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Re: [Weapons] Early U.S. field gun pattern identif
In Response To: [Weapons] Early U.S. field gun pattern identified ()
One of my primary goals in researching this piece was to find out what founder cast it, since the founder's name is not marked on the gun.
Today I got some unexpected help from another researcher who had made notes while reading through the correspondence the Secretary of War, contained in National Archives record group 107.
As background, many months back I looked through some of the records of Paul Revere's cannon casting business, to see if the cannon could have been cast by Revere and Sons. The Revere Family Papers are extensive, and in a couple of days at a microfilm reader, I couldn't get through much of them, but I did go through those whose written descriptions sounded mostly likely to contain useful information. I couldn't find records that I thought could link my cannon to Revere, so I gave up on that avenue of inquiry.
I've had to shift gears again based on the new information. What the researcher sent me was this:
RG 107, Microfilm reel 6, Secretary of War, Letters Sent
Note: Letters sent are arranged by volumes and page numbers. These are bound volumes containing the office files of letters sent.
SW to Jacob Eustis, 9 March 1812
"You are requested to contact with Paul Revere & Sons to have cast at their foundry at Staghton [sp.?] twelve pair [pieces?] of brass six pounder cannon, six pair [pieces?] of brass twelve pounder cannon, the six pounders to weigh not less than six hundred, nor more than six hundred and a quarter: the twelve pounders not less than twelve hundred nor more than twelve hundred and a half. at fifty cents per pound according to a model which will be transmitted from this department, the surface within and without to be smooth [to be inspected and proved -- 1/2 to be delivered in April, the other half in May."
SW to Jacob Eustis, 7 May 1812
[Revere has requested and recd permission to raise weight of 6-pdr guns. "This must on no account exceed 650 lbs." [Proof to be 4, 3, and 2 lbs of powder for 1, 2, and 3rd trials, shot and two wads each time]
This answers a big question I had, as to what founder was contracted to cast "brass" cannons in March 1812. The March 1812 contract date, as one of the last brass cannon contracts awarded prior to 1835, was mentioned by Birkhimer, who did not supply any other information.
This information also brings back the possibility that my cannon was cast by Revere, especially since a weight limit of 650 lbs. was mentioned. Mine weighs 653 lbs., which would probably have been within the tolerance allowed when a maximum weight of 650 lbs. was specified.
Several Revere-cast brass guns are known, and others are suspected Revere products; none bear any maker's markings. The Revere identity was arrived at by comparing contract and delivery information with surviving specimens, such as with the four small field guns belonging to the Newport Artillery Company.
[Weapons] Early U.S. field gun pattern identified
Another specimen "6 pdr. brass gun, old pattern"
Re: Another specimen "6 pdr. brass gun, old patter
Found third example of the pattern
Found fourth example of pattern
Iron examples of the same pattern, same founder?
Re: Iron examples of the same pattern, same founde


In the past 30 years, the national debt has increased 1,328 percent from $1.1 trillion to $16.3 trillion.
From 1952 to 1982, it nearly quadrupled, from about $250 billion to $1 trillion. And from its 1922 level of $23 billion, it increased by 967 percent.
What will the national debt be in 2042? An historically "modest" tripling to $50 trillion? Or perhaps a mind-boggling $100 trillion?
But not to worry, says New York Times pundit Paul Krugman. No matter how large it gets, we can't default on our debt.
"[W]e have our own currency," Krugman reassured the American people in a Nov. 25 column, and the government "literally can't run out of money. After all, it can print the stuff," unlike Greece, whose currency is controlled by the European Union.
Besides, he writes, interest rates are low and there is no sign investors are about to flee from the relative safety of treasuries.
That may be so -- for now. Yet, for all of Krugman's happy talk of investors continuing to buy U.S. bonds, he understates the degree to which the government is already resorting to the printing press to meet its weekly funding obligations.
Some $1.65 trillion of the debt is held by the Federal Reserve. Another $4.84 trillion of debt is held in the Social Security, Medicare, and other trust funds.
That means 39.7 percent of the debt -- some $6.5 trillion -- is held by government agencies. So, yeah, we can print it. But it is hardly a sign of fiscal health or of high demand for treasuries when just to refinance the current level of debt, the government must borrow 40 cents of every dollar from itself.
The share of government debt held by the government itself will only grow this decade. The Office of Management and Budget projects debt held by the trust funds will rise to $6.3 trillion by 2022 alone. As for the Fed, there is no telling how much it will print to finance Washington, D.C.'s insatiable appetite for more spending.
But this is no evidence that a default "can't happen."
To continue ready this story, follow this link.
A wealthy Missouri man posing as "Secret Santa" stunned New Yorkers on Thursday, handing $100 bills to many in Staten Island who had lost everything to Superstorm Sandy.
"The money is not the point at all," said the anonymous benefactor as he walked up to surprised Staten Island residents and thrust crisp bills into their hands. "It's about the random acts of kindness. I'm just setting an example, and if 10 percent of the people who see me emulate what I'm doing, anybody can be a Secret Santa!"
"It is, and it's for you," he tells her.
She breaks down weeping and hugs him.
To continue reading this Christmas story, follow this link.


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Home Eugène Grasset (Swiss 1841-1917) A la Place Clichy
Artist: Eugene Grasset Swiss (1841-1917)
Title: A la Place Clichy
Plate: PL. 18
Original lithograph from "Les Maitres de L'Affiche" series.
Printed by Imprimerie Chaix, Paris, 1896.
Maitre Sheet Size: 11 3/8 in x 15 3/4 in 29 cm x 40 cm
11 3/8 in x 15 3/4 in 29 cm x 40 cm
"Grasset did much to introduce the concept and practice of Art Nouveau in France. In fact, Grasset 'brought Art Nouveau to the poster: it was to become a worldwide vehicle of the art of advertising. In France, Grasset was the pioneer of an attempt, like that of William Morris in England, to reconcile art and industry…Interested as he was in all the applied arts he came naturally to the poster'(Weill p.32)
This detailed slice of exotica points out in the text that the Place Clichy department store is the premiere importers of oriental merchandise in the entire world. But Grasset's artistic skill makes the boast seem almost redundant as that notion has already been brightly conveyed in the design that went through several printings and editions…" (Rennert, PAI-XXIV, 373)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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January 13, 2020 by Barbara Bodnar
ADP: Private-Sector Job Growth Eases in December
Private-sector jobs increased by 202,000 jobs in December and exceeded expectations. November's original reading of 60,000 new private-sector jobs was revised to 124,000 jobs.
Three and six-month average private-sector job growth rates were 159,000 and 151,000 jobs, but these growth rates fell short of 2018's average monthly job growth rate of 218,000 jobs added.
Analysts said that private-sector job growth has settled into a more modest but steady pattern.
Non-Farm Payrolls: Public and Private-Sector Job Growth Slower in December
The Commerce Department reported 145,000 public and private-sector jobs added in December with 145,000 new jobs reported. Analysts expected 165,000 new jobs added, which was markedly less than 256,000 new jobs added in November.
Reduction in new jobs during December was likely due to slowing in holiday hiring and winter weather. Average hourly earnings for December rose by 0.10 percent and were lower than expectations of 0.30 percent growth. Slower wage growth contributed to predictions of slowing economic growth.
The national unemployment rate was unchanged at 3.50 percent in December.
Mortgage Rates, Weekly Jobless Claims Fall
Freddie Mac reported lower mortgage rates last week; the average rate for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages fell eight basis points to 3.64 percent. Rates for 15-year fixed-rate mortgages averaged nine basis points lower at 3.07 percent.
Rates for 5/1 adjustable rate mortgages averaged 13 basis points lower at 3.30 percent. Discount points for fixed-rate mortgages averaged 0.70 percent and 0.30 percent for 5/1 adjustable-rate mortgages.
Freddie Mac predicted that rates for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages will average 3.80 percent in 2020 as compared to 4.00 percent in 2019.
Weekly jobless claims fell to 214,000 new claims; analysts expected 219,000 new claims filed. 223,000 first-time claims were filed the prior week.
This week's scheduled economic reports include readings from the National Association of Home Builders on housing market conditions. Commerce Department readings on housing starts and inflation will also be released. The University of Michigan will post data on consumer sentiment; weekly reports on mortgage rates and new jobless claims will be posted as scheduled.
January 6, 2020 by Barbara Bodnar
Last week's economic reports included readings from Case-Schiller Home Price Indices and National Association of Realtors® data on pending home sales. The Conference Board of the U.S. Senate also released its Consumer Confidence Index. Weekly readings on mortgage rates and first-time jobless claims were also released.
Case-Shiller Reports 0.10 Percent Uptick in National Home Price Index
The National Home Price Index issued by Case-Shiller for October reported a year-over-year increase of 3.20 percent in home prices. Case-Shiller's 20-City Home Price Index reflected the influence of low inventories of affordable homes as pricey metro areas reported slower growth if not declines in home-price growth.
The top three cities reporting highest year-over-year home prices were Phoenix, Arizona with5.80 percent growth; Tampa, Florida with 4.90 percent growth and Charlotte, North Carolina, which had 4.80 percent home price growth.
Analysts said that the shift in higher home-price growth rates to smaller eastern and southern metro areas was evidence of continued shortages of affordable homes in coastal and major metro areas. Home prices in San Francisco, California declined for the third consecutive month in October after posting double-digit home price growth in recent years.
Pending home sales, which are sales for which purchase offers have been made but not completed, rose 1.20 percent in November as compared to October. Regionally, pending home sales reports were mixed. The Western region led with a 5.50 percent growth rate in pending home sales. Pending home sales were 1.00 percent higher in the Midwest and fell by -0.10 percent in the Northeast. Pending home sales fell by 0.20 percent in the South.
Lawrence Yun, the chief economist for the National Association of Realtors®, said that "The supply of available homes is not yet meeting healthy demand." Real estate pros consider pending home sales a gauge of future closings.
Mortgage Rates, New Jobless Claims Dip
Freddie Mac reported lower average mortgage rates last week; 30-year fixed-rate mortgages averaged 3.72 percent and were two basis points lower. Rates for 15-year fixed-rate mortgages fell by three basis points and averaged 3.16 percent. The average rate for 5/1 adjustable-rate mortgages was one basis point higher at 3.46 percent. Discount points averaged 0.70 percent for fixed-rate mortgages and 0.30 percent for 5/1 adjustable-rate mortgages.
New jobless claims fell by 2000 claims to 222,000 claims filed last week; analysts expected a reading of 223,000 initial jobless claims filed. The U.S. Conference Board reported a lower consumer confidence reading of 126.50 in December, but this was caused by an upwardly-revised November index reading of 126.80.
Consumer confidence in current economic conditions rose 4.40 points to 170.00 points, but this momentum was offset by the reading for consumer confidence in economic conditions over the next six months from 100.30 points to 97.40 points. Analysts said that flagging consumer confidence indicated that the economy is not likely to grow significantly in the next six months.
This week's scheduled economic news includes labor sector readings on private and public job growth and the national unemployment rate. Weekly readings on mortgage rates and initial jobless claims will also be released.
December 30, 2019 by Barbara Bodnar
Last week's economic reports included readings from the National Association of Home Builders on housing markets; the National Association of Realtors® released data on sales of previously-owned homes and the Commerce Department released readings on housing starts and building permits issued. Weekly reports on mortgage rates and new jobless claims were also released.
NAHB: Builder Confidence Rises in December
According to the National Association of Home Builders, builder confidence in housing market conditions rose in December to an index reading of 76 as compared to November's reading of 71. Any reading over 50 indicates that most home builders surveyed were confident about housing market conditions.
Builder confidence in current market conditions rose seven points to an index reading of 84; builder confidence in housing market conditions in the next six months rose one point to 79 and the index reading for buyer traffic in new single-family housing developments rose four points to 58. Analysts noted that the index reading for buyer traffic rarely reaches a reading of 50.
Regional readings were mixed with builder confidence in the Northeast falling two points; the Midwestern region showed builder confidence five points higher than in November and builder confidence readings in the South and West rose one point and three points respectively.
Analysts said that low mortgage rates, a slim supply of pre-owned homes for sale and low unemployment contributed to rising builder confidence. Negative factors impacting builder confidence included high land and labor costs, and a disparity between builders focusing on high-end construction while entry-level homes were most in demand.
The National Association of Realtors ®reported fewer sales of pre-owned homes in November; 5.35 million previously-owned homes sold on a seasonally-adjusted annual basis as compared to October's reading of 5.44 million sales of previously-owned homes.
Fewer sales were caused by slim inventories of affordable homes for sale. This data supported home builders' assertion that fewer available pre-owned homes boosted builder confidence in current housing markets.
Housing Starts, Building Permits Issued Rise in November
The Commerce Department reported 1365 million single-family housing starts in November as compared to 1.323 million starts in October. Building permits issued also rose in November with 1.482 million permits issued as compared to October's reading of 1.461 million building permits issued. Housing Starts and building permits supply estimates for future inventories of available homes.
Mortgage Rates Unchanged, New Jobless ClaimsFall
Fixed mortgage rates were unchanged last week according to Freddie Mac. Rates for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages averaged 3.73 percent and rates for 15-year fixed-rate mortgages averaged 3.19 percent. Rates for 5/1 adjustable rate mortgages averaged one basis point higher at 3.37 percent.
New jobless claims fell to 234,000 claims filed as compared to expectations of 235,000 new claims filed and the prior week's reading of 252,000 first-time claims filed.
This week's scheduled economic news is limited due to the Christmas holiday. Data on new home sales will be released along with weekly readings on mortgage rates and new jobless claims.
Financial Reports Tagged: Financial Reports, Mortgage Rates, NAHB
Inflation, Retail Sales Rate Dip in November
The Commerce Department's Consumer Price Index dipped in November to a growth rate of 0.20 percent as compared to October's growth rate of 0.40 percent. Analysts expected inflation to slow to 0.20 percent growth.
Year-over-year inflation rose to 2.10 percent, which was its highest reading in a year. Analysts said rising rents, energy and healthcare costs caused the higher consumer inflation reading. November's Core Consumer Price Index was unchanged at 0.20 percent growth. The Core CPI reading excludes volatile food and energy sectors.
Retails sales growth slowed to 0.20 percent in November as compared to October's growth rate of 0.40 percent and expected growth of 0.50 percent. Retail sales exclusive of autos were also lower in November with a reading of 0.10 percent growth.
Analysts expected a reading of 0.40 percent growth; October's reading for Retail Sales Excluding Autos showed 0.30 percent growth. Lower retail sales at the start of the winter holiday shopping season could signify cooling consumer confidence in the economy.
Fed Holds Steady on Key Interest Rate Range
The Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve announced no change to the target federal funds rate range at its meeting on Wednesday. The target range for the federal funds rate remained at 1.50 to 1.75 percent.
The Committee's post-meeting statement suggested that FOMC members did not plan to change the federal funds rate in 2020 if economic conditions remain stable, but said that monetary policy decisions were flexible and could change as global and domestic economic conditions require.
Mortgage Rates, New Jobless Claims Rise
Freddie Mac reported higher average rates for fixed-rate mortgages last week. The average rate for a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage was five basis points higher at 3.73 percent; rates for 15-year fixed-rate mortgages averaged five basis points higher at 3.19 percent.
The average rate for a 5/1 adjustable-rate mortgage was three basis points lower at 3.36 percent. Discount points rose across the board last week and averaged 0.70 percent for fixed-rate mortgages and 0.40 percent for 5/1 adjustable rate mortgages.
New jobless claims jumped to 252,000 last week, which surpassed expectations of 220,000 new claims and the prior week's reading of 203,000 first-time claims filed.
This week's scheduled economic releases include the National Association of Home Builders'Housing Market Index and Commerce Department readings on housing starts and building permits issued. The National Association of Realtors® will release data on sales of pre-owned homes and weekly readings on mortgage rates and new jobless claims will also be released.


Eeey, If you ask me this is reeeeeeeal corny. But somewhere at a beach in Brazil they probably playing it ;). This video seams a bit old fashioned no clothes dancing next to a pool? Come on! put on your thinking hats!


#1 Dragon Dawn Productions announces Early Funding Bonus Goals!
Perdition's Mouth Print-and-play available for download, more reviews and reminder for 11.11 launch!
Kickstarter launch on 11.11.2015! New videos & we're looking for avatars!


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In a Bookstore Near You
Consultation and Cultural Heritage: Let Us Reason Together -- the new book by Claudia Nissley and me on the nuts and bolts of consultation under laws like Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act -- has emerged from the printer and is available from major booksellers and especially from its publisher, Left Coast Press -- See http://www.lcoastpress.com/book.php?id=504.
Let Us Reason is built around the definition of "consultation" found in the Section 106 regulations of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, but it tries to generalize so as to be relevant to any consultation, anywhere in the world, under any environmental, historic preservation, cultural heritage, or planning law or no law at all.
All too often, "consultation" about cultural heritage and environmental impacts is reduced to pro-forma exercises like public hearings, comments on documents, and the like, in which maybe people excercise freedom of speech, but nobody's obligated to do anything about what they say. Consultation ought to be a two-way street, a discussion, an argument, a reasoned discourse leading to some kind of conclusion that everyone feels was fairly reached. That seems pretty simple and obvious, but it's remarkable how seldom consultation about government decision-making seems to work that way.
Our book doesn't offer any earth-shaking insights, but we hope it will remind people of some very basic principles that most of us learn as children but sadly seem to forget when we become adult bureaucrats and consultants. We think it will be useful to professionals involved in cultural heritage work, environmental impact assessment, and land use planning, as well as to communities, landowners, indigenous groups, and organizations trying to affect plans for potentially damaging projects.
Richard Galloway said...
Looks like a great book to have Tom. I'll have to stop by the book store soon and get a copy to have as part of my office book. Thank you for taking the time and effort to write this out for us.
Don't Scorn the Colander
A Matter of Attitude
"Looters or Lovers?"


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Next Gen Lani LED resurfaces with an Unrealistic Price Tag
Jeremy Gay
The Lani LED panel light is back for the third time since 2012, this time with more diodes and with Wi-Fi functionality. But is it enough to compete in the 2020s? And at what cost to the consumer?
Few LED lights had such a prestigious debut as Lani. These machined aluminum panel lights first found fame in 2012 as the sole light source on Triton founder Eshan Dashti's epic display tank at Triton headquarters in Germany.
Single-handedly those early LEDs lit and grew Acropora and even a giant clam as a key part of the holistic Triton Method, and in a then LED skeptic Germany that was still very much in the multiple, linear T5 camp.
Lani has since parted ways with Triton, but then as now, it is a slick-looking, passively cooled panel light offering a wide, even light spread. It has changed form slightly since Gen 1, growing rows of fins on its back to further aid cooling.
Three Lani models are available, all made up from one or multiples of the same roughly 8" square, 45 watt PCB. Nano is the smallest at 8×8", then Half at 16×8", then Square at 16×16". All units are just 1.5" thick.
The models then further subdivide into three diode configurations Lani calls Editions – Normal, a three-channel white, blue, and UV that's reminiscent of the first Lani. Then Pro, a six-channel unit including white, blue, UV, royal blue, cyan, and one they call "mix." And then the freshwater community has been catered for too with Sun, comprising Bright Sun, Par Blue, UV, Par Red, Glow, and Bright Green LEDs.
Lani didn't want to tell us whose LEDs their circuit boards are populated with, or their spectra, apart from revealing that one blue diode emits 405nm with the ultraviolet emitting 365nm.
Depending on edition, Nano is populated with up to 43 diodes for a maximum draw of 45 watts, Half has up to 86 diodes for up to 90 watts and Square has up to 173 diodes, drawing a maximum of 180 watts. They are powered by a Mean Well HLG-240H 24-A driver and offer an up to 10 warranty on the light unit, and a two year on the driver.
Lani told us the units run at 1 watt each, and at 30% of their maximum load, making them 3 watt LEDs. No lenses, reflectors, or diffusers are used other than a quartz cover on the ultraviolet LEDs and a clear acrylic cover on the underside of the unit which allows UV through. The light beam emitted is 120 degrees wide and the unit has a dustproof IP50 rating.
See also Flux Aqua's Chroma offers 16.8million Background Colours
Control now comes by way of a controller with a digital display and via a Wi-Fi link to a web browser on a PC. Hook up the controller and a preset program is preloaded along with intensity control, sunrise, sunset, and 0-100% analog dimming which Lani says prevents flicker. The (essential,) controller isn't included when you buy the light, but you do only need to buy one controller regardless of the number of light units you subsequently run.
Run more than two units though and there's another extra you'll need called the switch, (for daisy-chaining?) but also not included. There is no app control available for mobile or tablets, although control via an Apex and other third-party controllers is in preparation.
Spread and customization
Offering three different panel sizes should mean a tailored fit to many tank sizes and those with the budget could really cram them in above their tanks, panel to panel, edge to edge. Play Tetris with the three panel sizes and you could end up with as many square feet of illumination as the tank footprint itself. Choose just one 16" Square though and Lani say it will be adequate to light a 24x24x24" volume, populated with light-hungry SPS corals.
The units are available in black, white, or silver, or pretty much any additional body color you could want, with a black and copper-colored unit illustrated to match the equally high-end and highly-priced Abyzz pumps.
So if you or one of your clients demand statement reef lighting with the broadest canopy of LED light, have an endless budget, or want to be seen to break away from the existing pack, Lani's exclusive aquarium lighting line is definitely worth investigating.
The controller isn't included with the unit and the Wi-Fi control is via browser on desktop or laptop computer, not an app on your mobile or tablet. Granted the controller can control several units but if you have three or more panels you need their "switch" too. Building a Maybach is one thing but charging extra for the keys just to run the thing is quite another.
And so far Lani only suspends via wires and doesn't have any kind of tank mount, preventing the most popular way to fit LED lamps these days. And although it's passively cooled it's not IP rated against water yet, just dust ingress instead. Lani told Reefbuilders they were working on a mounting solution and an IP65 rated unit.
Unfortunately, we're not convinced that in mid-2021 its upgrades are enough versus the competition, and worse still for Lani, it's now not the only European-made panel light. Philips Coral Care Gen 2 and the ATI Straton are both already available in the marketplace and checking the boxes for reefers who crave end-to-end wide, even illumination, and silent, fanless operation.
See also TMC's V2 iLumenAir gets a light and mounting upgrade
Straton has a similarly large panel, more power, and an extra (seventh,) color control channel versus Lani's Square Pro, albeit for slightly fewer LEDs at 153 vs 173 respectively.
We've kindly been supplied recommended retail prices by Aquatic Now, Lani's new UK distributor Aquatic Now, but do admit to being unavoidably stuck on them ever since.
Prices start at £999.99 ($1418.99) for the Nano, £1499.99 ($2128.49) for the Half, and £1999.99 ( $2837.99!!!) for the Square, not including the controller. Brexit has made European goods expensive in the UK. We're guessing these are for the six-channel Pro and Sun Editions, and global pricing may vary. But all we can say is OMG…
If we rewound to 2012, money was no object and no alternatives were available we would be raving about Lani right now, but 10 years is a long time in reef aquarium tech and back in 2012 the Radion Gen 1 was already getting an upgrade with TIR lenses. Now it's on Gen 5…
The Lani website quotes: "With the LANI it is possible for the first time to illuminate hard coral tanks at the highest level and exclusively with LEDs." We hope that statement is a legacy from the 2012 launch, as the rest of the world has been lighting and growing hard corals with LED for over a decade.
And despite a "six-year development phase and two-year test phase," by Lani we do wonder if they should have spent a little more time researching the current LED lighting market, its proven coral growing capabilities, but most of all what price other top-end LED lights are actually selling for. They're not entertaining publishing any PAR readings either, due to "high differences in measurement devices on the market."
We know from our own industry experience that as price goes up, (especially to +$1000 a unit,) the number of units actually sold drops significantly. So we predict a very slow take-up for the 16", $2800 Square (outside Germany at least,) both by the aquatic trade and reefing community, despite many of us dreaming of owning and running them.
Lani looks on paper like a precision-made, high-end piece of quality German engineering but its prohibitive price tag makes it a niche of a niche, and that sadly it won't be our niche.
Tags half lani led lani pro LED lighting nano panel square triton lani led triton lani led pro Triton Reef Unibody Lani LED
Jeremy Gay is an author, editor, and lifelong fishkeeper, with over twenty years in the marine aquatic sector. His experience includes retail, wholesale, publishing, distribution, marketing, manufacturing, and livestock import. He loves the biology of marine ecosystems as well as marine equipment and tech.
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Empty Stocking Fund partnership with YMCA helps benefits military, community
After injuries she received in boot camp prompted early medical retirement, former Army Staff Sgt. Kim Davenport had no choice but to seek physical therapy from civilian outlets.
To her amazement, Davenport discovered she didn't have the same emotional and financial support she enjoyed while on active duty. Worse, her son Austin, 6, was diagnosed last year with Sensory Processing Disorder, a condition in which the brain has trouble receiving and responding to sensory information.
Because she no longer had access to military recreational facilities, Davenport enrolled Austin in community-related sports programs to keep his mind active. When she exhausted her savings, Davenport approached the YMCA of the Pikes Peak Region to work out an arrangement.
To her surprise, the YMCA's Southeast Family Armed Services Center, through its involvement with the Empty Stocking Fund, arranged for Davenport, Austin and her daughter Taylor, 11, to receive discounts for using the recreational facilities. "The YMCA has shown Austin he has the same opportunity as other kids whose parents have money," Davenport said.
The YMCA is one of 20 Colorado Springs agencies that assists people in need and in achieving self-sufficiency. In particular, the YMCA serves enlisted military families with crisis prevention and stress reduction.
Through its involvement with the ESF, the YMCA works to provide recreation and human services to the community. The organization provides low-cost or free memberships and programs for families of deployed military, offers programs and classes on budgeting, parenting, healthy cooking and wellness.
The YMCA also partners with military morale, welfare and recreation programs and other agencies to help military families overcome the stress of military life.
Through the ESF, the YMCA has assisted more than 4,000 families since opening its Southeast Family Armed Services Center in 2002, said Military Outreach Director Drew Aquino.
The YMCA has assisted many military families, particularly children whose parents are deployed for long periods of time, Aquino said.
"Our signature Operation Kid Comfort project has allowed military children to receive a free quilt pillow with their deployed parent's picture on it, helping them overcome the separation anxiety," Aquino said.
The most rewarding aspect of the YMCA working with the ESF is seeing two entities come together to service the community, bringing people together, improving the lives of others and making a positive difference, Aquino said. "El Pomar and the ESF help make life easier for our military and Kim is a great example of that partnership," Aquino said.
The YMCA seeks volunteers to help make a positive difference, said Director Boyd Williams. Whether its coaching, mentoring or assisting at a Military Outreach Event, volunteers are the most important people in our organization to accomplish our Y mission and help make a positive influence in another person's life, Williams said.
"We're 10 YMCAs that fund the position of military outreach director and we attribute that to the funds we receive through the ESF," Williams said. "It truly is a community effort. We love getting up every day. It's a good time to be here and we couldn't do what we do without assistance from the ESF. They're incredible."
'Tis the season for treasure hunts!
Empty Stocking Fund: Organization ensures vets don't 'slip through the cracks'
Empty Stocking Fund: Colorado Springs' Salvation Army provides range of human services
Empty Stocking Fund: Neighbors benefit from Westside CARES volunteers


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Prairie Township era una subdivisión territorial del condado de Carroll, Arkansas, Estados Unidos. Según el censo de 2020, en ese momento tenía una población de 7654 habitantes.

Fue disuelta por la Oficina del Censo en el año 2022.

Geografía
La subdivisión estaba ubicada en las coordenadas . Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, tenía una superficie total de 183.49 km², de la cual 183.90 km² correspondían a tierra firme y 0.40 km² era agua.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2020, en ese momento había 7654 personas residiendo en la zona. La densidad de población era de 41.80 hab./km². El 70.86% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0.29% eran afroamericanos, el 1.79% eran amerindios, el 1.72% eran asiáticos, el 3.87% eran isleños del Pacífico, el 12.99% eran de otras razas y el 8.48% eran de una mezcla de razas. Del total de la población, el 22.46% eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline: An alternative for conventional wet fixation method in cervical cytological study
Sachin Shivaji Kapse, Surekha U Arakeri, Divya P Yerranguntla
Department of Pathology, B.L.D.E University's Shri. B. M. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Bijapur, Karnataka, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
Date of Web Publication 19-Oct-2018
Context: Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is an effective exfoliative cytological investigation done for early recognition of cervical cancer. It also plays role in diagnosis of inflammatory lesions of cervix. Aims: The aim of this study is (1) to compare the cytomorphological features in conventional Pap smear (C-PAPS) and rehydrated air-dried Pap smear (RADPS) and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of RADPS in cytodiagnosis of cervical lesion by comparing with cytomorphological features of conventional wet-fixed Pap smear. Subjects and Methods: Paired cervical smears were prepared for 247 patients. One was labeled as C-PAPS and another was labeled as RADPS. Comparison of both smears was done for various cytomorphological parameters. Results: Out of 247 smears, 2.4% RADPS and 7.3% C-PAPS were reported as unsatisfactory. Red blood cell (RBC) background was present in 2% of RADPS and 42% of C-PAPS. Cytolysis and air-drying artifact were observed more in C-PAPS amounting to 2% and 4% in RADPS and 11% and 15% in C-PAPS. Cytoplasmic staining (97% RADPS vs. 94% C-PAPS) was superior in RADPS. Cell border, nuclear border, and chromatin of squamous and endocervical cells were better appreciated on RADPS compared to C-PAPS, and also statistically significant difference was observed. Conclusion: Rehydrated air-dried technique can be satisfactory alternative for conventional wet fixation method which can be followed routinely or in conjugation with C-PAPS, especially in cervical screening programs.
Keywords: Cervical cytology, Pap smears, rehydrated air-dried smear, wet-fixed smear
Kapse SS, Arakeri SU, Yerranguntla DP. Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline: An alternative for conventional wet fixation method in cervical cytological study. J Cytol 2018;35:199-203
Kapse SS, Arakeri SU, Yerranguntla DP. Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline: An alternative for conventional wet fixation method in cervical cytological study. J Cytol [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 9];35:199-203. Available from: https://www.jcytol.org/text.asp?2018/35/4/199/243746
In developed countries like United States, incidence of cervical cancer has plunged significantly due to routine screening with Pap smear More Details. In developing countries like India, incidence of cervical cancer is more than a one-quarter burden of its global burden. The incidence is as high as 7.9/100,000 population and accounts for 67,477 number of deaths per year among women aged between 30 and 69 years. In India, 5-year survival rate was reported as 46% which was much lower than other Asian countries like China, South Korea, Singapore, and Thailand.[1],[2]
Cervical screening by Papanicolaou (Pap) smear study has proven as simple, noninvasive, less expensive as well as excellent screening method to curb the morbidity and mortality associated with cervical carcinoma.[1],[2],[3]
Pap stain is an accurate stain for valuation of chromatin in cervical cytology and ensures optimal resemblance to corresponding cells nuclei in histopathology section.[2] Various fixatives are used in exfoliative cytology. Out of which, 95% ethanol is the commonly used fixative.[3] Hence, the conventional method for fixation of Pap smear is to fix the Pap smear immediately in 95% ethyl alcohol after preparing the smear.[1] Delay in fixation can lead to air-drying artifacts and poor fixation which can lead to unsatisfactory staining and difficulty in diagnosis. In addition, faulty technique of fixation leads to loss of material. These patients need repeat smears, adding more workload for clinical and laboratory workers. Moreover, some of the patients may be lost, for follow-up as a result of nonconformity.[1],[4]
To overcome these problems, few studies were carried out on rehydration of air-dried cervical smear where they found that dipping of air-dried Pap smears in normal saline for 30 s leads to lysis of red blood cells effectively and retains squamous and glandular cells.[5],[6],[7],[8] In most of the studies, the quality of rehydrated air-dried (RAD) smears was either equal or superior to conventional Pap smears (C-PAPS). Thus, RAD technique was suggested as a potential alternative to wet fixation for mass screening of cervical cytology.[1],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]
A prospective study was carried out on Pap smears taken from all women coming for routine check-up or with some clinical problem in obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department. Paired cervical smears were prepared for 247 patients.
One slide was immediately fixed in 95% ethanol for 30 min and was labeled as C-PAPS. Another slide which was labeled as rehydrated air-dried Pap smear (RADPS) was air-dried for 30 min; rehydrated with normal saline for 30 s, and immediately added to jar containing fixative 95% ethanol for 30 min. Both smears were stained with routine Pap stain. Both the smears were screened, assessed, and graded for various cytomorphological parameters. The smears were reported as per The 2014 Bethesda System [Table 1].
Table 1: Comparison of general cytomorphological features in conventional pap smear and rehydrated air-dried pap smear (n=247)
For continuous variables, the summary statistics of mean and standard deviation were used. For categorical data, percentages were used. Chi-square (χ2)/Fisher exact test was employed to determine the significance of differences between two groups for categorical data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software v. 17.0 by SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA. Results were considered significant if the P value was <0.05.
Age of patients in the study group ranged from 20 to 80 years with the youngest patient aged 20 years and the oldest 80 years with a mean age of 36.8 years. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 31–40 years. The most common clinical presentation was white discharge per vagina. Out of 247 cases, adequate samples were obtained in 229 (92.7%) cases of C-PAPS and 241 (97.6%) cases of RADPS. Out of 247 RAD cervical smears studied, 234 (95%) were reported as nonneoplastic/negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM).
In C-PAPS, cytological diagnosis was not possible in 18 cases; however in RADPS, only 6 cases' diagnosis was unsatisfactory. By both techniques, common lesion diagnosed on cervical cytology was inflammatory smear (162 cases) followed by normal study (37 cases), bacterial vaginosis (8 cases), atrophic smear (4 cases), candidal infestation (2 cases), trichomonas vaginalis (2 cases), and estrogenic effect (1 case). Two cases of atrophic smear and bacterial vaginosis were diagnosed as unsatisfactory on C-PAPS.
Diagnosis of High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, Atypical glandular cells - not otherwise specified, Atypical squamous cells -cannot exclude HSIL, and Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were rendered in 4, 3, 2, 2, and 1 cases, respectively, by both C-PAPS and RADPS. One case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) diagnosed on RADPS was reported as HSIL on C-PAPS.
In present study, histopathological correlation was available in three cases. Out of three cases, one was diagnosed as LSIL and another was diagnosed as ASC-H on C-PAPS and on RADPS. On cervical biopsy, both cases of LSIL and ASC-H were diagnosed as chronic nonspecific inflammation. In one case, discordance was observed between C-PAPS and RADPS. On C-PAPS, it was diagnosed as HSIL, and on RADPS, it was diagnosed as SCC [Figure 1]a and [Figure 1]b. On histopathological study of this case, it was diagnosed as large cell non-keratinizing SCC.
Figure 1: a) Photomicrograph of conventional Pap smear diagnosed as HSIL showing red blood cells in the background (Papanicolaou stain, ×400) and (b) photomicrograph of rehydrated air-dried Pap smear of same case (a) diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma showing lysis of red blood cells (Papanicolaou stain, ×400)
Cellularity was high in most of the RADPSs as compared to C-PAPS. Cytolysis was more in C-PAPS compared to RADPS. Air-drying artifacts were more in C-PAPS compared to RADPS. Red blood cell background was absent in most of the RADPS [Figure 2]a and [Figure 2]b.
Figure 2: (a) Photomicrograph showing red blood cells obscuring visualization of cells in conventional Pap smear (Papanicolaou stain, ×400) and (b) photomicrograph showing clean background in rehydrated air-dried Pap smear of same case (a) (Papanicolaou stain, ×400)
Cell borders were more distinctly seen in RADPS. Cytoplasmic staining was satisfactory in more number of cases of RADPSs. Nuclear borders of squamous and endocervical cells were more distinct in RADPS and also crisp nuclear chromatin was found more in RADPSs as compared to C-PAPSs [Table 1] and [Figure 3]a, [Figure 3]b.
Figure 3: (a) Photomicrograph of conventional Pap smear showing inflammatory cells obscuring squamous cell morphology (Papanicolaou stain, ×400) and (b) photomicrograph of rehydrated air-dried Pap smear of same case (a) showing monolayering of squamous cell (Papanicolaou stain, ×400)
In developing countries like in Asian and African continent, the morbidity and mortality caused by cervical cancer is more, especially in the rural settings. At the time of presentation, most cases (85%) present in advanced and late stages.[1],[2] Screening programs in the resource poor settings as well as increasing the accuracy of Pap smear reporting can help to curb down the incidence of cervical cancer.[4]
In most of the rural health settings like primary health center, where paramedical staff play a pivotal role in Pap smear preparation, hence they should have proper knowledge and should also know the importance of proper fixation methods. Most of the times, Pap smears are not collected because of lack of proper facility for preservation.[4],[6]
Various studies were done to find out whether RAD technique method can replace conventional wet fixation technique in Pap smears. These authors used several rehydrating agents like hypotonic solutions, normal saline, tap water, and aqueous glycerin. Normal saline was considered as best rehydrating fluid, as it was simplest, cheapest, and easily available in the laboratories.[4],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13] In our study, we used normal saline as a rehydrating agent.
Out of 247 paired Pap smears, 97% of RADPSs and 92% of C-PAPS were found to be satisfactory for evaluation. Only 6 cases (2.4%) of RADPSs were found to be unsatisfactory; however, in C-PAPSs, 18 cases (7.3%) were unsatisfactory. These findings were similar to observation found in studies conducted by Rupinder et al.[4] and Sivaraman and Iyengar[7] The possible explanation for more satisfactory material and more cellularity in RADPS was that air-drying leads to better adhesion of cells to the slide. In addition, there was loss of material in wet fixation from thick smear while immersing in fixative.[14],[15]
Overall, cellularity was high in 62% cases in RADPS; however in only 48% cases, high cellularity was noted in C-PAPS. Gupta et al.[6] in their study had similar findings. RADPS had less fixation artifact per se and less obscuring of cells by RBCs and inflammatory cells. As the air-dried smears were made at leisure, a thin and uniform preparation of RADPS was possible compared to C-PAPS wherein smears are hurriedly prepared as they are supposed to fix immediately.[14],[15],[16]
In the present study, the optimum time for air drying for RADPSs was 30–120 min to avoid air-drying artifact. Maximum duration mentioned in various studies was up to 4 days. However, these authors also mentioned that air-drying artifact, cytolysis, and contamination by organisms was more if smears were kept for longer duration.[2],[7]
Air-drying artifact was seen in 11% and 15% of RADPS and C-PAPS, respectively, while in study conducted by Jaiwong et al.,[5] no statistical difference was found between two methods.
In the present study, cytolysis was more amounting to 11% in C-PAPS whereas it was 2% in RADPS. A study conducted by Zare-Mirzaie and Abolhasani[17] showed more cytolysis in C-PAPS amounting to 27.4% and in RADPS it was 19.7%. These findings are correlating with our study findings with high percentage of cases showing cytolysis in C-PAPS. However, contrasting result that is more cytolysis in RADPS was seen in study conducted by Gupta et al.[6] and Jaiwong et al.[5] wherein cytolysis was observed in 17.8% and 47.67% in RADPS and 15.7% and 34.88% in C-PAPS, respectively; however, the difference was statistically insignificant.
In the present study, smears were rehydrated for 30 s to lyse the RBCs and avoid air-drying artifacts. Hemolysis was evident grossly as pinkish appearance of normal saline after immersing heavily blood-stained smears in normal saline due to lysis of RBCs. In the present study, red cell background was seen in only 2% of RADPS as compared to 42% of C-PAPS. Similar findings were observed in study conducted by various authors.[5],[6],[7],[17] These authors in their study noticed lysis of majority of the background RBCs with only few intact RBCs.[6],[7],[12],[18] Mechanism of RBC lysis was explained in a study conducted by Gill.[18] As per these authors, clean background due to RBC lysis accounted for more number of satisfactory specimens in RAD technique. The advantage of cleaner background was that the infectious agents were distinctly identifiable and also easy to pick up on the RADPS. In addition, it was easy to diagnose precursors, pre-neoplastic, and neoplastic conditions.[4],[5],[6],[7],[10],[12]
Distinct cell border was seen in 97% RADPS and 86% of C-PAPS. This might be due to more number of air-drying artifacts and cytolysis in C-PAPS.
Moreover, in our study, we found that size of squamous cells was increased which has been documented in various studies.[4],[5],[6],[7],[10],[12] Therefore, there was ease in diagnosing epithelial as well as glandular cell abnormalities on RADPS.
Cytoplasmic staining was found to be superior in RADPS as compared to conventional C-PAPS. Unsatisfactory staining of smears was 6% in C-PAPS as compared to RADPS where only in 3% cases unsatisfactory staining was noted. In study conducted by Sivaraman and Iyengar,[7] Gupta et al.,[6] Jaiwong et al.,[5] and Zare-Mirzaie and Abolhasani,[17] satisfactory cytoplasmic staining was in 59.5%, 79%, 100%, and 62.4% C-PAPS smear and 60.6%, 87.8%, 100%, and 65.8% in RADPS. Factors favoring better cytoplasmic staining in RADPS were better penetration as well as fixation of smears due to lysis of RBCs and less obscuring by inflammatory cells leading to thin and uniform smears.[6],[7],[8],[12]
Nuclear border of squamous and endocervical cells were more distinctly visible in RADPS. Out of 247 smears, indistinct nuclear border in squamous cell was seen in 11% of C-PAPS, 4% of RADPS, and in endocervical cells in 9% and 2% of C-PAPS and RADPS, respectively. Similar results were seen in study conducted by Jaiwong et al.[5] Study conducted by Zare-Mirzaie and Abolhasani[17] showed no statically significant difference in distinctness of nuclear border of squamous cell. While Gupta et al.[6] in their study showed C-PAPS had more distinct squamous cell nuclear border as compared to RADPS, difference was not significant statistically.
Crispness of nuclear chromatin of squamous and endocervical cells was more evident in RADPS compared to C-PAPS. Nuclear chromatin of squamous cell and endocervical cell was crisp in 87% and 80% of C-PAPS, which was less compared to 98% and 99% of RADPS. Jaiwong et al.[5] in their study observed that in C-PAPS, crisp nuclear chromatin of squamous and endocervical cell was seen in 96.5% and 84%, respectively, and in RADPS, it was 87.8% and 76.5%. Hazy nuclear chromatin of squamous as well as endocervical cell was more evident in C-PAPS and less in RADPS. Possible explanation for this is more cytolysis and air-drying artifact on C-PAPS. The air drying had added advantage as there was increase in nuclear size, flatter and depth of focus on nuclei is shallower, which give better cytomorphology and advantage in taking photograph.[12],[18],[19] Hence, it was easy to diagnose precursors, preneoplastic, and neoplastic conditions better in RADPS as compared to C-PAPS.
Various authors mentioned that there are only few disadvantages of RAD such as air-drying artifacts, cytolysis, and contamination by organisms if smears are kept for longer period for air drying. Further studies should be conducted for standardizing the maximum time for which air drying can be done as well as effect of environmental factors on Pap smear. Another disadvantage is due to over hydration (>30 s) which can cause artifactual pseudo-nucleomegaly. This can be prevented by restricting duration of rehydration for 30 s.[4],[7],[12] In our study, we found that RAD technique is better substitute for traditional C-PAP method if air drying and rehydration timings are maintained.
Various authors mentioned that RAD smears show increase in cell size, prominent intracytoplasmic inclusions, and greater cellularity as compared to CPS and thus help in better cytomorphological assessment and interpretation of cervical smear.[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[17],[18],[20],[21],[22],[23]
Air-dried rehydration technique was also tried on nongynecologic smears with Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), exfoliative cytology, and effusion cytology as mentioned above,[15],[17],[18] also with different staining methods like H&E,[9] Giemsa,[16] and IHC.[24],[25]
Conventional wet fixation method has been popularly followed as a part of cultured in curriculum and is being routinely used worldwide in health-care settings. Few limitations of this method have been neglected such as air-drying artifacts, unsatisfactory for evaluation due to loss of cellularity while fixation, overlapping of cells, RBCs, and inflammatory cells obscuring the diagnostic cells. Such limitations cannot be underestimated as it can prove costly if the precursors, pre-neoplastic, and neoplastic lesion are missed.[4],[6],[7],[26],[27]
There are numerous advantages of RAD technique as shown by various studies conducted by different authors such as reduced number of unsatisfactory smears, lysis of RBC leading to clearer background, cellularity was maintained as there was no loss of material while fixation, and reduction in air-drying artifacts. RAD method was a preferred technique by paramedics/technicians as it was less tedious/cumbersome. There was ease in making diagnosis as there is less obscuring by RBCs and inflammatory cells.[4],[7],[17],[19],[20],[28]
Limitation in this study was that split smears are prepared; it can lead to variation in material collected. In addition, artifactual nucleomegaly was observed due to over-hydration that may cause errors in interpretation.[4],[6],[17],[20]
Conventional wet fixation method is most commonly followed method and is considered as best method for cervical smears study; it is being routinely used worldwide in health-care settings. However, it has certain limitations. The problems faced with this method are availability of ethanol, more number of air-drying artifacts, loss of cellularity, overlapping of cells, hemorrhagic and inflammatory background, and cytolysis which lead to more number of unsatisfactory smears, due to which the sensitivity of the conventional Pap technique is low.
In order to overcome this problem, RAD technique can be a satisfactory alternative. In resource poor settings and in remote areas, this technique can be successfully applied as it is simple and less cumbersome. In addition, RAD can be practiced routinely or in conjugation with C-PAP in tertiary care setup. This might help in early detection of cervical cancer and thus helps to bring down the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Kaur Manpreet J. Tehalia (Professor) and Mrs. Dryakshyayini sister of OBG department for cooperating and also the staff and faculty of Department of Pathology for their enormous support during this study.
Bobdey S, Sathwara J, Jain A, Balasubramaniam G. Burden of cervical cancer and role of screening in India. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2016;37:278-85.
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Sreedevi A, Javed R, Dinesh A. Epidemiology of cervical cancer with special focus on India. Int J Womens Health 2015;7:405-14.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E359-86.
Rupinder K, Shubra W, Kanwal M. Rehydration of air-dried smears versus wet fixation: A Cross-sectional study. Acta Cytol 2013;57:364-8.
Jaiwong K, Nimmanhaeminda K, Siriaree S, Khunamornpong S. Cytomorphologic comparison between rehydrated air-dried and conventional wet-fixed pap smears. J Med Assoc Thai 2006;89:1811-6.
Gupta S, Sodhani P, Chachra KL. Rehydration of air-dried cervical smears: A feasible alternative to conventional wet fixation. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:761-4.
Sivaraman G, Iyengar KR. Rehydrated air-dried pap smears as an alternative to wet-fixed smears. Acta Cytol 2002;46:713-7.
Danladi J, Mariga AA, Yaro JD, Ahmed SA, Akpulu SP. Comparative studies of dry and wet cervical smear in human. Asian J Med Sci 2013;5:41-3.
Elgert PA, Gill GW. George N. Papanicolaou. Cytopathology. Lab Med 2009;40:245-6.
Grace A, Kay E, Leader M. Liquid-based preparation in cervical cytology screening. Curr Diagn Pathol 2001;7:91-5.
Koss LG. Squamous carcinoma of uterine cervix and its precursors. In: Koss LG, Melamed MR, editors. Koss' Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases. 5th ed., Vol. 1. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006. p. 359-80.
Naib ZM, editor. The female genital tract. In: Cytopathology. 4th ed. USA: Little, Brown and Company; 1996.
Solomon D, Nayar R. The Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology. Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes. 2nd ed. China: Springer, New York; 2004.
Randall B, van Amerongen L. Commercial laboratory practice evaluation of air-dried/rehydrated cervicovaginal smears vs. traditionally-fixed smears. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;16:174-6.
Smith JH. Cytology, liquid-based cytology and automation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2011;25:585-96.
Lencioni LJ, Staffieri JJ, Cardonnet LJ. Vaginal and urinary sediment smear staining technique without previous fixation; adapted to Papanicolaou's and Shorr's staining methods. J Lab Clin Med 1954;44:595-9.
Zare-Mirzaie A, Abolhasani KK. Rehydration of air-dried cervical smears: An alternative to routine wet fixation. Acta Med Iran 2007;45:365-8.
Gill GW. Air-dried/rehydrated CV smears are different. Diagn Cytopathol 1998;18:381-2.
Bonime RG. Air-dried smear for cytologic studies. Obstet Gynecol 1966;27:783-90.
Ng WF, Choi FB, Cheung LL, Wu C, Leung CF, Ng CS, et al. Rehydration of air-dried smears with normal saline. Application in fluid cytology. Acta Cytol 1994;38:56-64.
Tavaddoli FA, Devilee P. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. 3rd ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2003.
Cibas ES, Ducatman BS. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 3rd ed. China: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
Jones CA. Papanicolaou staining of air-dried smears: Value in rapid diagnosis. Cytopathology 1996;7:333-9.
Shidham VB, Lindholm PF, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Chang CC, Komorowski R. Methods of cytologic smear preparation and fixation. Effect on the immunoreactivity of commonly used anticytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3. Acta Cytol 2000;44:1015-22.
Shidham VB, Chang CC, Rao RN, Komorowski R, Chivukula M. Immunostaining of cytology smears: A comparative study to identify the most suitable method of smear preparation and fixation with reference to commonly used immunomarkers. Diagn Cytopathol 2003;29:217-21.
Bukhari MH, Saba K, Qamar S, Majeed MM, Niazi S, Naeem S, et al. Clinicopathological importance of Papanicolaou smears for the diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix. J Cytol 2012;29:20-5.
Kerkar RA, Kulkarni YV. Screening for cervical cancer: An overview. J Obstet Gynecol 2006;56:115-22.
Schulte E, Wittekind C. The influence of the wet-fixed Papanicolaou and the air-dried giemsa techniques on nuclear parameters in breast cancer cytology: A cytomorphometric study. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:256-61.
Dr. Sachin Shivaji Kapse
Department of Pathology, B.L.D.E University's Shri. B. M. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, BLDE Campus, Sholapur Road, Vijayapura, Bijapur - 586 103, Karnataka
DOI: 10.4103/JOC.JOC_186_17
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
Kapse SS
Arakeri SU
Yerranguntla DP
Cervical cytology
rehydrated air-dried smear
wet-fixed smear


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Burzum è una one man band dark ambient e black metal norvegese avente come unico membro fisso e fondatore Varg Vikernes (originariamente con lo pseudonimo di Count Grishnákh), personaggio di spicco del genere.

Fondata nel 1988 con il nome Kalashnikov da Count Grishnakh e da altri due amici, venne poi ribattezzata Uruk-Hai nel 1989. Nel 1991, dopo aver suonato per un periodo negli Old Funeral, Varg rinominò la precedente band in Burzum, continuando la sua produzione musicale in qualità di solista; essa divenne velocemente una delle band di rilievo nella scena black metal norvegese. Durante il 1992 e il 1993 Burzum registrò quattro album, ma nell'agosto dello stesso anno Vikernes venne condannato e imprigionato per l'assassinio di Euronymous e per incendio doloso. Durante la reclusione, Vikernes ha registrato due album in stile dark ambient, utilizzando soltanto sintetizzatori, poiché non aveva il permesso di utilizzare batterie, chitarre e bassi. Dopo la scarcerazione avvenuta nel 2009, Burzum è tornato a comporre nuovo materiale tornando a utilizzare anche gli altri strumenti, partorendo tre album black metal e due dark ambient. Il 7 ottobre 2019, a più di un anno dell'annuncio della fine del progetto musicale Burzum, Vikernes comunica inaspettatamente l'imminente uscita di un nuovo album.

Storia
L'origine di Burzum risale al 1988, il progetto venne ideato da Kristian Vikernes (nome poi legalmente cambiato nel celeberrimo Varg). Tra il 1988 e il 1989, Vikernes formò un gruppo chiamato Kalashnikov, in seguito ribattezzato Uruk-Hai, dal nome di un'omonima razza di orchi della Terra di Mezzo ideata da J. R. R. Tolkien; il termine deriva dal linguaggio nero di Mordor. Nel 1989, Vikernes chiuse l'esperienza degli Uruk-Hai per entrare a far parte del gruppo death metal Old Funeral. Secondo lui infatti, il bassista e il batterista del suo gruppo non erano musicisti seri ed erano privi di qualsiasi talento musicale. Vikernes rimase con gli Old Funeral per due anni, decidendo nel 1991 di ritornare al suo progetto, questa volta però in chiave solista in maniera tale da poter creare e suonare una musica più originale e personale; alcuni considerano Burzum la continuazione degli Uruk-Hai, per via dell'utilizzo di riff molto simili nello stile, a tal proposito Vikernes stesso ha ammesso che ne riprese effettivamente alcuni.

Le prime composizioni di Burzum mostrano una moderata influenza da Tolkien; per esempio, lo pseudonimo adottato da Vikernes, Count Grishnackh, deriva da un orco creato dallo scrittore inglese. La scelta del nome Burzum riflette sia questa influenza, sia il desiderio di rimanere anonimo. "Burzum", infatti, è una parola del linguaggio nero di Mordor che significa "oscurità". Una delle prime canzoni di Burzum si chiamava, ad esempio, En Ring Til Å Herske ("Un Anello Per Dominarli"); comunque Vikernes dichiarò che le sue influenze provenivano più dalla mitologia nordica che dall'universo tolkieniano, che secondo lui era estremamente debitore della tradizione scandinava. Col passare del tempo, la passione di Vikernes per la mitologia nordica e per il paganesimo si fece sempre più evidente, specialmente nelle recenti composizioni ambient: Dauði Baldrs, ad esempio, è un concept sulla leggenda della morte di Baldr, mentre Hliðskjálf racconta la morte di Odino.

Vikernes ha descritto il suo stesso progetto come un incantesimo atto a ricreare un mondo immaginario condensato con la storia pagana. Ogni album, secondo lui, viene progettato come una vera propria magia, in cui la prima canzone rende l'ascoltatore più sensibile a quell'universo, la seconda lo fa entrare in una trance psicologica e così via. Secondo lui il vero motivo di questa creazione è distrarre l'ascoltatore dallo stress del mondo reale. Infine, Varg ha dichiarato che il vero messaggio di Burzum può essere trovato nel testo della prima canzone del primo disco (Feeble Screams From Forests Unknown); tutti gli altri testi sono semplicemente delle annotazioni aggiuntive.

Musicalmente, Burzum si è evoluto dal primitivo e violento black metal fino a una musica ambient ispirata dalla classica europea, caratterizzata comunque da tendenze minimaliste ed atmosfere cupe. Una caratteristica della sua musica è l'ipnotica ripetitività di ogni composizione (spesso molto lunghe), e la struttura semplice e allo stesso tempo profonda. Va anche detto però che la scelta di comporre album interamente ambient è stata in qualche modo forzata: gli album Dauði Baldrs e Hliðskjálf sono stati registrati da Vikernes in carcere (dove è stato detenuto dal 1993 al 2009 per l'omicidio del chitarrista dei Mayhem Euronymous) al cui interno l'unico strumento musicale permessogli era il Sintetizzatore.

Dopo questi due capitoli ambient (l'idea originaria prevedeva una trilogia) Vikernes ha dichiarato di aver perso qualsiasi interesse nella musica e soprattutto nel black metal e nel metal in generale arrivando addirittura ad affermare che "le radici di questo genere sono nella musica negroide".
Inaspettatamente, però, in una intervista ha fatto intendere che la prossima uscita di Burzum (una volta scarcerato) sarebbe potuta tornare allo stile dei primi dischi. Egli continuò comunque sempre a sostenere il suo poco rispetto per la cultura heavy metal e la sua avversione verso l'atteggiamento "sex, drugs, and rock n' roll". Molti degli album di Burzum contengono illustrazioni dell'artista norvegese del XIX secolo Theodor Kittelsen (1857-1914).

Dopo la definitiva scarcerazione avvenuta il 24 maggio 2009, Varg Vikernes si è ritirato nella sua fattoria, insieme alla sua compagna e ai figli, nella città di Bø nel Telemark (Norvegia) e nel 2010 ha pubblicato l'album Belus che segna un ritorno alle sonorità che contraddistinsero il periodo antecedente all'incarcerazione, un lento black metal con influenze ambient e depressive. Lo stesso Vikernes dichiarò che si trattò di canzoni inedite alcune, ed altre scritte alla fine degli anni 80 e riarrangiate per l'occasione.

Nel marzo 2011 esce un altro lavoro del musicista norvegese, Fallen, che segna un ritorno a sonorità simili a quelle dei primi album, anche se la pratica, caratteristica del black metal, dello scream, è caratterizzata da una voce più roca, che dona all'album melodie tipiche del genere ambient.

Nel maggio 2012 è uscito il nono album di Burzum, dal titolo Umskiptar. Sempre nel maggio dell'anno seguente, tramite Byelobog Production viene pubblicato Sôl austan, Mâni vestan, decimo album di Burzum, che questa volta però si allontana dalle sonorità del lavoro precedente per riprenderne altre più Dark ambient ed elettroniche. Infatti, il 27 aprile 2013 Vikernes aveva pubblicato un nuovo brano intitolato Back To The Shadows, affermando che esso sarebbe stato l'ultimo brano prodotto da Burzum in stile black metal.
Il 16 luglio 2013, dopo l'acquisto di 4 fucili da parte della moglie, viene arrestato a Corrèze, in Francia.
Secondo le dichiarazioni della polizia francese, il musicista aveva in mente di commettere un attentato. Viene poi rilasciato qualche giorno dopo in quanto le accuse vengono ritenute infondate dal giudice.

Il 16 marzo 2014 annuncia tramite il sito ufficiale il nuovo album The Ways of Yore, che viene pubblicato il 2 giugno dello stesso anno dall'etichetta Byelobog Production.

Il 7 ottobre 2019, annuncia attraverso il suo account Twitter l'imminente uscita di un nuovo album, di fatto rinnegando la sua decisione di porre fine al progetto musicale comunicata l'anno precedente.

Formazione
 Count Grishnackh (Varg Vikernes) – voce, chitarra, tastiere, sintetizzatori, basso, batteria

Session men
 Euronymous (Øystein Aarseth) - assolo di chitarra in War (Burzum)
 Samoth (Tomas Thormodsæter Haugen) - basso (Aske)

Discografia

Album in studio

 1992 – Burzum
 1993 – Det som engang var
 1994 – Hvis lyset tar oss
 1996 – Filosofem
 1997 – Dauði Baldrs
 1999 – Hliðskjálf
 2010 – Belus
 2011 – Fallen
 2012 – Umskiptar
 2013 – Sôl austan, Mâni vestan
 2014 – The Ways of Yore
 2020 – Thulêan Mysteries

Singoli
2015 - Mythic Dawn
2015 - Forgotten Realms
2015 - Thulean Mysteries

Extended play
 1993 – Aske (EP)

Demo

 1991 – Burzum (Demo I)
 1991 – Burzum (Demo II)
 1992 – Burzum (Promo '92)

Raccolte
 1995 – Burzum/Aske
 1998 – Burzum 1992-1997 (LP box set)
 2002 – Anthology (contiene 2 brani dal bootleg del 2000: Ragnarok (A New Beginning))
 2005 – Draugen - Rarities (nel lato DVD il video del 1996: Dunkelheit)
 2008 – Burzum Anthology (include il video del 1996: Dunkelheit)
 2011 – From the Depths of Darkness (tracce risuonate dai primi 2 album)
 2019 – In the Arms of Darkness (MC box set antologico)

Apparizioni
 1998 – Presumed Guilty
 1998 – Gummo
 2004 – Fenriz Presents... The Best of Old-School Black Metal

Videografia

Album video
 1996 - Dunkelheit (VHS)

Curiosità
Nargaroth, il progetto solista del tedesco René Wagner, basato stilisticamente su Burzum, che oltre ad aver reinterpretato il brano Black Spell of Destruction tratto dall'album di debutto di Burzum, ha pubblicato una canzone intitolata The Day Burzum Killed Mayhem; tuttavia, Wagner afferma di non essere un fan di Burzum.
A causa delle controversie riguardanti Varg Vikernes, a partire dal 2020 alcuni social network (tra cui Facebook e Instagram) hanno deciso di rimuovere gli account e le pagine, ufficiali o meno, di Varg Vikernes, ma anche di proibire agli utenti di condividere la musica di Burzum. Ciò ha suscitato polemiche nel pubblico e negli artisti, i quali sostengono la necessità di separare la vita privata degli artisti dalla loro produzione musicale. A tal proposito, alcuni artisti apertamente in supporto di Burzum hanno pubblicato delle sue cover, tra cui il progetto italiano Svartálfar con il brano Die Liebe Nerthus.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Uomini orchestra


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A stretch along the newly designated Glenquicken Oak Trail follows. Upon reaching the open moor, the return route joins an unclassified road and from here, it is literally downhill all the way back to Creetown, with wonderful views of mountain and moorland.
No visit to Creetown is complete without a visit to the well-known Gem Rock Museum, marginally off your return route; here you may tour the museum or simply enjoy some refreshment at its cafe.
Information for Dog Owners: the route is considered suitable for biddable dogs.


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I have 2 turn key asphalt sleds for sale. 1412cc and 1404cc Price motors in Thundercat chassis. All proline suspension/skis/roller drivers etc. Been doing this since 1995 and can answer any questions you may have... Located in Boise, ID but will deliver to the lower 48. Call Dave @ two*zero*eight-861-five#seven#three#eight.


text:
import {
  afterEach,
  AsyncTestCompleter,
  beforeEach,
  ddescribe,
  describe,
  dispatchEvent,
  el,
  expect,
  iit,
  inject,
  it,
  xit
} from 'angular2/test_lib';
import {DOM} from 'angular2/src/dom/dom_adapter';

import {Inject} from 'angular2/di';

import {Component, Decorator, View, PropertySetter} from 'angular2/angular2';

import {TestBed} from 'angular2/src/test_lib/test_bed';

import {ControlGroupDirective, ControlDirective, Control, ControlGroup, OptionalControl,
  ControlValueAccessor, RequiredValidatorDirective, CheckboxControlValueAccessor,
  DefaultValueAccessor, Validators} from 'angular2/forms';

export function main() {
  describe("integration tests", () => {
    if (DOM.supportsDOMEvents()) {
      it("should initialize DOM elements with the given form object",
        inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
        var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({
          "login": new Control("loginValue")
        }));

        var t = `

                <input type="text" control="login">

`;

        tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
          view.detectChanges();
          var input = view.querySelector("input");
          expect(input.value).toEqual("loginValue");
          async.done();
        });
      }));

      it("should update the control group values on DOM change",
        inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
        var form = new ControlGroup({
          "login": new Control("oldValue")
        });
        var ctx = new MyComp(form);

        var t = `

                  <input type="text" control="login">

`;

        tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
          view.detectChanges();
          var input = view.querySelector("input");

          input.value = "updatedValue";
          dispatchEvent(input, "change");

          expect(form.value).toEqual({"login": "updatedValue"});
          async.done();
        });
      }));

      it("should work with single controls", inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
        var control = new Control("loginValue");
        var ctx = new MyComp(control);

        var t = `<div><input type="text" [control]="form"></div>`;

        tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
          view.detectChanges();
          var input = view.querySelector("input")
          expect(input.value).toEqual("loginValue");

          input.value = "updatedValue";
          dispatchEvent(input, "change");

          expect(control.value).toEqual("updatedValue");
          async.done();
        });
      }));

      it("should update DOM elements when rebinding the control group",
        inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
        var form = new ControlGroup({
          "login": new Control("oldValue")
        });
        var ctx = new MyComp(form);

        var t = `

                <input type="text" control="login">

`;

        tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
          view.detectChanges();
          ctx.form = new ControlGroup({
            "login": new Control("newValue")
          });
          view.detectChanges();

          var input = view.querySelector("input")
          expect(input.value).toEqual("newValue");
          async.done();
        });
      }));

      it("should update DOM element when rebinding the control name",
        inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
        var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({
          "one": new Control("one"),
          "two": new Control("two")
        }), "one");

        var t = `

                <input type="text" [control]="name">

`;

        tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
          view.detectChanges();
          var input = view.querySelector("input")
          expect(input.value).toEqual("one");

          ctx.name = "two";
          view.detectChanges();

          expect(input.value).toEqual("two");
          async.done();
        });
      }));

      describe("different control types", () => {
        it("should support <input type=text>", inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({"text": new Control("old")}));

          var t = `

                    <input type="text" control="text">

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var input = view.querySelector("input")
            expect(input.value).toEqual("old");

            input.value = "new";
            dispatchEvent(input, "input");

            expect(ctx.form.value).toEqual({"text": "new"});
            async.done();
          });
        }));

        it("should support <input> without type", inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({"text": new Control("old")}));

          var t = `

                    <input control="text">

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var input = view.querySelector("input")
            expect(input.value).toEqual("old");

            input.value = "new";
            dispatchEvent(input, "input");

            expect(ctx.form.value).toEqual({"text": "new"});
            async.done();
          });
        }));

        it("should support <textarea>", inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({"text": new Control('old')}));

          var t = `

                    <textarea control="text"></textarea>

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var textarea = view.querySelector("textarea")
            expect(textarea.value).toEqual("old");

            textarea.value = "new";
            dispatchEvent(textarea, "input");

            expect(ctx.form.value).toEqual({"text": 'new'});
            async.done();
          });
        }));

        it("should support <type=checkbox>", inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({"checkbox": new Control(true)}));

          var t = `

                    <input type="checkbox" control="checkbox">

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var input = view.querySelector("input")
            expect(input.checked).toBe(true);

            input.checked = false;
            dispatchEvent(input, "change");

            expect(ctx.form.value).toEqual({"checkbox": false});
            async.done();
          });
        }));

        it("should support <select>", inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({"city": new Control("SF")}));

          var t = `

                      <select control="city">
                        <option value="SF"></option>
                        <option value="NYC"></option>
                      </select>

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var select = view.querySelector("select")
            var sfOption = view.querySelector("option")
            expect(select.value).toEqual('SF');
            expect(sfOption.selected).toBe(true);

            select.value = 'NYC';
            dispatchEvent(select, "change");

            expect(ctx.form.value).toEqual({"city": 'NYC'});
            expect(sfOption.selected).toBe(false);
            async.done();
          });
        }));

        it("should support custom value accessors", inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var ctx = new MyComp(new ControlGroup({"name": new Control("aa")}));

          var t = `

                    <input type="text" control="name" wrapped-value>

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var input = view.querySelector("input")
            expect(input.value).toEqual("!aa!");

            input.value = "!bb!";
            dispatchEvent(input, "change");

            expect(ctx.form.value).toEqual({"name": "bb"});
            async.done();
          });
        }));
      });

      describe("validations", () => {
        it("should use validators defined in html",
          inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var form = new ControlGroup({"login": new Control("aa")});
          var ctx = new MyComp(form);

          var t = `

                    <input type="text" control="login" required>

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            expect(form.valid).toEqual(true);

            var input = view.querySelector("input");

            input.value = "";
            dispatchEvent(input, "change");

            expect(form.valid).toEqual(false);
            async.done();
          });
        }));

        it("should use validators defined in the model",
          inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var form = new ControlGroup({"login": new Control("aa", Validators.required)});
          var ctx = new MyComp(form);

          var t = `

                    <input type="text" control="login">

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            expect(form.valid).toEqual(true);

            var input = view.querySelector("input");

            input.value = "";
            dispatchEvent(input, "change");

            expect(form.valid).toEqual(false);
            async.done();
          });
        }));
      });

      describe("nested forms", () => {
        it("should init DOM with the given form object",
          inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var form = new ControlGroup({
            "nested": new ControlGroup({
              "login": new Control("value")
            })
          });
          var ctx = new MyComp(form);

          var t = `

                      <input type="text" control="login">

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var input = view.querySelector("input")
            expect(input.value).toEqual("value");
            async.done();
          });
        }));

        it("should update the control group values on DOM change",
          inject([TestBed, AsyncTestCompleter], (tb, async) => {
          var form = new ControlGroup({
            "nested": new ControlGroup({
              "login": new Control("value")
            })
          });
          var ctx = new MyComp(form);

          var t = `

                        <input type="text" control="login">

`;

          tb.createView(MyComp, {context: ctx, html: t}).then((view) => {
            view.detectChanges();
            var input = view.querySelector("input")

            input.value = "updatedValue";
            dispatchEvent(input, "change");

            expect(form.value).toEqual({"nested": {"login": "updatedValue"}});
            async.done();
          });
        }));
      });
    }
  });
}

@Component({selector: "my-comp"})
@View({directives: [
  ControlGroupDirective,
  ControlDirective,
  WrappedValue,
  RequiredValidatorDirective,
  CheckboxControlValueAccessor,
  DefaultValueAccessor]})
class MyComp {
  form:any;
  name:string;

  constructor(@Inject('form') form = null, @Inject('name') name = null) {
    this.form = form;
    this.name = name;
  }
}

@Decorator({
  selector:'[wrapped-value]',
  hostListeners: {
    'change' : 'handleOnChange($event.target.value)'
  }
})
class WrappedValue {
  _setProperty:Function;
  onChange:Function;

  constructor(cd:ControlDirective, @PropertySetter('value') setProperty:Function) {
    this._setProperty = setProperty;
    cd.valueAccessor = this;
  }

  writeValue(value) {
    this._setProperty(`!${value}!`);
  }

  handleOnChange(value) {
    this.onChange(value.substring(1, value.length - 1));
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Vulkan is the new hotness in graphics programming.
Above is the first slide when the Vulkan API was announced at GDC 2015. Clearly, compute is an important topic for Vulkan and graphics going forward. The term compute (also general programming on the graphics processing unit, or GPGPU) means to use the graphics card for general computations, not just rendering tasks. In the last decade, graphics cards have become more powerful than CPUs and have specialized to become extremely proficient at parallel processing. Tasks that can be parallelized can be computed quickly on the GPU and compute technology allows a programmer to do that.
I am starting a personal project to explore usage of compute shaders in Vulkan. One aspect of game development that can be effectively parallelized is particle systems. Each particle can be calculated in isolation. To add some complexity, I am going to be implementing a simple fluid dynamics algorithm to visualize the particles in an interesting way and add some computational tasks. The visualization will allow the user to toggle using compute on and off to see the performance benefits. I will be documenting my progress over the following weeks on this blog!
There are two great particle system demos using compute by Sascha Willems (Source).
So far, I have integrated the GLFW library (which supports Vulkan windows), Vulkan (using the LunarG SDK), and IMGUI for making an interactive visualization.
I'm using the excellent Vulkan tutorial to help build a Vulkan pipeline. Vulkan is a verbose API (rendering a triangle is roughly 800 lines of code). Every aspect of the pipeline, from choosing a GPU to blend states, must be explicitly specified.
Vulkan, similarly to the COM in Windows, has a create and release model. Create functions are called through the API and memory is allocated behind the scenes. The programmer is responsible for freeing that memory via a corresponding Destroy function. Memory leaks are a common issue and can be difficult to debug, so I created a VHandler class that will destroy Vulkan objects automatically (like a smart pointer). Most of the code is from the same Vulkan tutorial, but has been removed in the current version for clarity. I like it as it quickly becomes cumbersome to have to clean up all of these objects manually.
It does this by using a std::function that is called in the destructor. There are only three different variations when deleting a Vulkan object. These manifest themselves as constructors to the VHandler.
The Vulkan object is deleted by itself.
The Vulkan object is deleted by a VkInstance.
The Vulkan object is deleted by a VkDevice.
In all of these options, there is always an VkAllocationCallbacks* parameter that is ignored and set to nullptr for this project.
Finally, there are various operator overloads to allow the VHandler class to act like the Vulkan object that it's wrapping, and a Replace function when the programmer explicitly wants to replace the wrapped Vulkan object.
Vulkan, like DirectX, loads compiled shader bytecode instead of shader source. Vulkan compiled shaders are specified in the SPIR-V format. There are several Vulkan shader compilers, and I am using glslangValidator which is provided by the LunarG SDK. I wrote a simple batch file to compile all of the shaders in the Shaders directory and output them to the target directory.
%2 -V %%f -o !fileName!_!fileType:~1!!fileExtension!
There is a pre-build event that calls this batch script with the required parameters.
I'm almost ready to render my first triangle in Vulkan! I have most of the pipeline and device creation code made, with presentation and drawing up next. As it is mostly boilerplate code I am not including it, but you can see the source in the Vulkan class. See you next update!


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filed: April 28, 2014 • South Dakota
4 dead as plane crashes at South Dakota wind farm
Credit: By DIRK LAMMERS Associated Press | April 29, 2014 | abcnews.go.com By DIRK LAMMERS Associated Press ~~
A small airplane heading back to South Dakota after a Texas cattle sale crashed into a wind farm in foggy weather, killing the pilot and three passengers.
Elizabeth Cory, a spokeswoman for the Federal Aviation Administration, said the Piper 32 was traveling from Hereford, Texas, to Gettysburg, South Dakota. The single-engine plane was registered to Donald J. "D.J." Fischer of Gettysburg, according to the FAA.
The National Transportation Safety Board is investigating, but authorities have not released any details on the crash.
Authorities have not released the names of the victims, but Luce Funeral Home confirmed that Fischer, the 30-year-old pilot, died. Lien Funeral Home confirmed the deaths of cattlemen Brent Beitelspacher, of Bowdle, and Logan Rau, of Java.
The funeral home handling arrangements for the fourth victim said it could not release any information.
The three passengers were in Hereford to attend a sale of live cattle and embryos, primarily for the production of show steers, said Mike Mimms, a veterinarian who runs the annual event.
Mimms, who performs cattle embryo transfers, said he has probably bought 3,000 cows from Beitelspacher through telephone calls but hadn't had the opportunity to meet him until this past weekend.
"I got a Christmas card from him this Christmas," Mimms said. "It was the first time I even knew what he looked like, and he's standing there with his family with young kids. And I can't get that image out of my mind."
Fischer, a crop sprayer for Air Kraft Spraying Inc., followed in his father's footsteps into the aerial business and was extremely involved in his community, said state Rep. Corey Brown, R- Gettysburg.
Brown, a longtime family friend, said Fischer had just gotten married in March and was a volunteer emergency medical technician who was often out on calls.
"This is one of those things that's going to hit the community pretty hard, because I would venture to say there are probably are not many people here who D.J. didn't touch their life in some way," Brown said.
Fischer attended South Dakota State University and played defensive tackle for the school's football team from 2002-2005.
John Stiegelmeier, SDSU's head football coach, described Fischer as a gifted athlete who was a great friend to his teammates.
"I'm a small school guy and he was the same – phenomenal work ethic, phenomenal loyalty to the coaching staff and his teammates," Stiegelmeier said. "Whatever you asked D.J. to do, he did it, with a smile on his face, too. He didn't hesitate."
Mimms said the three cattlemen noted that they had a rough flight down to Texas due to high winds, and conditions were similar in Hereford when they left Sunday morning.
"They made it through the windy weather, and the fog was the problem when they got there," he said.
The wreckage was found Monday at the South Dakota Wind Energy Center, a site south of Highmore with 27 turbines that are about 213 feet tall, plus the length of the blade.
Steve Stengel, a spokesman with Florida-based NextEra Energy Inc., said there was damage to a turbine but he couldn't say what part of the tower was hit.
"It's been so foggy up there and we haven't had a chance to investigate," Stengel said Monday.
Fog and low clouds combined for reduced visibility in the Highmore area on Sunday night, and winds were out of the east at about 15 to 25 mph, said Renee Wise, meteorologist with the National Weather Service office in Aberdeen. There were also scattered showers across region Sunday night, and some might have been heavy at times, she said.
Mimms, said the news has sent shock and sadness through the close-knit ranching community.
"There are a lot of people out there who feel like they lost one of their best friends," Mimms said.
Similar conditions contributed to a 2008 crash in southeast Minnesota. Federal investigators concluded the pilot of a 1948 Cessna 140 lacked proper instrument training for the day's foul weather. The National Transportation Safety Board's probable cause report also noted the pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane while maneuvering around a wind farm.
AP writer Carson Walker in Sioux Falls and researcher Judy Ausuebel in New York contributed to this story.
Four dead as plane crashes at South Dakota wind farm
4 killed in plane crash at South Dakota wind farm
4 killed when plane that left Hereford airport crashes in South Dakota
4 dead after small plane crashes into South Dakota wind farm in fog
4 killed as plane returning from Texas cattle sale crashes into South Dakota wind farm
Source: By DIRK LAMMERS Associated Press | April 29, 2014 | abcnews.go.com By DIRK LAMMERS Associated Press