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History of modern Greece
Expansion of Greece from 1821 to 1947, showing territories awarded to Greece in 1919 but lost in 1923.
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Helladic civilization
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Art · Constitution · Economy · Military · Names
The history of modern Greece covers the history of Greece from the recognition of independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832 after the Greek War of Independence to the present day.
2 Reign of King Otto, 1833–1863
3 Reign of King George I, 1864–1913
4 Wars and crises, 1912–1922
5 Republic and Monarchy (1922–1940)
6 World War II
7 Civil War
8 Postwar Greece (1950–1973)
9 Transition to democracy (1973–present)
Main articles: Frankokratia, Ottoman Greece, and Greek War of Independence
In 1821, the Greeks rose up against the Ottoman Empire. Following a protracted struggle, the autonomy of Greece was first recognized by the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France, and Russia) in 1828. Count Ioannis Kapodistrias became the head of the Greek government, but he was assassinated in 1831. At the insistence of the Powers, the 1832 Treaty of London made Greece a monarchy. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria was chosen as its first King. Otto arrived at the provisional capital, Nafplion, in 1833 aboard a British warship.
Reign of King Otto, 1833–1863
Main article: Otto of Greece
Otto, first King of modern Greece.
Otto's reign would prove troubled, but managed to last for 30 years before he and his wife, Queen Amalia, left the way they came, aboard a British warship. During the early years of his reign a group of Bavarian Regents ruled in his name, and made themselves very unpopular by trying to impose German ideas of rigid hierarchical government on the Greeks, while keeping most significant state offices away from them. Nevertheless they laid the foundations of a Greek administration, army, justice system and education system. Otto was sincere in his desire to give Greece good government, but he suffered from two great handicaps, his Roman Catholic faith, and the fact that his marriage to Queen Amalia remained childless. This meant he could neither be crowned as King of Greece under the Orthodox rite nor establish a dynasty.
The Bavarian Regents ruled until 1837, when at the insistence of Britain and France, they were recalled and Otto thereafter appointed Greek ministers, although Bavarian officials still ran most of the administration and the army. But Greece still had no legislature and no constitution. Greek discontent grew until a revolt broke out in Athens in September 1843. Otto agreed to grant a constitution, and convened a National Assembly which met in November. The new constitution created a bicameral parliament, consisting of an Assembly (Vouli) and a Senate (Gerousia). Power then passed into the hands of a group of politicians, most of whom who had been commanders in the War of Independence against the Ottomans.
Greek politics in the 19th century was dominated by the national question. The majority of Greeks continued to live under Ottoman rule, and Greeks dreamed of liberating them all and reconstituting a state embracing all the Greek lands, with Constantinople as its capital. This was called the Great Idea (Megali Idea), and it was sustained by almost continuous rebellions against Ottoman rule in Greek-speaking territories, particularly Crete, Thessaly and Macedonia. During the Crimean War the British occupied Piraeus to prevent Greece declaring war on the Ottomans as a Russian ally.
A new generation of Greek politicians was growing increasingly intolerant of King Otto's continuing interference in government. In 1862, the King dismissed his Prime Minister, the former admiral Constantine Kanaris, the most prominent politician of the period. This provoked a military rebellion, forcing Otto to accept the inevitable and leave the country. The Greeks then asked Britain to send Queen Victoria's son Prince Alfred as their new king, but this was vetoed by the other Powers. Instead a young Danish Prince became King George I. George was a very popular choice as a constitutional monarch, and he agreed that his sons would be raised in the Greek Orthodox faith. As a reward to the Greeks for adopting a pro-British King, Britain ceded the Ionian Islands to Greece.
Reign of King George I, 1864–1913
King George I of the Hellenes.
At the urging of Britain and King George, Greece adopted a much more democratic constitution in 1864. The powers of the King were reduced and the Senate was abolished, and the franchise was extended to all adult males. Nevertheless Greek politics remained heavily dynastic, as it has always been. Family names such as Zaimis, Rallis and Trikoupis occurred repeatedly as Prime Ministers. Although parties were centered around the individual leaders, often bearing their names, two broad political tendencies existed: the liberals, led first by Charilaos Trikoupis and later by Eleftherios Venizelos, and the conservatives, led initially by Theodoros Deligiannis and later by Thrasivoulos Zaimis. Trikoupis and Deligiannis dominated Greek politics in the later 19th century, alternating in office. Trikoupis favoured co-operation with Great Britain in foreign affairs, the creation of infrastructure and an indigenous industry, raising protective tariffs and progressive social legislation, while the more populist Deligiannis depended on the promotion of Greek nationalism and the Megali Idea.
Greece remained a very poor country throughout the 19th century. The country lacked raw materials, infrastructure and capital. Agriculture was mostly at the subsistence level, and the only important export commodities were currants, raisins and tobacco. Some Greeks grew rich as merchants and shipowners, and Piraeus became a major port, but little of this wealth found its way to the Greek peasantry. Greece remained hopelessly in debt to London finance houses. By the 1890s Greece was virtually bankrupt, and public insolvency was declared in 1893. Poverty was rife in the rural areas and the islands, and was eased only by large-scale emigration to the United States. There was little education in the rural areas. Nevertheless there was progress in building communications and infrastructure, and fine public buildings were erected in Athens. Despite the bad financial situation, Athens staged the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896, which proved a great success.
The Hellenic Parliament in the 1880s, with PM Charilaos Trikoupis standing at the podium
The parliamentary process developed greatly in Greece during the reign of George I. Initially, the royal prerogative in choosing his prime minister remained and contributed to governmental instability, until the introduction of the dedilomeni principle of parliamentary confidence in 1875 by the reformist Charilaos Trikoupis. Clientelism and frequent electoral upheavals however remained the norm in Greek politics, and frustrated the country's development. Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek. Government documents and newspapers were consequently published in Katharevousa (purified) Greek, a form which few ordinary Greeks could read. Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell (the Evangeliaka). This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s.
Map of the Kingdom of Greece, the Cretan State and the Principality of Samos in 1903, before the Balkan Wars.
All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete. Greeks in Crete continued to stage regular revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government under Theodoros Deligiannis, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing Greco-Turkish War of 1897 the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans. Through the intervention of the Great Powers however, Greece lost only a little territory along the border to Turkey, while Crete was established as an autonomous state under Prince George of Greece.
Popular lithograph celebrating the success of the Goudi pronunciamiento of 1909 as a national rebirth.
Nationalist sentiment among Greeks in the Ottoman Empire continued to grow, and by the 1890s there were constant disturbances in Macedonia. Here the Greeks were in competition not only with the Ottomans but also with the Bulgarians, engaged in an armed propaganda struggle for the hearts and minds of the ethnically mixed local population, the so-called "Macedonian Struggle". In July 1908, the Young Turk Revolution broke out in the Ottoman Empire. Taking advantage of the Ottoman internal turmoil, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Bulgaria declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire. On Crete, the local population, led by a young politician named Eleftherios Venizelos, declared Enosis, Union with Greece, provoking another crisis. The fact that the Greek government, led by Dimitrios Rallis, proved unable to likewise take advantage of the situation and bring Crete into the fold, rankled with many Greeks, especially with young officers. These formed a secret society, the "Military League", with the purpose of emulating their Ottoman colleagues and seek reforms. The resulting Goudi coup on 15 August 1909 marked a watershed in modern Greek history: as the military conspirators were inexperienced in politics, they asked Venizelos, who had impeccable liberal credentials, to come to Greece as their political adviser. Venizelos quickly established himself as a powerful political figure, and his allies won the August 1910 elections. Venizelos became Prime Minister in October 1910, ushering a period of 25 years where his personality would dominate Greek politics.
Wars and crises, 1912–1922
Main articles: Balkan Wars, Greece during World War I, National Schism, Greek genocide, and Asia Minor Campaign
The two protagonists of the fateful decade 1912–1922: King Constantine I and PM Eleftherios Venizelos in the days of their close cooperation during the Second Balkan War, before the deep political and personal rift between the two materialized and led to the National Schism.
Venizelos initiated a major reform program, including a new and more liberal constitution and reforms in the spheres of public administration, education and economy. French and British military missions were invited for the army and navy respectively, and arms purchases were made. In the meantime, the Ottoman Empire's weaknesses were revealed by the ongoing Italo-Turkish War in Libya. Through spring 1912, a series of bilateral agreements between the Christian Balkan states (Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia) formed the Balkan League, which in October 1912 declared war on the Ottoman Empire. In the First Balkan War, the Ottomans were defeated on all fronts, and the four allies rushed to grab as much territory as they could. The Greeks occupied Thessaloniki just ahead of the Bulgarians, and also took much of Epirus with Ioannina, as well as Crete and the Aegean Islands. The Treaty of London ended the war, but no one was left satisfied, and soon, the four allies fell out over the partition of Macedonia. In June 1913, Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia, beginning the Second Balkan War, but was beaten back. The Treaty of Bucharest, which concluded the war, left Greece with southern Epirus, the southern half of Macedonia, Crete and the Aegean islands, except for the Dodecanese, which had been occupied by Italy in 1911. These gains nearly doubled Greece's area and population.
In March 1913, an anarchist, Alexandros Schinas, assassinated King George in Thessaloniki, and his son came to the throne as Constantine I. Constantine was the first Greek king born in Greece and the first to be Greek Orthodox. His very name had been chosen in the spirit of romantic Greek nationalism (the Megali Idea), evoking the Byzantine emperors of that name. In addition, as the Commander-in-chief of the Greek Army during the Balkan Wars, his popularity was enormous, rivalled only by that of Venizelos, his Prime Minister. When World War I broke out in 1914, despite Greece's treaty of alliance with Serbia, both leaders preferred to maintain a neutral stance. But when, in early 1915, the Allies asked for Greek help in the Dardanelles campaign, offering Cyprus in exchange, their diverging views became apparent: Constantine had been educated in Germany, was married to Sophia of Prussia, sister of Kaiser Wilhelm, and was convinced of the Central Powers' victory. Venizelos on the other hand was an ardent anglophile, and believed in an Allied victory. Since Greece, a maritime country, could not oppose the mighty British navy, and citing the need for a respite after two wars, King Constantine favored continued neutrality, while Venizelos actively sought Greek entry in the war on the Allied side. Venizelos resigned, but won the next elections, and again formed the government. When Bulgaria entered the war as a German ally in October 1915, Venizelos invited Entente forces into Greece (the Salonika Front), for which he was again dismissed by Constantine.
Venizelos reviews a section of the Greek army on the Macedonian front during the First World War, 1917. He is accompanied by Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis (left) and General Maurice Sarrail (right).
In August 1916, after several incidents where both combatants encroached upon the still theoretically neutral Greek territory, Venizelist officers rose up in Allied-controlled Thessaloniki, and Venizelos established a separate government there. Constantine was now ruling only in what was Greece before the Balkan Wars ("Old Greece"), and his government was subject to repeated humiliations from the Allies. In November 1916 the French occupied Piraeus, bombarded Athens and forced the Greek fleet to surrender. The royalist troops fired at them, leading to a battle between French and Greek royalist troops. There were also riots against supporters of Venizelos in Athens (the Noemvriana). Following the February Revolution in Russia however, the Tsar's support for his cousin was removed, and Constantine was forced to leave the country, without actually abdicating, in June 1917. His second son Alexander became King, while the remaining royal family and the most prominent royalists followed into exile. Venizelos now led a superficially united Greece into the war on the Allied side, but underneath the surface, the division of Greek society into Venizelists and anti-Venizelists, the so-called National Schism, became more entrenched.
The Greek Kingdom and the Greek diaspora in the Balkans and western Asia Minor, according to a 1919 map submitted to the Paris Peace Conference.
With the end of the war in November 1918, the moribund Ottoman Empire was ready to be carved up amongst the victors, and Greece now expected the Allies to deliver on their promises. In no small measure through the diplomatic efforts of Venizelos, Greece secured Western Thrace in the Treaty of Neuilly in November 1919 and Eastern Thrace and a zone around Smyrna in western Anatolia (already under Greek administration since May 1919) in the Treaty of Sèvres of August 1920. The future of Constantinople was left to be determined. But at the same time, a nationalist movement had arisen in Turkey, led by Mustafa Kemal (later Kemal Atatürk), who set up a rival government in Ankara and was engaged in fighting the Greek army.
At this point, nevertheless, the fulfillment of the Megali Idea seemed near. Yet so deep was the rift in Greek society, that on his return to Greece, an assassination attempt was made on Venizelos by two royalist former officers. Even more surprisingly, Venizelos' Liberal Party lost the elections called in November 1920, and in a referendum shortly after, the Greek people voted for the return of King Constantine from exile, following the sudden death of Alexander. The United Opposition, which had campaigned on the slogan of an end to the war in Anatolia, instead intensified it. But the royalist restoration had dire consequences: many veteran Venizelist officers were dismissed or left the army, while Italy and France found the return of the hated Constantine a useful pretext for switching their support to Kemal. Finally, in August 1922, the Turkish army shattered the Greek front, and took Smyrna.
The Greek army evacuated not only Anatolia, but also Eastern Thrace and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos (Treaty of Lausanne). A compulsory population exchange was agreed between the two countries, with over 1.5 million Christians and almost half a million Muslims being uprooted. This catastrophe marked the end of the Megali Idea, and left Greece financially exhausted, demoralized, and having to house and feed a proportionately huge number of refugees.
Republic and Monarchy (1922–1940)
Main articles: Second Hellenic Republic and 4th of August Regime
Crowds celebrating in Athens the proclamation of the Republic, 1924.
The catastrophe deepened the political crisis, with the returning army rising up under Venizelist officers and forcing King Constantine to abdicate again, in September 1922, in favour of his firstborn son, George II. The "Revolutionary Committee", headed by Colonels Stylianos Gonatas (soon to become Prime Minister) and Nikolaos Plastiras engaged in a witch-hunt against the royalists, culminating in the "Trial of the Six". In October 1923, elections were called for December, which would form a National Assembly with powers to draft a new constitution. Following a failed royalist coup, the monarchist parties abstained, leading to a landslide for the Liberals and their allies. King George II was asked to leave the country, and on 25 March 1924, Alexandros Papanastasiou proclaimed the Second Hellenic Republic, ratified by plebiscite a month later.
However, the new Republic was built on unstable foundations. The National Schism lived on, as the monarchists, with the exception of Ioannis Metaxas, did not acknowledge the Venizelist-sponsored Republican regime. The army, which had tasted power and provided many of the leading proponents of both sides, became a factor to be reckoned with, prone to intervene in politics. Greece was diplomatically isolated and vulnerable, as the Corfu incident of 1923 showed, and the economical foundations of the state were in ruins, after a decade of war and the sudden increase of the country's population by a quarter. The refugees, however, also brought a new air into Greece. They were impoverished now, but before 1922 many had been entrepreneurs and well-educated. Staunch supporters of Venizelos and the Republic, many would also radicalize and play a leading role in the nascent Communist Party of Greece.
The career of General Georgios Kondylis summed up the contradictions and evolution of the Second Hellenic Republic: a staunch Venizelist and Republican initially, he eventually suppressed the March 1935 Venizelist revolt and restored George II to the throne.
In June 1925, General Theodoros Pangalos launched a coup, and ruled as a dictator for a year until a counter-coup by another General, Georgios Kondylis, unseated him and restored the Republic. In the meantime, he had managed to embroil Greece in a short-lived war with Bulgaria and make unacceptable concessions in Thessaloniki and its hinterland to Yugoslavia, in an effort to gain its support for his revanchist policies against Turkey. In 1928, Venizelos returned from exile and after a landslide victory formed a government. This was the only cabinet of the Second Republic to run its full four-year term, and the work it left behind was considerable. Alongside domestic reforms, Venizelos restored Greece's frayed international relations, even initiating the Greco-Turkish reconciliation with a visit to Ankara and the signing of a Friendship Agreement in 1930.
The Great Depression however hit Greece, as a poor country dependent on agricultural exports, particularly hard. Matters were made worse by the closing off of emigration to the United States, the traditional safety-valve of rural poverty. High unemployment and consequent social unrest resulted, and the Communist Party of Greece made rapid advances. Venizelos was forced to default on Greece's national debt in 1932, and he fell from office after the 1932 elections, being succeeded by a monarchist coalition government led by Panagis Tsaldaris of the People's Party. Two failed Venizelist military coups followed in an effort to preserve the Republic in 1933 and 1935, but they had the opposite effect. On 10 October 1935, a few months after he suppressed the second attempt in March 1935, Georgios Kondylis, the former Venizelist stalwart, abolished the Republic in another coup, and declared the monarchy restored. A rigged plebiscite confirmed the regime change (with an unsurprising 97.88% of votes), and King George II returned.
The conservative regime of Ioannis Metaxas (4th of August Regime) adopted many of the ideas and symbolism of Italian Fascism. Here members of the National Organisation of Youth give the Roman salute to Metaxas.
King George II immediately dismissed Kondylis and appointed Professor Konstantinos Demertzis as interim Prime Minister. Venizelos meanwhile, in exile, urged an end to the conflict over the monarchy in view of the threat to Greece from the rise of Fascist Italy. His successors as Liberal leader, Themistoklis Sophoulis and Georgios Papandreou, agreed, and the restoration of the monarchy was accepted. The 1936 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the Communists holding the balance. As no government could be formed, Demertzis continued on. At the same time, a series of deaths left the Greek political scene in disarray: Kondylis died in February, Venizelos in March, Demertzis in April and Tsaldaris in May. The road was now clear for Ioannis Metaxas, who had succeeded Demertzis as interim Prime Minister.
Metaxas, a retired royalist general, believed that an authoritarian government was necessary to prevent social conflict and, especially, quell the rising power of the Communists. On 4 August 1936, with the King's support, he suspended parliament and established the 4th of August Regime. The Communists were suppressed and the Liberal leaders went into internal exile. Patterning itself after Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy,[citation needed] Metaxas' regime promoted various concepts such as the "Third Hellenic Civilization", the Roman salute, a national youth organization, and introduced measures to gain popular support, such as the Greek Social Insurance Institute (IKA), still the biggest social security institution in Greece.
Despite these efforts the regime lacked a broad popular base or a mass movement supporting it. The Greek people were generally apathetic, without actively opposing Metaxas. Metaxas also improved the country's defenses in preparation for the forthcoming European war, constructing, among other defensive measures, the "Metaxas Line". Despite his aping of Fascism, and the strong economic ties with resurgent Nazi Germany, Metaxas followed a policy of neutrality, given Greece's traditionally strong ties to Britain, reinforced by King George II's personal anglophilia. In April 1939, the Italian threat suddenly loomed closer, as Italy annexed Albania, whereupon Britain publicly guaranteed Greece's borders. Thus, when World War II broke out in September 1939, Greece remained neutral.
Main articles: Military history of Greece during World War II, Axis Occupation of Greece, and Greek Resistance
The symbolic start of the Occupation: German soldiers raising the German War Flag over the Acropolis. It would be taken down in one of the first acts of the Greek Resistance.
Despite this declared neutrality, Greece became a target for Mussolini's expansionist policies. Provocations against Greece included the sinking of the light cruiser Elli on 15 August 1940. Italian troops crossed the border on 28 October 1940, beginning the Greco-Italian War, but were stopped by determined Greek defence, and ultimately driven back into Albania. Metaxas died suddenly in January 1941. His death raised hopes of a liberalization of his regime and the restoration of parliamentary rule, but King George quashed these hopes when he retained the regime's machinery in place. In the meantime, Adolf Hitler was reluctantly forced to divert German troops to rescue Mussolini from defeat, and attacked Greece through Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on 6 April 1941. Despite British assistance, by the end of May, the Germans had overrun most of the country. The King and the government escaped to Crete, where they stayed until the end of the Battle of Crete. They then transferred to Egypt, where a government in exile was established.
The three occupation zones. Blue indicates the Italian, red the German and green the territory annexed by Bulgaria. The Italian zone was taken over by the Germans in September 1943.
The occupied country was divided in three zones (German, Italian and Bulgarian) and in Athens, a puppet regime was established. The members were either conservatives or nationalists with fascist leanings. The three quisling prime ministers were Georgios Tsolakoglou, the general who had signed the armistice with the Wehrmacht, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, and Ioannis Rallis, who took office when the German defeat was inevitable, and aimed primarily at combating the left-wing Resistance movement. To this end, he created the collaborationist Security Battalions.
Greece suffered terrible privations during World War II, as the Germans appropriated most of the country's agricultural production and prevented its fishing fleets from operating. As a result, and because a British blockade initially hindered foreign relief efforts, a wide-scale famine resulted, when hundreds of thousands perished, especially in the winter of 1941-1942. In the mountains of the Greek mainland, in the meantime, several resistance movements sprang up, and by mid-1943, the Axis forces controlled only the main towns and the connecting roads, while a "Free Greece" was set up in the mountains. The largest resistance group, the National Liberation Front (EAM), was controlled by the Communists, as was (Elas) led by Aris Velouchiotis and a civil war soon broke out between it and non-Communist groups such as the National Republican Greek League (EDES) in those areas liberated from the Germans. The exiled government in Cairo was only intermittently in touch with the resistance movement, and exercised virtually no influence in the occupied country. Part of this was due to the unpopularity of the King George II in Greece itself, but despite efforts by Greek politicians, British support ensured his retention at the head of the Cairo government. As the German defeat drew nearer however, the various Greek political factions convened in Lebanon in May 1944, under British auspices, and formed a government of national unity, under George Papandreou, in which EAM was represented by six ministers.
Main article: Greek civil war
German forces withdrew on October 12, 1944, and the government in exile returned to Athens. After the German withdrawal, the EAM-ELAS guerrilla army effectively controlled most of Greece, but its leaders were reluctant to take control of the country, as they knew that Soviet premier Joseph Stalin had agreed that Greece would be in the British sphere of influence after the war. Tensions between the British-backed Papandreou and EAM, especially over the issue of disarmament of the various armed groups, leading to the resignation of the latter's ministers from the government. A few days later, on 3 December 1944, a large-scale pro-EAM demonstration in Athens ended in violence and ushered an intense, house-to-house struggle with British and monarchist forces (the Dekemvriana). After three weeks, the Communists were defeated: the Varkiza agreement ended the conflict and disarmed ELAS, and an unstable coalition government was formed. The anti-EAM backlash grew into a full-scale "White Terror", which exacerbated tensions. The Communists boycotted the March 1946 elections, and on the same day, fighting broke out again. By the end of 1946, the Communist Democratic Army of Greece had been formed, pitted against the governmental National Army, which was backed first by Britain and after 1947 by the United States.
Communist successes in 1947–1948 enabled them to move freely over much of mainland Greece, but with extensive reorganization, the deportation of rural populations and American material support, the National Army was slowly able to regain control over most of the countryside. In 1949, the insurgents suffered a major blow, as Yugoslavia closed its borders following the split between Marshal Josip Broz Tito with the Soviet Union. Finally, in August 1949, the National Army under Marshal Alexander Papagos launched an offensive that forced the remaining insurgents to surrender or flee across the northern border into the territory of Greece's northern Communist neighbors. The civil war resulted in 100,000 killed and caused catastrophic economic disruption. In addition, at least 25,000 Greeks and an unspecified number of Macedonian Slavs were either voluntarily or forcibly evacuated to Eastern bloc countries, while 700,000 became displaced persons inside the country. Many more emigrated to Australia and other countries.
The postwar settlement ended Greece's territorial expansion, which had begun in 1832. The 1947 Treaty of Paris required Italy to hand over the Dodecanese islands to Greece. These were the last majority-Greek-speaking areas to be united with the Greek state, apart from Cyprus which was a British possession until it became independent in 1960. Greece's ethnic homogeneity was increased by the postwar expulsion of 25,000 Albanians from Epirus (see Cham Albanians). The only significant remaining minorities are the Muslims in Western Thrace (about 100,000) and a small Slavic-speaking minority in the north. Greek nationalists continued to claim southern Albania (which they called Northern Epirus), home of a significant Greek population (about 3%-12% in the whole of Albania [1]), and the Turkish-held islands of Imvros and Tenedos, where there were smaller Greek minorities.
Postwar Greece (1950–1973)
Main article: Greek military junta of 1967–1974
After the civil war, Greece sought to join the Western democracies and became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952. From 1952 to late 1963, Greece was governed by conservative parties: the Greek Rally of Marshal Alexander Papagos, and its successor, the National Radical Union (ERE) of Constantine Karamanlis. In 1964, the Center Union of George Papandreou was elected. In July 1965, the so-called "July Apostasy" or Apostasia of 1965 occurred when a group of Center Union dissidents, led by Konstantinos Mitsotakis, crossed the floor to bring about the fall of Papandreou's government. King Constantine II accepted his resignation, causing a constitutional crisis. It was followed by a succession of unstable coalition governments formed by conservatives and the "apostates".
The country descended into a prolonged political crisis, and elections were scheduled for late April 1967. On 21 April 1967 however, a group of right-wing colonels led by Colonel George Papadopoulos seized power in a coup d'état establishing the Regime of the Colonels. Civil liberties were suppressed, special military courts were established, and political parties were dissolved. Several thousand suspected communists and political opponents were imprisoned or exiled to remote Greek islands. Alleged US support for the junta is claimed to be the cause of rising anti-Americanism in Greece during and following the junta's harsh rule. However, during the junta's early years there was a marked upturn in the economy, with increased foreign investment and large-scale infrastructure works. The junta was widely condemned abroad, but inside the country, discontent began to increase only after 1970, when the economy slowed down. Even the armed forces, the regime's foundation, were not immune: in May 1973, a planned coup by the Hellenic Navy was narrowly suppressed, but led to the mutiny of the HNS Velos, whose officers sought political asylum in Italy. In response, junta leader Papadopoulos attempted to steer the regime towards a controlled democratization, abolishing the monarchy and declaring himself President of the Republic.
Transition to democracy (1973–present)
Main article: Metapolitefsi
On 25 November 1973, following the bloody suppression of Athens Polytechnic uprising on the 17th, the hardliner Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannides overthrew Papadopoulos and tried to continue the dictatorship despite the popular unrest the uprising had triggered. Ioannides' attempt in July 1974 to overthrow Archbishop Makarios, the President of Cyprus, brought Greece to the brink of war with Turkey, which invaded Cyprus and occupied part of the island. Senior Greek military officers then withdrew their support from the junta, which collapsed. Constantine Karamanlis returned from exile in France to establish a government of national unity until elections could be held. Karamanlis worked to defuse the risk of war with Turkey and also legalised the Communist Party, which had been illegal since 1947.[2] His newly organized party, New Democracy (ND), won the elections held in November 1974 by a wide margin, and he became prime minister.
Following the 1974 referendum which resulted in the abolition of the monarchy, a new constitution was approved by parliament on June 19, 1975. Parliament elected Constantine Tsatsos as President of the Republic. In the parliamentary elections of 1977, New Democracy again won a majority of seats. In May 1980, Prime Minister Karamanlis was elected to succeed Tsatsos as President. George Rallis succeeded Karamanlis as Prime Minister.
On 1 January 1981, Greece became the tenth member of the European Community (now the European Union).[3] In parliamentary elections held on 18 October 1981, Greece elected its first socialist government when the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), led by Andreas Papandreou, won 172 of 300 seats. On 29 March 1985, after Prime Minister Papandreou declined to support President Karamanlis for a second term, Supreme Court Justice Christos Sartzetakis was elected president by the Greek parliament.
Greece had two rounds of parliamentary elections in 1989; both produced weak coalition governments with limited mandates. Party leaders withdrew their support in February 1990, and elections were held on April 8. New Democracy, led by Constantine Mitsotakis, won 150 seats in that election and subsequently gained two others. However, a split between Mitsotakis and his first Foreign Minister, Antonis Samaras, in 1992, led to Samaras' dismissal and the eventual collapse of the ND government. In new elections in September 1993, Papandreou returned to power.
On 17 January 1996, following a protracted illness, Papandreou resigned and was replaced as Prime Minister by former Minister of Trade and Industry Costas Simitis. Within days, the new prime minister had to handle a major Greek-Turkish crisis over the Imia/Kardak islands. Simitis subsequently won re-election in the 1996 and 2000 elections. In 2004, Simitis retired and George Papandreou succeeded him as PASOK leader.[4] In the March 2004 elections, PASOK was defeated by New Democracy, led by Kostas Karamanlis, the nephew of the former President. The government called early elections in September 2007 (normally, elections would have been held in March 2008), and New Democracy again was the majority party in the Parliament. As a result of that defeat, PASOK undertook a party election for a new leader. In that contest, George Papandreou was reelected as the head of the socialist party in Greece.
Timeline of Greek history
Timeline of modern Greek history
^ CIA - The World Factbook
^ Clogg, Richard. A Concise history of Greece.
^ EU members - Chronology - Ministère des Affaires étrangères
^ PM Simitis resigns as PASOK president, initiates election of new party leader
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Demographic history of modern Greece — Population censuses in Greece take place the first year of every decade. There have been 28 censuses in the history of modern Greece,[1] conducted in various times, starting from an unofficial census in the eve of the Greek War of Independence.… … Wikipedia
Demographic history of Modern Greece — Population censuses in Greece take place the first year of every decade. There have been 28 censuses in the history of modern Greece [ [http://flashfiles.flash.gr/flash/Rid7/635.asp Greek censuses (in Greek)] ] , conducted in various times,… … Wikipedia
History of modern Macedonia (Greece) — This article is about the modern history of the Greek region of Macedonia; for the history of the larger geographical region, see Macedonia (region)#History.In the 19th cent. the national revival in the Balkans began; national and religious… … Wikipedia
History of modern Christianity — Main article: History of Christianity See also: History of medieval Christianity and Protestant Reformation The mission at 312 Azusa Street, Los Angeles, California, considered to be the birthplace of Pentecostalism. The … Wikipedia
History of modern Tunisia — The present day Republic of Tunisia, al Jumhuriyyah at Tunisiyyah , has over ten million citizens, almost all of Arab Berber descent. The Mediterranean Sea is to the north and east, Libya to the southeast, and Algeria to the west. [See map at end … Wikipedia
History of modern literature — The history of literature in the Modern period in Europe begins with the Age of Enlightenment and the conclusion of the Baroque period in the 18th century, succeeding the Renaissance and Early Modern periods. In the classical literary cultures… … Wikipedia
History of modern Serbia — Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in two revolutions in 1804 and 1815, though Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade until 1867. Those revolutions revived the Serbian pride and gave them hope that their Empire … Wikipedia
History of Greece — This article covers the Greek civilization. For the Greek language as a whole, see Greek language. For the Classical Greek language, see Ancient Greek. For the history of the modern republic, see History of modern Greece. History of Greece … Wikipedia
Greece — The Ottoman Empire ruled Greece from the fifteenth to the early nineteenth century. Ottoman rule preserved the religious traditions of the Orthodox Church and ruled along with the cooperation of the Church and the Orthodox elite. During the… … Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914
History of the Hellenic Army — War of IndependenceProvisional government eraCapodistrias govenorshipBavarian monarchy eraBavarian RegencyBavarian MonarchyOldenburg Glücksburg monarchy eraGreco Turkish War of 1897The Greco Turkish War of 1897 was a war between Greece and the… … Wikipedia


1. Application. These terms and conditions apply where a contract has been made in writing or verbally. The hirer is responsible for all actions of passengers being carried whether being present or not at the time of hire.
2. Quotations. All quotations are given verbally and in writing at the time of initial enquiry and is held for 7 days unless otherwise notified.
Any quotation does not include any Parking or Toll charges that may incur on route.
3a. Policy. A Strict "NO SMOKING" policy is enforced at all times.
Under no circumstances will the smoking of tobacco or other suchlike substances be allowed inside of the vehicle at any time. This also includes Electronic vapour items. This came into English law July 2007.
Any passenger found to be wilfully flouting and breaking this law will be liable to a on the spot fine of £100.00 and in addition to any other fines that may be imposed.
3b. Policy. A strict "NO ALCOHOL" policy is enforced at all times.
It is a criminal offence for a passengers to consume alcoholic beverages inside of a licensed Carriage of any description. – Private Hire, Hackney Carriage, Public Carrying Vehicle, Public Service Vehicle.
Any pre-opened bottles, cans or containers containing alcohol will not be allowed to be carried inside of the vehicle, opened or resealed. Such items must be disposed of before entering the vehicle and before a journey commences.
Any passengers found to be wilfully flouting and breaking this law will be liable to a on the spot fine of £100.00 and in addition to any other fines imposed.
4. Seat Belts. Seat Belts are provided for passenger safety and must be must be worn at all times. Passengers are not permitted to stand or share seats with another person.
Child car seats must only be provide and fitted by its parent or guardian.
Any persons refusing to wear seatbelts provided may not be allowed to travel.
5. Use of vehicle. The hirer can not assume the use of the vehicle between outward and return journeys, nor will it remain at the destination for the hirer's use unless this has been previously agreed with Smart Taxis and Minibuses. Smart Taxis and Minibuses reserves the right to levy additional charges for any additional mileage or time over and above that was originally agreed. The charges are pro rata and in accordance with booking confirmation.
6. Seating capacity. The maximum number of passengers that can be carried is stated in the interior and exterior of the vehicle. It is a criminal offence for the driver to permit the overloading of passengers in the vehicle. Likewise any passenger offering up a bribe to do so. In any such case the driver has the right to cancel the booking with little or no further notice with all pre-paid monies lost with no refund.
No passenger or passengers shall not be permitted to invite additional persons to be carried without the drivers consent or permission.
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Deposits are usually required for selected journeys prior to date of travel.
Your payment details are protected by law. Under no circumstances will your private details ever be divulged to any unauthorised persons or third parties.
9a. Cancellations by hirer. Cancellations must be made in reasonable time prior to date of travel. Any deposits already paid may be forfeited in full if cancelled within 1week before date of travel.
This is at the sole discretion of Smart Taxis and Minibuses. All cancellations by hirer must be made by telephone or by email.
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In this event Smart Taxis and Minibuses will endeavour to assist the hirer by supplying alternative contact telephone numbers for operators who may be able to provide replacement transport.
11. Route. Unless the hirer has previously requested a particular route or places to be passed en-route, the route taken will be at the discretion of the driver. The vehicle will depart at the times agreed and is the responsibility of the hirer to account for all passengers at those times. Smart Taxis and Minibuses will not accept any liability for any missing persons failing to turn up on time or failing to follow instructions given by the hirer or its driver.
12. Breakdown or Delay. Smart Taxis and Minibuses may give advice on journey times in good faith but does not guarantee the completion of any journey at a specific time and will not be liable for inconvenience or loss caused by breakdown or delay which is an unforeseen circumstance. In any event shall the driver be expected to make up any lost time in journeys by "Pace- Making" or by speeding. At all times the driver must comply with statuary road traffic regulations.
13. Drivers Hours. The driver's actual driving hours are regulated by law and are enforced at all times. It is the hirers responsibility to ensure that travel times are kept so to not cause any delay in the departure times. If any breach is likely to occur the hirer will be held responsible for any additional costs, if any.
14. Property. All passengers property is carried entirely at its owners risk.
No such claim can be made or filed against Smart Taxis and Minibuses or its driver for rectification of any accident damage or theft to personal property however caused.
The driver shall be the sole judge as to whether personal property items are carried or not.
15. Conduct of passengers. The driver is responsible for the safety of the vehicle.
Any passengers whose conduct is in breach of statuary regulations will be removed or be prevented from travelling in the vehicle. This is on the authority of the driver.
The hirer will be held fully responsible for all damages caused to the vehicles interior and exterior during the period of hire. This includes any criminal damage to the general fabrication of upholstery, fouling of the vehicle by spillage of food or drink of any description, and by sickness or vomiting. There is an automatic on the spot penalty charge of a minimum fine of £200.00 for a full valet.
Smart Taxis and Minibuses reserves the right to make further charges at a later date to cover additional loses and expenses incurred to rectify any situations.
The hirer will also be held responsible for all losses of potential earnings from 3rd parties from lost contracts.
Verbal or physical abuse aimed at the driver in person or at any other passengers will not be tolerated at any time. These persons will be removed from the vehicle at the request of other passengers or its driver. In any case the driver has the last say in any matter. This also includes foul offensive language, racist remarks, general misbehaviour, threats of violence etc.
Any passenger or passengers being removed from the vehicle shall have no claim on Smart Taxis and Minibuses or its driver for their own onward transportation to their destination, however far, time of day or night. In addition any and all monies paid will be lost.
16. CCTV ( Closed Circuit Television ). Cameras with video and audio recording may be fitted into any vehicle without prior notice. Recorded images are not available for playback to the general public. Only restricted authorised personnel may have access to such recordings. Only authorised approved type equipment will be and is used.
17. Complaints Procedure. Smart Taxis and Minibuses takes seriously any comments or complaints that you may have about our service. With this in mind it has set out a set procedure. All comments and complaints must be made in writing within 7 working days, no action will be taken after this period.
We will require your full contact details, Name, Home address and post code, Contact telephone numbers, Nature of complaint, Time, Date, Form and event including the journey details. Please also state the original booking reference number if you have been given one.
Complaints via a third party will NOT be accepted and may nullify any further complaint on the matter in hand. Only the original person who made the original booking shall forward the complaint.
Please note. Any person making a complaint about our services must state the truth. Any false allegations, claims or modified statements may lead to a lawful prosecution by Smart Taxis and Minibuses.
All complaints must be made in writing initially by email only and then signed as a truthful and final statement. You may also be required to make a further statement in writing by post.
18. All these terms and conditions have been created and formatted by many years of experiences of both Smart Taxis and Minibuses and also that of other companies with similar interests.
These conditions are not meant to be taken with any malice or prejudice.
All these terms and conditions apply in full at all times if read or understood or not.
19. Amendments. Smart Taxis and Minibuses reserves the right to amend its terms and conditions at any time without prior notice.
As of Monday 23th Nov 2015. All rights reserved .


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Tampa Rundown
ICYMI – In case you missed it, men's and women's basketball were in action over the Thanksgiving break.
Men's Basketball participated in the Eckerd Thanksgiving Classic with a pair of games against Bemidji State and Francis Marion. In the first game against Bemidji State, the Spartans picked up their first win of the season, defeating the Beavers 60-49. Pat Bacon was the leading scorer for UT, as he put up 21 points. In the game against Francis Marion, Bacon again led the team in scoring, putting up 24 points. Martin Lakovic also had big games as he put up two double-doubles over the weekend. Against Bemidji State he had 10 points and 10 rebounds, and against Francis Marion he had 13 points and 12 rebounds.
Women's basketball traveled to Louisville, Kentucky where they played in the Bellarmine Thanksgiving Classic. In the opening match against Southern Indiana, the Spartans would fall 56-46. In the game against host Bellarmine, UT would drop the contest 76-63.
Volleyball will travel down to Boca Raton as they face Alabama-Huntsville in the opening round of the NCAA South Regional. The game is set to begin at 2:30 p.m. If UT wins, they will play the winner of Barry and West Florida at 5:00 p.m. on Friday.
Men's basketball will be back in SSC play as they travel back to St. Petersburg to take on the Eckerd Tritons. Tip-off is set for 7:30 p.m. Saturday at 4:00 p.m. the men will be back home as they welcome in the Rollins College Tars.
Women's basketball will play Eckerd on Wednesday in a road matchup set to begin at 5:30 p.m. On Saturday, the Spartans will host the Tars at 2:00 p.m.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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3 Best Places to Visit in Canada: Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Jasper
by Abhishek Pathak | Dec 24, 2018 | Green Living, Home, Travel | 0 comments
Befitting the tagline of "keep exploring," Canada boasts a diverse set of experiences for everyone, ranging from its signature experiences to culinary tours, wine tasting tours, cultural tours, outdoor experiences and much more. No matter what you crave for, Canada has everything to offer – so just go ahead and pick up a spot, book the tickets and start exploring. Here are some of the trending things to do while you're vacationing in the Lumberjack country.
Halifax, Nova Scotia in Canada
Halifax recently featured as a trending travel destination in the list of 10 destinations around the globe. Well, Halifax is one of those cities that's best explored on foot, as it's filled with great energy and rich history. Feel inspired by the largest art collection at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia. Get on board the pink Double Decker bus for a fun and informative tour of the city. The hop-on and hop-off service glides through historic and downtown areas of the city, the legendary Halifax waterfront, and picturesque neighbourhoods. Hop-off at the Fairview Lawn Cemetery, which is one of the most popular stops and best known as the final resting place for over one hundred victims of the sinking of the Titanic.
Lunenburg Nova Scotia Waterfront
Spend an evening taking in the dusky views of the city on a Tall Ship Silva night cruise. The tour lasts for 1.5-2 hours and sails through the winds in classic style passing through Halifax's biggest attractions, including the Harbour Bridge, the Fort George, McNab's Island, Point Pleasant Park and other Historic Properties. There's always live music and the ship operates a full-serviced pub on board. Slip into any of the city's great bars and restaurants and catch some live music to round out your day.
Also, Nova Scotia is world famous for its lobster-based fares, ranging from traditional lobster dinner to a beach side lobster boil to lobster rolls, creamed lobster, lobster poutine and even lobster beer. So do try out some of these must-try dishes at some of the famous restaurants in Halifax and put a full stop to your lobster cravings.
Terrace Restaurant in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley in Canada
No trip to British Columbia, Canada is complete without visiting its fine winery restaurants in Okanagan Valley. A long lunch or dinner accompanied by a well-matched wine or two is recommended to every itinerary holder at the Terrace Restaurant – one of the five winery restaurants present in Okanagan Valley. Located at the Mission Hill Family Estate, the restaurant provides a highlighting culinary experience to connoisseurs, using the locally sourced fresh produce with bountiful ingredients paired with world-class wines characteristic to the area. The estate produces its own fragrant honey from the five beehives, called the wildflower honey, that's incorporated into its succulent desserts. Terrace Restaurant enjoys a fabled presence and is often quoted as the top 5 winery restaurants in the world.
Terrace Restaurant in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley
The Mission Hill Family Estate offers exclusive 60-minute sommelier-guided experiences to have an intimate first-hand understanding of its winemaking philosophy, property, and history, and the factors that make Okanagan wine country so unique and special.
Alternatively, be introduced to the Estate Winery with a Winery Tour. Beginning in the estate's Boutique, get an overview of the Estate Winery, and conclude the tour with a tasting of two of its exceptional wines while exploring its boutique offerings. The Mission Hill Family Estate also organises several events, including Wine and Food Pairing Event, Chef's Table, Private Culinary Workshops, Team Building Culinary Workshop, Wine-Paired Reception, etc.
Jasper National Park in Canada
Located in Alberta, Jasper National Park is the largest national park in the Canadian Rockies, spanning 4,200 sq. mi, and also the wildest in every sense of the word. Declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, the landscape of this national park traverses through various mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, limestone caves as well as fossils. Some of the major scenic spots include – Mount Edith Cavell, Pyramid Lake with Pyramid Mountain, Maligne Lake, Medicine Lake, and the Tonquin Valley. Other attractions are the Marmot Basin ski area; the Snocoach tours of the Athabasca Glacier, an outlet glacier of the Columbia Icefield; Athabasca Falls; the Jasper Skytram, and numerous other outdoor-related recreational activities.
Spirit Island at Maligne Lake in Jasper National Park Alberta Canada
Jasper is chock-full of wildlife activities buzzing alive with its local residents, including grizzly bears, moose, caribou and wolves. It features world famous Columbia Icefield, which is the only icefield in the world accessible by road. You can go for hiking in the park, skiing at the Marmot Basin and wildlife watching surrounded by North America's rarest animals, including elk, mountain goats, bighorn sheep, marmots, etc. Mule dears can be commonly seen on the Pyramid Lake Road. Truly, Jasper is a nature's lover paradise, where hundreds of animals engage in many peek-a-boo moments with you.
About Abhishek Pathak
An avid traveller and a gourmet enthusiast, I am a writer with a penchant for writing on arts, films, culture, food, travel and literature. I believe that Travel broadens our worldview and adds to our existing knowledge. I'm a chef at my place, when I'm not busy scribbling my thoughts on paper. I also enjoy nature and wildlife photography in my leisure time. You can connect with Green Ubuntu Evangelist Abhishek Pathak through LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook.
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3 Best Places to Visit in Canada: Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Jasper - December 24, 2018
Best Beach of Japan for Tourists: Ishigaki Island, The Hidden Holm - November 24, 2018
6 Best Airports to Enjoy Your Layovers in Style: Luxe Layovers - November 13, 2018
Diwali Air Pollution: Trucks banned from Entry into Delhi - November 10, 2018
7 Top Places to Discover in Coorg, the Scotland of India, Near Bangalore - November 7, 2018
Royal Enfield Garage Cafe, Goa: Try Bruschetta, Apple Mocktail, Soufflé - October 29, 2018
Mumbai's Most Popular Parsi Joint: Britannia & Company Restaurant - October 10, 2018


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Tag Archives: Tom Barrett
Entries tagged with "Tom Barrett"
Wisconsin: Scott Walker signs early-voting bill; partial veto extends voting hours | Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
WisconsinBy admin March 27, 2014
Acting out of the public eye on controversial measures, Gov. Scott Walker signed asbestos liability legislation Thursday opposed by a number of veterans groups and used a partial veto to loosen new restrictions on early voting opposed by Democrats. Wielding his pen privately on a stack of 31 bills, Walker approved a number of elections bills Thursday, including the absentee voting measure and another one to give lobbyists more time to give campaign donations to state officials. In the early-voting measure, Walker used his partial veto powers — the most powerful in the nation — to nix language restricting early voting hours in Milwaukee and other cities to 45 hours a week while leaving in place a provision to prohibit early voting on weekends.
Wisconsin: Opponents speak against bill to limit absentee voting | Journal Sentinel
A coalition of voter-rights advocates, including Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, Ald. Milele Coggs and community leaders, expressed opposition Tuesday to a proposed Assembly bill that would trim hours for in-person absentee voting. The group also urged city voters to turn out on April 2 and vote yes on an advisory referendum in favor of same-day voter registration. The referendum asks voters: "Should the State of Wisconsin continue to permit citizens to register to vote at the polls on election day?" Barrett and others said Wisconsin has a long and rich tradition of open and accessible voting laws. The Assembly bill threatens that, he and others said.
Wisconsin: Citizens group auditing recall election results—by hand | GazetteXtra
WisconsinBy admin July 12, 2012
The Rock County Clerk's Office opened its doors to an unusual request Tuesday. A group of six concerned citizens wanted to cross-check Rock County's election results of last month's gubernatorial recall election—by hand. The group members, who said they were part of the action group Election Fairness, had filed an open records request July 2 with Rock County and Wisconsin's 71 other counties. Its members seek to hand-count paper ballots in storage at counties around the state to determine whether results on paper ballots match electronic tabulations that counties used to total votes in the June 5 recall election between Gov. Scott Walker and Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, said James Mueller of Cross Plains, the group's attorney. Most Wisconsin municipalities rely on electronic voting machines to tally votes from paper ballots. The electronic totals are recorded and added to late-arriving absentee ballots during a post-election canvass. That's how counties arrive at official election results that they certify with the state. But members of Election Fairness say they believe electronic vote tabulation could be a flawed system. The group argues electronic voting machines can misread ballots and lead to mistakes that can skew election results.
Wisconsin: How media called the Walker recall election so fast | The Daily Page
WisconsinBy admin June 15, 2012
When the major networks called the recall election for Republican Scott Walker barely one hour after the polls closed at 8 p.m., there was widespread disbelief over the results — among Democrats, at least — and bewilderment over the process. Some of the confusion was understandable. The same networks just 30 minutes before had released early exit polling data showing the race between Walker and Democratic challenger Tom Barrett was a dead heat. People were also ticked off that the election was being called with just over 20% of wards reporting and voters still in line in Milwaukee waiting to cast ballots. It struck many in the heat of the moment that corporate media had usurped the democratic process. One woman tweeted in disgust at 9 p.m.: "Ok NBC get a grip 22% and you're calling it? Puke." Even the Associated Press seemed sensitive to the criticism, putting out an article that night with the headline "How the AP calls elections before all the votes are tallied."
Wisconsin: Recall election: The jet-propelled Republican | The Economist
WisconsinBy admin June 8, 2012
If history is written by the winners, this was the night for the governor of Wisconsin, Scott Walker, to add his name on the ledger. On June 5th Mr Walker faced a recall election to drive him out of office—only the third attempted recall of a governor in America's history. This was prompted by statewide outrage when, last year, the pushy Republican brought in a law curbing the collective-bargaining rights of public-sector workers. Mr Walker defeated his opponent, Tom Barrett, the mayor of Milwaukee—Wisconsin's biggest city—by seven points, a wide margin. No governor has survived a recall before, but in a political campaign that has drawn, by the latest accounting, an astonishing $63.5m in funding—most of it from outside groups—Mr Walker outspent his opponents six or seven times over.
Wisconsin: Recall exit poll: What happened? | The Washington Post
Governor Barrett, meet President Kerry. Exit poll numbers released to subscribers just before polls closed in the Wisconsin recall election Tuesday dangled the possibility that Milwaukee Mayor Tommy Barrett (D) could win. The numbers seemed to pop off the screen — 50 percent apiece for Barrett and Republican Gov. Scott Walker, the subject of the recall effort. Walker had a clear lead in independent pre-election polls, so the tie score sent analysts scrambling and buoyed Democratic hopes when the numbers were widely reported elsewhere minutes later at the official poll close time. Just a half hour later, the exit poll shifted to 52 to 48 percent, tilting in Walker's favor. (The final margin appears to be seven percentage points.) A potential Gov. Barrett era had ended before it started, and a fresh round of bash-the-exit-poll commenced. For the exit poll, it was reminiscent of 2004, when leaked midday results showing Democratic contender John F. Kerry with leads in key states led his own pollster ask the candidate "Can I be the first to call you Mr. President?" These aren't lone examples: Recall then-senator Barack Obama winning the New Hampshire primary? On Tuesday, as in the other instances, the fault is less about the exit polls themselves, than it is about a widespread, albeit understandable misrepresentation of the numbers. The exit poll is, after all, a poll, complete with a margin of sampling error and other foibles.
Wisconsin: The Influence Industry: In Wisconsin recall, the side with most money won big | The Washington Post
If the Wisconsin recall battle was a test of the power of political spending, the big money won big. Republican Gov. Scott Walker, who survived an effort by Wisconsin Democrats to unseat him in a special election on Tuesday, outspent his opponent by more than 7-to-1 and easily overcame massive get-out-the-vote efforts by Democrats. The recall contest ranks as the most expensive in Wisconsin history, with well over $63 million spent by the candidates and interest groups combined. Walker was bolstered by wealthy out-of-state donors who gave as much as $500,000 each to his campaign under special state rules allowing incumbents to ignore contribution limits in a recall election. He raised $30.5 million compared to just $3.9 million by his Democratic challenger, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, according to data compiled by the Wisconsin Democracy Campaign. The big spending was made possible in part by the landmark Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , which allowed corporations and unions to spend unlimited funds on elections and also made it easier for wealthy individuals to bankroll such efforts. Wisconsin was one of a number of states that had previously banned direct election spending by corporations and labor groups. As a result, many Democrats and campaign watchdog groups view the Wisconsin matchup as a test-run of sorts for November, when super PACs and other interest groups could spend $1 billion or more on political ads and organizing efforts in races for the White House and Congress. The outcome has also prompted hand-wringing on the left over whether pro-Democratic groups, which traditionally focus on ground-game organizing rather than advertising, will need to rethink their strategy.
Wisconsin: Walker makes history surviving recall election | Reuters
Wisconsin's Scott Walker became the first governor in U.S. history to survive a recall election on Tuesday in a decisive victory that dealt a blow to the labor movement and raised Republican hopes of defeating President Barack Obama in the November election. Unions and liberal activists forced the recall election over a law curbing collective bargaining powers for public sector workers passed soon after Walker took office in 2011. With nearly all of the votes counted, Republican Walker won by 8 percentage points over Democratic challenger Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, a bigger victory for the governor over the same challenger than two years ago. Republicans around the country were elated by the result in a state that President Obama won by 14 percentage points in 2008.
Voting Blogs: Walker, most other Republicans reportedly survive Wisconsin recall elections | The Brad Blog
Voting BlogsBy admin June 6, 2012
"It was a great demonstration of democracy, whether you agree or disagree with the outcome," Huffington Post's political reporter Howard Fineman told Ed Schultz on MSNBC late tonight, while discussing the results of the historic Wisconsin recall elections. Fineman's comment is either accurate or it is not. Just as the results reported by the computers across the Badger State are either accurate or not. Who knows? Nobody in WI does, and that's exactly the problem. The early Exit Poll results had reportedly predicted the race between Republican Gov. Scott Walker and Democratic Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett a virtual tie, leading media to plan for a long night tonight. A second round of Exit Polls results, however, were said to have given Walker a broader lead over Barrett. Even so, we were told, the race based on the Exit Poll data alone was still "too close to call." That data was either accurate or it was not.
Wisconsin: Democrats allege robocalls, 'dirty tricks' in recall election | JSOnline
Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett's campaign is warning voters that his opponents might be engaged in "dirty tricks" after some voters said they've received robocalls claiming they don't have to vote Tuesday if they signed the recall petition. The Democratic Party of Milwaukee County also said it is receiving reports of such robocalls and accused supporters of Gov. Scott Walker of placing them. "These tactics aren't just shady and troubling. They're un-American and downright criminal," said Sachin Chheda, Milwaukee County Democratic Party chairman.
Wisconsin: Wisconsin mailings that list voting records set off some neighbors | JSOnline
Jane Boutan thought it was an invasion of privacy. Corrine Greuling worried about her safety. Viola Miller wondered if it could be used to steal her vote. They and others got upset after the Greater Wisconsin Political Fund mailed fliers over the weekend listing people's names, addresses and whether they voted in the November 2008 and 2010 elections, as well as the same information for a dozen of their neighbors. "What am I supposed to do? Go shame my neighbor? Whether my neighbor voted or not is none of my business," said Boutan, who lives in Milwaukee's Sherman Park neighborhood. The fliers arrived in mailboxes over the weekend. The Greater Wisconsin Political Fund, which is affiliated with the Greater Wisconsin Committee, is a liberal group that has run ads against Republican Gov. Scott Walker to help Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett in Tuesday's recall election. The group did not respond to voicemail and email messages Monday afternoon, so the scope and cost of the effort was not known. But the Journal Sentinel heard from people across the metro area, from Oak Creek to Glendale, and Waukesha to Wauwatosa. Addressed to registered voters, the fliers say: "Who votes is public record! Why do so many people fail to vote? We've been talking about the problem for years, but it only seems to get worse. This year, we're taking a new approach. We're sending this mailing to you and your neighbors to publicize who does and does not vote."
Wisconsin: Wisconsin Walker recall: Democrats prep for recall recount | Politico.com
Brace yourself: Wisconsin Democrats say they are preparing for the event that the hotly contested recall race could drag on for weeks, or even longer. Floating the prospect of a recount is, of course, a message that bolsters the party's claims that the race is closer than people think and that it will go down to the wire — despite polls showing Walker with the lead. Yet there's reason a recount can't be so easily dismissed. Walker can't seem to break his 50 percent ceiling of support among Wisconsin voters. His ballot support has hovered at either 50 percent or 49 percent in 12 of the 14 polls released since early May, and recent polls show the race tightening in the final stretch. "We're very much anticipating that there's a chance that we could be in a recount scenario," said Mike Tate, chairman of the Democratic Party of Wisconsin. He said the party will have more than 440 lawyers in the field on Tuesday "doing election protection activities but also tasked with recount preparation, making sure that we know where absentee ballots are at, making sure that we have a strong handle on what's happening out there."
Wisconsin: All eyes on Wisconsin governor's recall election | Reuters
Wisconsin voters will decide on Tuesday whether to throw Governor Scott Walker out of office in a rare recall election forced by opponents of the Republican's controversial effort to curb collective bargaining for most unionized government workers. The rematch with Milwaukee's Democratic Mayor Tom Barrett, who Walker defeated in a Republican sweep of the state in 2010, is the end-game of six months of bitter fighting in the Midwestern Rust Belt state over the union restrictions Walker proposed and enacted. The recall election in closely divided Wisconsin, which helped elect Democrat Barack Obama as president in 2008, is seen as a dress rehearsal for the 2012 U.S. presidential election in November. The vote is also viewed as a test of strength between organized labor and conservative opponents, both of whom have poured money and effort into the contest.
Wisconsin: In recall vote, it's TV ad spending vs. boots on the ground | The Washington Post
Dozens of men, women, children and dogs showed up early Monday morning outside the Madison Labor Temple, where labor-backed organizers sent them out in search of Democratic votes. Their goal was written in chalk on the sidewalk at their feet: "Barrett or Bust." If Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett (D) can pull off a come-from-behind win in an election to recall Gov. Scott Walker (R) on Tuesday, it will almost certainly be because of volunteers like these, whom Democrats are counting on to overcome being outspent by tens of millions. Wisconsin Republican Gov. Scott Walker will try to become the first governor to successfully overcome a recall in an election Tuesday. Walker is being challenged by Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett.
Wisconsin: Election Law Quirk Could Throw Governance Into Disarray | Huffington Post
Right now, Wisconsin has a Republican governor and lieutenant governor. But after Tuesday's recall elections, the top two officials could be from different parties. In normal elections, the two candidates run on a single ticket. But in recall elections, public officials are on their own. So theoretically, Gov. Scott Walker (R) could hold on to his seat, while Lt. Gov. Rebecca Kleefisch (R) could lose to Mahlon Mitchell, meaning Walker would have to work with a Democrat. "Highly unlikely," former Wisconsin Democratic Senator Russ Feingold told The Huffington Post when asked about this scenario. Both Mitchell and Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett (D) also dismissed the possibility, arguing that people were likely to choose two candidates from the same party. "We don't see that split-ticket scenario at all. We're not factoring that in," said Barrett.
Wisconsin: Second statewide recount may decide Tuesday's Wisconsin recall election | GazetteXtra
It's the other "R" word in this historic year of Wisconsin politics: Recount. If recall election vote totals between Republican Gov. Scott Walker and Democrat Tom Barrett are within a 0.5 percent margin, a free recount can be requested. The apparent loser can ask for a statewide recount, or recounts only in specific counties. Most polls give Walker margins-of-error leads over Barrett, whose supporters say their own surveys show the race is tied. With only 2 percent or 3 percent of poll respondents saying they are undecided, a recount is possible. We've seen this recount movie before. Only 13 months ago.
Wisconsin: Report: Recall election most expensive race in Wisconsin history | The Hill
The Wisconsin recall election for GOP Gov. Scott Walker has become the most expensive contest in state history, a non-profit watchdog group said Sunday. The Center for Public Integrity (CPI) said more than $63.5 million had been spent by Walker, his Democratic challenger Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett and outside groups ahead of Tuesday's vote. The tally which includes funds spent since November 2011 topped the 2010 gubernatorial contest, which held the previous record of $37.4 million. Democratic National Committee Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz said the vote would be a "dry run" for Democrats ahead of November. Polls show Walker with a slight edge on Barrett, but Democrats are making a strong push this weekend to close the gap. Former President Bill Clinton visited the state on Friday to stump with Barrett.
Wisconsin: Recall Fever: As Scott Walker Fights To Keep His Post, Recall Elections Spread Across U.S. | International Business Times
WisconsinBy admin May 31, 2012
It's uncommon for a gubernatorial or state legislative election to make national headlines. But the upcoming recall election of divisive Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who could be booted less than two years into the job, has been closely tracked by the media and voters, who may be watching the results of the June 5 recall election with a looming thought on their mind — could that happen where I live? The ability to remove an unpopular politician from office, driven by the sheer will of unhappy constituents, is a power that could certainly inspire exasperated citizens. However, that power is not universal. Only 18 U.S. states allow for the recall of state officials, while one other, Illinois, solely permits the recall of a governor (a recent development inspired by the fall of former Gov. Rod Blagojevich as the result of a corruption scandal.) Wisconsin's recall will pit Walker, a Republican, against Democratic Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, whom Walker defeated in the state's 2010 gubernatorial election. Walker, a Tea Party favorite, campaigned on a deeply conservative platform pledging to, among other things, cut collective bargaining rights for certain state employees in order to pay for a series of tax cuts. That provoked the ire of Democrats and public sector workers, who say the new governor penalized them in order to preserve tax breaks for the wealthiest Wisconsinites.
Wisconsin: Election officials say voter turnout in Wisconsin recall could reach 65 percent | Wisconsin State Journal
Wisconsin election officials are predicting that between 60 to 65 percent of the voting age population, or about 2.6 to 2.8 million people, will cast regular and absentee ballots in the June 5 recall election. That level of turnout would be higher than the 49.7 percent of voters who turned out in the November 2010 gubernatorial general election, in which Gov. Scott Walker beat Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, his current challenger, by about five percentage points. It would not be as high as the 2008 general election for president, when some 69.2 percent of Wisconsin voters turned out to vote.
Wisconsin: Voting in recall election difficult for some Wisconsin residents | The Minnesota Daily
Wisconsin's recall elections will take place Tuesday, and for many nonresident University of Minnesota students wanting to participate in the election, returning to Wisconsin may not be an option. The historic recall election is a rematch of the 2010 governor's race that Scott Walker won. After most Wisconsin public workers lost their collective bargaining rights, many called for this recall election. Walker again faces Tom Barrett, currently the mayor of Milwaukee. Absentee ballots allow Wisconsin students a chance to vote from out of state.
Wisconsin: Recall Election: Political Money Talks | NYTimes.com
As Gov. Scott Walker of Wisconsin faces a well deserved recall votenext month after stripping public unions of their bargaining rights, voters are discovering the generosity of Diane Hendricks. Ms. Hendricks, the billionaire chairwoman of the nation's largest roofing and siding wholesaler, wrote a check for $500,000 last month to help defend Governor Walker, a Republican, against his Democratic challenger, Tom Barrett, the mayor of Milwaukee. The eye-popping donation was made possible by a quirk in the state law for recall campaigns. And Ms. Hendricks has never been shy about what she wants. A newly released piece of documentary video shows her running into Governor Walker two weeks after he took office in 2011. In what was presumed to have been a private discussion, Ms. Hendricks asked, "Any chance we'll ever get to be a completely red state and work on these unions and become a right to work" state?
Wisconsin: Hundreds wait in line to vote early in recall election | Wisconsin State Journal
On a day when mail carriers didn't deliver and mourners packed cemeteries for solemn tributes to the dead, hundreds of others stood in long lines outside the Madison city clerk's office, showing that in this hypercharged election season voting takes no holiday. "I'm amazed," said voter Allan Wessel of Madison of the turnout, which hit 379 people in four hours and produced 45-minute waits. "We thought there might be a short little line." The clerk's office took the unusual step of opening for a half-day on Memorial Day, a federal holiday, to allow people to cast early ballots for the June 5 gubernatorial recall election, the first in state history. The line snaked around the corner to the City Hall entrance and, at times, got so long it turned again at the Parks Department office, creating a J-shaped line of voters who weren't prepared for the wait.


VANCOUVER, Dec. 20, 2016 - Kincora Copper Ltd. (the "Company", "Kincora") (TSXV:KCC) is pleased to announce that it has closed the previously announced non-brokered private placement for gross proceeds of $532,584 through the issuance of 1,543,720 shares at a price of C$0.345 per share, subject to TSX-V approval.
Concurrent with, and on the same terms of, closing the non-brokered price placement 186,831 shares have been issued to HPX Techco Inc., an affiliate of High Power Ventures, on account of loans made in the course of the IBEX Transaction.
Proceeds from the offering will be applied to the advancing Kincora's exploration portfolio which includes a unique multi-target, multi-stage pipeline, between and on strike from Rio Tinto's largest global expansion project, the Oyu Tolgoi mine, and the Tsagaan Suvarga Serven Sukhait development project in the Southern Gobi, Mongolia, and for working capital.
All shares issued are subject to a four-month hold period expiring April 21st, 2017.
Sam Spring, President & CEO, commented: "We are pleased to close this offering following an approach from one of the leading junior natural resource investors, and also welcome a second new institutional investor to the shareholder register.
The raising and conversion of a small loan to HPX into equity caps off a busy period. Since last month, we closed the IBEX transaction to consolidate the dominant regional landholding in the Southern Gobi copper belt, announced our new team with an exceptional track record with Tier 1 porphyries, concluded field season activities, and started outlining our priority exploration targets and strategy to create value for shareholders.
We look forward to providing ongoing updates as we advance both our exploration and corporate strategy, and reengaging with the market outlining a new and exciting copper opportunity."
The Company paid finder's fees of $4,201 in connection with the offering.
Post the aforementioned offering and debt conversion Kincora has 50,352,510 issued shares with existing 2,947,500 warrants outstanding. The warrants have an exercise price of $0.54, expiry November 28 2018 and are subject to potential acceleration in term under certain circumstances.


When Rotting Rats enters the battlefield, each player discards a card.
2/1/2009 When Rotting Rats's enters-the-battlefield ability resolves, first the player whose turn it is chooses a card to discard, then each other player in turn order does the same, then all cards are discarded at the same time. No one sees what the other players are discarding before deciding which card to discard.


text:
north sea jazz
Nederlands (nl) English (en) Español (es) Papiamentu (pap)
Thursday 29 August
Friday 30 August
On Curacao
International points of sale
Package including stay
CNSJ19 app
Attainability and parking
Not allowed items
Fundashon Bon Intenshon
Aftermovie CNSJ19
Papiamentu (pap)
sixth edition of
Curacao North
Sea Jazz
Today, we can proudly announce a wide range of artists for the sixth edition of the Curacao North Sea Jazz Festival 2015, September 4th and 5th.
After we've already revealed the free concert with Oscar D'Leon and Juanes on Thursday, September 3rd, we can now announce Enrique Iglesias, The Isley Brothers, Gregory Porter, Cassandra Wilson, Charles Bradley, Bettye LaVette, Randy Newman, Stanley Clarke Band, Wyclef Jean and The Pointer Sisters. This year will also see the return two of the greatest successes and audience favorites from the first edition, John Legend and Lionel Richie to the island. We can also announce a concert of The 5 Blind Boys of Alabama in Brakkeput Mei Mei on September 2nd.
Ohio-born John Legend is a critically acclaimed, multi-award winning, platinum-selling singer-songwriter. His work has garnered him nine Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, the BET Award for Best New Artist and the special Starlight Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame, among others. Legend's highly acclaimed fourth and most current studio album Love In the Future, features "All of Me," Legend's highest selling and charting song to date, reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #1 on both Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic charts. Most recently, Legend won his first Academy Award, first Golden Globe Award, and won the 2015 Critic's Choice Award for his song "Glory," that he wrote and performed with Common, for the film SELMA.
Singer and composer Lionel Richie needs little introduction: he has sold over 100 million albums all over the world and received prestigious awards such as Grammy Awards, American Music Awards, a Golden Globe and an Academy Award. This year, he travels the world with his tour All The Hits All Night Long. We're very happy to welcome him back to the festival after his big success in 2010.
Worldwide superstar Enrique Iglesias got his breakthrough in the late 90s when he started singing in English as well as Spanish. In the following decade especially he scored hit after hit, for instance with Bailamos, Rhythm Divine, Could I Have This Kiss Forever (with Whitney Houston), Hero, Escape, I Like it and Can You Hear Me. To this day he has ten albums to his name. Last year saw the release of his latest, Sex And Love. Iglesias has sold over 137 million albums, making him one of the bestselling Latin artists in the world.
As one of only very few groups, The Isley Brothers have charted hit records in five different decades, starting in 1959 with their first smash hitsingle Shout. A review of the Isley Brothers' music is like a trip down memory lane including such hits as Twist & Shout, This Old Heart Of Mine, Love The One You're With, Who's That Lady and Harvest For The World. In 2014, the Grammy's honored the Isley Brothers, along with the Beatles, with a Lifetime Achievement Grammy.
In less than four years' time, Gregory Porter has grown into one of the greatest jazz vocalists in the world. And anyone who has ever see this friendly giant perform will immediately understand why. Porter sings soul songs enhanced with jazz and blues; his disarming style of singing and his wonderful baritone voice command both respect and emotion. In Curacao, he previously performed at Brakkeput Mei Mei, in the week before the festival.
Between her mother's love for Motown and her father's dedication to jazz, vocalist Cassandra Wilson's parents sparked her early interest in music. Although known as a jazz artist, the singer has expanded the playing field by incorporating blues, country, and folk music into her work. Her latest album, Coming Forth By Day, was released earlier this year. Wilson has won two Grammy Awards.
The story of singer Charles Bradley reads like a book: he was homeless for a while, worked as a chef for many years and started his career as a James Brown impersonator before he was finally discovered as an original artist and handed a recording contract by Daptone Records. He sings tender soul ballads as well as rough, up-tempo soul-funk and gives memorable performances with his band, The Extraordinaires. Although 66 years of age, retirement seems a long time away for this natural artist.
Although soul singer Bettye LaVette made her first record at age sixteen, she achieved only intermittent fame until her 2005 album I've Got My Own Hell To Raise. LaVette has a voice drenched in gospel and blues that has retained the same power over the past fifty years, in which she has sung about her sorrows. Her latest album, Worthy, was released earlier this year.
Singer-songwriter, pianist, composer and arranger Randy Newman has made quite a name for himself. He wrote a vast number of hits for other people, climbing the charts himself as well with songs such as Short People (1977) and The Blues (with Paul Simon, 1983). Since the 1980s, Newman has mostly dedicated himself to writing film scores and creating soundtracks for movies. As a result, Newman was nominated for an Academy Award 22 times, winning two. He also received three Emmy Awards as well as six Grammies and was inducted into the Songwriter's Hall Of Fame in 2002 and the Rock 'N Roll Hall Of Fame in 2013.
He played with the biggest jazz names and is now being called a "living jazz legend" himself. Stanley Clarke has been one of the world's best and most innovative bass players for many decades, and the first bassist in history who doubles on acoustic and electric bass with equal ferocity. He firted with such styles as pop, R&B and even classical music in his long career. Even so, jazz has always remained a first love for the four-time Grammy Award winner.
Wyclef Jean is a Haiti-born rapper and musician who grew up in the US. Having become famous as one-third of hip hop group Fugees and hits such as Fu-Gee-La, Killing Me Softly, and Ready Or Not, Jean began an enormously successful solo career afterwards. As an artist, he climbed the charts with hits including Gone Till November, 911 (with Mary J. Blige), and Hips Don't Lie (with Shakira).
The career of R&B group The Pointer Sisters already spans over five decades. At the start, the group consisted of just sisters. They were hugely successful in the 70s and 80s especially, scoring no less than 13 Top 20-hits in the US between 1973 and 1985 as well as receiving three Grammy Awards. Songs such as Jump (For My Love), Fire, Slow Hand, and I'm So Excited were huge hits. Nowadays, the band consists of the sisters Anita and Ruth Pointer, and Sadako, the latter a granddaughter of Ruth's.
One more headliner for Friday September 4th will be announced soon.
Curacao North Sea Jazz Festival
CNSJ19 Spotify playlist


As if the film couldn't top the iconic duo of Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones (also starring Rip Torn and Emma Thompson), we were happily surprised by the reboot, MIB International.
International reintroduces audiences to the secret alien galactic task force, Men In Black, but this time featuring two new suits. Previously playing in a different galaxy as Asgardians, Chris Hemsworth (aka Thor) and Tessa Thompson (aka Valkyrie, "Thor Ragnarok") suit-up to stop alien scum in the universe.
After searching for 20 years, Agent M (T. Thompson) finds the headquarters to MIB, proving her commitment to the secret task force and top agent Agent O (E. Thompson), and seeks out Agent H (Hemsworth) to help her fight aliens.
The trailer released Dec. 20th via Sony Pictures Entertainment, features the title roles of E. Thompson and Hemsworth, In London, Agent M and H meet a nameless character so far (Liam Neeson) to take on missions. A plethora of swarthy new tech gadgets, including a sleek, ammo-equipped MIB vehicle with gadgets even in the rims and high-speed motorcycle chases throughout different countries.
MIB International hits theatres June 14, 2019.


Insurance policies contain many common words that have special meaning within the context of insurance. The policy identifies these words usually by bold print or quotation marks.
Most policies contain a section entitleddefinitions where they explain the special meaning of the designated words. Since definitions may restrict or limit coverage, it is essential that policyholders read definitions carefully and seek clarification whenever a definition is unclear.


text:
Q: android camera failed when using the camera api I'm having trouble taking a picture in android using the camera api. Using the camera intent seems to work fine, but not when I call the api directly.
Error:
java.lang.RuntimeException: takePicture failed at android.hardware.Camera.native_takePicture
Code
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

  super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
  setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

  cameraId = findFrontFacingCamera();
  camera = Camera.open(cameraId);
  Parameters params = camera.getParameters();

  SurfaceView dummy=new SurfaceView(context);
  try {
      camera.setPreviewDisplay(dummy.getHolder());
      camera.startPreview();
      camera.takePicture(null, photoHandler, photoHandler);

  } catch (IOException e) {
      camera.stopPreview();
      camera.release();
  }
}

 private PictureCallback photoHandler = new PictureCallback() {
      @Override
      public void onPictureTaken(byte[] data, Camera camera) {
      }
 }

Manifest
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED"/>
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera"/>
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera.autofocus" />

log cat output
07-17 10:16:02.523: D/MakePhotoActivity(14591): Camera found
07-17 10:16:02.773: D/dalvikvm(14591): threadid=1: still suspended after undo (sc=1 dc=1)
07-17 10:16:18.229: D/AndroidRuntime(14591): Shutting down VM
07-17 10:16:18.229: W/dalvikvm(14591): threadid=1: thread exiting with uncaught exception (group=0x40c4f930)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591): FATAL EXCEPTION: main
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591): java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to start activity ComponentInfo{tv.fakelove.stationtostation/tv.fakelove.stationtostation.MainActivity}: java.lang.RuntimeException: takePicture failed
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2180)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2230)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.ActivityThread.access$600(ActivityThread.java:141)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1234)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:99)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:137)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5041)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:511)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:793)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:560)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591): Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: takePicture failed
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.hardware.Camera.native_takePicture(Native Method)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.hardware.Camera.takePicture(Camera.java:1095)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.hardware.Camera.takePicture(Camera.java:1040)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at tv.fakelove.stationtostation.MainActivity.onCreate(MainActivity.java:59)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:5104)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1080)
07-17 10:16:18.309: E/AndroidRuntime(14591):    at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2144)

A: Check out the answer provided in a previous question: Android: "Camera.takePicture failed" Exception
Apparently you need to start the preview before taking a photo, which includes setting a valid preview surface (which I don't think you are doing).
Also, check out step 5-6 laid out at http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Camera.html

*

*Obtain an instance of Camera from open(int).

*Get existing (default) settings with getParameters().

*If necessary, modify the returned Camera.Parameters object and call setParameters(Camera.Parameters).

*If desired, call setDisplayOrientation(int).

*Important: Pass a fully initialized SurfaceHolder to setPreviewDisplay(SurfaceHolder). Without a surface, the camera will
  be unable to start the preview.

*Important: Call startPreview() to start updating the preview surface. Preview must be started before you can take a picture.

*When you want, call takePicture(Camera.ShutterCallback, Camera.PictureCallback, Camera.PictureCallback,
  Camera.PictureCallback) to capture a photo. Wait for the callbacks to
  provide the actual image data.

*After taking a picture, preview display will have stopped. To take more photos, call startPreview() again first.

*Call stopPreview() to stop updating the preview surface.

*Important: Call release() to release the camera for use by other applications. Applications should release the camera immediately in
  onPause() (and re-open() it in onResume()).

One thought - as you're using a dummy SurfaceView, would you need to set the width / height of the SurfaceView, to match the width / height of the preview size of the Camera?
Without the full stack trace, there's not a whole lot more I can discern that's wrong with your code.

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