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Electronic Tutorial: Supercapacitor's Basic Working Principle and Applications (related video)
Article Core
1. Supercapacitor Structure
2. Supercapacitor Materials
1) Acticarbon
2) Carbon Aerogel
3) Carbon Nano-tube
4) Activated Carbon Fiber
5) Graphene
6) Metallic Oxide
7) Conductive Polymer
3. Types and Working Principle
Supercapacitors Advantages and Disadvantages
Features of "Super"
Discharging Control
1) Discharging
2) Controlling Time
Selection Standard
1) Unit
2) Electrical Parameters Selection
Prospect of Supercapacitors
1) Auto Field
2) Other Fields
This video discuss the basic aspects of supercapacitors and how they compare to batteries.
A supercapacitor (also called a supercap, electrochemical capacitor, ultracapacitor or Goldcap) is a high-capacity capacitor with higher capacitance values but lower voltage limit much than other capacitors that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. It is an electrochemical element developed in the 1970s ~1980s to store energy through polarized electrolytes. They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.
It is different from the traditional chemical power supply, and is a power supply which has special performance between the traditional capacitor and the battery, and mainly relies on the electrostatic double- layer and the oxidation-reduction pseudocapacitance to store electric energy. But there is no chemical reaction in the process of its energy storage, and this type of energy storage is reversible.
Supercapacitor, as a new type of energy storage device, which has the advantages of fast charging and discharging speed, high efficiency, good stability, long service life and so on, and is a clean green energy source, which is a new type of green energy in the 21st century, it has great market potential.
Supercapacitor Basics
1) Structure
The structure details of supercapacitors depend on the application of it. In other words, these materials may vary slightly relying on the manufacturer or specific application requirements. All supercapacitors have basic common points: they contain a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a diaphragm between the two electrodes, and the electrolyte fills in the two pores separated from the two electrodes and the diaphragm.
The structure of the supercapacitor is as shown in the following, which is composed of a porous electrode material, a current collector, a porous battery separator and an electrolyte. The electrode material is closely connected to the current collector to reduce contact resistance; the diaphragm shall meet the conditions of having as high ionic conductance as possible and as low as possible electronic conductance, it is generally made from an electronic insulation material, such as a polypropylene film with fibrous structure. The type of electrolyte is selected depending on the characteristics of the electrode material.
1-PTFE carrier
2 and 4: active substance on the foamed nickel collector
3-Polypropylene cell diaphragm
Supercapacitor components can vary from product to product. This is determined by the geometric structure of the supercapacitor package. For prism or square packaging, the internal structure is based on the arrangement of the internal components, that is, the internal collector is extruded from the stack of each electrode, and these collector pads will be welded to the terminal to extend the current path outside the capacitor.
For circular or cylindrical packaging, electrodes are cut into reel configuration. Finally, the electrode foil is welded to the terminal to expand the external capacitance-current path.
2) Supercapacitor Materials
At present, carbon materials are mainly used as electrode materials of surpercapacitors. In the market they are mainly activated carbon materials, because of the lower cost and high specific surface area of activated carbon, this is the characteristic that supercapacitor electrode material must have. However, the conductivity of the activated carbon is general, and the microstructure is mainly in the form of micropores, so there will be a large resistance in the electrolyte, the process of immersion of the electrode in the electrolyte will be relatively slow, either the process of storing and transferring charges. But its cost is low, it can basically meet the requirements of the market, so it is used as the main material of capacitor on the market, although other carbon materials have sound performance, but their cost is higher, so they are not commercialized. Therefore, electrode materials with good performance and low cost is the mainstream in the field of supercapacitors now. In a word, it has great significance to improve supercapacitors with superior performance and low cost, in such a situation, supercapacitors can be widely used in the market.
So far, carbon materials used to study and research electrode materials for supercapacitors include activated carbon, carbon aerogel, carbon nano-tubes, glass-carbon, graphene, carbon fiber and carbon / carbon composites. Due to the price of carbon raw material is low, surface area is large, it is suitable for mass production. However, pure carbon electrode materials do not have high specific capacitance, which need to be modified.
1. Acticarbon
For activated carbon materials, different processing methods will produce different activated carbons with different specific surface areas, which can be as high as 1000 ~ 3000m2/g, and have different voids with wide pore size range, simple production process and low cost. It can be obtained from asphalt, plant shells, petroleum coke, rubber and other raw materials. And it is a commercialized electrode material for supercapacitors. Activated carbon materials can be activated by various ways, and physical activation and chemical activation are mainly used today.
2. Carbon Aerogel
Carbon aerogel is a cross-linked reticulated carbon material with porous properties. Its advantages include good conductivity, large surface area, high porosity and wide pore size distribution. Carbon aerogel is the only aerogel with high conductivity. For example, nano-carbon materials, one of carbon materials with large density span, good porosity and light weight, and meanwhile, its pore size distribution and particle size can be controlled by adjusting the process parameters.
3. Carbon Nano-tube
The carbon nano-tube is a hexagonal carbon material which is similar to graphite. A multi-layer tube, from micro perspective, its two ends are closed, and its diameter is several tens of nanometers, and the spacing of the layers is slightly larger than that of the graphite layer. For the requirement of the electrode material of the super capacitor, the carbon nano-tube material is very suitable for use as the electrode material because the structure of the carbon nanotube is hollow tube, the surface area is large, especially the carbon nano-tube with very thin walls, the specific surface area is more larger, which is very beneficial to the storage of the electric double-layer capacitor. If that carbon nano tube is made into an electrode, a special hole is also provided, the structure of holes formed between the tubes, the holes are connected to each other, and there is no plugging situation, which is very important for the flow of electrolyte when it is used as an electrode. And this kind of holes from the tube winding each other will not be too small, generally belong to the mesopore, this will make the electrode internal resistance is very low, which are required by the super capacitor electrode. At present, the research on carbon nano-tube as electrode materials for supercapacitors is mainly focused on the direct application of carbon nanotubes to supercapacitors, or the combination of carbon nanotubes and other materials as supercapacitors.
4. Activated Carbon Fiber
Activated carbon fiber (ACF) is a kind of environment-friendly material, which has better adsorption performance than activated carbon. Activated carbon fiber cloth with large specific surface area obtained from ACF has been successfully used in commercial electrode materials.
5. Graphene
Many researchers all over the world have studied graphene for a long time. Because graphene has many characteristics that other materials do not have. Its main advantages include good electrical conductivity, large surface area, low density, special thermal conductivity and optical properties, high mechanical properties and so on, these are electrode material requirements of ideal supercapacitor. There are many methods for the preparation of graphene, including tape stripping, SiC decomposition, oxidized graphite reduction and so on. The redox method is the most widely used at present. Graphene made from this method has the advantages of high yield, good quality and relatively simple process. However, this method also has disadvantages, for example, the oxide graphene after strong oxidant is not easy to be completely reduced, what's more, the reductant may usually have highly toxic.
6. Metallic Oxide
Metal oxide material is a kind of material used on supercapacitor besides carbon material. Its storage is different from that of carbon material. It mainly adopts Faraday quasi-capacitance principle, which is much larger than double-layer capacitor. Faraday quasi-capacitance is explaining a highly reversible chemical adsorption-desorption reaction or redox reaction, which can occur at the interface between the electrodes or inside the electrodes. The capacitance values of capacitors electrode made from this material is larger than the double-layer capacitors.
7. Conductive Polymer
Conductive polymer materials are another category of electrode materials for supercapacitors, and their capacitors theory are mainly from Faraday capacitor principle. After this kind of materials are made into electrodes, a small part of the double layer capacitance occurs at the interface of the electrode solution, more is the highly reversible the redox reaction based on Faraday principle. Because conductive polymer has plasticity, it is easy to make thin layer electrode with low internal resistance and low cost.
3) Types and Working Principle
For supercapacitors, there are different classification methods depending on the different contents.
Firstly, according to different energy storage mechanism, supercapacitors can be divided into double electric layer capacitors and Faraday quasi capacitors. Among them, double electric layer capacitors are mainly generated by pure electrostatic charge adsorbing on the electrode surface to generate storage energy. The Capacitance of Faraday quasi capacitors are mainly produced by reversible redox reactions on and near the surface of active electrode materials (such as transition metal oxides and high polymer materials), to achieve the storage and conversion of energy.
Secondly, according to the type of the electrolyte, it can be divided into two types: the water system supercapacitor and the organic supercapacitor.
In addition, according to the type of active materials, it can be divided into symmetric supercapacitors and asymmetric supercapacitors.
Finally, according to the state of electrolyte, it can be divided into solid-electrolyte supercapacitors and liquid-electrolyte supercapacitors.
The working principle of supercapacitors is to use the double electric-layer structure composed of activated carbon porous electrode and electrolyte to obtain the super capacity.
The working principle of the double electric-layer capacitor and the Faraday quasi-capacitor will be explained below.
1. Double electric-layer capacitor: it is produced by charge confrontation at the electrode /solution interface through the directional alignment of electrons or ions. For an electrode /solution system, a double electric-layer is formed at the interface between the electron-conducting electrode and the ionic conductive electrolyte solution. Specifically, when the electric field is applied on the two electrodes, the anion and cations in the solution migrate to the positive and negative electrodes respectively, then a double electric layer is formed on the electrode surface. After the electric field is removed, the positive and negative charge on the electrode is attracted to the opposite charge ion in the solution, and the double layer is stabilized, resulting in a relatively stable potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes. At this point, for a certain electrode, within a certain distance (dispersion layer), the heterosexual ion charge is produced in the equal amount as the charge on the electrode to keep electric neutrality. When the two poles are connected with the external circuit, the charge transfer on the electrode leads to the generation of electric current in the external circuit, and the ions in the solution migrate reflect electric neutrality, which is the charge and discharge principle of the double electric-layer capacitor.
2. Faraday quasi capacitor: the theory was first proposed by Conway. On and near the surface of the electrode or in two-dimensional or quasi-two-dimensional space in the bulk phase, electroactive substances have a underpotential deposition, through highly reversible chemical adsorption-desorption and redox reaction occur, resulting in capacitors related to the charge potential of the electrode. For Faraday quasi capacitors, the process of charge storage includes not only includes the storage on the double electric layer, but also contains the redox reaction between electrolyte ions and electrode active substances. When ions in electrolyte (such as H+, OH-,K+ or Li+) from solution spread to electrode / solution interface under the action of external electric field, a large amount of charge is stored in the electrode by redox reaction. During discharge, these ions will return to the electrolyte through the reversible redox reaction and the stored charge will be released through the external circuit. This is the charging and discharging mechanism of the Faraday quasi capacitor.
1) The speed of charging is fast, and the charge can reach 95% of its rated capacity in 10 seconds ~ 10 minutes.
2) Long cycle life, cycle times of full charge and discharge can up to 1 ~ 500000 times.
3) Strong discharge capacity in large current , high energy conversion, small loss, large current energy cycle efficiency ≥ 90%.
4) High power density, up to 300W/ KG ~5000W/ KG, is equivalent to 5-10 times of the battery.
5) No pollution in product raw material composition, production, use, storage and disassembly processes, supercapacitor is the ideal and echo electric copmponent.
6) Simple charging and discharging circuit, opposite to the rechargeable battery, very safe, no maintenance for long term use.
7) Characteristic is good in the ultra-low temperature, the temperature range is -40 ℃ ~+70 ℃.
8) Easy to detect and the remaining quantity of electricity can read out directly.
9) Capacity range is usually 0.1F-1000F.
10) A very small volume can reaches the capacity of the Farah class.
11) No need for special charging and discharge control circuits.
12) Overcharging does not have a negative impact on the life of the supercapacitor compared with batteries.
13) Supercapacitors can be welded to solve the unstable problem that batteries had have.
1) If it is not used properly, it will cause electrolyte leakage, etc.
2) Compared with aluminum electrolytic capacitor, its internal resistance is larger, so it can not be used in AC circuit.
"Super" Means What?
1. Supercapacitors can be considered as two non-reactive but active porous electrode plates suspended in the electrolyte. Charging on the electrode plate, positive plate attracts the negative ions in the electrolyte, and the negative plate attracts the positive ion, which actually forms two capacitive storage layers. The separated positive ion is near the negative plate and the negative ion is near the positive plate.
2. The supercapacitor stores energy in the separated charge. The larger the area used to store the charge, the denser the charge, the larger the capacitance.
3. The area of the traditional capacitor is the area of the conductor plate. In order to obtain the larger capacity, the conductor material is curled up very long, sometimes with special structure to increase its surface area. In addition, traditional capacitors use insulating materials to separate its polar plates, generally plastic film, paper, and so on, these materials usually require as thin as possible.
4. The area of supercapacitor is based on the porous carbon material. The porous structure of the supercapacitor allows its area to reach 2000m2/g, which can achieve a larger surface area through some measures. The distance from which the supercapacitor charges are separated is determined by the size of the electrolyte ion attracted to the charged electrode. Further more, Supercapacitors can achieve a smaller distance compared with conventional capacitor film materials.
5. The large surface area and the very small charge separation distance make supercapacitors have an amazing electrostatic capacity compared with conventional capacitors.
Discharging Control of Supercapacitor
The resistance of the supercapacitor blocks its rapid discharge. The time constant τ of the supercapacitor is 1 ~2s, and the complete discharge of the resistance-capacitance circuit requires about 5τ. That is, if the short-circuit discharge takes about 5 ~10s (because of the special structure of the electrode, they actually take several hours to remove the remaining charge completely).
Supercapacitors can charge and discharge quickly, and peak currents are limited by their internal resistance, even short circuits are not the big deal. It actually depends on the volume of the capacitor unit. For matching loads, the small unit can be placed at 10A, and the large cell can be placed at 1,000A. Another limiting factor of discharge rate is heat. Repeated discharge frequently will raise the temperature of the capacitor and eventually lead to an open circuit.
Supercapacitor Selection
Power requirement, discharging time and systematic voltage change play a decisive role in selecting supercapacitors. The output voltage drop of the supercapacitor consists of two parts, one is the supercapacitor releasing energy, another is caused by the supercapacitor internal resistance. In addition, two part who account for most depending on time. In the case of very fast pulse, the internal resistance is the main part, whereas in the long time discharge, the internal resistance is the main part.
Unit: F
1F=1C/1V
1C=1A·S
The 12V/14A battery discharge =14*3600*1/12=4200F, (Note: the 12V/14A battery is connected in series by six 2V/14A batteries. If these batteries were parallel connection, it will be equal to 2V/84A.
Electrical Parameters Selection
The following basic parameters determine the size of the capacitor selected:
1)maximum operating voltage
2)working cutoff voltage
3)average discharging current
4)discharging time
1. Supercapacitors have fixed polarity, which should be confirmed before use.
2. It should be used at nominal voltage. When the capacitor voltage exceeds the nominal voltage, it will lead to the decomposition of electrolyte, meanwhile, the capacitor will heat up, the capacity will decrease, and the internal resistance will increase, the life will be shortened, and in some cases, the capacitor performance will faulty.
3. It can't be applied to a high-frequency charging and discharging circuit. A high frequency of rapid charge and discharge will result in internal heat generation in the capacitor, an decrease in capacity, an increase in internal resistance, which in some cases lead to a breakdown of the normal operation.
4. The external ambient temperature also has an important influence on the service life. The capacitor should be as far away as possible from the heat source.
5. Exist voltage drop when used as a backup power source. Because of the large internal resistance of supercapacitors, there is voltage drop Δ V=IR, at the moment of discharging.
6. It is not in a place with a relative humidity of more than 85% or toxic gases. These conditions will contribute to corrosion of the lead and the capacitor shell, leading to an open circuit.
7. It can not be placed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. It should be carried out at a temperature of -30℃~+50℃, and a relative humidity of less than 60% to avoid a sudden temperature change, which may result in component damage.
8. When used on double-sided circuit boards, connections are not allowed to pass through capacitors. Because of the supercapacitor installation, once surcapacitor near the wiring contracts will cause the short-circuit phenomenon.
9. When the capacitor is welded to the circuit board, the capacitor shell shall not be contacted to the circuit board. Otherwise, the solder will seep into the perforating hole of the capacitor, which will affect the performance of the capacitor.
10. After installing supercapacitor, don't tilt or twist capacitor at random. Otherwise, it will lead to loosening of capacitor wires, then cause deterioration of performance.
11. Avoid overheating the capacitor during welding. If the capacitor is overheated during welding, the service life of the capacitor will be reduced. For example, if using a printed circuit board with thickness of 1.6mm, the temperature of welding process shall be 260℃ and the soldering time of one contract shall not exceed 5s.
12. After the capacitor is welded, the circuit board and the capacitor need to be cleaned, because some impurities may cause short-circuit to the capacitor.
13. Supercapacitor should adopt series connection. For technical reasons, the rated operating voltage of a unipolar supercapacitor is generally around 2.8 V, so it is necessary to use it in series in most cases. Since it is difficult to guarantee the same capacity of each unit in the series circuit, either the leak of each unit, which will lead to the different charge voltage of each cell in the series loop, resulting in the overvoltage damage of the capacitor ultimately. Therefore, the supercapacitor in series must attach the equalizer circuit. When supercapacitors are used in series, there is a problem of voltage balance between units, a simple series of supercapacitors can cause one or more single capacitors to overvoltage, leading to damage to these capacitors, and the overall performance is affected. So in series use of capacitors, it is necessary to get technical support from capacitor manufacturers.
The most promising future of supercapacitors is the combination of a double-layer charging interface with existing energy-storage technologies. By adding EC technology to fuel-cell applications, companies have been successful in rapidly improving the charge/discharge cycle performance of hybrid- and electric-vehicle applications. Many cities using hybrid technologies for public transit have also seen an improvement in overall energy storage and charge cycles when coupling their energy systems with things like supercapacitor-based engine starters and charging stations.
The closest future application for supercapacitors is in energy storage and rapid charging. Many applications of this type have already hit the market, and are changing how we think about energy storage.
The realization of a commercially viable, standalone supercapacitor battery may be further off into the future. Still, supercapacitor applications that have been achieved are an exciting realization of part of an age-old technology that is only getting better with time.
Once the scientists made a breakthrough in the supercapacitor technique, the new energy industry can be greatly driven by the development of supercapacitors.
1)Auto Field
In auto industry, the application of intelligent starting and stopping control system (light hybrid power system) provides a broad stage for supercapacitors, especially in plug-in hybrid vehicles. The discharge process of battery varies greatly due to the frequent starting and stopping of electric vehicle. And during normal driving, the average power of electric vehicle from battery is very low, but the peak value of acceleration and climbing is quite high.
Under the existing battery technology of electric vehicle, the battery must balance the specific energy and specific power consumption, and cycle life. But it is difficult to reach high specific energy, high specific power and long service life in a set of energy system at the same time.
In order to solve the contradiction between driving mileage and accelerating climbing performance of electric vehicle, two energy systems should be adopted. The main energy can improve the optimum driving range, and the auxiliary energy can provide the short auxiliary power when accelerating and climbing. The auxiliary energy system can directly take its own energy, or it can also recover the renewable kinetic energy when the electric vehicle brakes and downhill, and selects the super capacitor as the auxiliary energy.
In a short term, specific energy of supercapacitor makes it impossible to be used as an electric vehicle energy system alone, but it has significant advantages as an auxiliary energy source. The best combination used in electric vehicles is the hybrid-energy system of battery-supercapacitor, but this system requires separate specific energy and specific power of the battery.
The supercapacitor has the function of load balancing. The discharge current of the battery reduces improve the available energy efficient of the battery and its service life significantly. Compared with the battery, the supercapacitor can quickly and efficiently absorb the regenerative kinetic energy generated by the braking of electric vehicle. The load balance of supercapacitors and the recovery of energy greatly improve the driving mileage of the vehicle. However, to accomplish this goal, the system should make comprehensive control and optimization matching for battery, supercapacitor, motor and power inverter, in addition, the design of power converter and its controller should fully consider the matching between motor and supercapacitor.
2)Other Fields
In the development of supercapacitors for dozens of years, micro supercapacitors have been widely used in small mechanical devices, such as computer memory systems, cameras, audio equipment and intermittent electrical auxiliary facilities. Large-sized columnar supercapacitors are mostly used in automotive and natural energy collection industry. So supercapacitors will be an important part of the transportation industry and natural energy collection in the future.
1) Large size supercapacitors (125V) can be used in braking systems of trains and subways, and can also provide energy for material handling vehicles; medium-sized supercapacitors (75V) can be used in solar energy collection because they have the ability to work at high temperatures; 48V supercapacitors are used in cars; small-sized supercapacitors (within 2.7V) contribute significantly to the continuous power supply of communications facilities and the storage of backup power in computer memory systems.
2) The low impedance of supercapacitors is essential for many high-power applications today. For fast charging and discharging, the supercapacitor's lower ESR means more power output: a few seconds to charge and a few minutes to discharge. For example, it is suitable for electric tools and toys.
3) In UPS systems, supercapacitors provide instantaneous power output as a supplement to the motor engine or other uninterrupted systems devices.
4) As power support when the bus switches from one power source to another.
5) With the features of small current, long time continuous discharge, which can used as computer memory backup power supply.
6) Transient power pulse applications, important storage, short-time power support of memory system.
In the field of natural energy collection, wind power generation can't without hydraulic system or battery. Because each time the fan of the generator stops, the internal turbine adjusts the blade to a specified position, this process is called the variable pitch wind control system in wind power generation, and the electricity required during the operation is supplied by the hydraulic system or battery. For batteries, intermittent work intensity and perennial load, will lead to their own service life reduced greatly. Due to this reason, every few years, every wind turbine needed detection, so the maintenance and replacement of the batteries is costly. For high-power supercapacitors, having the characteristics of fast charge and discharge and long cycle life, it can replace the battery to do that work. Although the cost is high in the earlier period, the cost of frequent maintenance and replacement of the battery will be reduced, and the working intensity of devices can be reduced compared with batteries.
Supplement of Supercapacitors
"Can Supercapacitors Surpass Batteries for Energy Storage?"
Supercapacitors have many advantages:
A. Low ESR and power density is more than ten times of that of the lithium ion battery, which is suitable for high current discharge. (a 4.7F capacitor can release the instantaneous current of more than 18A).
B. The ultra-long service life, charge and discharge more than 500000 times, is 500 times that of Li-Ion battery, is 1000 times that of Ni-MH and Ni-Cd battery. If the supercapacitor is charged and discharged 20 times a day, it can be used continuously for 68 years.
C. High current charging, short charge and discharge time, simple charging circuit, no memory effect.
D. Maintenance-free, sealed
E. The temperature range of supercapacitor is -40 ℃~+70 ℃, and the common battery is -20 ℃ ~+60 ℃.
F. Supercapacitors can be composed of series and parallel into a supercapacitor set, which can withstand voltage and store higher capacity
Advances in supercapacitors are delivering better-than-ever energy-storage options. In some cases, they can compete against more-popular batteries to develop a more wider-range markets.
1) Supercapacitors are superior to batteries in some applications. It is a better way to combine the power characteristic of capacitor with the high energy storage of battery.
2) The super capacitor can be charged to any potential within its rated voltage range and can be fully discharged. while the battery is limited to a narrower voltage range by its own chemical reaction, and if overdischarge may cause permanent damage.
3) The charge state (SOC) of the supercapacitor and the voltage constitute a simple function, but the charge state of the battery includes various complex conversion.
4) Supercapacitors can store more energy than conventional capacitors, and batteries can store more energy than supercapacitors with same volume. But in some applications where power determines the size of energy storage devices, supercapacitors may be a better option.
5) Supercapacitors can transmit energy pulses repeatedly without any bad effect, on the contrary, if the batteries repeatedly do it, their lives are greatly reduced.
6) Supercapacitors can be charged quickly, but batteries can be damaged by quick charging.
7) Supercapacitors can be charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times, while battery has only a few hundred of cycles.
Supercapacitors-Related News
Devices called supercapacitors have recently become attractive forms of energy storage: They recharge in seconds, have very long lifespans, work with close to 100 percent efficiency, and are much lighter and less volatile than batteries. But they suffer from low energy-storage capacity and other drawbacks, meaning they mostly serve as backup power sources for things like electric cars, renewable energy technologies, and consumer devices.
But MIT spinout FastCAP Systems is developing ultra film capacitors, and supercapacitor-based systems, that offer greater energy density and other advancements. This technology has opened up new uses for the devices across a wide range of industries, including some that operate in extreme environments.
Based on MIT research, FastCAP's supercapacitors store up to 10 times the energy and achieve 10 times the power density of commercial counterparts. They're also the only commercial supercapacitors capable of withstanding temperatures reaching as high as 300 degrees Celsius and as low as minus 110 C, allowing them to endure conditions found in drilling wells and outer space. Most recently, the company developed a AA-battery-sized supercapacitor with the perks of its bigger models, so clients can put the devices in places where supercapacitors couldn't fit before.
Founded in 2008, FastCAP has already taken its technology to the oil and gas industry, and now has its sights set on aerospace and defense and, ultimately, electric, hybrid, and even fuel-cell vehicles. "In our long-term product market, we hope that we can make an impact on transportation, for increased energy efficiency," says co-founder John Cooley PhD '11, who is now president and chief technology officer of FastCAP.
FastCAP's co-founders and technology co-inventors are MIT alumnus Riccardo Signorelli PhD '09 and Joel Schindall, the Bernard Gordon Professor of the Practice in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
A "hairbrush" of carbon nanotubes
Supercapacitors use electric fields to move ions to and from the surfaces of positive and negative electrode plates, which are usually coated with a porous material called activated carbon. Ions cling to the electrodes and let go quickly, allowing for quick cycling, but the small surface area limits the number of ions that cling, restricting energy storage. Traditional supercapacitors can, for instance, hold about 5 percent of the energy that lithium ion batteries of the same size can.
In the late 2000s, the FastCAP founding team had a breakthrough: They discovered that a tightly packed array of carbon nanotubes vertically aligned on the electrode provided much more surface area. The array was also uniform, whereas the porous material was irregular and difficult for ions to move in and out of. "A way to look at it is the industry standard looks like nanoscopic sponge, and the vertically aligned nanotube arrays look like a nanoscopic hairbrush" that provides the ions more efficient access to the electrode surface, Cooley says.
With funding from the Ford-MIT Alliance and MIT Energy Initiative, the researchers built a fingernail-sized prototype that stored twice the energy and delivered seven to 15 times more power than traditional ultracapacitors.
In 2008, the three researchers launched FastCAP, and Cooley and Signorelli brought the business idea to Course 15.366 (Energy Ventures), where they designed a three-step approach to a market. The idea was to first focus on building a product for an early market: oil and gas. Once they gained momentum, they'd focus on two additional markets, which turned out to be aerospace and defense, and then automotive and stationary storage, such as server farms and grids. "One of the paradigms of Energy Ventures was that steppingstone approach that helped the company succeed," Cooley says.
FastCAP then earned a finalist spot in the 2009 MIT Clean Energy Prize (CEP), which came with some additional perks. "The value there was in the diligence effort we did on the business plan, and in the marketing effect that it had on the company," Cooley says.
Based on their CEP business plan, that year FastCAP won a $5 million U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy grant to design supercapacitors for its target markets in automotive and stationary storage. FastCAP also earned a 2012 DOE Geothermal Technologies Program grant to develop very high-temperature energy storage for geothermal well drilling, where temperatures far exceed what available energy-storage devices can tolerate. Still under development, these supercapacitors have proven to perform from minus 5 C to over 250 C.
From underground to outer space
Over the years, FastCAP made several innovations that have helped the ultracapacitors survive in the harsh conditions. In 2012, FastCAP designed its first-generation product, for the oil and gas market: a high-temperature ultracapacitor that could withstand temperatures of 150 C and posed no risk of explosion when crushed or damaged. "That was an interesting market for us, because it's a very harsh environment with [tough] engineering challenges, but it was a high-margin, low-volume first-entry market," Cooley says. "We learned a lot there."
In 2014, FastCAP deployed its first commercial product. The Ulysses Power System is an supercapacitor-powered telemetry device, a long antenna-like system that communicates with drilling equipment. This replaces the battery-powered systems that are volatile and less efficient. It also amplifies the device's signal strength by 10 times, meaning it can be sent thousands of feet underground and through subsurface formations that were never thought penetrable in this way before.
After a few more years of research and development, the company is now ready to break into aerospace and defense. In 2015, FastCAP completed two grant programs with NASA to design ultracapacitors for deep space missions (involving very low temperatures) and for Venus missions (involving very high temperatures).
In May 2016, FastCAP continued its relationship with NASA to design an ultracapacitor-powered module for components on planetary balloons, which float to the edge of Earth's atmosphere to observe comets. The company is also developing an ultracapacitor-based energy-storage system to increase the performance of the miniature satellites known as CubeSats. There are other aerospace applications too, Cooley says: "There are actuators systems for stage separation devices in launch vehicles, and other things in satellites and spacecraft systems, where onboard systems require high power and the usual power source can't handle that."
A longtime goal has been to bring supercapacitors to electric and hybrid vehicles, providing high-power capabilities for stop-start and engine starting, torque assist, and longer battery life. In March, FastCAP penned a deal with electric-vehicle manufacturer Mullen Technologies. The idea is to use the supercapacitors to augment the batteries in the drivetrain, drastically improving the range and performance of the vehicles. Based on their wide temperature capabilities, FastCAP's ultracapacitors could be placed under the hood, or in various places in the vehicle's frame, where they were never located before and could last longer than traditional supercapacitors.
The devices could also be an enabling component in fuel-cell vehicles, which convert chemical energy from hydrogen gas into electricity that is then stored in a battery. These zero-emissions vehicles have difficulty handling surges of power—and that's where FastCAP's supercapacitors can come in, Cooley says.
"The supercapacitors can sort of take ownership of the power and variations of power demanded by the load that the fuel cell is not good at handling," Cooley says. "People can get the range they want for a fuel-cell vehicle that they're anxious about with battery-powered electric vehicles. So there are a lot of good things we are enabling by providing the right supercapacitor technology to the right application."
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Home > Free Essays > Art > Films Comparison > The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac"
The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac" Essay (Movie Review)
Streetcar Named Desire
Streetcar Named Desire is based on the play by the same name written by Tennessee Williams. The movie is as tensed as the play. It is necessary to note that the movie is famous for its cast performance. Marlon Brando's acting is astounding as he manages to create a character that is full of passion and life. Vivien Leigh and Kim Hunter also manage to create lively characters. The two sisters embody all joys and sorrows of females who lived at that time. It is possible to state that acting is exemplary in this movie.
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As for technology, it is possible to note that it is also remarkable. The filmmakers managed to create a combination of theatrical art, cinematography, and real life. The setting is limited to Kowalski's house, but there is still an illusion of space. There is a great variety of different shots (e.g. wide shots, close-ups, cut-ins, over-the-shoulder, etc.). This creates a feeling of participation as if the viewer is an unseen witness. The sound is also very good as the music creates the necessary atmosphere. It is also necessary to add that sophisticated make-up adds reality to the movie.
I love the movie as it is a great mix of a theatrical performance and a good movie. The story itself is appealing, and it required a lot of effort, but the filmmakers managed to tell the story perfectly well. I love theatre, but some people fail to understand the value of a play as they do not pay attention to meaningful details. In the film, the director draws the viewers' attention to the necessary details. Of course, I prefer searching for the details and clues by myself. However, in this case, my vision coincides with the directors. Therefore, I love the film, and I think this is one of the best screenings of a play.
This movie is a good taped version of the famous play. As far as acting is concerned, it is rather good. However, actors sometimes overact. This can be due to the format, as there are main stage laws. Thus, actors have to speak loudly and distinctly. They also have to 'interact' with the viewer. It is also necessary to add that Kevin Kline's performance is outstanding. He manages to reveal the deepest emotions of his character.
At the same time, there are certain flaws when it comes to technology. For example, the make-up is not very good. The significant characteristic feature of Cyrano De Bergerac, his nose, looks very unnatural. The scenery could also be better. Though, it is acceptable for a play. As far as the advantages of the production, the light is used properly, and the most important things are highlighted. The costumes correspond to the epoch when the story is set. The sound is also good. Nonetheless, the flaws of make-up are rather frustrating and outweigh the advantages.
Irrespective of the downsides of the play, I loved it. I believe Kline's performance makes it remarkable. Amazingly, an actor can reveal those emotions. I lost the sense of reality when watching his acting. My overall impression is quite positive, but I think the movie could be much better. Though, the movie can be a good supplementary material for those who want to know more about theatrical art.
This essay on The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac" was written and submitted by your fellow student. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly.
"Wall-E" and "Avatar" Films Comparison Similarities and Differences between Iron Man And Super Man
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"The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac"." IvyPanda, 10 Jan. 2021, ivypanda.com/essays/the-movies-streetcar-named-desire-and-cyrano-de-bergerac/.
1. IvyPanda. "The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac"." January 10, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-movies-streetcar-named-desire-and-cyrano-de-bergerac/.
IvyPanda. "The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac"." January 10, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-movies-streetcar-named-desire-and-cyrano-de-bergerac/.
IvyPanda. 2021. "The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac"." January 10, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-movies-streetcar-named-desire-and-cyrano-de-bergerac/.
IvyPanda. (2021) 'The Movies "Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cyrano de Bergerac"'. 10 January.
Reflective Entry of "Trauma Through a Child's Eyes: Awakening the Ordinary Miracle of Healing Children, Parenting and the Family Series" and "Udaan"
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Tennessee Williams' Play "A Streetcar Named Desire"
A Streetcar Named Desire: The Passion of Blanche
Gender Struggle in Tennessee Williams "A Streetcar Named Desire"
Stanley and Blanche Relationship in a Streetcar Named Desire
The Symbolism of Public Transportation in "On the Streetcar" and Washington Square
Female Characters in The Streetcar Named Desire & The Great Gatsby: Comparative
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Films Studies: The Spirit of the Beehive and Cinema Paradiso
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Essay Movie Review
Art	Films Comparison
Reflective Entry of "Trauma Through a Child's Eyes: Awakening the Ordinary Miracle of Healing Children, Parenting and the Family Series" and "Udaan" A Streetcar Named Desire "A Streetcar Named Desire" and other Hollywood films: The Effect of Negative Sexual Acts and Values on Society A Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams' Play "A Streetcar Named Desire" A Streetcar Named Desire: The Passion of Blanche Gender Struggle in Tennessee Williams "A Streetcar Named Desire"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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De polymeerfysica is het natuurkundig vakgebied dat de materiaaleigenschappen van polymeren onderzoekt. Ook de snelheid waarmee de chemische aaneenrijging (polymerisatie) van monomeren tot polymeren, en andersom de ontleding van polymeren in monomeren plaatsvindt  (depolymerisatie), wordt onderzocht.

Zie ook
Moleculaire dynamica

Materiaalkunde

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Applications for the 2019 academic year begins September 2018.
To apply you need to complete the Local Authority's (LA) common application form (CAF) and submit this directly to the LA by the deadline, 31 October.
Students included in the Fair Access Protocol will take precedence over those held on the waiting list. Once a student has been identified for admission to the academy under the Fair Access Protocol the academy will notify the local authority within seven calendar days of the decision to accept or refuse the student's admission. It the academy refuses entry, the local authority may request a direction from the Education Funding Agency (on behalf of the Secretary of State). The academy will set out its reasons for refusal in writing to the local authority within 15 calendar days (for CLA this is reduced to seven calendar days) and may make further representations directly to the EFA (these will be made within seven calendar days). The decision of the Secretary of State will be binding upon the academy.
Admission of students on the basis of proximity to the Academy using straight line measurement. Distance from the Academy will be measured in a straight line in metres by a digital mapping system from the Academy's main gate to the front door of the home.
Students who live with parents, guardians or carers who are employees of the Academy, provided that the employee has been employed at the Academy for a minimum of two years at the date of application for admission or are recruited to fill a vacant post for which there is a demonstrable skills shortage.
To decide between two applications that cannot be otherwise separated there will be a random ballot using an electronic random number generator. Such a ballot will be supervised by an officer of the Local Authority.
Children with a Statement of Special Educational Needs are allocated school places under different regulations and will override all other categories or priority.


This article outlines some common issues you might experience with Chat and steps you can take to fix them.
Depending on their IP addresses, some visitors' locations might only show the country, not the city or region. Because of this, triggers with the Visitor city or Visitor region might not catch all the visitors you intended.
If you're using the Visitor page URL condition, keep in mind that some websites might not run the URL with "http://" at the beginning. Double-check that the URL you're using in the condition matches the URL that appears in your browser when you visit the site.
Note that in order to insert an email address in a trigger action, you need to use two @ symbols instead of one. For example, enter support@@zendesk.com instead of support@zendesk.com. You'll get an error message and won't be able to save a trigger with an email address with only one @ symbol. When the trigger fires, it will display with just the one @ sign.
If the chat widget isn't showing up on your website, first make sure that it's not disabled.
In the Hide Widget section, make sure the Turn off Chat Widget check box is not selected.
If you've unchecked the box, click Save Changes.
If you're not receiving expected emails from Zendesk Chat, check your spam folder to see if they've been filtered out. To make sure you get them in the future, add noreply@zopim.com and chat@zendesk.com to your email account's whitelist.
Another common reason you might not be receiving Chat emails is if you're using a group address as your contact email. Make sure that your contact information is an individual email address.
If you're experiencing problems with the Zendesk Chat mobile app, try reinstalling the app and restarting your mobile device. You should also check your device's settings to verify that notifications are enabled for the app.


Kevin Pietersen has said he hopes the furore surrounding his international future can be sorted in time for him to tour New Zealand in February.
He tweeted: "Hoping all is sorted & I'm on the New Zealand tour in February."
Test and one-day captain Alastair Cook had stated earlier this week he was positive about Pietersen's return.
"Time hopefully will be a healer and we will be able to move on, but the issues will have to be resolved," the 27-year-old said.
"If the issues can be resolved, Kevin has said he is available for selection, but at the moment that can't happen.
"Meetings are still going on in Sri Lanka at the moment."
England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) chief executive David Collier and England Cricket managing director Hugh Morris have spoken to the Surrey batsman in the Asian country, where he is covering the World Twenty20 for television.
If Pietersen can resolve his differences in time for the trip to New Zealand, he will face the Black Caps in three Tests, three one-day internationals and three Twenty20s.
England arrive on 29 January and, after the limited-overs series, the first Test starts on 6 March in Dunedin. The second Test begins in Wellington on 14 March before the series culminates in Auckland.
The timing of the games ensures Pietersen will be able to feature for the Delhi Daredevils in the Indian Premier League, which begins on 3 April. This commitment was once part of the dispute with the ECB, but Pietersen has since said he is willing to return from the tournament early.
Cook, who has also met Pietersen and been involved in other meetings, admits England's hopes of winning the Test series starting in November have been hit by Pietersen's absence.
"That is a given," said Cook. "Kevin has proved in all conditions around the world that he is a world-class player. His record suggests that in all forms of the game.
"It is a sad circumstance. He will be missed but it gives opportunities to other players and they can do well. There is no reason these guys can't fill the gap there."
The uncapped pair of Nick Compton, who averaged 99 for Somerset in the County Championship this summer, and Yorkshire's Joe Root were called up to fill the void left by Pietersen's absence and former captain Andrew Strauss's retirement.
Six years ago, Cook was called out to India as a late replacement for Marcus Trescothick and scored a century on his debut.
"We are going on this tour to win. We have got to look forward now as a side and not back," added Cook.
"Just like when Tres [Trescothick] came home from India in 2006, he would certainly have been missed.
"The best advice I can give is that the game doesn't change. Sometimes as players you put on an England shirt and think you have to play a different way, and you don't.
"I haven't seen too much of Joe Root play but I have heard glowing reports and everyone talks about his temperament. One thing you definitely need as an international cricketer is a good temperament."
Cook later spoke to BBC Radio 5 live after being named one-day international player of the summer at the Professional Cricketers' Association awards ceremony in London.
Asked about the tour of India, he said: "In Pakistan and Sri Lanka we didn't win but we proved we can get 20 wickets, so as a captain that's quite encouraging.
"Now, as a batting unit, we all know how important first innings runs are in India and we've got to go out there and bat for huge periods of time. We've certainly got the talent in the squad to do that, it's just hopefully we can get used to the conditions and prepare to bat six or seven hours for a hundred.
"The new guy coming in at the top of the order, whoever it may be, I've got a big role to try and help him into Test cricket, it's not an easy position to fill but the talent's there and it's a great opportunity."
England seamer James Anderson, also interviewed at the ceremony, said: "When I started playing there were are a lot of senior players and it was quite difficult to integrate. Most of the players in the team now have had experiences of that, so we try and make it as welcoming as possible."
Speaking about the India tour, the 30-year-old added: "It can be a difficult place to go, the new ball is crucial, you've got to take early wickets.
"There is a misconception that spinners take all the wickets, but there is reverse swing that you can use and there is still a huge job for seamers. If you over-attack you can get punished, especially with [Virender] Sehwag and [Gautam] Gambhir, so you've got to get the balance right."
England Test squad for India: Alastair Cook (Essex, capt), James Anderson (Lancashire), Jonny Bairstow (Yorkshire), Ian Bell (Warwickshire), Tim Bresnan (Yorkshire), Stuart Broad (Nottinghamshire), Nick Compton (Somerset), Steven Finn (Middlesex), Graham Onions (Durham), Eoin Morgan (Middlesex), Monty Panesar (Sussex), Samit Patel (Nottinghamshire), Matt Prior (Sussex, wk), Joe Root (Yorkshire), Graeme Swann (Nottinghamshire), Jonathan Trott (Warwickshire).


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Q: Automatic Key-Value Observing in Cocoa As I learn more about KVO and KVC, I have become curious -
How does NSObject provide automatic KVO when accessing setter methods?
If I create a new object with an accessor named setName,
how does an observer get notified when someon calls
[obj setName:@"Mystery"];
Thanks for any feedback

A: I always explain to people that "nothing is magic in Cocoa; it's just code." But KVO borders on magic. It's called isa-swizzling. Your class is transformed at runtime (the first time anyone observes you) into a dynamically generated sub-class that overloads all getters and setters. Calls to -class are wired to lie to you and return the old class, so you won't see the magic subclasses except in the debugger if you look directly at the isa pointer.
Noticing that KVO must be bizarre is a major step in Cocoa enlightenment. Congratulations.
Key-Value Observing Implementation Details

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Report: Novartis circles a deal to buy Gamida Cell in $600M deal
Israel's Globes is reporting that Novartis is pursuing a deal to buy out Israel's Gamida Cell for "hundreds of millions" of dollars upfront and hundreds of millions more in milestones, adding up to a total of about $600 million. The stem cell biotech has been working on a late-stage program for boosting the concentration of stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood to implant in adult leukemia and lymphoma patients.
Reuters followed up with a story saying that two big shareholders of Gamida Cell confirmed that a buyout deal is in the works, but also noted that a Novartis ($NVS) spokesperson declined to comment on the news. Clal Biotechnology--which has a finger in a number of Israeli biotech pies--said that an acquisition offer had arrived March 7, according to Reuters.
Gamida Cell had been touting plans to take the Phase II/III data on StemEx to the FDA, but was forced to announce last summer that regulators had stiff-armed the proposal, demanding a full Phase III study ahead of a decision. Teva ($TEVA) had been engaged in a joint venture on the program, but Globes reports that the big Israeli biopharma company dropped its interest in commercializing the therapy, leaving the commercial rights to the program up for grabs if a buyer came along.
Typically, leukemia and lymphoma patients look to bone marrow transplants to generate new blood cells. But often a matching donor needed for the bone marrow transplants can't be found, and stem cell transplants can be an alternative method for saving lives.
Teva is still listed as an investor, along with Big Biotech Amgen ($AMGN), Denali Ventures and Elbit Medical Technologies, which has a big stake in the company and reportedly confirmed that the offer involves a "significant immediate payment and additional future payments totaling hundreds of millions of dollars."
Gamida Cell has been exploring a possible IPO, which could be real or could be a useful gambit in any buyout discussions.
- here's the story from Globes
- here's the Reuters report


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Hi! My name is Tamson.
I'm a former 1up blogger, park ranger, folk music enthusiast, bird watcher, cross-stitcher, amateur photographer, and did I mention gamer?
I've been gaming since the hey day of arcades in the early 80s, graduated to PC gaming in 1983, and made the switch to console gaming in 1994 with the Sega Genesis. I'm not a console fanboy, fave console last gen was the PS2, but this gen I share my love equally with my 360 and PS3.
Mostly RPGs of the old-school turn-based variety, but my favorite all-time franchise is Ratchet & Clank. Other favorites: Wizardry: Proving Ground of the Mad Overlord, Beyond Good and Evil, the Tales franchise, pretty much anything Dragon Quest, Lost Odyssey, Shadow Hearts, the Lego games, Little Big Planet, and many, many others.
Folk, mainly of the traditional variety, but I'll listen to just about anything other than opera, jazz, new country, and techno. Specifics include: Midnight Oil, Billy Idol, the 1812 Overture, Smetana, Robert Johnson, Sidewalk Bob, Reggie Miles, The Saw Doctors, The Pogues, The Clash, Jed Marum, Johnny Cash, Garth Brooks, Castlebay, Gaelic Storm, Malinky, Social Distortion, Garnet Rogers, Bruce Molsky, Anna Coogan, and many, many others. Did I mention I like music?


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Between the Buried and Me to Release 'Coma Ecliptic Live' on Blu-ray, DVD, CD + Vinyl
Graham Hartmann
Between the Buried and Me have just announced the release of Coma Ecliptic Live in Blu-ray, DVD, CD and vinyl formats! Coming April 28, the release will share the live experience of BTBAM performing their eighth studio album in full.
BTBAM teased the announcement last night (March 7), with fans holding out hope for a 10th anniversary tour for Colors, but don't lose hope everyone, frontman Tommy Rogers has been teasing that one for quite some time.
Coma Ecliptic Live was filmed live in concert on Oct. 4, 2016 at the Observatory North Park in San Diego, Calif. "The genesis of the Coma Ecliptic filming was based around capturing the look and feel of the show our lighting director Chris Hill produced for the full album set," says bassist Dan Briggs. "It's such an important record for us and our progression as a band and the visual representation captures the moods of our tragic tale so well. It's the perfect way to wrap up the last two years we've been living with this album day in and day out!"
The live recording will feature multiple vinyl options. Coma Ecliptic Live will be pressed as a 180g black 2LP, golden yellow marble 2LP (limited to 300 copies - EU exclusive), ultra violet marble 2LP (limited to 200 copies - EU exclusive) and purple/black marble 2LP (limited to 300 copies - USA exclusive).
Check out a trailer for Coma Ecliptic Live above and pre-order the recording by clicking here.
See BTBAM in the Top 50 Metal Bands Who Released Their First Album in the 21st Century
Between the Buried and Me's Paul Waggoner on 'Coma Ecliptic,' Sounding Like an Orchestra
Source: Between the Buried and Me to Release 'Coma Ecliptic Live' on Blu-ray, DVD, CD + Vinyl
Filed Under: Between the Buried and Me


Matsui Jurina spends 2 days in South Korea. Her challenge? Get 100 Instagram-worthy pictures.
Also on location: Yuasa Hiroshi (SKE48 theater manager).
Matsui Jurina no Instabae 100-mai Challenge Tabi (180210) Download !


Property owners must maintain their rental units in compliance with HUD's housing quality standards. See common reasons why units fail HQS inspections.
Property owners are required to consistently maintain their rental units in compliance with HQS and must also enforce the lease in the same manner in which they enforce the lease for non-subsidized rental units.
Rental units subsidized through the HCV program must comply with HQS as well as local code requirements. GHA will withhold Housing Assistance Payments (HAP) if a unit does not meet the minimum requirements of HUD's HQS and local code requirements except in the case where the failure is caused by the HCV assisted family. Owners who fail to make required repairs to an assisted unit within the time period specified in the notice received from GHA will be subject to Abatement of HAP. Abatement is a permanent loss of rent and begins the first day of the next month following the notification of abatement. If the repairs are not made, the abatement will continue until the HAP contract is terminated at the end of the month that the abatement began. If the repairs are completed, GHA will end the abatement the day the unit passes inspection and rent will resume on the same day. Rent cannot be recovered for the period when the unit was under abatement and the HCV assisted family cannot be held responsible. For tenant caused HQS deficiencies, the owner will not be held accountable and the rent will not be abated.


What happens in my body when I get asthma?
How do I feel when I have asthma - what are my symptoms?
How many triggers can you find in the picture?
How does my medicine help me?
How do I feel when I am having an asthma attack?
I'll bet you didn't know that 1 in 7 kids in New Zealand has asthma? Across New Zealand 550,000 school days are lost every year due to asthma. That's over 120,000 kids who find it difficult to blow up a balloon.
So there's every chance that in your class there's 2 or 3 other kids who have asthma. Often we just don't talk about it. And often we don't really know they have asthma unless it is not well controlled. We see it when kids are wheezing, breathing heavily, having days off school or not playing sports. Asthma symptoms don't last forever, that's if your asthma symptoms aren't that bad.
Asthma is common and it can be controlled – just stick with me and we can do it together – and you can be an asthma winner.
How do I know if I my asthma is under control?
Asthma can't be cured but it can be controlled so it does not affect your life.
If this is you then that's great – if this is not you, then check out what you can do to get your asthma under control.


Multi use folding table with a Blow moulded high performance top and powder coated steel frame in Black. Available from stock for a free next day delivery.
Multi folding table with folding tubular steel legs and blow moulded table top with a wipe clean finish. Next day delivery.


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Journalists, Hundreds Of Bobi Wine Supporters Languish In Prisons After Presidential Election
January 26, 2021 January 26, 2021 Team Exposed
Human rights activists in Uganda have revealed that hundreds, if not thousands of Ugandans said to be supporters of National Unity Platform (NUP) presidential candidate Robert Kyagulanyi aka Bobi Wine are languishing in various prisons across the country, several days after the January 14th presidential election.
According to Eron Kiiza, a renowned human rights lawyer in Kampala, the people currently being suffering in jails across the country include journalists, NUP politicians and other Bobi Wine supporters, many of who were either arrested during his campaign trail while others were abducted by the military from their respective homes.
Kiiza reveals that besides singer Ali Bukenya aka Nubian Li, Bobi Wine's bodyguard Eddie Ssebuufu aka Eddie plus others who are detained at Makindye Military Police barracks, many others are reportedly detained at Kasijjagirwa barracks in Masaka District and other military facilities across the country.
However, in Busoga region it is worse, because several journalists and other Bobi Wine supporters there have been jailed too, under deplorable conditions.
Prominent among those who were arrested a few days ago is comedian Hakim Ibanda famously known as Swengere, who is a journalist with Baba FM, plus Pastor Andrew Muwanguzi, of True Worship Centre church in Jinja, who is a staunch Bobi Wine supporter.
Several other journalists have also been assaulted and arrested by police while executing their duties by reporting about the electoral process.
Comedian Swengere and other Bobi Wine supporters sleep like this in jail
For instance, Richard Mutoigo, a journalist with Baba FM in Jinja, was arrested by police at Jinja Senior Secondary School Tally Centre on 21 January 2021, detained at Nalufenya Police Station on allegations of inciting violence, where he was tortured for hours.
"He was our official reporter at the tally centre. When he started giving us live updates about what was happening, police arrested him. Am not sure of the charges brought against him, but we are trying to secure his release and we will update you accordingly," said Aggrey Irongo.
And on 20 January 2021 during the mayoral elections, Kanyere Hakim an NBS TV correspondent in Jinja City was assaulted by the Officer in Charge of Walukuba police station as he tried to report about a case of ballot stuffing at Police Wing polling station in Walukuba, where ballot papers had been delivered in a black polythene bag instead of a sealed ballot box.
Meanwhile, Busoga One FM Radio based in Jinja remains closed since January 14th, 2021.
While speaking to the Human Rights Network for Journalist (HRNJ-Uganda), the station manager Mr. Innocent Anyole, said that on the aforementioned day, they were broadcasting provisional results for presidential and parliamentary elections from different parts of the country only to receive a call from the Kiira region police spokesperson Hajji Abbey Ngako, who accused them of inciting violence.
Then at about 6:30 pm, police stormed the radio station. It is claimed that the radio was switched off by the Regional Police Commander Mr. Hiriga Dauda.
Baba FM Radio in Jinja was also shut down on January 21st, 2021 at about 5:30Pm, over allegations of inciting violence.
The Regional Police Spokesperson for Kiira Region, Abbey Ngako, told Human Rights Network for Journalists-Uganda that the radio stations were shut down for inciting violence.
"We always have problems of inciting members of the community by the media. Busoga One FM was shut down for inciting violence and announcing preliminary results. We got orders from the Deputy Inspector General of Police… he sent a representative who shut down the radio. Another was shut down yesterday by Uganda Communications Commission over the same issue," Ngako told HRNJ-Uganda
Bobi Wine, featured, Human Rights Network for Journalists, National Unity Platform, NUP, Pastor Andrew Muwanguzi, Swengere
US Embassy In Uganda Calls Upon Military To Vacate Bobi Wine's Home
Freedom At Last: Police, Military Finally Vacate Bobi Wine's Home


The United Democratic Party secures 4th term in the municipal elections in Corozal Town. The margin was a landslide victory for the incumbents. Congratulations to everyone who took the challenge for the leadership to govern.
Last edited by Marty; 03/05/15 03:38 PM.


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National Parliaments (EUC Report) — Motion to Take Note
Part of the debate – in the House of Lords at 6:34 pm on 15th December 2014.
Lord Teverson Chair, The Arctic Committee 6:34 pm, 15th December 2014
My Lords, as the noble Lord, Lord Boswell, said in his introduction, this report and debate are particularly important because they are about democratic accountability within the European Union—something that all of us, whether we are anti-Europe, pro-Europe or trying to reform Europe, are aware of, and something that needs to change.
The noble Baroness, Lady Quin, mentioned the 1979 election. I, too, was an MEP, but I did not enter the European Parliament until 1994. Before 1979, we had a European Assembly made up of national parliaments—and, basically, it did not work. That is why it needed to change at that time. I am glad to see that the report does not look back to that sort of model. It is good news that we are not trying to work back in that way.
It is useful to say how the system is supposed to work. National parliaments have a very specific role within the European architecture. They always have done. It is clearly to call national Governments to account. That is the fundamental element of European liberal democracies. Parliaments are there to control their Executives and their Ministers. It is Ministers who go to the Council of Ministers and make decisions. Whether before or after those decisions, national parliaments have a fundamental role in the way that Europe works through the Council of Ministers.
The European Parliament has its direct democratic role in terms of representing citizens, however well that does or does not work, and what you have, although few people outside this architecture understand it, is effectively a bicameral European Parliament. You have a house that represents citizens, which is the European Parliament at the moment, and you have a house that represents nation states and Governments, which is the Council of Ministers. Between them, they make decisions.
They do not initiate legislation under normal circumstances, but of course in the UK the Houses of Parliament do not on the whole initiate legislation, either; it is done by the Executive. Successful Private Members' Bills are few and far between. That is how the system should work: national parliaments tie down their Ministers and their Governments in terms of accountability, and you have a European Parliament that should be fully respected by its citizens and represents direct democratic accountability.
Of course, that does not work perfectly. In fact, it does not necessarily work very well at all, because for that system to work there needs to be full confidence in the European Parliament and parliaments have to call Ministers to account effectively. It needs national Members of Parliament to understand how European institutions actually work, and that is a huge challenge. Certainly, when I was an MEP, I was quite astounded by how national parliamentarians had no clue about how the European Union worked. That is key, and I find it quite strange.
It also needs subsidiarity to work. Subsidiarity means that the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers do only things that are appropriate to the legislation they are undertaking, but that requires a common understanding of what levels of subsidiarity might be, and there is quite a north/south divide on that.
The first route in terms of getting institutions to work to more democratically is to get that system to work. Certainly, in terms of European Union reform and the European Parliament, that requires getting rid of the double seat of Strasbourg and Brussels, the European Parliament stopping its penchant for turf wars with the other institutions, and better representation. I entirely agree that regional representation is much better because of proportional representation, but it is more difficult in terms of single-Member accountability. Ironically, I was the Liberal Democrat who suffered from proportional representation in 1999. In certain nations, such as France, there is the national responsibility of deputies. I do not think that is a very good system, but clearly national Governments should be able to decide. The size of the European Parliament should perhaps be controlled, but who are we, as the House of Lords, to preach on that matter?
When it comes to national Parliaments, I think that the most important thing, in terms of national architecture, is that we do not start setting up further institutions that do not have the power to do anything. The Economic and Social Committee—and I would even say the Committee of Regions—are bodies that were set up at particular times. They are there for consultation, they can give their opinion, but, other than that, they have no ability to influence what goes on. I think that that is a major lesson. In my view, they should be abolished because of that.
I think the yellow card system is a good one, but we have seen, perhaps because it is in its infancy, the difficulty of getting it to work. The green card system that the committee has described is very positive and could be set up, I am sure, without a treaty change in terms of having an institutional agreement, which happens a lot within European institutions. Certainly my experience when I had the honour to chair the EU External Affairs Sub-Committee, when I went to one of the newly established Defence and Security Conferences that happen every six months in the capital of the presidency at that time, was very mixed. It was to a degree a talking shop. Some of the nations felt that it should be able to give recommendations and vote, which it could do on certain issues. Others felt that we should keep well away from that area. It was very limited in what it was able to do.
As far as the commission is concerned—we have, of course, 28 commissioners from 28 member states—I wonder whether each commissioner should be allocated not their own nationality but a country, an EU member state with which they particularly liaise. That may be a way in which accountability to national Parliaments could work. It is particularly important in the second-pillar areas, justice and home affairs and foreign affairs, where there is not exclusive European Union competency.
For instance, the High Representative issued an annual report on the External Affairs Committee's success or otherwise during the year. That would have been something that we wanted to talk to the external affairs service about, and I am sure that other national Parliaments would have wanted to as well. Clearly the external affairs High Representative is not someone who can go around to 28 member states, but there are other ways of doing that. I think also—and I do not think the report gets fully into this—that with regard to the President of the Council, Donald Tusk, there is a need for direct parliamentary accountability to a degree.
Here in Westminster I agree entirely that there should be pre-Council scrutiny. I think our own sub-committees should scrutinise legislation openly. We have closed sessions at the moment; I do not understand that. They should be open. We should show the transparency in this House that we are asking for elsewhere. There should be greater liaison between House of Commons committees and the House of Lords. The EU Committee has tried to bring together MEPs, MPs and Members of this House in a triumvirate of discussions. That has been of limited success, but I think it should work hard on that.
I think that the biggest gap, though—and the report emphasises this—is in the area of economic and monetary affairs. That does not affect the United Kingdom quite as much as others, but there is definitely a deficit there. In other reports that I have read, there has been almost an opt-out by national parliamentarians to get involved with those issues at a European level—except for the Republic of Ireland. That is quite strange, because it is an area that clearly needs to be filled in terms of democratic accountability. I was interested in Graham Bishop's evidence in the report that it was only the ECON committee that had any chance of calling the ECB to account. I think that that is absolutely correct.
I very much welcome this report. I am very pleased that the Minister replying, my noble friend Lord Wallace of Saltaire, has a long history in European issues. I look forward to his reply to the many questions that there will be. Certainly, democratic accountability is wanting. The European Parliament is an excellent institution that needs to improve itself. This is an area that we need to make work as it is supposed to by making the improvements suggested by this report.
Hansard source (Citation: HL Deb, 15 December 2014, c62)


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Focus on your mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
By Jennifer Stranges
Information is changing rapidly, social and professional routines have been interrupted and there is much that is unknown – like when this will end and when life will return to normal. As a result, it's only natural that the COVID-19 pandemic is bringing about feelings of fear and anxiety for many people.
Monica Figueiredo is an Advanced Practice Clinical Educator of adult inpatient mental health at St. Joseph's Health Centre, and said that anxiety and fear of the unknown is likely at the top of most people's minds.
"People are worried about job security and finances, in addition to worries about if they or their loved ones may get COVID-19," she said.
For those who are self-isolating and only leaving home for essential needs, Figueiredo said there may be feelings of loneliness, disconnection, boredom or emotions triggered from overconsumption of social media or news reports.
The good news is that self-isolation can be made to feel less daunting or lonely and technology helps with that. Figueiredo recommends people try to stick to their daily routines, even during self-isolation, because the familiarity is helpful and it will be less of a struggle to readjust when we return to regular. She also recommends taking up a new hobby, exercising and virtually connecting with family and friends to stay occupied.
"With the pandemic closing down physical buildings, a number of attractions or websites have made free virtual sites you can visit," she said. "You can visit a museum, art gallery, explore NASA pictures from space or even ride a virtual roller coaster from Canada's Wonderland."
Yet even with these helpful tips, people still may struggle with mental health and wellness during this unprecedented time. To address that, Figueiredo recommends limiting and disconnecting from triggers like social media and leaning into conversations with friends and family.
"Some of the concern our friends and families are experiencing is because of the mixed messages they are seeing on the various social media platforms or from other concerned persons. It's times like these that our loved ones are also coming to us for reassurance and hope so let's listen to them, validate their concerns and educate them so we are all following the directions of our public health leaders."
Figueiredo's final message is that while we are being asked to self-isolate and spend time alone, it's important to keep in mind that we are all doing this together.
"Remember that you are not alone," she said. "This is a challenging time for all of us and can be particularly anxiety-provoking when you see what has happening in other parts of the world and are unsure what will happen here. We need to listen, support and above all be kind to each other.
"It's the little things that are going to help us all get through this together."
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Mayor vetoes professional services ordinance
Citing conflicts with state law, Jonesboro Mayor Harold Perrin informed City Council members today that he is not signing an ordinance passed Tuesday that would require council members to participate in the selection of professional services contracts.
The decision marks the first time the mayor has vetoed an ordinance in his 10-plus years in office. But Perrin said he took the extraordinary step based on overwhelming legal counsel.
"I have not been just advised, but warned, from some of the best legal minds who specialize in Arkansas city government that this ordinance is not in the best interest of the City of Jonesboro," Perrin said.
"Our City of Jonesboro and Arkansas Municipal League attorneys strongly advise me to veto this ordinance, based on the vulnerability to lawsuits as it conflicts an executive task with a legislative body."
ORD-18-060 was approved by a 7-5 vote of council Tuesday. State law 14-43-504 allows mayors in cities of the first class to veto a city council vote within five days, excluding Sunday. A two-thirds vote of the entire council body is required to override the veto.
The veto letter states that ORD-18-060 violates state law in multiple sections (7 and 11-13) by putting council members, who approve city contracts, in the actual selection process in addition to their role in approving the selection. It also removes state-mandated authority of the mayor to negotiate contracts.
Perrin said the ordinance, as written, will "take away administrative authority from our professional staff and give to the Council's Public Works Committee, a legislative body. That committee already has oversight power on such matters as the selection of professional services. ORD-18-016 would eliminate the check-and-balance system built into our government."
In a letter to Perrin, City Attorney Carol Duncan wrote that "this ordinance would require city employees, under direction of the mayor, to violate state law …
"Should you decide to exercise your power of veto, I believe there are valid legal reasons to do so."
Perrin said he respects the position of some council members who desire a better law than any existing city ordinance for the selection process of professional services.
"Together we will work to create an ordinance that will replace the existing ordinance, and not only will it guarantee transparency and fairness, it will be in accordance with state law."


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So much of the oversight in the home of child's educational progress is often by the mother. Fathers, too, should be involved with their children's learning. The extent and form of participation is very important. It is sitting with the children gently, with much patience and consistency, and helping the child progress. Standing back and using threatening words and actions are counterproductive.
Many fathers will go to the parent-teacher conferences, but the real involvement begins when the father begins to work consistently with the children — one-on-one. The idea that "mothers always have lots of time, and fathers are always too busy to be involved in their children's schooling" is a big joke!
You are correct that fathers should be involved in their children's education. According to the Parent-Teacher Association, studies show students perform better when mothers and fathers are both involved in the education of their children. Men and women think differently, and bring different perspectives and skills to school and PTA activities. School communities and PTAs thrive when both men and women participate. Yet, men remain a largely untapped resource.
My wife and I are both college graduates, and we definitely want our three children — ages 6, 8, and 15 — to go to college. We talk to them often about how much we enjoyed college. When is the best time to take them on college visits?
Your 15-year-old should be visiting colleges now. And it is not too early for the other two children to get an idea of what college is like. College visits usually should begin at schools close to your home. Your first visits should include fun activities, from college sporting events to special campus events to hiking or camping in the area. Younger children just need to get the flavor of what college campuses are like.
Your older child needs to have a checklist of things to see at each school, including taking a campus tour, visiting a class, checking out eating and dorm facilities, talking to students, and learning about the courses offered. After each visit, he should write down which aspects of a school appealed to him and which ones didn't. It will make it far easier later on to make a decision about where to apply. Incidentally, visits for older children need not be limited to schools they might want to attend, as each visit will help them formulate what they really want in a college.
The ideal time for college visits for high-schoolers is when school is in session — simply because it gives the best picture of college life. Nevertheless, summer vacation visits can be very helpful, as it gives children of all ages an idea of what other things in the area around a college might make a particular school appealing, from mountains to the seashore to big-city or rural life. So when families are on vacation this summer, they should make an effort to at least drive through a few college campuses near their vacation spots.
My 4-year-old son is currently in preschool. He'll be 5 in early fall, just making the cut-off for kindergarten. My concern is for next year. I do not believe that he will be ready to handle our district's full-day kindergarten. He is exhausted and cranky now after two-and-a-half hours of school. Plus, he still has a tough time adjusting to my leaving him at preschool.
Am I allowed to delay his entrance into kindergarten for a year? Would I then send him to kindergarten or first grade? I know there's a lot of research that supports holding children with late birthdays back from starting kindergarten until they are older. My son will be ready academically, but I'm not sure that is enough.
Holding a young child back for a year before enrolling him in kindergarten is not possible in all school districts. In some, age-ready children who wait a year to start kindergarten may be required by the district to enter first grade if the state does not mandate attendance in kindergarten. Before making any decision, you must clarify with your school district that your son can wait a year and then enroll in kindergarten. You definitely do not want him to have to start school in first grade, since kindergarten often presents material that children need to know to handle first grade.
You know the level your child is on right now. What you don't know is how much he will have matured before kindergarten starts. By then, he could be ready. One opinion on your son's readiness that could be helpful is that of his preschool teacher. If you do not enroll him in kindergarten, enrolling him in a pre-K program could be a good solution to getting him ready for kindergarten.