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Fast Crew Profile
Gareth Shute
Fast Crew couldn't have timed their entrance into the local music scene any better. Their first single dropped just as the golden years of New Zealand hip hop were about to begin, and their funky, radio-friendly style led to a run of hits and a Top 10 album.
Australia beckoned, but an uncleared sample stymied their early success and despite a second album, the group faltered. However, one of the group's vocalists, Dane Rumble, found success by recreating himself as a solo pop star.
Dane Rumble was originally born in Tokoroa but moved to Auckland when he was five. His stepfather was a guitar player and got him interested in heavy rock acts such as Led Zeppelin and AC/DC. However, in his teen years he was drawn towards hip hop and shared this interest with two friends – Jeremy Kent-Johnston (aka Jerome Fortune) and Brad Devcich (aka Diablo) – while Rumble took the MC name Kid Deft.
Jerome Fortune had his first opportunity to perform live at the Thursday hip hop night at Adam's Inn on Wyndham Street, Auckland, a bar known more for its $1 beer specials and ease of entry for underage drinkers than for its music.
He recalls pulling out the inputs from one side of his car stereo so they could run a mic through it, allowing them to rap out of one side while the beat still played through the other.
Those early experiments in learning to rap slowly gave way to a desire to get beyond just practising rapping over other people's beats. After attending a Naughty By Nature concert, he and Rumble were inspired to start creating their own music.
Looking back, Fortune remembers it took a while before the final line-up of the group came together. "Brad was a schoolmate from Auckland Grammar. Dane was a friend from a larger group – he was one of the St Peters boys. We used to party together. Fast Crew initially had about 15 people in it I think, but after the first couple of days of meeting up at my mum's house to work on our rapping, only three of us remained: Dane, Brad and I …
"At that time, everyone had Napster and iMesh, so you could download software and a lot of that was music production software. So I really got into music using pirated software. Then one thing went to another and I started putting my own instruments in there – guitars and pianos."
A key step in their development was when Fortune moved into a place in Newmarket which he turned into his own studio, named Morrow Suites. They were able to put sound insulation on the walls which led to long sessions of hanging out and recording music in a laidback, fun environment. Fortune himself laid down many of the guitar parts (including those on 'I Got'), but later he did get more experienced guitarists to redo some of them: most notably the guitar solo on 'Under Pressure' by Tim Arnold of Pluto.
Next to join was Rebecca "Becks" Benner (who later changed her name to Rebecca Le Harle), a classically trained opera singer recommended to them by a mutual friend. She already had some experience singing in jazz, funk, and a capella groups, though she was encouraged toward a more relaxed style for her work in Fast Crew. The line-up was completed by Josh Thorne (DJ Alias), whose brother happened to be friends with Fortune.
Fast Crew's early music took a mix of influences from classic rap (Tupac, BIG) to funk (Ohio Players, known for the track 'Fire') to the 1970s rock that Rumble had been brought up on. Fortune created most of their beats and music, while Rumble provided ideas for hooks and chorus melodies.
Set the record straight
Fast Crew's first single, 'Mr Radio', came out in February 2002 – a laidback hip hop track that was driven by some slick acoustic guitar playing (reminiscent of Nesian Mystik, who had their first hit the previous year) and sweetened by the last minute addition of Benner's vocals into the mix. The single was released on a new label, AKrite, that had been set up by their manager, Gareth Popham (co-owner of Fu Bar) in collaboration with promoter Dave Roper (the other co-owner of Fu Bar) The early buzz around the group meant they were able to organise distribution via Universal Records.
The real breakthrough came in 2003 when Fast Crew released 'I Got'.
The real breakthrough came the following year when Fast Crew released 'I Got' – a single that captured the goodtime, party atmosphere of their sessions at Fortune's studio. The accompanying music video, by Greg Riwai, matched this upbeat feeling by using a slow motion filming technique, which had the rappers delivering their lines at half speed so the footage could then be sped up (with them mouthing the lyrics in time, while everything else in frame appeared frantic).
The song hit No.26 in May 2003 and rode the charts for almost half a year, peaking at No.4; its success was buoyed by the growing interest in local hip hop: Scribe's 'Stand Up' hit No.1 in August. Fast Crew gained another boost through a high profile support slot for Missy Elliott and Busta Rhymes. There was immediate interest from major labels on both sides of the Tasman and they eventually inked a deal with Warner Music Australia, who hoped to break them both in that territory and throughout Asia more broadly.
Fast Crew brought a bit more attitude on their next single, 'It's The Incredible', with its upfront riff and more aggressive rhyme style (while retaining a funky feel underneath). It debuted at No.8 on the local charts in November and rose to No.5.
With the pressure on to follow this up with a full-length release, the group were relieved to gain a $50,000 NZ On Air recording grant which allowed them to relocate to York Street Recording Studios to complete their debut album. It also allowed Fortune and Popham to head to Hollywood to get it mastered by Bernie Grundman (Snoop Dogg, Eminem, Michael Jackson). Set The Record Straight (2004) entered the charts at No.11 at the end of the following year and produced another Top 10 hit: the downbeat number 'Suburbia Streets'. This gave Benner a chance to showcase her own take on rapping in one of the verses (still delivering her lines with some melody, but hitting each syllable with the rhythm of the beat).
The group were now at the forefront of the local hip hop scene which led them to play at the Big Day Out and support slots with a run of big overseas acts: The Black Eyed Peas, D12, Chingy, and DMX.
However, they did create a bit of friction within the local hip hop community, which had such a firm footing in conscious rap (eg Che Fu, Nesian Mystik, King Kapisi) and punchline-driven battle rhymes (Deceptikonz). The fact that Fast Crew made party music – and had found such success with only their second single – raised the hackles of some, and resulted in a few snarky reviews and articles. However those in the industry knew they were important in spreading the reach of hip hop beyond the hardcore fans. Consequently they were treated with respect where it counted. They were offered the chance to provide an exclusive track, 'Oh Really', for one of DJ Sir-Vere's Holla Hour compilation and taking part in the second year of the ground-breaking Boost Mobile Hook-up tour.
They soon brushed aside any concerns with tall poppy problems at home by setting their sights on breaking Australia. 'I Got' had made an immediate impact, charting at No.22, and the Fast Crew received a good reception within the hip hop community and from expat Kiwis.
Despite this, Fortune recalls the wider public were less welcoming. "At that time in Australia, the idea of local hip hop was a relatively new thing, except for the hardcore people who'd been into it since the 80s. So you'd be wearing a baseball cap and a car full of people would pull up and start abusing you and calling you homies. I remember we did a show in Sydney and there was a punk group playing before us and when we came out, the punk fans started yelling at us and telling us to fuck off back to America. They started throwing bottles at us and Dane was throwing bottles back at them. It was a funny time for hip hop in Australia – we were definitely way further ahead in New Zealand."
Their next single, 'It's The Incredible', dipped into the Australian top 50 and it seemed poised to break the group, but then the wheels came off their plans.
Truth, Lies, and Red Tape
Fast Crew's progress was also interrupted by Becks' decision to leave the group (her enthusiasm was sapped by the group's busy schedule). Rumble emailed performing arts schools to find a replacement and was excited to meet with young singer, Gemma Copas. She had to hit the ground running – her first show was at Christmas In The Park 2005 in front of tens of thousands and a live TV audience.
FAST CREW FOUND THEMSELVES BEING SUED BY LAWYERS REPRESENTING THE EAGLES.
Fast Crew found themselves being sued by lawyers representing the Eagles. The main hook that started 'It's The Incredible' was a re-working of the guitar riff from the Eagles' 'Victim of Love'. Unfortunately, the Eagles were notorious for their dislike of being sampled and weren't satisfied to receive full royalties from the track and instead insisted that all copies of the CD be destroyed. Every copy of Set The Record Straight had to be removed from record stores and warehouses, then destroyed with legal notification supplied to prove that this had been carried out.
Fortunately, Copas soon proved herself an able member of the group and even had her own song ideas to contribute. For example, they had already written the basics of the track 'Mary Mary' but incorporated ideas Copas brought with her. Nonetheless, their progress was slow during 2006, with group members forced to find jobs to sustain themselves and therefore having less time to devote to music.
They did get to play a few fun shows in Australia, getting in front of their biggest audience yet as part of the Big Day Out festival line-up (on the east coast shows and back in Auckland), appearing at the Urban Music Awards in Australia, and being involved in a Motocross event in Sydney. They even landed an odd slot, stationed at the 18th hole of a golf course for an Australia Independent Music Stores conference in Cairns. At the end of the year, one of their songs ('Set The Record Straight') was picked up as the theme tune for an Australian TV show, Dangerous, and the group were flown over to shoot a video.
It took another full year before their follow-up album, Truth, Lies And Red Tape (2008) finally came out. The first single, 'What Happened To Yesterday', possibly caught fans by surprise, given its introspective lyrics, which discussed the time-wasting potential of smoking too much weed. Deeper on the album there were more signs that the easy progress of the group's early years had been replaced by a struggle to keep their career on track.
"There were a few negative things that had happened before that," Fortune recalls, "which led to some of the themes. The Eagles was a bit of a kick in the guts. And toying with the lifestyle of being a musician – sex, drugs and rock'n'roll – but there was a darker element to that, it even came through in the songs."
One example is 'Gotta Find A Way' which was written at a time when the group were finding their gig opportunities were drying up and this happened to coincide with three members breaking up with their girlfriends. Musically, the album saw the band bringing in more live musicians, who would also form the backbone of their live sets – most notably guitarist Ben White and drummer Stan Bicknell.
The golden years of local hip hop had ended and, after eight years together, the original passion that drove the group was now being directed towards more everyday concerns of paying the rent and making future life plans. Fortune found himself being pulled away from his music work.
"I was the first to jump ship. I went to Vancouver. I had an epiphany one day and decided I wanted to go overseas. There was also the fact that I had an engineering degree – I was concerned that if I left it too, the degree would be worthless, so I had to decide whether I wanted to do engineering or continue on. That was my driver for leaving. Dane, Brad and Gemma continued to tour the second album, but after some time they decided to call it quits too. For me, I just really wanted to do beats, I didn't want to rap any more. Maybe Dane felt the same, since he went more into singing."
Fortune didn't even appear on the album artwork for Truth, Lies and Red Tape and, despite the best efforts of his co-members, Fast Crew came to an end before the year was out.
Dane Rumble goes solo
Towards the end of Fast Crew, Rumble felt like he was the only one trying to keep the group going. He wasn't willing to let go of his music career quite yet and so made an abrupt turn in a new direction. He ditched the baggy clothes and baseball cap look of Kid Deft and re-launched himself as a pop star, with hair spiked up at the front and an ever-present pair of sunglasses.
He taught himself guitar so he could write his own songs and then gained a bit of confidence with singing – though he wasn't shy about dropping a few relaxed raps when it suited the song. His first release, 'Always Be Here', was given a full-spectrum pop sound by engineer-producer Jonathan Campbell. An early demo was passed around some friends in radio to get feedback and they confirmed that Rumble might be onto a winner.
Dane Rumble's biggest earworm was yet to come.
Rumble created a live band by calling on the two main musicians who'd played with Fast Crew near the end, guitarist Ben White and drummer Stan Bicknell. He also got his brother to quickly learn the bass (despite never having picked up the instrument before) so he'd be ready when it came time to play live. A mere three months later they had their first gig, then stumbled through a few early performances before creating a unit tight enough to tour the country. In the meantime, the predictions had turned out to be correct and 'Always Be Here' received good airplay and a No.13 chart placing. Rumble's next single, 'Don't Know What To Do', was inspired by his self-doubt in the wake of Fast Crew and the support his girlfriend gave him to stay in the music game. It charted at No.10.
However, Rumble's biggest earworm was yet to come. 'Cruel' had the kind of chorus that only took one listen to get deep inside your head and verses that rode high on danceable synth lines and a pulsating beat. Ironically, it was originally a track he'd struggled with and it was only completed after Te Awanui Reeder (Nesian Mystik) came on board to write a final verse. The track was released in two versions, with and without a rap near the end, so radio programmers could take their pick. It all came together with Rumble going beyond the success of his former group and hitting No.3 as well as being the most played local song on New Zealand airwaves that year.
Rumble continued to work together with Campbell on his subsequent 2010 album, The Experiment. Fortuitously, the pair also worked with producer Joel Little, who had both experience in guitar music through fronting pop punk outfit Goodnight Nurse and writing pop music for Kids of 88 (he went on to even greater heights through his work with Lorde). The resulting album remained guitar-driven, but also made the most of Rumble's amazing ability at coming up with vocal hooks. The album debuted at No.1 and Rumble was named best male solo artist at that year's music awards.
Dane Rumble was more in the public eye than ever, everything from touring the country as part of the Coke Bands On The Beach tour to appearing in the gossip magazines to producing his own line of jewellery and watches. He had a fourth Top 20 single off the album ('Everything') and hit No.2 when he featured on a track with local R&B singer J Williams ('Takes Me Higher'). Rumble even managed to get his foot in the door of the Australian music industry again, when 'Always Be Here' appeared on pop compilation, So Fresh: Hits of the Spring 2010, which went platinum there (70,000 units sold).
His subsequent solo singles in 2012 ('Tonight' and 'Lights Go Out') failed to chart, though his collaboration with the Jupiter Project track, 'Not Alone', gave him another Top 20 hit (and a million streams across the various streaming platforms in the years that followed). However, being a star in the small New Zealand celebrity scene can leave a person feeling like they're stuck in a fishbowl and Rumble eventually moved to Australia to focus on his jewellery/watch company, Culét.
Looking back now, Dane Rumble and Fast Crew are remembered as creating some of the most memorable party music of the 00s era. In a post-Lorde world, the fact that they had pop ambitions now seems like a credit to them and has none of the negative connotations that some critics seemed to draw at the time. Dane Rumble in particular deserves to be appreciated for his remarkable achievements: being involved in two gold-certified records, nine Top 20 singles (two of which went platinum), and managing to make a massive impact in Australia.
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ImageableImage
Cover image for the Fast Crew single It's The Incredible.
Photo credit: Promotional image
Fast Crew, L to R: Jeremy Kent-Johnston, Rebecca Le Harle, Dane Rumble, Brad Devcich.
Photo credit: Jeremy Kent-Johnston collection
Fast Crew.
Photo credit: Publicity photo
EmbeddableItem EmbeddableItem! type = Person
Dane Rumble video shoot.
Dane Rumble.
Photo credit: Publicity image
Fast Crew's Jerome Fortune (Jeremy Kent-Johnston) and Kid Deft (Dane Rumble) at the 2006 Big Day Out.
Photo credit: Gareth Shute
Fast Crew - I Got (2003)
Fast Crew video shoot.
Exterior photo from Fast Crew's Truth, Lies and Red Tape, L to R: Brad Devcich, Gemma Copas, Dane Rumble, Josh Thorne.
Fast Crew - Suburbia Streets (2004)
Dane Rumble - Cruel (2009)
Fast Crew
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Nesian Mystik
King Kapisi
Che Fu
Aotearoa Hip Hop Timeline
Writing the Book on Hip Hop
Dave Roper
Deceptikonz
DJ Sir-Vere
York Street Recording Studios
3 col el, class=ExternalLink::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy
Fast Crew - Wikipedia
Dane Rumble at NZ On Screen
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Fast Crew also appeared on the Baitercell and Schumacher album, Wall of Bass Technique.
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Jeremy Kent-Johnston - MC, producer
Dane Rumble - MC
Brad Devcich - MC
Rebecca Le Harle - vocals
Gemma Copas - vocals
Josh Thorne - DJ
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AKrite


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Influence of Fucoidans and Their Derivatives on Antitumor and Phagocytic Activity of Human Blood Leucocytes
N. Yu. Anisimova1, N. E. Ustyuzhanina2, F. V. Donenko1, M. I. Bilan2, N. A. Ushakova3, A. I. Usov2, N. E. Nifantiev2, and M. V. Kiselevskiy1*
1Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, 115478 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 324-2794; E-mail: kisele@inbox.ru
2Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-5328; E-mail: nen@ioc.ac.ru
3Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 245-0857
Received December 26, 2014; Revision received March 28, 2015
The immunotropic activity of structurally different fucoidans and their derivatives towards isolated immune blood cells, effectors of innate immune system, was studied. The most potent effect was observed for high molecular weight fucoidan CF from the alga Chordaria flagelliformis, whose backbone is built of (1→3)-linked units of α-L-fucopyranose, and branches included residues of α-D-glucuronic acid and α-L-fucofuranose. This compound at the concentration of 0.05 mg/ml potentiated phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus acidophilus by neutrophils, increasing relative quantity of phagocytes as well as their effectiveness. Along with this, 14% increase in the concentration of membrane-bound integrin CD11c molecules was observed. The systemic effect of CF at the dose of 0.01 mg/mouse i.p. led to potentiation of cytotoxic activity of spleen mononuclear leucocytes towards melanoma cells of line B16 by 1.9-fold and towards chronic myelogenous leukemia cells of line K-562 by 1.7-fold. These results indicate that fucoidan CF can stimulate anti-infective and antitumor activity of effectors of the innate immune system via CD11c integrins.
KEY WORDS: fucoidans, leucocytes, natural killers, phagocytosis, cytotoxicity
Abbreviations: CF, high molecular weight fucoidan from alga Chordaria flagelliformis; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; EC, effector cells; IC, index of cytotoxicity; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; ML, mononuclear leukocytes; NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium; NK, natural killer cells; OS, synthetic fully sulfated octasaccharide; PI, phagocytic index; PN, phagocytic number; PPdX, dexylosylated low molecular weight fucoidan from alga Punctaria plantaginea; SL, high molecular weight fucoidan from alga Saccharina latissima; TC, target cells.
Sulfated polysaccharides fucoidans from brown algae are of interest because they possess biological activities, such as anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antivirus activities, etc. [1-4]. On the basis of such biomolecular systems [5] such as fucoidans, efficient pharmacological preparations for treatment of a number of important diseases could be developed. At present, fucoidans are considered one of the most promising classes of natural compounds for immunomodulating drug development as they are characterized by a broad spectrum of immunotropic properties along with relatively low cytotoxicity. The immunomodulating action of fucoidans is thought to be connected to their ability to activate phagocytes and to induce production of such cytokines as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 [1, 4, 6, 7]. These effects lead to stimulation of natural killer (NK) cells and T-cells, which is accompanied by an increase in their cytotoxicity towards transformed cells as well as by the release of interferon-γ and interleukin-12. Besides, they cause activation and maturation of antigen-presenting dendritic cells [8].
Fucoidans produced by different algal species differ in their structure and spectrum of biological activity [9-12]. The present study was aimed at estimation of the action of structurally different fucoidans and their derivatives on the activity of immunocompetent blood cells that are effectors of the innate immune response. We studied two high molecular weight fucoidans from the algae Saccharina latissima SL [13] and Chordaria flagelliformis CF [14], dexylosylated low molecular weight fucoidan PPdX [15] from the alga Punctaria plantaginea, and synthetic fully sulfated octasaccharide OS [16]. The main structural features of the studied saccharides are presented in Fig. 1, and monosaccharide and sulfate contents are listed in Table 1. Natural killer cells and neutrophils possessing antitumor and anti-infective activities, respectively, were chosen as biological materials.
Fig. 1. Main structural features of the studied saccharides and their derivatives.
Table 1. Compositiona of studied poly- and oligosaccharides
a Content (wt. %) of monosaccharides and sulfate.
b UA, uronic acids.
c Degree of sulfation (DS) calculated as sulfate to sum of monosaccharides (Fuc + Xyl + Gal + UA) molar ratio.
We previously studied anticoagulant, antiinflammatory and antiangiogenic activities of a number of structurally different fucoidans [9]. The active concentration range for these polysaccharides was 10-100 µg/ml; therefore, we used similar quantities of saccharides in the present study.
Analyzed poly- and oligosaccharides. High molecular weight fucoidans from algal species S. latissima (SL) and C. flagelliformis (CF) were purified as described earlier [13, 14]. Polysaccharide PPdX was obtained by dexylosylation of the native fucoidan from algae P. plantaginea [15]. Fully sulfated octasaccharide (OS) was synthesized from L-fucose [16]. Monosaccharide and sulfate content in the studied saccharides is indicated in Table 1. For preparation of stock solutions, 5 mg samples of poly- and oligosaccharides were first dissolved in 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and then in 9 ml of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
Study of phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Blood from healthy donors, stabilized by heparin (20 units/ml) or 3.8% solution of sodium citrate (at the 9 : 1 ratio) were used for these studies. Blood (0.9 ml) was incubated for 3 h with solutions of the samples (0.1 ml) at 37°C and 250 rpm in a reciprocal shaker. Final concentration of the sulfated saccharides samples was 0.05 mg/ml. In the control series of experiments, 0.1 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution containing 10% DMSO was added to 0.9 ml of stabilized blood.
To estimate phagocytosis using light microscopy, we incubated suspensions of baker's yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus acidophilus strain N.V.EP 317/402 "Narine" TNSi (Virion, Russia) with blood that was pre-stimulated with fucoidans for 45 min [17]. Smears were stained with Romanowsky–Giemsa dye and then analyzed by microscopy with oil immersion. About 100 neutrophiles were counted in each smear for calculation of phagocytic index (PI, percentage of cells containing phagocytized objects) and phagocytic number (PN, number of bacteria or yeasts engulfed per phagocyte) [18].
The phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils by oxygen-dependent extracellular killing of E. coli was studied using FagoFlowEx Kit (EXBIO Diagnostics, Czech Republic) by flow cytometry. The neutrophilic leukocyte population was isolated by gating using parameters of forward and side light scattering. Results were registered in the FL1 fluorescence channel (FITC) of BD Canto II cytofluorimeter (Becton Dickinson, USA). Estimation of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of phagocytes that indicates activation level of a single neutrophil was made according to the manufacturer's manual.
To dissect oxygen-dependent mechanisms of phagocytosis, we used a spectrophotometric variant of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test. The method is based on the quantities of diformazan that was reduced from NBT by phagocytes. This chemical reaction occurs due to activation of oxygen-dependent biocidity of phagocytes. The NBT-test was carried out in two variants: spontaneous and induced [18]. Suspensions of the yeast S. cerevisiae and the bacterium L. acidophilus were used as inducer. Blood was incubated for 3 h with the studied fucoidans at 37°C and 200 rpm in a reciprocal shaker, and then 1.5 h with the microorganisms under the same conditions. The concentration of sulfated saccharide sample was 0.05 mg/ml. Then, we added NBT solution and incubated for an additional 45 min. The results were measured by optical density in a MS Multiscan microplate spectrophotometer (Multiscan, Finland) at 540 nm.
Calculation of concentration of CD45+CD66b+CD11+ leukocytes. Fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies (Becton Dickinson) against human CD45, CD11c, and CD66b were used. After incubation of blood with the antibodies, the erythrocytes were lysed by OptyLyse reagent (Immunotech, France). Then the cells were washed by phosphate buffered saline. Phenotype of leukocytes was analyzed using flow cytometry in the BD Canto II cytofluorimeter (Becton Dickinson). About 10,000 cells were analyzed in each sample. The population of neutrophiles was gated according to forward and side light scattering, and then CD45+ cells were isolated. The results are presented as percentage of fluorescing cell number to total cell number and as MFI – fluorescence intensity of a target marker on a single cell. Results were analyzed using FACSDiva 6.1.3 software.
Estimation of cytotoxicity of leukocytes ex vivo. Twenty C57Bl/6 line mice were divided into two equal groups – experimental and control. In the experimental group, CF solution was injected i.p. at dose of 0.01 mg/mouse five times, once per day (first injection – 24 h before tumor subinoculation). Mice from both groups were subinoculated with B16 melanoma (500,000 cells/mouse). After 20 days, the mouse spleens were collected under sterile conditions. Using Ficoll-Urografin gradients, mononuclear leukocytes (ML) were isolated from spleen homogenates that were twice washed by centrifugation in in RPMI-1640 medium (PanEco, Russia). NK-sensitive erythroblastic leukemia K-562 cells and B16 melanoma cells (cell line bank of the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center) were used as target cells (TC). Effector and tumor cells in suspensions were counted with trypan blue (Sigma, USA). For co-incubating cells with tested substances, 96-well plates (Nunc, USA or Costar, France) were used. The concentration of target cells in medium was 500,000 per ml. Target cell to ML effector cell (EC) ratio in medium was 1 : 2, 1 : 5, and 1 : 10. After 24-h co-incubation, the index of cytotoxicity (IC) of natural killer cells was calculated using colorimetric MTT assay that is based on the ability of dehydrogenases of live cells to reduce 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to violet crystals of formazan soluble in DMSO [19].
Statistical analysis of primary data was done using Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft, Russia) software. Results of analysis are presented as follows: sample mean (χ) ± standard deviation (SD). To calculate the probability of difference from a control (p-value), we used Student's t-test. The p-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant.
The backbone of studied carbohydrates is built up of repeated (1→3)-linked α-L-fucopyranose residues. SL and CF samples are high molecular weight polymers bearing side chains consisting of α-L-fucopyranose (SL), α-D-glucuronic acid (CF), and α-L-fucofuranose (CF). Degree of sulfation (sulfate/monosaccharide mass ratio) for SL and CF oligosaccharides was 1.3 and 0.8, respectively. The PPdX sample is a linear low molecular weight polysaccharide with degree of sulfation of 0.7. OS is synthetic low molecular weight octasaccharide with degree of sulfation of 2.0.
In Table 2, results are presented of determination of the influence of CF, SL, PPdX, and OS at 0.05 mg/ml concentration on activation of the lactic acid bacterium L. acidophilus and of yeast S. cerevisiae engulfment by the segmented neutrophils in heparin-stabilized blood.
Data in Table 2 indicate that L. acidophilus engulfment by neutrophils is induced after stimulation by high molecular weight polysaccharides CF and SL. At the same time, we observed an increase in relative number of phagocytes (PI was 1.8 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, as compared to control) as well as tendency for PN increase after preincubation with these compounds. Also, in the case of yeast the compounds promoted 23% (p < 0.05) and 7% (p > 0.05) PI increase, respectively. Hence, after CF stimulation of neutrophils PN increased as much as twice compared to control (Fig. 2). Low molecular weight saccharides PPdX and OS were inactive in this assay.
Fig. 2. Intensity of L. acidophilus engulfment by neutrophils after stimulation with sulfated saccharides CF, SL, and PPdX in comparison with control.
Table 2. Phagocytic index (PI) and phagocytic number (PN) for leukocytes from human blood after stimulation with sulfated saccharides CF, SL, PPdX, and OS as compared to control
Note: ND, not determined.
Similar results were obtained for oxygen-dependent E. coli killing after the preincubation of cells of heparin-stabilized blood with sulfated saccharides using flow cytometry (Table 3). Reliable increase in antibacterial phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils was observed after preliminary stimulation with CF. However, though after CF stimulation MFI value of phagocytizing neutrophils increased by 9%, in the case of PPdX and OS stimulation it decreased 1.8- and 1.5-fold, respectively (p < 0.05).
Table 3. Influence of CF, SL, PPdX, and OS samples on oxygen-dependent biocidity of neutrophils from the healthy donor blood towards E. coli
It is known that oxygen-dependent biocidity of phagocytes is mediated by active oxygen metabolites formed during so-called "respiratory burst". Thus, quantitative analysis of this parameter after preincubation of the blood cells with sulfated saccharides was carried out using the NBT-assay: spontaneous and induced with S. cerevisiae and L. acidophilus. Experimental results are presented in Tables 4 and 5.
The data in Table 4 suggest that preliminary stimulation of cells in heparin-treated blood with CF promoted increase in oxygen-dependent phagocytic activity in vitro towards both yeasts and bacteria. The other samples had virtually no effect on activity of leukocytes in the NBT test. The same results were obtained during study of blood samples stabilized with sodium citrate (Table 5).
To study mechanisms of CF-mediated increase in phagocytic activity of neutrophils, we dissected the phenotype of neutrophils in heparin-stabilized blood after coincubation with fucoidan. In particular, we measured changes in relative concentration of CD45+CD66b+CD11c+ cells.
As a result, we established that after 4-h coincubation of human blood leukocytes with CF at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml, reliable increase in relative concentration of CD45+CD66b+CD11c+ leukocytes from 72 ± 1.1% in the control to 86 ± 1.7% in the probe occurred with this fucoidan, p < 0.001; MFI value increased from 390 ± 298 to 586 ± 175 relative units, respectively, p < 0.001 (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Increase in relative concentration of CD11c+ neutrophils after preincubation with CF polysaccharide: a, b) distribution of CD66b+ and CD11c+ cells (abscissa axis, CD66b; ordinate axis, CD11c); c, d) CD11c+ cell content (abscissa axis, fluorescence intensity; ordinate axis, cell number).
Table 4. Change in activity of leukocytes in NBT test modulated by CF, SL, PPdX, and OS samples (heparin-stabilized blood)
Table 5. Change in activity of leukocytes in NBT test modulated by CF, SL, PPdX, and OS samples (sodium citrate-stabilized blood)
The data indicate that CF-mediated increase in CD11c integrin concentration in membrane positively correlates with an increase in microorganism engulfment by phagocytes. At the same time, we could not reliably establish an increase in respiratory burst intensity in the effector cells that determine successful destruction of the object engulfed by a phagocyte.
To estimate the effect of the most active fucoidan CF on functionality of innate antitumor immunity effectors, we studied change in cytotoxicity of ML in spleen of mice after a course of parenteral administration of CF. Change in antitumor cytotoxicity of ML was studied compared to control. NK-sensitive K-562 cells and B16 melanoma cells were used as target cells (TC). Target cell/effector cell of ML (EC) ratios in the medium were 1 : 2, 1 : 5, and 1 : 10. Results are presented in Table 6.
The data in Table 6 suggest that the systemic effect of CF on immunity of mice is realized through an increase in antitumor activity of immunocompetent cells. At the same time, we observed both a tendency for increase in NK-activity towards NK-sensitive K-562 line cells (IC of ML increased 1.2-1.7-fold as compared to control) and statistically reliable increase in cytotoxicity towards melanoma B16 line cells (IC of ML was 1.7-1.9-fold increased in comparison with control).
Table 6. Cytotoxicity of splenocytes after systemic administration of CF (experimental group) in comparison with control
The results of our study show that the composition of fucoidans substantially affects their immunotropic properties. High molecular weight fucoidan from the alga C. flagelliformis CF whose backbone is built of (1→3)-linked residues of α-L-fucopyranose and branches including residues of α-D-glucuronic acid and α-L-fucofuranose demonstrated the highest activity. High molecular weight fucoidan SL, having side chains built of α-L-fucopyranose residues, demonstrated moderate activity. Low molecular weight linear saccharides PPdX and OS were virtually inactive.
After coincubation of human blood leukocytes with CF fucoidan, 14% increase in relative quantity of CD11c was established alongside with MFI value augmentation from 390 ± 298 to 586 ± 175 relative units, p < 0.001. CD11c is known to be a glycoprotein of the integrin family, an α-subunit of αXβ2 integrin, the fibrinogen receptor. One of the previously described properties of CD11c is the ability to mediate phagocytosis of iC3b-opsonized particles [20]. This molecule is also a C4 complement receptor. CD11c is involved in phagocytosis of latex particles and bacteria in the absence of complement, cell migration, and cytokine production by monocytes/macrophages, and it is able to bind many ligands involved in cell adhesion, such as ICAM-1 and ICAM-4 as well as LPS [21]. This led many researchers to consider an increase in CD11c concentration in blood immune cells to be a marker of augmentation of their functional activity. In particular, we previously obtained analogical results confirming positive correlation between increase in levels of integrins and high phagocytic activity of innate immunity effectors [22, 23]. In the present study, this pattern in a series of tests on estimation of engulfment of bacteria (L. acidophilus and E. coli) and yeasts. Results were registered with both light microscopy and flow cytometry. In particular, after incubation of blood cells with CF, the PI for L. acidophilus and yeast engulfment was 1.8- and 1.4-fold increased, respectively (p < 0.05), along with increase in CD11+ neutrophil fraction and expression levels of this marker in the membrane. Thus, the data indicate fucoidan CF-mediated activation of the initial phase of phagocytosis – engulfment ability of neutrophiles. Heparin was used as the blood stabilizer. In the series of experiments, it was shown that substitution of heparin for sodium citrate did not affect cell response to the action of the fucoidans.
The last phase of phagocytosis includes destruction of corpuscular structures (bacterial and fungal pathogens, protozoal cells, and damaged cells and products of their decay) by means of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms. In elimination of microorganisms, oxygen-dependent biocidity of phagocytes (respiratory burst), mediated by activation of NADPH-oxidase that catalyzes reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide radical giving rise to appearance in phagocytes of active oxygen forms (superoxide anion radical, hydrogen dioxide, hydroperoxide radicals, etc.), plays an important role. In the present work, we have shown moderate increase in parameters that indicate the respiratory burst intensity induced by CF fucoidan. This suggests the ability of the polysaccharide to somewhat promote destruction of engulfed microorganisms.
In summarizing, we conclude that fucoidan CF substantially activates engulfment of bacteria and yeasts by neutrophils (initial phase of phagocytosis), but not destruction of phagocytized microorganisms mediated by oxygen-dependent mechanisms (completion of phagocytosis). The revealed feature of the polysaccharide action on neutrophils can be considered as balanced stimulating influence on the cell-mediated anti-infection immunity that excludes excessive release of reactive oxygen radicals causing acute tissue damage with developing of organ or even multi-organ insufficiency [24, 25].
Our studies also revealed augmentation of antitumor cytotoxicity by immunocompetent cells under ex vivo conditions after a course of parenteral administration of CF. The purpose of this experiment was determination of the influence of fucoidan on immunoreactivity of tumor-bearing mice to estimate changes in the functional state of innate immunity effectors – natural killer cells participating in antitumor immunity. The chosen research design, on one hand, allowed estimating NK-activity that is an integral parameter of reactivity of innate immunity effectors. On the other hand, it allowed determining antitumor cytotoxicity of lymphocytes towards cells of target (used for subinoculation of mice) tumor – B16 melanoma. Therefore, two cell lines were used in the cytotoxicity test as targets: NK-sensitive K-562 line and B16 melanoma line. As a result, after fucoidan treatment, we not only observed a tendency for NK-activity stimulation during examination of the NK-sensitive K-562 cells (IC of ML was 1.2-1.7-fold increased in comparison with control), but also found statistically reliable augmentation of cytotoxicity towards B16 melanoma cells (IC of ML increased 1.1-1.9-fold as compared to control). It is known that integrins CD11c, being membrane-bound molecules, are associated not only with neutrophils, but also with monocytes and macrophage, NK, and dendritic cells. It is possible that the ability of CF to stimulate antitumor activity of ML, which we discovered, as in the case of neutrophils is mediated by activation of expression of membrane-bound CD11c molecules in NK that provide contact of effectors with target cells.
The data suggest that the molecular mechanism of stimulating effect of fucoidan CF on effectors of anti-infection and antitumor immunity is realized with the participation of integrin CD11c.
This study established that fucoidan CF from the alga C. flagelliformis is able to activate the innate immunity cells by local action in vitro and on systemic level during the course of parenteral administration. It was reliably established that this compound intensifies engulfment of microorganisms by neutrophils increasing both relative number of phagocytes (PI) and their efficiency (PN) along with increase in CD11c concentration in membranes of neutrophils. The systemic action of CF caused an increase in antitumor cytotoxicity (IC) of splenic ML towards melanoma B16 cells (1.7-1.9-fold, p < 0.05) and towards K-562 cells (1.2-1.7-fold, p > 0.05).
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (KOMFI-grant 13-04-40315-K and its parts 13-04-40313-H, 13-04-314-H, and 13-04-40315-H).
1.Fitton, J. H. (2011) Therapies from fucoidan; multifunctional marine polymers, Mar. Drugs, 9, 1731-1760.
2.Pomin, V. H. (2012) Fucanomics and galactanomics: current status in drug discovery, mechanisms of action and role of the well-defined structures, Biochim. Biopys. Acta, 1820, 1971-1979.
3.Jiao, G., Yu, G., Zhang, J., and Ewart, S. (2011) Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae, Mar. Drugs, 9, 196-223.
4.Ale, M. T., Mikkelsen, J. D., and Meyer, A. S. (2011) Important determinants for fucoidan bioactivity: a critical review of structure-function relations and extraction methods for fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds, Mar. Drugs, 9, 2106-2130.
5.Ananikov, V. P., Khokhlova, E. A., Egorov, M. P., Sakharov, A. M., Zlotin, S. G., Kucherov, A. V., Kustov, L. M., Gening, M. L., and Nifantiev, N. E. (2015) Organic and hybrid molecular systems, Mendeleev Commun., 25, 75-82.
6.Jin, J., and Yu, Q. (2015) Fucoidan delays apoptosis and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human neutrophils, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 73, 65-71.
7.Makarenkova, I. D., Logunov, D. Y., Tukhvatulin, A. I., Semenova, I. B., Zvyagintseva, T. N., Gorbach, V. I., Ermakova, S. P., and Besednova, N. N. (2012) Sulfated polysaccharides of brown seaweeds are ligands of toll-like receptors, Biochem. Mosc. Suppl. Ser. B. Biomed. Chem., 6, 75-80.
8.Jin, J-O., Zhang, W., Du, J-Y., Wong, K-W., Oda, T., and Yu, Q. (2014) Fucoidan can function as an adjuvant in vivo to enhance dendritic cell maturation and function and promote antigen-specific T-cell immune responses, PLoS One, 9, e99396.
9.Cumashi, A., Ushakova, N. A., Preobrazhenskaya, M. E., D'Incecco, A., Piccoli, A., Totani, L., Tinari, N., Morozevich, G. E., Berman, A. E., Bilan, M. A., Usov, A. I., Ustuzhanina, N. E., Sanderson, C. J., Kelly, M., Rabinovich, G. A., Iacobelli, S., and Nifantiev, N. E. (2007) A comparative study of the antiinflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds, Glycobiology, 17, 541-552.
10.Ustyuzhanina, N. E., Ushakova, N. A., Zyuzina, K. A., Bilan, M. I., Elizarova, A. L., Somonova, O. V., Madzhuga, A. V., Krylov, V. B., Preobrazhenskaya, M. E., Usov, A. I., Kiselevskiy, M. V., and Nifantiev, N. E. (2013) Influence of fucoidans on hemostatic system, Mar. Drugs, 11, 2444-2458.
11.Ustyuzhanina, N. E., Bilan, M. I., Ushakova, N. A., Usov, A. I., Kiselevskiy, M. V., and Nifantiev, N. E. (2014) Fucoidans: pro- or antiangiogenic agents, Glycobiology, 24, 1265-1274.
12.Ustyuzhanina, N. E., Ushakova, N. A., Preobrazhenskaya, M. E., Bilan, M. I., Tsvetkova, E. A., Krylov, V. B., Anisimova, N. A., Kiselevskiy, M. V., Krukovskaya, N. V., Li, C., Yu, G., Saran, S., Saxena, R. K., Usov, A. I., and Nifantiev, N. E. (2014) Fucoidans as a platform for new anticoagulant drugs discovery, Pure Appl. Chem., 86, 1365-1375.
13.Bilan, M. I., Grachev, A. A., Shashkov, A. S., Kelly, M., Sanderson, C. J., Nifantiev, N. E., and Usov, A. I. (2010) Further studies on the composition and structure of a fucoidan preparation from the brown alga Saccharina latissima, Carbohydr. Res., 345, 2038-2047.
14.Bilan, M. I., Vinogradova, E. V., Tsvetkova, E. A., Grachev, A. A., Shashkov, A. S., Nifantiev, N. E., and Usov, A. I. (2008) A sulfated glucuronofucan containing both fucofuranose and fucopyranose residues from the brown alga Chordaria flagelliformis, Carbohydr. Res., 343, 2605-2612.
15.Bilan, M. I., Shashkov, A. S., and Usov, A. I. (2014) Structure of a sulfated xylofucan from the brown alga Punctaria plantaginea, Carbohydr. Res., 393, 1-8.
16.Krylov, V. B., Kaskova, Z. M., Vinnitskiy, D. Z., Ustyuzhanina, N. E., Grachev, A. A., Chizhov, A. O., and Nifantiev, N. E. (2011) Acid-promoted synthesis of per-O-sulfated fucooligosaccharides related to fucoidan fragments, Carbohydr. Res., 346, 540-550.
17.Anisimova, N. Yu., Lebedinskaya, O. V., Karpenko, A. Yu., Kopylov, A. N., and Kiselevskiy, M. V. (2012) Estimation of activity of blood neutrophils using bacteria and unicellular yeasts as phagocytosis objects, Vest. Ural. Med. Acad. Sci., 41, 12-13.
18.Karpishchenko, A. I. (ed.) (2002) Medical Laboratory Technologies. Guidebook [in Russian], Intermedika, St. Petersburg.
19.Shpakova, A. P., Pavlova, K. S., and Bulycheva, T. I. (2000) MTT-colorimetric method for detection the cytotoxic activity of human natural killer cells, Klin. Lab. Diagn., 2, 20-23.
20.Mann, B. S., and Chung, K. F. (2006) Blood neutrophil activation markers in severe asthma: lack of inhibition by prednisolone therapy, Resp. Res., 7, 59.
21.Sadhu, C., Ting, H. J., Lipsky, B., Hensley, K., Garcia-Martinez, L. F., Simon, S. I., and Staunton, D. E. (2007) CD11c/CD18: novel ligands and a role in delayed-type hypersensitivity, J. Leukoc. Biol., 81, 1395-1403.
22.Anisimova, N. Yu., Pluzhnikova, N. A., Gromova, E. G., Kuznetsova, L. S., Tsvetkov, D. S., and Kiselevskiy, M. V. (2011) Receptor of apoptosis and adhesion molecules of leukocytes – promising sepsis markers in cancer patients, Russ. J. Immunol., 14, 262-265.
23.Anisimova, N. Yu., and Blokhin, N. N. (2014) Immunological Pathogenesis of Sepsis and Use of Hemosorption for Treatment of Cancer Patients with Sepsis, Nova Science Publishers Inc., N. Y.
24.Kumar, V., and Sharma, A. (2010) Neutrophils: Cinderella of innate immune system, Int. Immunopharmacol., 10, 1325-1334.
25.Thomas, S., and Balasubramanian, K. A. (2004) Role of intestine in postsurgical complications: involvement of free radicals, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 36, 745-756.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: React Router: Load non-index route with babel-standalone I'm trying to build a React app using babel-standalone instead of proper Babel transpiling (to make it easier for non-Node users to customize without having to transpile).
Here's my setup (you'll have to run this locally due to StackOverflow sandboxing):

<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset='UTF-8'>

This works fine for linking from component A to B. However, if I link to B then refresh the page, I get a 404 from my static server. Is there a way to fix this such that route B will load if a user requests host_address/b? Any suggestions would be greatly helpful!

A: I'm happy enough using the hashHistory argument to history, which stores all routes in /#/ and therefore allows refreshes:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset='UTF-8'>


text:
PakMobilePrice.com / News / Business / Sony has announced SmartEyeglass
Sony has announced SmartEyeglass
Sony has announced SmartEyeglass – "Smart" SmartEyeglass glasses with "augmented reality" will go on sale in March for $ 840. They can buy all comers, but the glasses are designed for long application developers. Sony announced a corporate blog for admission pre-orders for "smart" glasses SmartEyeglass, which will go on sale in March 2015.[ads1]
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Since the beginning of the sales will be available to users of the application to read the correspondence in Twitter, Facebook and Gmail. Information in these glasses will be projected directly on the surface in the form of a green monochrome images with transparency 85%. A pioneer in the field of "smart" glasses made of Google, which began testing Google Glass back in 2012. Developers to test Google Glass glasses have been available since 2013 at a price of $ 1,500, in May 2014, they arrived in the free market. Glasses contain a special display on the right lens. A month ago it became known that Google Glass Project, select the program in a separate unit, and is now preparing to restart points. Sales points Google now discontinued.
Huawei Y5 Smart phone is coming with super powered features
Surprises Its Top 100 P8 Buyers with Amazing Gifts
Samsung Galaxy S6 & S6 edge coming Pakistan on 10th April
LG started selling G Flex2 phones globally
Samsung Galaxy S5 Offer:Galaxy Gifts Package for Next Generation Galaxy S5
Samsung and Google Signed an Agreement for 10 years
CES 2014 : What's new products expected at tech trade show
Sony Vaio introduce smartphone on Windows Phone 8 in 2014


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The Song of Seikilos is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world. The song, the melody of which is recorded, alongside its lyrics, in the ancient Greek musical notation, was found near Ephesus, engraved on a tombstone dating from the first century AD.
The melody is in Ancient Greek Phrygian mode, which corresponds to the medieval and modern Dorian mode.
Thanks to Khan for suggesting this tune!


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Theory of dense relativistic gluon (parton) systems is recently recognized
to be crucially important solving many (even long time pending) problems
of high energy hadron physics \cite{1}. But on eve of new round
of the experiments with ultrarelativistic nuclear beams (at RHIC and LHC)
this subject becomes a real challenge because of an extreme necessity to
answer most reliably the question about the initial conditions and early
evolution of the quark-gluon plasma (if it is formed) as emphasized in
\cite{2}. Apparently clear, an answer depends essentially on the behaviour
of the nuclear structure functions which are calculable perturbatively in
QCD \cite{3}. However, extrapolating these results even to the region of
moderate parton transverse momenta takes very special efforts \cite{4} and
leads to the singular distributions for the small momentum values.

Moreover, a rather provocative idea in this context launched in \cite{5}
suggests for the largest nuclei at very high energy the initial parton
density could become so high that the intrinsic transverse parton momenta
reach the magnitudes where an overlap with the region mastered by
perturbative QCD already occurs. It treats the structure function of
nucleus as an aggregate of quantum fluctuations on the ground of classical
gluon fields generated by ultrarelativistic (anti-)quarks and argues that
respective classical beam bremsstrahlung could modify many results which
are discussed as possible quark-gluon plasma signatures. In the course of
such calculations \cite{5}, \cite{6} light cone QCD is handled in the
light cone gauge \cite{7} because of taking the limit of $v \to 1$ becomes
quite nontrivial problem \cite{8} and the corresponding potentials turn
out pretty singular and having no the direct physical meaning.

In the present paper dealing with classical electrodynamics in order to
make the results somewhat easily understandable we show that the field
strengths of particular dipole configurations regularized by averaging
$E_{reg}$, $ H_{reg}$ justify taking the immediate limit of $v \to 1$ for
physical observables and provide reasonable asymptotic behaviour for the
structure functions. We believe it could be indicative to appraise
nonperturbative region role contributing to the behaviour of nuclear
structure functions in the McLerran-Venugopalan approach.

The paper is simply structured. In Sect.\ 1 we mainly remind the basic
formulae for the potentials and field strengths of ultrarelativistic
particles in classical electrodynamics. The radiation of a fast-moving
classical charge in the fields considered is calculated in Sect.\ 2. We
conclude discussing the relevance of these results to describe the nuclear
structure functions in the final Sect.\ 3.

\section{Field of ultrarelativistic particles in electrodynamics}

If one considers the field of a classical charge $e$ freely moving with
the constant velocity $v$ the following expression for the potential is
valid demonstrating obviously the cylindrical symmetry of a solution in
the Minkowski space ($c=1$)

\begin{equation}
\label{eq1}
A_\mu(x)=\frat{e~u_\mu}{R^{'}},
\end{equation}
where $u_{\mu}=(u_0,~{\vf u}),~{\vf u}=vu_0{\vf n},~
u_0=\frat{1}{(1-v^2)^{1/2}}$ and ${\vf n}$ is the unit vector along
particle velocity direction whereas
$R^{'2}=x^2+(x u)^2=x_{\perp}^2+(({\vf x}{\vf n}) - vx_0)^2/(1-v^2)$. Then the
field strengths are given by

\begin{equation}
\label{eq2}
{\vf E}(x)=\frat{e~({\vf x}~u_0-x_0~{\vf u})}
{R^{'3}},~~{\vf H}={\vf v}\times{\vf E}.
\end{equation}
At $v=1$ the potential $A_\mu$ does exist but is singular in the plane
$R^{'}=0$, in particular, moving along $z$-axis it happens to be  that

$$A_0 = \frat{e}{|z - x_0|},$$
$$A_x = A_y = 0,$$
$$A_z = \frat{e}{|z - x_0|}.$$

The field strengths disappear (equal to zero) in the limit $v \to 1$,
besides the plane $z=x_0$ where the transverse components tend to blow up

$$
E_z = 0,~~E_x = e~u_0~\frat{x}{\rho^3},~~
E_y = e~u_0~\frat{y}{\rho^3},
$$
here with $\rho^2=x^2+y^2$.
Actually, nonexisting finite limit of physical observable quantity, like
the field strengths in this case, signifies simply that a real physical
charge can't be accelerated up to the light velocity because of infinite
amount of energy necessary to do so.

The potential of randomly distributed charges with the center of mass
ultrarelativistically moving in the direction of vector ${\vf n}$ is given
by the following integral over the charge density distribution in the
rest frame of $q({\vf z})$,i.e.

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq3}
A_\mu(x)=\int d{\vf z}~ q({\vf z})~ A_\mu(x, {\vf z}),\nonumber\\ [-.2cm]
\\[-.25cm]
A_\mu(x, {\vf z})=\frat{u_\mu}{R^{'}(x,{\vf z})}~~,\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $R^{'2}=-x_0^{2}+({\vf x}-{\vf z}^{'})^2+[-x_0~u_0+
({\vf x}-{\vf z}^{'},{\vf u})]^2$,
and the vector ${\vf z}^{'}$ absorbs the Lorentz contraction of the
system of charges in the factor $u^{-1}_0$ in the motion direction, thus
${\vf z}^{'}=({\vf z}{\vf n}){\vf n}/u_0+{\vf z}
-({\vf z}{\vf n}){\vf n}.$

In the particular case of a dipole with charges  $e$ and $-e$
being placed at the points ${\vf z}_1=-{\vf d}/2,~{\vf z}_2={\vf d}/2$
of the dipole rest frame, the electric field components become

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq4}
&&{\vf E}_\bot=e~u_0\left\{\frat{{\vf x}_\bot+{\vf d}_\bot/2}{R_1^{'3}}
-\frat{{\vf x}_\bot-{\vf d}_\bot/2}{R_2^{'3}}
\right\},~~\nonumber\\ [-.2cm]
\\[-.25cm]
&& E_{||}=\frat{e}{R_1^{'3}}\left\{u_0({\vf x}{\vf n})-vu_0x_0+
\frat{({\vf d}{\vf n})}{2}\right\}
-\frat{e}{R_2^{'3}}
\left\{u_0({\vf x}{\vf n})-vu_0x_0-\frat{({\vf d}{\vf n})}{2}\right\}
,~~\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
with $R_i^{'}=R^{'}(z_i),~~i=1,2$.

Although these fields are singular in the limit $v \to 1$, nevertheless
one may notice their orthogonal (relative to the motion direction)
components are developing two symmetric peaks opposite-orientated at
$|{\vf d}_\bot|=0$ . Let us trace now the reaction of fast moving particle
passing through the field of such a configuration. Due to the Lorentz
contraction this particle is exposed to two very short $\delta$-like
pulses of opposite signs. If the contraction is large enough that the time
interval between two pulses $r_i \sim T$ is less than the classical radius
of particle $a=e^2/m,~d\sim a$ with mass $m$, there is no enough time to
respond both separate pulses and the charge is sensitive to the smeared
(averaged in time) field only. Indeed, the evolution of charge radiation
is controlled by the Newtonian equation with the radiative friction

$$
\dot w=g(t)+2 e^2 \ddot w/3m,
$$
and its general retarded solution is

$$
w=w_0+\int_{-\infty}^{t} g(\tau) d\tau+\int^{\infty}_{t} g(\tau)
e^{(t-\tau)/\kappa}d\tau,
$$
if $g(t)$ is the impulse generated by an external field, $\kappa=2e^2/3m$.
When two $\delta$--like contra-peaks of the amplitude $\sim G$ separated
in time $\sim T$ at the condition $T/\kappa\ll 1$ are present, the
particle velocity $w$ differs from the initial value $w_0$ by the quantity
of $G~T^2/\kappa^2$ order (in the order of $T/\kappa$ the pulses cancel each
other). Since $G\sim vu_{0}G_0$ and $T\sim T_0/vu_0$ with $G_0$ and $T_0$
being fixed in the rest frame, then in the limit $v \to 1$ it occurs that
$G~T^2/\kappa^2\to 0.$  Hence, it is well grounded to write down for
the general solution

$$
\label{eq7}
w=w_0+\int_{-\infty}^{t}
\langle g(\tau)\rangle
 d\tau+\int^{\infty}_{t}
 \langle g(\tau)\rangle
e^{(t-\tau)/\kappa}d\tau,
$$
where $\langle g(\tau)\rangle$ is an impulse smeared in time.

Thus, as the regularized field we should treat one averaged over the
interval $[x_{0i},~x_{0f}]=[({\vf x}{\vf n})/v-({\vf d}{\vf n})/2vu_0,
~({\vf x}{\vf n})/v+({\vf d}{\vf n})/2vu_0]$, i.e. defined by

\begin{equation}
\label{eq8}
\langle {\vf E} \rangle=\frat{vu_0}{({\vf d}{\vf n})}\int^{x_{0f}}_{x_{0i}}
{\vf E}~ d x_0.
\end{equation}
In particular, if the charge distribution takes such a form that
$\langle{\vf d}_\bot\rangle\sim 0$ (averaging over charge density), then
we have

\begin{equation}
\label{eq9}
\langle E_{||}\rangle =\frat{e}{({\vf d}{\vf n})}\left\{
\frat{1}{|{\vf x}_\bot|}-\frat{1}{[({\vf d}{\vf n})^2+{\vf x}_\bot^2]^{1/2}}
\right\},~~
\langle E_\bot\rangle \approx 0.
\end{equation}

It is interesting to notice that our procedure of regularizing by
averaging is similar, in a sense, to the potential regularization as
done in Ref.\cite{9} dealing with the light-cone variables and then widely
used \cite{5},\cite{6},\cite{10}. If we integrate now the transverse field of
a singled charge over $dz$ (when moving in $z$-direction) on the infinitesimal
interval $[z_i,~z_f]=[z-vx_0-b/u_0, z-vx_0+ b/u_0]$ ($v \to 1$)
$$
\int_{z_i}^{z_f} E_{\perp}dz =
\frat{e~x_{\perp}}{\rho^2}\cdot \frat{2b}{(b^2 + \rho^2)^{1/2}}.
$$
at large enough value of $b \gg \rho $ then it is valid
$$
\lim_{\rho/b \to 0} \int_{z_i}^{z_f} E_{\perp}dz \to
\frat{2e~x_{\perp}}{\rho^2},
$$
i.e. the transverse field may be presented in the form of $\delta$ -
function $E_{\perp} = \frat{2e~x_{\perp}}{\rho^2} \delta (z-x_0)$, what is
equivalent to the equation (8) of Ref. \cite{9}. It was calculated there
starting from the initial potential of Eq.(1), omitting the retarded part
($x_+=(z+x_0)/2 \sim 0$) and performing the singular gauge transformation
of the longitudinal potential components to the transverse ones. Strictly
speaking it's not permissible to drop out the $x_+$-dependence because the
corresponding terms are of the same order in (1- $v$) as ones used in the
further calculations of Ref. \cite{9} (the entire transverse field is zero
in this approach as well if we consider the dipole configurations of
longitudinal orientation). For the transverse dipoles
$$
{\vf E}_{\perp}=2e~ \delta (z-x_0) \left\{ \frat{ {\vf x}_{\perp}+
{\vf d}_{\perp}/2}{({\vf x}_{\perp}+{\vf d}_{\perp}/2)^2 }-
\frat{ {\vf x}_{\perp}-{\vf d}_{\perp}/2}{({\vf x}_{\perp}-{\vf d}_{\perp}/2)^2 } \right\}
$$
and we obtain the entire transverse field equal to zero again but after
averaging over its orientation in ($x,y$)-plane for a homogeneous
(like in KR of Ref. \cite{6}) distribution.

\section{ Radiation of fast charged particle in averaged
field of relativistic dipole }

The radiation energy of a fast moving classical charge in an external
electromagnetic field is determined as \cite{11}
$$
\triangle \varepsilon=\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}dt~
\frat23\frat{e^4_1}{m^2}\frat{({\vf E}+{\vf v_1}\times{\vf H})^2-
({\vf v_1}{\vf E})^2}{1-{\vf v_1}^2},
$$
where $e_1$ and ${\vf v_1}$ are the charge and velocity of radiating
particle, respectively. Here we are interested in the situation when a
particle and an ultrarelativistic dipole oriented along its motion
direction are going towards each other. In accordance with previous
consideration we should substitute the average field instead of instant
values of field strengths in the radiation formula. Such replacement
results in disappearing the singular part of radiation from the transverse
components of field, because $ \langle E_\bot\rangle \approx 0,$
$ \langle H_\bot\rangle \approx 0.$
Then the same factors ($1-v^2_1$) available in the numerator and
denominator are cancelled out and the energy radiated per unit time comes
about to be independent of the particle energy

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq11}
\frat{d \Delta \epsilon}{d t} =
  \frat{2e_1^4}{3m^2}~
  \langle E_{||}\rangle^2.
\end{eqnarray}
here we neglect, of course, a particle influence on a dipole in the first
approximation.

For comparison we give the radiation intensity of a fast charged particle
in the field of immobile dipole with its orientation along the direction of
particle propagation in eikonal approximation:
$$
\triangle \varepsilon = \frat{3~\pi~e_1^4~e^2~d^2 }{64~m^2~\rho^5~v_1
}~(~3 + \frat{5}{1-v_1^2}~)
$$
(see also a similar exercise for the radiation in the field of Coulomb
center \cite{11} ). This radiation is composed by two different
components, i.e. the singular part of transverse components and the
regular one of longitudinal components. In fact, we can neglect the
longitudinal radiation in the limit $v_1 \to 1$. Our averaging procedure and
substitution of $ \langle E \rangle$, $ \langle H \rangle$ in radiation
formula instead of $E$ and $H$ kill a singular radiation and we must take
into consideration small longitudinal radiation 'surviving'. This
substitution arises as a leading term of perturbative expansion in
$T/\kappa$ which we are able to argue basing on the Newtonian equation
(though it can be done in the framework of relativistic dynamics). Any
other terms should be omitted in the solution of dynamical equation with
radiation force included. Let's trace now the consequences of averaging
procedure.

Integrating Eq.(7) over the impact parameter we have

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq11a}
\frat{d \Delta \epsilon}{d t} = \int \frat{d^2 k_{\perp}}{(2 \pi)^2}
~\frat{2e_1^4}{3m^2}~
E^2_{||}(k_{\perp}),
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq12}
E_{||}(k_\perp)= \int  d{\vf x}_\bot~e^{-i({\vf k}_\bot{\vf x}_\bot)}
~\langle E_{||}\rangle = \nonumber\\ [-.2cm]
\\[-.25cm]
\frat{4 \pi e}{d~k_{\perp}}\Bigg\{1 - \sqrt{\frat{2}{\pi}} (d~k_{\perp})^{1/2}
K_{1/2} (d~k_{\perp})\Bigg\}, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
and $K_{1/2}(z)$ is the modified Bessel-function. Then asymptotic
behaviours of the field are the following

$$
\lim_{k_{\perp} \to 0} E_{||}(k_{\perp}) \to 4 \pi e~, \qquad
\lim_{k_{\perp} \to \infty} E_{||}(k_{\perp}) \to
\frat{4 \pi e}{d~k_{\perp}}\{1 - e^{-d~k_{\perp}}\} ~.
$$

It results in the finite value of the distribution of radiated photons as
obtained from Eq.(8) divided by the photon energy $k_0$, and being
proportional to the Fourier component of electric field squared, of
course, in the limit $k_{\perp} \to 0$ . It approaches exponentially the
perturbative behaviour $\sim 1/k_{\perp}^2$ at the transverse momenta
while large enough. Let's emphasize the rate of transition to the
asymptotic regime is regulated by the distance between the dipole charges in
its rest frame $\sim m^{-1}_{\pi}$ and the radiation energy is
proportional to ($e^6$).

The $x$ distribution ($x$ is a portion of longitudinal momentum carrying
by an individual parton) takes well-known 'soft' form
$dk_3/k_0  \approx dx/x$, because
$\delta(z - x_0) \Rightarrow k_0 =k_3 \gg k_{\perp}^2$. In  order to get
beyond this approximation we need to keep the next order terms of the
($1-v^2$)-expansion. Moreover, in lieu of the coherent summation of the fields
as in Eq.(5) one should average them taking into account the phase shifts
between different points. Calculating with the corresponding phase factor
taken (moving along the $z$-direction) leads to

$$\langle E_{\perp}e^{ik_3z}\rangle
= \frat{e}{d}~ 2ik_3 ~e^{ik_3vx_0}~ x_{\perp}
\frat{ \left(1 + \frat{d^2}{\rho^2}\right)^{1/2} - 1 -\frat{d^2}{2\rho^2}}
{ (\rho^2 + d^2)^{1/2}},$$
$$
\langle E_ze^{ik_3z}\rangle
=\frat{e}{d} ~e^{ik_3vx_0}~\Bigg[\frat{1}{\rho} -
\frat{1}{[\rho^2+d^2]^{1/2}}\Bigg].
$$
These expressions make it clear that the transverse field (unlike the
longitudinal one) may be dropped out when one estimates the radiation
behaviour in low transverse momentum region (large impact parameters $\rho$).
Although the transverse field doesn't identically disappear and allows us
to take the limit $v \to 1$, it's justified, nevertheless, because of
the additional suppression $d^{2}/\rho^{2}$ present comparing to the
longitudinal field. The coherent regime is associated with the constraint
$k_3d < u_0$ , which is apparently valid in the limit of $v \to 1$ for any
$k_3$. We understand, however, these delicate problems require the full
detail investigations in future.

In fact, the analysis performed may be extended to non-abelian theory.
As shown in Ref. \cite{12} at the small enough coupling constant
$g^2/4\pi\le1$ non-abelian theory is steady similar to the electrodynamics as
to the problems of both dipole and induced radiation description. The
influence of non-linear terms, in particular, of 'three gluon vertex'
mainly discussed, is reduced for the dipole configuration to provide
only pure rotation of the vectors of particle colour charges in the
'isotopic' space (for SU(2) non-abelian group) which is certainly
unobservable and doesn't lead to any physical effects. What one should
modify only is to replace the charge product $e_1$ $e_2$ of the interacting
particles by the scalar product $(\tilde{P_1}$$\tilde{P_2})$ of the
vectors of particle charges in the 'isotopic' space and to take also into
consideration the energy of gluomagnetic field generated by the chromoelectric
charges  $\tilde{P_1}$ and $\tilde{P_2}$ . Thus, the existence of additional
distribution over the relative angles of 'isotopic' vector charges of
quark-antiquark pairs in nuclei foresees major distinction of non-abelian
theory from electrodynamics in such an analysis.

\section{Conclusion }

Using the classical electrodynamics as an example we have demonstrated
above the limit of $v \to 1$ does exist for the physical observable
quantities, what are the average field strengths of dipole configurations
oriented along their propagation direction ('longitudinal' dipole), and
this qualitative picture does not change when non-abelian theory is
considered. In a sense it justifies some intuitive representations about
the structure of classical gluon fields generated by ultrarelativistic
nuclei collision and about nuclear structure functions developed by
McLerran and Venugopalan in \cite{5}. The gluon transverse momentum
distribution here obtained agrees qualitatively with the distribution presented
in Fig.1 of Ref.\cite{10} though essential difference is that we obtain
the infrared stable and finite result at $k_{\perp}\to 0$ and the
transition to the perturbative regime occurs at the transverse momenta
$k^2_{\perp} \sim d^{-2} \sim m^2_{\pi}$. We are free to take the minimal
size of hadron as the mean distance between dipole charges in its rest
frame. Unfortunately, we are unable now to point out the well grounded
mechanism to orientate the colour dipoles along their propagation but we
believe (and may argue) the rather plausible hypothesis is that the dipoles
are aligned along the external accelerating field because such configurations
in electrodynamics are energetically more favourable.

Let us summarize now our main results. We suggest the regularization
procedure of classical fields as being generated in ultrarelativistic
heavy ion collisions and relate the field smearing to the Lorentz
contraction of field configurations. If characteristic field configuration
'size' is less than the classical particle radius then this particle is
able to 'feel' an average field only. Operating with the physical
observables we have immediately calculated the average field of fast
moving 'longitudinal' dipole (Eq.\ (6)) in the limit $v \to 1$ and then
the radiation energy of a fast moving charge in this field (Eqs.\ (8), (9)).
The transverse momentum distribution of radiated photons happens to be
finite at small values and exponentially runs into the perturbative regime
$\sim 1/k^2_{\perp}$ at larger $k^2_{\perp}$. Applying proper
quark-antiquark configurations for the calculation of structure functions
leads to the same result as for the photons distribution and agrees
qualitatively with result obtained earlier in Ref. \cite{10}.
Unlike the light-cone method every stage of our approach is physically
meaningful because we are dealing with observable values only. Seems,
including next order terms of expansion in ($1-v^2$) could illuminate the
origin of structure function behaviour at small $x$ what we see as the subject
of our further investigation.

The work has been initiated by numerous discussions of the
McLerran-Venugopalan model with V.Goloviznin, M.Gyulassy, Yu.Kovchegov,
A.Kovner, A.Leonidov, A.Makhlin, L.McLerran, D.Rischke, H.Satz and R.Venugopalan.
The financial support of RFFI (Grants 96-02-16303, 96-02-00088G, 97-02-17491)
and INTAS (Grant 96-678) is greatly acknowledged.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Q: conditions I need to satisfy before running my program I have java program that I want to run at the command line as a jar. But before I run my function that processes the data, I have 2 conditions that I need to satisfy. 1. args[0] needs to be an integer. 2. There needs to be exactly 2 arguments. If these conditions are not met, I want an error message to pop up and then a system exit. I think I can do #1 right but how would I combine both?
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
 {
    try
    {
        int x = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        process(x, args[1]);
    }
    catch(NumberFormatException e)
    {
        System.output.println("Please enter an integer");
    }

 }

A: Then, here is the code you should write :
 public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    if(args == null || args.length != 2) {
        System.out.println("You have not entered the required two parameters");
        return;
    }
    try {
        int x = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        process(x, args[1]);
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        System.out.println("Please enter an integer");
    }

}

Note that there is a compilation error in your System.output.println("Please enter an integer"); statement, it is rather:
System.out.println("Please enter an integer");

A: args.length will give you the number of arguments, so add something like
if(args.length != 2)
{
  throw new IOException(argumentDescriptionHere);
}

A: You can do #2 like this:
if (args.length < 2)
{
  System.err.println("Need 2 arguments!");
  System.exit(-1)
}

A: public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
 {
    try
    {
        if(args == null || args.length != 2)
        {
           System.out.println("Invalid arguments");
        }
        else{
            int x = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
            process(x, args[1]);
        }
    }
    catch(NumberFormatException e)
    {
        System.out.println("Please enter an integer");
    }

 }


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Please reference which regional post, from the three outlined above you wish to apply for.


The beautiful Residence Inn Maui Wailea resort offers a memorable and fantastic vacation for the entire family. From the moment you arrive the stunning views that are unique to Hawaii greet you bringing you that feeling of paradise. The residential feel of the modern and upscale rooms will keep you lounging in style your entire stay. The guests of the Residence Inn Maui Wailea resort can enjoy breathtaking views from their private balcony any time of day.
Your stylish Residence Inn Maui Wailea hotel guest suite gives you access to free Wi-Fi so you can share your fabulous getaway photos daily with friends and family back home. Each of the spacious suites offers separate living, sleeping, and working areas, not to mention a fully equipped kitchen for those late night snacks. Take advantage of the free grocery shopping service and you may never have to leave your room during your stay.
When you are ready to venture out of your Residence Inn Maui Wailea resort suite to experience all that Hawaii has to offer you will be met with a variety of fun activities. Take a day and snorkel, scuba dive or take a tour of the island where you can see the beauty in its natural state. Some of the best days of this travel destination can be spent lounging on the beautiful sandy beaches or in the crystal clear blue waters of the ocean, complete with a lovely tropical breeze to keep you comfortable.
Have a stylish evening at the Hotel Bar Lounge overlooking Wailea's ocean shore. This serene environment is the perfect setting to socialize with family and friends. Order one of the signature cocktails and enjoy light snacks when you dine at the hotel.
Embrace the island lifestyle at Residence Inn Maui Wailea. This extended-stay hotel is located on the beautiful island of Maui in Wailea, near the town of Kihei and Maui Ocean Center. Upon arrival in the open-air lobby, take in expansive views of the Pacific Ocean and our Hawaiian-inspired decor.
Take a swim at the outdoor pool and a workout at our fitness center to get in your exercise for the day. Don't forget to grab a refreshing drink at the lobby bar. Whatever brings you to paradise, stay at Residence Inn Maui Wailea for your all-around comfort and relaxation.


Washburn University has partnered with the Kansas Department of Commerce to present entrepreneurs the opportunity to apply for an innovation grant to assist in the implementation of a new business or the expansion of an existing business with a focus on innovative products, services, or processes. Businesses funded by this grant will benefit in the creation of new products, services, methods, or applications of a better solution.
JumpStart Kansas aims to provide support to entrepreneurs with business opportunities showing the potential to generate sales and create jobs in their respective region. Grants will be awarded in amounts of up to $10,000 (a total $60,000 has been pledged for this program). Applications will be reviewed by a panel of business experts including Washburn University personnel. Recommendations for funding will be made to the Kansas Department of Commerce, which will have final approval on all distributed funds.
The application should address how the proceeds from the grant will generate economic growth for the individual or company in the area in which the company is located. Grant proceeds may be used for business planning, marketing expenses, researching market potential, product development, or any other activities that will assist in the growth and development of the business. Grants shall not be awarded to cover wages, bonuses, non-capital equipment (furniture, fixtures, and office equipment), real estate, building, or leasehold improvements or any business relocation expenses.
Grant awardees will be notified after all applications have been reviewed. At that time, grant awardees may be asked to submit additional information, such as a detailed plan of disbursement for the funding, as well as a detailed timeline of the use of funding. Funds will then be disbursed to awardees in a lump sum upon approval of grant by the Kansas Department of Commerce. Awardees will be expected to provide documentation for use of funds as well as measurable outcomes of impact of funding. Clients will have the opportunity to receive assistance with growing or starting their business through one-on-one mentoring, coaching, and advising from the Kansas Small Business Development Center at Washburn University.
For any questions about the application or grant please contact Rick LeJuerrne, 785.670.1306 or Karl Klein, 785.234.3235.


American burger joint Carl's Jnr is coming to Australia!!
Scientists have revealed that your heart rate increases while waiting for food to be delivered, from 70 beats per minute to 87.
Meanwhile, stress levels soar from 17.25 to 18.38 at the 'irate' stage, which occurs around 40 minutes after ordering home delivery.
Researchers at the University of Wolverhampton fitted participants with heart rate monitors while they waited for a pizza delivery.
Dr Martin Khechera, senior lecturer in biomedical science at the University of Wolverhampton, said: "We've all seen friends, partners and, if we're honest, even ourselves get antsy and annoyed during the process of ordering a takeaway.
"However, it is a surprise to see that the experience has a real impact on stress levels and our heart rate."
Behavioural expert Darren Stanton discovered that after the initial excitement about placing an order, people commence the "fidgety stage" around five minutes in.
This is followed by the 'anxiety' stage, where participants repeatedly check the app and become frustrated. Around 40 minutes after ordering, people enter the 'irate' stage.
After waiting around for a considerable length of time - around 50 minutes – people start to feel despondent.
When the food arrives, participants had a lower heart rate than when they ordered, indicating that expectations of home delivery were not met.
Mr Stanton said: 'People order a takeaway as a treat - a way to reward themselves after a long week at work and to enjoy a relaxing night in with loved ones.
"This study shows that it can be the opposite of this. However, with the four stages we've identified as fidgety, anxious, irate and lost, it's easy to recognise the symptoms of Takeaway Trauma, so we can help others suffering from the condition."