shifted more and more from the branches of the Ostministerium to the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg and the research institute into the Jewish question mentioned earlier. On the one hand, the Holocaust was carried out in the extermination camps outside the jurisdiction of the Reichskommissariate, on the other hand, the attention of the ministry was increasingly drawn towards a growing number of problems concerning the Germanisation of the east. There was active and passive resistance from the church and from populations, considerd Arian by Rosenberg (Balts, Byelorussians, Caucasians, Russsians), against the forced Germanisation of all aspects of daily life. Moreover, the military situation in the east deteriorated increasingly during the last years of the war, making colonisation by Germans impossible. In the economy of war, there was simply no room left for Rosenberg's bombastic ideas of a prosperous Arian society in the east.
Wolfsschanze
Headquarters of Adolf Hitler in East Prussia.
Rosenberg visiting the Ukraine	Bron: USHMM.
Reickskommissar Erich Koch	Bron: USHMM.
Rauchstrasse 17-18, seat of the Department for the East (1941-1942). Bron: Public domain.
Unter den Linden 62, seat of the Department for the East (1942-1945). Bron: Public domain.
At the end of the war, Rosenberg was arrested by Allied troops in the military hospital in Flensburg-Mürwik. He stood trial with the other leading Nazis in Nuremberg. Chief prosecutor Robert H. Jackson summarized the person of Alfred Rosenberg in one sentence: "A party philosopher with an interest in historical research who did not have a clue of the violence his philosophy has caused in the 20th century". Another quote by Jackson: "It was Rosenberg, the intellectual high priest of the master race who saw to the doctrine of hatred that caused the extermination of the Jewish race and who implemented his atheistic theories in the occupid territories in the East".
After the war, Hans Fritzsche, a high ranking official in Goebbels' propaganda ministry, described Rosenberg as follows: "Rosenberg had a one track mind. (…) I have the impression that he never gathered knowledge from his own environment; which is necessary to form new ideas. He got his ideas from books however and drew from his own mind that was not influenced by reality. Rosenberg had less influence among the Nazis than is generally assumed but among the youth, his ideas played a large role because they were used as teaching material in every school. It is tragic that Rosenberg's fantasy theories have been put into practice".
Up to the end, Alfred Rosenberg continued to believe in the righteousness of what he had believed in for decades. Even in Nuremberg, he refused to reject National socialism. Rosenberg was no pragmatic opportunist keen on gathering as much and power and wealth as possible. He sincerely believed in what he preached, despite the horrendous consequences it has had. He stated in Nuremberg that National socialism had been abused by opportunists and persons luxuriating in power. In his vison it was, at least in theory, a positive ideology. Just that theory was Rosenberg's speciality.
As Hitler's chief ideologist, he provided the ideological foundation for the crimes the Nazi regime has committed in a quarter of a century. He legalized a world view which has caused heinous crimes. That the Nazi regime, in particular after the outbreak of war, hardly attempted to provide the ideological justification for the violence and the atrocities may well diminish the importance of Rosenberg within the wider scope of the Second World War but not his guilt.
In Nuremberg, Alfred Rosenberg was found guilty on all counts of the indictment: conspiracy to committ crimes against peace, planning, launching and waging a war of agression, war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to death by hanging. On October 16th, 1946, at 01:49, he was hanged, fourth out of the ten sentenced to death, by the American Master Sergeant John C. Woods. According to journalist Howard K. Smith, who witnessed the execution, Rosenberg was the only one who answered with a flat Nein (No) when he was asked whether he wanted to say something. The notes Rosenberg wrote during his imprisonment have been published in 1955, entitled "Letzte Aufzeichnungen" (Last remarks).
A remarkable detail at the end. Rosenberg was born on the same day as Hermann Göring; if he had not committed suicide on October 15th, 1946, they would have also died on the same day.
See also: Final statement Rosenberg Verdict Rosenberg
From left to right: Alfred Jodl, Hans Frank and Alfred Rosenberg at the Neurenberg trial Bron: Public domain.
Alfred Rosenberg's body after his execution
Robert Jan Noks
BULLOCK, A., Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, Odhams Press Limited, London, 1952.
CECIL, R., The Myth of the Master Race, Batsford, London, 1972.
FEST, J.C., Das Gesicht des Dritten Reiches, Serie Piper, München, 1997.
FEST, J.C., Hitler: Eine Biographie, Propyläen, Frankfurt a. M., 1973.
PIPER, E., Alfred Rosenberg, Hitlers Chefideologe, Blessing Verlag, München, 2005.
historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-rosen.htm
spiritus-temporis.com/alfred-rosenberg/
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfbund_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Kultur
encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-RosnbrgA.html
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsministerium_f%C3%BCr_die_besetzten_Ostgebiete
en.metapedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg
nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg
en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg
ww2f.com/wwii-general/10047-alfred-rosenberg.html
jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Rosenberg1.html
answers.com/topic/alfred-rosenberg
www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/biografie-alfred-rosenberg.html
sussex.ac.uk/history/documents/10_r_kay_reviews_piper_.pdf
kunst-en-cultuur.infonu.nl/oorlog/6535-kopstukken-van-nazi-duitsland-alfred-rosenberg.html
geocities.com/~orion47/REICH-GOVERNMENT/Ostministerium.html
law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/NurembergIndictments.html#Rosenberg
shoa.de


Why Switch to Solid Wood Flooring?
Choosing the perfect flooring for your home is one of the most important decisions you will take while renovating or constructing your house. Flooring adds the much needed warmth to your house and gives it a cozy, comfortable feel. While choosing the perfect flooring for your home, you may come up with a lot of options like Vinyl, Laminate, Wood, Carpet etc. Each flooring option has its share of pros and cons but among all of them, wooden flooring is the most durable flooring option that has been used in houses for decades.
The three most commonly used wooden floorings are laminate, engineered and solid wood. Among all the three, solid hardwood flooring is the most popular choices for houses as they are more durable and easy to maintain as compared to the other flooring options.
Solid hardwood flooring has a long shelf life and can last up to 15 years without a scratch, if maintained properly. In fact, according to some reports, this type of flooring improves in grace over a period of time with ageing and greater exposure to sunlight. Also, the most important reason why this type of flooring is chosen above any other option is because it gives richness to your home interior like no other flooring option.
Hardwood floors are considered healthier compared to other types of flooring, say carpets because they attract less dust and hence are a more suitable option for the people who are prone to allergies. This is why it is also a doctor recommended flooring. Also, because solid hardwood flooring is extremely durable, it is lesser prone to damage even if a heavy object falls upon it. Laminate and engineered wood on the other hand are not as durable.
Although, wooden flooring is not suitable for areas that are prone to water clots such as basements or bathrooms, it can be used for pretty much every other surface in the house such as kitchen, living room or even the bedrooms. Installing a hardwood floor is a slightly tricky process and it is advisable that an expert should do it, but even if you want to install it all by yourself, it shouldn't be a big problem as the planks, although thick, are not as thick as laminate floors and so can be installed easily.
Also, this flooring surface is scratch resistant and perfect for babies to play upon. Though, it requires some maintenance such as polishing in every 3-4 years, it won't give you much hassle in your day to day routine. It is also very easy to clean the hardwood floors because they are vacuum-cleaner friendly. But in case something is spilled on it, it should be mopped with a wet cloth and then a dry cloth immediately to avoid the water from percolating into the floor.
Hence, solid hardwood flooring is the perfect choice for your house if you are looking for durable, long-lasting and rich-looking flooring option for your house. Though, this flooring is not as inexpensive as various other options in the market, it's surely a value for money!
This entry was posted in Flooring, Hardwood Flooring and tagged Solid Wood Flooring, Wood Flooring Options, Wood Flooring Types on December 18, 2015 by Express Flooring.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hourglass is two vineyards, a winery and a compilation of estate wines: a vision unfolding.
We invite you to join our Mailing List to learn more about acquiring these limited-production wines.
The third year of California's recent drought cycle, 2014 was marked by a dry warm spring with early bud break and an even, warm summer. Spring conditions contributed to smaller berry sizes and crop loads, and ultimately a fantastic grape chemistry. Ideally balanced, the 2014 wines are reminiscent of those from 2001 - some of the most well preserved of their decade, much like those of the mid-1970s.
Aromatically akin to the perfumed 2012 vintage, our 2014 Hourglass is less brooding than the 2013, with more of its traditional dark red pomegranate and currant characteristics weaving together with savory cassis and black currant. An earthy minerality runs through the aromatics and across the palate, lending an umami richness to the interlocking flavors. This minerality is a signature of the iron-rich Hambright fractured bedrock soils in our Hourglass Estate Vineyard and quite consistent vintage to vintage.
The texture is broad and deep with a long arching finish. The structure is classically woven with layers of silky texture enveloping a well-knit core of polished tannin. Less overtly tannic than the 2013 vintage, its sleekness seamlessly glides across the palate. As always, there is a clear sense of the vineyard's yin/yang energies - elegant vibrancy to counter balance its richness and power. The wine's natural acidity creates a lovely tension and lift, lending brightness to what otherwise would be a very dense, rich wine. These counterweights act in concert to elicit great complexity extending the finish in a long afterthought.
Wonderful now, particularly with several hours of decanting to unlock its layered aromas and flavors, the wine will cellar beautifully for 20 or more years, gaining exotic nuances of cedar, tea-leaf and cigar box as it approaches year 2021.
This wine is another in a sequence of some of the finest vintages we have yet produced.


It's easy to overshadow the subject in macro photography, especially indoors. Fortunately I have a Nikon Sc-17 extension cord for the flash but even with the extension sometimes I can't light the subject from the front, the camera is in the way.
I've been thinking about getting a light box for a long time. Now that the 3D printer is in working order the Thingiverse opened to me. I printed thing:388182, bought some foam board and a sheet of thick paper and finally made myself a light box.
Ready to go. Easy as pie.
A first shot with the cellphone. This is a little stepper I got on Aliexpress. The shadows are the same but the background is nice.
I had some white cloth left from the juice press project. I also bought a lamp from the local hardware store.
Another shot with the phone. I learned a couples of things about lights from this video on YouTube. Two lights about 45% behind and one overhead. That way you cut a lot of shadows.
Time to get the Nikon 🙂 You can see slight vignetting from my custom macro lens and the background isn't quite white. I'm happy with the image even if it's not perfect. Moving the lamps around makes you see light and shadow in ways we don't usually notice. I'm more aware now and hopefully my pictures are going to improve.
There are several ways to make light boxes. I felt like playing with FreeCAD so I decided to design connectors for 1/2″ wood dowels. I'm not too happy about the results, the prints crack easily along the layers (anisotropy).
With cloth on, ready to try something new.
The Trinket is a pretty board from Adafruit, I'm using it for their time lapse camera project. It seems electronics are harder to photograph, that's the best I could do that night. More work is needed.
I got some colored papers from the local dollar store. I've got a macro photo book about trees and they use white backgrounds. I like dark backgrounds better. The usb connector looks out of focus a bit. On some angles the lettering on the chips become invisible.
Another try, the lettering is better but the colors are off.
I like this one. The bluish glare on the clip annoys me a bit but I'm satisfied. This is a good looking little board.


Let's talk about macarons for a minute, because it looks like the world's obsession with these petite treats is here to stay. Did you know Trader Joe's even sells a frozen box of these dessert delicacies? I can't blame them, or anyone else who's obsessed for that matter, because I am too. Eating a macaron makes you instantly feel fancy and sophisticated (not in the Iggy Azalea kind of way). It feels like you are wearing a gown and heading not to prom, but to your coronation.
When you finish baking some up yourself, show off that obsession with these awesome, macaron-inspired goodies. They're nothing short of sweet.


Mid Deeside Parish lies in Royal Deeside, one of the most beautiful parts of Scotland. It was formed in 2002 around the three picturesque villages of Kincardine O'Neil, Lumphanan and Torphins which lie within three miles of each other.
All three villages rely on the traditional local industries of farming, forestry and tourism along with a healthy influx of families connected to the North Sea oil and gas industry.
We reflect the rural community in which we live, with all its richness and diversity. We have a congregation whose age range varies considerably from the very young to very senior citizens. We have youth groups catering for young people up to age 14 and a range of activities for members of all ages. We are seeking to develop diverse programmes and activities to meet the needs and wants of all our members.
We are a church with many good qualities and our fair share of faults. We know that we are not perfect! We strive to be self-aware, to be of strong faith and big heart, to live with integrity and to have a good sense of humour.


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Summit, Stark Leaders Adopt 'Metroplex' Label to Market Region
When it comes to attracting the businesses, investment dollars and opportunities leading to the economic development that can reshape a city or entire county, the path to success often boils down to one key number. As state Sen. Kirk Schuring succinctly put it Friday, "Population is power." With that in mind, Schuring and a group of prominent government and business leaders from Stark and Summit counties have been meeting for several months to craft ways to market the region more effectively and with more frequent positive results. Looking to capitalize on the assets this area can offer to prospective partners, the group agreed formally Friday to adopt and use a new moniker: Akron-Canton Metroplex.
Akron Developer Builds on Downtown Arts & Entertainment
A local developer is looking to attract businesses and tenants with a new deli, bakery and health foods store, a medical marijuana dispensary (which will open later than scheduled due to construction-related water damage), a rooftop bar and up to 30 more loft apartments in Akron's downtown arts and entertainment district.
Ohio Brewing Opens in Cuyahoga Falls
The brewery, which shuttered its Highland Square location in Akron in late 2017, has opened its new, long-awaited brewpub at 2250 Front St. in Cuyahoga Falls. "It's a beautiful place," co-founder Chris Verich said with a smile during a recent tour. "This is a relaunching of Ohio Brewing." The brewery occupies a two-story, red brick building at the corner of Front and Stow Avenue within the city's former pedestrian mall. It joins a thriving craft brewery scene in Cuyahoga Falls that already features HiHO, McArthur's and Missing Mountain.
Amazon Bringing 1,500 Jobs to Former Rolling Acres Mall Site in Akron
The worst-kept secret in economic development is out: Amazon is building in Akron. In a statement issued Monday morning, the e-commerce giant finally laid claim to the fulfillment center planned at the former Rolling Acres Mall site on the southwestern edge of town. This and a second distribution warehouse in Rossford, near Toledo, which also was announced Monday, will be the seventh and eighth shipping hubs Amazon will operate in Ohio as the trendsetter in convenience shopping continues to dominate online retail sales in America.
Downtown Akron's $30 Million Law Building Project Poised to Begin
From the Akron Beacon Journal: Work on a $30 million redevelopment of the 11-story Law Building in downtown Akron could begin as early as next month, the developer behind the project said Monday, July 8. Tom Rybak, principal-in-charge of Tom Rybak & Associates of Rutherford, New Jersey, said his engineering and architectural firm will be ready to start immediately following Akron City Council's endorsement of the project and closing of the construction loan. The project was discussed Monday at a City Council Planning Committee meeting, which will consider it for a week before bringing it to the full council for its blessing.
Open Arms Adoptions Wine Pull on Nov. 9
Open Arms Adoptions' signature event will take place on November 9.
Akron Zoo to host Ghost Tours on Oct. 31
The Akron Zoo is hosting the second annual Ghost Tours featuring guided tours of the zoo, led in partnership with Team Spectre, a leading paranormal group in northeast Ohio. The guided ghost tours, which begin promptly at 6:30 p.m., will include legendary ghost stories filled with historical facts about the zoo and its ghostly residents. The event also includes up-close animal encounters. Tickets are on sale now at akronzoo.org for $15 per person. This event is for guests 10 years or older. For more information visit www.akronzoo.org or call (330) 375-2550.
AAF-Akron Presents Fourth Annual Holiday "Merry Mingle" Charity Networking Event on
Visit Santa before he gets too busy! Join AAF-Akron, AMA NEO, NSME and PRSA Akron for our annual holiday networking event to benefit Boys & Girls Clubs of the Western Reserve. There will be food stations, cash bar, 50/50 raffle and a gallery of kid club art for sale. $10 cover charge. Event is open to all. You do not have to be a member of any of the hosting organizations to participate. Registration deadline is November 15.
2019 ATHENA Leadership Awards Dinner
ATHENA Akron, Inc. will honor the 2019 ATHENA Leadership Award Recipients and Finalists at a dinner and awards program. The event recognizes exemplary women leaders for their professional achievement, community involvement, and for actively assisting women in reaching their full leadership potential.
This year's Leadership Award recipients will join more than 60 local women leaders who have been honored as recipients or finalists of this important award. Recipients to be honored with the 2019 ATHENA Leadership Award include Traci Buckner, Executive Director, Akron Children's Museum; and Grace Wakulchik, President and CEO, Akron Children's Hospital. Award finalists to be honored include Tina Boyes, Executive Director, Kenmore Neighborhood Alliance; Pamela Kiltau, Vice President of Private Wealth Management, Baird; and Pamela Wright, Partner, Sikich LLP.
The recipient to be honored with the 2019 ATHENA Young Professional Award is Erin Victor, Director of Engagement and Events, Focal Point, and Founder, Akron Snow Angels. Award finalists to be honored include Kimberly Huff, Community Relations Representative, OMNOVA Solutions Foundation; and Antha Poleondakis, Investment Associate, Merrill Lynch.
Registration and networking begins at 5 p.m. followed by dinner at 5:45 p.m. The evening's program will be led by Retired Judge Carla Moore, and the Keynote Speaker will be 2018 ATHENA Leadership Award recipient, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company's Sherry Neubert. For more information, please contact Jana McClish at [email protected].
Spectrum Reach Presents a Networking Event at Market Garden Brewery on Oct. 24
Join us for an exclusive event, with marketing keynote speaker and author Gerry O'Brion. At the event, you'll also have a chance explore the new Spectrum Reach Ad Portal and enter to win a pair of Bose Quiet Comfort 35 Noise-Cancelling Headphones. We're taking the opportunity to celebrate Northeast Ohio businesses. Enjoy complimentary food and cocktails while mingling with other Cleveland-area professionals. Space is limited, so be sure to grab your spot today. RSVP here: https://go2.spectrumreach.com/NEOhio_AdPortal
Akron Urban League Presents Procurement Corridor Event on Oct. 24
If you are a business owner and need information on how to find opportunities and contracts for your business, this event is for you!
Key Goals:
Business owners will meet face-to-face with local companies and learn how to bid on their contracting opportunities.
Business owners will be provided details on how to do business in the Greater Akron Region.
Business owners will receive coaching on how to navigate a vendor registration process in order to register and bid on opportunities.
Business owners will connect with agencies that have resources and services that can help with managing and growing a business.
Lunch and beverages will be provided for this event. For more information, contact Carla Matthews: Phone: (234) 542-4142 | Email: [email protected]
Divas with a Dream Networking Luncheon on Oct. 31
You're invited to have lunch with other amazing professional women for synergy, energy, encouragement and comaraderie! We inspire one another with inspiration, motivation and education. Our topic for discussion is "Stress! The Silent Killer."
AAF-Akron Presents Marketing Communications Showcase on Oct. 24
Meet Your Local Experts and Resources. Make connections and learn about valuable resources to help build your organization! Discover new ways to market your organization. This trade-show-style event will give you the opportunity to meet these unique exhibitors:
1. Baker Media Group
2. Better Business Bureau of Akron
3. Excelsior Marking
4. Fisher Institute for Professional Selling / The University of Akron
5. Graffitti Print Shop
6. JMC Brands
7. Kleidon & Associates
8. Lamar Advertising
9. Lodestone True North
10. Mohawk Paper
11. New Territory
12. Northern Ohio Printing
13. Sappi
14. Taylor Institute for Direct Marketing/The University of Akron
15. TechStyleLab – the Fashion School at Kent State University
16. United States Postal Service
17. WAKR / WONE / WQMX / WNWV
18. WRL Advertising
19. West Side Publishing Co.
TICKETS $10 Members of AAF, PRSA, NSME $20 Non-Members $5 Students
Hors d'oeuvres, raffle prizes and cash bar available throughout the event.
Aerospace Perspectives: Past, Present and the Future on Sep. 24
Co-Sponsored by Kent State University College of Aeronautics and Engineering
Celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing and the 30th anniversary of Ohio Aerospace Institute by joining us for thoughtful perspectives on the past, present and future of commercial and defense aviation and cyber security. This full day program offers:
Connections to aerospace opportunities
Networking with industry leaders including retired NASA astronauts, legal and cyber security experts
Best practices and compliance requirements for government contracts, as well as control requirements for aerospace, including industry, academia and research organizations
Information on how your company can fi ll the growing maintenance, repair and overhaul need in the aerospace industry
We hope you will join us for the first in a series of programs covering various topics relevant to aerospace in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Apollo Moon landing, as well as the 30th anniversary of Ohio Aerospace Institute. Join us along with various aerospace industry leaders to hear thoughtful perspectives on the past, present; and future of our industry. Examine current trends, and best practices affecting advanced technology and component manufacturers in the aerospace and research arena.
OPEN M 2019 Networking Extravaganza on Oct. 30
Join us for a multi-chamber event dedicated to expanding your own network. Enjoy free samples from local food and beverage vendors and mingle with other young professionals along with seasoned veterans. Tour the OPEN M facility to learn more about our exciting strides in Akron.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
WATCH: Kip Moore Reveals Story Behind New Album, 'Slowheart'
© Larry McCormack
Kip Moore released his highly-anticipated new record, Slowheart, on September 8. It is the country star's third studio album and it includes his fastest rising single, "More Girls Like You."
Moore revealed on AOL's Build Series that the weight has been lifted from his shoulders since releasing Slowheart. After taking some time off to travel, the 37-year-old got back into his musical groove and spent over a year putting the project together.
The singer-songwriter is itching the play his new music live on his Plead The Fifth Tour this fall. Moore talks all about the toughest song he had to record, his role as the producer, and much more.
Slowheart
More Girls Like You


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China's Affluent Youth: Reaching a New Critical Mass
The newly released MasterCard Worldwide Index of China's Affluent shows that the demographic is strikingly young and evolving quickly. Their spending potential is massive, with all owning several private properties and putting money towards recreation, primarily travel.
The index, recently released by MasterCard International, offers a profile of families on the Chinese mainland who subsist on more than US$25,000 a year. Of the total, 76% are male; 64% are between the ages of 31 and 46; 67% are married, and 83% have at least one university degree.
This half-yearly publication provides insight into the consumption behavior, attitude, and lifestyle of the Chinese affluent, as well as their preference on the products and services provided by ten top brand names.
MasterCard interviewed 300 individuals from <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou whose household annual income is between US$16,000 and US$50,000, or above. Results show that 25% of the interviewees fit into the wealthy category with an annual income of more than US$50,000.
Strikingly Young
Dr. Yuwa Hedrick-Wong, economic adviser to MasterCard Worldwide in the Asia-Pacific points out, "Chinese mainland affluent is astonishingly young. There 70% of the affluent are over the age of 45 in Japan, 95% in the Philippines, but only 14% in China." He also indicates that there are three reasons leading to the emergence of China's young affluent: first, the surge of foreign direct investment in China has brought about a large number of white-collar workers in the transnational corporations; second, after the reform to the state-owned enterprises, the professional technicians and senior managers are better paid; third, China's booming private economy has turned out many successful entrepreneurs.
Private Property: The Single Most Important Investment
The survey shows that all the affluent in China own more than one private condominium. In 2004, 26% of them owned 3 properties, and 8% owned 4. Their first properties averaged at 129 square meters, and 49% of them had already made their final payment. In terms of those who can afford to own a fourth one, 76% of them have no mortgage on the property. Their fourth properties averaged at 208 square meters. Wong believes that the affluent have viewed property ownership as a preferred way to invest their funds, but the housing prices won't be influenced much by this. As much as the affluent may like property ownership, they know that they need to diversify and as the housing boom moderates in the future, they will seek other venues to channel their investments.
Enormous Recreation Expenditure
In 2006, 92.6% of affluent families spent up to US$10,000 on recreation, in which traveling was the primary expenditure, followed by body building, theme parks, sports, and social life. During the past year, 43.3% of them have traveled domestically at least 3 times, and around 30% have gone overseas for more than three trips.
Hong Kong remains their most favored destination outside the mainland. Other attractions include: Macao (51.7%), Thailand (34.8%), Singapore (30.5%), and Japan (18.7%). Less than 10% of the segment visited France, Germany, or Italy in 2006. "These countries will develop into tourist destinations as popular as the US and Australia," said Wong.
Hong Kong tops the list of the most frequent business trip destinations for mainland affluent, thanks to its strong economic links with the mainland. Ranking second and third are the US and Singapore among those from Beijing, Singapore and Japan among those from Shanghai, and Macao and Thailand among those from Guangzhou.
In addition, almost half of the affluent prefer sightseeing on domestic travels, while less than a quarter favor historical sites. More interesting, the travel patterns of the three developed cities differ greatly: Seaside resorts are the favorite of nearly one third of Beijing's affluent, but not with Shanghai and Guangzhou's.
Watching foreign movies is the most popular recreation among this segment. Statistics show that it is favored by 81.5% of the affluent in Beijing, 86% of those in Shanghai, and 63.8% of those in Guangzhou, usually by young and well-educated females.
About 79% of the segment believes work is as equally important as recreation, working 8 to 10 hours a day on average.
Value Family Life and Support Public Welfare
The affluent class values family life. They believe that a happy family is the most precious thing in one's life, and spending time with family is a priority. However, they are also ready to sacrifice family time for work.
The affluent are also keen on the public welfare. About 73.6% of them support public welfare, and 38.9% are in favor of environmental protection. The ratios of their other public welfare activities are: blood donation (29.6%), volunteer work (21.8%), and cultural heritage protection (8.2%). About 39.5% of them said that they would continue to engage in public welfare and environmental protection, but there were still many of them who have yet to get involved.
(China.org.cn by Lu Lu August 15, 2007)
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Michael Jolley's statement to Grimsby Town fans: 'I'm now even more convinced of survival after my welcome'
The new boss has been buoyed by his first week in charge of the Mariners
Michael Jolley applauds the fans before his first game in charge of Grimsby Town on Saturday. (Image: Rick Byrne)
Michael Jolley says he's 'now even more convinced' Grimsby Town have enough talent to stay in the Football League this season.
After picking up a point in his first game as Mariners manager on Saturday, the 40-year-old penned a statement thanking the club' supporters for their part in the 1-1 draw against Port Vale, and for welcoming him to the club.
Ahead of this weekend's Lincolnshire derby against Lincoln City, Jolley also implored fans to show the same level of support at Sincil Bank.
And, with just nine games left in which to secure their safety, Jolley was pleased with the response he has had from his new players.
JOLLEY'S STATEMENT IN FULL
Saturday was a special day for me. Stepping into football league management in England is something I have worked towards for a long time, and in many ways, it was the end of a journey, but much more importantly, it was the beginning of another.
Former Premier League stars among the free agents up for grabs for Grimsby Town boss Michael Jolley
I plan to give everything to make this an exciting period in Grimsby Town's history, but I am just one part of this fantastic club. In my experience, clubs that have sustained success have an alignment between their fans, board, manager, players, and staff. We all know where we want Grimsby Town to be, but we have to work together and support one another to achieve it, even if our success doesn't happen in a straight line.
The players did us proud on Saturday. Our performance wasn't perfect but the lads gave everything to take something from the game. That's an excellent starting point. Even better, there was always a belief amongst them that they could get back into the game, even going into the 90th minute. This was the first match since 7th October 2017 in which we have come back in a game and taken some points from the match. A positive sign.
I was very satisfied to see the feedback they each individually took on board in my first week with them. We are still getting to understand each other's strengths, weaknesses and personalities. This will take time. However, the group has already taken on board some of the principles I believe in and started to apply them which is something we can build on.
Simultaneously we are building trust with one another and this will enable us to have the right amount, and the right type, of conflict for us to move in the direction that is necessary. It's not going to be plain sailing between now and the end of the season. There will be moments of hope and moments of disappointment. We have to be ready to deal with both and to move forward, retaining our focus on our immediate goal; to confirm our place in League Two for next season.
James McKeown would take finishing third from bottom to secure Grimsby Town's place in Football League
I'm now looking forward to continuing the work we have started this week. There is still much to do between now and the end of the season. A week or so in, I'm now even more convinced than when I prepared for the interview that there is more than enough talent in this group to ensure our survival. We go into a game with our local rivals on Saturday with a sense of belief, hunger and determination to achieve a positive result. There is a desire amongst the players to give our supporters something to smile about after a difficult few months.
Finally - a word on our supporters. On behalf of myself and my wife, I want to thank you again for all you have done so far to make us feel so welcome. The passion and intensity you have for Grimsby Town is a uniquely Grimsby thing. We have felt welcomed into your community. Already I feel there is something special about this Town and its relationship with its Football Club. There is a different feel, an intensity that other football clubs could only aspire to. Your passion for your Football Club is infectious. I have spoken several times in the media about the 'strong heartbeat' at this club and you are the people who sustain that.
Michael Jolley applauds the fans after Grimsby Town's 1-1 draw against Port Vale - his first game in charge of the Mariners. (Image: Rick Byrne)
The atmosphere on Saturday was one I will not forget in a long time. We need you to continue this from now through to the end of the season. There are going to be some bumps in the road along the way but I need you to show me that Saturday wasn't a one off. Sometimes that means giving a player encouragement when a pass doesn't quite come off, cheering every tackle and leaving the ground at 4:45pm with a sore throat knowing you have done your bit. There are going to be more tense games like Saturday between now and May. However, the only way we can end the season on a high is if you continue to believe in this group. If you are lucky enough to get a ticket for Saturday, come and sing your heart out. If not, I will see you at Coventry the week after.
It's going to be a rollercoaster ride but together we are stronger and together we will succeed. Nine games to go. Keep believing. We can do this.


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Radicalisation and Islamophobia: Poverty is the hidden cause
Tahir Abbas
Published date: 28 October 2019 14:12 UTC | Last update: 2 months 3 weeks ago
The UK must do more to address the social and economic challenges facing British Muslims
El Shafee Elsheik and Alexanda Kotey grew up in west London before going to Syria to join IS (AFP)
Speaking at a press conference on Sunday where he announced the death of the Islamic State group (IS) leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the US President Donald Trump threatened to "drop" captured IS fighters on the UK border if the government does not start repatriating them from Syrian camps.
"They came from France, they came from Germany, they came from the UK. They came from a lot of countries," he added. "And I actually said to them, if you don't take them, I'm going to drop them right on your border and you can have fun capturing them again."
Earlier this month, US forces removed Alexanda Kotey and El Shafee Elsheikh, part of a group of IS members known as the "Beatles", from a camp in northern Syria. The aim was to prevent them from escaping captivity, but also to potentially take them to Guantanamo Bay.
Amid pressure, the UK government has now decided to bring home children born to British citizens who were part of IS – a worthy response after the debacle in relation to the Shamima Begum case.
Both Londoners, Kotey and Elsheikh radicalised in their twenties. Their alleged IS crimes are some of the most heinous imaginable. But little is understood about how they came to be transformed into deranged executioners.
Patterns of racism
Much has to do with psychological processes that began once they arrived in Syria, although it is widely accepted that young people such as these two join radical Islamist groups due to ideological convictions.
There is a clear relationship between the social outcomes endured by young Muslims across Britain and the degree to which they sympathise with violent Islamism
Yet, the socioeconomic issues behind their motivations are often overlooked, as is the wider political and cultural fabric of the societies in which they are born and raised, and in which they face systematic patterns of racism, disadvantage and exclusion.
During its zenith, IS told potential recruits that what they endured on a daily basis meant they were not welcome in Britain, while life in Iraq or Syria would solve all of their woes. Through a widespread campaign of information dissemination and ideological communication, young people from poorer locations responded to the call.
Accounts of anti-Muslim hate rang particularly true for the vulnerable people that IS was targeting. Approximately 900 Britons made it to Iraq and Syria as the UK government celebrated preventing 150 or so from making the journey, as a senior Prevent official told me.
The Prevent strategy has been in place informally since 2003 and formally since 2006, but despite efforts to put up an engaging front, the policy remains controversial. There is a clear and direct relationship between the social outcomes endured by young Muslims in urban areas across Britain and the degree to which they sympathise with violent Islamism.
Populist contempt
The social problems facing British Muslims are aggravated by the utterances of populist figures. Islamophobia grows when political actors seek to gain capital from their insensitive contempt.
Sentiments from US President Donald Trump, which inspired the "send her back" chant in reference to a critical Muslim congresswoman, create huge damage, as does UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson's suggestion that Muslim women donning the niqab look like "letterboxes or bank robbers".
Such views also embolden elements of the far-right, who come to believe that their perspectives have legitimacy. It is too easy to lampoon, jest or simply snub through poisonous contempt.
Far-right groups grow due to the same set of structural challenges encountered by British Muslims, but also because of the messages they hear in the media and in politics.
US President Donald Trump and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson meet in New York on 24 September (AFP)
In a climate of fear, hostility and intolerance reinforced by polarising politics and economics, there is a process of reciprocal radicalisation, boosted by populism. It has the effect of normalising Islamophobic attacks, which are predominantly directed towards visibly Muslim women.
The high rates of unemployment, poor health, limited housing and relative educational underachievement faced by many are ignored.
The fact that half of British Muslims live in the poorest 20 percent of areas in the country is disregarded. Structural disadvantages, combined with direct and indirect forms of racism normalised through austerity and Islamophobia, are significant social issues that receive scant attention.
The sole emphasis on political ideology leading to radicalisation is therefore misleading.
Trust deficit
Islamophobia, however, is not restricted to social and political life. It also infuses policy-making.
A vast trust deficit remains between the UK government and British Muslims. This has grown since the "war on terror", made worse by the fact that the only meaningful terms of engagement the UK government has with British Muslims is through the discourse of extremism and terrorism.
Prevent should be scrapped not reviewed
Undoubtedly, Muslims in Britain have far greater dilemmas than radicalisation, but nowhere is this fully understood or wholly appreciated in developing policies. The wider drift towards authoritarianism, exclusivism and protectionism afflicting liberal democracies more generally is of concern.
In this climate, the UK government has blurred the line between moderate and moderated Muslims. Critics of the dominant policy outlook are sidelined by those who seek to maintain the status quo in relation to counter-extremism in particular.
This suggests a certain paranoia and pressure to conform to prevailing diktats, and to kowtow to dominant (mis)understandings of Islam and Muslims, both locally and globally.
The solutions to these issues are not half as complicated as would be imagined. Rather than concentrate on the symptoms, the root causes must be fully addressed.
A focus on social and economic conditions is essential to ensure that all groups are able to share in the fruits of opportunity and mobility. This would diminish the number of people vulnerable to both Islamist and far-right radicalisation.
Ideology also needs to be addressed, but this would be an easier task with the number of vulnerable people made smaller. It is also incumbent upon community and civil society organisations to maintain their efforts to engage with government and with wider communities to break down the walls of misunderstanding, intolerance and bigotry.
More should be done to remain sensitive to the social and economic realities of life for British Muslims
All of this is entirely logical, but a million miles away from the dominant threads of counter-extremism policy.
To deal with the answers to both Islamophobia and radicalisation, there needs to be much better UK government thinking on these urgent issues, but also greater honesty on the part of commissions, think-tanks, scholars and activists.
To appreciate what stimulates these young people, it is important to understand the harsh truths facing groups, especially in the poorer parts of the country. More should be done to remain sensitive to the social and economic realities of life for British Muslims.
Professor Tahir Abbas FRSA is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Security and Global Affairs at Leiden University in The Hague. Visit www.tahirabbas.co.uk for further details
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Defining extremism: What does 2019 hold for British Muslims?
Arzu Merali
First Muslims, now the left: How the UK government has Islamised dissent
As Muslim women, we demand action from Boris Johnson
Anjum Peerbacos


Here is a site where some guy is selling a book, in which he clearly stole a lot of the subject explanations/arguments that have been torn down, and discussed here in relation to tearing down traditionally held viewpoints in relation to what scripture actually says..
I don't know what kind of falsehoods he is adding, but will have to look into it some more. Usually if the Gospel is mixed up with a price tag, there is going to be some spin on it.. Anyone know who this joker is?


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Facebook's Slingshot Now Available Globally for Android and iOS Users
By Robin Sinha | Updated: 25 June 2014 17:04 IST
After being briefly listed on the Malaysian App Store, and being launched in the US for Android and iOS users last week, Facebook's Slingshot messaging app has now been made available worldwide.
The news comes from Facebook's Slingshot blog post on Wednesday, which reads, "Since we launched last week, we've heard from lots of people around the world who are excited to give Slingshot a try. Starting today, we're expanding our initial launch and making Slingshot available internationally!"
Unfortunately, the Slingshot app by Facebook is noted to work only with the iOS devices running iOS 7 or higher, and Android handsets running Jelly Bean or higher.
To recall, Slingshot app by Facebook was officially launched in the US last week, and allowed users to exchange disappearing photos and videos without requiring Facebook accounts. The app allows users to sign up for the service with their mobile phone number and connect with friends in their phone's contact list or, if they want, by finding their Facebook friends. Photos on Slingshot disappear from users' phones shortly after they are viewed, reflecting a growing anxiety about privacy in the age of Internet social networking.
Notably, Slingshot, unlike Snapchat and other chat services, forces a user to send an image or 'sling' [as Facebook calls it] in order to view an image. The feature in the Slingshot app is seen as a move to increase the user involvement in the app.
Other features in the app include the ability to write captions and make drawings on the images and video messages sent by a user, something already found on Snapchat. The Slingshot app also offers users viewing a message the ability to send a reaction to an image, with the React button to send the reaction to an image. The app maintaining its ephemeral nature deletes an image once it is swiped away by the user. Users can swipe down from the main app screen to access the settings tab and can access options like Save My Shots, Play Sound Effects, Play Draw Music and Hidden People.
Slingshot app is available to download from Google Play (5.2MB) and the App Store (10.2MB).
Further reading: Apps, Facebook Slingshot, Facebook Slingshot App Launch, Slingshot, Slingshot App
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Sister from Dominican Republic Becomes U.S. Citizen
July 16, 2015, Detroit, Michigan – Less than a week after the United States celebrated its 239th birthday on the Fourth of July, Sister Nery "Luchy" Sori, OP, became one of its newest citizens. Sister Luchy was one of 89 people to take the Oath of Allegiance in a July 9 Naturalization Ceremony in the Federal District Court in Detroit. She had passed her citizenship test on July 6.
Sister Luchy noted that, as a member of a U.S.-based Congregation, it made sense for her to be a citizen of that country. As a U.S. citizen, she said, it will be easier for her to return for full-time ministry in her home country, the Dominican Republic, without having to go through Immigration.
Another advantage to her new citizenship, Sister Luchy said, is that she will now also be able to vote. "I have lived here for 10 years, and whatever is going on matters to me, too. This is my second home."
Sister Luchy applied for citizenship in November 2014 after moving to Adrian, Michigan from New Orleans, where she had been engaged in Hispanic ministry. While in Adrian, she has worked for the Motherhouse Transportation Department, driving Sisters to and from Detroit Metro Airport and to medical appointments. She has also been involved this summer in the Dominican Colleges Preaching Conference and the Dominican High Schools Preaching Conference, both hosted by Siena Heights University in Adrian.
Sister Luchy was also engaged in studying for her citizenship test, focusing on the answers to 100 questions on U.S. history and government discussed in a special booklet offered as a resource by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. The citizenship test is made up of 10 of those questions, but "I had to study and learn those 100 questions because you don't know what they're going to ask you," Sister Luchy explained. On her test on July 6, "the questions were very simple, like the name of the national anthem and how many stripes the flag has," she said. The more difficult question dealt with the rule of the law, she added.
Sister Luchy hopes to return to the Dominican Republic for full-time ministry, perhaps returning to Centro Antonio Montesino, which offers popular education to community groups throughout the country. Her ministry there would involve traveling throughout the country, giving workshops on such topics as human rights, nonviolence, and the relationship of Scripture to human rights.
Sister Luchy also has the option of teaching high school at Espiritu Santo Fe y Alegria School, an elementary school and high school founded by the community of Bani and Adrian Dominican Sisters Maurine Barzantni, OP, and Renee Richie, OP.
Sister Luchy also hopes to be involved in vocation outreach in the Dominican Republic, as well as offering workshops and retreats in the high schools.
"There's a lot to do in the Dominican Republic," she said. Being a U.S. citizen with the freedom to travel to and from the Dominican Republic allows her to "concentrate on ministry" that would make a difference in her home country or her new country.
On July 17, 2015 in General by News Editor2 Comments 2
Tagged With: Dominican Republic, Sister Luchy Sori OP , US citizenship / 19962 Views


Cable immediately date on which you informed State Department of our neutrality and whether acknowledgment received. If you did not inform them in writing do so immediately and insist on written acknowledgment very urgent cable text of acknowledgment. Follow neutrality debate very closely and make sure no step taken by State Department ignoring our neutrality by implication or otherwise. Watch in particular delineation of belligerent areas in relation to trading. This whole matter is of gravest importance for us.


The work Automotive transport research and development act of 1976 : report together with individual views including cost estimate and comparison of the Congressional Budget Office to accompany H.R. 13655 represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Biddle Law Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books.


Dipper, (genus Cinclus), also called water ouzel, any of five species of songbirds of the Cinclidae family (order Passeriformes) noted for insect hunting by walking underwater in rushing streams and named for their frequent body bobbing.
Among the best-known species are the Eurasian, or white-throated, dipper (Cinclus cinclus), blackish brown with a white breast, found from northern Africa and Europe to Manchuria, and the North American dipper (C. mexicanus), dull gray in colour, found from Alaska to Panama, east to the foothills of the Rockies. The white-capped dipper (C. leucocephalus) and the rufous-throated dipper (C. schulzii) are found in mountainous areas of South America. There is also an Asiatic species, the brown dipper (C. pallasii), found from the Himalayas to China, Korea, and Japan.
Dippers are plump stub-tailed birds, about 18 cm (7 inches) long, with thrushlike bills and legs. The nest is a dome of moss built in a crevice, often behind a waterfall.


The contents of our website are for informational purposes only and should not be considered legal advice. Please do not send us confidential information, details or documents about your case by email. We cannot review such information or provide legal advice unless and until you have retained us to act on your behalf. You will not be considered a client of our firm until we gave agreed to act for you according to our usual policies.


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It Happened One Night: Screwball Comedy?
Sneak Peeks — Nov 21, 2014
Frank Capra's It Happened One Night would seem to have all the earmarks of the great Hollywood genre the screwball comedy, but the jury has long been out on whether it can be classified that way, as it was released in 1934, a couple of years before the concept was really established. For our new release of the film, we turned to the quick-witted duo of critics Molly Haskell and Phillip Lopate for a snappy "she said, he said" discussion of the matter. Here's an excerpt from that highly entertaining conversation.
More: Sneak Peeks
A Subtler Side of the Hepburn-Grant Magic
Filmmaker and distributor Michael Schlesinger and critic Michael Sragow dive into the pleasures of Holiday, a romantic-comedy classic that has long stood in the shadow of The Philadelphia Story but has a poignancy all its own.
Inside Criterion / Sneak Peeks — Jan 13, 2020
Wim Wenders Looks Back on the Digital Future He Predicted
From search engines to all-engrossing handheld devices, the technologies that the German director conjured for his 1991 opus Until the End of the World are now common features of contemporary life.
Inside Criterion / Sneak Peeks — Dec 13, 2019
John Bailey Breaks Down a Tour de Force of Gothic Lighting
The veteran cinematographer takes a close look at the highly stylized and atmospheric lighting in one of the most pivotal scenes in pre-Code classic The Story of Temple Drake.
Inside Criterion / Sneak Peeks — Dec 6, 2019
All About Mankiewicz
One of the most celebrated Hollywood writer-directors of his time, Joseph L. Mankiewicz offers a window into the way he sees his characters in this illuminating clip from an archival interview.


RN with 6 years experience in healthcare, supervisor of long term care facilities, provide onsite and offsite health assessments, provided supervision, leadership and direction of RNs, LPNs and CNAs, proven leadership and mentoring skills as well. Provide care for patients and educate patients and families of health issues and prevention. Assess residents over all health and notify MD of any change in condition or labs. Medication administration and acute and chronic health care.
Provide education and teaching on health and daily skills to individuals with intellectual disabilities to meet their needs.
Complete daily rounds of the nursing department to verify that all nursing service personnel are performing their work assignments in accordance with acceptable nursing standards.
Work as part of a team to ensure proper care of body mechanics and safety of patient.
Accurately document all elements of nursing assessment, treatments, medications, discharge instructions and follow-up care.
Monitor patients with acute conditions.
Provide quality nursing care in accordance with patient care policies and procedures.
Evaluate patient care needs, prioritize treatment and maintained patient flow.
Interview patients to obtain medical information and measure their vital signs, weight and height.
Assisted patients with Diabetes, HTN and educated importance of diet changes and exercise.
Conducted onsite visits to perform evaluations.


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Our Geese Have Gone
After the Accident
Green Phoenix
Back to Chinese Breeze series »
by Yuehua Liu, Chengzhi Chu, Shaoling Zhao
Twenty-five years ago, people in my village did not know that wild geese should be protected from hunting. My grandfather was the best of the hunters, selling the geese in town to pay for my schooling. One day, as he hunted, an eagle attacked the flock of geese, injuring the lead goose. My grandfather drove the eagle off and brought the lead goose home to tend to its wounds. Soon, the goose's mate joined it, and my grandfather, hunter of wild geese, found himself with two new companions...
Peking University Press
Chinese Breeze is a well-crafted series of entertaining Chinese graded readers designed for college and high school students. The series offers language learners at all levels the opportunity to read for pleasure while simultaneously developing reading comprehension skills, building confidence, and increasing motivation.
Each text is presented in simplified characters. Pinyin and English definitions of new vocabulary words are provided in the footnotes. Audio recordings of each text can be streamed by scanning the QR code on the back of each book.
Yuehua Liu was a distinguished scholar in Chinese linguistics and language pedagogy. She authored numerous articles and books, including the acclaimed Integrated Chinese series.
Chengzhi Chu is an Associate Professor of Chinese in the East Asian Languages and Culture department at University of California Davis. His primary research interests include Chinese linguistics, cognitive semantics, Chinese language pedagogy, and the application of computer technology in language instruction.


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Son of Jonas Fearnhead, Chairman of Horwich Urban District Council 1911-12 and father of Leslie George Fearnhead, Chairman of Horwich Urban District Council 1970-71.
His family moved to Horwich in 1888.
Began career at Horwich Loco Works in 1890 as an office boy in the accounting department, retiring as Chief Cashier in 1940.
Magistrate from 1921 - Chair of Bolton County Sessions Juvenile Court.
Chairman of the Finance Committee 1929-47, Elementary Education Sub- Committee 1929-45 and of the Divisional Education Executive 1945-47.
Retired from the Council in 1947 due to his wife's ill-health.
He had a close connection with Horwich Co-operative Society until 1950, when he retired from the Management Board of which he was President on several occasions.
He was also Chairman of the RMI Cricket Club for 10 years.
Fearnhead Avenue in Horwich is named in honour of him and his service to the town.