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Europe, Middle East and Africa Antitrust Review 2022
European Union: EC puts the Focus on the Digital Economy
Stavroula Vryna, Richard Blewett, Nelson Jung and Thomas Vinje
The pace and intensity of competition law enforcement continues to accelerate even as additional tools to tackle digital markets are introduced.
Discussion points
Proposals to introduce new legislation specifically targeting the digital economy
Updates to existing guidelines aimed at strengthening enforcement
Recent developments in the application of competition law in the digital sector
Referenced in this article
Proposed Digital Markets Act
Proposed Digital Services Act
EC investigations into Apple Inc
EC investigation into Amazon Inc
EC investigation into Google
Google/Fitbit merger
Vertical Block Exemption Regulation
EU Merger Regulation
On 15 December 2020, the European Commission (EC) published a draft legislative package (the Digital Services Act package) comprising proposals for two new EU Regulations to govern the digital economy: the Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the Digital Services Act (DSA).[1], [2] The DMA and the DSA must be approved by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (the Council) (representing the member states) for adoption under the ordinary legislative process – a process that may take 18 to 24 months. The final texts of the DMA and the DSA are likely to be hotly contested and may undergo substantial change before they come into force.
The DMA
The DMA represents the first attempt by the European Union to enact ex ante regulation to promote contestability and fairness in the digital economy that (if adopted in its current form) will fundamentally change the way in which competition rules are applied in the digital sector.
In recent years, antitrust experts have consistently expressed concerns about the economic power exercised by large digital players as well as the critical position that certain digital companies occupy as intermediaries between other businesses and their customers, and the dependency that this creates.[3]
What does the DMA seek to achieve?
Investigations into anticompetitive conduct typically take several years to complete, followed by several years of litigation before the EU courts. In the digital economy, which evolves incredibly rapidly, this has often resulted in prolonged uncertainty and irreversible harm to competition and consumers. The DMA enables the EC to act more quickly and without needing to establish an infringement of EU competition rules.
At the heart of the DMA is a list of 18 proposed prohibitions and obligations, regulating the conduct of digital companies designated as gatekeepers.[4] Those 'dos and don'ts' are one-size-fits-all – for the most part, they apply to all gatekeepers irrespective of their business model.[5] The EC has based the list of dos and don'ts on real examples of conduct by known large digital companies that the EC is formally investigating or about which it has previously expressed concerns.
An earlier, far-reaching proposal to introduce a power to investigate markets and impose remedies where those markets were at risk of tipping into monopoly was dropped from the Digital Services Act package, although aspects of this proposal were subsumed into the DMA.[6]
To which companies will the DMA apply?
The DMA will apply to companies that the EC will designate as gatekeepers. Gatekeepers, are providers of one or more core platform services (CPSs)[7] on the following exhaustive list:
online intermediation services, including, among other things, app stores and online marketplaces;[8]
online search engines, including not just display online search but also search through any other means (eg, voice);
online social networking services;
video-sharing platform services;
number-independent interpersonal communication services (eg, email and other messaging services);
cloud computing services; and
advertising services provided by a provider of any of the foregoing CPSs.[9]
In the EC's view, CPSs feature several characteristics that service providers can exploit, including extreme economies of scale, very strong network effects, multi-sidedness, lock-in effects and an absence of significant multi-homing.
A provider of a CPS will be designated as a gatekeeper if all the following three conditions met:
it has a significant impact on the internal market;
it operates a CPS that serves as an important gateway for business users to reach end users; and
it enjoys an entrenched and durable position in its operations, or it is foreseeable that it will do so in the near future.[10]
To make it relatively straightforward to designate gatekeepers, the EC relies on rebuttable presumptions. A company is presumed to satisfy the gatekeeper conditions in respect of a specific CPS if three cumulative quantitative thresholds are met, relating to (1) turnover, market capitalisation or fair market value, (2) number of users and (3) stability of market presence. Each of the three quantitative thresholds reflects one of the three gatekeeper conditions.[11]
Companies that meet the quantitative criteria can seek to avoid the gatekeeper designation by providing 'sufficiently substantiated' arguments that they do not satisfy the three gatekeeper conditions.[12] If they do so, the EC will open a market investigation to determine whether designation is appropriate.[13]
Companies that do not meet the quantitative thresholds can still be designated as gatekeepers if the EC so determines following a market investigation.[14] As part of the market investigation, the EC will make a qualitative (rather than quantitative) assessment of the (potential) gatekeeper's market presence as well as structural characteristics of the market.[15]
Finally, the DMA gives the EC the power to designate not only existing gatekeepers but also emerging ones.[16], [17] A company designated as an emerging gatekeeper will only be subject to a sub-set of the 18 dos and don'ts deemed appropriate and necessary to prevent the emerging gatekeeper from achieving an entrenched and durable position through unfair means.[18]
The gatekeeper criteria are low enough to capture not just big tech but also a few other players active in Europe. In December 2020, the EC expressed the expectation that approximately ten European companies would be caught.
What restrictions will the DMA apply to gatekeepers?
The dos and don'ts of the DMA are based on the EC's real-world experience of enforcing antitrust rules in digital markets and primarily cover data-related practices, some forms of tying, interoperability with gatekeeping CPSs, transparency obligations when providing advertising services, and non-discrimination. Some key prohibitions and obligations that could have a significant impact are highlighted below.
Article 5(a) prohibits gatekeepers from (1) combining personal data sourced from a gatekeeping CPS with data from other services offered by the gatekeeper or third-party services and (2) signing in end users to other services of the gatekeeper, unless the end user has been presented with the specific choice and provided meaningful consent in the sense of the EU General Data Protection Regulation. This will primarily affect companies active in digital advertising, which combine data to gain an advantage in targeted advertising.[19] As currently drafted, however, article 5(a) would still allow data combination if end users consent to it.
Article 5(c), among other things, obliges gatekeepers to allow business users of their gatekeeping CPS freely to advertise offers to customers acquired via the gatekeeping CPS and transact with consumers without needing to use gatekeepers' mechanisms (eg, its payment mechanism) to carry out those transactions. This provision seems to be inspired by the EC's current investigations into Apple's App Store (the App Store) practices.[20] In practice, it would oblige app store owners, such as Apple, to allow app developers to promote offers to consumers acquired via the App Store and conclude contracts with them without necessarily using Apple's in-app purchase mechanism.[21]
Article 6(j) obliges search engine gatekeepers to provide rivals with access on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms to user-generated search data. Search engine gatekeepers would be required to share virtually all data generated by users, including the data about users' long-tail searches (ie, less common searches). This could have a dramatic impact on search engine competition.
Article 6(k) is specific to app stores and obliges app store gatekeepers to apply fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory general conditions for app developers' access to the app store. Comparators that the DMA proposes using to determine the fairness of an app store's conditions of access are the prices charged and conditions imposed by other app stores, or by the same app store for different services to different types of end-users for the same service in different geographic regions in respect of the same service the gatekeeper offers to itself.[22] The DMA clarifies that this provision should not be equated to a general access right to app stores.[23]
The EC has purposefully avoided using the DMA as a vehicle to make amendments to merger control rules.[24] Nevertheless, merger control is not unaffected: article 12 obliges gatekeepers to report to the EC any intended M&A transaction involving another digital service provider. Reporting the transaction discharges the gatekeeper's obligation, and there is no clearance process involved. This obligation is expected to put more transactions under the EC's radar, especially viewed in conjunction with the EC's recently amended interpretation of article 22 of the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR).[25]
The DSA
The DSA is the first major overhaul of the EU rules for the internet and online businesses since the introduction of the E-Commerce Directive 20 years ago. The DSA seeks to regulate the way that providers of online services interact with their customers and users and sets out obligations in respect of harmful or illegal content.
Updating the E-Commerce Directive
The Proposed DSA aimed to equip the European Union with a modernised and harmonised rulebook that will facilitate the free provision of digital services within the Union and create enhanced responsibilities for online intermediaries and platforms.
The DSA will not repeal the E-Commerce Directive but will instead replace certain provisions and coexist with other unrepealed provisions. The core principles under the E-Commerce Directive (ie, the liability regime, the prohibition of general monitoring and the internal market clause that safeguards the freedom to provide digital services across the European Union) have been maintained and, in some instances, built upon in the DSA proposal.
New obligations
The DSA introduces a series of new requirements that increase in their obligations depending on the type of service provider. They are divided into four layers, best visualised as concentric circles.
Layer 1, the core, applies to all providers of digital services that connect EU consumers to goods, services or content, and includes an obligation on service providers established outside the European Union to designate a point of contact and legal representative within the Union for communications with regulators.
Layer 2 creates additional obligations for providers of hosting services (eg, cloud or webhosting) and includes the implementation of a mechanism to allow third parties to notify them of illegal content.
Layer 3 creates additional obligations for hosting service providers that disseminate their customers' information to the public (eg, app stores, marketplaces and social media). The obligations include a requirement to assign priority to notifications made by 'trusted flaggers', which are designated by national authorities, when dealing with notifications of illegal content.
Layer 4 creates additional obligations for very large online platforms (VLOP), which are platforms with 45 million or more average monthly active users in the European Union. The obligations include higher standards on transparency, content moderation, advertising and reporting, owing to their impact on the economy and society, by carrying out risk assessments to mitigate any identified systemic risks.
The E-Commerce Directive will remain the cornerstone of digital regulation. The DSA will complement it to ensure harmonisation across the European Union rather than introducing a range of targeted, sector-specific interventions. For example, it introduces:
measures to counter illegal content online, including goods and services, such as a mechanism for users to flag this content and for platforms to cooperate with trusted flaggers;
new rules on the traceability of business users in online marketplaces to help identify sellers of illegal goods;
wide-ranging transparency measures for online platforms, including on the algorithms used for recommending products and services to users;
obligations for VLOPs to prevent abuse of their systems by taking risk-based action, including oversight through independent audits of their risk management measures; and
an oversight structure to address the complexity of the online space.
In respect of point (5), member states will have the primary role, supported by a new European Board for Digital Services. For VLOPs, the EC will provide enhanced supervision and enforcement.
To become law, the DMA and the DSA proposals must be adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the Council, which can amend the EC's proposals.
The expectation is that the DMA and the DSA will enter into force in late 2022 or early 2023. France has the presidency of the Council from January to June 2022 and has expressed the desire to finalise the discussions under its Presidency.
Apple investigations
In 2020, Apple became subject to four formal EC antitrust investigations, three of which focus on the conditions Apple imposes on app developers in its App Store[26] and the fourth on Apple's practices regarding Apple Pay.[27]
The App Store investigations
On 16 June 2020, the EC announced[28] the opening of three formal investigations to assess whether Apple's rules for app developers seeking to distribute apps via the App Store violate competition law. All three investigations focus on rules imposed on app developers that directly compete with Apple's apps and services. Two of those investigations were prompted by complaints to the EC from competitors of Apple – audio streaming service Spotify and eBook and audiobook provider[29] Kobo; hence, they are limited to music streaming and eBooks and audiobooks respectively. The third investigation is a 'catch-all' that does not have a thematic focus.
It is understood that at least two other Apple competitors – game developer Epic Games[30] and tracking device manufacturer Tile – have also submitted complaints to the EC regarding the App Store rules.[31]
The EC's investigations focus on the following two App Store terms:
Apple obliges developers who want to sell digital content within their iOS apps (in-app sales) exclusively to use Apple's own payment mechanism, In-App Purchase (IAP).[32] For every in-app sale a developer makes via IAP, Apple takes a 30 per cent commission.[33] Apple gets full control over the billing relationship with users who purchase content via IAP, disintermediating developers from critical customer data; and
Apple imposes anti-steering rules, restricting developers' ability to inform users of alternative purchasing possibilities outside apps. For instance, developers may not mention in their iOS app that their digital content is available for purchase (often cheaper) on the developer's own website.
On 30 April 2021, the EC announced that it had issued a statement of objections (SO) in the music streaming investigation (AT.40437), provisionally finding that Apple has distorted competition in music streaming services by abusing its dominance in the distribution of music streaming apps on iOS.
Several jurisdictions globally are also pursuing investigations or market studies regarding Apple's App Store practices. Notable examples include the United Kingdom,[34] Australia,[35] Japan,[36] the Netherlands[37] and the United States (both at the federal and state level).[38]
The Apple Pay investigation
On 16 June 2020, the EC opened a formal investigation into Apple's practices related to Apple Pay. Not to be confused with Apple's IAP, Apple Pay is Apple's proprietary mobile payment solution on iPhones and iPads used to enable payments in merchant apps and websites, as well as in physical stores.
The EC is particularly concerned that Apple distorts competition for mobile payment solutions and reduces choice and innovation for consumers through:
its terms, conditions and other measures for integrating Apple Pay for the purchase of goods and services on merchant apps and websites on iOS and iPadOS devices;
its limitation of access to the near field communication (NFC) functionality ('tap and go') on iPhones for payments in stores, as Apple Pay is currently the only mobile payment solution that can access the NFC technology embedded on iOS mobile devices for payments in stores; and
alleged refusals of access to Apple Pay.
Amazon investigations
EC investigation into Amazon's marketplace practices
In November 2020, the EC issued an SO to Amazon, provisionally finding that some of its marketplace practices are anticompetitive. Amazon's marketplace enables both its retail business and third-party sellers to offer products to consumers. The EC's main concern relates to Amazon's alleged access and use of non-public business data of independent sellers who sell on its marketplace, allegedly to the benefit of Amazon's own retail business.
EC investigation into Amazon's buy box practices
In November 2020, the EC opened[39] a formal antitrust investigation to determine whether Amazon preferentially treats its own retail offers and those of marketplace sellers that use Amazon's logistics and delivery services.[40] The investigation covers the entire European Economic Area (EEA), except Italy, on the grounds that similar issues were already being investigated by the Italian competition authority.
Amazon's featured offer is displayed on Amazon's single product detail page, and it allows customers to easily identify the offer they would likely have chosen had they compared all offers for the same product. The EC is investigating whether the criteria considered by the algorithm identifying the featured offer (referred to as the 'buy box' by the EC) confers an advantage on Amazon's own retail business or on third-party sellers using Amazon's logistics and delivery services.
Amazon has appealed against the EC's decision to initiate proceedings before the General Court of the European Union[41] on the basis that the EC carved Italy out of the scope of the investigation unlawfully, as article 11(6) of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 relieves national competition authorities of their competence to apply articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) to a matter under investigation by the EC.
Investigation of Facebook's Marketplace and data-related practices
Since 2019, the EC has been informally investigating Facebook's practices related to Marketplace (Facebook's classified ads service), as well as data-related practices. Limited information is publicly available on the two investigations. Nevertheless, in the former, the EC appears to be investigating whether Facebook has abused a dominant position by tying Marketplace with the Facebook social network, thereby foreclosing rival classifieds providers. In the latter, the EC appears to have concerns regarding Facebook's collection, processing, use and monetisation of data.
Investigation into Google's data and ad tech practices
On 23 April 2021 the EC confirmed that it is investigating Google's methods of gathering, processing and monetising user data[42] as well as its practices in 'ad tech', where it intermediates between advertisers and online publishers. The investigation also extends to Google's deprecation of third-party cookies.
The EC is examining a 'really complex ecosystem', where Google is both a publisher of online display advertising (eg, YouTube) and provides ad tech services. The ad tech probe looks at whether Google's practices harm competition in the ad-stack (ie, the digital advertising supply chain) to the detriment of publishers, advertisers and consumers.[43]
Google/FitBit
On 17 December 2020, following a Phase 2 investigation, the EC conditionally cleared Google's acquisition of Fitbit, a US provider of wearable devices (smartwatches and fitness trackers) and related software.[44]
The EC's concerns related to the supply of online search and display advertising as well as 'ad tech' services. In particular, it considered that, by acquiring the data collected via Fitbit's wrist-worn devices, Google would increase its data advantage in ad personalisation, raising barriers for its online advertising rivals. This would result in higher prices and less choice for advertisers and publishers.
At Phase I, Google offered a data silo remedy (ie, separation of data collected through wearable devices from other Google databases and restricting it from use for advertising purposes).[45] The EC found this remedy insufficient and opened an in-depth investigation on 4 August 2020.
In addition to advertising markets, the EC also expressed concerns regarding post-transaction access to Fitbit's web application programming interface (API) by rivals in the digital healthcare market. Moreover, it considered that Google could degrade the interoperability of competing wearable device manufacturers with Android smartphones.
Google proposed three types of commitments:
Ads commitment: Google will not use EEA user data collected via Fitbit devices in search advertising, online advertising and advertising intermediation. That data will be kept in a data silo, technically separated from Google's advertising data. Moreover, EEA users will have an effective choice to allow or limit the use of their health and wellness data by other Google services.
Web API access commitment: subject to user consent, Google will maintain software applications' access to their health and fitness data through Fitbit web API at no charge.
Android APIs commitment: Google will continue to license for free to the Android original equipment manufacturers core interoperability APIs, as well as future improvements to their functionalities.
The EC made those commitments binding on Google for 10 years, with a possibility to extend the ads commitment for up to additional 10 years.
Internet of things sector inquiry
In July 2020, the EC launched an antitrust inquiry into the internet of things (IoT) sector, focusing on consumer-related products and services that are connected to a network and can be controlled at a distance (eg, controlled via a voice assistant).[46]
Consumer IoT is characterised by access to large amounts of user data, strong network effects and economies of scale, which might contribute to markets tipping to monopoly. By engaging with a range of market players through the sector inquiry, the EC hopes to understand the competitive dynamics in the sector and the prevalence of potential competition issues.
As with previous sector inquiries (eg, e-commerce), the EC may use the findings from this sector inquiry to open antitrust investigations against specific companies under articles 101 and 102 of the TFEU.
The EC expressed that it expects to publish its preliminary report in spring 2021, followed by the final report in the summer of 2022.
VBER
The EC is currently considering potential revisions to the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER), which will expire on 31 May 2022. Drafts of the revised VBER and guidelines are expected to be published in May 2021, with a view to them being finalised by the time the current VBER expires.
The EC consulted stakeholders on the following possible revisions with relevance to the digital economy:
Indirect restrictions of online sales: restrictions of online sales by distributors are generally considered to be a prohibited 'hardcore' restriction of passive (ie, unsolicited) sales. As online sales channels gain prominence, putting pressure on physical stores, the EC is considering no longer treating the following restrictions as hardcore: dual pricing[47] and the imposition of criteria for online sales that are not overall equivalent to the criteria imposed for sales in physical stores.
Parity obligations: the VBER currently exempts all types of 'parity clauses', provided that the conditions under the VBER are met.[48] National competition authorities and courts have identified anticompetitive effects of obligations that require parity with other indirect sales or marketing channels (eg, other platforms or other online or offline intermediaries). The EC is, therefore, consulting on removing the benefit of:
the VBER for obligations that require parity relative to specific types of sales channels so that, for example, parity obligations that relate to direct sales and marketing channels, including own websites (narrow parity clauses), would continue to be covered; and
removing the benefit of the block exemption for wide parity clauses.
Resale price maintenance (RPM): the EC is considering providing additional guidance on the circumstances in which RPM is permissible.
Change in the interpretation of Article 22 EUMR
On 26 March 2021, the EC published guidance on its revised approach to the use of the referral mechanism in article 22 of the EUMR (the Guidance).[49] Article 22 of the EUMR enables one or more member states' national competition authorities (NCAs) to request the EC to review a transaction where the transaction affects trade between member states and significantly threatens to affect competition within the territory of the member states making the request. Any change to the EUMR itself would have required unanimous approval by all member states.
Prior to the issuance of the Guidance, the EC's informal policy was to discourage NCAs from requesting referrals for transactions that did not meet the national merger control thresholds. Under the new Guidance, the EC encourages referrals initiated by NCAs even when those NCAs themselves lack jurisdiction. This shift in policy is driven by a perceived 'enforcement gap', which allowed potentially problematic transactions (especially 'killer acquisitions' of nascent competitors) to escape merger control review.
The Guidance cites the digital economy and the pharmaceutical sectors as examples where those transactions are most likely to occur as in those industries, a target company's importance on the market may not be reflected in its (low) turnover.[50] The Guidance provides a non-exhaustive list of transaction types where a referral to the EC may be appropriate, including cases where one of the parties:
is a start-up or recent entrant with significant competitive potential that has yet to develop or is in the initial stages of development or implements a business model generating significant revenues (or is still in the initial phase of implementing that business model);
is an important innovator or is conducting potentially important research;
is an actual or potential important competitive force;
has access to competitively significant assets (eg, raw materials, infrastructure, data or intellectual property rights); or
provides products or services that are key inputs or components for other industries.
In addition, the EC may consider whether the value of the consideration is particularly high compared to the turnover of the target.
The Guidance expands the EC's merger control remit and is expected to reduce legal certainty for transactions, especially as the EC will accept referrals submitted after a transaction has closed.[51]
* The authors wish to thank Helga Gudmundsdottir, Ketevan Zukakishvili, Maria Sowinska and Dan Harrison for their assistance in the preparation of this article.
[1] The Digital Services Act package can be accessed from the website of the European Commission on the 'The Digital Services Act package' page.
[2] The announcement had been preceded by an open public consultation that took place between 2 June and 8 September 2020). The consultation and the contributions of consultation participants can be accessed from the website of the European Commission on the 'Consultation on the Digital Services Act package' page.
[3] For example, Jacques Crémer, Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye and Heike Schweitzer, 'Competition Policy for the Digital Era' (4 April 2019) and Report of the Digital Competition Expert Panel, 'Unlocking digital competition', (13 March 2019).
[4] Articles 5 and 6, Digital Markets Act (DMA).
[5] There are, however, some provisions specifically addressed to specific types of services, such as online intermediation services (article 5(b), DMA), advertising services (article 5(g), DMA) and app stores (article 6(k), DMA).
[6] For example, articles 14-17, DMA regarding market investigations.
[7] The EC may, however, conduct a market investigation with the purpose of examining whether additional services within the digital sector should be added to the list of CPS (article 17, DMA).
[8] The DMA defines 'online intermediation services' by referring to the definition in point 2 of article 2 of the Platform-to-Business Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services).
[9] Article 2, DMA.
[10] Article 3(1), DMA.
[12] For instance, taking into account the characteristics of its CPS and the market structure in which it operates.
[13] Article 3(4) and 3(6), DMA.
[15] Articles 3(6) and 15, DMA.
[16] Companies that do not yet enjoy an entrenched and durable market position, but it is foreseeable that they will do so in the near future.
[17] Articles 3(1)(c) and 15(4), DMA.
[18] Article 15(4), DMA.
[19] Facebook's data combination across its services (leading to the creation of user 'super profiles') was sanctioned by the German Federal Cartel Office (FCO) in 2019. See the FCO press release, 'Bundeskartellamt prohibits Facebook from combining user data from different sources' (7 February 2019).
[20] European Commission (EC) press release, 'Antitrust: Commission opens investigations into Apple's App Store rules' (16 June 2020).
[21] See below section on the EC's ongoing investigations into Apple's App Store practices.
[22] Preamble 57, Proposed DMA.
[24] Changing the existing merger control rules would have required the EC would need to rely on a different legal basis in the EU Treaties, which requires the unanimous approval of the EU member states.
[25] On 26 March 2021, the EC issued guidance explaining its new approach to the interpretation of Article 22 of the EU Merger Regulation (EC Guidance on the application of the referral mechanism set out in Article 22 of the Merger Regulation to certain categories of cases, 26 March 2021).
[26] Case AT.40437, Apple – App Store Practices (music streaming); Case AT.40652, App Store Practices (e-books and audiobooks); and Case AT.40716, Apple – App Store Practices.
[27] Case AT.40452, Apple – Mobile Payments.
[28] EC press release, 'Antitrust: Commission opens investigations into Apple's App Store rules' (16 June 2020).
[29] Spotify provided details to consumers and market participants about its complaint submitted to the EC in March 2019 in a dedicated microsite: www.timetoplayfair.com.
[30] 'Epic Game Files EU Antitrust Complaint Against Apple', Epic Games (17 February 2021).
[31] In parallel, Epic Games is pursuing litigation against Apple before the US District Court for the Northern District of California, which does not focus on competition between Epic's and Apple's apps in the App Store, but rather on competition between Epic's own app store, the Epic Games Store, and the App Store, as well as competition between Apple's In-App Purchase and rival in-app purchase mechanisms. Epic's main claim is that Apple is monopolising those two markets.
[32] See point 3.1.1 in Apple's App Store Review guidelines.
[33] Apple's commission is reduced to 15 per cent of the transaction value for subscriptions having lasted for more than a year.
[34] UK Competition and Markets Authority press release, 'CMA investigates Apple over suspected anti-competitive behaviour' (4 March 2021).
[35] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Digital Platform Services Inquiry 2020–2025.
[36] Japan Fair Trade Commission press release, 'Report regarding trade practices on digital platforms (Business-to-Business transactions on online retail platform and app store)' (31 October 2019).
[37] The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) news, 'ACM launches investigation into abuse of dominance by Apple in its App Store' (11 April 2019); and ACM, 'Market study into mobile app stores'.
[38] For example, the hearing that the US Senate House Judiciary Committee (Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust, and Consumer Rights) held regarding 'Antitrust Applied: Examining Competition in App Stores'.
[39] EC press release, 'Antitrust: Commission sends Statement of Objections to Amazon for the use of non-public independent seller data and opens second investigation into its e-commerce business practices' (10 November 2020).
[40] Case AT.40703, Amazon – Buy Box.
[41] These proceedings are referenced under T-19/21. Action brought on 19 January 2021 (OJ 2021 C72/34).
[42] European Parliament, parliamentary questions (E-000274/2021), answer given by Executive Vice President Margrethe Vestager on behalf of the Commission, 23 April 2021.
[43] Intervention of the EC's Executive Vice President Margrethe Vestager at the American Bar Association Antitrust Virtual Spring Meeting, 26 March 2021.
[44] The deal was notified on 15 June 2020. See EC press release, 'Mergers: Commission clears acquisition of Fitbit by Google, subject to conditions' (17 December 2020).
[45] EC press release, 'Mergers: Commission opens in-depth investigation into the proposed acquisition of Fitbit by Google' (4 August 2020).
[46] EC press release, 'Antitrust: Commission launches sector inquiry into the consumer Internet of Things (IoT)' (16 July 2020).
[47] Charging the same distributor a higher wholesale price for products intended to be sold online than for products sold offline.
[48] Clauses that require a company to offer the same or better conditions to its contract party (eg, an online platform) as it offers on certain other sales channels.
[49] Communication from the EC, EC Guidance on the application of the referral mechanism set out in Article 22 of the Merger Regulation to certain categories of cases, 26 March 2021.
[50] Guidance, paragraphs 9 to 10 and Margrethe Vestager, 'The Future of EU Merger Control', 11 September 2020.
[51] The EC has clarified in its Guidance that it will accept referrals even if these are submitted after the transaction has closed and that, while it would generally consider that a referral is no longer appropriate if more than six months have elapsed since closing, this six-month period would only start from the moment material facts about the transaction have been made public in the EU.
Stavroula Vryna
Author | Senior Associate
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Mauritius: Over a Decade of Competition Enforcement
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Competition Commission of Mauritius


Recent graduates of biology programs are probably looking to take the step to apply for positions that will help them to start the careers that they will continue for the rest of their lives. If you are in the same position as many other recent biology graduates, you are probably wondering how to present yourself to potential employers that you are interested in working for in the best possible way. The first impression that you will be making on a company that is hiring entry-level positions will be through your resume. Even if you are the most qualified person for the job, you will probably not be chosen for the position if your resume cannot paint a clear and concise picture of why the company should hire you over all the other applicants for the position.
To help you get started writing your biology resume, this article will include some items that should specifically be included in the document. You should obviously include the basic information that all resumes require; the really important thing to keep in mind, however, is that there are some biology resume specifics that need to also be included. If you are having trouble figuring out where to start there are a lot of biology resume samples and templates online to give you a general starting point to help you format your resume.
Most individuals who have just graduated from a biology program will probably not have relevant work experience to list on their resume. This makes the education section one of the most important parts of the resume. In this area you should include any classes that you have taken that are relevant or have uniquely prepared you for the job that you are applying for. This is also a good area to include any notable achievements or recognition you have received during your education. You should include any scholarships you received or recognition for scholarly achievement in this section.
In lieu of having relevant work experience, a lot of recent graduates can list any research experience that they have accomplished during their education. Research is an important part of any education in the biology field. Practical laboratory experience is the next best thing to relevant work experience and is highly important to include in a biology resume. You should include the research that you participated in with a short description that concisely explains your role in the project. Make sure to also include whether your work was published or received any other recognitions.
There are so many different areas that a biologists can specialize in. It is important to specify what area you have further expertise in on your biology resume. If there is any specific technology, programs, or certifications that you have learned how to use that are relevant, you should include them in your biology resume. Potential employers like to see what kinds of technology and programs their applicants are capable of using.


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In this week's creative nonfiction — in honor of Father's Day — MICA prof Saul Myers recalls rousing kitchen debates with his funny, brilliant dad, Jack.
In my early teens I smoked grass and hash every chance I got. It was a career. With my mind a euphoric vapor, I nodded along to The Grateful Dead and shared laughing fits with my cronies over freaky, pot-hazed perceptions. But then rather suddenly my hash-pipe went cold; those rushes that came from a deep toke made me sick to remember, and I forgot all my secret nickel-bag stashes. What happened? The change had to do with my father. I saw him when he was down — a humiliating thing for a son. When he rose to his feet again, he wasn't the only one who received a new life.
One morning during my eighth-grade year my mother woke me early. Something was the matter with Dad, he could not get out of bed. When he tried to move his left leg excruciating pain shot from his lower back and paralyzed him. My mother could not afford to miss work that morning, so I would have to miss school and figure out a way to get him out of bed and walking. It was no use lifting him. I decided to remove books from the nearby bookcase and to pile them on top of each other until they formed a tower as high as the bed. He could rest his leg on top of the pile. At intervals I would withdraw one book from this tower and gradually bring his foot a few inches closer to the floor.
They happened to be the tomes he had collected during years of graduate work in sociology, from courses he had taken at night after his day job as an accountant. I would learn later my father's quitting his doctoral program preceded his back attack.
"I don't have to take this," he had barked to the dumfounded chairman of the department, and walked out. He had been the only '30s-style radical in a department that did not appreciate his point of view. In a fit of angry pride he turned his back on the hopes of a professorship that he had built up for a decade. And now I had his leg balanced on the same volumes he'd pored over every weekend of my childhood: Weber, Durkheim, Marx.
"Owwww! It's unbearable!"…until his foot finally touched the floor.
I was 13 and I was humiliated. Our worst humiliations are not felt for ourselves directly, but on behalf of someone else.
I'd watched as an ambulance team lifted my father like a thing and strapped him into a stretcher. I sat in the taxi and overheard him, coming back from 10 days in traction at the hospital, cut himself down: "I am a sissy." And I had walked on the side of his cane as he hobbled to a psychiatrist's office. It would be a year before he would walk his steady way without a cane or special apparatus, a metal-hooked corset for the lower back.
And yet it was at this very time, when he had to construct a new future for himself, and I was beginning to find books more stimulating than bongs, that I came to know my father in a new way. He introduced me to the weapon of the Word.
I don't think it was intentional. One day he found me leafing through a book from one of his sociology courses: Eros and Civilization by Marcuse.
His colorful recommendation made me read the book with great relish.
Sometimes a book became an occasion for my father to teach. If it was an idea that I was having difficulty grasping, he would exhale and start his explanation again, and as he spoke he would cradle in his hands something that he bore slowly toward me, as if handing the difficult idea over, though there was physically nothing there.
Far from being a patient recovering from disk surgery, he seemed imbued at these moments with immense power. His exaltation in words and ideas thrilled but also frightened me. Dad could be fiercely devoted to his political map of the world; it flooded his vision as he spoke. And the vitriolic drubbing he gave professors who'd done him wrong let me know that these were not worthy opponents at some academic debate but enemies of humanity and justice. All history was on the line.
Then his moral ferocity would suddenly dissolve in a disarming pun or a dopey Mortimer Snerd face, and I would laugh.
And yet when Dad read something aloud, a story or a poem, his voice was anything but violent; it enchanted like a lone, unruffled flame. Reading a poem his voice found a kind of buoyancy and self-sufficiency, a clear even tone. He took pleasure in the sonorous flesh of words, and because he found pleasure in the words, I did too.
It is a year and a half since my father died and I find myself thinking a lot these days about his voice. It is so bound up with my own. When I am teaching a literature class — yes I became a professor, though sometimes I think it is his professorship as well — when I am poised to read a poem to my students, I have developed a queer tic: I feel that I must read from a certain place. It is not quite the place from which my own voice comes; it is not a wholly different one. It occurs to me as I write this that the place I need to reach is the calm assurance of my father's voice as he read to me.
In my college years when I'd return to the kitchen on holidays, my father made me feel, or I made me feel, that I had betrayed him. Painful as it was to differ with him, part of me found pleasure in getting him riled. We'd begin butting heads over a picayune point and this would quickly inflate into a serious test of knowledge and loyalty.
Serious? These kitchen debates were too exaggerated, too theatrical, to be completely serious.
Dad: So you're all for democracy, are you? Do you really believe the powers-that-be would allow you to democratize the source of their profits? Suppose you won an election on a platform to turn over to the people the banks and major industries like oil. Wouldn't they bring in the CIA to subvert and overthrow you like they did to Allende in Chile, and Arbenz before that, and how about Mossadegh in Iran? Elections! They'd hang you up by your democratic balls. That's why you gotta have an army and police force, to defend the revolution from counter-revolution.
Me: If you mean a secret police force to defend the State or the Party against dissent and opposition, that's been tried already. No thank you.
Dad: You sound like…a Trotskyite.
Me: Oh, I'm worse than that. And you sound like a Stalinist.
Dad (whispering conspiratorially to Mom): There he goes again bringing in Stalin.
Me: I know that. Is he really afraid that I would denounce him? As what? I have no idea what he is. He has such contradictory notions that he could never tow anyone's line, not even his own.
Dad: Nevertheless, the revolution is no excuse to give up reality and realism, as you and the other Luft Menschen** want to do. And this Professor Blabbermouse you're studying now.
Me: Wait. Wait just a second, Mr. Balls-Hangman, what kind of a word is booby hitch?
Dad: Let me finish! (to Mom) He's not letting me finish!
We'd skirmish over a controversial term, in this case booby hitch, and then as final arbiter, Dad would lug into the kitchen a very heavy Webster's supported by a wooden stand.
Dad (pointing his finger to the place in the dictionary): Booby hatch…one, Insane Asylum, two, a place like an asylum. A prison. There you see? So I was right.
Me: That's booby hatch. You said hitch.
Dad: So do me something, I hatched a hitch.
Me: Stop holding out, Dad, what else does it say there?
Dad (pretending to read from dictionary): Three, booby hatch: cure for flat-chested women and those suffering from diaspora droop.
Me: Don't you think, in the light of how past revolutions have proceeded, that a crank like you, who always mocks and antagonizes any group you're a member of, don't you think you would be the first counter-revolutionary booby to be thrown down the hatch? Or to get an ice-pick thrust in your head?
Me: That's why the revolution needs the good ole Bill of Rights. To protect guys like you from… guys like you.
Dad: Be that as it may, you still have not answered my question. You've just been elected to office with a program to socialize the banks, to put them under public control, and the ruling class isn't going to let you do that without blood, your blood, my smart but still very, very deluded son, whom I want to live for the revolution, not die, like a booby.
Me (to Mom): Why is it always blood and balls with him? He's just an old guy sitting there with thick eyeglasses reading the dictionary, sometimes making up his own words, and suddenly he's the persecuted enemy of all the ruling classes throughout history. (Observing Dad absorbed in reading the dictionary.) On second thought, maybe he is that. (to Dad) There needs to be democratic control, our democratic deliberation over our collective destiny, including economic destiny. Ultimately that's a matter of the force of the better argument among equals, not who can clobber the enemy.
Dad: Gaw 'way, you're so full of words. Don't gimme that bubbe maisen.**** Go back to that upper-class school of yours and study real history, Bubbee. Then return and tell us how you'll have a revolution by discussion alone and by psychoanalyzing everybody. I bet you don't even call yourself a Marxist anymore?
Dad (to Mom): What did I tell you?
Dad: That was his brother Groucho said that. I know what you are.
Me: Mirror, mirror on the wall, tell me, tell me, what I are.
Dad (pointing at me): You have been DE-FANGED. That ivory league school has DE-FANGED you.
And he'd linger with carnivorous delectation on the fang syllable, breaking out into a cartoon wolf's grin, bearing his filed-down teeth. I can't say what face I pulled in response. I probably howled, laughing.
But if it wasn't all serious, why did we not let go of it, why did the contest continue with such predictable, such ritual, compulsiveness into my graduate school years?
At one dinner I was so intent on refuting Dad that it didn't matter that he'd begun to choke on his lychee pudding while I expatiated. It had to be pointed out to me that the inquisitor against whom I had been defending myself with a long dissertation was slumped over in his chair, almost under the table.
By my father's oldest age — he lived to 95 — our duels had died down.
However, when he'd invite me to read a poem he had just written, a spark of our former clash of arms might have appeared in the punctiliousness with which I sometimes challenged him to change a word. But by now my old warrior was too absorbed in poem-making to fight. He just nodded his head over and over to himself and made a very light pencil mark. Listening to him read, to the unruffled burn of his voice, I just wanted that flame to keep going.
He had become so frail I could have lifted him with one hand. And he had been subject of late to sudden collapses while walking in the street.
"I shall be DE-FEETED," he winked with sly satisfaction in the word.
*Yiddish, literally 'where (in the Bible) is it written?' but more sarcastic in tone.
Saul Myers teaches in the Humanistic Studies Department at Maryland Institute College of Art.
This is one of the most brillant and touching dad-rememberance texts I ve read in years!
Thank you for this, and eternal peace to your dad.
Very nice. Thank you Saul.


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Daily Archives: Tuesday, February 5, 2013
Foxfire Laurent Cantet (2012 USA)
5th February 2013 Adrin NeatrourFilm Review
Foxfire Laurent Cantet (2012 USA) Raven Adamson, Tamara Hope Viewed: Cinema at Villette Paris Ticket: Euro10.50 On the right to choose. This is the second time Joyce Carol Oates' novel Foxfire (FF) has been filmed, first time was in 1999. I haven't seen the first film adaptation or read the novel which is set during the '50's in small town upstate New York, the sort of community familiar to Joyce Oates from her own upbringing. It is a location that will not be familiar to Laurent Cantet (LC) from his upbringing, but to a limited extent, the setting and situations dealt with are perhaps familiar territory from his previous movie Entre deux Murs, which also adapted a biographical novel and dealt with the experience of a teacher in a tough deprived Parisian suburb. But Foxfire for me charts LCs own personal filmic journey, in which this film maker previously concerned with narratives connected to realist situations starts to relocate his subjects in the world of fantasy. In the case of FF the world of the child is remoulded outside of the classroom of Entre deux Murs and projected onto the wish fulfilment structure of the peer group: the girl gang. It is my impression that in traditional story telling, from fairy tale through 19th to mid twentieth century narratives, the child is portrayed predominantly as victim. Both in fairy and in Victorian story, the child was a pawn of the moral. The child suffered within the strictures of its structured relations; but the good child eventually with help from magical creatures or the working of destiny, was restored back to the world in its rightful place. Children were in the worlds of Dickens or of the Fairy Tale the object of moral and social forces that were beyond their control; of relations with power that were not of their choosing. Even Richmal Compton's creation 'William' for all his proactive exertions, always in the end had to bow to the authority of the adult world. In literature and above all in film form for some time now the child has been recast as the active protagonist. The child is no longer victim but a player. Like the action hero the child is author of its own fate. In a sense the child is accorded full rights to a fantasy existence which is in accord with the consumer ideological ideal of always being able to choose. It is an ideological imperative of this right that the dream of the child should conform to the adult world view: the contemporary Weltanschauung. The mapped out possibility of the child being enabled to exert influence over the world as a fantastic realm, is an extension of Hollywood's extension of the American Dream, which signifies in its story lines the right of individuals to self determination. Contemporary films for children (which are also made with adults as a target audience) constitute a logical extension of this right to self determination into the domaine of the child. The child being traditionally an agent unable to shape its own destiny, more a pawn than a castle, becomes a mover and a shaker, a fully fledged consumer able to live the dream able to buy and buy into the dream. As children are only active in limited spheres of activity, mostly home and school, the film industry has had to recast these locations as fantastic worlds in order to be able to play out narratives of determination populated by children. Adult scenarios in films may be of course fantasial narratives but realistic settings provide a structural framework holding the self evidential nature of the fantasy in check. Films featuring child protagonists and set in the world of the child, are located either in straightforward magical parellel worlds as seen in the Harry Potter series; or as in the case of FF, the setting and story are retrojected back in to hazy past, such as the '50's that is familiar but different. This setting with its locations props and costumes are authentic up to a point but can exploit the potential of anachronistic attitudes in the children. This allows contemporary attitudes to sport themselves, particularly in dialogue, giving cheap and easy exchange victories to the child protagonists. Interestingly Harry Potter and FF share some things in common in this process of empowerment of the child. Both are set in a sort of cosy past of certitude and both employ the idea of groups of children held together by secret oaths and the bonds of ritual. In FF, justified by the anachronistic power of retrospective morality, it is the gang of girls led by 'Legs' who occupy the moral high ground and whose actions are both successful and righteous. They live the dream of a fantasial empowerment, and assimilating the consumer diktat: desire. Whilst having a place in the developing current ideological discourses around child empowerment, FF offers nothing to film. The camera work is superficial and adds nothing to the film except the need to get from shot reaction shot. From one thing to another. The film image is flat and layered looking as it is in many HD productions. The acting performances from the adults is two dimensional cardboard. The script ponderous, concerned with conveying attitude rather than state of mind, and the performances of the girls whilst occasionally arresting, are mostly mechanical as they plough their course through the film from event to event. Adrin Neatrour adrinuk@yahoo.co.uk


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Sporting life: Hickory golf on the South Downs, complete with plus fours and bow-ties
Toby Keel October 11, 2018
Credit: Sam Hanson / Goodwood
The Goodwood Revival isn't just limited to the motor racing circuit these days – each year, a group of golfers takes to the fairways of the estate's beautiful Downs Course to try their luck using vintage golf equipement. Toby Keel went along to try it out.
'Golf,' wrote Winston Churchill, 'is a game whose aim is to hit a very small ball into an ever smaller hole, with weapons singularly ill-designed for the purpose.'
Normally I'd never dare question the wit and wisdom of the Great Man, but this particular bon mot always struck me as a little bit of sour grapes from a man who'd tried and failed to master the game. Golf clubs have always seemed perfectly decent implements, especially in the form of the modern titanium driver, with a head only slightly smaller than a cantaloupe melon.
Today, however, I see what the old boy was going on about. That's because I'm standing on the first tee of the Downs Course at Goodwood wielding a long, thin piece of wood with a butter knife glued to the end.
It's not actually a butter knife, of course. It's an original 1930s golf club – a 'hickory', as they're now universally known, named after the wood used to make the shafts. I've got a 'full' set of them which takes in about half as many clubs as I'd use today, and most with names lifted straight from the pages of PG Wodehouse: there's a brassie, a mid-iron, a niblick, a mashie-niblick, a niblick and a putter. Forget the driver, the rescue clubs, numbers 3-9 irons and a wedges for every eventuality.
This is how golf used to be played. This, to aficionados, is how golf still should be played. And this, to me, is the moment that I realise Churchill was on to something.
The reason I'm about to have a go with this 'ill-designed instrument'? This is Goodwood's annual Revival Golf Challenge, a golf day scheduled for the Friday morning during of Goodwood Revival week, based half a mile or so away on the Duke of Richmond's 12,000-acre estate. 11 years ago, with the motor racing festival well-established, the estate's golf club decided to get in on the act by holding an equivalent golf day. A specialist company – South East Hickory Golf – were brought in to provide hire sets and bags, and the eager golfers who poured in to take part brought their own tweeds, bow-ties and plus fours.
While I haven't managed to rustle up a pair of plus fours for the day – despite trawling at least half a dozen charity shops for the purpose – I have at least dug out a period jacket and a bow-tie, neither of which make swinging this absurdly small-headed and straight-faced golf club at the ball seem any easier.
Yet here I am on the first tee. Swing I must. Swing I do and – a miracle! – the ball flies into the air as if launched by 21st century, rather than 19th century, technology.
True, it flies into a large tree, and ricochets into a bunker. But considering how daunted I'd been feeling a few seconds before, I'm instantly grinning from ear-to-ear.
Even the golf buggies at Goodwood are revival themed.
Why do people do this? Well, there are the obvious elements: it's a bit of fun, a chance to dress up in silly clothes, and enjoy a fine day out on a beautiful spot on the South Downs. But there's more to it than that.
For decades almost every golf club on the planet was made using a hickory shaft, but around 1935 a revolution kicked in when steel was introduced. Steel was lighter, cheaper and stronger – the latter two particularly important considerations, given that hickory golf club shafts break fairly regularly (two of the sixty-odd taking part in this golf day will suffer that fate).
But there is another consideration which makes this day all the more intriguing: as a hickory golf club is swung, the wooden shaft twists under the weight of the metal clubhead. Steel shafts twist too – it's called torque – but far, far less. The result is that hitting a good shot with a hickory club requires a slow, wristy action which would get you into all sorts of trouble using modern clubs. The reverse is true too: one of my fourball, a professional golfer, is almost completely unable to hit the ball at all for the first nine holes.
For the less skilled golfer – a group which, dear reader, I sadly admit to being in myself – this proves something of a leveller. The first few holes don't exactly go brilliantly, but then they seldom do when playing 'real' golf either, and I'm delighted with my progress, even with the 'brassie' which is roughly an eighth of the size by volume of my normal driver. The only real trouble I have is that the putter and the mid-iron (equivalent to a modern four or five-iron) are almost indistinguishable from each other, meaning that it takes me a few seconds longer than I'd expect to fish either one out of the bag.
As the round progresses I suffer the usual ups and downs of golf, but my playing partners show the way with a succession of excellent shots. Finally things click, and I hit a fine shot to a par-3 that leaves me with a birdie putt.
(I end up taking three, for a bogey. There's no excuse. The putter is the least different of all the clubs, in both look and feel.)
But truth be told, I actually begin to forget that this is hickory golf – it's just golf, with all its usual pleasures and pains. Tony Hunt, who runs South East Hickory Golf, tells me that regular players (of which he is one) find it perfectly easy to play to their normal handicap with antique clubs.
By the 18th hole I'm convinced he's right as a couple of decent swings see me find first the fairway and then the heart of the green with a towering iron shot, despite using the club that a few hours beforehand I could scarcely believe would make contact. And the score of the winning team? 40 points, or four better than handicap.
Sorry Winston, but you got it dead wrong. These clubs are perfectly well designed for their purpose, even after the best part of a century. And just as they did a century ago, they'll still let you enjoy a damn good day out.
The Goodwood Revival Golf Challenge will take place on September 13 next year (though date officially still TBC), and will be open to both members and non-members of Goodwood Golf Club. For more details see www.goodwood.com/sports/golf.
There was even a period-themed bar on the 1st tee for a pre-round stiffener…
The winners of Country Life's competition to find the best-dressed people at the Goodwood Revival
Dozens of visitors to the Goodwood Revival on September 7–9 entered the Country Life Best Dressed Competition in partnership with
Credit: Supplied by Azalea PR - Photo by David Cannon/Getty Images
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My father is disabled i been caring for him for 17 years he is the reason i started care giving. I enjoy being someone who can help anyone in need. I am proud of my children! They make me feel very Blessed. I am 33 i have 7 children that i love with all my heart.


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Mocchi, Tullio (2248) - Parpinel, Marco (2169) - 45th Italian Teams 2013 (5), Bratto ITA, 2013
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.c3 Nf6 4.h3 Nc6 5.Bd3 Bd7 6.Bc2 e5 7.d4 cxd4 8.cxd4 exd4 9.Nxd4 Be7 10.Nc3 O-O 11.O-O Re8 12.Be3 a6 13.Rc1 Rc8 14.f4 Qb6 15.Qd2 Bf8 16.Ndb5 Qxe3+ 17.Qxe3 axb5 18.Qb6 Nb4 19.Bb1 Rc5 20.a3 Na6 21.b4 Rc6 22.Qd4 Rc4 23.Qd3 g6 24.Ba2 Rcc8 25.e5 Bf5 26.Qxb5 Nc7 27.Qxb7 dxe5 28.fxe5 Nd7 29.Rxf5 gxf5 30.Nd5 1-0
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Posts under 'BBC News'
BBC News:Climate change: Extinction Rebellion end blockade at Shell's Aberdeen HQ
"Governments and corporations like Shell all agree that my children are facing a catastrophic climate and ecological collapse yet are doing next to nothing to prevent this."
Extinction Rebellion protesters have ended a blockade at the entrances to Shell's Aberdeen headquarters.
Activists arrived at the Altens base at about 06:30 and remained at the site until 19:30 in a bid to "hold Shell to account".
The group said the protest was part of its two-week long campaign targeting the fossil fuel industry.
Shell said it was addressing its emissions and helping customers to reduce theirs.
And industry body Oil and Gas UK (OGUK) said climate change would not be solved by "stunts". read more
BBC News: Climate protesters block Shell's Aberdeen headquarters
Extinction Rebellion protesters have blocked the entrances to Shell's Aberdeen headquarters.
Activists arrived at the Altens base at about 06:30 and plan to remain at the site all day "to hold Shell to account".
The group says the protest is part of its two-week long campaign targeting the fossil fuel industry.
The protesters plan to walk through Aberdeen city centre, starting at the railway station at 13:00 then going via Union St and the harbour.
The group also has its purple boat at the site. read more
BBC News: Shell Energy customers hit with backdated bills
By Lora Jones BBC News: 10 Jan 2020
When Clare Crisp received an email from her energy provider, Shell Energy last November, she was shocked and confused.
Her direct debit had been nearly doubled from £72 to £130 per month, despite her account previously being £148 in credit.
"I looked at my bills and thought: what on earth has gone on?" she says.
Eventually, she worked out what the energy firm had done. It had gone back five-and-a-half years, cancelled her previous electricity bills and re-billed her with higher amounts, adding up to an extra cost of £512. read more
BBC NEWS: Seven arrests after activists occupy drilling rig in Dundee harbour
Seven people have been arrested after environmental activists took part in an "extended occupation" of a drilling rig in Dundee harbour.
Three female protesters from Extinction Rebellion Scotland climbed onto Valaris's Ensco 122 from the River Tay.
They climbed halfway up one of the legs of the rig to try to prevent it leaving.
The women came down about five hours later due to deteriorating weather conditions.
Police said seven people had been arrested in total. read more
BBC NEWS: UK and US considered Nigeria naval blockade over Saro-Wiwa execution
By Martin PlautInstitute of Commonwealth Studies: 31 Dec 2019
The UK and US considered a navy-backed oil embargo against Nigeria, following the 1995 execution of writer and activist Ken Saro-Wiwa, a document released by the UK government reveals.
Saro-Wiwa and eight other campaigners from the Ogoni ethnic group were hanged on 10 November 1995.
They had been found guilty by a secret military tribunal of the murder of four Ogoni chiefs by a mob.
The nine denied the charge and said they had been framed.
Saro-Wiwa led mass protests against oil pollution in Nigeria's Ogoniland.
The protests were seen as a major threat to Nigeria's military ruler at the time, Gen Sani Abacha, and Anglo-Dutch oil giant Shell.
Fishermen at risk amidst the oil
Militants cripple Nigeria's oil sector
The executions led to Nigeria suspension from the Commonwealth. read more
BBC NEWS: Shell wins legal bid to prevent Greenpeace boarding installations
Energy giant Shell has won a court order preventing environmentalists from boarding unmanned North Sea installations.
Lawyers acting for the company went to the Court of Session in Edinburgh seeking an interim interdict against Greenpeace.
It comes after protesters boarded platforms in the Brent field off Shetland in October.
Lady Carmichael ruled the activists had no right to enter the installations.
Shell launches Greenpeace North Sea legal action
Greenpeace ends occupation of oil platform
Greenpeace had claimed an order would breach its right to protest, and described the ruling as a "setback" – but said a possible appeal would be considered. read more
BBC News: Mossmorran: Shell limits North Sea gas to reduce flaring
A raft of measures have been put in place to reduce the amount of ethane Shell is being forced to flare while the Mossmorran plant in Fife is shut.
Shell has been left with a surplus of ethane since its customer Exxonmobil temporarily closed the plant in August.
Now Shell said it had switched from powering its furnaces with propane to using ethane and reduced the amount of North Sea gas it receives.
Residents said they had not noticed much change in flaring.
However, Shell said it had managed to reduce flaring of ethane "significantly" as a result of the new measures, which also include adding ethane into household's supply of methane. read more
BBC News: Nigeria oil spills 'spark environmental genocide'
The Archbishop of York has called for urgent action to stop the oil spills that are devastating communities in Nigeria's Bayelsa state.
Speaking exclusively to the BBC ahead of the interim report of the Bayelsa State Oil and Environmental Commission, which he chairs, the archbishop said that a slow environmental genocide is taking place.
Bayelsa is the region where oil was first discovered in the country in the 1950s. There are hundreds of oil spills each year in Nigeria, some caused by equipment failure – others by sabotage. read more
Ken Saro-Wiwa: A Playwright And Revolutionary, But A Man With Trading Instinct
Article from Tempo newspaper Nigeria above, published 2 Jan 1996, page 2, under the headline:
"Ken Saro-Wiwa: A Playwright And Revolutionary, But A Man With Trading Instinct ".
Originally published by The Daily Telegraph: 13 November 1995. A valuable first-hand account by a BBC producer and correspondent, Janet Anderson.
I first met Ken Saro-Wiwa in London, when he was producing plays and arts programmes about Africa for BBC World Service. Ken was an occasional visitor to the office, a short man, often curled up-on a chair with a big smile, his ever-present pipe and his twinkling eyes. I got a good sense of the steel beneath the chat when I hired him to judge a short story competition. He was a tough bargainer, a seasoned negotiator, particularly when it came to money. The original Nigerian trader showed through. read more
National Theatre to end Shell funding
The National Theatre is to end funding from oil giant Shell after declaring a climate emergency.
Shell was one of 19 companies holding a corporate gold membership, meaning it contributed between £15,000-£30,000 per year to the London theatre.
"The scale of the change required means we are already scrutinising every part of the way we operate," the venue said.
The move comes days after the Royal Shakespeare Company ended its partnership with BP.
Shell's current contribution to the National is on a smaller scale than the BP deal, which subsidised £5 tickets for young people to visit the RSC. read more
BBC News: Mossmorran flaring: Shell forced to burn off gas it cannot sell
By Angie Brown: BBC Scotland, Edinburgh and East reporter: 3 Oct 2019 Shell flaring seen from Cowdenbeath in September
Shell has been forced to burn off "significant" volumes of ethane it cannot sell to a firm temporarily shut down over flaring issues in Fife.
Residents living near the Mossmorran site thought flaring would be reduced after Exxonmobil was closed in August.
However, ground flares have continued to burn because Shell's only ethane customer is Exxonmobil, which shares the site.
Shell said it was "actively exploring alternative ethane outlets".
Shell's Fife Natural Gas Liquids plant separates natural gas liquids into ethane, propane, butane and natural gasoline for storage and onward distribution. read more
Mossmorran: Shell Chemical plant 'must be shut down'
Almost 1,400 complaints over chemical plant's flaring
By Angie Brown BBC Scotland, Edinburgh and East reporter: 6 Sept 2019
A Fife chemical plant must be shut down if its operators cannot come up with a plan to make it as low carbon as possible, a Green MSP has said.
Mark Ruskell said he could not see how the Mossmorran site was "compatible with the climate change emergency".
Operator Shell said the plant was vital to the UK's energy supply.
ExxonMobil, which also operates a plant at the site, said it had spent £10bn on developing lower-emission energy solutions since 2000.
Mr Ruskell, the Scottish Greens environment and climate spokesman, said Mossmorran needed to be either shut down or a clear investment plan to make it as low carbon as possible published. read more
BBC News: Nigeria gunmen kidnap Shell workers and kill police guards
Two senior employees of the oil company Shell have been kidnapped and their police escorts killed in Nigeria's restive Delta region, police said.
The attack took place as the workers were returning from a business trip on Thursday on a road in Rivers state.
Gunmen killed the guards, one of whom was driving the vehicle, and seized the two workers, officials said.
A police spokesman said efforts were under way to rescue the Shell employees.
Their names and nationalities have not been released. read more
The crooks at USB Bank and Royal Dutch Shell
Feb 21st, 2019
Former Shell CEO Peter Voser is an unlucky man. He had the incredible misfortune to be in charge of the bad guys at both corporate giants, Shell and UBS Bank simultaneously, while presumably being personally innocent of any criminal acts? What are the chances of that happening? The question of managerial negligence, twice-over, must surely be another matter?
Printed below is an article published yesterday by BBC News reporting that the "Swiss banking giant UBS has been fined €3.7bn (£3.2bn; $4.2bn) in a French tax fraud case."
The article goes on to say that "Following similar cases in the US in 2009 and Germany in 2014, the bank accepted large fines."
During the period of criminal activity the then Chief Executive Officer of Royal Dutch Shell Plc – Peter Voser – was paid millions of Swiss francs in his role as a director of UBS AG. He was also a member of the governance and nominating committee and of the strategy committee. read more
A CRY FOR HELP FROM ESTHER KIOBEL
Amnesty International sign: Esther Kiobel standing outside Dutch Court building 12 February 2019
Declaration of Esther Kiobel
Hon. (Dr) Barinem Nubari Kiobel was a man with a prodigy with refined heart that cared for others. A kind-hearted man that was selfless. He was a wonderful husband, a God-fearing man, good Father, brother and a best Friend. He was the finest definition of refinement, consummate technocrat and upright character. He has been very much missed and will always be remembered. read more
Nigeria: Ogoni widow testifies against Shell in The Hague
The widow of a Nigerian activist suing oil giant Shell over the execution of her husband says his death left her "traumatised" and "poverty-stricken".
Esther Kiobel is testifying in court in The Hague, demanding compensation from the Netherlands-based firm.
She is among four women who accuse Shell of being complicit in the hanging of their husbands by Nigeria's military in 1995. Shell denies the allegation. read more
Nord Stream 2 Counting on Germany for EU Gas Rule Hurdle
(Bloomberg) — Nord Stream 2 expects regulators to decide by May whether its contested natural gas pipeline linking Germany to Russia will be able to operate as planned.
Already suffering U.S. sanctions, the project led by Gazprom PJSC is pinning its hopes …


The Observatory of Global Culture is a project led by the Macro Connections group at MIT Media Lab. We submitted a design proposal to introduce elements of storytelling, social media integration and the conversion of graph data into plain language results. This project was part of the Director's Fellows NYC off-site event.


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Two More Sales to Analog Science Fiction
October 25, 2012 October 24, 2012 Jamie Todd Rubin 13 comments
I have two new sales to announce, both of them to Analog Science Fiction.
I've sold a guest editorial to the magazine.
I've sold a new story to the magazine.
I've known about this one for a while now. Shortly after Worldcon, Analog's new editor asked me if I'd be willing to write a guest editorial for the magazine. He asked me, in part, because of the work I'd done on my Vacation in the Golden Age, which made me very happy. I was humbled and I did my best to write a decent editorial. I must have done something right because Trevor bought the piece. It will likely appear sometime in 2013, but at this point I have no idea as to when.
This represents the first time I was ever commissioned by an editor to write something. It was a little stressful, but also a lot of fun, and big thanks go out to both Ken Liu and Michael Burstein for their feedback on the editorial. Of course, I was delighted when Trevor told me he was taking the piece. It's one thing for a piece to be commissioned. It doesn't guarantee an editor is going to like it. Fortunately, in this case, the editor did like it.
As I mentioned briefly on Twitter yesterday, I've sold my story, "The Negative Impact of Climate Change on the Unusual Beasts of the World" to Analog. This represents a couple of significant milestones for me.
It is the first time I've made a second story sale to a place I've previous sold. My story, "Take One for the Road" appeared in the June 2011 Analog.
It is the first time I've made story sales on two consecutive days. I announced yesterday my sale to the Beyond the Sun anthology.
I read this story at Capclave earlier in the month so if you were one of the ten or so people sitting in on the reading, then you already know which story I'm talking about. I'm very excited to have made this sale to Analog.
Once again, it's too early to say when the story will appear in the magazine, other than my guess that it will be some time in 2013.
Making these sales, especially the story yesterday and today, has an enormous impact on my self-confidence as a writer. More and more I feel like I have some clue what I am doing when I sit down to write a story. They generally require a lot of hard work on my part, but I am starting to feel that with each story I write, my chances for finding a good home for it get better and better.
And at this point, I have no outstanding stories. Which means I need to get busy writing again. I'll keep you posted on these two pieces, as well as the story I sold to the anthology. When I have a better idea of publication dates, I'll post them.
story sales
John D. says:
Congratulations, Jamie!
Jamie Todd Rubin says:
Gray Rinehart says:
Congrats! Well done, and I look forward to reading both!
Thanks, Gray!
Michael A. Burstein says:
Thank you, Michael, for your helpful comments and feedback on the guest editorial.
Paul Freeman says:
Wow, I was just wondering how I could get this magazine over the in the UK and it seemed quite expensive with shipping. Then I saw there was e-analog and for a mere £1.99 a month I can get it straight to my device. And a free 30-day trial too.
Looking forward to reading your story on my kindle and tablet
Jamie, congratulations on another milestone in your writing career!
Incidently, regarding your baseball picks, remember a great man once said, "It is not the job of a science fiction writer to predict the future."
Thanks, Bill. This is why I'm not a gambler when it comes to sports-picks. 😉
M. David Blake says:
Congratulations, Jamie! I hope this is a sign that Trevor is settling in to his new digs… and undaunted by the mounds of slush, some of which is probably still addressed to Stan.
jess kaan says:
CONGRATS §


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