text:
Facebook's Gradual Assault on Democracy
posted on March 24, 2021 by Iman Mohamed
Georgia State University Tagged With: Africa, contentmoderation, Erosion, Ethiopia, Ethnic Cleansing, facebook, Genocide, Internet Freedom, myanmar, social media, Technology, Violence
Communication and social interactions are critical tools that can either solidify polarization or depolarize democracies at risk. Social relations inherently trickle down into the political discourse of every nation. This means that the status of these social relations is integral to determining how polarized the country will eventually become. Dialogue, consensus, and cooperation in pursuit of a collective national cause are essential characteristics of democracy. Tolerance is also a necessary component and vital to the health of democracy— so what happens when different ethnic groups cannot see past political differences and begin to define their world based on identity? What happens to a democracy when its social groups with stark competing interests actively dehumanize opposing groups and begin to weaponize their society's multiplicity? Moreso, how does democratic erosion take place on online platforms like Facebook, a platform with the ability to facilitate drastic assaults on democracy?
The technological advancements of the 21st century have shown us how fast we can communicate and socialize with people across the globe using cutting-edge technology. As a result, the digital market has seen a drastic surge in the internet, social media, and Facebook users in developing countries in the past few years. Over 3.6 billion people worldwide are users of social media. In many countries without access to established media institutions, apps like Facebook and WhatsApp serve as primary information sources. More than 139 million people use Facebook in Africa, where many users have immediate access to Facebook since it comes pre-installed onto their phones, including free access to the internet. Facebook has become so obtainable due to the company installing its Free Basics and Free Operator Solutions program that allows users in internet and data-scarce environments to use online services for free. Ethiopia is one of those countries.
In April of 2018, Abiy Ahmed emerged as Ethiopia's Prime Minister after more than 20 years of an authoritarian government that ruled with an iron fist. Ahmed symbolized an era to come that championed democracy, freedom of speech, tolerance, and many other sweeping reforms. Since Ethiopia's inception as a parliamentary republic in 1995, the country had been under the rule of late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, the architect of its current ethnic federalist government system. This system fragmented Ethiopia as it assigned nine autonomous regions to a country with more than 90 different ethnic groups. After 1995, political parties mobilized along the lines of ethnicity, perpetually distorting any attempts to cultivate a genuinely democratic political society.
One of Ahmed's central agendas within his democratic reforms was de-ethnicizing the Ethiopian political landscape. He proposed a new ideology, 'Medemer,' which means "addition" and "coming together" in Amharic with hopes to promote cooperation amongst Ethiopia's ethnically divided society. Regardless of Ahmed's experimenting in mechanisms of unifying the nation through pan-Ethiopianism, ethnic violence has been at an all-time high since the start of his administration. The main driving factor behind the increase in ethnic conflict?
Well, it's Facebook.
In June of 2020, a prominent activist and musician from the Oromo ethnic group, Haachalu Hundessa, was shot and killed in the country's capital of Addis Ababa. What Ethiopia witnessed in the following days of Hundessa's death was devastating. Young mobs of violent individuals fueled by hate speech on Facebook began conducting ethnically motivated killings in the capital and throughout the region of Oromia, targeting minority ethnic groups. As a result, more than 150 innocent people were killed. Almost immediately after his killing, hateful content inciting mass-scale violence dominated Facebook as mobs not only killed innocent civilians of minority ethnic groups but also destroyed and burned their properties. According to VICE, these mobs "lynched, beheaded, and dismembered their victims."
Facebook was the platform that reverberated content calling for attacks on civilians based on their religion and ethnicity, including posts urging the mobs to burn the homes of ethnic minority civilians in the Oromia—insinuating that they did not belong there. Ethiopian ethnic-nationalists on Facebook actively engage in the dehumanization of other ethnic groups, the out-group, while uplifting a victimhood narrative (Workneh, 2021). Many of these ethnic nationalist groups on Facebook base their agenda upon historical grievances against others, making it easier for polarization. These underlying cleavages include disputes to land and lack of political representation in previous regimes, setting the stage for political actors using Facebook to mobilize large groups of people that feel historically marginalized (Workneh, 2021).
Since the beginning of Ahmed's administration, ethnic killing and mob violence have resurged —and businesses of ethnic minorities and churches became the target of vengeance for ethnic nationalist groups (Workneh, 2021). Ethnic nationalist notions of inter-group victimhood, supremacy, and outrage also began to circulate on platforms like Facebook, pages representing ethnic groups like the Amhara, Tigray, and Oromo began to surface as they spread content that called for aggression. These accounts also have large followings (Workneh, 2021). What can be found in these Facebook pages representing Ethiopia's dominating ethnic groups are polarized social spaces where Ethiopians are only interacting with "like-minded" people and rejecting interaction with those of different ethnicities than them. An Ethiopian political blogger reported that other Ethiopians would categorize him as a "traitor" on Facebook for his condemnation of a mob lynching a man, reflecting how Ethiopia's polarized society would go as far as normalizing such violence if it was directed towards the rival ethnic group or out-group (Workneh, 2021). In Ethiopia, competing ethnic groups view each other as perpetual enemies that threaten their way of life, hence why such extreme acts have become normal political tactics. Due to his name's ethnic affiliation—the blogger received backlash from ethnic nationalist pages and accounts as they sent him death threats while justifying the mob attacks (Workneh, 2021). Ethiopian digital political discourse is run by "identity-based social media outrage and outgroup hate discourses," writes Professor Workneh of Kent States University, who is specialized in technological proliferation and state-media relations in Ethiopia (Workneh, 2021).
This is not the first time Facebook has witnessed ethnic violence take shape on its platform. Ethiopia also isn't the first country with the Free Basics and Free Operator Solution programs to fall into a vicious cycle of unregulated hate speech and violence. Facebook was under fire in 2017 for a similar situation in Myanmar, where the company was accused of allowing genocidal content that called for the extermination of Rohingya Muslims to spread. The genocide and mass displacement of the Rohingya did happen— except Facebook only took accountability after the lives of thousands of Rohingya were gravely impacted. There is a strong correlation between the rise of anti-Rohingya hate speech on the platform and the installment of the Facebook Free Basics program, the same program present in Ethiopia. This program provided access to data alongside several internet services, including Facebook— which many people from countries with low digital literacy rates (such as Ethiopia and Myanmar) conflated with news media sources. Ethiopia has an internet penetration rate below 18%, one of the lowest in Africa. The rapid expansion of the internet and Facebook's desire to "connect the world" has opened pandora's box of complex ethical issues as developing countries pay the ultimate cost for access to the internet via Facebook's access programs.
Access Now, a digital rights advocacy group — released an open letter to Facebook urging the company to protect Ethiopians from the growing incitement of violence on its platform. They called for Facebook to "establish regular and rapid-action mechanisms to enable civil society to report" amongst many other immediate requests, such as making content reporting available in Oromo and Tigrinya languages— two of the most spoken languages in Ethiopia. Additionally, other immediate demands included: informing Ethiopian users about reporting mechanisms, utilizing Ethiopian content moderators, establishing early warning signs for escalation, and most importantly— conducting in-depth human rights assessments before entering a country's market. Facebook replied with no substantial promises to consider Access Now's appeals, only a mere recognition of the issue as they reiterated what they have already done to "reduce the spread of inflammatory content in Ethiopia."
Tristan Harris, President of the Center of Humane Technology and former Design Ethicist at Google (known for his debut in the documentary "Social Dilemma," which explores how tech companies in Silicon Valley program AI and algorithms to monetize from the data of social media users) states that Ethiopia's usage of Facebook is in a situation where "content is becoming the basis for what people believe as true or false; utterly frightening." Harris has also stressed the dangerous path Ethiopia is on, mainly because of the Free Basics program. Ethiopia is a country with weak media infrastructure and zero public libraries, which leaves the population relying on Facebook for all their critical information. Harris further states that the Facebook setup in Ethiopia results in "people making assertions and pushing their biases and hate through the tools of the attention economy. And that economy rewards outrage and inflammatory material. We have a system that rewards the worst aspects of our information society". More recently, Facebook's AI director has come out and revealed that the company's focus on amplifying user engagement by all means "also favors controversy, misinformation, and extremism." Facebook's relentless urge to maximize engagement means that it is not dedicated to combatting the violent political polarization growing on its platforms.
Facebook's lack of urgency in addressing the life-threatening hate speech on its platform in Ethiopia lays the ground for a deeply polarized society that lacks mutual tolerance and social cohesion— deeply entrenching the collective sentiment of "Us versus Them." As Facebook continues to proliferate ethnicized hate speech, Ethiopia will be on a dangerous path of normalizing undemocratic behaviors such as mob violence and ethnic massacres.
McCoy, Jennifer, and Murat Somer. "Toward a theory of pernicious polarization and how it harms democracies: Comparative evidence and possible remedies." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681.1 (2019): 234-271.
McCoy, Jennifer, Tahmina Rahman, and Murat Somer. "Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: Common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities." American Behavioral Scientist 62.1 (2018): 16-42.
Workneh, Téwodros W. "Social media, protest, & outrage communication in Ethiopia: toward fractured publics or pluralistic polity?." Information, Communication & Society (2020): 1-20.
Bridgid Kennelly
Social media companies must do more to eradicate hate-speech, the spread of propaganda, and prioritize the consumer over profit. Companies such as Facebook are complicit in these ethnic massacres because they allow the spread of disinformation, encouragements of violence and so on. Without proper regulation they are allowing these mass killings and even encouraging users to engage with their platform to spread their message. It is vital that we demand more of social media companies.
Organizations such as Access Now should be utilized for their knowledge in order to reduce ethnic violence. Their suggestions should not be shrugged off in favor of making a profit. The criteria outlined by Access Now is very feasible for a company such as Facebook. They are deliberately choosing to allow the spread of disinformation and therefore the massacres which ensue are partly due to their negligence.
Social media has often been used as a platform for dissent and has aided in many protests around the world. There are ways in which it can be useful to movements in different countries who wish to spread awareness about their cause. However, social media can no longer be revered as a safe space for counter movements or protests, it can be easily infiltrated and manipulated. Social media is no longer a novelty and has been exploited by governments to spy and infiltrate groups critical of the current regime. It is no longer a pinnacle for social movements since it is difficult to translate online activism to real activism when facing an oppressive regime. As you have outlined it has become a space encouraging ethnic violence and with no limitations it is a tool for democratic erosion. Facebook is complicit in these ethnic massacres. Companies must be pressured to regulate groups which spread hate and encourage violence.
Iman Mohamed
Bridgid,
I really enjoyed your comment and I totally agree. Carrying out political advocacy movements on social media is quite dangerous in today's age. I think that after WW2, especially because the world quickly began to digitalize after that— countries are not understanding that our cyber borders are not immune to cyber breaches and attacks that come through the form of social media. Disinformation can be used as a weapon of the state, I think Congress recently held a hearing with the CEOs of Facebook, Google, and Twitter regarding their dangerous algorithms. Congress has created a board to analyze the AI and algorithms of these companies which is a sign of hope since these companies have used other excuses before to deflect from accountability. Hopefully we see change.
Marley Belanger
What is the cost of globalization and interconnectedness, and is it worth it? Your article efficiently and eloquently explores this question in a comprehensive fashion. Most striking to me was your line, "The rapid expansion of the internet and Facebook's desire to "connect the world" has opened pandora's box of complex ethical issues as developing countries pay the ultimate cost for access to the internet via Facebook's access programs" The pursuit of a monopoly with the stated motivation of accessibility not only hides intent but also showcases a case of inherent apathy on Facebook's part. What matters to companies like Facebook is ultimately their profit margin, and as you said, at the end of the day it is the language that is the most inflammatory and controversial that receives the most engagement.
Unfortunately, in the time that I stepped away for a day to write this comment, the situation in Ethiopia has escalated drastically as it has just declared a state of emergency as rebel forces are advancing towards the capital and have already captured two major towns. The rebels are joined in their assault on the capital by groups fighting for the rights of their respective ethnic groups. What is your take on this turn of events? Additionally, I am curious to what degree do you think this emergency can be traced back to Facebook-driven polarization, as you highlighted in your article?


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How can we distinguish between altruistic donors that give without any expectation of reciprocation versus 'warm-glow' donors who give to receive rewards (e.g., social recognition, tax breaks) or avoid punishments (e.g., ostracism, damaged reputation)?
Game theory provides a method to morally differentiate 'warm-glow' givers from pure altruists. As a field of study, game theory offers a theoretical framework based on mathematical models to analyze social interactions. As such, it serves as a useful tool to study conflict and cooperation between rational decision-makers (Myerson, 1991). In a cooperation game, the payoff to each player depends on their actions. One particular game, The Prisoner's Dilemma (see Table 1), has reliably held its own as an illustration of a novel finding. That is, what is best for one individual can be disastrous for the group.
Table 1. Both Prisoner A and B are suspects of a murder. They received the same offers from the public prosecutor. If both Prisoner A and Prisoner B confess to manslaughter, then they will each serve ten years in jail. If one remains quiet while the other confesses, then the snitch will get to go free, while the other will face lifetime imprisonment. If both keep quiet, then they will each face only one year in jail.
Each of the two players in the Prisoner's Dilemma can choose to either cooperate by keeping quiet, or defect by confessing. Collectively, it would be best for both to keep quiet as they would only face one year behind bars., However, a key concept of game theory is that of the Nash equilibrium, which states that each individual player within a game will maximize her own utility (or make the best decision for herself) based on what he believes the other players will do. Thus, if Prisoner A believes Prisoner B will defect and confess to the authorities, he will also defect, so as to not face life imprisonment. In the Nash equilibrium, nobody can do better by unilaterally changing her strategy, as every group member is doing as well as she possibly can. Therefore, both players will defect, and the Nash equilibrium is found in the top left corner of Figure 1, confess x confess.
The Nash equilibrium was simply explained in the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind. In one scene, Nash and his friends are looking to score dates with a group of women at their Princeton campus bar. Among these women, there are a handful of brunettes and a single blonde. After each setting their sights on the blonde, one of Nash's friends suggests that they should each go at it alone, recounting Adam Smith's famous dictum, "in competition, individual ambition serves the common good." Following a flash of inspiration, Nash says Adam Smith needs revision (Rey, 2008).
In this example, the 'no one go for the blonde' strategy is effective because all of the players (no pun intended) end up winning. Outside the idealism of Hollywood, events are much less predictable. Without certain knowledge of agents' preferences, we tend to hesitate in accepting the common good because the cost of cooperation can be too high or unpredictable. For this reason, we tend to strategize by prioritizing our own vested self-interests. In the case of the Prisoners' Dilemma, keeping quiet is never a good option no matter what the other criminal chooses as there is a looming possibility that the other suspect might have talked. As such, snitching invariably avoids lifetime imprisonment.
In practice, economists use the Nash equilibrium to predict how companies respond to competitors' prices. At the microeconomic level, this tragedy of the commons explains why we overfish seas and deplete fish stocks. A related concept is the tragedy of the commons, in which there is a scarce collective resource that must be allocated between individual actors. In the classic example, there is a "commons" on which members of a local community can let their cows graze. The issue, however, is that overgrazing will cause the land to be less productive, and thus reduce total output for the entire community. Because there is no regulation to share the benefits of the "optimal" outcome with the entire community, each individual will pursue his own personal interest at the expense of the collective good. This explains why, for example, in absence of a centralized authority, we deplete fish stocks by overfishing. Employees competitively overwork themselves to the point of exhaustion to impress their managers. We emit too much carbon into atmosphere at the expense of our collective well-being. We vehemently bicker about the space allotted to us in the work refrigerator. In cases where the commodity is unregulated and there are no clear winners, the tragedy of the commons comes into effect. Most of us may consider ourselves as altruistic persons, yet we get in each other's way to reap individual rewards as a direct result of the formal incongruence between the singular and plural.
Hoffman, Yoeli & Navarette (2016) from Harvard University recently created the "Envelope Game," as a modification to the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma (Chammah & Rapoport, 1965). This game elegantly embodies a method of differentiating warm-glow donors from pure altruists. In the Prisoner's Dilemma and other cooperation games we only know whether players choose to cooperate or defect. This is not sufficient because we are not only concerned with whether or not players cooperate but also about how they decide. We place more trust in players that never even considered defecting. The Envelope Game makes collecting this valuable information possible.
In this game, Player 1 has two choices. He can open a sealed envelope containing the information of the cost of helping, or he may simply choose not to open it. Player 2 has to observe whether Player 1 opens the envelope (i.e., whether he weighs the personal risks to benefits) or if Player 1 instinctively helps. Following this, Player 2 decides whether to continue this relationship (strong or weak tie). Theoretically, a purely altruistic person will give without ever opening the envelope, whereas a warm-glow donor will need this information to weigh risks and benefits.
As an object of scientific inquiry, human interaction with probabilistic events is complex.
The interplay between these factors mounts up the complexity. Predicting behavior at an individual level is challenging feat in it of itself. Introducing multiple decision-makers into the mix renders prediction all the more volatile. Along a similar vein, prosocial behavior is just as nuanced. At least with advancements in game theory we know that altruists do not just to good, they do good instinctively. Charitable organizations can use this insight to segment pure altruists from warm-glow givers. If we accept this assumption, targeted marketing would become a crucial undertaking as warm-glow givers and pure altruists would necessarily respond to distinct strategies.It is likely that warm-glow givers are less concerned with the cost of cooperation if they are properly engaged. This would mean that the requests for donations should be framed to focus on empathy and social impact rather than statistical financing. Similarly, it is likely that using tactics that would be effective for warm-glow givers (e.g., publicizing donor contributions) could be detrimental to pure altruists.
Hoffman, M., Yoeli, E., & Navarrete, C. D. (2016). Game Theory and Morality. In The Evolution of Morality (pp. 289-316). Springer International Publishing.
Myerson, Roger B. (1991). Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict, Harvard University Press, p. 1.


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text:
Emeritus Prof. Dr. DIETRICH FISCHER (1941 – 2015)
IN FOCUS, 26 Oct 2015
Adeleye Oyeniyi – TRANSCEND Media Service
Prof. Dietrich Fischer
Prof. Dietrich Fischer's favourite quotes:
"Peace is not everything, but without peace, everything is nothing."
— Willy Brandt
"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has."
— Margaret Mead
Guten Nacht, mein am besten Lehrer
"Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with all your might, for in the grave, where you are going, there is neither working nor planning nor knowledge nor wisdom. I have seen something else under the sun: The race is not for the swift or the battle for the strong, nor does food come to the wise or wealth to the brilliant or favour to the learned; but time and chance happen to them all. Moreover, no man knows when his hour will come: As fish are caught in a cruel net or birds are taken in a snare, so men are trapped by evil times that fall unexpectedly upon them." Ecclesiastes 9:10-12
Announcement of obituaries in the popular Professor Johan Galtung's column of 19 October 2015 edition of the online Transcend Media Service, with the caption: "Professor Dietrich Fischer, Ph.D., Co-Founder of TRANSCEND, Passed Away Today, 18 October 2015", erased the outright disbelief which greeted the rude shock that took toll of me when informed about the sudden departure of Professor Dietrich Fischer.
I had begun to know Professor Fischer even before I ever met him, as a very cultured, humble and modest individual. My very first encounter with Professor Dietrich Fischer, now of blessed memory, was quite fascinating. That first impression of his modest and pleasant person so endeared him to me, that I desired an intellectual tutelage under him; a dream that was to fatefully materialize only shortly afterwards at the European University Centre for Peace Studies (EPU), Stadtschlaining in Burgenland region of Austria. Fatefully, as we prepared for resumption then, I was bereaved of my own mother, just barely two weeks before going to Burgenland from Vienna. Having even never met Dietrich (as he pointedly preferred to simply be addressed while with us his students at EPU) upon noting, from the resumption correspondence exchanges between me and EPU's Uschi, about my human loss, he swiftly mailed across a condolence message to me as this:
Dietrich Fischer wrote:
"Dear Adeleye,
I am very sorry to hear about the passing on of your dear mother.
I lost my mom last year and share your grief. Your mom must have
been a wonderful person to raise a peace-loving person like you.
Looking forward to seeing you at EPU soon,
Prof. Dr. Dietrich Fischer
European University Center for Peace Studies (EPU)
Haus International, Kirchenplatz 8
A-7461 Stadtschlaining, Austria
Tel +43-3355-20726, Fax +43-3355-2666, mobile +43-664-511-1889
fischer@epu.ac.at, www.aspr.ac.at, www.transcend.org"
This earlier contact blossomed into, and germinated, exceptional future benevolence for me. We had no premonition; neither had he an instinct, nor did any of us his numerous EPU products could fathom that his eternal departure from his Basel, Switzerland place of abode, Sunday – 18 October 2015, was invariably his final from his earthly sojourn to eternity. During his lifetime, he was widely acknowledged as a forthright, principled and highly disciplined individual, with exceptional intellect and civility.
Those of us whom he groomed, at EPU and other numerous institutions, will eternally cherish appreciated that he embraced us all as his own friends. He worked assiduously to become a popular communicator. Apart from his professional calling, Dietrich was also known to many as a philanthropist. His generosity included financial, food and other gifts to numerous students and people. As T. S Eliot said, 'death can kill good people, but poor death can never kill their good work on earth', Dietrich Fischer's work still speaks for him even after death. As a personal testimony, Dietrich supported my EPU tuition fees with 750euro for the 2006 spring semester and claimed the assistance as having been generated from an anonymous source. When I had to frontally confront a judicial issue in Vienna, Austria, Dietrich mobilized and conveyed my old EPU colleagues to lend moral encouragement and support to me at Landesgerrischt Wien, 12 June 2006, once kindly contacted and informed by Dr. Michael Plitzer (an Austrian humane ideologist), who had unexpectedly paid me a surprise visit then.
Thereafter, upon contacting him, he obliged a resource that facilitated my natural resolve to fight a cause (at both the European regional ECHR and UNHCHR global fundamental human rights facilities) to win the misanthropic injustice cum justice miscarriage that had confronted me, which eventually paved my soft-landing. I met with him again for a pay-back, 21 April 2008, which quite painfully now turned the very last time of my contact with him.
From here, I had even left for Abuja in Nigeria, Sunday, 18 October 2015, to submit my visa request and GCSP invitation at the Switzerland diplomatic post, with no iota of inkling that Dietrich's transition was already setting in as I journeyed, even as discussed him with my Abuja childhood friend and host. In consequence, as I prepare to participate in the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) specialist intellectual event: 'Building a national policy for countering violence extremism' and began to contemplate on what would be befitting to take along as irresistible souvenirs from here in Africa to give as mere token to the great mind and man that Dietrich was made of, alas, I now totally incapacitated. I therefore remain unable to repay his nicety in any commensurate proportion; the agony of the mind which I may definitely continue to live with.
Dietrich accommodated and funded some indigent foreign students whom I knew in institutions of higher learning in parts of Europe and north America, and he ensured he also invited us (all EPU students) to table randomly at various times. His profound wisdom likewise informed his golden silence that scuttled unwarranted mundane and phantom conspiracy which orchestrated and plotted treachery against him and needlessly decried him in the wake even before his tenure ended at EPU and then he, alongside his age-long friend, Professor Johan Galtung (who he greatly respected) and others, started the World Peace Academy in Basel, Switzerland.
Little wonder too that EPU students' house vehemently rose in solidarity of him and stoutly fought against that xenophobic tendency, even as Professor Galtung (a founder and father of Peace and Conflict Studies) determined to sever his academic service from EPU because of the effrontery against Dietrich, but a deserved intention which Dietrich Fischer, though, abated. Hence, trained as an expert in his chosen field, he had highly successful careers, both in computer science and his later love, peace and conflict studies; going by the numerous landmark works he had to his credit, in Europe, America and elsewhere.
Colonel Jonah Bawa (Rtd.), a 2005 EPU product and of Fischer school, was (as a Director, Institute of Peace and Conflict Resolution in The Presidency, Abuja – Nigeria), itching to facilitate an invitation for Dietrich to bring his expertise to Nigeria, as a clear demonstration of how his reputation earned him the lead role in most of other people's minds; an arrangement that now has to rest. Adopted children who have, today, grown into adulthood and graduated from universities into their chosen professions, with promising careers, will definitely remain indebted to Dietrich's own coordinated effort and expertise. As a genius in conflict settlement/management and peacemaking, his fantastic mind, consistency, perceptive analysis, sheer brainpower and courage made him a reference point in peace and conflict studies.
Even at age 74, his passage is so excruciatingly painful that it has brought, and will inevitably bring, uncontrollable tears to many faces; beyond those of his immediate household and family, including the faces of his innumerable students and admirers here, there and everywhere, his contemporaries, friends, acquaintances, NGOs, his beneficiaries, as well as those in both his immediate and extended neighbourhoods; including those he could have never known. With his home-call to glory and ultimate departure to his Creator, another irreplaceable icon and a rare breed is gone.
Prof. Dr. DIETRICH FISCHER, born 1941 in Münsingen, Switzerland, Dietrich Fischer, born in Switzerland, was a Professor and Academic Director at the European University Center for Peace Studies, Burg Schlaining, Austria, from 2003 to 2009. He was a former MacArthur Fellow in International Peace and Security at Princeton University and member of TRANSCEND, an international peace and development network. Until his recent earthly departure, he was Academic Director of the World Peace Academy in Basel, Switzerland. He was a founding member and part of the faculty of the Galtung Institut for Peace Theory and Practice in Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany.
He was a Board Member of the TRANSCEND Peace University and Director of the TRANSCEND University Press. He got his Ph.D. in Computer Science from New York University in 1976 and his MA in 1971. In 1968, he obtained a Licentiate in Mathematics from the University of Bern, Switzerland. From 1976-86 he taught economics at New York University. From 1986‑88 he was a MacArthur Fellow in International Peace and Security Studies at Princeton University. From 1988-2003 he taught computer science at Pace University, New York.
He was author of Preventing War in the Nuclear Age (1984) and Nonmilitary Aspects of Security: A Systems Approach (1993) and co‑author of Warfare and Welfare: Integrating Security Policy into Socio‑Economic Policy (with Nobel Laureate Jan Tinbergen, 1987), Winning Peace: Strategies and Ethics for a Nuclear‑Free World (with Wilhelm Nolte and Jan Oberg, 1989), Conditions of Peace: An Inquiry (with Grace Boggs, et al., 1991), and Peaceful Conflict Transformation and Nonviolent Approaches to Security (with Johan Galtung, 1999), as well as many articles on peace and development. He had been a consultant to various United Nations agencies on issues of disarmament and development.
When Dietrich died, Switzerland, Austria, USA and, indeed, the whole of Europe and rest of the world at large lost its most valued and accomplished highly respected "master storyteller," which he was widely known and described as by the army of his innumerable admirers across the universe. He will be sorely missed for his grace and humility. His death does shrinks further the pool of that generation of men who wielded academic excellence largely to stay in the hearts of their people.
No one, however, doubted Dietrich's commitment to all people. Professor Fischer was an international man, whose records and antecedents are clear in the history of wherever his footprints had touched. Papa Dietrich was very kind-hearted. He was like a father to not only my humble self, but likewise to many people and he was larger than life. The death of papa Dietrich will remain a heavy blow to me. I will miss his advice, unflinching support and confidential report/reference letter, even at the shortest notice or contact and without grudging; if I had problems, he would advise me on what to do.
Of course, not only me, but the larger army of international scholars who might have passed through him (including his colleagues), have lost another great, honest and dedicated statesman of all standards. He was an accomplished academic, who served humanity well and never lost touch with the people. His example of humility and prudence in the academia is one the world at large needs the most now. Papa Dietrich will be greatly missed. His death has further depleted the rank of true academic mentors and the academic world is the poorer for it. There he goes to the Maker and to the ancestors, one of the finest souls in the academic circles.
Oh oooooo, he was a great advocate of high work ethics; Soft spoken but tenacious. I hope the younger ones would emulate the enviable virtues of Dietrich Fischer, who was an epitome of hard work, professionalism, piety and dedication to both his home country and the whole world his fatherland. He was totally dedicated to the ethos of peace and conflict studies. He lived, he loved, he laughed, and he served tirelessly to uphold the academia and its enviable heritage. His was a life worthy of emulation; he impacted positively and permanently on our lives. We accept it was God's time for him. We miss his elegant physical presence. But God gave him to us as an icon whose love, and warmth, and laughter and wisdom, and intellect, and courage we shall cherish for always.
We thank God for his life. We will all miss him. Good night, Dietrich! Rest in Peace, Beloved One, Amen!
Auf wieder sehen in unsere traum sich treffen mit. Guten nacht, und gut schlaefen sie, unsere am besten Lehrer Dietrich von Münsingen!
Farewell Dietrich Fischer, emeritus university professor of note!!
Fondly remembered always and forever by us all!!!
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 26 Oct 2015.
Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: Emeritus Prof. Dr. DIETRICH FISCHER (1941 – 2015), is included. Thank you.
If you enjoyed this article, please donate to TMS to join the growing list of TMS Supporters.
This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.
USA, Russia and NATO Look for New Frontiers of Influence
We Wage Wars Because We Are Violent Animals Likely Headed Toward Extinction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is an article for all of my friends who feel trapped in their heads sometimes (just like me). This article is one of the best I've ever read. It represents my personal philosphy and is very much what I espouse frequently on this blog.
Posted on February 1, 2012, in Personal Development and tagged development, growth, men's health, Philosophy, Psychology, warrior, worrier. Bookmark the permalink.	1 Comment.
Extensions Can Be Expected From Lease Financing Solutions?


A bust of Erich Sennebogen, the Company's founder, welcomes people arriving at the Museum.
Eight historic machines, from the first manure loader to a current hydraulic excavator, chronicle the development of SENNEBOGEN products over six decades. Extensive displays of large-scale images and documents showcases the development of the company and the personality of the man who built it. The pyramid-shaped building with its glass dome, located in Straubing, Germany, the home of SENNEBOGEN, is based on Erich Sennebogen's own initial drafts. A distinctive mix of history and state-of-the-art technology, the eye-catching facility provides an impressive ambience for visitors while incorporating numerous innovations for sustainable, energy-efficient construction.
The earliest SENNEBOGEN machines on display.
In addition to the historical and cultural goals of the Erich Sennebogen Museum, the 7,000 sq. ft. (700 m²) facility is also designed to host corporate events and conferences for up to 350 people.


Torchy's Tacos, second-time village sponsor at X Games Austin, hosted at the Circuit of The Americas in Austin, has partnered with ESPN for an exclusive "World of X Games" Preview Filming Event on Sunday, May 24th.
Between 2PM-5PM at Torchy's in the Mueller District, located at 1801 51st Street, action sports enthusiasts and taco fans alike can anticipate free grub, chances to win X Games merchandise, and more!
Torchy's will feature an exclusive tidbit appropriately-named The Kickchip (green chile pork tostada with a watermelon pico and Pop Rocks ® blend), plus a bottomless supply of their signature Chips & Green Chile Queso. Other activities include a themed photo experience and a meet and greet with defending X Games gold medalist, Chase Hawk. 101X will also be on- site.
The event will be filmed, so please come prepared. It's also family friendly, so bring the kiddos.


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Robert Stone and the Trouts
So I just finished re-reading Robert Stone's Dog Soldiers, and it's still a wonderful novel. But some things that confused me when I read it back in high school I can sort of kind of figure out, now.
Not the good and evil stuff, or the violence stuff—even as a kid I had a handle on that. It's the trout stuff that I found confusing.
To recap the novel: Ray Hicks and Marge Converse go on the lam with a backpack full of heroin, pursued by some frightening quasi-laws. They're in California, in Berkeley, and they head down to Los Angeles, where Hicks might have a Hollywood contact who will buy the dope. That doesn't work out. (Seriously doesn't work out!) So they then head off to a ranch—somewhere. This is where I got lost as a teenager (not lost in terms of the narrative, but in terms of a map). When they arrive at the ranch, the son of the guru-ranch owner is happy to see Hicks, and says, "Last time I saw you, you were fishing for steelheads." Later Hicks says to the guru, "Last time I was here, I was fishing for steelheads...."
Oh! I thought as a kid, they're in Oregon or someplace north.
See, steelhead are an anadromous form of rainbow trout. They spawn in freshwater and spend most of their lives at sea. They're found along the Northern Pacific coasts, from California all the way around to Siberia. They're not as common as they once were in California, so my kidish thought was—Marge and Hicks moved up the coast to Oregon to find some steehead.
Which makes sense. But. The ranch is also described as being up in some mountains close to the Mexican border. And when you get down out of the mountains, it's all flat desert. The area really doesn't sound like a place where steelhead are going to run. I thought—maybe the kid remembers Hicks fishing for steelhead some other time and place in the past.
But now, as I re-read it as an adult—as a writer—I'm thinking that Stone just didn't know his trout. The ranch is pretty clearly in Arizona, and the trout in the stream that runs through the ranch would be, if they're native, Gila trout or Apache trout—though rainbows and browns have been introduced almost everywhere.
Stone has odd salmonoids in another fine novel--Outerbridge Reach. In it, a guy named Owen Browne is taking part in an around-the-world solo yacht race. But his boat breaks down and he goes mad and spends his time sailing in circles around the South Atlantic. And then he finds an island and goes ashore—and comes across some salmon in a stream.
"He was surprised to see salmon in the pool, struggling upstream. He could see them clearly in the fading light—enormous, ponderous fish, their bodies gray and scarred…The sight of the salmon moved Browne to tears. He thought he had never seen creatures of such gravity. They had won out over time and the ocean. They had survived everything and come home. Browne thought he would give anything to be in their condition."
And…who knows? Maybe there are salmon running in some island stream in the South Atlantic. There are certainly sea-run brown trout in the Falklands/Malvinas, so it's possible that the crazy British could have colonized salmon elsewhere in the south, too.
In the long run, I guess, for most people, it doesn't matter too much. Robert Stone was a terrific writer and you need to read his books.
Still, it might matter a little if you're a writer and want to have fish in your narrative—it might be a lesson that you need to know your trouts. (Google can be your friend).


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Professor Kosta Vujic's Hat () is a 2012 Serbian film directed by Zdravko Šotra. The film was based on a novel written by Milovan Vitezović.

Plot
The protagonist of the film is professor Kosta Vujić who in the mid-19th century taught an extraordinarily talented generation of gymnasium students, some of whom would go on to become prominent members of the Serbian society and eventually historically significant figures.

Cast
 Aleksandar Berček - Professor Kosta Vujić
 Miloš Biković - Mihailo Petrović Alas
  - Milorad Mitrović
  - Jovan Cvijić
 Andrija Daničić - Jakov Jaša Prodanović
 Mateja Popović - Pavle Popović
 Branimir Brstina - Pofessor Zečević
 Vojin Ćetković - Principal Kozarac
 Dragan Jovanović - Professor Stanić
 Tamara Aleksić - Mirjana Marinković
 Marko Bacović - Minister Marinković
 Ivan Bosiljčić - Professor Mokranjac
 Vesna Čipčić - Minister's wife
 Dragomir Čumić - Old principal Milosavljević
 Nikola Ranđelović - Ljubomir Stojanović
 Igor Đorđević - Captain Mišić

References

External links

2012 comedy films
2012 films
Films with screenplays by Milovan Vitezović
Serbian comedy films
Films set in Belgrade
History of Serbia on film
Films shot in Belgrade
Cultural depictions of Serbian men
Films directed by Zdravko Šotra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus
0.673% growth from 2018
920,855 Applicants
2018 Graduation Rate
68,961 Graduates
Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is a Carnegie Classification grouping of higher education institutions. In 2016, the most popular Bachelor's Degree concentrations at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus were General Biological Sciences (6,135 degrees awarded), General Psychology (5,930 degrees), and General Business Administration & Management (5,334 degrees).
In 2019, 104,241 degrees were awarded across all undergraduate and graduate programs at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus. 59.1% of these degrees were awarded to women, and 40.9% awarded men. The most common race/ethnicity group of degree recipients was white (67,633 degrees), 7.77 times more than then the next closest race/ethnicity group, black or african american (8707 degrees).
The median undergraduate tuition at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is $39,810, which is $29,730 more than than the national median of $10,080. The cost of out-of-state tuition is $39,810, which is 100% of the cost for in-state students, and is $25,225 more than than the national median $14,585.
Baccalaureate Colleges
The median in-state tuition for Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is $39,810, which is $29,660 more than than the national median in-state tuition of $10,150. The cost of out-of-state tuition is $39,810, which is 100% of the cost for in-state students, and is $25,225 more than than the national median out-of-state tuition of $14,585.
In 2019, the cost of out-of-state tuition at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus was $39,810, which is 100% of the cost for in-state students, which was $39,810. The cost of out-of-state tuition at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is $25,225 more than than the overall (public and private) national median of $14,585, and the in-state tuition is $29,660 more than than the overall (public and private) national median $10,150.
This chart compares the tuition costs of Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (in red) with those of other similar universities.
In 2019 Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus had an average net price — the price paid after factoring in grants and loans — of $23,805. Between 2018 and 2019, the average net price of Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus grew by 1.27%.
This chart compares the average net price of Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (in red) with that of other similar universities.
The average yearly cost of room and board at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus was of $11,115 in 2019. During the same period, the average yearly cost of books and supplies was $1,050. The cost of room and board increased by 2.08% between 2018 and 2019. The cost of books and supplies increased by 0.962% during the same period.
This chart compares the average student costs at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (in red) with that of similar universities.
94% of undergraduate students at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus received grants or loans in 2019. This represents a growth of 1.08% with respect to 2018, when 93% of undergraduate students received financial aid.
This chart compares the average award discount at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (in red) with that of other similar universities.
Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus received 920,855 undergraduate applications in 2019, which represents a 0.196% annual growth. Out of those 920,855 applicants, 440,620 students were accepted for enrollment, representing a 47.8% acceptance rate.
There were 389,338 students enrolled at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus in 2019, and 55.4% of first-time enrollees submitted SAT scores with their applications.
Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus has an overall enrollment yield of 20.7%, which represents the number of admitted students who ended up enrolling.
Accepted Out of 920,855
In 2019, the undergraduate acceptance rate of Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus was 47.8% (440,620 admissions from 920,855 applications). This is lower than the acceptance rate of 2018, which was 48.7%. Between 2018 and 2019, the number of applicants grew by 0.196%, while admissions declined by −1.49%.
This chart compares the acceptance rate of Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (in red) with that of other similar universities.
55.4% of enrolled first-time students at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus in 2019 submitted SAT scores with their applications.
Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus has a total enrollment of 389,338 students. The full-time enrollment at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is 360,300 students and the part-time enrollment is 29,038. This means that 92.5% of students enrolled at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are enrolled full-time.
The enrolled student population at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus, both undergraduate and graduate, is 60.6% White, 10.9% Black or African American, 9.58% Hispanic or Latino, 4.25% Asian, 3.99% Two or More Races, 0.654% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.14% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders.
Students enrolled at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus in full-time Undergraduate programs are most commonly White Female (33.9%), followed by White Male (26.7%) and Black or African American Female (6.13%). Students enrolled in full-time Graduate programs are most commonly White Female (37.4%), followed by White Male (21.3%) and Black or African American Female (6.45%).
The total enrollment at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus, both undergraduate and graduate, is 389,338 students. The full-time enrollment at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is 360,300 and the part-time enrollment is 29,038. This means that 92.5% of students enrolled at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are enrolled full-time compared with 81.1% at similar Baccalaureate Colleges.
This chart shows the full-time vs part-time enrollment status at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (in red) compares to similar universities.
Retention rate measures the number of first-time students who began their studies the previous fall and returned to school the following fall. The retention rate for full-time undergraduates at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus was 81.5%. Compared with the full-time retention rate at similar Baccalaureate Colleges (73%), Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus had a retention rate higher than its peers.
This chart shows the retention rate over time at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (highlighted in red) compares to similar universities.
The enrolled student population at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is 60.6% White, 10.9% Black or African American, 9.58% Hispanic or Latino, 4.25% Asian, 3.99% Two or More Races, 0.654% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.14% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. This includes both full-time and part-time students as well as graduate and undergraduates. By comparison, enrollment for all Baccalaureate Colleges is 55% White, 14% Black or African American, and 13.1% Hispanic or Latino.
Any student who is studying in the United States on a temporary basis is categorized as a "Non-Resident Alien", and the share of those students are shown in the chart below. Additionally, 16,375 students (4.21%) did not report their race.
In 2019, 18895 more women than men received degrees from Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus. The most common race/ethnicity group of degree recipients at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is white (67,633 degrees awarded). There were 7.77 times more white graduates than the next closest race/ethnicity group, black or african american (8707 degrees).
The most common Bachelor's Degree concentration at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is General Biological Sciences (6,135 degrees awarded), followed by General Psychology (5,930 degrees) and General Business Administration & Management (5,334 degrees).
The most specialized majors across all degree types at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus, meaning they have significantly more degrees awarded in that concentration than the national average across all institutions, are Philosophy and Religious Studies (1,881 degrees awarded), Cultural & Gender Studies (1,773 degrees), and Language & Linguistics (3,435 degrees).
Lawyers, & judges, magistrates, & other judicial workers
The most common jobs for people who hold a degree in one of the 5 most specialized majors at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are Lawyers, & judges, magistrates, & other judicial workers (208,783 people), Elementary & middle school teachers (166,671 people), Postsecondary teachers (149,442 people), Secondary school teachers (137,357 people), and Other managers (131,381 people).
The most specialized majors at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are Philosophy and Religious Studies (1,881 degrees awarded), Cultural & Gender Studies (1,773 degrees), Language & Linguistics (3,435 degrees), History (2,890 degrees), and English (4,791 degrees).
The highest paying jobs for people who hold a degree in one of the 5 most specialized majors at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are Surgeons, Securities, commodities, & financial services sales agents, Agents & business managers of artists, performers, & athletes, Dentists, and Physicians
The most common industries for people who hold a degree in one of the 5 most specialized majors at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are Elementary & secondary schools (431,251 people), Colleges, universities & professional schools, including junior colleges (293,809 people), Legal services (164,195 people), Computer Systems Design (105,917 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (86,582 people).
IPEDS uses the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) standard, so the categories may not match the exact concentrations offered by Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus.
6135 degree-majorss awarded
In 2019, the most common bachelors degree concentration at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus was General Biological Sciences with 6135 degrees awarded.
This visualization illustrates the percentage of degree-majors recipients from bachelors degree programs at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus according to their major.
In 2019, 42,673 degrees were awarded to men at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus, which is 0.693 times less than the number of degrees awarded to females (61,568).
This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 majors at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus by degrees awarded.
In 2019, 3504 degrees were awarded to men at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus in General Business Administration & Management, which is 1.47 times more than the 2382 female recipients with that same degree.
In 2019, 4736 degrees were awarded to women at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus in General Psychology, which is 3.92 times more than the 1209 male recipients with that same degree.
Time to Complete
100% Completion Time
In 2019, 62% of students graduating from Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus completed their program within 100% "normal time" (i.e. 4 years for a 4-year degree). Comparatively, 69% completed their degrees within 150% of the normal time, and 70% within 200%.
The following chart shows these completion rates over time compared to the average for the Baccalaureate Colleges Carnegie Classification group.
Graduation rate is defined as the percentage of full-time, first-time students who received a degree or award within a specific percentage of "normal time" to completion for their program.
Highest Graduation Rate (84.2%)
The student demographic with the highest graduation rate at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is Female and Asian (84.2% graduation rate). Across all Baccalaureate Colleges, Asian Female students have the highest graduation rate (69.1%).
The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) categorizes any student who is studying in the United States on a temporary basis as a "Non-Resident Alien", and the graduation rate of those students is shown in the chart below. Additionally, 3.58% of graduates (2469 students) did not report their race.
The most common race/ethnicity at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is white (67,633 degrees awarded). There were 7.77 times more white recipients than the next closest race/ethnicity group, black or african american (8707 degrees).
3.8% of degree recipients (3,966 students) did not report their race.
The most common race/ethnicity and gender grouping at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus is white female (39,293 degrees awarded). There were 1.39 times more white female recipients than the next closest race/ethnicity group, white male (28,340 degrees).
Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus has an endowment valued at nearly $121M, as of the end of the 2019 fiscal year. The return on its endowment was of $3.79B (3.14k%), compared to the 3.99% average return ($1.62M on $40.7M) across all Baccalaureate Colleges.
In 2019, Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus had a total salary expenditure of $58.1M. Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus employs 9,463 Professors, 8,879 Assistant professors, and 8,489 Associate professors. Most academics at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are Male Professors (5,753), Female Assistant professors(4,795), and Male Associate professors (4,320).
The most common positions for non-instructional staff at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus are: Service, with 12990 employees, Office and Administrative Support, with 10998 employees, and Management with 10341 employees.
decline from 2018
Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus has an endowment valued at about $121M, as of the end of the 2019 fiscal year. The endowment of Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus declined 1.24% from the previous year. The value of their endowment was $80.1M higher than than the median endowment of Baccalaureate Colleges according to the Carnegie Classification grouping.
This line chart shows how the endowment at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus (in red) compares to that of some similar universities.
The small bar chart below shows the endowment quintiles for all universities in the Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus Carnegie Classification grouping.
$435M - Federal
$91M - State
$1.85M - Local
As of 2019, Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus received $435M in grants and contracts from the federal government, $91M from state grants and contracts, and $1.85M from local grants and contracts.
In 2019, Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus paid a median of $23.5M in salaries, which represents 40.4% of their overall expenditure ($58.1M) and a 2.26% growth from the previous year. This is compared to a 0.849% decline from 2017 and a 5.71% growth from 2016.
The median for similar Baccalaureate Colleges is 15.5M (41% of overall expenditures).
In 2019, Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus paid a total of $2.64B to 30,791 employees working as instructors, which represents 33.4% of all salaries paid.
This is compared to a median of $4.89M (31.6%) for similar Baccalaureate Colleges.
12990 Employees
In 2019, the most common positions for instructional staff at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus were Professor with 9,463 employees; Assistant professor with 8,879 employees; and Assistant professor with 8,489 employees.
In 2019, the most common positions for non-instructional staff at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus were Service with 12,990 employees; Office and Administrative Support with 10,998 employees; and Management with 10,341 employees.
Male Professor
Male Associate professor
In 2019, the most common demographic for instructional staff at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus was Male Professor with 5,753 employees, Female Assistant professor with 4,795 employees, and Male Associate professor with 4,320 employees.
This chart shows the gender split between each academic rank present at Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus.
Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity
Masters Colleges & Universities: Larger Programs
Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity
Doctoral Universities: Moderate Research Activity
Not applicable, not in Carnegie universe (not accredited or nondegree-granting)
Associates Colleges: High Transfer-High Traditional


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Akron Elementary School
Clay Elementary School
Fulton Elementary School
Ephrata Intermediate School
Ephrata High School
Ephrata Virtual Academy
2020-2021 School District Calendar
Mission, Vision & Belief Statements
Ephrata at a Glance
Information and Assessment Data
Request for Facilities
Multilingual Translations
Ephrata Area Education Foundation
Senior Citizen Tax Exchange Program
Life Ready Graduate
Category: Ephrata High School
Ephrata AM 1-15-21
5 MIN FILLER
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is Friday January 15, 2021. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
SILENCE/FLAG VIDEO
A reminder to all students that the second semester begins on Tuesday, January 19th.
You will not be receiving a paper copy of your 2nd semester schedule this year. Instead, you should be sure to check it out through the PowerSchool portal asap. You can do this by clicking on "My Schedule" from the menu on the left side of the home screen. Then click on the "Matrix View" Tab which is located above your schedule. The default is "week view" – which shows this week only. Beginning Monday, you will see your 2nd semester classes by default.
If you are a long term hybrid or online student (disregard if you are just quarantined), you need to review the listing of courses on the EHS website that will not work being online to make sure that you don't have any of these on your schedule as you will not be able to take them during the second semester since you are not physically in the high school. Please message your counselor with a course that you would like to take in its place (see the open class listing on the EHS Counseling website), as these will be dropped if they are on your schedule.
If you want to add a course in place of a study hall, check the open class listing, and Schoology message your counselor with the name of the course and the period that you are switching with a study hall.
If you changed your mind and wish to drop a course, we need you to have your parent email your counselor with the requested change.
Calling all Mini-THON lovers!
We need senior boys AND male teachers to compete in this year's Mr. Four Diamonds event. We also need senior girls and female teachers to help judge their talents.
Let Mrs. Socie, Mr. Martin, Olivia Mountz, Grace Young, Hannah Bright, or Ashlyn Mazzocchi know ASAP if you are interested!
National Honor Society Senior Members–
Please have your M&M goodie bag or welcome note for your mentee dropped off next week by Friday in room 233 or room 223. Clearly label your drop-off with your mentee's name.
And now over to ____________ with the news
NEWS INTRO
In today's news, after more than 200 years after electric eels inspired the first battery, it has been discovered that electric eels coordinate their zaps. Researchers working in the Amazon filmed eels gathering in packs to herd prey, then stunning them with a synchronized electric shock. The scientists think the eels follow or even herd fish into the shallows before they strike. This behavior, which is seen in wolves and orcas, is rarely seen in fish.
Now to the juniors with the lunch
LUNCH VIDEO
SPORTS INTRO
Yesterday, rifle lost vs Gov Mifflin 492-488,
Top five shooters:
Jonathan Petrecca 98 1c
Madeline Sherk 98 1c
Sawyer Boll 98
Emily Good 97 1c
Madison Stewart 97
Boys Swimming won 128-30 at Manheim Central Individual winners were Colby Simes, Thomas McGillan, E. Lloyd, Cole Freeman and Chad Jones.
Girls Swimming also won easily scoring 121-34. Individual wins went to Alex Kwaitkowski, Kierra Parsons, Alyssa Fedorshak, and Maddy Fritz
Wrestling won at Lebanon 52-27. In contested bouts, winners were Frank Riggs and S. Heinsy. Today, bowling faces off against Warwick, boys basketball is home vs Cocalico, the girls are away at Cocalico. Tomorrow, wrestling is at Donegal
Now back to the main desk
This is announcement that GSA will be meeting in room 112 until 4 today after school
Today is the last day remaining in the first half of the school year.
Have a great day Ephrata!
Posted in Ephrata High School
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is Thursday January 14, 2021. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
Attention all 11th graders: You can continue to sign up for a time slot for your individual transition meeting with your counselor. These meetings begin on January 25th and signup information can be found on the EHS Counseling Department website. Sign up for a slot as soon as possible, and be sure to pick a date and time that works best with your schedule. If you have a study hall, you will definitely want to choose that period. If you have any questions, please stop by the Counseling Office.
In today's news President Donald Trump has become the first president ever to be impeached twice. He now faces a senate trial. Trump is accused of inciting a mob that stormed Congress last week after he repeated false claims of election fraud. If Trump is convicted there is a chance that the vote would not allow him to ever hold public office again. The House of Representatives voted Wednesday with a 232 yes to 197 no vote to impeach the president for his role in the riot.
The Ephrata bowling team won their match against ETown on Tuesday. Top scorers were Nate Barnica (722) Andrew Barnica (715), and Tanner Murray (656).
Rifle won vs Manheim Twp, The top shooters were Madeline Shirk 100, her first ever in her first match
Sawyer Boll 99 1c
Ava Howard 98 1c her first match
Corbin Wise 97 1c
Chandler Myers 97
The wrestling team lost to Manheim Central 48-21 on Tuesday night. Tanner McCracken, Tristan Mellinger, Blake Jones, and Austin Brass all won their matches for the Mounts.
Yesterday boys basketball lost vs Warwick 44-41. Parke Haws was the leading scorer with 13 pts. The girls won 39-29. Jasmine Griffin scored 14 in the win. Today, rifle is home vs Gov Mifflin, Swimming is away at Manheim Central and Wrestling is away at Lebanon.
This is announcement that GSA will be meeting in room 112 until 4 tomorrow
Today marks 2 days remaining in the first half of the school year.
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is Tuesday January 12, 2021. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
Attention Ski & Snowboard Club: Our first trip is Thursday and the runs are looking good at Bear Creek this week. $10 and ALL paperwork is due today. Return to Brimhall or Shortuse.
In today's news, the FBI has warned of possible armed protests being held across the US as Trump supporters and far-right groups call for demonstrations before Joe Biden is sworn in as president. The security for the inauguration will be tight following the events that happen at the capitol. House Democrats say a vote to impeach the president will happen on Wednesday. They accuse Trump of "incitement of insurrection" and say the vote will be held unless Vice-President Mike Pence uses constitutional powers to remove Mr Trump from office.
yesterday, boys basketball lost 48-55 vs Lebanon. Mason Campbell was the leading scorer with 14 pts. On the girls side, the Lady Mounts came out with a 55-46 win. Olivia Fedorshak contributed 15 and Cara Teisi added 3 three pointers to the tally. Today bowling is at Dutch Lanes vs E town, Rifle vs Manheim Twp, and Wrestling is away at Manheim Central.
The Mountaineer Media Center Café is NOW open daily for Breakfast and during the 2nd half of each Lunch period. Serving Hot breakfast sandwiches in the morning, and a variety of other breakfast meal choices…. Including Freshly baked glazed Donuts and Cinnamon Rolls and even poptarts. During the lunch periods we are serving a variety of drinks and simple snacks, including Kickstarts, Fresh baked cookies, Chips, Fruit snacks, rice krispie treats and other goodies. Stop in quick for your morning meal and your afternoon "pick- me- up" snacks. If you have any questions feel free to ask any of our Cheerful Cafeteria staff and they will be happy to help you!
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is Friday January 8, 2021. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
Congratulations go out to 12th grader Nicole Trethewey for her artwork submission for the 2021-22 Educational Planning and Course Selection guide book. Her design will be featured on the cover of next year's booklet. Special thanks to all of the students who submitted entries and congratulations again to Nicole.
In today's news, Nancy Pelosi has stepped up the pressure on Vice-President Mike Pence to act to remove Donald Trump from office over his role in last week's storming of Congress. Mike Pence is said to oppose that idea. If he refuses, congress will hold a vote to impeach President Trump. The House of Representatives would present a resolution on Monday to formally request that Mr. Pence invoke the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, which allows Mike Pence to remove Trump from office and become acting president. However, this would only be for a week or so since President Trump is getting kicked out on the 20th when Joe Biden gets sworn in, but if found guilty it would prevent Trump from holding office in the future.
On Friday, The boys basketball team lost 37-29 to E town. High scorers for the Mounts were Parke Haws with 10 and Mason Hagen with 9 The girls also lost 48-42. Jasmine Griffin led the Lady Mounts with 20 points on the night.
The NFL playoff games led to several upsets. The Browns scored 28 points in the first quarter against the Steelers. That was the most ever in a playoff game. Ultimately, Pittsburgh couldn't come back from the deficit and lost 48-37. The divisional round is next up this coming weekend with 8 teams remaining including a matchup of Drew Brees and the Saints vs Tom Brady and the Buccaneers.
Ephrata AM 1-8-21
This is a quick announcement that the gay straight alliance will be meeting today in room 112 until 4. We hope to see you there
In today's news, Elon Musk has officially become the richest man in the world. His net worth has crossed $185 billion which beats out Jeff bezo's $184 billion, who had held the title since 2017. For the first time ever, Elons car company, Tesla, had hit a market value of $700 billion dollars. That makes the car company worth more than Toyota, Volkswagen, Hyundai, GM and Ford combined. Elon reacted to the news on twitter by saying "How strange. well back to work…".
Winter sports are finally underway today! Bowling is at Dutch Lanes against Lebanon and basketball faces off against E town. The boys are home and the girls are away.
NFL playoff games also are on for this weekend. There are 3 games Sat and 3 games Sunday. You'll have to wait for Sunday night to see the rematch between The Browns and the Steelers – this time with QB Ben Roethlisberger back on the field.
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is Thursday January 7, 2021. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
This is a quick announcement that the gay straight alliance will be meeting tomorrow in room 112 until 4. We hope to see you there
In today's news, Joe Biden has been certified as the 46th president despite all the scary events yesterday. If you live under a rock, the capitol got stormed and breached by thousands of domestic terrorist Trump supporters who wanted to "stop the steal" after a rally across town that featured Trump and his close allies. As the breach was happening, The President refused to make statements against or call in National Guard backup for overwhelmed Capitol police amid continued unfounded statements of election fraud. The national guard was finally drawn to the scene by the Vice President and Washington D.C enacted a 6:00pm curfew to try to get everyone home. It was the first time the capitol had been breached since the war of 1812. Even after the terrible tragedies that took place yesterday, several Republican Senators and Representatives continued objections into false claims and conspiracy theories that have led to the divisive nature that exists in Congress and the US.
Republican Mitt Romney stated, "We gather today due to a selfish man's injured pride and the outrage of his supporters whom he has deliberately misinformed for the past two months and stirred to action this very morning. What happened here today was an insurrection, incited by the President of the United States. Those who choose to continue to support his dangerous gambit by objecting to the results of a legitimate, democratic election will forever be seen as being complicit in an unprecedented attack against our democracy. They will be remembered for their role in this shameful episode in American history. That will be their legacy."
Zane's Take
Today marks 7 days remaining in the first half of the school year. Time to get moving on those first semester classes!
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is January 5, 2021. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
This is a reminder that there is a yearbook meeting today after school in Mr. Bischoff's room. We need everyone to attend to try to catch back up after the extracurricular shutdown and holiday break. If you have a conflict, please contact your section editor.
This is a quick announcement that the gay straight alliance will be meeting this Friday in room 112 until 4. We hope to see you there
In today's news the new COVID-19 bill has started a 180 countdown for UFO disclosures. President Trump signed a $2.3 Trillion dollar covid 19 bill Sunday which started the countdown for the Pentagon and spy agencies to release everything they know about UFO's. The provision received very little attention since it wasn't included in the text but rather a "committee comment"attached to the annual intelligence authorization act. The Secretary of defence and the heads of other agencies must report in those 180 days. The report must address "observed airborne objects that have not been identified" and should include a "detailed analysis of unidentified phenomena data"
Winter sports practices are now resuming with many first games this Friday. Athletes should pay special attention to eligibility. With the adapted season and the late start, bad grades can have disastrous outcomes.
Today marks 9 days remaining in the first half of the school year. For all you procrastinators out there, you are running out of time to catch up on those first semester classes.
https://youtu.be/sqg-Yh6nAbA
Welcome back to the New Year! Goodbye 2020 and Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is January 4, 2021. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
This is a reminder that there is a yearbook meeting tomorrow after school in Mr. Bischoff's room. We need everyone to attend to try to catch back up after the extracurricular shutdown and holiday break. If you have a conflict, please contact your section editor.
In today's news, President Trump tells Georgia election officials to "find" votes to overturn the Biden win. He has been recorded saying "I just want to find 11,780 votes". Throughout the call, republican Brad Raffensperger, rejected Trump's assertions and explained that the President is relying on debunked conspiracy theories. Vice-President Elect Kamala Harris called Trumps comments a bold abuse of power.
Governor Wolf has reinstated sports and extracurricular activities to begin today! We will keep you updated on all the upcoming events right here on Ephrata AM.
Today marks 10 days remaining in the first half of the school year. For all you procrastinators out there, you are running out of time to catch up on those first semester classes.
Ephrata AM 12-22-20
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is Tuesday December 22. Welcome to the final show of 2020. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
In today's news, the US Congress has passed a long-awaited 900-billion-dollar coronavirus aid package. The aid includes direct payments for many Americans and support for businesses and unemployment programs. President Trump is expected to sign the package into law quickly. President-elect Biden also welcomed the relief plan but said Congress needs to get to work to support his COVID 19 relief plan. In other news, Santa is real and you can't tell me otherwise. How else do presents get under the tree? Who else eats the cookies? The one and only answer is Santa.
Yesterday, The Steelers continued their losing streak – falling to the Cincinnati Bengals 17-27. Although they are still playoff-bound, 3 straight losses are making many wonder if they will be able to make it past the first game, let alone to a title.
The last 3 Tis the season episodes of semifinals and the final round are on the Ephrata AM YouTube channel! You'd all get to watch the winners be crowned here live, but with the USPS backlogs, the merch never arrived in time. Expect us to share it though in the new year!
Only 1 more VIRTUAL school day till holiday break!
Good Morning Ephrata NAMES today is Monday December 21. Please rise for a moment of silence and the pledge to the flag.
In today's news, a new variant of COVID 19 has appeared in parts of England. The government advisors have said they are confident that it is more able to transmit than other variants. The new variant has been blamed for more restrictions in England, Scotland, and Wales. It was first detected in September and by November around a quarter of the cases in London were the new variant. In December that number reached nearly two thirds. Viruses like the flu mutate all the time so this shouldn't be much of a worry scientists say that it is vital to keep an eye on if the virus changes its behavior.
Yesterday, the Eagles lost to the Cardinals 26-33. The Steelers play tonight against the Bengals who are 2-10 and 1. The Steelers are on a 2 game losing streak, so Ben Roethlisberger is hoping to lead his team back to the winning column.
There are a flurry of Tis the season episodes now available for streaming on the Ephrata AM YouTube channel! It's better than the four main elf food groups: candy, candy canes, candy corns and syrup
Only 2 more school days till holiday break!
It is the mission of the Ephrata Area School District to provide all students a secure learning environment and exemplary academic programs that inspire all students to reach their full potential.
803 Oak Boulevard | Ephrata, PA 17522
Superintendent: Dr. Brian M. Troop
©2018 Ephrata Area School District. All Rights Reserved.
Website & Hosting by RedX Web Design


Are you interested in joining the yearbook staff? If you are interested then you must print the application form, fill it out completely and turn it in by Friday April 26th, 2019. Be sure the application is complete, accurate and on time. Anyone who does not follow the guidelines will not qualify.


text:
MC2 Biotek is a biotechnology company established in 2006, with offices in Denmark and external labs in the United Kingdom. MC2 is a holding company, comprising three smaller Biotechnology companies with their own biotechnology technologies: DrugMode (DK), Zadec (DK), and Drug Delivery Solutions (UK). DrugMode specializes in 3D cell culture, and is based out of the University of Southern Denmark at Odense. Zadec focuses on Diabetes and nutrition, and has developed an oral anti-diabetes drug, RX-1, which is currently in clinical trials. Drug Delivery Solutions works in the field of dermatology and ophthalmology, developing topical drugs such as a cream to treat psoriasis.

Technology
Drug Delivery Solutions Limited, the Leatherhead daughter company of MC2 biotech, has developed a new method for drug formulation and delivery. This biliquid foam technology was patented as polyaphron dispersions (PAD) containing a complex internal phase, which are made as droplets of oil or multiphase liquid in an aqueous (or other hydrogen-bonding liquid) phase. Oil-soluble drug molecules can be dissolved within the oil phase, and drug delivery can be influenced by modifying the materials used in each phase. A 2008 PAD patent claims that this foam-like emulsion is stable with up to at least 70% dispersed oil phase and at most 3% surfactant. This PAD drug delivery system can allow for extended release drug delivery in enteral route of administration, or it can be formulated to be administered as a wound dressing. Manufacturing using this technology is simple and low cost compared to gastroretentive dosage forms (GRDF) in the prior art. MC2 Biotek's PAD technology has been applied commercially in dermatology and ophthalmology.

MC2 Biotek is collaborating with a group of South African researchers led by Dr. Johan Louw at the Medical Research Council (MRC) and Professor Lizette Joubert at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) to research traditional rooibos and honeybush teas for their anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. One collaborative study showed that aqueous hot water honeybush extract when administered orally to type-2 diabetes rat models, promoted normoglycemia and  improved other type-2 diabetes associated problems.

MC2 Biotek has also developed a 3D ProtoTissue™ Bioreactor, which allows cells from an immortal human hepatocyte line to grow into 3D spheroids. 3D tissue cultures in vitro have been shown to be much more representative of in vivo tissue than traditionally used 2D tissue cultures in vitro are. MC2 Biotek proposes that these 3D hepatocyte cultures be used in drug trials to evaluate toxicology and metabolism, because results would be more reflective of drug toxicology and metabolism in vivo than current 2D cell culture methods are.

References

External links
 Official website

Biotechnology companies of Denmark
Life science companies based in Copenhagen
Companies based in Rudersdal Municipality
Danish companies established in 2006


Our friendly team of dentists, dental hygienists, dental assistants and administrative staff love caring for the oral health of our community.
You'll be sure to receive a warm welcome upon your arrival at our office, and during each portion of your appointment, your dentist and hygienist will be glad to talk you through the process, and answer all of your questions.
Our office features a variety of dental technologies for your comfort and convenience, including digital dental impressions and x-rays, as well as a dental curing light to enhance the effects of teeth whitening agents.
From on-site parking and wheelchair accessibility, to automated appointment reminders and extended office hours, our office policies and procedures are designed for our patients' convenience and comfort in mind.
It's our goal to make your dental experience go as smoothly as possible.
Our administrative team will bill your insurance directly for your treatment for a more efficient dental experience.
We want our patients to be able to access the dental care they need on a budget that works for them. To this end, we offer flexible dental financing.
This means you'll never have to let finances prevent you from getting the dental treatment you need and deserve.
We know that visiting the dentist can be a stressful experience for people with dental anxiety, and it's our mission to help alleviate that stress as much as possible for our patients.
We will be more than happy to talk to you about your anxiety ahead of your appointments, and establish a plan to help you manage it throughout the process.
During your appointment, we will work at your pace, answer your questions, and take breaks when you need them.
If you're looking for a dentist in Winnipeg, we would be delighted if you would consider us! Contact us today to get started.