text:
Prevarication Du Jour
Posted on 17 February, 2014 by wjjhoge
The Cabin Boy™ tweeted this last night.
Schmalfeldt does get one thing correct. Extortion is a felony.
One of the ways to commit extortion is to threaten to accuse someone of a crime in order to induce him to do or not do a certain thing. "If [name] doesn't [do this], he will face charges …"
This entry was posted in Crime, Team Kimberlin, Trolls and tagged Cabin Boy Bill Schmalfeldt by wjjhoge. Bookmark the permalink.
45 thoughts on "Prevarication Du Jour"
TomB on 17 February, 2014 at 08:28 said:
He was quite unhinged at the end of the evening.
I wonder how his microphone worked clogged with all that spittle.
But seriously, over the weekend I'd have to say that you'd need a calculator to add up the potential legal issues BS has involved himself in. How many different people did he "out" as @guntotingteabag alone just in the past few days? Half of Wisconsin have had their phone numbers tweeted.
A Reader on 17 February, 2014 at 08:30 said:
From a Feb. 7 post on his blog, now conveniently deleted:
"Now, I will report aggressively on Brett Kimberlin's lawsuit against Hoge and his co-defendants. But I will not be unbiased. I have news that I am sitting on until early next week. It is not good news for Hoge and his co-defendants. (I'll tell you this much. I won't say if it's the state case, the RICO case, or both. Some will save themselves at the expense of others. This is not speculation.)
And I can't fucking WAIT until I can write about it without risking the outcome.
And for every dollar Kimberlin takes from Hoge, for every piece of property Kimberlin takes from Hoge, for every bit of suffering Kimberlin causes Hoge, I will smile. I will laugh. God forgive me, I want the man to suffer. And according to this story I am sitting on, suffer he will.
Remember where you read it.
Suffer, he will. It won't match what he's done to me. But it will be a small measure of satisfaction to have lived long enough to see Karma bite him on his pockmarked, pimply ass."
ukuleledave on 17 February, 2014 at 12:23 said:
He deleted it? I liked that one! It sounded all "resolute and manly." I liked the "suffer he will…" part. Kinda 19th century foppish manhood. Sounded a lot like "Good day, sir!" Squint and wave a kerchief when you say it Bill! He probably found out that there's really no bombshell (oooh, sorry for that choice of word) coming from the Kimberlin & Acme Legal Team.
Scott Jacobs on 17 February, 2014 at 08:32 said:
I invite Billy boy to pound sand.
Regretting your decision to drop those charges, Hoge? I probably could have predicted that this would happen.
wjjhoge on 17 February, 2014 at 08:33 said:
All is proceeding as I have foreseen.
texasslant on 17 February, 2014 at 08:42 said:
Unfortunately, you've had to see it from too close a vantage point. His entire rant this morning is total projection, so his own self hate is baring itself. If my entire life consisted of pounding away on a keyboard with my only intention to ruin people's lives, I would hate myself, too.
Why does everyone assume I hate myself?
Wait, you were talking about Bill. Never mind. Move along. 🙂
Leroy Oddswatch on 17 February, 2014 at 08:36 said:
The incompetence, it burns!!!
Man's a train wreck.
What's interesting, with all this, is that I have known Bill since we were kids, he knew me, and yet he's failed to "dox" me, or even attempt do so?
Why is that? Has he figured out that if he does, that my statements about him become even more credible? That the cache of data I have on him might reveal things he denies even to himself?
Guess we will have to wait and see…
Hey, Bill.
samk on 17 February, 2014 at 15:09 said:
If only you'd give him your last name.
Then, if there are only 3 people in the US with your name, he'd only need three attempts to dox you…
KyleKiernan on 17 February, 2014 at 18:34 said:
Nope. Only one attempt.
He will unerringly pick the wrong one and bend time and space to "prove" that is the right one and nothing will ever sway him from his "logical" decision.
Just for fun I gave him piece of true information to see what he would do.
Sure enough. Discounted and Ignored. Totes fun.
More promises by CBBS to make Hoge "pay," plus analysis from RSM:
http://theothermccain.com/2014/01/07/sociopathic-sadist-bill-schmalfeldt-vows-one-way-or-another-they-will-pay/
RSM asks, here http://theothermccain.com/2013/10/02/bill-schmalfeldt-ethics/, "Is that "a trick of investigative reporting," or is that harassment and attempted extortion?"
Onlooker on 17 February, 2014 at 08:52 said:
He's ordering you to do something you have no legal obligation to do or he will file baseless nuisance charges. That sounds like extortion to me.
Why WJJH helped Lee Stranahan, and "Bill Schmalfeldt: Sadism, Sodomy and Other Bizarre Mental Aberrations."
"Bill Schmalfeldt spent months harassing Lee Stranahan and his family with disgustingly crude filth, including incessant and impertinent questions regarding the death of a child during childbirth. On Monday, 11 February, Lee came to Maryland from Texas to file a harassment charge against Schmalfeldt. I picked Lee up at BWI airport, took him to dinner, took him to the District Court Commissioner's Office, put him up for the night at my house, and dropped him back at the airport on Tuesday morning. BWI is just off of one of the routes I take to work."
http://theothermccain.com/2013/09/30/bill-schmalfeldt-sadism-sodomy-and-other-bizarre-mental-aberrations/
jem on 17 February, 2014 at 08:54 said:
New comedy series coming Lickspittles. We're going to have our 'blind hatred' examined by an adjudicated harasser and deranged cyberstalker.
librarygryffon on 17 February, 2014 at 09:51 said:
Should be good for a laugh or two. Which should annoy him even further.
Looks like this series may be put on hold. Funding? To be replaced by individual lickspittle productions?
egd on 17 February, 2014 at 08:55 said:
A minor correction. Extortion is when you threaten to FALSELY accuse someone of a crime in order to induce him to do, or not do, a certain thing.
If you threaten to JUSTIFIABLY accuse someone of a crime, unless they act in a certain manner, then it may be blackmail.
Who said anything about blackmail? What BS is doing is extortion.
If BS is threatening to file a false lawsuit for harassment, he BS is extorting Hoge.
If BS has evidence of a crime committed by Hoge, and is threatening to file charges unless Hoge stops bothering him, then BS is blackmailing Hoge.
In either case, BS cannot legally use the criminal justice system for his own advantage.
Who attacked first? Bonus: neck-breaking imagery. See http://theothermccain.com/2013/06/17/has-bill-schmalfeldt-forgotten/ and http://allergic2bull.blogspot.com/2013/06/bill-schmalfelts-threatens-mccain-and.html
Katie Scarlet (@Katiescarlet2) on 17 February, 2014 at 10:10 said:
Has he reset the doom clock yet?
This might be BK's way of attempting to neutralize his responsibility for harassment campaigns carried out on his behalf.
JeffM on 17 February, 2014 at 10:35 said:
What I, without any information from any of the defendants, expect is that if the suits by BK are not dismissed with prejudice, BS is going to find himself a defendant in the counter-claims against BK. BS may also be looking at a criminal charge of attempted extortion. And he may have more than annoyed a convicted felon. This is a level of stupidity that most people fail to achieve in a lifetime, but BS managed to do it in a matter of days.
Richard M Nixon (Deceased) on 17 February, 2014 at 12:06 said:
He's been annoying me, a convicted felon, for quite awhile. The difference is that I am reformed and redeemed by God. I am contrite and do not persist in crimnal activity, thus BS is home free with me in that regard. I shall not rise (or sink actually) to his level …
I did not mean you (as you undoubtedly knew quite well). But I am glad that you have found peace with yourself and am sorry about your illness.
I do not allow BS to affect me emotionally at all. (Easy for me to say because I don't have to put up with his disgusting behavior personally.) His efforts to appear important and informed are simply pathetic. He has all the wisdom and impulse control of a three year old.
JeffM: Are you referring to me or KK in Tampa that dumbass posted pictures of?
If me, then you are displaying exactly the reason why dumbass is hammering the "felon" schtick so hard and often. Despite the fact that I have denied being that person he continues with his mistaken identity. And per his ideological soul buddy Hitler, repeated often even the biggest lie will be accepted.
If you are talking about KK Tampa then you are right and he is potentially putting himself at risk. (although it does look like KK Tampa has gotten his act together, all his charges are several years old, good job guy).
Either way he's at his happiest asl always, lying, harassing, and defaming someone from his sweaty palmed happy place.
Rick Buchanan (@BuchananRick) on 17 February, 2014 at 11:13 said:
Yesterday, the Cabin Boy tweeted me TEN times in seven minutes.
Forty two seconds for a full length, error free tweet?
Yeah Bill, VR explains it. Suuure.
(And can someone explain to VOSF that PD is NOT fatal!)
"The one thing I want people to take away from this book is that Parkinson's disease is not a death sentence. It's a life sentence."
BS, from a press release by BS: http://www.prlog.org/10762656-parkinsons-patient-donates-book-proceeds-to-pd-charities.html
He just did twelve tweets in eight minutes. Forty seconds per. A new record?
"Stage IV" my #%^*.
CBBS is now saying that Mr. Hoge has warned him that he (CBBS) is trying his (Mr. Hoge's) patience and that if he doesn't quit it, Mr. Hoge will drag him into the lawsuit, and that this somehow means that Mr. Hoge is committing extortion. The more the man writes the more it seems obvious that he's a great subject for a psych case study.
He's continuing with a fantastic case of projection.
If you haven't already done so, read the McCain pieces. Interesting analysis.
I've read them, as well as Patterico and Popehat. Every keystroke CBBS makes confirms everything they've said and then some.
Frankie on 17 February, 2014 at 12:20 said:
And now the Cabin Boy once again bravely runs away with yet another of his famous "I'm done here" series of tweets. Done until the next time his Master calls, then he'll be right back at it. I do believe that even without his master's prodding he can't resist visiting his sweaty palmed happy place.
So what's the over/under on his return? I'm assuming it will be around the time that BK has to file his next paperwork, or at the very least when some of the world have to file paperwork in answer to BK.
Per his latest, retiring means that he's still going to go after Bettina, Mr. Grady, and Army_vet. Odd definition of getting away from the fray…..
Patrick Grady on 17 February, 2014 at 13:58 said:
Oh, have no fear. The not-so-little jellyfish will be back at it by 5 PM EST. The dreaded Refresh button will be calling to it like the Sirens of ancient myth, drawing it ever forward to the DOOOOOOOOM it continuously predicts for our humble host.
IN MY OPINION, it is too obsessed to stay away, and too sadistic to resist inflicting its version of "punishment" on its enemies.
IN MY OPINION, that psychological problem probably goes back to its childhood. I could speculate further, but you KNOW the very last thing I want to do is poke the bear.
By the way, in case you all weren't already aware, it now calls me "henpecked" because I have a wife who looks out for my best interests. IN MY OPINION, the vermin thinks this is a negative thing to have because it has never experienced anything similar. I'd pity it over that, but it's a waste of energy.
If I were to speculate and speak only opinion, I might wonder that a spouse that cares about your well-being is well outside his experience…
I might also further speculate as to why that might be the case…
CBBS is already starting to froth over Mr. Hoge's BlogBash nomination.
And it's nice to hear of folks who have good marriages and appreciate each other. Congratulations on being part of that group!
@kyle kiernan
You made a comment above that, for some reason, had no reply button. So this reply is way out of sequence.
I did not mean to imply that you are a felon. Nor do I think it reasonable to infer that I did so imply. I mentioned no name whatsoever. I have not an iota of information to suspect that you, whoever you are, are a felon. Moreover, you have implied that you are not a felon, and I have no reason to doubt your word. In fact, I have no personal knowledge that anyone with the name you appear to be using as a pseudonym is a felon. My only information in that regard comes from BS, and I do not find him to be a credible source: he could tell me that water was wet, and I would instantaneously be in doubt about it.
My comment was directed to the readers of Mr. Hoge's blog generally rather than to any specific individual. I suspect that accusing almost anyone of being a felon is likely to annoy that person. That annoyance may even be increased if the accused actually is a convicted felon and may be greatly increased if the accused is a convicted felon trying to put his past behind him. So I was making an observation to the world in general that accusing random strangers of being a felon is far from wise.
I think you were being over-sensitive in asking whether I was calling you a felon. But to clarify, I was not. Now that does not mean that I have no bone to pick with you: I do. Your calling BS a "dumbass" is taking understatement way too far..Please correct your language in the future.
Agreed that I was being overly prickly on your comment which is why I tried to cover both cases. I also saw it as an opportunity to point out why TLFKAD* keeps hammering on it, to color the waters the way he wants them, not for you but for the silent readers of the tale. No harm, no foul.
*The Leviathan Formerly Known As Dumbass"
LOL about TLFKAD.
I hope you realize that my response was half tongue-in-cheek, but just in case you had thought I was implying anything against you, I did want to assure you that I was not.
Earl Scruggs on 18 February, 2014 at 13:16 said:
So if you write a letter to a Federal judge making a false representation on a case that you are not a party to, does that make it perjury or what?
Schmalfeldt actually wrote a letter to Judge Grimm claiming not to have prior knowledge on this RICO case.
Well, that should help BKs case.


This is the time of year many of us look back and take inventory of the things we accomplished, as well as what we left undone. Too often our focus is on the things we didn't achieve as opposed to our successes.
Why do we, as believers become so distracted by the negative rather than the positive? By choosing to look at the failures instead of the successes, keeps us locked in the past.
I would like to challenge you today, as you look back over 2018, to realize what an amazing year it has been. You may not have lost the weight (again this year), you may not have gotten the promotion and you may not have kept one single resolution from 2018 but one thing you did do, was live to see the dawning of another year, 2019. Remember, millions didn't make it, but you were one of the ones who did.
When you understand how much the Father loves you, it really becomes very difficult to be so hard on yourself. I have personally spent far too much time putting myself down, believing I wasn't good enough, smart enough or the right one for the job. However, when I began to see myself as God sees me, moving forward became my new focus.
Instead of zeroing in on what wasn't done, how about celebrating how much the Lord loves you. This is how much He loves you, His child!
He calls you the apple of His eye!
He even knows how many hairs are on your head… (that's love)!
As you take inventory of 2018, look at all the amazing things you did do this year. The things, which didn't go as planned, still worked together for your good, just as God intended. So stop being so hard on yourself and celebrate the fabulous person God created you to be.
Make 2019 your best year ever, not because of what you accomplished but because you are fulfilling your purpose by being exactly who God created you to be. Our Lord and Savior has a plan for you in 2019 and no one can accomplish it but you.
Let go of the past and celebrate the AMAZING future God has in store just for you!
Cynthia Jones is an Administrative Assistant at First Baptist Church of Decatur. Her passion is inspiring others to reach their full potential. She has a drive for helping others to realize it's not to late to go after their dreams. Her desire is to see people persevere and never, ever give up your dreams, no matter how difficult the journey may be.


text:
package com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Common;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.collections.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Areas.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Behaviors.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.CharClasses.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Commands.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Common.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Exits.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Items.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Libraries.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Locales.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.MOBS.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Races.interfaces.*;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Vector;

public class DefaultArrestWarrant implements LegalWarrant
{
	@Override
	public String ID()
	{
		return "DefaultArrestWarrant";
	}

	@Override
	public String name()
	{
		return ID();
	}

	@Override
	public CMObject newInstance()
	{
		try
		{
			return getClass().newInstance();
		}
		catch (final Exception e)
		{
			return new DefaultArrestWarrant();
		}
	}

	@Override
	public int compareTo(CMObject o)
	{
		return CMClass.classID(this).compareToIgnoreCase(CMClass.classID(o));
	}

	@Override
	public void initializeClass()
	{
	}

	@Override
	public CMObject copyOf()
	{
		try
		{
			return (DefaultArrestWarrant) this.clone();
		}
		catch (final CloneNotSupportedException e)
		{
			return newInstance();
		}
	}

	private MOB				criminal			= null;
	private MOB				victim				= null;
	private MOB				witness				= null;
	private MOB				arrestingOfficer	= null;
	private Room			jail				= null;
	private Room			releaseRoom			= null;
	private String			crime				= "";
	private final DVector	punishmentParms		= new DVector(2);
	private int				punishment			= -1;
	private int				jailTime			= 0;
	private int				state				= 0;
	private int				offenses			= 0;
	private long			lastOffense			= 0;
	private long			travelAttemptTime	= 0;
	private long			lastStateChangeTime = 0;
	private String			warnMsg				= null;

	@Override
	public void setArrestingOfficer(Area legalArea, MOB mob)
	{
		if ((arrestingOfficer != null)
		&& (arrestingOfficer.getStartRoom() != null)
		&& (arrestingOfficer.location() != null)
		&& (legalArea != null)
		&& (arrestingOfficer.getStartRoom().getArea() != arrestingOfficer.location().getArea())
		&& (!legalArea.inMyMetroArea(arrestingOfficer.location().getArea())))
			CMLib.tracking().wanderAway(arrestingOfficer, true, true);

		if ((mob == null) && (arrestingOfficer != null))
			CMLib.tracking().stopTracking(arrestingOfficer);
		arrestingOfficer = mob;
	}

	@Override
	public MOB criminal()
	{
		return criminal;
	}

	@Override
	public MOB victim()
	{
		return victim;
	}

	@Override
	public MOB witness()
	{
		return witness;
	}

	@Override
	public MOB arrestingOfficer()
	{
		return arrestingOfficer;
	}

	@Override
	public Room jail()
	{
		return CMLib.map().getRoom(jail);
	}

	@Override
	public Room releaseRoom()
	{
		return CMLib.map().getRoom(releaseRoom);
	}

	@Override
	public String crime()
	{
		return crime;
	}

	@Override
	public int punishment()
	{
		return punishment;
	}

	@Override
	public String getPunishmentParm(int code)
	{
		final int index = punishmentParms.indexOf(Integer.valueOf(code));
		if (index < 0)
			return "";
		return (String) punishmentParms.elementAt(index, 2);
	}

	@Override
	public void addPunishmentParm(int code, String parm)
	{
		final int index = punishmentParms.indexOf(Integer.valueOf(code));
		if (index >= 0)
			punishmentParms.removeElementAt(index);
		punishmentParms.addElement(Integer.valueOf(code), parm);
	}

	@Override
	public int jailTime()
	{
		return jailTime;
	}

	@Override
	public int state()
	{
		return state;
	}

	@Override
	public int offenses()
	{
		return offenses;
	}

	@Override
	public long lastOffense()
	{
		return lastOffense;
	}

	@Override
	public long travelAttemptTime()
	{
		return travelAttemptTime;
	}

	@Override
	public String warnMsg()
	{
		return warnMsg;
	}

	@Override
	public void setCriminal(MOB mob)
	{
		criminal = mob;
	}

	@Override
	public void setVictim(MOB mob)
	{
		victim = mob;
	}

	@Override
	public void setWitness(MOB mob)
	{
		witness = mob;
	}

	@Override
	public void setJail(Room R)
	{
		jail = R;
	}

	@Override
	public void setReleaseRoom(Room R)
	{
		releaseRoom = R;
	}

	@Override
	public void setCrime(String newcrime)
	{
		crime = newcrime;
	}

	@Override
	public void setPunishment(int code)
	{
		punishment = code;
	}

	@Override
	public void setJailTime(int time)
	{
		jailTime = time;
	}

	@Override
	public void setState(int newstate)
	{
		lastStateChangeTime=System.currentTimeMillis();
		state = newstate;
	}

	@Override
	public long getLastStateChangeTime()
	{
		return lastStateChangeTime;
	}

	@Override
	public void setOffenses(int num)
	{
		offenses = num;
	}

	@Override
	public void setLastOffense(long last)
	{
		lastOffense = last;
	}

	@Override
	public void setTravelAttemptTime(long time)
	{
		travelAttemptTime = time;
	}

	@Override
	public void setWarnMsg(String msg)
	{
		warnMsg = msg;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Check out the 2018 Program & Exhibitor Book! – Maury County Fair!
Family fun for the whole community!
Check out the 2018 Program & Exhibitor Book!
Next PostNext Fair Update! Livestock Show Registration extended!


Yesterday I went for a walk on the beach with the boys. In the sand. I haven't walked in the sand for five weeks. Since I broke my leg to be precise. Left the cast at home and after walking in the soft sand for quite a while with no pain but utmost delight I have decided that it is time to put it away for good. Not to jeopardize the well-being of my leg in any way but because it feels the time is right for it. I took photos and followed the boys jumping on rocks and I let the sun sink in my hair and cheeks and I let the breeze twirl my hair all over and felt the sand with every square millimeter of my booted-not-casted foot. Freedom has different flavors and being out of a cast is one.
A journey of appreciation. Started out with me being angry at myself for the klutziness, went through waves of frustration for being stuck inside and then learned how far to push my body so I will not damage it further but strengthen it. The walk with the boys was a happy one. Tony was bewildered at my joy, he kept shaking his head smiling and saying it's such a little thing after all, being able to walk, why so happy. Precisely the point. I could not go places you see. Because I could not walk. Now I can. I got my leg back. No limp. I can go places. Again. That's why.


Showing that lines from this family do not intersect for different $\alpha$.
do not intersect for different values of $\alpha$.
This is a family of lines because it's the intersection of two planes, I think they do not intersect because each line is perpendicular to the $z$ plane at the value of $ z = -\alpha(x-y) $ is this enough to conclude?
And this got me thinking how would I represent a family of lines all intersecting in one point in 3 dimensional euclidean space? Could I have a link or a source where to study the general derivation of parallel family of lines in 3 dimensional space?
Hence $\alpha_1=\alpha_2$. To summarize, if a point is on two members of your family of sets, those two members are the same set. The contrapositive of this is: Two different members of your family of sets have no element in common. QED.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged linear-algebra geometry analytic-geometry or ask your own question.
Is this a correct question?
Can two 3D lines define a plane?
Proving that two lines in three dimension given in asymmetric form (given as equations of two planes) are coplanar.


text:
Broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects (synset 106287933)
domain member category:
action replay, instant replay, replay - the immediate rebroadcast of some action (especially sports action) that has been recorded on videotape
television, television system - a telecommunication system that transmits images of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points
boob tube, goggle box, idiot box, television, television receiver, television set, telly, tv, tv set - an electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen
frequency band, waveband - a band of adjacent radio frequencies (e.g., assigned for transmitting radio or television signals)
couch potato - an idler who spends much time on a couch (usually watching television)
telecast, televise - broadcast via television
colorcast - broadcast in color
closed-captioned - broadcast with captions that are seen only on receivers having special equipment; can be provided for hard-of-hearing viewers
hypernym: broadcasting - taking part in a radio or tv program
cable, cable television - television that is transmitted over cable directly to the receiver
hdtv, high-definition television - a television system that has more than the usual number of lines per frame so its pictures show more detail
part holonym:
picture, video - the visible part of a television transmission
audio, sound - the audible part of a transmitted signal
synonym: telecasting, television, video
An electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen (synset 104413042)
domain category: telecasting, television, tv, video - broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects
hypernym: receiver, receiving system - set that receives radio or tv signals
part holonym: kinescope, picture tube, television tube - a cathode-ray tube in a television receiver; translates the received signal into a picture on a luminescent screen
part meronym: television, television system - a telecommunication system that transmits images of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points
synonym: boob tube, goggle box, idiot box, television, television receiver, television set, telly, tv set

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home / Bible Commentaries / Lange's Commentary on the Holy Scriptures: Critical, Doctrinal, and Homiletical
Book Overview - Philemon
by Johann Peter Lange
EPISTLE OF PAUL
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN, WITH EDITED and ADDITIONS
PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D.
THE EPISTLE OF PAUL
[N. B.—The parts added to the original work by the Translator and Editor are enclosed in brackets, with his initial attached to them, except where they consist of very brief expressions. It was thought best to change the order of the topics in the following Introduction, for the sake of a stricter method, and also (on account of the peculiar interest of this Epistle) to treat some of the divisions more fully than Dr. Van Oosterzee has done. The writer has transferred to this Commentary the results of some study bestowed on the Epistle, which have already appeared in other publications.—H.]
§ 1. POSITION OF THE EPISTLE
The Christian Church has with reason assigned a place also to the Epistle to Philemon in the canonical collection of the writings of Paul; and although the last place, yet at the same time the one next to the pastoral Epistles, which contain the last written memorial of the labors of the great Apostle. This letter, indeed, may justly be called "a decided Pastoral, with special reference to the cure of souls" (Lange). Since it relates merely to a private affair, it stands not improperly after all the other Epistles of Paul, which were written with respect to more general, important matters in the different churches. As a contribution, however, to our knowledge of the person and character of Paul, it contains so much that is interesting as well as beautiful, that we may term it a little gem, yet a gem of great value—nay, one of the most precious relics which have come down to us from Christian antiquity.
[In the historical order the letter to Philemon stands properly after that to the Colossians, since these two letters were written at the same time, were sent to the same place, and make mention of the same persons. The continuous commentators, as De Wette, Meyer, Wordsworth, Ellicott, treat of them in this relation to each other.—H.]
§ 2. ITS GENUINENESS
The genuineness of this Epistle is amply attested on external grounds. Even in the writings of Ignatius, expressions occur which appear to refer to passages in this letter.[FN1] It is mentioned in Muratori's canon [which is from the second century], and in that of Tertullian and Eusebius, without the least appearance of any objection. Origen (Hom. XIX. in Jer.) ascribes it expressly to the Apostle Paul. Marcion himself, as Tertullian states (Advs. Marc. V:42), received it. [Sinope in Pontus, the birthplace of Marcion, was not far from Colossæ, where Philemon lived, and the letter would naturally find its way to the neighboring churches, at an early period. In short, the early testimonies of this nature are so many and decisive, that, as De Wette says (Einleit. in das N. Test., p278), its genuineness on that ground is beyond dispute.—H.]
The citations from this Epistle by the early writers are less frequent than from some others; but that is explained simply by the fact, that its contents are so little polemic or didactic. Yet, compare Origen, Opp. tom3. pp263, 884, 889. There were some, indeed, according to Jerome, who denied the genuineness of the Epistle, but drew that conclusion only from its brevity and simplicity: Aut epistolam non esse Pauli, aut eliam, si Pauli sit, nihil habere quod œdificare nos possit. The manner in which this church father replied to them, shows plainly enough how little importance he conceded to this purely subjective and isolated objection.
[Nor does the Epistle itself offer anything at variance with this external proof of its authorship. It is impossible to conceive of a writing more strongly marked within the same limits by those unstudied assonances of thought, sentiment, and expression, which indicate an author's hand, than this short Epistle as compared with Paul's other productions. It contains but ten words which are not found in his other writings.
The words peculiar to this Epistle are the following: συστρατιώτης, Philemon 1:2; ἀνῆκον, ἐπιτάσσειν, Philemon 1:8; πρεσβύτης, Philemon 1:9; ἄχρηστος and εὔχρηστος, Philemon 1:11; ἀποτίω, προσοφείλω, Philemon 1:19; ὀνίνασθαι, Philemon 1:20; ξενία, Philemon 1:22. Baur (see his Paulus, p475) founds his only external objection to the Epistle on the absence of these words from Paul's other letters. But to argue from these that they disprove the apostolic origin of the Epistle, is to assume the absurd principle that a writer, after having produced two or three compositions, must for the future confine himself to an unvarying circle of words, whatever may be the subject which he discusses, or whatever the interval of time between his different writings. Nothing could be more arbitrary than such a rule as applied to a question of authorship. There are no writers in any language, who would not be deprived of their claim to the composition of many portions of their works, universally accredited to them, if the occurrence of some new word, or new turn of expression, not found in other portions, be a sufficient reason for denying their genuineness. Baur is even still more unreasonable. He not only objects, if the Apostle employs new terms, but equally as well if he repeats those which he is accustomed to use else where. He admits that Paul could have said σπλάγχνα twice, but thinks it suspicious that he should say it three times (vers7, 12, 20).—Such criticisms only serve to illustrate Baur's own remark, that in objecting to the genuineness of this letter, one runs a greater risk of being thought hypercritical, of betraying a morbid sensibility to doubt and denial, than in questioning the claims of any other Pauline Epistle.
The letter reflects Paul's personal characteristics, such as tact, sense of honor, generosity, self-sacrifice, politeness, so well known to us elsewhere.Dr. Howson, in his "Hulsean Lectures" on the Character of St. Paul,[FN2] adduces from this letter some of his most striking illustrations of that unity, peculiar to the Apostle's character, which he finds portrayed in his various Epistles, and in the Acts. It should be remarked, too, that the historical allusions which the Apostle makes to events in his own life, or to other persons with whom he was connected, harmonize perfectly with the statements or incidental intimations contained in his other Epistles, or in the Acts of the Apostles. An example of this agreement (which Paley has pointed out in his Horœ Paulinœ) will show its relevancy as a source of argument here. We are informed in the Epistle to the Colossians ( Colossians 4:9) that Onesimus was a Colossian (ὅς ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν), but learn nothing else respecting him from that letter. This assertion is confirmed in a singular manner by the Epistle to Philemon, though without any mention of Colossæ, or of the place of Philemon's abode. Philemon and Archippus are saluted together (Phil. vers1,2), and hence, as Archippus was an officer in the church at Colossae ( Colossians 4:17), Philemon must have been a Colossian, and consequently Onesimus must have been a Colossian, since he appears in the letter to Philemon as one of his servants. "The case then stands thus: Take the Epistle to the Colossians alone, and no circumstance is discoverable which makes out the assertion, that he was 'one of them'—i. e., was a Colossian. Take the Epistle to Philemon alone, and nothing at all appears concerning the place to which Philemon or his servant Onesimus belonged. For anything that is said in the Epistle, Philemon might hare been a Thessalonian, a Philippian, or an Ephesian, as well as a Colossian. Put the two Epistles together, and the matter is clear. The reader perceives a junction of circumstances, which ascertains the conclusion at once. It is a correspondence which evinces the genuineness of one Epistle as well as of the other. It is like comparing the two parts of a cloven tally. Coincidence proves the authenticity of both."—H.]
In view of such attestation, the scepticism of the Tübingen school in regard to this part of the apostolic remains may not unjustly be called "a conceit hardly meant in earnest" (Meyer). If the critics of this school appeal to single words and expressions which do not occur in the other Epistles of Paul, we answer simply, that such singularia are found in his other Epistles, and therefore prove nothing respecting its genuineness. If they deny in general that Paul wrote letters during his captivity at Rome, we have only to refer to what has been said on this question in the Introduction to the other Epistles ,, Colossians, Philippians] which belong to this period; and even though (which we emphatically deny) all the other Epistles assigned to that period were suspicious, it would by no means follow that this one is therefore spurious, especially since the fabrication of such a private letter must be pronounced, in fact, almost inexplicable. And, finally, if they affirm that the entire history of Onesimus appears like a romantic story, originating in a desire to veil a truly Christian idea in an appropriate dress, we but recognize here again the same arbitrary separation of history and symbol, of idea and reality, which, in a certain sense, may be called the πρῶτον ψεῦδος of the Tübingen school. We but hear again the old song: "Too beautiful to be a fact, too ingenious not to be a fiction." "The history is too rare to be true—Christian faith has answered that. The history is too suggestive to be true—Christian science has answered that. If this letter had been something more ordinary, something less significant, perhaps it would have found favor in the eyes of such critics; and yet, indeed, the opposite is more probable." Lange, Apost. Zeitalter, 1. p134. Profane history itself is not without examples similar to that which gave occasion for the writing of this letter. Compare especially the Epistles of Pliny (Lib. xi21, 24), to which Grotius has very properly referred in his Commentary on Philemon 1:10, [See under "Doctrinal and Practical," at the end of the present Commentary.]
Instead, therefore, of finding in this letter the embryo of an idealized, spiritualized fiction, such as we find more fully developed in the Pseudo-Clementina, we have to do here with nothing beyond the limits of the most sober, historical reality.
§ 3. TIME AND PLACE OF COMPOSITION
The time and place of writing this letter coincide with the date and place of the composition of the Epistles to the Colossians,, Philippians, and Ephesians. It is entirely evident that Paul, when he wrote the letter to Philemon, was in prison for the cause of Christ ( Philemon 1:1); and the question can only be, whether we are to think of his imprisonment at Cœsarea ( Acts 24:27), or his first imprisonment at Rome ( Acts 28:30-31). Many reasons concur in leading us to adopt the last-named of these views. At Rome only is it conceivable that he could have had such free scope for the propagation of the gospel as is presupposed and intimated in the Epistles above mentioned. The flight of Onesimus directly to Rome, the capital of the world, where especially he could hope, in the midst of its vast population, to remain concealed and safe, has nothing improbable in it. The expression ( Philemon 1:15), that he departed—from his master for a season (πρὸς ὥραν), need not be so urged as to be understood of a definite time, and hence as an argument against the flight of Onesimus to the more distant Rome. [Rome, of course, was geographically more remote from Colossæ than Cæsarea; but in that age of Roman supremacy, the facilities of intercourse would make Rome as near as Cæsarea, and thus Onesimus and Paul could become acquainted with each other as soon in the former city as in the latter.—H.] That other proofs, also, which some think are found in the Epistle itself in favor of Cæsarea, are in the highest degree weak and fanciful, has been conclusively shown by Wiesinger in the Introduction to his Commentary on this Epistle (p693).[FN3] At all events, therefore, this Epistle was written some years earlier than the pastoral Epistles, namely, between the years A. D58–61: [or, not improbably, two or three years later still. The Apostle, at the close of the letter to Philemon, expresses a hope of his own speedy liberation. He speaks in like manner of his approaching deliverance in his Epistle to the Philippians ( Philippians 2:23-24), which was written during the same imprisonment at Rome. Presuming, therefore, that he had good reasons for such an expectation, and that he was not disappointed in the result, we may conclude that this letter was written by him about the year A. D63, or early in A. D64; for it was in the latter year, according to the best chronologists, that he was freed from his first Roman imprisonment.—H.]
The identity of this Epistle with that to the church at Laodicea ( Colossians 4:16), though strenuously maintained by some (Affelmann, Zeltner, Wieseler), is certainly destitute of support. [It is altogether improbable that Paul would address a letter relating to a personal affair to an entire church. It proves nothing that an Archippus is mentioned in the Apostolical Constitutions (vii46) as a Laodicean; for the Archippus whom Paul salutes in Philemon 1:2 belonged to Colossæ, and not Laodicea, as is evident from Colossians 4:17. It lies on the face of the passage, that Archippus, to whom the Colossians were to deliver Paul's message ( Colossians 4:17), was one of their own number; and it is merely accidental that the Apostle names him in that place, just after speaking of the church in Laodicea. Wieseler's inference (chronologie, p452), that the Colossians were expected to transmit the message to Laodicea, where Archippus lived, is violent and unnecessary.—H.]
§ 4. PERSONS OF THE LETTER
Respecting the persons of Onesimus and Philemon, we know little or nothing except what we learn from this brief letter itself. The former appears ( Colossians 4:9) to have been a native of Colossæ. [If not a native, he was certainly a resident there, since Paul, in writing to the church at Colossæ, speaks of him ( Colossians 4:9) as one of them, i. e., of the Colossians. This expression confirms the presumption which his Greek name affords, that he was a Gentile, and not a Jew, as some would infer from μάλιστα ἐμοὶ, in Philemon 1:16 (see in loc.) He was originally a slave of Philemon, as Dr. Oosterzee assumes without discussion. The manner in which Paul speaks of the relation between Philemon and Onesimus (ὠς δοῦλον, ὑπὲρ δοῦλον), the coloring of his language so evidently suggested by that relation (ἄχρηστον, εὔχηστον, ἀιώνιον ἀπέςης, ἀποτίσω, προσοφείλεις), and the unvarying tradition on the subject, are all without any adequate explanation, unless we admit that the two men were related to each other as master and slave. On this point not only the ancient commentators, but nearly all of any critical weight among the modern, agree in their decision. In Phrygia, where Onesimus lived, slaves were so numerous that the name itself of Phrygian was almost synonymous with that of slave (see on vers18). The instruction which Paul gave to the Colossians respecting the duties of masters and servants to each other ( Colossians 3:22-24; Colossians 4:1), bears witness to the same fact.[FN4]
As there were believers in Phrygia when the Apostle passed through that region on his third missionary tour ( Acts 28:23), and as Onesimus belonged to a Christian household, it is not improbable that he had some knowledge of the Christian doctrine before he went to Rome. But whether this was so or not, it is certain that he did not embrace the Gospel until he met with the Apostle at Rome, and was led by him there to believe in Christ. The language of the Epistle (ὃν ἐγέννησα ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου, Philemon 1:10) is explicit on this point.
After his conversion, the most happy and friendly relations sprung up between the teacher and the disciple. The situation of the Apostle as a captive, and an indefatigable laborer for the promotion of the gospel ( Acts 28:30-31), must have made him keenly alive to the sympathies of Christian friendship, and dependent upon others for various services of a personal nature, important to his efficiency as a minister of the Word. Onesimus appears to have supplied this twofold want in an eminent degree. We see, from the letter, that he won entirely the Apostle's heart, and made himself so useful to him in various private ways,[FN5] or evinced such a capacity to be so (for he may have gone back to Colossæ quite soon after his conversion), that Paul wished to have him remain constantly with him. His attachment to him as a disciple, as a personal friend, and as a helper to him in his bonds, was such that he yielded him up only in obedience to that spirit of self-denial, and that sensitive regard for the claims or feelings of others, which comport so well with his known characteristics.[FN6]—H.]
It can hardly be doubted that Onesimus, after having been commended to Philemon in such terms, was restored to his favor, and was set at liberty. Tradition at least claims to inform us (comp. Canon. Apost. 73, and Constit. Apost. 746), that he was ordained by Paul bishop of the church at Berœa, in Macedonia, and afterward suffered martyrdom at Rome. In the Epistle, also, of Ignatius to the Ephesians (i6), a bishop of the church at Ephesus is mentioned, named Onesimus, though there is no sufficient reason for supposing them identical.
[The Apostle labored at Ephesus three years or more ( Acts 20:31), about A. D54–57. Ephesus was the religious and commercial capital of western Asia Minor; and such was the Apostle's zeal, that "all they who dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus Christ." Phrygia was a neighboring province, and among the strangers who repaired to Ephesus, and had an opportunity to hear the preaching of Paul, may have been the Colossian Philemon. At the same time it is possible, as others think, that Paul may have visited Colossæ when he passed through Phrygia on his second missionary journey ( Acts 16:6); and if that was Song of Solomon, it was then undoubtedly that Philemon heard the gospel and attached himself to the Christian party.—H.] According to Theodoret, Philemon's house was still pointed out at Colossæ in his time, i. e., in the fifth century.
Some have inferred from this letter, without sufficient ground, that Philemon was uncommonly harsh and severe in his character. [On the contrary, it is evident, from what Paul says or implies concerning him, that, on becoming a disciple, Philemon gave no common proof of the sincerity and power of his faith. His character, as shadowed forth in this Epistle, is one of the noblest which the sacred record makes known to us. He was full of faith and good works, was confiding, obedient, sympathizing, benevolent, and a man who, on a question of simple justice, needed only a hint of his duty to prompt him to go even beyond it. Any one who studies the Epistle will perceive that it ascribes to him these varied qualities; it bestows on him a measure of commendation, which forms a striking contrast with the ordinary reserve of the sacred writers. It was by the example and activity of such believers that the primitive Christianity evinced its divine origin, and spread with such rapidity among the nations.—H.]
The legendary history says that Philemon became bishop at Colossæ, and died a martyr under Nero (Constit. Apost. 746). According to Pseudo-Dorotheus, he is said to have been a bishop at Gaza.
§ 5. OCCASION AND OBJECT OF THE LETTER
The occasion for writing the Epistle was the following: Onesimus, the slave of Philemon, a Christian master, had fled from him (vers11, 15, 18) out of fear of punishment, probably on account of a theft which he had committed. During his flight he became acquainted with Paul, perhaps through the intervention of Epaphras, and by the Apostle was converted to Christ. Some time afterward, as the imprisoned Paul was sending his fellow-laborer Tychicus to Ephesus ( Ephesians 6:21) and to Colossæ ( Colossians 4:7-9), he availed himself of the opportunity to send back also Onesimus to his lawful master, whom he commended at the same time to the church at Colossæ ( Colossians 4:9). At his departure, the Apostle gave to Onesimus the present letter, in order to request for him a kind reception, and a remission of the punishment which he feared, and also a lodging for himself, which should be ready for him in anticipation of a proposed journey through that region.
[Tychicus, his fellow-traveller, was the bearer also of the Epistle to the Ephesians ( Ephesians 6:21-22), and hence that Epistle and the two Epistles to the Colossians and Philemon were all written, no doubt, on the eve of the Apostle's acquittal. It is very possible that the lost letter to the Laodiceans ( Colossians 4:16), of which we have already spoken, was entrusted to the same hands. We do not know what circumstances may have controlled the course of the journey. The most direct way was to cross the northern part of the Greek peninsula. They would embark at Brundusium, and disembark at Dyrrhachium, on the other side of the Adriatic. They would then traverse the Egnatian Way, along which Paul in his second missionary tour had passed and scattered the seed of the Word. They would meet with Christian hospitality at Thessalonica. Apollonia and Amphipolis were on the route. The disciples at Philippi would be eager to hear tidings of the beloved Apostle. From the Pass over Symbolum they would look forth once more upon the waters which divided Europe from their native Asia.[FN7] Neapolis, the port of Philippi, lay at the base of that range of hills, and would afford them the means to cross to Troas, or to the mouth of the Cayster or the Mseander, whence they could proceed to Ephesus, Laodicea, and Golossæ, in such order as their convenience, or the nature of their errand might require.
It may be assumed, from the known character of Philemon, that the Apostle's intercession for Onesimus was not unavailing. There can be no doubt that, agreeably to the express instructions of the letter, the past was forgiven; that the master and the servant were reconciled to each other. If the liberty which Onesimus had asserted in a spirit of independence, and had consented to place once more at his master's disposal, was not conceded to him as a boon or right, the freedom was enjoyed, at all events, under a form of servitude which henceforth was such in name only. So much must be regarded as certain; or it follows that the Apostle was mistaken in his opinion of Philemon's character; that he was not the Christian that the Apostle supposed him to be, and not worthy of the confidence with which he entrusted the beloved Onesimus to his absolute power. Chrysostom declares, in his impassioned style, that Philemon must have been less than a Prayer of Manasseh, must have been alike destitute of sensibility and reason (ποῖος λίθος, ποῖον θήριον), not to be moved by the arguments and spirit of such a letter to fulfil every wish and intimation of the Apostle. Precisely how much the Apostle had in view as the direct object of his mediation, may not be certain. But, surely, no fitting response to his pleadings for Onesimus could involve less than a cessation of everything oppressive and harsh in his civil condition, as far as it depended on Philemon to mitigate or neutralize the evils of a legalized system of bondage, as well as a cessatior of everything violative of his rights as a Christian. But, in all probability, more than this is true. The import of such a letter must be sought in what it suggests as well as in what it says. Some insist on ὑπὲρ ὃ λέγω, in Philemon 1:21, as the expression of a distinct expectation on the part of Paul that Philemon would liberate Onesimus. Nearly all agree that, even if that favor was not asked, in so many words, Philemon would not have withheld it after such an appeal to his justice and humanity, as the entire letter urges upon him with so much earnestness and power. The traditions above referred to show the ancient opinion on this subject. We can well believe that the Lord's freedman in this case became politically free, and henceforth called no man master after the flesh. See more fully on Philemon 1:21.—H.]
§ 6. [ITS ÆSTHETIC CHARACTER.]
[This Epistle to Philemon has one peculiar feature—its æsthetic character, we may term it—which distinguishes it from all the other Epistles of Paul, and demands a special notice at our hands. It has been admired deservedly as a model of delicacy and skill in the department of composition to which it belongs. The writer had peculiar difficulties to overcome. He was the common friend of the parties at variance. He must conciliate a man who supposed that he had good reason to be offended. He must commend the offender, and yet neither deny nor aggravate the imputed fault. He must assert the new ideas of Christian equality in the face of a system which hardly recognized the humanity of the enslaved. He could have placed the question on the ground of his own personal rights, and yet must waive them in order to secure an act of spontaneous kindness. His success must be a triumph of love, and nothing be demanded for the sake of the justice which could have claimed everything. He limits his request to a forgiveness of the alleged wrong, and a restoration to favor and the enjoyment of future sympathy and affection, and yet would so guard his words as to leave scope for all the generosity which benevolence might prompt towards one whose condition admitted of so much alleviation. These are contrarieties not easy to harmonize; but Paul, it is confessed, has shown a degree of self-denial and a tact in dealing with them, which, in being equal to the occasion, could not well be greater.
As stated already, we have an extant letter of the younger Pliny (Epist. ix21), which he wrote to a friend whose servant had deserted him, in which he intercedes for the fugitive, who was anxious to return to his master, but dreaded the effects of his anger. Thus the occasion of the correspondence was similar to that between the Apostle and Philemon. It has occurred to scholars to compare this celebrated letter with that of Paul in behalf of Onesimus; and as the result, they declare that not only in the "spirit of Christianity, of which Pliny was ignorant," but in dignity of thought, argument, pathos, beauty of style, and eloquence, the communication of the Apostle is vastly superior to that of the polished Roman writer. (See this letter of Pliny, at the end of the Commentary.)—H.]
Hence it is no wonder that the contents of this Epistle have called forth at all times the warmest praise. Thus Jerome: "Evangelico decore conscripta est." Luther, in his Preface, says: "This Epistle presents a charming and masterly example of Christian love. St. Paul takes the poor Onesimus to his heart, stands as representative for him with his master, intercedes for him as if it was himself who had sinned and not Onesimus, strips himself of his own rights, and so compels Philemon to relinquish also his. Even as Christ did for us with God the Father, thus also does St. Paul for Onesimus with Philemon; for Christ also stripped Himself of His right, and by love and humility induced the Father to lay aside His anger and power, and to take us to His grace for the sake of Christ, who lovingly pleads our cause, and with all His heart lays Himself out for us. For we are all to Him, like Onesimus to Paul, as I think of it."—[Erasmus says of it: "Cicero never wrote with greater elegance"]—Calvin: "Quanta fuerit spiritus Paulini celsitudo—hœc quoque epistola testis Esther, in qua argumentum tractans humile alias et abjectum, suo tamen more sublimis ad Deum evehitur.... Ita modeste et suppliciter pro infimo homine se dimittit, ut vix alibi irsquam magis ad vsum tit expresse ingenii ejus mansuetudo."—Frankius: "Unica epistola ad Philemonem omnem mundi sapientiam longissime superat."—Bengel: "Epistola familiaris, suœmm sapientiœ prœbitura specimen, quomodo christiani res civiles debeant tractare ex principiis altioribus."—Ewald: "Nowhere shall we find the sensibility and warmth of delicate friendship more beautifully blended with the higher feeling of a superior intellect, yea, of a teacher and an Apostle, than in this brief and yet most sententious Epistle."—Wiesinger: "What consciousness of apostolic dignity, with such humility and love! What fulness and elevation of Christian thought, exhibited in the treatment of an incident belonging to the most common relations of life! What power of eloquence! What delicacy of feeling, yet sharpness of argument! In comparing this Epistle with the Pastoral Epistles, we may conceive how their Pauline character might be assailed; but criticism, which would find in this letter itself the grounds of such an assault, 'exposes itself not merely to the reproach of hypercriticism, but that of the denial and contempt of all criticism' " (Unkritik).—Conybeare and Howson: "This letter is not only a beautiful illustration of the character of St. Paul, but also a practical commentary upon the precepts concerning the mutual relations of slaves and masters, given in his contemporary Epistles."—A. Rochat: "Outre les instructions générales, que fournit cette Epître, elle a l' avantage de nous montrer comment l'Apôtre traitait une affaire particuliere et comment il se montrait à ses amis dans les détails de la vie commune." [Translation: "Besides the general instructions which this Epistle furnishes, it serves to show us how the Apostle treated a private affair, and how he showed himself to his friends in the details of common life.]—Burke: "This letter is an important help for enabling us to understand Paul, his character, his intellectual gifts, his qualities of heart."—["It is a precious relic," says Meyer, "of a great character. It pursues its object with so much Christian love and Wisdom of Solomon, with so much psychological tact, and without a renunciation of the apostolic, authority, is so ingenious and suggestive, that this letter, viewed merely as a specimen of the Attic elegance and urbanity, may rank among the epistolary masterpieces of antiquity."—Bengel's gnomic description Isaiah, "mire ἀστεῖος."—"It is impossible to read it," says Doddridge, "without being touched with the delicacy of sentiment, the masterly address, that appear in every part of it. We see here, in a most striking light, how perfectly consistent true politeness Isaiah, not only with the warmth and sincerity of the friend, but even with the dignity of the Christian and the Apostle. If this letter were to be considered in no other view than as merely a human composition, it must be allowed to be a masterpiece of its kind."—H.]
§ 7. HELPS FOR THE STUDENT
As to the comparatively rich literature of the Epistle, we need mention only such aids as have a special value for the object of this Bible-Work. Besides the Commentaries of Dr Wette (2d ed, 1847), Wiesinger (Königsberg, 1851), one of the continuators of the Olshausen series; Meyer (2d ed, 1859); [Bleek (Vorlesungen ü. die Briefe an die Colossen, den Philemon u. die Epheser, 1865) ], and the older interpreters mentioned by Meyer, compare especially D. H. Wildschut de vi dictionis et sermonis elegantia, in epistola Pauli ad Philemonem conspicua Traj. ad Rhen., 1809.—A. Rochat: Méditation de l'épître de St. Paul à Philemon, occurring in his Meditations sur quelques portions de la parole de Dieu, 3me edition, Paris, 1848.—F. Küiine: Der Epistel Pauli an Philemon, in Bibelstunden, zur Erbauung für das christliche Volk ausgelegt, 2 Bändchen, Leipzig, 1856 [i. e., expounded in Bible lessons for the edification of Christian people.]
[Koch's Commentary (Comm, über den Brief Pauli an dem Phil., Zürich, 1846) the writer has found to be of great assistance. C. R. Hagenbach's Interpretation (Pauli ad Philem. ep. interpret, est, Bas1829; was one of his early efforts, and is much less important. Pauli ad Philemonem Epistolœ Interpretatio Historico-exegetica, by M. Rothe (Bremæ, 1844, pp1–60), shows the results of careful study in the use of the best means existing at that period.—The reader will find eighty folio pages devoted to Philemon in Tom. V. of the Critici Sacri (ed. Francof1695), by the jurist, Scipio Gentilis.—The celebrated Lavater, as pastor in Zürich, preached thirty-nine sermons on this brief composition, and published them in two volumes (Predigten über den Brief an den Philemon, St. Gallen, 1785–'6). The sermons contain no exegesis or critical material, but are purely homiletic and hortatory. Paul speaks of himself by one cursory word as "old;" and Lavater has two discourses on "old age"—the duties we owe to the aged, and the duties the aged owe to themselves. In copiousness of ideas and directness of appeal he is hardly surpassed by Baxter himself.—In our own language, the Commentaries of Ellicott, Wordsworth, Alford, and Barnes include, of course, an exposition of this Epistle.—There are many good thoughts on Philemon, though quaintly expressed, in the Commentary on the New Testament, by John Trapp, M.A. (Webster's ed, London, 1865).—Doddridge's notes here are among the best that he has written on the Epistles.—Those of Macknight are remarkably pertinent and suggestive, and have been almost copied by some later writers without due acknowledgment.—The Rev. J. S. Buckminster, of our own country, has a sermon on the entire letter as a text, in which he has displayed his rare power of eloquent expression and illustration, but discusses a different class of topics from those which the spirit of the times would lead us to expect from a preacher now.—Among the patristic commentators, no one succeeds better than Chrysostom in bringing out the delicate touches of the letter.—H.]
Compare further the articles relating to Philemon and Onesimus, and to the Epistle itself, in Herzog's Real-Encykopädie, in Zeller's Wörterbuch [and in Smith's Bible Dictionary].
§ 8. ANALYSIS
As regards the classification or analysis of the letter, a single word will suffice. In order to perceive and enjoy its full beauty and power, we should read it as one uninterrupted out-gush from beginning to end. If any one, however, needs resting-places, in order to bring the whole under the eye at once, the following division may be made: First, address and salutation (vers1–3); secondly, an expression of Christian sympathy and recognition (vers4–7); thirdly (the proper kernel of the Epistle), intercession for Onesimus, and commendation of him (vers8–22); and finally, request for a lodging, greetings of friends, and prayer for spiritual blessings (vers22–25).[FN8]
FN#1 - Ignatius, it is true, says three times in his letters, ὀναιμην ὑμῶν, which reminds us certainly of Paul's ἐγώ σου ὀναίμην in Philemon 1:20. See Kirchhofer's Geschichte des Kanon's, p205. But the phrase was apparently not uncommon, and should not be pressed too far. As one of the apostolic Fathers, Ignatius would be the earliest witness.—H.]
FN#2 - Preached before the University of Cambridge, 1863.
FN#3 - Pressensé (Histoire des trois Premiers Siècls, vol2. p56, ed1858) reasserts the opinion that the Epistle was written at Cæsarea, and not at Rome. His principal argument Isaiah, that the Apostle's captivity was comparatively light at Rome, and hence he could not hare been the fellow-prisoner of a slave there, because an association like that implies a more rigorous confinement. But we reply, there is no evidence whatever that Onesimus was a prisoner anywhere: on the contrary, the fact that during his connection with Paul he could render himself so useful to him (vers11, 13), and that he was apparently at liberty to remain at Borne or return to Colossæ, as the Apostle might direct (see Philemon 1:12), proves that Onesimus was not a prisoner. Still further, it is an oversight to speak of the custody to which he was subjected at Ctesarea, as more severe than that at Borne; for we read in Acts 24:23, that Felix commanded the centurion "to let Paul have liberty (indulgence may be more correct), and that he should forbid none of his acquaintance to minister or come unto him." So that, if it were true that Onesimus was also a prisoner as well as Paul, the situation of Paul at Rome was no more inconsistent with the intimacy between them there than it would have been at Cæsarea. See Smith's Bible Dictionary, art. Colossans, Amer. ed.—H.
FN#4 - Laodicea belonged ethnologically to Phrygia, though assigned politically to Proconsular Asia ( Revelation 1:11).—H.]
FN#5 - It is barely possible that ἳνα διακονῆ μοι, in Philemon 1:13, may refer to ministerial coöperation. See on the passage.—H.]
FN#6 - The parting with Onesimus (see Philemon 1:16) must have been the more painful to Paul in consequence of the natural craving for personal sympathy, for which he was remarkable. Dr. Howson has illustrated this trait of the Apostle's character with great beauty and effect in his Lectures on the Character of St. Paul, pp58–61.—H.]
FN#7 - In a journey which the writer made to Macedonia in the month of December, 1858, it was discovered that the site of Philippi, with its ruins, and the present Kavalla, the Neapolis of the Acts ( Acts 16:11), may be seen distinctly in their opposite directions from a height overhanging the road across Symbolum, which leads from the coast to Philippi, in the interior. The few travellers who have been here appear to have followed the beaten road, some fifty or seventy-five feet lower than the summits, and thus have failed to obtain this simultaneous view of the town and the harbor. The places are about ten miles distant from each other. See Journey to Neapolis and Philippi, in the Bible Sacra, xvii. pp866–898, and, Neapolis, in Smith's Bible Dictionary.—H.]
FN#8 - It is thought best to extend the analysis to four divisions, instead of three, as in the German work.]


At Ca' Princivalle the summer is going on! For families with children and also for anyone looking for an unforgettable holiday in the countryside of Le Marche, the swimming pool is still open and offers the perfect place to relax and have fun during these sunny days of ending August.
You can read a book under one of the many parasols along the borders, or lay on an air-bed floating in the water. If you prefer an active holiday, you can have fun with water games, playing water polo or training aquagym!


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Neer Korn
Neer Korn is a founder and director of a social and market research agency, which studies social trends and attitudes among Australians of all ages. Since its inception in 1998 Neer has been involved in over 80 broad based, Australia wide studies...
Neer Korn Travels from NSW
Neer Korn's Biography
Neer Korn is a founder and director of a social and market research agency, which studies social trends and attitudes among Australians of all ages. Since its inception in 1998 Neer has been involved in over 80 broad based, Australia wide studies with people aged from seven-70 years.
These reports cover topics such as: Dreams & Aspirations, Health & Wellbeing, Relationships, Media, Choices and Decision Making and Leisure Time. All studies are filmed. Thus Neer's presentations are peppered with quotes from the public and short documentaries that bring the insights discussed to life.
Neer consults to a who's who of blue chip organisations including Commonwealth Bank, Nestle, News Limited, Nikolodeon, Coles and Kellogg's to name a few. He is quoted in the media on a regular basis and his opinions, commentary and articles appear regularly in major media nationally.
Neer has written extensively on social trends and is the author of two books published by Harper Collins and New Holland respectively. The first (Shades of Belonging) looked at attitudes towards religion while the second (Life Behind Bars) explored the world of violent prison inmates.


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'Minecraft' Is Nonetheless One Of The Biggest Video games In The World, With Nearly 75 Million
By Jimmy August 18, 2018 May 9, 2018
Minecraft is often described as a 'sandbox sport'. Minecraft on Wii U helps split-display screen play for up to four players and comes with the Mario Mash-Up Pack. There are heaps of different cool issues for you to obtain, too, like console-only competitive modes, mini games and extra! Accessible as a bodily disc or digitally from the Nintendo eShop. We have been amazed that people had been inquisitive about using a online game for one thing that felt so critical," Mojang COO Vu Bui advised GeekWire. "entity" objects and the minecraft:levitation set off now use a shared "distance" object. They check if the participant is within or exterior of the required vary on the x, y, or z axis. absolute and horizontal ranges verify if the player is inside vary on all axes, though horizontal will exclude the Y axis.
When you, your mates, and your youngsters actually need to play Minecraft, it can be very irritating when establishing an area sport is not easy peasy. With slightly little bit of troubleshooting, nevertheless, not only are you able to stand up and operating with no problem but you may even find, due to mods like Optifine and running a distinct server app, you're higher than when you began. Sleep in your mattress as quickly as evening falls. As previously mentioned, this can can help you skip the evening cycle, which is when Minecraft's monsters (referred to as "mobs" in-recreation) seem.
Select Play Sport. It's at the top of the Minecraft predominant menu. Break up screen just isn't available for Minecraft: Java Version as it is a console-exclusive feature; it can be played on all consoles (Xbox, Playstation and Nintendo Change). Playing cut up display allows as much as four gamers to play on the identical screen, on the similar time. To play break up display screen, begin the sport and connect the controllers, this may robotically divide the monitor into player-specific screens (one for each player).
Minecraft is a sport the place you dig (mine) and build (craft) totally different sorts of 3D blocks within a large world of various terrains and habitats to explore. Mods – Bits of code that change the way the standard Minecraft sport appears to be like or acts (e.g. including new animals or giving a player extra powers). Minecraft boasts a whole bunch of crafting recipes for the players to discover and use. From instruments to weapons and armor to aesthetic additions to your households, it is sufficient to maintain taking part in for years. Add to this supplies with special properties and you'll be crafting complicated mechanised arrangements and logic engines very quickly.
The Super Mario Mash-Up Pack contains forty new Tremendous Mario-themed skins, which remodel the sport's characters into familiar heroes like Mario, Luigi and Princess Peach, and even troublemakers like Bowser, Wario and all seven of Bowser's minions. All of the world and item textures within the sport are also redone, offering you with the chance to create your own Tremendous Mario-themed locations throughout the world of Minecraft. Whereas constructing, you may even take pleasure in listening to the graceful sounds of 15 pieces of music from Super Mario sixty four Builders of all ages will love crafting massive new worlds utilizing constructing blocks inspired by a sequence as accessible and recognisable as Super Mario.
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The word boat implies a smaller vessel, usually up to about 13 meters. All the other vessels are actually yachts. The word luxury is often attributed to yachts, perhaps due to their length, equipment, comfort, and of course to their crew. This generally means more expenses while chartering such a yacht. Boats are smaller, less luxurious, can be chartered without a crew for they are simple and easy to navigate. In spite of a boat length you can always decide to hire a skipper.
There are several boat types; motor boats, sailing boats, catamarans, yachts, gulets, motorsailers. When planning your vacation on board, we suggest you get as many information as you can from your charter company for it will make your planning easier. Gulets and motorsailers are an interesting option if you are looking for a good company and you would like to meet other people for such boats can accomodate even up to 30 or 40 people.
Your choice depends on your budget, number of passengers, base, experience and other factors. Keep in mind that each cabin can accomodate two people, some even three (usual for gulets). Sailing boats are less expensive, while motor boats consume a great deal so you can expect more expenses. As to the equipment, all the boats are generally well equipped. However, what's not the standard for boat equipment is to be charged in addition.


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Urban Air Mobility : Medical and Emergency Operations welcome by E.U Citizens.
Urban Air Mobility / By Mariane Renaux / 20 May 2021 20 May 2021
Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a new mode of air transport for goods and passengers in urban environment.
Demonstrations are planned during Paris Olympic games.
EASA just released a comprehensive study on the societal acceptance of UAM operations, carried out between November 2020 and April 2021.
The survey results are very homogeneous across the EU, from Budapest, Hamburg, Oresund to Barcelona, Milan and Paris.
83% of the respondents have a positive initial attitude towards UAM, with 64% ready to try out Drones and 49% ready to try out Air Taxis.
Main take-aways :
The notion of general/public interest is a determining factor for acceptance: use cases for the benefit of the community, such as medical or emergency purposes, or connecting remote areas, are better supported;
The main benefits expected from UAM are faster, cleaner and extended connectivity.
Safety and local /global environment concerns come first. The study showed that citizens trust the current aviation safety levels and would be reassured if these levels were applied to UAM;
Among the environmental concern, negative impact on animals is the greatest concern. Priority is protection of the wildlife and birds.
The noise pollution comes third, before visual pollution.
With respect to vertiports, noise related concerns are highest ranked.
The EASA outcomes are consistent with the international feed-back given by CAMI at EBACE CONVENTION 2020.
CAMI, "Community Air Mobility Initiative",was formed in 2019 to stimulate dialogue between the industry and communities mostly in US. According to CAMI, the adverse impact that might raise public concern are similar to the EASA results. They all report that the social acceptance of UAM is all about the benefits of it, knowing that medical applications, emergency services come first.
According to CIVATAglobal( Civic Air Transport Association), Urban Air Mobility has the power to transform the lives of millions, but only if inclusive and accessible.
Therefore, they call for UAM plans to urgently include the needs of disabled communities, as well.
EASA stated Europe is one of the leaders with many OEMs such as Volocopter, Airbus, Lilium, Ascendance, and Pipistrel in advanced certification stages. Europe gathers significant number of pilot regions and projects, for example in Frankfurt, Paris, Cologne and Dusseldorf, Linz, Helsinki, and Ingolstadt.
German Volocopter and backers of other projects such as Aeroports de Paris are organizing themselves to demonstrate UAM Air Taxis operations during Paris Olympic Games in 2024.
EASA study of the societal acceptance of Urban Air Mobility in Europe : uam-full-report.pdf (europa.eu)
Copyright © 2023 Kyrema
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The silence of the morning sneaks in through the windows of our home, temporary though it may be, in the woods. It accompanies us during our morning walk through the estate. The only sounds are those of the awakening birds. The silence of the morning greets the awakening village. It lights up the fields. The silence of the morning is my company as I walk through the misty woods, and as my four-footed companion happily keeps me company on the trail. The silence of the morning is a balm that soothes the soul.
Your post reminds me of Ralph Waldo Emerson's , "The Apology".
Thank you very much. That is quite a compliment.


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OPINIONOPINION,
Opinions|Russia-Ukraine war
Why Africa does not appear to be 'standing with Ukraine'
'Stand with Ukraine' is not just a humanitarian statement. It's a political one, too.
Communications consultant, writer, and award-winning political cartoonist based in Nairobi.
Published On 23 Mar 202223 Mar 2022
[Patrick Gathara/Al Jazeera]
There have been many comments about Africans' reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the horrific violence it has unleashed on Ukrainians and the humanitarian catastrophe it has created.
Many people, including on this continent, have been aghast at what they see as the moral failure not just of African governments, but also of individual Africans, to outrightly condemn Russia for its clear and unwarranted aggression, as well as its imperial and colonial designs on another people's land, with which they should be all too familiar.
Africans, including myself, who have pointed out the racist hypocrisies of Western media, governments and societies evident in the response have been accused of a convenient whataboutism which blinds us to the suffering of Ukrainians. Further, others have suggested that Africans are guilty of similar hypocrisies to those they accuse the West of, seemingly more concerned about events and crises thousands of miles away but happy to ignore the many crises on their own doorstep.
Much of this is true. At the UN General Assembly, African countries formed a significant proportion of countries either abstaining from or opposing a resolution to condemn the Russian actions.
On social media, one regularly encounters posts expressing explicit support for Russia, even though while reciting talking points such as NATO expansion and that the West has done similar things, most seem unable to articulate why that justifies the killing and maiming of thousands of civilians, the destruction of lives and livelihoods, and the displacement of millions.
And it is true that even as Africans point to the preferential treatment accorded to Ukrainians over migrants from less white parts of the world, there is much less talk about what African states themselves are doing to welcome refugees and the displaced from conflicts closer to home. You do not, as a rule, hear about private efforts by Africans such as myself to organise convoys to ferry Tigrayans to Kenya, or people taking Somali refugees into their own homes, as many across Europe are doing with regard to Ukrainians (though many will, I'm sure, point out that significantly fewer of these good white people were sending convoys or opening up homes when it was darker folks at the border).
Many Africans have also failed to see the commonalities between their struggles against imperialism and that of the Ukrainians, preferring to instead conflate the Ukrainians with their benefactors in Western Europe. Indeed, many, including myself, are almost entirely ignorant of the history of Russian colonialism in Eastern Europe and the fear it still inspires in the region. Worse, even today's conflict, in which Ukrainians are trapped and dying in what increasingly looks like a proxy conflict between the West and Russia, of the sort Africans should be intimately familiar with, struggles to be recognised given that the victims are of a lighter hue than has been the case previously.
However, it is also true that many who rightfully criticise African responses themselves fail to recognise that African governments are making many of the same calculations that Western ones are. Just as the West is unwilling to sever its energy ties to Moscow for fear of what it means for their own economies and citizens, Africa will hedge its bets, especially countries in the eastern part of the continent like Kenya which gets up to 90 percent of its wheat imports from Russia and Ukraine.
Further, they seem unable to recognise that what the world looks like to a large extent depends on where one is standing. And that many here are responding not so much to the invasion itself, but rather to Western reactions to it, which have rekindled long-running grievances that much of Africa has had with the West. The minimising of the Ukrainian state's racism against African students trying to flee the conflict (with the Ukrainian ambassador to the UK even suggesting that Black people in Ukraine should be "less visible"), has rankled as has the hypocrisy in welcoming Ukrainian refugees while shutting out African and Middle Eastern ones. Ditto the gnashing of teeth over Ukrainian suffering and lionising their resistance, while pledging unconditional support to invaders like Israel and demonising the similar resistance of Palestinians, whom a UN rapporteur acknowledges are victims of an apartheid regime.
Sure, none of this justifies what Russia is doing, but it does sadly make standing with Ukraine, which the West is now presenting as a reflection of itself and its own values, rather less palatable. An example of this was the valorisation by the West of the Kenyan Ambassador's speech at the UN Security Council at the launch of the invasion which, while correctly condemning it, used language that appeared to endorse the Western colonial project in Africa, as I argued here. Similarly, many may fear that standing with Ukraine could be conflated with standing with the West (as indeed many in Western media seem to think it is).
Delving a bit deeper, I think there is also a reaction in these parts to a perception that we in "underdeveloped" societies have been fed for a long time (since the days of the "civilising mission") about the locations of dysfunction. It was a perception evident in the pearl-clutching reporting of Western journalists shocked that such senseless death and destruction could be visited on civilised Europe and the visceral reaction this provoked. Maybe, after centuries of being treated as the dregs of humanity, many are simply relieved that "Europe" (here again, there is much ignorant conflation of what European and whiteness are) is getting a taste of what they have wreaked elsewhere.
Finally, I think there is also a conflict between those who see the global attention and Western reactions to Ukraine as an opportunity to also talk about other issues, and those who say that with Ukraine fighting for its life, such whataboutism should be parked for another time. Yet does anyone think that once the fighting ends, the West will look more favourably upon the people in places like Gaza? Or on the plight of non-Ukrainian asylum-seekers in Europe? Or the racism faced by Black students, which did not begin with this conflict? If we cannot talk about the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement to end international support for Israel's oppression of Palestinians at the time when the West is imposing wide-ranging sanctions on Russia for doing the same to Ukraine, when can we do it? Why shouldn't countries at the General Assembly when pushed to stand with Ukraine ask: "What about Palestine?" There will be those who will say whataboutism costs Ukrainian lives by diluting international resolve. But doesn't silence cost Palestinian lives?
From a human standpoint, I doubt that anyone would disagree that the Russian invasion is an unmitigated catastrophe. But "Stand With Ukraine" is not just a human statement. It is a political one, too. And so far, the political conversation, on both sides, appears to be winning out.
The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera's editorial stance.


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Vaccinate Yourself
Visiting your doctor's office each year to receive a flu shot may soon be outdated, thanks to the findings of a study published in the journal Vaccine.
The study, which involved nearly 100 people, found that test subjects could successfully apply a prototype vaccine patch to themselves. That suggests the self-administration of vaccines with microneedle patches may one day be feasible, potentially reducing administration costs and relieving an annual burden on health care providers.
The study also suggested that the use of vaccine patches might increase the rate at which the population is vaccinated against influenza. After comparing simulated vaccine administration using a patch against the conventional injection, researchers found that the percentage of test subjects who said they'd be vaccinated grew from 46 percent to 65 percent.
"Our dream is that each year there would be flu vaccine patches available in stores or sent by mail for people to self-administer," said Mark Prausnitz, a Regents Professor in Georgia Tech's School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering. "People could take them home and apply them to the whole family."
In addition to Georgia Tech researchers, the project included scientists from Emory University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Research into the use of microneedle patches for influenza vaccination has been supported by the National Institutes of Health.
The study is believed to be the first published report of a head-to-head comparison between microneedle patches and traditional intramuscular injection for the administration of vaccines in humans. The patches consisted of arrays of 50 microscopic needles. The patches would be pressed painlessly onto a person's forearm to carry the vaccine into the outer layers of skin, where it would prompt an immune reaction from the body.
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How to use food science in cooking
A western food recipe can make a huge difference in your cooking.
But what's a western food to do with a western grain?
How can you use the natural properties of a grain to make a meal that's more delicious?
To find out, we asked a few of the experts who have been cooking at home and out.
The answer, according to many of them, is simple.
"Western grain has a certain charm," says Jennifer Lee, a food science professor at the University of Toronto.
"It's a beautiful grain.
It's grainy, it has a beautiful flavor.
It makes you think about what we call 'Western Food.'"
Lee says that even though it's a grain, the natural characteristics of a western wheat are more appealing to the palate than the grainy graininess of wheat.
"The texture of the grain, that's a very important ingredient," Lee says.
"You can actually taste that texture."
What's a Grain?
The most basic definition of a wheat is a grain that's usually brown, wrinkled, and with a distinctive texture.
"That's where a wheat comes in," says Michael Bostwick, a professor of food science and director of the Centre for the Study of Food Processing at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
"We're talking about a brown, flaky, and soft grain.
We don't want to call it a grainy one, because it's not a grain.
The grainy ones are not that different."
Bostick says that a brown wheat is not a wheat, so a wheat-flavoured meal will be a different experience.
The most important factor in determining what type of grain is best is what's called the "natural acidity" of the wheat.
The more acidic the grain is, the better it is at binding proteins in the body.
The acidity is measured in parts per million (ppm), or pH, a measure of the ability of the protein in a protein to interact with a protein's binding site.
For example, when you're adding a flour to a meal, the higher the protein concentration, the more acidic your flour will be.
"Flour is a good food to use," says Bostrick.
"But, like any other food, it needs to be balanced."
What about the Flour's pH?
According to the Institute of Food Technologists, a research group, wheat flour pH is around 3.2.
For a brown grain, it's 3.6, and for a wheat with a brown texture, it is 4.0.
In the U.S., the average pH of a flour is 3.8.
How do I find out what my flour's pH is?
If you're buying a wheat flour at the grocery store, the pH can be found on the product label.
If you know what your flour's acidity level is, you can measure it in the flour.
But for the most part, you don't have to measure your flour, says Lee.
"As long as you know the pH, you know whether or not your flour is actually making it into the batter," she says.
What's the difference between a grain and a grain-flour?
The first thing to know about wheat flour is that it's made from a variety of grains.
The grains you can buy as a starter are corn, rye, and barley.
The remaining grains are corn meal, rice, and oats.
In a typical batch of wheat flour, each grain has about 20 parts per milliliter (ppml) of water and about one part per million salt, plus about two parts per thousand nitrogen.
Lee says the key difference between the two is that wheat flour contains more of the two.
"If you have wheat, you have two parts for every 100 parts of water, but if you have rice, you've got four parts per 100,000 parts of sodium," she explains.
"What that means is that if you put 100 grams of wheat in a bowl and pour that into a water-filled cup, the water will only be able to hold 1.6 grams of sodium per 100 milliliters of water.
You have to add another 1.5 grams of salt."
What if I want a grainier grain?
In order to make your meal richer and more flavorful, it might make sense to start with a grain with a lower pH.
For instance, if you want a more "oily" grain, add a little salt to it.
Lee adds that in a typical meal, most people would add just a bit more salt.
However, if your meal is too acidic, you might add more.
"So you could add more salt or you could just leave it alone," Lee explains.
The next step is to find out how much salt you need to add.
"When you do this, it depends on the grain," Lee adds.
"A very coarse grain like wheat would have a pH that's probably around 3, while
Related Tags western food coursewestern food recipe
How to make Western food taste better


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HeraSpace Regulations Expert, Estela Gonçalves Pereira: Experienced environmental engineer with over 25 years of projects' implementation, fundraising, evaluation, auditing, legislation and consultancy. Professional experience in 47 countries including the following issues: environmental education, climate change, energy, waste, water and circular economy. European Commission - Horizon 2020 external expert on low carbon technologies and energy. Full Member Society for Risk Analysis: www.sra.org. In my life, environment is not just a job - is a value! Estela Gonçalves Pereira is a consultant core team member committed with HeraSpace since January 2017, her experience adds valuable source of knowledge from the environmental field.
HeraSpace Marine Science Expert, Richard Holmquist: Currently the owner of Pelagic Concepts, Richard provides consulting services within the fields of marine technology, remote sensing, satellite communications, and geographic information systems (GIS). Prior to this, Richard advanced from Oceanographer to Director of Sales at the remote sensing company, DigitalGlobe. During this career, he worked with commercial fisheries and government fisheries management agencies around the world. He has a unique history with GIS and Remote Sensing technology for the purposes of fisheries management, enforcement, and sustainable exploitation. He has global experience with direct sales, remote teams, and channel partners, and is a valued collaborator with major philanthropic foundations. He also holds a master's degree in Marine Science from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, USA. Richard is a consultant core team member committed with HeraSpace since August 2017. He adds experience, professionalism, and high-level expert marine knowledge, giving an insight into the industry based on more than 20 years of experience.
"leader" HeraSpace CEO and Developer, Isaac Durá: Founder and Software developer with an innovative and an entrepreneurial spirit. Always eager to learn, and make things happen. He has worked for several years building software for different sectors such as finance, government, and e-commerce in different countries. As an entrepreneur, he has participated in international European programs like Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs supporting the development of German startups. He has envisioned and coordinated the partial preparation of an Horizon 2020 (CAPS) proposal for boosting collective intelligence, creating an international network around it. Isaac was the winner of one of the two ESA Arctic Special Prizes at Junction hackathon 2016, with the HeraSpace project from between 1400 competitors. He co-founded and is the current president of the Spanish association "Virtual Environment Coworking" dedicated to creating technological solutions for taking care of the environment.
José Antonio Blanco, Copernicus Accelerator HeraSpace Mentor: Innovation & Technology Projects Coordinator at Fundación madri+d / Associate Professor at UPM, ESCP Europe, Stanford University. He is driving the HeraSpace business model, providing HeraSpace with mentorship, and support to identify and engage early adopters, access an incubator, and get a first paying customer.
Machine learning HeraSpace Intern, Piyush Gupta: Student at the Northern India Engineering College, New Delhi. He is implementing the HeraSpace MVP since October 2017.
Machine learning HeraSpace Intern, Kartik Sharma: Student at the Northern India Engineering College, New Delhi. He is implementing the HeraSpace MVP since October 2017.
Copernicus Accelerator has provided HeraSpace with business and mentorship support since November 2017. We are building a strategy together to get a first client, and we are been selected by the ESA BIC.


Food eaten 100 years ago Since opening the business, C.F.joined by his son Arnyled the way taking fresh seafood to regions thathad never enjoyed such delicacies before.
Bedruthan spa treatments School Of Ministry Training Leaders For The Masters Commission in Teen Missions, Home Missions, Christian Summer Camps, Christian Boot Camps, Residential Treatment for Troubled.
College student food gifts Results for the 2006 Donn Handicap and the six other races over the weekend at Gulfstream Park. Brass Hat splashes down the stretch in front of Pies Prospect in the Donn.


This entry was posted on June 7, 2013 at 3:26 pm and is filed under Uncategorized.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Dear Stanley, I am so pleased that you have decided to make this course available. This is an answer to prayer. We are finding that with so many young Christians, and even some much older, that the basic fundamentals of being a Christian are totally lacking.
What we are also seeing now, is the post modernist view taking over so many of the local fellowships, because of a lack of discernment through inadequate teaching of the fundamentals.
So we will be praying for this venture that the Lord will stir up the hearts of people to seek the Truth and take hold of this course and begin to enter into the fullness that it can bring in Christ Jesus.
Thank you for the opportunity to be able to use the course. We will certainly take it up as soon as it is released.