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Adaki S
Adaki R
Shah K
Karagir A
Anticancer effects
immunomodulation
» Contents of Garlic
» Functions of the...
» Beneficial Effects
» Modes of Action
» Types of Garlic ...
» Anticancer Effect
» Chemoprevention
» Antioxidant Effects
» Immunomodulation
Garlic: Review of literature
Shridevi Adaki1, Raghavendra Adaki2, Kaushal Shah1, Amol Karagir1
1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Dental College, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Prosthodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Dental College, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
Date of Web Publication 1-Feb-2016
Shridevi Adaki
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Dental College, Sangli, Maharashtra
DOI: 10.4103/0019-509X.175383
Garlic is one of the components, which have effects on reducing the risk of cancer. Including garlic in the diet helps for the betterment of the health. Medicinal effects of the garlic were known since 5,000 years. Recently, studies were carried out to known its effect on the cancer cell lines. Many studies have shown its effects not only on carcinomas, but also on the cardiovascular system and immune system. Functions of the each component of the garlic were studied to know exactly, which component has got beneficial effect. So this review has been carried out to know about the component, functions of each component, mode of action, and beneficial effects of the garlic.
Keywords: Anticancer effects, antioxidant, chemoprevention, immunomodulation, Rocambole
Adaki S, Adaki R, Shah K, Karagir A. Garlic: Review of literature. Indian J Cancer 2014;51:577-81
Adaki S, Adaki R, Shah K, Karagir A. Garlic: Review of literature. Indian J Cancer [serial online] 2014 [cited 2020 Jan 17];51:577-81. Available from: http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2014/51/4/577/175383
The contribution of diet and nutrition status to cancer risk has been a major focus of research as well as public health policy. Diet plays a significant role in cancer etiology and its prevention. Interestingly, various studies carried out have shown that the incidence of cancer can be reduced substantially by means of dietary modification.[1] Different types of epidemiological designs have been employed to obtain sufficient proof of causal relationships between dietary modification and cancer. This offers the prospect for initiating primary and secondary prevention measures for control and prevention of cancers.[2]
Many dietary supplements reduce the risk of cancer and garlic is one among them. The recorded use of garlic in the treatment of tumors dates all the way back to 1,550 BC when Egyptians realized the benefits of garlic as a remedy for a variety of diseases,[3] and administered it orally and topically; the modern era, however, begins in the 1950s when demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that thiosulfinate extracts of garlic inhibited the growth of malignant cells and prevented growth of sarcoma 180 ascites tumor.[4]
The use of garlic for medicinal purposes dates to antiquity. The Bible mentions garlic with regard to the Jew's flight from Egypt. Garlic bulbs were found in tombs of the pharaohs, in Crete, and in ancient cultures throughout the world. Indeed, Hippocrates considered garlic to be a vital part of therapeutic armamentarium.[5]
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a bulbous perennial plant with a powerful onion such as aroma and pungent taste that has been used as a flavoring agent, condiment, and for medicinal purposes for over 5,000 years. Garlic benefits have been greatly recognized for many years by numerous health authorities and enthusiasts for its effects on promoting better health. Garlic is also known as Rocambole, ajo, Allium, stinking rose, rustic treacle, nectar of the gods, camphor of the poor, poor man's treacle, and clove garlic.
Fresh garlic contains various organosulfur compounds, trace elements and compounds of phenolic and steroidal origin, along with carbohydrates, proteins and fiber.[6],[7] Based on the solubility the contents are divided into two groups. One group is the lipid-soluble allyl sulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and the other one is the water-soluble compounds g-glutamyl S-allylcysteine (SAC) group such as SAC and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC).[8]
Garlic is characterized by a high content of organosulfur. In the bulb, the sulfur is primarily g-glutamyl peptides and allylcysteine sulfoxides. When the bulb is cut, chopped or squeezed, alliin, the main allylcysteine sulfoxide is metabolized to allicin through the action of alliinase. Allicin is a self-reactive constituent and it is converted readily to more stable compounds such as polysulfides.[9]
» Functions of the Components
Diallylsulfide, a powerful garlic component, has been reported to inhibit oxidative stress caused by testosterone and to accelerate testosterone metabolism. It has been postulated that in the early stages of prostate cancer, when sensitivity to testosterone is retained, the predominant effect of Allium derivatives is to stimulate testosterone degradation and in the later stages, to interfere with signal transduction. Furthermore, garlic is a seleniferous plant, accumulating selenium from the soil against a concentration gradient. Selenium has many anticancer actions, particularly in control of genes involved in carcinogenesis. In addition to inhibiting primary cancer, Allium derivatives from garlic may further inhibit metastatic processes. In an androgenin-dependent prostate cancer mouse model, the water-soluble Allium derivative, S-allyllmercaptocysteine, inhibited metastases to the lung and adrenal gland by 90%.[5]
Some anoctedent studies have even demonstrated garlic to be particularly effective in inhibiting persistent yeast infections and in treating ear infections. The allicin in garlic can help shield the stomach from the proliferation of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium directly related to gastrointestinal cancer. Allicin is further broken down to a compound called ajoene. Ajoene contributes to the anticoagulant action of garlic. It may be the compound that prevents the clogging of blood vessels, which can lead to atherosclerosis.
Garlic possesses a variety of beneficial pharmacological properties affecting most notably the cardiovascular system (lipid management, decreased blood pressure, platelet inhibition, and decreased fibrinolytic activity), and the immune system as an antineoplastic and immunostimulant agent and it is also a potent antioxidant. Garlic was shown to be used more than twice as much as any other natural supplement. Garlic is promoted to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, delay the progression of atherosclerosis, prevent heart disease, improve circulation, prevent cancer, and is used topically for tinea infections.
Animal studies have shown that garlic can unclog arteries by reducing the size of existing plaque deposits. Garlic also helps prevent breast, colon, and esophageal cancer. Garlic supplements may also be beneficial to patients undergoing chemotherapy, especially those being administered with doxorubicin, by preventing the depletion of glutathione and the increased free radical activity that is associated chemotherapy, which can damage heart, liver, and other vital organs and tissues. Garlic possesses antibiotic, antiviral, and antifungal, antihistamine, anticoagulant, expectorant, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and antispasmodic properties.
Several modes of action have been proposed. These include: (i) Effect on drug metabolising enzymes (that is induction of phase II detoxification enzymes, including glutathione transferases, quinine reductase, epoxide hydrolase and glucuronosyl transferase that inactivate toxic substances and facilitate their excretion); (ii) antioxidant activity (garlic preparations exhibit radical scavenging activity and decrease lipid peroxidation, which is relevant in the light of the observation that tumor promotion may involve oxygen radicals); (iii) tumor growth inhibition that has been documented in several carcinoma cell lines, including prostate carcinoma cells; (iv) induction of apoptosis, which coincides with an increase in the percentage of cells blocked in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle (possibly through a depression in p34cdc2 kinase); and (v) effective stimulation of the immune response (Organosulfurcompounds (OSC) stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophage phagocytosis, induce the infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes in transplanted tumors, induce splenic hypertrophy, stimulate the release of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ, enhance natural killer cell, killer cell and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity).[10]
» Types of Garlic Preparations
Four types of garlic preparations are currently available: Garlic essential oils, garlic oil macerate, garlic powder, and aged garlic extract (AGE). Most garlic preparations report allicin yield potentials, whereas AGE products standardize to SAC amounts. Some products have been shown to release differing amounts of active components depending on when the product was made. Allicin is extremely unstable and further breaks down to produce hundreds of organosulfur compounds such as diallyl sulfide (DAS), DADS, DATS, ajoenes and trisulfides, vinyl dithiins, and other sulfur compounds, depending on how the garlic is prepared.
Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that these individual compounds are not only able to suppress the skin, esophageal, stomach, colon, liver, lung, and breast cancer growth in animal models, but also directly inhibit proliferation of a variety of cancer cell lines derived from colon, lung, leukemia, skin, breast, and prostate cancers (PCa) in vitro.[8] For example, intra-peritoneally injecting nude mice with DADS significantly inhibited the growth of colon cancer xenograft by 69% compared to the control group (P < 0.05).[11] In addition, DATS is able to inhibit proliferation of PCa cell lines by induction of apoptosis through down regulation of Bcl-2 protein and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) extracellular signal regulated kinease 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways.[12] Recently, SAMC has been shown to exert anti-proliferation effects on colon cancer cells through disrupting the microtubule assembly that triggers JNK1 and caspase 3 signaling pathways leading to apoptosis.[13] These lines of evidence suggest that in addition to their cancer preventive effect, the garlic derivatives may also be used as effective agents in the treatment of human primary cancers.
Garlic together with vitamins E and C reduced the incidence of precancerous gastric lesions in a large population in China.[14] Garlic derivatives have been found to influence an increasing number of molecular mechanisms in carcinogenesis, including DNA adduct formation, scavenging of free radicals, mutagenesis, cell proliferation, and differentiation and angiogenesis.[5] The growth rate of cancer cells is reduced by garlic, with cell cycle blockade that occurs particularly in the G2/M phase. Apoptosis is stimulated by garlic.[15]
Garlic has been demonstrated in epidemiologic studies to be associated with a reduced risk of stomach cancer and in animal models, to have antitumor activity in sarcoma, mammary carcinoma, hepatoma, colon cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and esophagus. These effects appear to be mediated by various mechanisms. Prevention of malignant transformation after the administration of chemical carcinogens may result from inhibition of the activation of procarcinogens by garlic's effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes, antioxidant activity, or detoxification by binding to sulfur compounds in garlic. Direct inhibition of cancer cell growth in tissue culture has been documented in sarcoma as well as gastric, colon, bladder, and prostate carcinoma cell lines.[4]
A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the association between garlic intake and several cancer sites. They analyzed the relation between garlic intake and different cancers. They reported that a high use of garlic was positively associated with a reduction of cancer in the following subjects: 395 patients with esophageal cancer compared to 1066 control subjects, 527 patients with larynx cancer compared with 1297 control subjects; 749 patients with oral cancer compared to 1772 control subjects; 1031 patients with ovarian cancer compared to 2411 control subjects; and 767 patients with renal cell cancer compared to 1534 control subjects.[16]
Evidence for immunologic antitumor action of garlic [4]
What evidence supports immune stimulation as an important antitumor effect of garlic? One approach is to compare the reported effects of garlic with clinically useful cancer immunotherapy such as BCG.
The effects of garlic on murine transitional cell carcinoma are remarkably similar to those of BCG. Both inhibit tumor growth, and microscopic examination of the site of tumor transplantation reveals infiltration with macrophages and lymphocytes. BCG, but not garlic, induces granuloma formation. In animal models, both BCG and garlic induce hypertrophy of the reticuloendothelial system as measured by splenic hypertrophy. Garlic, like BCG, increases NK cell activity.
Intravesical BCG administration results in the release of cytokines in the urine, and elevation of urinary cytokines, particularly IL-2, TNF-α, and INF-g (interferon), is associated with antitumor activity. In animal studies, AGE is reported to induce the release of IL-2, TNF-α, and INF-g. Enhanced phagocytosis, one of the first immunostimulatory actions reported with BCG, is seen with garlic administration (Kyo et al. 1998). Additional activities seen with both BCG and garlic include enhanced killer cell activity and immune-proliferation of lymphocytes in response to mitogen stimulation (Kyo et al. 1998). These effects, particularly the pattern of cytokine release, suggest that garlic, like BCG, stimulates a Th1 cellular immune response that is characteristic of effective antitumor immunotherapies.
The component in garlic that is responsible for the effective immune stimulation is not known conclusively, and it is likely that multiple ingredients are immunologically active. A protein fraction from garlic is known to augment in vitro macrophage cytotoxicity and phagocytosis as well as stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. The protein fraction 4 (F4) from garlic has been demonstrated to enhance the cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against NK-sensitive (K562) and NK-resistant (M14) cell lines. These effects were markedly augmented by the addition of low doses of IL-2. The combination was also more effective in inducing lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. F4 enhanced IL-2 or conconavalin A–induced proliferation of lymphocytes and IL-2 receptor expression. The enhanced cytotoxicity induced by F4 and F4 plus IL-2 was abolished by anti-IL-2 antibody, suggesting that the activity of F4 is mediated by IL-2 (Morioka et al. 1993). These data suggest that the F4 fraction of garlic is an efficient immunopotentiator that may be effective in cancer immunotherapy.
Although the F4 fraction of garlic is clearly an immune stimulant, it is not the only immunologically active ingredient in garlic. Therefore, F4 may not be entirely responsible for the observed beneficial response in transplanted tumors. In studies of the effect of DADS on the growth of transplanted human colon carcinoma cell lines in immunologically compromised nude mice, Sundaram and Milner (1996) found DADS to be as effective as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in inhibiting tumor growth. Combining the DADS and 5-FU did not increase the effect, but concurrent DADS treatment did significantly reduce the depression of leukocyte counts and splenic weight associated with chemotherapy administration (Sundaram and Milner 1996). In another study, the effects of S-allyl cysteine, a water-soluble constituent of garlic that inhibits chemical carcinogen-induced colon and mammary tumors in animals and inhibits the growth of neuroblastoma and melanoma in vitro. In studies of human T cells, S-allyl cysteine was found to inhibit activation of the nuclear protein of the Rel oncogene family (nuclear factor-kB). This protein, which is induced by TNF-α or H2O2, regulates immune function, inflammation and cellular growth (Geng et al. 1997). These studies suggest that low-molecular-weight compounds as well as proteins found in garlic have antitumor and immune effects.
Prevention of immune suppression
Immune surveillance offers protection from cancer and from impairment of immune defenses as occurs with conditions ranging from abnormalities such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to the normal aging process.[4] In addition to enhancing NK function in AIDS patients, garlic is reported to improve age-related deterioration of learning behavior and impairment of immune response in a mouse model. The most common carcinogen, ultraviolet irradiation, appears to be inhibited by garlic. UV irradiation damages DNA and induces a specific defect in T-cell immunity, impairing the recognition of UV-induced malignancy.[4] Most interestingly, oral garlic administration is found to protect from photo-immuno-suppression. Induction of an impaired immune response by the tumor itself is an effective means to escape destruction by host surveillance mechanisms. It is not known whether garlic can reduce the inhibition of immune response induced by tumor, but the observed responses are certainly compatible with this hypothesis. Protection from immune suppression is potentially an important mechanism in preventing the development of malignancy. In a study of the effect of garlic on the neuroendocrine and immunomodulation network, Zhang et al. (1997) reported that AGE improves age-related deterioration of learning behavior as well as impaired immune response in a mouse model. Garlic increased not only lymphocyte proliferation, as seen in other studies, but antibody production as well (Zhang et al. 1997).
Data now suggest that low molecular-weight sulfur compounds and F4 have immune stimulating properties and also that garlic can detoxify chemical carcinogens to prevent carcinogenesis and directly inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Garlic appears to stimulate immunity including macrophage activity, NK and killer cells, and lymphokine activated killer cells, and it increases production of IL-2, TNF, and INF-γ. These cytokines are associated with the beneficial Th1 antitumor response, which is characteristic of effective cancer immuno-therapies. Like BCG, garlic stimulates proliferation of macrophages and lymphocytes and also protects against suppression of immunity by chemotherapy and UV radiation.
Many epidemiological studies support the protective role of garlic and related Allium foods against the development of certain human cancers. Natural garlic and garlic cultivated with selenium fertilization have been shown in animals to have protective roles in cancer prevention. Certain organoselenium compounds and their sulfur analogs have been identified in plants. Organoselenium compounds synthesized in our laboratory were compared to their sulfur analogs for chemopreventive efficacy. Diallyl selenide was at least 300-fold more effective than DAS in protecting against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in rats. In addition, benzyl selenocyanate inhibited the development of DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas and azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats and benzo (a) pyrene-induced forestomach tumors in mice. Garlic extracts inhibited the oxidative modification of lipids, thus protecting cells from injury by the oxidized molecules. The best chemopreventive action of garlic was observed in mice in which garlic treatment was performed before and after the induction of skin carcinogenesis. Garlic ingestion delayed formation of skin papillomas in animals and simultaneously decreased the size and number of papillomas, which was also reflected in the skin histology of the mice treated.[3]
Several mechanisms have been presented to explain cancer chemopreventive effects of garlic-derived products. These include modulation in activity of several metabolizing enzymes that activate and detoxify carcinogens and inhibit DNA adduct formation, anti-oxidative and free radicals scavenging properties and regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune responses. Recent data show that garlic-derived products modulate cell-signaling pathways in a fashion that controls the unwanted proliferation of cells thereby imparting strong cancer chemopreventive as well as a cancer therapeutic effects.[7]
The compounds of garlic can cause G2/M phase arrest in the proliferation of cancer cells, induction of apoptosis by altering the ratio of the Bcl-2 family of proteins and anti-angiogenic activity. Collectively, pre-clinical investigations demonstrated consistently that cancer chemoprevention by garlic and related sulfur compounds is clearly evident and appears to be independent of the organ site or the carcinogen employed.[2]
AGE, but not fresh garlic, has been shown to have antioxidant effects. Garlic exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, enhancing superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and increasing cellular glutathione. These effects of garlic may play a role in the cardiovascular, antineoplastic, and cognitive effects of garlic. AGE has been shown in vitro and animal studies to protect against liver toxicity from environmental substances, such as bromobenzene, protect against cardiotoxicity from doxorubicin, and improve age-related spatial memory deficits.
The antioxidants available in garlic contribute to this effect by shielding against the cell damage by cancer-causing free radicals. Antioxidants can neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals and may minimize or even help eliminate some if not most of the damage they cause over time.
Garlic extract has been shown to enhance cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against both NK cell sensitive and resistant cell lines. Lau et al. have demonstrated that garlic may augment macrophage (oxidative burst) and T lymphocyte (blastogenesis) functions. Reeve et al. have shown that garlic extract protect from UV induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity.[17]
Garlic lowered IL-6 in an in vitro human model. Besides the hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and ACE-inhibition activity of garlic, the effect on IL-6 may offer further insight into garlic's well-known cardiovascular activity. In the same model, garlic also lowered the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1. IL-1 has been postulated to be involved in the destruction of pancreatic ß-cells and garlic demonstrates hypoglycemic action and amelioration of alloxan-induced diabetes in murine models. IL-1 inhibition may be partially responsible for this activity.[17]
Because of the potential for garlic to reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, TNF, and IL-8, and stimulate IL-10 sretion (an antagonist of proinflammatory cytokines), Hodge et al. concluded that this effect, along with garlic's antimicrobial activity, may provide potential mechanisms for garlic's use in inflammatory bowel disease. IL-10 demonstrates modulation of the immuno-pathology of brain inflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, providing another potential use for garlic as a cytokine modulator.[18]
This review includes the actions of garlic and its components on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and carcinomas. It also includes in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm the beneficial effects. However, until now, no studies have been carried out to know its effects on the oral mucosal lesions and oral cancer. Further studies are required to confirm these effects on the oral cells and to identify the active ingredients in garlic that are responsible for the observed antitumor activity and immune stimulation. Garlic is clearly not a panacea for cancer, but its broad range of beneficial effects warrants serious consideration in clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
WCRF, AICR. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington DC: World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research; 1997.
Murthy NS, Mukherjee S, Ray G, Ray A. Dietary factors and cancer chemoprevention: An overview of obesity-related malignancies. J Postgrad Med 2009;55:45-54.
El-Bayoumy K, Sinha R, Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Cancer chemoprevention by garlic and garlic-containing sulfur and selenium compounds. J Nutr 2006;136:864S-9.
Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: Role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. J Nutr 2001;131:1067S-70.
Rivlin RS. Can garlic reduce risk of cancer? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:17-8.
Lanzotti V. The analysis of onion and garlic. J Chromatogr A 2006;1112:3-22.
Shukla Y, Kalra N. Cancer chemoprevention with garlic and its constituents. Cancer Lett 2007;247:167-81.
Thomson M, Ali M. Garlic Allium sativum: A review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2003;3:67-81.
Bergès R, Siess MH, Arnault I, Auger J, Kahane R, Pinnert MF, et al. Comparison of the chemopreventive efficacies of garlic powders with different alliin contents against aflatoxin B1 carcinogenicity in rats. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:1953-9.
Izzo AA, Capasso R, Capasso F. Eating garlic and onion: A matter of life or death. Br J Cancer 2004;91:194.
Sundaram SG, Milner JA. Diallyl disulfide suppresses the growth of human colon tumor cell xenografts in athymic nude mice. J Nutr 1996;126:1355-61.
Xiao D, Choi S, Johnson DE, Vogel VG, Johnson CS, Trump DL, et al. Diallyl trisulfide-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells involves c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular-signal regulated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2. Oncogene 2004;23:5594-606.
Xiao D, Pinto JT, Soh JW, Deguchi A, Gundersen GG, Palazzo AF, et al. Induction of apoptosis by the garlic-derived compound S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) is associated with microtubule depolymerization and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 activation. Cancer Res 2003;63:6825-37.
Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1483-92.
Xiao D, Singh SV. Diallyl trisulfide, a constituent of processed garlic, inactivates Akt to trigger mitochondrial translocation of BAD and caspase-mediated apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2006;27:533-40.
Kim JY, Kwon O. Garlic intake and cancer risk: An analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:257-64.
Agarwal SS, Singh VK. Immunomodulators: A review of studies on Indian medicinal plants and synthetic peptides part I; medicinal plants. Proceedings of the Indian National science academy 1999;65:179-204.
Spelman K, Burns J, Nichols D, Winters N, Ottersberg S, Tenborg M. Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: A review of herbal immunomodulators. Altern Med Rev 2006;11:128-50.
1 Anti-pancreatic cancer activity of Z-ajoene from garlic: An inhibitor of the Hedgehog/Gli/FoxM1 axis
Hwa Jin Lee,Ji Hye Jeong,Jae-Ha Ryu
Journal of Functional Foods. 2019; 56: 102
2 Garre's Osteomyelitis
Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatal Biology. 2019; 4(1)
3 Potential phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of esophagus cancer: A green therapeutic approach
Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi,Javed Iqbal,Riaz Ahmad,Sitara Bibi,Tariq Mahmood,Sobia Kanwal,Sheeza Bashir,Farhat Gul,Safia Hameed
Pharmacological Reports. 2019; 71(4): 644
4 Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Brief Review of Its Antigenotoxic Effects
José Antonio Morales-González,Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar,Manuel Sánchez-Gutiérrez,Jeannett A. Izquierdo-Vega,María del Carmen Valadez-Vega,Isela Álvarez-González,Ángel Morales-González,Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
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5 Dietary impact on esophageal cancer in humans: a review
Rachna Khosla Sardana,Navnidhi Chhikara,Beenu Tanwar,Anil Panghal
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6 Diallyl Trisulfide Protects Motor Neurons from the Neurotoxic Protein TDP-43 via Activating Lysosomal Degradation and the Antioxidant Response
Chang Liu,Bingquan Leng,Yi Li,Hong Jiang,Weisong Duan,Yansu Guo,Chunyan Li,Kun Hong
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7 EGFR gene regulation in colorectal cancer cells by garlic phytocompounds with special emphasis on S-Allyl-L-Cysteine Sulfoxide
Nabarun Roy,P. A. Nazeem,T. D. Babu,P. S. Abida,Arunaksharan Narayanankutty,Ravisankar Valsalan,P. A. Valsala,Achuthan C. Raghavamenon
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8 Diallyl trisulfide ameliorates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in type 1 diabetic rats: role of SIRT1 activation
Liming Yu,Shu Li,Xinlong Tang,Zhi Li,Jian Zhang,Xiaodong Xue,Jinsong Han,Yu Liu,Yuji Zhang,Yong Zhang,Yinli Xu,Yang Yang,Huishan Wang
Apoptosis. 2017; 22(7): 942


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Q: Optimizing MySQL Join and Group By with intermediate table Simplifying but I have three tables:

*

*users (user_id, team_id)

*results (user_id, result)

*user_signups (user_id, team_id, event_id)

results.user_id is a foreign key.
Tables have large number of rows in. If I do
select sum(result)
from results
inner join users on users.id = results.user_id
group by team_id

It is fast. "Explain" has results with 150k rows, users with 1 row.
If I do
select sum(result)
from results
inner join user_signups on user_signups.user_id = results.user_id
where event_id = 1
group by team_id

It is very slow (from 1 second to 14). "Explain" has results with 28 rows, user_signups with 5345 rows.
Things I have tried:
A unique index on event_id and user_id on user_signups.
An index on event_id, user_id, team_id on user_signups.
Rewriting as
select sum(result)
from results
inner join (select * from user_signups where event_id = 1) user_signups on user_signups.user_id = results.user_id
group by team_id

Rewriting as
select sum(result)
from results
inner join users on users.id = results.user_id
inner join user_signups on user_signups.user_id = users.id
where event_id = 1
group by user_signups.team_id

Any other suggestions?

A: By grouping on the team_id, I assume that you want one row for each record in results.
Is this what you're looking for?
SELECT *, sum(result) FROM results
LEFT JOIN users ON (users.user_id=results.user_id)
LEFT JOIN user_signups ON (user_signups.users_id=users.user_id)
GROUP BY table.field

From here, you can group on whatever you like.  This structure assumes that most of your data will be present in the results table and will join users to the results table and user_signups to the users table.

A: Make the multicolumn index on (event_id, user_id, team_id) in user_signups table and try to run the following query.
If this doesn't work then post your explain here.
select sum(result) from results inner join(select
event_id,user_id,team_id from user_signups where event_id = 1)
user_signups on user_signups.user_id = results.user_id group by
team_id

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ms. Thompson teaches English 9 and Honors English for the Erlanger Institute for Healthcare and Innovation. She has taught secondary English since October 2012. In August 2010, Ms. Thompson earned her bachelors of arts in English from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. In December 2016, she earned her masters in education from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Ms. Thompson is the proud mother of one daughter.


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Public Access to museum archives returns
Beginning June 1, 2022, the Research Division is once again allowing the public to conduct research in the Museum's archives. Researchers must be US Citizens and eligible for access to WPAFB with either a military access card or via sponsorship. Interested personnel must submit a request to: NationalMuseum.MUA@us.af.mil. Open research days will be held on Tuesdays and Thursdays based on staff availability. Our staff will work with researchers to schedule times, sponsor base access if needed, and facilitate access to the collection.
Review research policies HERE.
The Research Division ensures that timely, relevant and accurate Air Force historical information is presented to the public through a variety of means. The division manages the museum's ever-expanding document and imagery collection, researches and writes exhibit text, and provides historical guidance for exhibit development, aircraft restoration, staff projects and public and media queries. Staff members assist in many other ways, leading tours, delivering talks and participating in media interviews, among other activities.
The Research Division maintains an extensive collection of two-dimensional media as part of a government historical research facility. While primarily providing curatorial and historical research and writing in support of the museum's exhibits and aircraft restoration programs, the division provides limited research assistance to many external organizations and private individuals seeking information about Air Force aircraft, operations and personnel. The Division also serves as the museum's corporate memory by maintaining the museum's historical files and writing its annual history.
The Research Division offers only limited public access because our primary mission is to support museum programs. The Research Division considers research visit requests individually, with preference given to academic and public-benefit projects (i.e., scholars and researchers working on advanced degrees or material for publication) and takes into account security and staffing considerations.
The Research Division can answer brief questions concerning USAF history and aircraft; however, due to staffing limitations, the staff cannot conduct in-depth research for the public. No phone-in requests are accepted. All requests for information about the museum's history or aircraft must be written and sent via regular mail or email. This allows staff to efficiently handle a large volume of inquiries.
Research Visits
Due to staff workload and availability, we can accommodate only a limited number of researchers. All requests for research visits must be submitted in advance through regular mail or email. We cannot support same-day requests, nor can we accept research visit requests via telephone.
Research requests and visits must have specific goals and be narrow in scope. The Research Division cannot support generic information requests or visits intended simply to browse our collections. For example, we cannot support such requests as "I want to know what you have on the C-130 aircraft." Each research visit is approved based on its own research merit and our staff's ability to support it.
The Research Division is located in a secure area of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and can be subject to closure as a result of heightened security conditions or other factors. Situations may arise that can cause the disruption or cancellation of a planned visit to the Research Division with little or no notice. We cannot accept responsibility for any costs that may result from the cancellation or interruption of a research visit due to security or other unforeseen requirements. Please bear this in mind when planning a research visit.
Written requests for information or in-person research must be typed or printed neatly and should include the following information:
- Researcher's complete name
- Complete return address and/or email address
- Concise research topic (be specific)
- Purpose of research visit or query
- Telephone number (including area code) and extension (if applicable)
Research information and visit requests may be submitted by regular mail or email at:
1100 Spaatz Street
Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433
NationalMuseum.MUA@us.af.mil
Note: Due to workload, response time to requests for questions concerning Air Force history and aircraft may be lengthy.
For more information about research resources, please see the Questions page (see Research Resources topic).
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Air Force Historical Foundation
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Submit an inquiry or request for a research visit to the Research Division at nationalmuseum.mua@us.af.mil.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Read more of Charles' story in the February issue of Kerby News.
Education & Recreation Blog: Valentine's Day Walk!
Education & Recreation Blog: Discover the Possibilities!
Sign up for a Workshop! Most workshops are one-day learning sessions.


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Read reviews about Peperoni Pizzeria - Biopolis Road here! All reviews have been written by Quandoo users that have already booked and eaten at Peperoni Pizzeria - Biopolis Road. We try to be as transparent as possible by providing you with real guest experiences. Find out what other diners are saying about Peperoni Pizzeria - Biopolis Road.
Thanks for the pleasant dining experience, the ambience was great!
Great place and it was so easy to make a reservation. Though it would have been better if I can indicate indoors or outdoors seating.
Pizza was authentic with generous portions of the ingredients. Quiet place. Price is affordable, great for big groups.
Made a reservation but actually there were plenty of empty tables. This place is much bigger than their other branches and on a weekend night, the surrounding area is totally dead and lots of parking was available. The staff were friendly and obliging. Acoustics were not great due to the glass but since it was not packed we coudl hear each other talk. They also have a huge al fresco area Their wood fired pizzas are as delicious as their other Bukit TImah branches ( and lots better than their East Coast branch). Pepperoni is our favourite Italian casual restaurant and it is usually so packed in their other branches that it's sometimes hard to go to on the spur of the moment. This branch shall be our new favourite.
The restaurant was awfully quiet, not that it's a bad thing, but an extremely good one if you prefer a quiet, no frills post-work dinner date. Food was very good. I really enjoyed the wood fire- baked pizza and I think the squid ink pasta is one of the most delicious I've tasted. Unlike most others I've tasted, the not-so-creamy sauce doesn't make you "gelat" and it makes you want to eat it even when your pasta's finished!
The restaurant was understaffed. The staff could not turnaround the tables fast enough. The wait staff (2 girls) were very busy and could see that they were working really hard to serve the customers as fast as they could. We were told that we had to wait for 30 minutes for our food. The calamari was overfried. Pizza served was soggy. The quality of the food served at this outlet was not as good as the one we went in Greenwood or Binjai. Quite disappointed.
Pizza's good and reasonable. I like the surrounding and location as it was away from the bustle and hustle of noisy central location. The service is good too. Very good place for casual dining.


NEW YORK, June 26, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Today, WebMD released In Their Own Words: Moving Beyond Migraine with Robin Roberts, a new five-part video series that sheds light on the debilitating nature of migraine and the impact it has on all aspects of a sufferer's personal and professional life.
Developed in partnership with Roberts' independent production company, Rock'n Robin Productions, Moving Beyond Migraine features those suffering from the disease, as well as the family, friends and doctors who care for them. The series also highlights promising new treatments that are on the horizon, which may offer new hope to the millions suffering from recurring migraines.
"The patients we met through the series are putting a very brave face on a disease that is often misunderstood," said Robin Roberts. "Hopefully, their stories will bring comfort and hope to the millions still living with recurring migraine pain."
Viewers explore a day in the life of a Connecticut teacher who gets frequent migraines. By experiencing her daily routines of constant ice packs, special sunglasses and medication, it's possible to understand not just her pain but how the potential for pain impacts home life, professional life and social life.
It's not common knowledge that migraine is hereditary. If both of your parents have migraine, you have as high as a 100% chance of getting it. Robin introduces us to a multi-generational family of migraineurs, including a college student who suffers from daily migraines. The episode shows how her family is able to adapt and support each other with migraine.
There are many misconceptions surrounding migraine. Many think that people are either lying or exaggerating a typical headache. Several migraineurs speak out about their fears, frustrations and needs as they share both the physical and emotional toll the condition takes. This episode is driven by the voices of multiple migraine patients who provide a vivid visual and share visceral experiences of what it's like for them to endure a migraine, and the impact migraine has on their everyday lives.
"WebMD is committed to providing in-depth tools and resources for people living with migraine as well as the friends and family who support them," said Kristy Hammam, WebMD editor-in-chief. "Moving Beyond Migraine offers a highly personal look into the world of migraine as well as the new treatments that are offering hope."
WebMD and Roberts first partnered to develop original digital video programming with a focus on health and wellness-related topics in early 2015. The first collaboration between WebMD and Rock'n Robin Productions, Future of Health with Robin Roberts, which featured promising medical advances and powerful human interest stories, won a New York Press ClubAward for Feature Reporting in the Science Medicine Technology category. Additional programming includes Path to a Breakthrough, which focused on advances in precision medicine, immunotherapy, and biologics, and The Cutting Edge of Cancer, which explored the most promising medical innovations in cancer prevention and treatment.
Rock'n Robin Productions is an award winning, full service broadcast and digital production company creating new and exciting programming for network, cable, and online audiences. From documentaries and news driven specials, to entertainment and sports programming, short form digital series, scripted dramas and live special events, Rock'n Robin Productions produces virtually every type of show. Robin Roberts is the company's president and is the driving force behind much of its programming. John R. Green is Rock'n Robin's executive vice president and executive producer of In Their Own Words: Moving Beyond Migraine. Evelyn Seijido is the senior producer.


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Axios Space
Tue, Jul 9
Tue, Jun 4
+ More Issues
By Miriam Kramer
Greetings, and welcome to Axios Space, our weekly look at the science and business of space exploration.
Please send your scoops, tips, questions and alien abduction stories to miriam.kramer@axios.com, or just reply to this email.
1 big thing: We wouldn't know it if we found another Earth
Illustration: Rebecca Zisser/Axios
Technology designed to hunt for alien planets has progressed in the 27 years since we found the first planet outside of our solar system. However, researchers still can't tell with confidence whether any newfound worlds can sustain life — and might not be able to for years.
The big picture: Scientists have detected almost 4,000 planets circling stars light-years away from our own solar system.
These exoplanets — worlds outside of our solar system — are typically found when they pass in front of their star, allowing spacecraft like NASA's TESS to detect minuscule dips in light that happen during those transits.
Other telescopes have detected exoplanets by measuring the small wobbles of a star created by a planet's gravity.
Most exoplanets we've identified are more massive than Earth, and many aren't orbiting stars like our sun.
That leaves about 20 planets so far that are thought to be small enough and the right distance from their stars to be potentially habitable.
Between the lines: Using current methods, scientists can track a planet's orbit and even get a decent measurement of its mass, but beyond that, it's hard to know exactly what's happening on a small planet like our own.
It's not enough to know if an exoplanet is in its host star's habitable zone — the orbit where liquid water could, in theory, be sustained on the surface.
Scientists still need information about a planet's composition, atmosphere and geology to make an educated guess at habitability.
Even an exoplanet's core would have bearing on its habitability in that a liquid iron core like Earth's could help produce magnetic fields that would shield a planet's surface from incoming radiation.
Some of the most convincing evidence that a planet is Earth-like may come if scientists can detect atmospheric water vapor.
However, today's most powerful telescopes aren't sensitive enough to parse out the composition of a relatively small exoplanet's atmosphere.
"I absolutely believe there's life somewhere else. I just can't point to the planet yet and tell you which one it is," says NASA exoplanet scientist Steve Howell.
What's next? Scientists need new tools in order to know if they've found a world truly like our own.
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), expected to launch in 2021, might be able to investigate the atmospheres of small planets, though it's likely best suited for dissecting the atmospheres of larger, gaseous planets.
It will probably take until the generation of telescopes after JWST to enable scientists to find a truly habitable exoplanet.
The Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor is a NASA concept for a space-based observatory that could directly image a small planet's atmosphere for the first time.
While the public and other researchers might be impatient to find another Earth, exoplanet scientists are in it for the long haul.
"Everyone wants to meet the little, green humanoids," MIT exoplanet scientist Sara Seager told Axios. "We're not doing that, but we'll find enough to believe and then to keep the search going. It's going to be, like, a 100-year thing, and we're only 20, 25 years into it."
2. Boeing's lunar gateway concept is open for testing
Boeing's lunar gateway demonstrator. Photo: Boeing
Boeing wants to take lessons learned from the International Space Station (ISS) to meet NASA's ambitious 2024 deadline to get humans back to the moon.
Driving the news: The longtime NASA contractor just finished up construction of a full-scale, ground-based model of its prototype for the space agency's lunar gateway. NASA will now start running the prototype through a series of tests.
The model — located in Huntsville, Alabama — includes habitation and airlock modules based on Boeing's work developing the ISS.
"We have a lot of cool stuff in there," David Pederson, Boeing's test team lead engineer for the gateway, said during a press briefing last week.
The demonstrator includes an exercise area with a window, a galley with working water and science experiment boxes.
Details: NASA hopes to launch a lunar gateway as an orbiting base of operations from which astronauts could launch to the lunar surface.
Boeing is confident its gateway concept, if selected, would be ready to launch ahead of a 2024 landing.
According to Boeing, the modules are designed to launch separately, with the power and propulsion module heading to lunar orbit in 2022.
The habitation module would launch one year later.
The modules are designed to snap together with little assembly required.
But, but, but: Boeing isn't the only company working on a lunar gateway concept.
Lockheed Martin has finished its demonstrator. Northrop Grumman, Sierra Nevada Corporation and Bigelow Aerospace are still working toward turning their models over to NASA for testing.
As of March, the space agency says it plans to incorporate the best elements of the demonstrators into the final product, rather than going with one design.
Be smart: NASA's 2024 deadline is extremely ambitious and will likely take a large influx of funding provided by Congress. However, it's unclear whether the Trump administration has enough support to make that lunar mission a reality.
The agency was expected to submit its updated budget proposal in mid-April, but that deadline came and went with no word on how much NASA will need to get the job done.
In theory, NASA could still aim for the moon without including a gateway in its plans.
3. New space race brings new narcs
Humboldt County, California, seen by Planet. Photo: Planet Labs, Inc.
Humboldt County, California — located along the Pacific coast, north of San Francisco — is now using photos and data provided by the private satellite company Planet to find and ticket illegal marijuana cultivators.
Why it matters: The new monitoring method has revolutionized the way the county enforces permitting for growing cannabis, and it shows a surprising way that relatively cheap access to space can affect daily life.
The impact: Before the county began using Planet's data, officials issued less than 100 citations for these kinds of infractions 2 years ago, Humboldt County deputy director Bob Russell tells Axios. But last year, the county issued 690 and collected more than $1 million in fines and penalties.
Instead of having to rely on complaints and site visits in the large, rural county, county officials can now use Planet's data to find illegal greenhouses or other structures and track how long they've been there.
Planet is in its second year of a 3-year agreement with Humboldt to provide satellite imagery of about 2,700 square miles of the county multiple times per year. Planet charges the county about $200,000 per year.
While the county did use satellite data to track compliance before, it was hit or miss, according to Russell.
Officials were dependent on Google Earth or other databases updating their imagery on their schedules.
TerraServer, Earth-i and GeoNorth Information Systems also competed with Planet for the contract.
What's next? Russell sees a future where this kind of data becomes even more useful. Instead of having to comb through the data, machine learning might be able to do the heavy lifting, flagging suspicious structures imaged from one month to the next.
4. Gravitational waves in real time
Artist's illustration of two black holes. Photo: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State
Ever since scientists first detected gravitational waves — ripples in the fabric of space and time created during the cataclysmic mergers of black holes and neutron stars — in 2015, discoveries have come in a slow trickle, released every few months.
Now we can expect those findings to come more like a firehose, and you can follow along in real time.
The big picture: Under previous guidelines, the researchers behind the LIGO and Virgo detectors would have waited to release discoveries until after thorough vetting and even peer review. But now, Virgo and LIGO are releasing possible detections as they occur.
Real-time release allows scientists to quickly work to make follow-up observations of any possible gravitational wave sources.
Members of the public can also follow along with the gravitational wave signals through the Gravitational Wave Events app and a database.
The app will use a gravitational wave "chirp" — the noise a gravitational wave would make if converted into sound waves — to alert users to new detections.
Details: The LIGO and Virgo detectors are now 40% more sensitive thanks to upgrades made following the last observing run.
Since coming back online in April, the collaboration has discovered 5 possible detections of gravitational waves.
If these detections are confirmed, it would suggest these kinds of cosmic crashes are even more common than originally thought.
One of those five possible detections appears to have been made by the collision of a black hole and a neutron star, which would be the first time such an event has been recorded.
The signal from that merger was relatively faint, but the detection bodes well for LIGO and Virgo's future sensitivity.
Scientists hope that the instruments will be able to pick up the signals from exploding supernovas as well.
How it works: LIGO and Virgo are designed to pick up the most minute signals from gravitational waves that warp space-time as they pass through the universe.
LIGO's two L-shaped detectors each have a laser running down the arms. Mirrors at the ends of the arms bounce the light of the laser back to the middle.
If both make it back at the same time, no gravitational wave has passed, but if they don't line up, there may have been a signal.
5. The science of a Martian dust storm
NASA's Opportunity rover casting a shadow on Mars. Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The dust storm in 2018 that ended the Opportunity rover's 15-year mission on Mars is helping scientists learn more about the Red Planet's environment.
Why it matters: If people are to be sent to the Red Planet by the 2030s, NASA officials need to learn all they can about how dust affects spacecraft to guard against any possible problems future explorers may encounter.
What they found: Early results from data collected by the 8 rovers and orbiters studying Mars suggest dust storms may have contributed to the Red Planet becoming a barren, dry world.
Scientists found that during the dust storm in 2018, water vapor was lofted far higher into the thin Martian atmosphere than it usually appears, making it easier for that water vapor to be lost to space instead of falling back down to the surface.
That kind of water loss may have helped turn Mars from a wet, relatively warm world into the dry one we see now.
Researchers also found that dust devils seemed to disappear during the storm. Those rotating winds can actually clean off solar panels like Opportunity's, helping to get spacecraft functioning again.
"You need to be prepared to go a while before your next dust devil passes over and cleans you off," NASA atmospheric scientist Scott Guzewich said in a statement.
6. Out of this world reading list
Illustration: Aïda Amer/Axios
Florida's Space Coast sees entrepreneurial growth (Kim Hart, Axios)
The sun is stranger than astrophysicists imagined (Natalie Wolchover, Quanta)
A tour of Virgin Orbit's midair rocket launch pad (Loren Grush, The Verge)
Air Force requests bids for space launch services (Sandra Erwin, Space News)
Blue Origin launches and lands another test of its suborbital rocket (Axios)
7. Your weekly dose of awe: An ancient nova seen again
The nova near the center of globular cluster Messier 22. Photo: ESA/Hubble/NASA/F Göttgens
The remnant of a nova first seen by Chinese astronomers 2,000 years ago has been found in a star cluster about 10,000 light-years away.
The appearance of the nova — a temporary event where a star becomes much brighter for a short period of time — was first documented by Chinese astronomers when the star suddenly lit up in the night sky in 48 B.C.
A research team found a nebula in the Messier 22 globular cluster that matches the position of the nova first mentioned all those years ago.
"They probably saw the original nova in the same place," co-author of a new study detailing the nova findings Fabian Göttgens of the Institute for Astrophysics at the University of Göttingen said in a statement.
That's all for this week! Thanks for reading. 🌘


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Dunraven School
Brief for a dynamic playful landscape.
Use of play and public parks expertise in a school setting.
Inspiring playscape created around a series of undulating mounds.
Dunraven School is a primary and secondary school in the London Borough of Lambeth which converted to all through in 2012. As part of that work they needed to extend the existing school buildings and re-imagine the outside play and games spaces. Our brief was to create an interesting playful landscape for the children; they wanted something that would be dynamic and break the mould of standard playground design.
We were selected for the project because of our experience of landscape architecture for play schemes and public parks as well as for schools and we were able to draw on that understanding to meet the brief.
The design included areas for reception children as well as KS1 and KS22 with a garden and play and games spaces. The central feature of the design was a series of undulating mounds which add another dimension to the landscape. These were given different textures with surfaces such as artificial turf and rubber crumb to produce an area that would inspire the children's own play.Around the mounds we installed the garden with ornamental planting and imaginative play equipment.


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Visit our Budds' BMW Hamilton website today to customize your search for a high performance new or pre-owned BMW luxury vehicle.


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Avs Mailbag: Who will finish ahead of Avalanche…
Avs Mailbag: Who will finish ahead of Avalanche in Central? And future Winter Classic pitches to NHL
Ranking hockey leagues, issuing a team-wide New Year's Resolution to the Avalanche and more in this edition of the Avs Mailbag.
Andy Cross, The Denver Post
The Colorado Avalanche and the Detroit Redwings line up for the National Anthem to start the NHL Winter Classic game at Coors Field February 27, 2016. (Photo by Andy Cross/The Denver Post)
January 6, 2023 at 5:45 a.m.
Denver Post sports writer Bennett Durando opens up the Avs Mailbag periodically throughout the season. Pose an Avalanche- or NHL-related question for the Avs Mailbag.
Last year at this time the Avs were running away with the Central Division, the Western Conference and the entire National League. This season, it appears they may be fortunate to eke out a low seed. What teams do you see finishing ahead of the Avs in the Central?
— Jack, Hooper
January is really when the Avalanche started to run away with the division last season. They went 15-0-1 in the month. Still, they aren't anywhere near as cozy right now, trying to battle their way back into the top three.
The Avs are behind Dallas, Winnipeg and Minnesota in the Central. The next-closest team behind them is St. Louis, but I think if anyone were to catch them, Nashville is more likely. The Blues might go into sell-mode with Ryan O'Reilly and Vladimir Tarasenko placed on injury reserve this week.
I'm convinced the Stars will hold on and win the division. They're just the most complete team right now: potent top line, elite special teams on both sides and great goaltending. Defensive depth is the only question.
That leaves Winnipeg or Minnesota for the Avalanche to pass. My inclination is the Wild are more vulnerable, but not if their goaltending is as lights-out as it has been recently. Not only is Marc-Andre Fleury heating up with a .945 save percentage in his last five outings; backup Filip Gustavsson has a .947 in his last six. Not bad for a goalie situation that seemed in shambles early in the season. With Kirill Kaprizov and Mats Zuccarello driving the Wild's offense, I'll go bold and say Colorado catches the second-place Jets but not Minnesota.
Love the Winter Classic games. Any chance Colorado gets another in the next few seasons? Where would you like to see one played?
— Rip, Aurora
Fun fact: When I was a teenager in St. Louis, I worked as a stadium usher at Busch Stadium, so I thought it was the coolest thing ever when I got paid to be at the Winter Classic between the Blues and Blackhawks.
Fenway looked amazing on television this week. That will always be the best stadium for this event or anything else.
The bummer about Colorado hosting is it generally requires an evening puck drop. As much as the Avs love to show off their sunshine-inspired state flag in uniforms, this team knows better than anyone what too much sun exposure does to an outdoor rink.
That said, I think a golden hour puck drop at Mile High or another game at Coors Field would rule. The Avalanche have never played in a Winter Classic, and considering the city's recent PR crusade to become known as Hockey Capital U.S.A., I wouldn't rule out Denver this decade. Just don't play it at Air Force.
Tried thinking outside the box for other venues to pitch to the NHL: Lambeau Field, Churchill Downs, Central Park, Augusta National (just ignore the temperature), Lake Placid (closest equivalent to a Field of Dreams game?), or honestly just in the shadow of some mountain. Heck, if we're planning one for Colorado, might as well build a rink in the Rockies.
Will the Avs have a moms' or dads' trip this year?
— Michelle, Littleton
Dads' trip is next Thursday for the game in Chicago. To my knowledge, a moms' trip has not been arranged.
Why did Bo Byram skate for several days and then stop? Did he have a setback? Is his injury still the same lower body issue from November or did something else happen? Is he continuing to make progress or is he out long term now? After his personal leave of absence last year the silence is concerning.
— Mar, Lakewood
Yes, Byram has a history of concussions, but this is completely unrelated. It's the same lower-body injury from November. He has been around the team still. He wasn't responding to treatment at first, which effectively doubled his timeline, but now he is. At this point, Byram is expected back this season.
"I can't give you an exact timeline because I don't know," coach Jared Bednar said. "But now things are starting to come together for him."
Happy New Year, wanted to see what resolutions the Avs should make in 2023. I would say stay healthy and make the injury train stop.
— Blake, LoDo
Correct. In terms of on-ice resolutions, I would say blocking the opposing goaltender's vision more. The Avs rank last in the NHL in 5-on-5 shooting percentage by a wide margin (5.6%, half a percentage point behind the closest team and 2.5% below league average). Bednar was asked about this the other day, and he said there's more to it than shooting. Other factors dictate how a scoring chance is graded.
"If no one's standing in front of the goalie, he's top of the crease, he's seeing it the whole way: It's a B (chance), sometimes even a C," Bednar said. "You get someone breaking the goalie's eyesight, it's an A. Some of them are almost automatic goals, I'm thinking. … I go cruising past the goalie's eyesight at the right time and you're shooting the puck from a grade-A scoring chance: I'm not on the scoresheet, but your shooting percentage just went up, you know? So there's things we can do."
For a team that's bottom-seven in goals per game despite averaging 33 shots, finding ways to get the puck in the net more often is the resolution.
Please rank the best leagues in the world after, of course, the NHL.
Lot of toss-ups in here, so take with a grain of salt. But here goes nothing.
NHL (U.S./Canada)
AHL (U.S./Canada)
KHL (Russia)
SHL (Sweden)
Liiga (Finland)
ECHL (East Coast)
Czech Extraliga (Czech Republic)
NCAA (U.S.)
CHL (Ontario, Western and Quebec Major Junior leagues)
This isn't a league, but your prompt reminded me of the ongoing World Juniors tournament in Halifax, Nova Scotia. I would be remiss to get through the week without mentioning Connor Bedard's overtime goal for Canada vs. Slovakia. May the NHL tanking sweepstakes accelerate!
Which member of the Avalanche would survive a real avalanche?
— Connor, Easton
Kurtis MacDermid would drop the gloves and charge the avalanche. I would feel sorry for the snow.
Avalanche Mailbag
Bowen Byram
Kurtis MacDermid
Ryan O'Reilly


Susan Sarandon stars alongside Al Pacino and John Goodman in the new film about Dr. Jack Kevorkian, You Don't Know Jack, which debuts on HBO this Saturday. When we caught up with her at the New York premiere last week, we wondered if she contemplated death a lot more since working on this movie. "Yeah!" she exclaimed while propping herself up with crutches after suffering from a minor injury during a recent trip to Haiti. "Everything makes me contemplate death more. Because I'm old." See more from the premiere in the Party Lines slideshow.


Lancia Motor Club > General > Press/Media: Lancias mentioned, seen or wanted! > So that's where they are!
Re: So that's where they are!
Do you have a rear view as I seem to remember when we saw it it 2003/4 the back window is Shield shaped.
I also think having the grille surround as the bumper that 'gives' was a very clever idea.


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AES Salutes Electric Lady's 40 Years
by Christopher Walsh. New York (August 30, 2010)--Jimi Hendrix, only weeks before his death, bestowed Electric Lady Studios on the recording community. On August 24, the Greenwich Village institution was saluted on its 40th anniversary by the AES New York section and some of the key figures in its birth and life.
Audio and music professionals gathered to salute Electric Lady Studios at a 40th anniversary
event hosted by the AES New York section. Pictured (l-r) are Lenny Kaye, Bob Margouleff,
studio manager Lee Foster, Tony Platt, Eddie Kramer, David Bialik, Janie Hendrix, John Storyk
and Malcolm Cecil. Photo: Cheryl Fleming
by Christopher Walsh.
New York (August 30, 2010)–Forty years after his untimely death at age 27, Jimi Hendrix remains one of music's most revolutionary artists. In a too-brief career, he redefined the guitar, far surpassing both forbears and contemporaries in innovation, intensity and outright ferocity.
Fortunately for his fans, tape was usually rolling during the artist's recording sessions and live performances. Experience Hendrix LLC, helmed by stepsister Janie, continues to restore and release his music. Most fortunate for audio professionals and artists however, Hendrix, only weeks before his death, bestowed Electric Lady Studios on the recording community. On August 24, the Greenwich Village institution was saluted on its 40th anniversary by the AES New York section and some of the key figures in its birth and life.
Four decades on, the three-room Electric Lady surveys a very different studio landscape. Gone are many of the multi-room commercial studios of legend, while innumerable smaller, often private studios exist throughout New York City and the world. Yet this remains an in-demand facility: recent clients include Coldplay, Sheryl Crow, the Strokes and Interpol, while engineer Michael Brauer recently made Studio B his base.
Like its founder, Electric Lady manifests innovation on many levels. Although the Record Plant, which launched in Times Square in 1968, is widely held to be the first U.S. recording studio catering more to artists and creativity than technicians, the artist-owned Electric Lady took that new paradigm quite a bit further. (In an bit of synchronicity, the first project at Record Plant was Hendrix's 1968 double album, Electric Ladyland.)
At the August 24 event, held in Studio A and streamed live via the AES New York section website, participants in some of Electric Lady's finest hours spoke movingly about the experience. "This was Jimi's home; he loved the studio," recalled Eddie Kramer, who engineered most of Hendrix's recordings. "Jimi actually started recording prior to the official opening–May, June, July, August. When he first started recording here, he was so happy he didn't want to leave. When the studio finally did open to clients, if he was booked at 7:00, he would actually show up at 7:00–that was unheard of! He was so thrilled to have his own space, and he had a great work ethic."
"Jimi more or less gave me one directive personally, which was I had to think 'soft,' 'curved,' 'changing lights,'" said John Storyk, who, at age 22, was charged with designing the studio. "The concept was very simple: a large, Olympic Studio-style room, where Eddie had come from," along with "a gracious, more spacious control room."
Previously, Storyk explained, "control rooms were for engineers, musicians were on the other side of the glass. Jimi and Eddie had a different vision. Control rooms were to be big and spacious, and were to be rooms for artists. For the first time, an artist was building a studio. It's happening in a few pockets all over the world, but no place more famous than here. It took an artist like Jimi, an engineer like Eddie and management like Jim [Marron] to put this together."
Case in point: Not long after Hendrix's passing, sessions for two of Stevie Wonder's legendary albums, Music of my Mind and Talking Book, were brought to Electric Lady after sessions at the defunct, Midtown-based Media Sound proved unsatisfactory.
Media Sound, said Bob Margouleff, "was a wonderful place in its way, but was really an old-school studio; most of the engineers had little pocket protectors and were employed by the studio. Media was basically geared toward recording commercials during the day. When [we] really started working, there were a lot of problems. We would be displaced in the morning by a Crazy Daisy toilet paper commercial."
Margouleff knew of Electric Lady, and recalled his notion that "'It's crazy, but there's something going on down there that I really like.' This changed our lives. Studios today are built like this: all the studios that you see–even my studio in Los Angeles–come from a place of being a friendly place to make art. It changed the course of the music business, and it was really out of this room that all the great music came." Here, Margouleff added, "the studio really was an extension of the musician, an extension of the instruments. This studio is an instrument."
"In 1969, this was an adventure; this was really new territory," Storyk reminded attendees. "You didn't order consoles; you built them. You didn't look up this stuff in textbooks; there were no studio design/builders or architects."
Engineer Tony Platt also recalled the vibe produced by the unique pedigree and characteristics of Electric Lady. After he and producer "Mutt" Lange recorded AC/DC's Back in Black at Compass Point in the Bahamas, "we needed somewhere [to mix] that was going to give us the same kind of space and same kind of acoustic attitude. I chose Electric Lady Studios. When I walked in here, it just felt like home." Platt also recorded the multiplatinum Foreigner 4 at Electric Lady.
Electric Lady, says longtime Patti Smith Group guitarist Lenny Kaye, "is a really great place for us to experiment, to explore. Sitting in that control room, I can remember many great moments where what you're hearing over the speakers just turns you inside out. It's a wonderful place, and the best thing about it is it's still here. Electric Lady is here, and the music is in the walls."
On the day after the AES event, Kramer and Janie Hendrix were back at Electric Lady, working on an upcoming Experience Hendrix release. "This is a part of Jimi," Janie Hendrix said of the studio. "His heart–his spirit–does live here."
www.electricladystudios.com
AES New York section
www.aes.org/sections/ny
At AES: An 'Unparalleled Experience,' AES Rolls On
At AES: Case Lauds AES's Innovations
Sound Image Marks 40 Years With Jimmy Buffett
At AES: Archiving & Restoration Track Looks Back to Plan Ahead At AES
PSN's Best of Show Award Winners: AES 2019
NYC Studios Welcome 127th AES Convention
At AES: There's More Off the Show Floor, Part 2
Today's Recording Highlights at AES


The excitement of moving, the chaos of packing, the emotional roller coaster that comes with starting something new and letting go of the past – these all contribute to the stress of buying or selling a home, so it is not uncommon for things to fall through the cracks during the process.
Once they have made the commitment to buy or sell their home, the first thing most people do is hire a broker to help manage the process. Agents and brokers are excellent facilitators in the buying/selling process. They can guide you to finding your perfect dream home or help you prepare your home to sell and take care of the entire marketing process for you. Whether you're selling or buying, they can present you with a basic standard form of contract. The Maryland Association of Realtors proprietary form of Residential Contract of Sale, with numerous Amendments, is comprehensive and provides an excellent basic form. However, whether you are buying or selling (or both), there is really no such thing as a "one size fits all" contract. Every piece of real estate is unique, and the right attorney can help you weave through the legal jargon to protect your interests and limit your risk and your future liability.
By giving your legal team the opportunity to review and assess your contract, you are giving yourself a needed layer of protection. They can make technical edits to limit damages, point out specific clauses that you may not have noticed or understood and, if you are selling, confirm in advance of signing a contract that the title is good.
Contracts for the purchase and sale of homes (sometimes called "offers" by the agents) are legal and binding and are complicated. Having an experienced attorney on your side to help explain, tweak, and amend the language could save you from potential legal issues down the road.
There are an endless number of problems that can occur during the sale of a residential property, and there is no way to predict each and every one. Your attorney is there to be your personal "problem solver", not only to help when a crisis occurs, but in some cases, to help prevent them from happening to begin with.
What happens when the seller of your dream home passes away unexpectedly 10 days before you go to settlement? What if the basement floods days after you sign the contract? Or the seller allows the new owners to move in before the settlement and the house burns down? Who is responsible? What are your legal rights and responsibilities? What may seem like an outlandish situation to you now could end up being your worst nightmare without the proper legal team on your side.
Your real estate agent or broker should not give you legal advice related to your property. There is a role for everyone on your team, and there are certain aspects of buying and selling a home that only your attorney can, and should, accurately assess. From certain tax obligations, to title searches, to more potentially threatening problems with the property that need legal attention up front, relying on an experienced attorney could save you from jeopardizing the sale or purchase of your home.
For more information on how an experienced attorney can help you, contact David Rudow, Esquire at drudow@adelberg.com or by phone at 410-986-0816.


Join landowners, agricultural producers, conservation professionals, congressional staff, researchers, and students for a day of education and networking about conservation in Nebraska. The 24th annual Rainwater Basin Joint Venture Informational Seminar will be held on Thursday, February 7, 2019 at the Ramada Midtown Grand Island (the former Hotel Grand Conference Center) in Grand Island, Nebraska. The Seminar will run from 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. with the exhibit hall open and check-in available starting at 8:30 a.m.
The presentations are designed to be highly informative and useful. Participants will learn about conservation funding opportunities, programs that combine wildlife and habitat conservation with agricultural and livestock production, successful wetland management techniques, methods for grazing cattle while enhancing wetlands, and much more.
The seminar is FREE for landowners and operators. For all others, a $40 fee covers registration, lunch, coffee/tea/snacks, and a conference . Greg Soulliere, Science Coordinator for the Upper Mississippi/Great Lakes Joint Venture, will deliver a plenary address on the human dimensions aspect of managing the North American Wetland Management Plan (NAWMP) priority areas. This will be followed by concurrent sessions on three tracks – sure to provide something for everyone! And, the annual RWBJV Habitat Stewardship Awards will be announced during lunch.
Pre-registration ends January 31, 2019. Register NOW by clicking Register for RWBJV 2019 Informational Seminar or online at www.rwbjv.org. Contact Niki Messmer by email (niki.messmer@rwbjv.org) with questions. Registration will be available the day of the event.
To hear what your colleagues and neighbors liked best about the 2018 Info Seminar, click here.


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		Local Properties

Managed Object Types	Data Object Types	All Properties	All Methods

Data Object - HostNicFailureCriteria

Property of

HostNicTeamingPolicy

Extends

DynamicData

Data Object
                  Description

         This data object type describes the network adapter failover
  detection algorithm for a network adapter team.

Properties

	          Name

	          Type

	          Description

checkBeacon*	xsd:boolean

         The flag to indicate whether or not to enable this property to
  enable beacon probing as a method to validate
  the link status of a physical network adapter.

  checkBeacon can be enabled only if the VirtualSwitch has been
  configured to use the beacon.  Attempting to set checkBeacon
  on a PortGroup or VirtualSwitch that does not have beacon probing
  configured for the applicable VirtualSwitch results in an error.
See beacon
See HostVirtualSwitchBeaconConfig

checkDuplex*	xsd:boolean	Deprecated.
         As of VI API 5.1, this property is not supported

         The flag to indicate whether or not to use the link duplex reported
  by the driver as link selection criteria.

  If checkDuplex is true, then fullDuplex is the configured
  duplex mode.  The link is considered bad if the link duplex reported
  by driver is not the same as fullDuplex.

  If checkDuplex is false, then fullDuplex is unused, and
  link duplexity is not used as a detection method.

checkErrorPercent*	xsd:boolean	Deprecated.
         As of VI API 5.1, this property is not supported

         The flag to indicate whether or not to use link error percentage
  to detect failure.

  If checkErrorPercent is true, then percentage is the configured
  error percentage that is tolerated.  The link is considered bad
  if error rate exceeds percentage.

  If checkErrorPercent is false, percentage is unused, and
  error percentage is not used as a detection method.

checkSpeed*	xsd:string	Deprecated.
         As of VI API 5.1, this property is not supported

         To use link speed as the criteria, checkSpeed must be one of
  the following values:

 exact: Use exact speed to detect link failure.
       speed is the configured exact speed in megabits per second.

 minimum: Use minimum speed to detect failure.
       speed is the configured minimum speed in megabits per second.

 empty string: Do not use link speed to detect failure.
       speed is unused in this case.

fullDuplex*	xsd:boolean	Deprecated.
         As of VI API 5.1, this property is not supported

         see vim.host.NetworkPolicy.NicFailureCriteria#checkDuplex
See checkDuplex

percentage*	xsd:int	Deprecated.
         As of VI API 5.1, this property is not supported

         see vim.host.NetworkPolicy.NicFailureCriteria#checkErrorPercent
See checkErrorPercent

speed*	xsd:int	Deprecated.
         As of VI API 5.1, this property is not supported

         see vim.host.NetworkPolicy.NicFailureCriteria#checkSpeed
See checkSpeed

						Properties inherited from DynamicData

dynamicProperty, dynamicType

*Need not be set

Show WSDL type definition

<textarea cols="20" rows="10" name="wsdl-textarea" wrap="off" readonly="1" id="wsdl-textarea">         <complexType xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:vim25="urn:vim25" name="HostNicFailureCriteria">
            <complexContent>
               <extension base="vim25:DynamicData">
                  <sequence>
                     <element name="checkSpeed" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0"/>
                     <element name="speed" type="xsd:int" minOccurs="0"/>
                     <element name="checkDuplex" type="xsd:boolean" minOccurs="0"/>
                     <element name="fullDuplex" type="xsd:boolean" minOccurs="0"/>
                     <element name="checkErrorPercent" type="xsd:boolean" minOccurs="0"/>
                     <element name="percentage" type="xsd:int" minOccurs="0"/>
                     <element name="checkBeacon" type="xsd:boolean" minOccurs="0"/>
                  </sequence>
               </extension>
            </complexContent>
         </complexType></textarea>

Top of page		Local Properties

Managed Object Types	Data Object Types	All Properties	All Methods

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