text:
"""Classes that hold units of .dtd files (:class:`dtdunit`) or entire files
(:class:`dtdfile`).

These are specific .dtd files for localisation used by mozilla.

Specifications
    The following information is provided by Mozilla:

    `Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-entexpand>`_

    There is a grammar for entity definitions, which isn't really precise,
    as the spec says.  There's no formal specification for DTD files, it's
    just "whatever makes this work" basically. The whole piece is clearly not
    the strongest point of the xml spec

    XML elements are allowed in entity values. A number of things that are
    allowed will just break the resulting document, Mozilla forbids these
    in their DTD parser.

Dialects
    There are two dialects:

    - Regular DTD
    - Android DTD

    Both dialects are similar, but the Android DTD uses some particular escapes
    that regular DTDs don't have.

Escaping in regular DTD
    In DTD usually there are characters escaped in the entities. In order to
    ease the translation some of those escaped characters are unescaped when
    reading from, or converting, the DTD, and that are escaped again when
    saving, or converting to a DTD.

    In regular DTD the following characters are usually or sometimes escaped:

    - The % character is escaped using % or % or %
    - The " character is escaped using "
    - The ' character is escaped using ' (partial roundtrip)
    - The & character is escaped using & (not yet implemented)
    - The < character is escaped using < (not yet implemented)
    - The > character is escaped using > (not yet implemented)

    Besides the previous ones there are a lot of escapes for a huge number of
    characters. This escapes usually have the form of &#NUMBER; where NUMBER
    represents the numerical code for the character.

    There are a few particularities in DTD escaping. Some of the escapes are
    not yet implemented since they are not really necessary, or because its
    implementation is too hard.

    A special case is the ' escaping using ' which doesn't provide a full
    roundtrip conversion in order to support some special Mozilla DTD files.

    Also the " character is never escaped in the case that the previous
    character is = (the sequence =" is present on the string) in order to avoid
    escaping the " character indicating an attribute assignment, for example in
    a href attribute for an a tag in HTML (anchor tag).

Escaping in Android DTD
    It has the sames escapes as in regular DTD, plus this ones:

    - The ' character is escaped using \' or \' or \u0027
    - The " character is escaped using \"
"""

from translate.storage import base
from translate.misc import quote

import re
import warnings
try:
    from lxml import etree
    import StringIO
except ImportError:
    etree = None

labelsuffixes = (".label", ".title")
"""Label suffixes: entries with this suffix are able to be comibed with accesskeys
found in in entries ending with :attr:`.accesskeysuffixes`"""
accesskeysuffixes = (".accesskey", ".accessKey", ".akey")
"""Accesskey Suffixes: entries with this suffix may be combined with labels
ending in :attr:`.labelsuffixes` into accelerator notation"""

def quoteforandroid(source):
    """Escapes a line for Android DTD files. """
    # Replace "'" character with the \u0027 escape. Other possible replaces are
    # "\\'" or "\\'".
    source = source.replace(u"'", u"\\u0027")
    source = source.replace(u"\"", u"\\"")
    value = quotefordtd(source)  # value is an UTF-8 encoded string.
    return value

def unquotefromandroid(source):
    """Unquotes a quoted Android DTD definition."""
    value = unquotefromdtd(source)  # value is an UTF-8 encoded string.
    value = value.replace(u"\\'", u"'")
    value = value.replace(u"\\'", u"'")
    value = value.replace(u"\\u0027", u"'")
    value = value.replace("\\\"", "\"")  # This converts \" to ".
    return value

def quotefordtd(source):
    """Quotes and escapes a line for regular DTD files."""
    source = source.replace("%", "%")  # Always escape % sign as %.
    #source = source.replace("<", "<")  # Not really so useful.
    #source = source.replace(">", ">")  # Not really so useful.
    if '"' in source:
        source = source.replace("'", "'")  # This seems not to runned.
        if '="' not in source:  # Avoid escaping " chars in href attributes.
            source = source.replace("\"", """)
            value = "\"" + source + "\""  # Quote using double quotes.
        else:
            value = "'" + source + "'"  # Quote using single quotes.
    else:
        value = "\"" + source + "\""  # Quote using double quotes.
    return value.encode('utf-8')

def unquotefromdtd(source):
    """unquotes a quoted dtd definition"""
    # extract the string, get rid of quoting
    if len(source) == 0:
        source = '""'
    # The quote characters should be the first and last characters in the
    # string. Of course there could also be quote characters within the string.
    quotechar = source[0]
    extracted, quotefinished = quote.extractwithoutquotes(source, quotechar, quotechar, allowreentry=False)
    extracted = extracted.decode('utf-8')
    if quotechar == "'":
        extracted = extracted.replace("'", "'")
    extracted = extracted.replace(""", "\"")
    extracted = extracted.replace(""", "\"")
    # FIXME these should probably be handled with a lookup
    extracted = extracted.replace("»", u"»")
    extracted = extracted.replace("%", "%")
    extracted = extracted.replace("%", "%")
    extracted = extracted.replace("%", "%")
    #extracted = extracted.replace("<", "<")  # Not really so useful.
    #extracted = extracted.replace(">", ">")  # Not really so useful.
    return extracted

def removeinvalidamps(name, value):
    """Find and remove ampersands that are not part of an entity definition.

    A stray & in a DTD file can break an application's ability to parse the
    file. In Mozilla localisation this is very important and these can break the
    parsing of files used in XUL and thus break interface rendering. Tracking
    down the problem is very difficult, thus by removing potential broken
    ampersand and warning the users we can ensure that the output DTD will
    always be parsable.

    :type name: String
    :param name: Entity name
    :type value: String
    :param value: Entity text value
    :rtype: String
    :return: Entity value without bad ampersands
    """

    def is_valid_entity_name(name):
        """Check that supplied *name* is a valid entity name."""
        if name.replace('.', '').isalnum():
            return True
        elif name[0] == '#' and name[1:].isalnum():
            return True
        return False

    amppos = 0
    invalid_amps = []
    while amppos >= 0:
        amppos = value.find("&", amppos)
        if amppos != -1:
            amppos += 1
            semipos = value.find(";", amppos)
            if semipos != -1:
                if is_valid_entity_name(value[amppos:semipos]):
                    continue
            invalid_amps.append(amppos - 1)
    if len(invalid_amps) > 0:
        warnings.warn("invalid ampersands in dtd entity %s" % (name))
        adjustment = 0
        for amppos in invalid_amps:
            value = value[:amppos-adjustment] + value[amppos-adjustment+1:]
            adjustment += 1
    return value

class dtdunit(base.TranslationUnit):
    """An entity definition from a DTD file (and any associated comments)."""

    def __init__(self, source="", android=False):
        """construct the dtdunit, prepare it for parsing"""
        self.android = android

        super(dtdunit, self).__init__(source)
        self.comments = []
        self.unparsedlines = []
        self.incomment = False
        self.inentity = False
        self.entity = "FakeEntityOnlyForInitialisationAndTesting"
        self.source = source
        self.space_pre_entity = ' '
        self.space_pre_definition = ' '
        self.closing = ">"

    # Note that source and target are equivalent for monolingual units
    def setsource(self, source):
        """Sets the definition to the quoted value of source"""
        if self.android:
            self.definition = quoteforandroid(source)
        else:
            self.definition = quotefordtd(source)
        self._rich_source = None

    def getsource(self):
        """gets the unquoted source string"""
        if self.android:
            return unquotefromandroid(self.definition)
        else:
            return unquotefromdtd(self.definition)
    source = property(getsource, setsource)

    def settarget(self, target):
        """Sets the definition to the quoted value of target"""
        if target is None:
            target = ""
        if self.android:
            self.definition = quoteforandroid(target)
        else:
            self.definition = quotefordtd(target)
        self._rich_target = None

    def gettarget(self):
        """gets the unquoted target string"""
        if self.android:
            return unquotefromandroid(self.definition)
        else:
            return unquotefromdtd(self.definition)
    target = property(gettarget, settarget)

    def getid(self):
        return self.entity

    def setid(self, new_id):
        self.entity = new_id

    def getlocations(self):
        """Return the entity as location (identifier)."""
        assert quote.rstripeol(self.entity) == self.entity
        return [self.entity]

    def addlocation(self, location):
        """Set the entity to the given "location"."""
        self.entity = location

    def isnull(self):
        """returns whether this dtdunit doesn't actually have an entity definition"""
        # for dtds, we currently return a blank string if there is no .entity (==location in other files)
        # TODO: this needs to work better with base class expectations
        return self.entity is None

    def istranslatable(self):
        if getattr(self, "entityparameter", None) == "SYSTEM" or self.isnull():
            return False
        return True

    def parse(self, dtdsrc):
        """read the first dtd element from the source code into this object, return linesprocessed"""
        self.comments = []
        # make all the lists the same
        self._locfilenotes = self.comments
        self._locgroupstarts = self.comments
        self._locgroupends = self.comments
        self._locnotes = self.comments
        # self._locfilenotes = []
        # self._locgroupstarts = []
        # self._locgroupends = []
        # self._locnotes = []
        # self.comments = []
        self.entity = None
        self.definition = ''
        if not dtdsrc:
            return 0
        lines = dtdsrc.split("\n")
        linesprocessed = 0
        comment = ""
        for line in lines:
            line += "\n"
            linesprocessed += 1
            # print "line(%d,%d): " % (self.incomment,self.inentity),line[:-1]
            if not self.incomment:
                if (line.find('<!--') != -1):
                    self.incomment = True
                    self.continuecomment = False
                    # now work out the type of comment, and save it (remember we're not in the comment yet)
                    (comment, dummy) = quote.extract(line, "<!--", "-->", None, 0)
                    if comment.find('LOCALIZATION NOTE') != -1:
                        l = quote.findend(comment, 'LOCALIZATION NOTE')
                        while (comment[l] == ' '):
                            l += 1
                        if comment.find('FILE', l) == l:
                            self.commenttype = "locfile"
                        elif comment.find('BEGIN', l) == l:
                            self.commenttype = "locgroupstart"
                        elif comment.find('END', l) == l:
                            self.commenttype = "locgroupend"
                        else:
                            self.commenttype = "locnote"
                    else:
                        # plain comment
                        self.commenttype = "comment"
                #FIXME: bloody entity might share a line with something important
                elif not self.inentity and re.search("%.*;", line):
                    # now work out the type of comment, and save it (remember we're not in the comment yet)
                    self.comments.append(("comment", line))
                    line = ""
                    continue

            if self.incomment:
                # some kind of comment
                (comment, self.incomment) = quote.extract(line, "<!--", "-->", None, self.continuecomment)
                # print "comment(%d,%d): " % (self.incomment,self.continuecomment),comment
                self.continuecomment = self.incomment
                # strip the comment out of what will be parsed
                line = line.replace(comment, "", 1)
                # add a end of line of this is the end of the comment
                if not self.incomment:
                    if line.isspace():
                        comment += line
                        line = ''
                    else:
                        comment += '\n'
                # check if there's actually an entity definition that's commented out
                # TODO: parse these, store as obsolete messages
                # if comment.find('<!ENTITY') != -1:
                #     # remove the entity from the comment
                #     comment, dummy = quote.extractwithoutquotes(comment, ">", "<!ENTITY", None, 1)
                # depending on the type of comment (worked out at the start), put it in the right place
                # make it record the comment and type as a tuple
                commentpair = (self.commenttype, comment)
                if self.commenttype == "locfile":
                    self._locfilenotes.append(commentpair)
                elif self.commenttype == "locgroupstart":
                    self._locgroupstarts.append(commentpair)
                elif self.commenttype == "locgroupend":
                    self._locgroupends.append(commentpair)
                elif self.commenttype == "locnote":
                    self._locnotes.append(commentpair)
                elif self.commenttype == "comment":
                    self.comments.append(commentpair)

            if not self.inentity and not self.incomment:
                entitypos = line.find('<!ENTITY')
                if entitypos != -1:
                    self.inentity = True
                    beforeentity = line[:entitypos].strip()
                    if beforeentity.startswith("#"):
                        self.hashprefix = beforeentity
                    self.entitypart = "start"
                else:
                    self.unparsedlines.append(line)

            if self.inentity:
                if self.entitypart == "start":
                    # the entity definition
                    e = quote.findend(line, '<!ENTITY')
                    line = line[e:]
                    self.entitypart = "name"
                    self.entitytype = "internal"
                if self.entitypart == "name":
                    s = 0
                    e = 0
                    while (e < len(line) and line[e].isspace()):
                        e += 1
                    self.space_pre_entity = ' ' * (e - s)
                    s = e
                    self.entity = ''
                    if (e < len(line) and line[e] == '%'):
                        self.entitytype = "external"
                        self.entityparameter = ""
                        e += 1
                        while (e < len(line) and line[e].isspace()):
                            e += 1
                    while (e < len(line) and not line[e].isspace()):
                        self.entity += line[e]
                        e += 1
                    s = e

                    assert quote.rstripeol(self.entity) == self.entity
                    while (e < len(line) and line[e].isspace()):
                        e += 1
                    self.space_pre_definition = ' ' * (e - s)
                    if self.entity:
                        if self.entitytype == "external":
                            self.entitypart = "parameter"
                        else:
                            self.entitypart = "definition"
                        # remember the start position and the quote character
                        if e == len(line):
                            self.entityhelp = None
                            e = 0
                            continue
                        elif self.entitypart == "definition":
                            self.entityhelp = (e, line[e])
                            self.instring = False
                if self.entitypart == "parameter":
                    while (e < len(line) and line[e].isspace()):
                        e += 1
                    paramstart = e
                    while (e < len(line) and line[e].isalnum()):
                        e += 1
                    self.entityparameter += line[paramstart:e]
                    while (e < len(line) and line[e].isspace()):
                        e += 1
                    line = line[e:]
                    e = 0
                    if not line:
                        continue
                    if line[0] in ('"', "'"):
                        self.entitypart = "definition"
                        self.entityhelp = (e, line[e])
                        self.instring = False
                if self.entitypart == "definition":
                    if self.entityhelp is None:
                        e = 0
                        while (e < len(line) and line[e].isspace()):
                            e += 1
                        if e == len(line):
                            continue
                        self.entityhelp = (e, line[e])
                        self.instring = False
                    # actually the lines below should remember instring, rather than using it as dummy
                    e = self.entityhelp[0]
                    if (self.entityhelp[1] == "'"):
                        (defpart, self.instring) = quote.extract(line[e:], "'", "'", startinstring=self.instring, allowreentry=False)
                    elif (self.entityhelp[1] == '"'):
                        (defpart, self.instring) = quote.extract(line[e:], '"', '"', startinstring=self.instring, allowreentry=False)
                    else:
                        raise ValueError("Unexpected quote character... %r" % (self.entityhelp[1]))
                    # for any following lines, start at the beginning of the line. remember the quote character
                    self.entityhelp = (0, self.entityhelp[1])
                    self.definition += defpart
                    if not self.instring:
                        self.closing = line[e+len(defpart):].rstrip("\n\r")
                        self.inentity = False
                        break

        # uncomment this line to debug processing
        if 0:
            for attr in dir(self):
                r = repr(getattr(self, attr))
                if len(r) > 60:
                    r = r[:57] + "..."
                self.comments.append(("comment", "self.%s = %s" % (attr, r)))
        return linesprocessed

    def __str__(self):
        """convert to a string. double check that unicode is handled somehow here"""
        source = self.getoutput()
        if isinstance(source, unicode):
            return source.encode(getattr(self, "encoding", "UTF-8"))
        return source

    def getoutput(self):
        """convert the dtd entity back to string form"""
        lines = []
        lines.extend([comment for commenttype, comment in self.comments])
        lines.extend(self.unparsedlines)
        if self.isnull():
            result = "".join(lines)
            return result.rstrip() + "\n"
        # for f in self._locfilenotes: yield f
        # for ge in self._locgroupends: yield ge
        # for gs in self._locgroupstarts: yield gs
        # for n in self._locnotes: yield n
        if len(self.entity) > 0:
            if getattr(self, 'entitytype', None) == 'external':
                entityline = '<!ENTITY % ' + self.entity + ' ' + self.entityparameter + ' ' + self.definition + self.closing
            else:
                entityline = '<!ENTITY' + self.space_pre_entity + self.entity + self.space_pre_definition + self.definition + self.closing
            if getattr(self, 'hashprefix', None):
                entityline = self.hashprefix + " " + entityline
            if isinstance(entityline, unicode):
                entityline = entityline.encode('UTF-8')
            lines.append(entityline + '\n')
        return "".join(lines)

class dtdfile(base.TranslationStore):
    """A .dtd file made up of dtdunits."""
    UnitClass = dtdunit

    def __init__(self, inputfile=None, android=False):
        """construct a dtdfile, optionally reading in from inputfile"""
        base.TranslationStore.__init__(self, unitclass=self.UnitClass)
        self.filename = getattr(inputfile, 'name', '')
        self.android = android
        if inputfile is not None:
            dtdsrc = inputfile.read()
            self.parse(dtdsrc)
            self.makeindex()

    def parse(self, dtdsrc):
        """read the source code of a dtd file in and include them as dtdunits in self.units"""
        start = 0
        end = 0
        lines = dtdsrc.split("\n")
        while end < len(lines):
            if (start == end):
                end += 1
            foundentity = False
            while end < len(lines):
                if end >= len(lines):
                    break
                if lines[end].find('<!ENTITY') > -1:
                    foundentity = True
                if foundentity and re.match("[\"']\s*>", lines[end]):
                    end += 1
                    break
                end += 1
            # print "processing from %d to %d" % (start,end)

            linesprocessed = 1  # to initialise loop
            while linesprocessed >= 1:
                newdtd = dtdunit(android=self.android)
                try:
                    linesprocessed = newdtd.parse("\n".join(lines[start:end]))
                    if linesprocessed >= 1 and (not newdtd.isnull() or newdtd.unparsedlines):
                        self.units.append(newdtd)
                except Exception, e:
                    warnings.warn("%s\nError occured between lines %d and %d:\n%s" % (e, start + 1, end, "\n".join(lines[start:end])))
                start += linesprocessed

    def __str__(self):
        """convert to a string. double check that unicode is handled somehow here"""
        source = self.getoutput()
        if not self._valid_store():
            warnings.warn("DTD file '%s' does not validate" % self.filename)
            return None
        if isinstance(source, unicode):
            return source.encode(getattr(self, "encoding", "UTF-8"))
        return source

    def getoutput(self):
        """convert the units back to source"""
        sources = [str(dtd) for dtd in self.units]
        return "".join(sources)

    def makeindex(self):
        """makes self.index dictionary keyed on entities"""
        self.index = {}
        for dtd in self.units:
            if not dtd.isnull():
                self.index[dtd.entity] = dtd

    def _valid_store(self):
        """Validate the store to determine if it is valid

        This uses ElementTree to parse the DTD

        :return: If the store passes validation
        :rtype: Boolean
        """
        # Android files are invalid DTDs
        if etree is not None and not self.android:
            try:
                # #expand is a Mozilla hack and are removed as they are not valid in DTDs
                dtd = etree.DTD(StringIO.StringIO(re.sub("#expand", "", self.getoutput())))
            except etree.DTDParseError, e:
                warnings.warn("DTD parse error: %s" % e.error_log)
                return False
        return True

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
WHO issues guidelines for use of masks by children
As schools gear up to open their gates for students, concerns regarding the spread of the COVID-19 infection as well as the use of protective equipment such as face masks within the school environment continue to spark debate in the society.
Allaying some concerns, for the first time, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued guidelines on the use of masks for children in the community.
It said that children over the age of 12 should wear masks, in line with recommended practice for adults in their country or area, while children aged five and under should not normally wear masks.
The organisation admits that little is known about how children transmit the virus but cites evidence that teenagers can infect others in the same way as adults. 'Young children may have lower susceptibility to infection compared to adults, however, available data suggests that this may vary by age among children. Data from seroepidemiology and transmission studies suggest that older children (eg teenagers) may play a more active role in transmission than younger children.'
The benefits of wearing masks by children for the COVID-19 control should be weighed against potential harm associated with wearing masks, including discomfort, as well as social and communication concerns. Factors to consider also include age groups, sociocultural and contextual considerations and availability of adult supervision and other resources to prevent transmission, the WHO said.
In the advisory, WHO and Unicef stated that the decision-makers should apply the following criteria for the use of masks in children when developing national policies in countries or areas where there is known or suspected community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and in settings where physical distancing cannot be achieved:
Children aged up to five years should not wear masks for source control.
For children aged between six and 11, the WHO advises taking into account how widespread the transmission of the virus is and whether the child is interacting with high-risk individuals such as the elderly. It also stresses the need for adult supervision to help children use, put on and take off masks safely
Children aged 12 and older should wear a mask under the same conditions as adults, in particular when they cannot guarantee a distance of at least one metre from others and there is widespread transmission in the area.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hubei iceman foods co. ltd Tim Black Why Dwain Chambers is treated like a leper Cocky, tattooed and not very apologetic: Chambers' real offence was not to take banned substances, but to refuse to be contrite.
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Diggs seafood hours Baxter International Inc. assists healthcare professionals and their patients with the treatment of complex medical conditions, including hemophilia, immune disorders, infectious. Baxter International Inc. assists healthcare professionals and their patients with the treatment of complex medical conditions, including hemophilia, immune disorders, infectious.


text:
Cover > Translations of catalan literature > > In the Last Blue (19994)
In the Last Blue (19994)
by Lluïsa Cotoner i Cerdó
Dins el darrer blau (In the Last Blue, 1994) represents Riera's debut in the historical genre, as it is a work based on the events that occur in the city of Majorca between 1688 and 1691, when a group of crypto-Jews who wanted to flee from the island were judged and condemned to the stake by the Inquisition. To write this book, the author spent five years dedicated to studying and documenting these events.
In this novel, Riera confronts the challenge of an omniscient narrator point of view, which allows her to create an objective and autonomous world, within which the lives of the characters develop and a polyphonic discourse is heard. Dins el darrer blau is a choral novel, and as such it has no single protagonist, because each character is the hero or heroine of the vicissitudes of his or her life, a personal and non-transferable drama.
Thus it is worth highlighting the purity of her style that, without losing spontaneity, irony or lyric effusion, is enriched with a rigorous lexicon that intensifies the effect of historical truth, considering that she does not use words that date later than the seventeenth century. Neither do the literary materials incorporated into the text come from anything beyond the books or conversations that could have been read or heard by the people of the time. For example, the sea adventures of Pere Onofre Aguiló on board the ship of captain Esteve Fàbregues are very similar to those that we may find in a Byzantine novel. Similarly, Rafel Onofre, to frighten his listeners, recites a beautiful traditional song in a low voice, the same song he intones when his beloved's window is attacked: "Vós que amb so mirar matau / matau-me sols que em mireu, / que m'estim més que em mateu, / que viure si no em mirau..." (You who by looking kill / kill me then you who look / for I'd rather you kill me / than live without being looked at).
Although the action develops unsteadily, what really surprises is how individual discourse develops the flow of consciousness of all the characters—more than 40—who speak with features that allow us to distinguish their idiolects: the prattle of father Amengual, which hides his small mind, incapable of seeing beyond his ridiculous ambition; the sly speech of Costura, the long-winded denouncer; the clear and direct expression of "La Coixa," the Cripple; the sweetly disoriented voice of Sara dels Olors; the whispers of the besotted young men; the carefree and intelligent tone of the gentleman Sebastià Palou, representative of an almost untouchable social class; or the melancholy irony of Valls, called the Rabbi, whose words empty themselves of hope and fill with the thick bitterness of agnosticism; among many others.
Above everything one hears the Jewish voices, which sound different to us because they spring from the dramatic experience of oppression that was exercised over them in a city that is theirs, the city where their ancestors established themselves long before those who now would marginalize them. Some of the oldest have already tasted such humiliation; others, the youngest, still have not had time to develop as people, but they are all the same obliged to choose exile in order to avoid death. Thus the journey to Liorna is presented as the only possibility for beginning a new life.
Considered by critics as one of the highlights of twentieth-century Catalan literature, Dins del darrer blau was born, according to the author, from the desire to revisit the roots of Majorcan identity, while demanding an act of collective contrition not so much for the tragedy experienced by that group of crypto-Jews—martyrs to the intolerance of some, the cloudy interests of others, and general cruelty and incomprehension—but for the fact that, more than three hundred years later, their descendants, the so-called "xuetes" or "xuetons," are still marginalized and humiliated by a good part of the island's population.
The novel can be interpreted, then, as a re-writing of the present, where the dialectic between the powerful and the downtrodden often hides unspeakable transactions and contradictory paradoxes, which perpetuate situations of injustice and violence under an immense crush of submission, silence, and indifference.
In the great game of dice that is human existence, Riera insists more than ever on the need for the only ethical position possible: refusing monolithic discourse, defending the multiplicity of heterogeneous voices, and accepting otherness in order to prevent the ruin of exile and death.
Translated by Robin Vogelzang


text:
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Major Pharmacies Undergo First Federal Trial for Involvement in the Opioid Crisis
Photo courtesy of Michael Longmire on Unsplash.com
Vivian Ye, Staff Writer
On October 4th, CVS, Walgreens, Giant Eagle, and Walmart went on trial for their alleged involvement in the nation's opioid crisis. The prosecutors, Lake County and Trumbull County of Ohio, claim that careless dispensing of drugs by the pharmacies has led to detrimental addictions, fatalities, and financial strains.
Rite Aid was previously included in the lawsuit, but reached a settlement outside of court in August. Earlier legal action from other counties across the U.S. had begun some years earlier, but progress was prevented by outside settlements and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Amid the opioid epidemic—which has led to half a million American deaths—the companies continually deny any wrongdoing. Despite these claims, reports show that over 190 million pills were shipped to the Lake and Trumbull counties between 2006 and 2014, and 49 million prescription pills were distributed. 49 million prescriptions is enough to give 12 doses per year to every individual in Lake and Trumbull counties for 8 years.
In their defense statements, the pharmacy companies claimed that black market drugs are more likely to have come from drug traffickers and corrupt healthcare clinics and providers than from pharmacies. The companies additionally argue that it is doctors, and not pharmacists, who write the actual prescriptions, and thus doctors in the area should be held responsible, not pharmacies.
The crux of the counties' case is that pharmacy companies prioritize profit over patient and worker safety, and neglect proper training and work setting for pharmacists. Mark Lanier, attorney for the counties, said, "From the very beginning, they were supposed to train their pharmacists, and they didn't […] From the very beginning, they should have given the pharmacists the tools they'd need and they didn't."
The trial is projected to last six to seven weeks, and its outcome will determine the course of the opioid crisis. If the companies are found to be liable, the government could receive billions of dollars to use in curbing the crisis. It would also prove that success can be found in similar lawsuits. Over 3,300 lawsuits have been filed against major pharmacies for opioid misconduct and consequential harmful effects towards public health.
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Editorial| Volume 36, ISSUE 9, P1329-1332, September 2020
"The Child Is the Father of the Man"—Pediatric Preventive Cardiology
Kevin C. Harris, MD, MHSc
Kevin C. Harris
Corresponding author: Dr Kevin C. Harris, Children's Heart Centre, BC Children's Hospital, 1F, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada. Tel. :+1-604-875-3878; fax: +1-604-875-3463.
Children's Heart Centre, BC Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Brian W. McCrindle, MD, MPH
Brian W. McCrindle
Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Next ArticleThe Problem of Diagnosing Pediatric Hypertension: Is Using Static Blood Pressure Cutoffs Instead of Blood Pressure Tables a Solution?
"The Child is the father of the Man" is a quote from a poem by William Wordsworth (1802) entitled "My Heart Leaps Up." The reference has previously come up in the context of pediatric preventive cardiology, most recently in an editorial
Hecht H.S.
"The child is father of the man" (William Wordsworth, 1802).
to an article regarding the ability of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) measured in youth to predict the presence of coronary artery calcification in middle age.
Hartiala O.
Magnussen C.G.
Kajander S.
Adolescence risk factors are predictive of coronary artery calcification at middle age: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study.
The quote has been used in modern times to refer to the concept that the benefits of healthy behaviours and attitudes developed during youth are retained into adulthood and influence disease risk and outcomes. It can also refer to the concept that CVRFs detected and managed during childhood may also have lasting effects.
Evidence to support this concept has most convincingly been made for the early treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).
Wiegman A.
Lipid screening, action, and follow-up in children and adolescents.
Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018; 20: 80
As treatments for lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) have become increasingly more effective, the benefit in terms of primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events is now strongly supported. Clinical trials of statins for treatment of children with FH have shown similar degrees of safety and lipid lowering as in adults.
Vuorio A.
Kuoppala J.
Kovanen P.T.
Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 11: CD006401
More recent pediatric trials have included measures of subclinical atherosclerosis, such as assessment of endothelial function and measurement of carotid intima-media thickness, with consistent evidence of benefit. This has led to the concept of the impact of early treatment of FH on cumulative LDL cholesterol, and projections regarding age at first cardiovascular disease event when low-dose statin is started at the age of 10 years and increased to high-dose at the age of 18 years (predicted first event at age 53 years) versus waiting and starting high-dose statin at age 18 years (predicted first event at age 48), compared with untreated patients predicted to have a first event at age 35, and unaffected individuals at age 55.
Docherty K.F.
Humphries S.E.
Statin treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia—trying to balance incomplete evidence of long-term safety and clinical accountability: are we approaching a consensus?.
Atherosclerosis. 2013; 226: 315-320
Evidence of benefit is growing; evidence of risk, not so much. It wasn't until 2018, however, that the Canadian Cardiovascular Society in a position statement first supported statin treatment of FH starting in youth.
Brunham L.R.
Ruel I.
Aljenedil S.
Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on familial hypercholesterolemia: update 2018.
Can J Cardiol. 2018; 34: 1553-1563
Evidence to support the early detection and treatment of other CVRFs and risk conditions in youth is often less well developed but rapidly emerging.
Pediatric Preventive Cardiology—An Approach Whose Time Has Come
Given the ongoing burden of adult cardiovascular disease, pediatric preventive cardiology increasingly is a topic whose time has come. A shift is needed from preventing adult cardiovascular disease to preventing atherosclerosis. The atherosclerosis process is not a uniform process across the lifespan, and may be more amenable to less aggressive intervention with greater reversibility at its earliest stages. Clinical trials of statins in children with FH have shown significant slowing and even regression of carotid intima-media thickening despite high residual LDL cholesterol levels and that the benefit has been maintained into adulthood. Treated children are now event free at ages exceeding that of their later-treated affected parents.
Luirink I.K.
Kusters D.M.
20-year follow-up of statins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia.
The call for action is now, and it will only become more urgent as time progresses. There will never be 50- to 60-year-long clinical trials of detection and management of CVRFs in youth with a primary outcome of reduction of cardiovascular disease events during adulthood. This type of hardcore direct evidence will likely always be lacking, but a chain of indirect and short-term evidence continues to accumulate.
McCrindle B.W.
Kwiterovich P.O.
McBride P.E.
Daniels S.R.
Kavey R.E.
Guidelines for lipid screening in children and adolescents: bringing evidence to the debate.
Pediatrics. 2012; 130: 353-356
Author's response. Universal lipid screening: in response to ongoing debate.
Pediatrics. 2013; 131: e1387-e1388
Nevertheless, it is time to begin with the end in mind.
Adult guidelines
Anderson T.J.
Gregoire J.
Pearson G.J.
2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult.
Arnett D.K.
Blumenthal R.S.
Albert M.A.
2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 74: e177-232
Piepoli M.F.
Hoes A.W.
Agewall S.
2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice.
Eur Heart J. 2016; 37: 2315-2381
have not addressed the issue of cardiovascular risk in childhood (a summary of key elements of recent adult prevention guidelines from major cardiovascular organizations is provided in Table 1). Most such guidelines begin with stratifying patients based on cardiovascular risk scores and their treatment algorithms emanate from these. In pediatric preventive cardiology, such risk scores are not available and never will be, owing to the tremendous lag between the onset of atherosclerosis and the manifestation of clinical events (eg, acute coronary syndrome), the primary outcome of most trials in adults. While the concept of lifetime risk is gradually emerging in adult guidelines, the early stages of atherosclerosis remain largely ignored by clinicians who focus on patients who are much further along the disease pathway. Unfortunately, in primary care and specialty pediatrics, primordial prevention is still not a broadly recognized concept despite the clear chain of evidence that atherosclerosis begins in childhood.
Table 1Recent adult prevention guidelines and limitations in the context of pediatric prevention
Key points and recommend approaches to treatment
Screening for RFs
Important comorbidities and risk enhancers
Addresses primordial prevention
Limitations regarding pediatric prevention
2019 AHA/ACC guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (https://www.onlinejacc.org/content/74/10/1376)
Scope includes adults ≥ 18 years old, although the document is primarily focused on adults > 40 years old
Healthy lifestyle is the most important prevention strategy
ASCVD 10-year risk estimation guides clinician management
Diet emphasizing vegetable, fruit, nuts, whole grain, lean vegetable and animal protein, fish, and avoidance of trans fat, red and processed meats, refined carbohydrates, and SSBs
Promote physical activity in keeping with adult guidelines
Use a team-based approach to improve the quality and maintenance of prevention strategies
Routine assessment beginning at 40 years of age
In younger adults it is reasonable to consider RF screening every 4-6 years
Focus on 10-year risk estimation with limited discussion of lifetime risk estimation
T2DM
Inflammatory conditions
High-risk ethnicity
Premature menopause
Pregnancy-associated RFs
Lipids/biomarkers
FHx of premature CVD
Limited discussion stating that the value of primordial prevention is difficult to evaluate due the gradual evolution of ASCVD over decades
The basis for management is often focused on quantitative risk scores that are not available for children
Do not recognize important childhood comorbidities that are associated with future CV risk (eg. CHD, KD, psychiatric disorders)
Dietary recommendations may not be appropriate for children to support healthy growth and development
Physical activity guidelines are different for children than for adults
Blood pressure norms are different for children than for adults
Approaches to treatment of hypertension differ for children and adults
Medical therapy recommendations for dyslipidemia in guidelines do not apply to children, owing to the absence of quantitative risk stratification in pediatrics
2016 CCS guideline for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult (https://www.onlinecjc.ca/action/showPdf?pii=S0828-282X%2816%2930732-2)
Adults ≥ 40 years old
High-risk adults regardless of age
Statin therapy guided by risk estimation for primary prevention
Promote smoking cessation
Promote a healthy diet
Recommend CV risk assessment every 5 years from ages 40 to 75 years, using a modified Framingham Heart Risk Score or Cardiovascular Life Expectancy Model
Cigarette smoking
Hypertensive disease of pregnancy
2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention (https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/29/2315/1748952)
Men ≥ 40 years old
Women ≥ 50 years old
Risk estimation underpins the approach to management
Treat hypertension with treatment goal based on age and comorbid DM
Use lipid-lowering medical therapy targeting LDL-C goal based on CV risk category
Recommend use of SCORE risk stratification
Risk assessment is limited to men ≥ 40 years old and women ≥ 50 years old
The guideline states that systematic risk assessment in men ≤ 40 years old and women ≤ 50 years old with no known CVRFs is not recommended
ACC, American College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; CHD, congenital heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CVRFs, cardiovascular risk factors; DM, diabetes mellitus; FH, familial hypercholesterolemia; FHx, family history; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; KD, Kawasaki disease; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RF, risk factor; SSBs, sugar-sweetened beverages; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A CJC Theme Issue Focused on Heart Disease Prevention in Children
In this theme issue of the Canadian Journal of Cardiology, we begin with a detailed review from Drs Sonali and Daniels of the evidence connecting childhood CVRF to adult cardiovascular disease.
Patel S.S.
Beginning with the end in mind: the case for primordial and primary cardiovascular prevention in youth.
This is followed by a series of papers which delve into particular risk factors and our current state of knowledge. Drs Khoury and McCrindle review the body of evidence on statin therapy in children, which is now substantial and demonstrates both safety and clinical impact in children.
Khoury M.
The rationale, indications, safety, and use of statins in the pediatric population.
Dr Dionne describes the challenges in identifying and treating hypertension in children, and the need to improve the quality of our evidence base.
Dionne J.M.
Evidence gaps in the identification and treatment of hypertension in children.
In addition to traditional CVRFs, there are new risks to consider for the current generation. Ms Aglipay et al. describe how the digital media environment poses a growing threat to cardiovascular health in youth and identify priority research areas.
Aglipay M.
Vanderloo L.M.
Cost K.
The digital media environment and cardiovascular risk in children.
Dr Kavey reviews multiple domains of cardiovascular prevention, providing examples of how public policy has positively influenced health behaviour at a population level.
Kavey R.W.
Public policy to promote healthy cardiovascular lifestyles in children.
There is a compelling need for forward-thinking health policy development in the current era to support optimized cardiovascular health behaviours in children and youth. Divergent public and social health approaches in different countries have manifest impact on CVRFs, including childhood obesity. Drs Tran and Urbina discuss the importance and structure of robust training programs to nurture the next generation of physicians who will be instrumental in further developing the field of pediatric preventive cardiology.
Tran A.H.
Urbina E.M.
Rationale and best practices for pediatric cardiology prevention programs.
There are several special populations in pediatrics that warrant heightened awareness and preventive efforts. Dr Bigras describes the particular vulnerability of children with congenital heart disease.
Bigras J.L.
Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with congenital heart disease.
Dr Caterini et al. reflect on the importance of physical activity promotion that is of added importance in children with congenital heart disease.
Caterini J.E.
Campisi E.S.
Cifra B.
Physical activity promotion in pediatric congenital heart disease: are we running late?.
Drs Goldstein and Korczak review our emerging understanding of the link between psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular risk in children, and identify important knowledge gaps.
Goldstein B.I.
Korczak D.J.
Links between child and adolescent psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular risk.
Dr McPhee et al. review the mechanisms that contribute to cardiovascular risk in childhood obesity as well as the evidence-based interventions that affect this important group of children.
McPhee P.G.
Singh S.
Morrison K.M.
Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: working toward solutions.
Ms Lazerte and Dr Hegele provide a comprehensive summary of dyslipidemias beyond familial hypercholesterolemia.
Lazerte J.
Hegele R.A.
Pediatric dyslipidemia—beyond familial hypercholesterolemia.
Dr Khoury et al. provide readers with a practical framework for risk stratification and an approach to management.
St Pierre J.
Incorporating risk stratification into the practice of pediatric preventive cardiology.
Dr Chung et al. discuss the importance of cardiovascular risk management during the transition from pediatrics, and steps that clinicians can take to improve preparedness and successful transfer into the adult health care system.
Chung R.J.
Mackie A.S.
de Ferranti S.D.
Cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular health behaviours in the transition from childhood to adulthood.
This special focus issue on pediatric preventive cardiology is a call to arms in the fight against atherosclerosis that must begin with youth, who are particularly vulnerable to the effects of their current "obesogenic" environment. If we are ultimately to achieve further reductions in cardiovascular disease events in adults, we must remember that "the child is the father of the man."
The authors have no funding sources to declare.
Accepted: July 13, 2020
See page 1331 for disclosure information.


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VILE PROPAGANDA: The Challenges On The Indian Subcontinent: SIPRI And Peace: Pak Media
Monday, October 11, 2021 by Indian Defence News
by Dr. Arshad M. Khan
If we are told the peacemakers are blessed, it is indeed so. For, war is an appalling waste of human resources, wanton in destruction, and in its modern context kills many times more non-combatants than soldiers. The bombing of cities, if intended to terrify civilians into submission, serves only to intensify hate and strengthen a resolve to fight and respond in kind.
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) conducts research into conflict and arms control. A well respected think tank, it offers analysis and consequent recommendations to researchers, policy makers and other interested parties. It also cooperates with other non-governmental organizations including the UN. Next month (Nov 8-11) it will convene the sixth annual Stockholm Security Conference for which the subject is 'Battlefields of the Future: Trends of Conflict and Warfare in the 21st Century'. An apt theme, as suggestions like destroying Chinese spy satellites are in vogue when China continues to pressure Taiwan through repeated violations of its airspace by military jets.
There are other conflict zones. Consider the sad case of Kashmir. The people were promised an open plebiscite (still not held) by India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru after Indian troops marched in — ostensibly at the request of a Hindu raja ruling over a predominantly Muslim population.
Yes, there are elections, but only of candidates acceptable to its overlord and, yes, there is now a sort of armed resistance. If leaders have been silenced, a couple of musicians have found inspiration in the turmoil. There has also been an upsurge of violence there since 2019.
In India's east several states have active rebel groups. For example, in April 2021, an attack in Chhattisgarh left 30 police officers dead. The conflict started in oil-rich Assam a half-century ago and pits indigenous groups against the Indian government. Political and economic issues particularly neglect of the native people given the oil extracted are the principal reasons.
The United Liberation Front is a major player along with the Adivasi Liberation Army, and some others. All want secession from India and an independent and sovereign Assam. India is unlikely to agree to such a demand and there the situation remains.
In India's western neighbour, Pakistan, there is an insurgency in Baluchistan. The resentment is similar to Assam for here the gas fields provide energy for the rest of the country and the Balochis themselves feel neglected by the central government.
Peace over the whole Indian subcontinent has an uneven history. SIPRI sets its sights high and like many of its kind churns out scholarly papers and interviews senior government officials. Yet the core problems of human conflict remain: the sharing of resources, the sharing of power and the neglect of politicians who can themselves be corrupt. The last is not a problem people are unaware of on the Indian subcontinent.
Source>>
Labels: China, India, Nuclear, Pakistan


An international taxation institution, TAX JUSTICE NETWORK-AFRICA has identified Ghana as one of many African countries where financial secrecy and tax havens are crippling economic growth.
An investigative report by the group shows that Ghana has a weak tax authority with limited expertise and resources to tackle tax abuse.
The poor enforcement of the country's tax laws also means that its high net worth individuals, often evade tax.
The report which received support from Ghana Integrity Initiative and the Christian aid mentioned that tax exemptions are proffered by governments that mistakenly believe tax breaks will attract sustainable investment.
Programs manager of Christian Aid, Ernest Okyere in an interview with XYZ News said these inequalities in taxation in many African countries had resulted in the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor.
The report investigated income inequality in eight sub-Saharan countries, namely Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and examined the ability of the tax systems in each to redistribute wealth.
Meanwhile, a financial analyst, John Gatsi, says Ghana has a lot to do to reform the tax regime.
Last month, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund advised Ghana to reform her tax regime by widening the net to raise more revenue.
Mr. Gatsi said it is an indictment on the Revenue Authority that it has failed to roll out meaningful tax reforms after several complaints and calls to that effect.


Hey, sorry for bothering everyone, but I have a question about the boot cds. I have a custom woody boot cd with an xfs kernel package, and xfs utils to format the partions xfs in the install process. I have been using this cd for my customers, but I wanted to know if there was a good tutorial on making a boot cd with a custom kernel and custom packages (so they do not have to be downloaded each time.) and I would need to add the xfs format options to the installer.
I've looked on the web for some ideas, but i could not find anything i understood well enough.
PS: Please CC any replies to me, as I'm not on this list.


If your looking to buy a house or just need some information on the housing market and how mortgage works and many more financial topics including taxes this the podcast for you, the only negative thing about this podcast is the lack of volume of the podcast, I always listen to podcast when I take a shower and of all the podcast I subscribe to this the only one I can not hear while taking a shower or brushing my teeth, please increase the audio . I will give 5 stars once the audio issue is fixed.
The ThinkGlink provides very good information applicable to the audience outside of Georgia. News summaries and guests are knowledgeable and interesting covering a variety of business topics with an emphasis on real estate lately. The show covers investing, saving, money management, taxes, and all levels of personal finance. However, Mrs. Glink has recently turned into a drama queen where her discussion is laced with doom and gloom regarding the economy and the housing market. One specific instance is her report that for every 1 house in foreclosure, there are 50 more on the verge of foreclosure. That is just rediculous if you think about. If that were the case, every single house would be on the verge of foreclosure since more than 1 in 50 houses is distressed in the current market.


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Pakistan lose to Bangladesh in U-19 Asia Cup
Pakistan U-19 team replicated their senior team's performance in the U-19 Asia Cup as they lost to Bangladesh by three wickets in a game played at Chittagong on Monday.
Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field first. Pakistan lost their opener Mohammad Mohsin Khan (11) at a total of 30 runs. The other opener, Saim Ayub was joined by his skipper, Rohail Nazir, with whom he had a handy 43-run partnership before the latter fell.
The new batsman, Saad Khan lost his wicket on the first delivery he faced. However, Waqar Ahmad looked to sail Pakistan's sinking ship with Ayub. The two batsmen scored 47 runs together as Ayub lost his wicket when he was just one short of a half-century.
Afterward, Ahmad was the lone warrior for Pakistan, he scored 67 runs on 58 deliveries, while he kept losing his partners from the other end.
Pakistan could only score 187 runs in 45.2 overs.
Rishad Hossain remained the pick of the bowler for Bangladesh with three wickets to his name for 53 runs in eight overs. Shoriful Islam took two wickets, while Mrittunjoy Chowdhury, Avishek Das and Rakibal Hasan took one wicket each.
Pakistan had nearly an ideal start with removing Bangladesh's opener on a duck. Pakistan then struck two times in quick successions, before Prantik Nowroz Nabil and Shamim Hossain took the game away from them with a 97-run partnership.
Nabil lost his wicket after scoring 58 runs, whereas Hossain got retired hurt on 65.
Pakistan got an opportunity to get through to Bangladesh's batting line, but they did not have enough score on the board to do so.
In the end, Bangladesh managed to chase the target in 47.2 overs at a loss of seven wickets.
Mohammad Musa tried to make the match for Pakistan with his three wickets for 24 runs in 7.2 overs. Whereas, Mohammad Hasnain, Naseem Shah, Junaid Khan, Bilal Javed and Saad Khan struck once in the inning.
Earlier, Pakistan's senior team lost to Bangladesh in a must-win contest, which gave the latter a place in the final of the tournament against India.
U-19 Asia Cup
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