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Le Geode est un processeur x86 de très basse consommation initialement lancé par National Semiconductor en 1999 puis produit par AMD depuis 2002. Son noyau était alors dérivé du Cyrix MediaGX. En , AMD l'a racheté pour asseoir sa politique commerciale en proposant des processeurs embarqués comme les PDA.

Les processeurs Geode sont optimisés pour consommer très peu de puissance et être produits facilement à bas coût. Les instructions SIMD telles que le MMX, 3DNow!, SSE étaient absentes sur les premières versions, mais maintenant elles sont parfaitement intégrées sur les plus récents. Les processeurs de Geode sont souvent appareillés au sein du même die d'une partie graphique de faible puissance capable de traiter la 2D. Par exemple, les modèles Geode SCxxxx ont une version à microplaquette unique, comparable au SiS 552, qui intègre l'unité centrale de traitement, le contrôleur de mémoire, le contrôleur graphique et les unités d'E/S dans un même die. Les processeurs Geode sont particulièrement adaptés aux ordinateurs portables ou de faibles dimensions (voir par exemple l'ordinateur à 100$ du projet One Laptop per Child à base de Geode GX 533, ou le Linutop à base de Geode LX 700). En 2008, le Geode LX 800 animait le netbook Hercules eCafé EC-800. Il a refait surface dans l'eeePC 1201K en  (Geode NX 1750), mais celui-ci est dérivé de l'AMD Athlon K7.

Caractéristiques

AMD Geode GX
 CPU 32 bits basse consommation
 fréquence : 333 - 400 MHz
 Cache L1 : 32 Kio (16 Kio données + 16 Kio instructions)
 Socket 7
 FSB : 166 MHz
 SIMD : MMX, 3DNow!
 Socket A, DDR-SDRAM PC2700/166 Mhz
 Controleur vidéo : Intégré avec une définition de 1660 × 1200 Max
 Consommation : 1,1 W à 400 MHz, ? W en veille
 Refroidissement : sans ventilateur ni radiateur

AMD Geode LX
 Socket 7
 Mémoire DDR
 Fréquence : 433 - 500 - 667 MHz
 Consommation 0,7 - 0,9 - 2,6 watts
 Cache L1 : 128 Kio (64 Kio données + 64 Kio instructions)
 Cache L2 : 128 Kio
 SIMD : MMX, 3DNow!

AMD Geode NX
 Architecture: CPU 32 bits basse consommation basé sur le K7
 fréquence : 667 - 1400 MHz
 1,000 V - 1,250V
 Cache L1: 128 Kio (64 Kio données + 64 Kio instructions)
 Cache L2: 256 Kio
 FSB : 266 MHz
 SIMD: MMX, 3DNow!, 3DNow! Extended, SSE
 Socket A, DDR-SDRAM PC2700/166 MHz
 Controleur vidéo: non intégré
 Consommation: 6 W à 1 GHz / 14 W à 1.4 GHz (AMD PowerNow!)
 Refroidissement: sans ventilateur pour les model NX 1250+ & 1500+. Nécessaire pour le 1700+

AMD Geode SC
 Architecture: CPU 32 bits basse consommation
 fréquence : 266 - 300 MHz

 SDRAM bus
 SIMD: MMX
 Controleurs intégrés: accélérateur 2D + AC97 + Super I/O + Corelogic (selon modèle)

Modèles
 AMD Geode GX 466 - 333 MHz - 0,9 W
 AMD Geode GX 500 - 366 MHz - 1,0 W
 AMD Geode GX 533 - 400 MHz - 1,1 W

 AMD Geode LX 700 - 433 MHz - 0,7 W
 AMD Geode LX 800 - 500 MHz - 0,9 W
 AMD Geode LX 900 - 667 MHz - 2,6 W

 AMD Geode NX 1250 -  667 MHz - 6 W
 AMD Geode NX 1500 -  1,0 GHz - 6 W
 AMD Geode NX 1750 -  1,4 GHz - 14 W

 AMD Geode SC1100 - 266 MHz - 1,6 W
 AMD Geode SC1200/SC1201 - 266 MHz - 1.6 W
 AMD Geode SC2200 - 300 MHz - 1,8 W
 AMD Geode SC3200 - 266 MHz - 1,6 W

Liens externes
  AMD Geode - Site officiel
  PDF officiel
  Test de performance
  Geode NX, Core Voltage

Microprocesseur x86 AMD
Produit lancé en 1999


These Alabama Crackers are another wonderful find from Pinterest. (Everyone seriously should join Pinterest!) I know how much my family loves my Ranch Pretzels and spicy food so when I saw that these had a little of both I had to give them a try. And I am so glad I did! These crackers are perfect and have the perfect amount of kick. I only used 1 tablespoon of the red pepper flakes instead of 3 which made it possible for you to eat more than one.
There are a few tips about this Alabama Cracker recipe that I want to make note of for you.
The recipe calls for a 2 gallon ziplock bag- I only had 1 gallon bags so I split the recipe between two bags and it work perfectly. Also, it's convenient to keep one bag for yourself and take one to a party.
Mix the spice mixture in a measuring cup, this way it's easier to pour evenly over the two bags.
Don't feel bad if you don't want to use the full 3 tablespoons of red pepper flakes. I used 1 tablespoon and it still had a good kick.
One last little tip that I'm going to try next time I make them is to not let them sit overnight and instead layer them on a cookie sheet and back at 375F for 5 minutes to help soak/cook off the oil. The crackers are great but a little oily to eat a lot. Hope you enjoy the fire!


Its hot outside and Katherine having a giveaway to help you beat the heat. She invited a few of her bloggy friends to join in the fun.
Enter to win some cold hard cash and a set of fun ice cream bowls and spoons for prizes ( sorry ice cream not included lol).
Entering is easy, log into the entry form using your email address or facebook and click on the first entry on the rafflecopter form. Then read the terms and conditions and write yes. Follow Katherines Corner and my blog Partners then enter as many bonus entries as you would like. Open to all over 18. Giveaway starts today and ends Aug 30th.
Copy the button below and paste it to your blog for extra entries. Or copy the code from my sidebar ( remember to let me know where to find it ).
Good luck in the Beat The Heat Giveaway.


After graduation in cello section of the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Lyon in 1994, she performs a cycle of development with string trio and follows master classes with the Trio à cordes de Paris, the Fine Arts Quartet and le Quatuor Mosaïque.
Called to play in the Orchestra of the Opera National de Lyon for nearly 10 years, she is also moving towards more eclectic repertoires. She specializes in contemporary music and creation and becomes solo cellist of the Ensemble Orchestral Contemporain under the direction of Daniel Kawka in 1997. With this ensemble, she performs in many festivals and concerts in France and abroad (Canada, Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Poland, Italy, etc.) and works regularly with composers.
She is also involved in chamber ensembles such as Duo a due (duet with accordion around the creation), the Polis'sons ensemble and its cucurbital orchestra, and Solistes XXI-Rachid Safir ensemble. She devotes a large part of her time to her passion for early, classical and romantic music on vintage instruments, and collaborates with ensembles ranging from chamber music to orchestra, such as The Philharmonic Chamber Emmanuel Krivine, Les Siècles, the Ensemble 415-Chiara Banchini, the Accentus-Laurence Equilbey Choir, Canticum Novum, the Nouveaux Caractères and the Unisoni Ensemble of which she is a founding member.
As a continuo player, she also played under the direction of Paul Mc Creesh, Martin Gester, Nicole Corti and accompanied recitals of Howard Crook. Many concerts lead her to perform in seasons and festivals both in France and abroad.
She teaches baroque cello at the regional music conservatory of Grenoble and actively participates in the development of educational actions in schools, hospitals, or prisons.


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2020-2021 Student Advisory Board
Working Group for Sexual and Reproductive Health
Event Information and Recordings
Resources for Working Group Members
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World Contraception Day
WORLD CONTRACEPTION DAY CELEBRATION AT KISUMU COUNTY
October 10, 2018 October 10, 2018 by Faith OtewaNo Comments
World Contraception Day annually takes place on September 26th. The worldwide campaign is centered on a vision where every pregnancy is planned and wanted. This year, Kisumu County joined the rest of the world in celebration at the Simba Opepo Dispensary. County officials and over 10 partners attended, with Deputy Governor Dr. Mathews Owino as the chief guest; he expressed commitment to the county leadership and its growth. The community came together to promote and echo important actions on Family Planning (FP) and contraceptives, improve awareness on contraception, and enable young people to make informed reproductive health choices. Healthcare workers were encouraged to support clients in selecting appropriate FP methods and discussing possible side effects. There is a need in the community for counseling on correct methods and their associated potential warning signs. Further, the celebration called for the mentoring of healthcare workers in order for them to have the right attitude towards youths. This attitude will allow patients to freely walk into...
Blog1Contraception, World Contraception Day
Philippines to join its first World Contraception Day
September 21, 2018 September 21, 2018 by Jessica WilliamsNo Comments
The Philippines announced Wednesday that it will be participating in the upcoming World Contraception Day on September 26th. In its first year joining the global campaign, the country will hold a forum at the University of the Philippines in Diliman to discuss the nation's treatment of reproductive health issues. With one of the world's fastest rates of population growth and a population that has tripled over the last fifty years, the Philippines faces a growing need of family-planning education; widespread awareness of safe and effective contraception methods may slow unsustainable population growth, with positive effects on public health, the economy and the environment. World Contraception Day is an international campaign, with the mission to educate younger generations about contraception so they can make informed decisions about their reproductive and sexual health. The Day is organized by a group of 17 international NGOs, governmental organizations, and medical societies, and is funded by Bayer AG. Held yearly since 2007, World Contraception Day envisions...
What's Happening in Reproductive Health Around the World?Contraception, Reproductive Health, World Contraception Day
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Dr. Joanne Kriege, MD is a rheumatology specialist in Reedsburg, WI and has been practicing for 31 years. She graduated from University Of Wisconsin Medical School in 1988 and specializes in rheumatology.
How was your experience with Dr. Kriege?
Check the quality of care at hospitals where Dr. Kriege treats patients.


On Wednesday, it was reported that both Donald Trump Jr. and Paul Manafort would have to testify regarding their meeting with Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya in a public setting. They are scheduled to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee on Wednesday, July 26th. President Trump's son-in-law and senior advisor, Jared Kushner will also be testifying that week, but his remarks will not be made public. If the first two choose not to cooperate or don't show up, however, Congress may subpoena them.
The Senate already proved this summer they have zero problem with blanketing Capitol Hill in subpoenas if it gets the job done. Not only that, Special Prosecutor Robert Mueller is reportedly looking into President Trump's business transactions, which may include Kushner, Don Jr. and Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross.


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Home Finance Would you wai...
Would you wait in line for over 12 hours to get a red packet from your billionaire boss? One Tencent employee did
Celia Chen, South China Morning Post
Employees of Tencent Holdings waiting outside the internet giant's headquarters in Shenzhen to receive red packets from company chairman Pony Ma Huateng.
Tencent via South China Morning Post
Those people are not lining up to buy new iPhones, Lady M's signature mille-crepes cake, or HeyTea's cheese-topped drink.
They are employees of Tencent Holdings waiting outside the internet giant's headquarters in Shenzhen to receive red packets from company chairman Pony Ma Huateng and other senior management.
A long line started forming from Tuesday morning for a chance to get a second of face time with Ma, who in Lunar New Year tradition personally hands out red envelopes containing money to employees as a form of good wishes. The most diehard of the hongbao getters was in place since before 8pm on Monday, meaning the first in line had waited overnight for more than 12 hours to be the first person to get the "blessing" from Ma, who was dressed in a bright red jumper.
The most diehard of the hongbao getters was in place since before 8pm on Monday.
Photos showed the line was so long that it snaked around the new headquarters of Tencent in Shenzhen's Nanshan district, all the way up to the 48th floor of the building, where senior management were greeting employees. Staff queued in the shape of a giant "fu" character, which means prosperity.
"I waited for three hours and got 200 yuan in total from the four executives," said a Tencent employee. "Not everyone gets the same amount. It depends how lucky you are."
Besides Ma, Tencent president Martin Lau Chi-ping, chief information officer Daniel Xu and chief strategy officer James Mitchell were also present to hand out hongbaos. It is customary in many parts of China for companies or bosses to give their employees red packets to start the new work year.
"I got 100 yuan from Pony and 50 yuan respectively from other three," said another Tencent employee. "As far as I know, Pony always gives 100 yuan and other management give 100 yuan or 50 yuan."
Tencent did not disclose how many employees lined up nor the total amount of money dispensed.
Before Lunar New Year in 2014, Tencent co-founder Tony Zhang assigned a WeChat team member to improve the way Tencent traditionally handed out red packets to staff. As a result, the WeChat Red Packet was developed as a way to send money digitally to friends.
WeChat's Red Packet became an overnight sensation during the 2014 holiday period with more than 8 million Chinese receiving over 40 million hongbaos during the period, leading Alibaba Group Holding executive chairman Jack Ma to dub it the "attack on Pearl Harbour".
Users started to link their bank accounts to their WeChat mobile wallet and it started to compete with Alipay, the mobile payments platform of Alibaba affiliate Ant Financial Services. New York-listed Alibaba owns the South China Morning Post.
This year, 823 million people used WeChat's hongbao service on Lunar New Year's Eve, an increase of 7.1 per cent from the year before.
Given Tencent has more than 50,000 employees spread over China and overseas, only those based in Shenzhen can line up for the red packets. For those staff in Beijing and elsewhere, they can take consolation in the digital hongbaos from the company.
According to one Tencent employee, 400 yuan was sent to his WeChat account from the company this morning. No need to wait in line for that one.
Hongbao
Pony Ma


The Big Razorback Island remote sea ice field camp gets wireless internet and telephone connection thanks to U.S. Antarctic Program IT Comms. Weddell seal researchers living and working on the sea ice in Erebus Bay are connected to the outside world via satellite. Radio communications technician Michael Patterson and antenna riggers Erin Heard and Dan Mahon visit our camp and install the hardware to make this happen. Video by Mary Lynn Price.


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Star Ocean The Divine Force › News
tri-Ace announces a huge loss and decreased earnings in the June 2022 fiscal year
by Kite Stenbuck on 04 October, 2022
tri-Ace, the development studio behind Valkyrie Profile and the Star Ocean series, is having a tough financial situation. Gamebiz, a Japanese news outlet focusing on the country's gaming industry, published an article based on tri-Ace's financial report for their previous fiscal year that ended in June 2022.
Advertisement. Keep scrolling for more
The article revealed that tri-Ace's sales during the whole year dropped by 42.9% from over 2 billion to 1.25 billion yen (~US $8.675 million). But while the company had an operating profit of 241 million yen (~$1.67M) in the June 2021 fiscal year, that turned into a huge loss of 625 million yen (~$4.34M). Likewise, their final profit went from 171 million yen to a deficit of 684 million yen (~$4.745M). The article went even further to declare that tri-Ace is in a state of insolvency.
For additional context to the financial situation, tri-Ace used to have Star Ocean: Anamnesis, a free-to-play mobile game with gacha microtransactions featuring characters from the Star Ocean series and many other guest crossover franchises. However, Square Enix shut down the title globally in November 2019 and in Japan on June 24, 2021. The latter especially dealt a big blow to tri-Ace's earnings, especially since it happened right around the end of the June 2021 fiscal year.
That also meant the studio had to develop Star Ocean: The Divine Force with virtually no income throughout the following year. The new sixth mainline Star Ocean title is slated for a simultaneous worldwide release on October 27 this year.
The last console games tri-Ace had worked on were the remasters of Resonance of Fate and the fourth Star Ocean entry The Last Hope. The studio may not have had a direct hand in the newer remasters of Star Ocean: First Departure R and Valkyrie Profile: Lenneth, as these titles do not exist on tri-Ace's portfolio, and Square Enix only mentioned "Original version developed by tri-Ace Inc." in their copyright segments (as opposed to The Last Hope's "Developed by tri-Ace Inc.")
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Signals Passed at Danger by Train 1240 at Marshall (Geelong) Victoria on 29 May 2015
On 29 May 2015, an empty VLocity type passenger train was being transferred from Waurn Ponds to Geelong, passing through Marshall and South Geelong stations enroute and without stops. The empty-cars train was following a Melbourne-bound service.
When the empty-cars approached Marshall, the Distant signal for this location was displaying Caution. This indicated that at least one of the Home signals in advance was at Stop. The train's speed was reduced in response to this indication, but was subsequently increased to above 100 km/h as the train continued towards Marshall Railway Station.
Nearing Marshall station platform, the driver observed the next Home signal at Stop and applied the train's brakes. However, the train could not be stopped before it passed this signal and the next, which were both at Stop.
Marshalltown Road level crossing intersects with the railway about 140 m beyond Marshall Station and the empty cars entered the crossing before the warning devices activated.
There was no collision at the crossing, no injuries, and no damage to any infrastructure as a consequence of this incident.
The ATSB found that the driver of the empty-cars did not respond appropriately to the two-position signal indications through the Marshall location, including the Caution indication on the Distant signal. The speed of the train was too high as it approached Marshall station and as a result the train could not be stopped in response to observing the next signal at Stop.
The driver had recently qualified to drive passenger services and this was his first shift driving without supervision. It was found that the training had not adequately prepared the driver for the sequence of two-position signals at this location. The predominant signalling on the Melbourne-Geelong corridor is three-position.
The ATSB also found that the rule that described the required driver response to a Distant signal at Caution in a two-position signalling system did not fully reflect the design principles for this type of signalling configuration.
Since the re-establishment of Marshall station, rail passenger traffic through Marshall had increased tenfold, and there was scope to enhance the signalling configuration.
Immediate actions by V/Line included imposing temporary speed restrictions for this location and retraining the driver in two-position signalling. V/Line also developed a simulator session to improve driver training in two-position signalling.
V/Line advised that funding has been secured for the development of a business case and feasibility study for a track and signalling upgrade of the South Geelong – Waurn Ponds section.
ATSB has recommended that V/Line amends the rule for the required driver response to a Distant signal at Caution.
Operating rules and Driver training should align with the underlying principles of a network's signalling infrastructure.
At about 1900 on 29 May 2015, the 1744 passenger service from Melbourne arrived at Waurn Ponds. Waurn Ponds is a suburb of Geelong, a regional city about 65 km southwest of Melbourne, Victoria. The section between Geelong and Waurn Ponds station is about 12 rail km and passes through South Geelong and Marshall Stations (Figure 1).
Figure 1: The route between Geelong and Waurn Ponds stations
Source: PASS Assets (Public Transport Victoria) adapted by Chief Investigator, Transport Safety (Vic)
The car-set and its driver was scheduled to return empty-cars to Geelong where the train would form a service to Melbourne. To allow a Melbourne-bound service from Warrnambool to pass through the section, the empty train was shunted into the siding at Waurn Ponds.
After the passage of the Melbourne-bound train (Train 8250), Train 1240 (the empty-cars) was signalled onto the mainline towards Marshall. It increased speed and travelled at between 80 and 90 km/h as it passed Waurn Ponds station. About a kilometre past Waurn Ponds, the train encountered Distant signal MSL22. This signal, about 3.6 km before Marshall Station, was the first of five signals that controlled Geelong-bound traffic on the mainline through Marshall (Figure 2).
Figure 2: The signals controlling Geelong-bound rail traffic through Marshall
Distant signal MSL22 was at Caution when the train passed, and the signals ahead were at Stop (Figure 3). In response to the Caution indication of MSL22, the driver reduced the speed of the train from 83 km/h to 67 km/h.
Figure 3: Signal status when Train 1240 passed Distant Signal MSL22. MSL22 was at Caution (yellow), and other signals ahead were at Stop (Red). The red highlight on the line adjacent to MSL22 is indicating that Train 1240 is detected in the section.
Source: Geelong Regional Signalling Centre, extract and annotation of VDU recording by Chief Investigator, Transport Safety (Vic)
The next signal, Home signal MSL24, was located 2,276 m past the Distant signal. As the train travelled towards it, the signal indication changed from Stop to Proceed. Signalling through this section was two-position, meaning that Stop was indicated by a red light, and Proceed by a green light. Home signals in a two-position signalling system do not provide information on the required train speed, nor the condition of the next signal.
When the train was about 900 m from MSL24 and following the driver's observation of its Green (Proceed) aspect, the speed of the train was increased. The train's speed was about 90 km/h passing signal MSL24. As the train continued towards Home signal MSL26 that was 1,280 m away and at Proceed, its speed further increased. The train's speed peaked at 105 km/h shortly after passing signal MSL26.
Soon after passing signal MSL26, the driver observed Home signal MSL10 at Stop, and probably also the next Home signal, MSL8, that was also at Stop. Both were at Stop because the train ahead had not yet cleared into South Geelong.
In response to the Stop indications, the driver made a brake application that within about five seconds progressed to an emergency application. Train 1240 could not be stopped in the distance available and passed Home signal MSL10 travelling at about 80 km/h and then Home signal MSL8 at about 60 km/h. In each instance, the signal was passed at Stop without authority resulting in a Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD) event.
The train then entered the Marshalltown Road level crossing travelling at about 50 km/h. The warning devices (lights and bells) began with the train on the crossing and the boom barriers lowered about 10 seconds later. There were no road vehicles nor pedestrians attempting to cross as the train entered the unprotected crossing. However, shortly prior, a route bus and light truck had traversed the crossing, 30 and 15 seconds prior respectively.
The train came to a stand with its leading cab about 80 m passed the crossing. There were no injuries resulting from the incident. The incident occurred at about 1932.
After reporting the incident, the driver was authorised to shunt the empty cars back into the crossing loop at Marshall. He was then stood aside from driving duties. A breath test was conducted with a zero alcohol result. Testing for the presence of drugs was not conducted.
Marshall and surrounds
Development in southern Geelong
Marshall Railway Station had been closed in 1958. It was re-established in 2004 to serve the expanding southern suburbs of Geelong, and the demand for commuter services to Melbourne.
The re-development of Marshall was a State funded and managed project. During this period, lease arrangements and management of the regional network was transferred (in 2004) from Freight Australia Limited to Pacific National. Track management of the network was subsequently transferred to V/Line in 2007.
Marshall Station was re-established with a single platform serviced by the bi-directional mainline. The development included the introduction of a loop to cater for the crossing of trains and terminating locomotive hauled passenger trains from Melbourne. The loop allowed the locomotive to be 'runaround' the consist for the return trip to Melbourne. The signalling was designed to allow this locomotive movement to occur without the fouling or activation of the Marshalltown Road level crossing. There was nothing unusual about this configuration for these operations.
With the introduction of VLocity type DMU trains into the Geelong corridor, the use of locomotive hauled trains terminating at Marshall diminished significantly.
Waurn Ponds Railway Station was established in September 2014. A holding siding to shunt trains clear of the mainline was provided about two kilometres from this station, towards Warrnambool.
Waurn Ponds became the normal terminating point for trains travelling to the southern suburbs of Geelong and as a result, terminations at Marshall became less common.
Safeworking system background
Prior to the re-establishment of Marshall Station, Train Order Working[1] was in place for the single line section between South Geelong and Winchelsea (about 40 km west of Geelong). When re-established, Marshall became an Intermediate Terminal Station for the two sections South Geelong - Marshall and Marshall - Winchelsea.
Then, in September 2005, the Train Staff and Ticket Safeworking System[2] was introduced between South Geelong and Marshall and Marshall was made an attended Train Order Station. The signalling system at Marshall was to be operated locally and manned for all trains.
In December 2005, further changes to the safeworking arrangements were made. The sections between South Geelong and Marshall were altered to operate under the Track Block Safeworking System, and the operation of the signalling at Marshall was transferred to the Geelong Regional Signalling Centre.
Track Block Safeworking System
The operating rules and procedures applicable to the Track Block Safeworking System were described in Section 32 of the 1994 Book of Rules and Operating Procedures. The object of the system was to prevent more than one train being on the same line in the section between two adjoining locations. This was achieved by the signaller not being able to place the signal controlling the entrance to the Track Block single line section to the Proceed position until the preceding train had exited the section.
The Track Block Safeworking System was in use on the Victorian broad-gauge network between:
Newport - Brooklyn (West line)
Brooklyn - Sunshine
Geelong – Waurn Ponds
The Geelong-Waurn Ponds section was the only passenger line where it applied.
Signalling arrangements through Marshall
Two-position coloured-light fixed signalling was in place between South Geelong – Marshall – Waurn Ponds. The signal numbers relevant to this event are shown enlarged on an extract of the signalling control display (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Extract of signalling control display South Geelong - Marshall - Waurn Ponds
Source: V/Line Geelong Regional Signalling Centre, extract and annotation of VDU recording by Chief Investigator, Transport Safety (Vic)
The Marshall location had a signal sequence on the mainline in each direction of a Distant signal followed by a series Home signals. For Geelong-bound traffic, the signal sequence through Marshall was:
MSL22 (Distant signal)
MSL24 (Home signal)
MSL26 (Home signal) that had signals for the mainline and the loop track
MSL10 (Home Signal) and MSL12 (on the Loop track)
MSL8 (Home signal).
Signal control through Marshall
At the time of the incident, signalling control for Marshall was managed from the Geelong Regional Signalling Centre. This control function has since been relocated to Centrol[3] in Melbourne.
At Geelong, the relevant control workstation provided for remote control and monitoring of the signalling system between South Geelong[4] and Waurn Ponds. Signallers could observe the status of all the signalling in the area of control by means of a VDU Panel. The VDU panel also provided the means of operating the points and signals.
The signaller had control of all Home signals at Marshall. For Geelong-bound rail traffic, the Home signals could be operated individually or a through-route set such that signals would clear when the section ahead became available for following trains.
The signaller cannot control distant signal MSL22. The aspect of MSL22 was governed by the status of the Home signals through the location and functioned automatically. If all mainline Home signals at Marshall were clear, MSL22 would indicate Proceed (Green aspect), and if any was at Stop, MSL22 would indicate Caution (Yellow aspect).
Marshalltown Road level crossing activation
For trains approaching from Waurn Ponds when signals were at Proceed, a fixed track circuit activated the Marshalltown Road level crossing protection. This ensured that the crossing protection was activated in sufficient time prior to the arrival of the train.
When signal MSL8 was at Stop, the level crossing warning circuits were inhibited. This was to allow locomotive runaround movements without activating the crossing protection. Because of this configuration, Train 1240 did not trigger the crossing protection until it was beyond signal MSL8.
System protection for a train exceeding its authority
The two-position signalling system at Marshall did not include any additional controls to protect against a train exceeding its authority.
Waurn Ponds was commissioned about 10 years after Marshall and did include additional features to manage this risk. All Home signals at Waurn Ponds were fitted with Train Stop TPWS[5] to stop trains that passed a signal at Stop.
Signalling playback – recording of sequence of events
The status of signals and the movement of trains through the section were captured on the recording of the signaller's display located at Geelong. The colour of the track section also provides an indication of its status with:
Red indicating the presence of a train in the section
Green indicating the track is clear and the route is set
Blue indicating the track is clear but no route is set.
At about 1922 after departing the siding, Train 1240 was travelling between Waurn Ponds and Marshall (Figure 5). At this time Train 8250 (the train ahead) had passed through Marshall Station and the Marshalltown Road level crossing had activated (road shown highlighted yellow). Another train was in the Waurn Ponds siding waiting to follow 1240.
Figure 5: Extract of VDU screen at 19:22:07 showing train 1240 travelling between Waurn Ponds and Marshall, approaching Distant signal MSL22 at Caution. The signals through Marshall are at Stop. The train ahead (8250) has passed through Marshall Station.
After Train 1240 passed Distant signal MSL22, MSL24 went to Proceed. The VDU screen at 19:23:03 showed MSL24 at Proceed and MSL26 still at Stop. All other Marshall signals were also at Stop.
Before Train 1240 passed MSL24, Home signal MSL26 also went to Proceed (Figure 6). At this point, the train ahead was approaching the Distant signal for South Geelong (SGL20), that was at Proceed (Green). Because this train was still occupying the section between MSL8 and SGL20, signals MSL10 and 8 were not yet cleared to Proceed.
Figure 6: Extract of VDU screen at 19:23:05 showing MSL26 now at Proceed. MSL10 and MSL8 are at Stop
The VDU screen at 19:24:31 shows that the preceding train (8250) had passed the Distant signal for South Geelong, SGL20, at around the time Train 1240 had passed MSL24. Train 8250 had not yet passed SGL19 and signals MSL10 and MSL8 had not yet cleared to Proceed.
The VDU screen at 19:25:26 shows that Train 1240 had passed Home signal MSL26, which had reverted to Stop. MSL10 was still at Stop and soon to be passed by Train 1240 without authority. Marshalltown Road level crossing had not yet not activated.
A few seconds later, Train 1240 had passed MSL10 at Stop (Figure 7) and was soon to pass MSL8 at Stop. Train 8250 was still progressing past SGL19. The headway between the two trains was such that Train 1240 needed to stop at Marshall to wait for Train 8250 to clear the section ahead.
Figure 7: Extract of VDU screen at 19:25:29 showing Train 1240 had now passed signal MSL10 at Stop
A short time later, MSL8 had also been passed at Stop (Figure 8). The Marshalltown level crossing protection was not yet active.[6]
Figure 8: Extract of VDU screen at 19:25:34 showing that Train 1240 has now passed signal MSL8 at Stop. The Marshalltown Road level crossing warning protection has not yet activated. Train 8250 has not completely cleared SGL19.
Two-positioning signalling
Two-position signalling was once common in Victoria but its use had declined. Two-position signals are route signals that apply to a single route. They do not provide drivers with information on the aspect of the next signal, nor specific guidance on the train speed to the next signal.
Home signals
Two-position Home signals are displayed as light signals or semaphores, although semaphore signals have become increasingly rare. Light signals come in various configurations and show either a red or green aspect (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Aspects of two-position Home signals
Signal number
Signal aspect
Signal meaning
Home signals:
MSL24
Train must Stop at Signal
Train can Proceed to next Signal
Source: ATSB
Home signals with two indications on the same signal post
Where multiple routes are available, signals are mounted either on a bracket post or arranged vertically on a single post. MSL26 was fitted with lights on brackets (Figure 10). A Proceed aspect (Green) is only shown for the route for which the points are locked and detected.
Figure 10: Multiple route two-position signal MSL26, with two light signals.
• The right hand signal provided an indication for the straight route and had a Green aspect (Proceed) for the passage of Train 1240.
• The left hand signal provided a signal indication for the loop track and was red for Train 1240.
Distant Signals
Distant signals are located ahead of the first home signal for a location and provide information to drivers on the indication of Home signals on the through route. Distant signals are located no less than the braking distance for the line speed ahead of the first home signal at the location.
Distant signals (Figure 14) can be displayed as light signals or semaphores, although the use of semaphore Distant signals has become increasingly rare on the V/Line network.
Distant signals display two aspects:
Yellow, indicating Caution and meaning that one or more of the Home signals applicable to the same line at that location may be at Stop.
Green, indicating Proceed and meaning that all Home signals applicable to the same line at that location are at Proceed.
Figure 11: Distant signal aspects, Yellow (indicating Caution) and Green (indicating Proceed), as they appear in V/Line training material. The semaphore configuration, shown on the left for each aspect, is used for V/Line assessments on Distant signals.
Source: V/Line driver training courseware
Rules and Procedures pertaining to Distant signals
Section 2 part 5 of the Book of Operating Rules and Procedures 1994[7] stated in part:
A Distant signal at the Proceed position indicates all other signals applicable to the same line as the Distant signal are also at Proceed.
When the driver observes a Distant signal at Caution, the train must be slowed to a precautionary speed to allow the train to be safely stopped at the next signal if that signal displays Stop.
In the description of the driver's response to a Caution indication, there was no reference to the possibility of subsequent Home signals through the location being at Stop.
Victorian Rail Industry Operators' Group (VRIOG)
The Victorian Rail Industry Operators' Group (VRIOG)[8] was a collaborative committee made up of rail operators and transport agencies. The purpose of the group was to establish standards to facilitate the interoperability of operations and infrastructure to enhance network safety.
VRIOG Standard 012.0 Victorian Signalling Principles Section 4 described signalling principles, signals, and points, interlocking, track vacancy detection, level crossings, and signalled single lines and proceed authorities.
Section 4.1.5 of this VRIOG standard described, in part:
Two position signals are route signals. Each signal applies to one route only. Two position signals do not provide information about what speed the train should travel; nor do they provide information about the aspect of the signal ahead.
Distant signals provide information regarding the state of Home signals on the through route at an interlocking:
If all of the signals ahead are at Proceed, the Distant signal can display a Green aspect.
If any one of the signals ahead is at Stop the Distant signal will display a Yellow aspect.
Three-position signalling
Three-position signalling was the predominant signalling type in the Melbourne metropolitan and RFR (Regional Fast Rail) areas and was in use between Melbourne and Geelong.
Three-position signals use a minimum of two lights to convey the signal indication that may apply to several routes in advance. The multiple light configuration differentiates a three-position signal from a two-position signal that will only display a single light.
Three position signals convey information to a train driver regarding the:
permitted speed of the train over the block ahead
aspect of the signal ahead.
Three position-signals come in a range of physical configurations and the possible aspects of a particular signal will be tailored to the needs of a location. There are seven indications[9] that can be displayed by three-position signals in Victoria, in all instances using at least two lights (Figure 12).
Figure 12: Three-position signal aspects. Three-position signals can have various physical configurations. The illustrated signals are to present the light aspects only.
Prior to joining V/Line, the driver had about five years experience operating freight trains between Echuca and Deniliquin. This territory was low traffic volume and low speed. Signalling was two-position, but without Distant signals.
The driver commenced employment with V/Line in October 2014 and was assigned to the Southern Cross driver's depot. He had recently qualified to operate V/Line passenger trains on all lines worked by Melbourne based drivers. His medical was current with no restrictions recorded.
Prior to the incident shift, the driver had been rostered on shifts of eight hours duration working in and around Southern Cross Station on non-passenger services. His previous shift on 27 May 2015 was rostered to finish at 2000. He then travelled to Echuca to visit his family, returning to Melbourne on 29 May to be in position for the start of his shift at 1400. Roster induced fatigue is not considered to be a factor in this incident.
The shift on 29 May was the driver's first operating passenger services without supervision.
This driver commenced his training with V/Line in October 2014. Because of his previous operational experience, the driver was enrolled on the V/Line Conversion Driver Training Plan (Freight Train SCS-Regional Centres Conversion Training Plan). This training had a minimum duration of 21.4 weeks and comprised both classroom and in-field practical training.
He was required to complete all training modules covering train operations on the V/Line network including signalling and Safeworking. Some exemptions in subjects were provided in recognition of the driver's freight experience, but none in subjects relevant to the circumstances of this incident.
The training module and assessments completed for two-position signals was the same as for any other new V/Line employee in training to be a driver.
Practical driving training comprised several stages as the driver progressed from guided driving (with supervisor guidance and explanation), through unguided driving (with supervision), and finally assessment of driving competency.
Training materials on two-position signals including Distant signals
The training material for two-position fixed signals described different signal types including Home signals and Distant signals, and included diagrams of both the older style semaphore signals and light-only signals. The training material addressed possible signal configurations, aspects, and indications. With respect to the application of Distant signals, the course notes were consistent with the published network rules and stated:
A Driver passing a Distant signal at Proceed would expect to find all other fixed signals applicable to the same line also at Proceed, but must read all signals and be prepared to act accordingly if the Home or Starting signal is at Stop.
A Driver having passed a Distant signal at Caution must slow the train to a precautionary speed to allow the train to be safely stopped at the next signal if this signal displays Stop.
There was no other guidance within the course material that described the design principles associated with Distant signals, and the specific scenario of a Distant signal at Caution and Home signals other than the first encountered being at Stop. Instructors may have explained these principles in class and during the practical training, but there is no supporting material within the training courseware.
Route knowledge training for Marshall
Route knowledge was taught through classroom and in-field training. The in-field component included a requirement that the driver undertake a minimum of three runs on each corridor. It was reported that this driver had four or five runs on the Waurn Ponds-Geelong sector, the last about two weeks before the incident. None of the familiarisation trips through Marshall were conducted at night.
The driver assessment was conducted over several stages of the training program. Three written signal exams were conducted, all multiple-choice answer format. Assessment pertinent to Distant signals included:
Stage 2 Signal Exam – questions pertained to the two possible aspects of a Distant signal. The answer option for a driver's response to a Distant signal at Caution was consistent with the published rule that the driver be prepared to stop at the next fixed signal.
Stage 10 Signals A Exam – similar to Stage 2 assessment.
Stage 10 Signals B Exam – limited to the identification of a Distant signal.
All photographs of Distant signals used in the written assessments were of the older style semaphore signals. There were no samples of light-only Distant signals in the assessment materials.
Practical assessment included train handling under guidance and check rides with an independent assessor. The Graduation stage included computer based route knowledge assessments and practical in-field assessments on all five regional corridors.
This driver had successfully completed all components of assessment by 25 May 2015, including the final route knowledge and practical in-field assessments on the five corridors, which included Marshall.
Train Order working is a Safeworking system that involves the use of a paper instrument issued by the Train Controller as the train driver's authorisation to enter and proceed through the nominated single-line section. It is used on low volume single lines.
Train Staff and Ticket system is a Token based Safeworking system on low volume single lines.
The operational control centre for the V/Line network.
At South Geelong, signals are operated locally.
Train Protection Warning System.
Crossing is shown yellow when active.
Used by V/Line and Metro Trains Melbourne.
This group has been disbanded and a new approach to standards is being developed by Public Transport Victoria (PTV).
Three-position signalling indications corresponding to the aspects shown in Figure 12:
1. Clear Normal speed – the train may proceed at the maximum speed allowed for the locality and that the next fixed signal is at Proceed.
2. Normal speed warning – the driver must be ready to stop at the next fixed signal.
3. Reduce to Medium speed – the train may proceed at the normal speed but must reduce to medium speed before the next signal.
4. Clear medium speed – the train must not exceed 40 km/h and the next fixed signal is displaying a Proceed aspect.
5. Medium speed warning – the driver may proceed at medium speed and must be prepared to stop at the next signal.
6. Stop.
7. Low speed Caution – the points are set in the correct position for the driver to proceed. It does not indicate that the line is unoccupied and the driver must be prepared to stop short of any obstruction. The speed of the train must not exceed 15 km/h.
Train handling
Human response
Human performance is by its nature highly variable. Our ability to perceive, pay attention to, and to hold and manipulate information in our memory is limited by our finite cognitive capacity, and is subject to a number of influencing factors.
One way of describing human performance is by reference to the level of conscious control applied to that performance. That is, the extent to which our actions in any given situation are governed by conscious attention or by developed habit patterns; automatic processes which operate largely outside of our conscious control.
Some tasks require a high level of conscious attention, such as whenever we are learning how to perform a new task, or are problem solving in unanticipated circumstances. Other tasks, as people become familiar and then expert at them, require less and less conscious effort, and become increasingly automated, habitual responses to a known set of circumstances, such as perceiving and interpreting a signal indication.
Errors at reduced conscious control levels, sometimes called rule based and skill based performance levels, can occur when the current circumstances require the operator to do something different to usual. The error occurs when the stronger habitual response associated with these particular situational cues dominates, thus producing an inappropriate action for the current situation. This has been referred to in the human performance literature as a 'strong but wrong' response.
When the driver of Train 1240 approached the Marshall Distant signal (MSL22), it was displaying a Caution indication, providing warning that any of the following signals through Marshall may be at Stop. The driver slowed the train accordingly, ready to stop at the next signal, the outer home (MSL24) if necessary. However, on observing Home signal MSL24 at Proceed and then MSL26 at Proceed, the driver mistakenly believed that he had a clear run though Marshall. In fact, further Home signals at Marshall, MSL10 and MSL8, were at Stop.
Distant signal MSL22 displayed a Caution indication signifying that any of the signals through Marshall may have been at Stop. This required the driver to operate the train at a speed that would allow the train to be safely brought to a stop at any signal within the Marshall location.
Evidence indicated that the driver did not have a clear understanding of the meaning of Distant signal MSL22 at Caution and its application through this two-position signalling location.
The driver reported that as the train approached signal MSL26 he was looking towards the facing points to confirm they were correctly set for the straight route. However, because the MSL26 signal was indicating Proceed for the straight, there was no need for the driver to confirm the points setting. This unnecessary focus on the points setting possibly contributed to the driver's late observation of signal MSL10 at Stop.
Training program for this driver
The driver was in training with V/Line from October 2014 through to 25 May 2015. The scope of this training was based on a gap analysis, with consideration of the driver's previous experience. Reduced training scope was generally limited to locomotive train handling and mechanical inspections, and there was no reduction in requirements for training and assessment in signalling systems or route knowledge. As a result, there was no identified reduction in training that may have influenced the driver's knowledge of two-positioning signalling and its application at Marshall.
The training materials for two-position signalling reinforced the application of the published rule for a driver's response to a Distant signal at Caution. The course materials did not expand on the design principles associated with Distant signals nor describe the scenario of a Distant signal at Caution and a Home signal, other than the next, being at Stop.
Written assessments focussed on the identification of different types of two-position signals and the associated rules, including the rule when a driver encounters a Distant signal at Caution.
Written assessments also exclusively used photographs of the semaphore Distant signal that is an older configuration. Assessments should reflect the contemporary arrangements and signal configurations that a driver will encounter in the field.
In-field training and route knowledge
The driver's in-field exposure during his training was predominantly to three-position signalling systems. Conversely, his exposure to two-position signalling on the V/Line network was limited. While the driver's previous freight experience was with two-position signalling, this was on low speed, low traffic lines where Distant signals were not used.
The driver had successfully completed the assessments and met the minimum criteria for route knowledge on this corridor. However, he had not encountered a sequence of signal indications at Marshall like those presented to train 1240 on the night of the incident. In addition, he had no familiarisation with driving this route at night.
The 1994 Book of Rules and Operating Procedures described the required driver response to a Distant signal at Caution. The rules referred to the condition of the next signal beyond the Distant signal, but were silent on the possible condition of other Home signals through the location.
Mixture of signalling arrangements
The use of different signalling systems within the same high volume commuter corridor created a local condition that was potentially error provoking. The section between Melbourne and South Geelong incorporated three-position signalling, while South Geelong to Marshall and Waurn Ponds was two-position signalling.
Human performance is such that habitual tasks that are consistently practised in the same fashion and in the same sequence become largely automatic,[10] which for the most part has the positive effect of freeing our conscious attention to manage unexpected or novel events. This can also have the undesirable effect of limiting our capacity to recognise when we need to switch to less common operating modes, leading to errors. The likelihood of these errors increases further when there are insufficient cues (either internal or external) to trigger the switch; often referred to as a 'strong but wrong' response.[11]
Thus, in a corridor that predominantly operated with three-position signalling, correct interpretation of a short section of two-position signalling required a driver to override their habitual response and to respond in a different way. The safe operation with this configuration was dependent on a driver's route knowledge, and on the driver successfully remembering that the interpretation of the two-position signals required a change to their common practice.
Changing traffic profile
When re-opened, the only passenger services through Marshall were the Melbourne-Warrnambool services. Commuter demand led to services through Marshall steadily increasing (Figure 13).
Figure 13: Passenger train services per day to or through Marshall (total)
Source: Based on data supplied by V/Line Pty Ltd
Marshall was re-established with infrastructure that catered for the relatively small number of passenger services. However, over a ten year period, rail traffic increased significantly (16 in 2005 to 160 services per week in 2015), altering both the operating environment and the risk profile of the location.
To improve the control of traffic through this location, there was scope to upgrade to three-position signalling and potentially introduce measures to mitigate against SPAD events.
Loukopoulos, L.D., Dismukes, R.K. & Barshi, I. (2009). The Multitasking Myth. Handling Complexity in Real-World Operations. Ashgate: Farnham. p90.
Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Ashgate: Aldershot. p57.
The following findings are made with respect to the Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD) events by train 1240 at Marshall, near Geelong, Victoria on 29 May 2015. These findings should not be read as apportioning blame or liability to any particular organisation or individual.
The driver of train 1240 did not respond appropriately to the Caution indication on Distant signal MSL22 and subsequent two-position Home signals through the Marshall location.
The speed of train 1240 approaching Marshall station was too high for the driver to respond in sufficient time to the Stop indications displayed by signals MSL10 and MSL8.
The training and assessment of the driver did not ensure that he had an adequate understanding of the two-position signalling through Marshall. [Safety Issue]
The rule describing the required driver response to a Distant signal at Caution in a two-position signalling system did not fully reflect the signalling system design principles. [Safety Issue]
The presence of a section of two-position signalling on a corridor that was predominantly three-position had the potential to increase human error. There was a high reliance on driver route knowledge to manage this risk.
Since the re-establishment of Marshall station, rail passenger traffic had increased markedly, raising the risk profile of the location. There was scope to enhance the signalling configuration to better control these risks.
Depending on the level of risk of the safety issue, the extent of corrective action taken by the relevant organisation, or the desirability of directing a broad safety message to the [aviation, marine, rail - as applicable] industry, the ATSB may issue safety recommendations or safety advisory notices as part of the final report.
Safety issue: RO-2015-009-SI-01
The training and assessment of the driver did not ensure that he had an adequate understanding of the two-position signalling through Marshall.
Network rule governing Distant signals
The rule describing the required driver response to a Distant signal at Caution in a two-position signalling system did not fully reflect the signalling system design principles.
The sources of information during the investigation:
the train driver.
Loukopoulos, L.D., Dismukes, R.K. & Barshi, I. (2009). The Multitasking Myth. Handling Complexity in Real-World Operations. Ashgate: Farnham.
Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Go to RO-2015-009-SI-01 - Go to RO-2015-009-SI-02 -
Drivers operating on the V/Line network
Drivers operating on rail networks using this rule
Not addressed
Date: 29 May 2015 Investigation status: Completed
Location (show map): Marshall (Geelong)
Release date: 12 December 2016 Occurrence category: Incident
Report status: Final Highest injury level: None
Empty Cars
Waurn Ponds, Vic
Geelong, Vic
Last update 14 November 2018


text:
Der Lichtenrader BC 25 ist ein deutscher Fußballclub aus Berlin-Lichtenrade im Bezirk Tempelhof-Schöneberg. Heimstätte des Clubs ist die Sportanlage Halker Zeile.

Verein

Der Lichtenrader BC wurde im Jahr 1925 gegründet, trat bis 1945 aber nicht höherklassig in Erscheinung. Etwaige Spielzeiten in der Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg wurden nicht erreicht.

1945 wurde der Club aufgelöst und unter der Bezeichnung SG Lichtenrade neu gegründet. Die Sportgruppe verblieb zunächst im unterklassigen Fußball Berlins, auch für die im Anschluss neu gegründete Berliner Stadtliga konnte sich Lichtenrade nicht qualifizieren. Ab 1948 trat die SG als VfL Lichtenrade an. Die Fußballabteilung löste sich bereits 1952 aus dem VfL heraus und gründete den Lichtenrader BC neu. 1968 stieg der LBC in die Amateurliga Berlin auf, welche bis 1971 insgesamt drei Spielzeiten gehalten wurde. Im Jahr 1985 stieg der LBC gemeinsam mit dem VfB Neukölln und dem SC Westend 1901 noch einmal kurzzeitig in die Oberliga Berlin auf, hielt die Klasse aber letztlich nur eine Saison. Höherklassig sollte Lichtenrade im West-Berliner Lokalfußball nicht mehr spielen.

Erst nach dem Zusammenschluss des DFB und des DFV der DDR gelang LBC 1996 wieder der Aufstieg in die Verbandsliga Berlin. In den Spielzeiten 1996/97 und 1997/98 erreichte das Team jeweils den 11. Platz. In der Saison 1998/99 landeten die Berliner Kicker auf Platz 17, welcher den Abstieg in die Landesliga bedeutete. In dieser Klasse verdingte sich der LBC bis zum Ende der Spielzeit 2006/07. Erst jetzt gelang den Lichtenradern wieder der Aufstieg in die Berliner Verbandsliga. Nachdem in der Auftaktsaison der dreizehnte Rang erreicht wurde, gewann die Mannschaft aus Tempelhof in der Folgesaison 2008/09 überraschend die Berliner Meisterschaft. In der Saison 2009/10 spielte der Verein aus dem Süden Berlins erstmals in der Oberliga Nordost. Dort errang das Überraschungsteam den 14. Rang. Die entscheidenden Relegationsspiele um den Klassenerhalt gegen den 14. der Südstaffel 1. FC Gera 03 gingen verloren, so dass der LBC wieder in die Berlin-Liga abstieg. Auch dort erwies sich die Konkurrenz als zu stark, so dass der Verein am Ende der Saison 2010/11 als Tabellenletzter in die siebtklassige Berliner Landesliga abstieg. 2011/12 wurde man als Tabellenletzter in die achtklassige Bezirksliga durchgereicht, 2015 erfolgte der Abstieg in die Kreisliga A. Nach nur einer Saison gelang 2016 der sofortige Wiederaufstieg in die Bezirksliga und von dort ein Jahr später der Aufstieg in die Landesliga. 2022 gelang die Rückkehr in die Berlin-Liga.

Statistik
 Teilnahme Amateurliga Berlin: 1968/69, 1969/70, 1970/71
 Teilnahme Oberliga Berlin: 1985/86
 Teilnahme Oberliga Nordost: 2009/10
 Ewige Tabelle der Berlin-Liga: 37. Platz

Personen
 Christian Fiedler
 John Anthony Brooks
 Fabian Bredlow

Literatur
 Hardy Grüne: Lichtenrader BC. In: Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs. Band 7: Vereinslexikon. AGON-Sportverlag, Kassel 2001, ISBN 3-89784-147-9.

Einzelnachweise

Fußballverein aus Berlin
Verein im Berliner Fußball-Verband
Berlin-Lichtenrade
Gegründet 1925

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
6 Foods To Support Eye Health, According To A Dietitian
Lauren Manaker, MS, RDN, LDN, CLEC, CPT, has studied nutrition for almost two decades. She was named an emerging leader in women's health by the National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Verywell Health content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. Learn more.
Nick Blackmer
Fact checked by Nick Blackmer
Nick Blackmer is a librarian, fact-checker, and researcher with more than 20 years' experience in consumer-oriented health and wellness content.
Olga Gimaeva/EyeEm/Getty
May is Healthy Vision Month, an annual observance created to encourage all Americans to prioritize their eye health.
Keeping your eyes healthy doesn't just mean taking steps to prevent vision conditions like macular degeneration or cataracts—it also supports other aspects of your overall health.
For example, research has shown that people who have conditions affecting their vision are more likely to have other health conditions than people with healthy vision.
Having vision problems may increase your risk for:
Hearing conditions
Health Conditions an Eye Exam Can Detect
How to Protect Your Eyes
Some eye conditions are related to your genes. While you can't do much to reduce your genetic risk, there are some changes that you can make to your diet and lifestyle that can help make it less likely that you'll develop conditions affecting your vision.
Things that you can do to support your eye health include:
Engaging in regular physical activity
Giving your eyes a break from looking at screens
Quitting cigarette smoking
Maintaining a weight that supports your overall health
Wearing sunglasses when you're outside
How To Improve Your Eyesight
Eating for Your Eyes
There are also certain nutrients that support eye health. Here are six dietitian-recommended foods rich in these important nutrients that you can include in your diet to help keep your peepers in tip-top shape.
Hello I'm Nik/Unsplash
Many people spend long days on their smartphones, tablets, and computers. While more research is needed, some studies have suggested that blue light might be linked to eye conditions like macular degeneration.
Carotenoids are antioxidants with many roles in the body, some of which relate to your vision. Two carotenoids—lutein and zeaxanthin—have been identified as having the potential to help protect your eyes from blue light.
Some researchers have proposed that less exposure to the potentially harmful effects of blue light could, in turn, help reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration.
Blue Light and Your Eyes
Eggs—especially the yolks—naturally contain lutein and zeaxanthin. In fact, a recent study showed that moderate consumption of eggs significantly reduces the risk of developing late-stage age-related macular degeneration over 15 years.
Harshal S. Hirve/Unsplash
Carrots are always associated with healthy vision, thanks to the nutrient beta-carotene. Research has shown that eating beta carotene-rich food like carrots helps support the ability to see at night as well as to see in dim lighting.
To maximize the health benefits of carrots and help your body with absorption, try eating your carrots cooked instead of raw and pair with a nutritious fat source like olive oil or nuts.
Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
Kiona Lee/Unsplash
Whether you love kale, collards, or spinach, all green leafy veggies are rich in lutein and zeaxanthin (those carotenoids found in eggs that support eye health).
To give your dishes an eye-health boost, try adding a handful of greens to your smoothie, serving them as a dinner side, or even scrambling them up with your breakfast eggs.
Frozen veggies like greens can be just as nutritious as fresh, which means you can get creative with your dishes even when the greens are not in season.
Engin Akyurt/Unsplash
Strawberries are packed with nutrients that support whole-body health but offer some key eye health benefits. Just one cup of strawberries has all the vitamin C you need to get in one day.
Strawberries are among the most widely consumed fruits in the United States, making them a natural choice for eye health support. Research has also suggested that vitamin C may help reduce the risk of developing cataracts in certain populations.
Eating Strawberries Every Day May Support Vascular Health, New Study Suggests
Black Currants
w-ings/Getty
Black currants and any foods that are naturally red or purple (like blueberries and purple potatoes) are rich sources of natural flavonoids called anthocyanins.
Anthocyanins appear to have a relaxing effect on the muscles of your eyes (ciliary muscles). Being able to relax these muscles is an important part of treating glaucoma. The nutrient might also help prevent inflammation in the eyes.
stockstuioX/Getty
Saffron is a versatile spice that has been used around the world for centuries. Some studies have suggested that consuming certain amounts of saffron might help improve vision. It might also help increase the sensitivity of the retina in people with early macular degeneration.
When Should You Get An Eye Exam?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Healthy vision month.
National Eye Institute. Keep your eyes healthy.
Downie LE, Busija L, Keller PR. Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 22;5(5):CD011977. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011977.pub2
Roberts JE, Dennison J. The photobiology of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:687173. doi:10.1155/2015/687173
Ma L, Dou HL, Wu YQ, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2012 Feb;107(3):350-9. doi:10.1017/S0007114511004260
Gopinath B, Liew G, Tang D, et al. Consumption of eggs and the 15-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Clin Nutr. 2020 Feb;39(2):580-584. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.009
Miyazono S, Isayama T, Delori FC, et al. Vitamin A activates rhodopsin and sensitizes it to ultraviolet light. Vis Neurosci. 2011 Nov;28(6):485-97. doi:10.1017/S0952523811000423
Ghavami A, Coward WA, Bluck LJ. The effect of food preparation on the bioavailability of carotenoids from carrots using intrinsic labeling. Br J Nutr. 2012 May;107(9):1350-66. doi:10.1017/S000711451100451X
U.S. Department of Agriculture, FoodData Central. Strawberries, raw.
Lim JC, Caballero Arredondo M, Braakhuis AJ, et al. Vitamin C and the lens: new insights into delaying the onset of cataract. Nutrients. 2020 Oct 14;12(10):3142. doi:10.3390/nu12103142
Nomi Y, Iwasaki-Kurashige K, Matsumoto H. Therapeutic effects of anthocyanins for vision and eye health. Molecules. 2019 Sep 11;24(18):3311. doi:10.3390/molecules24183311
Miyake S, Takahashi N, Sasaki M, et al. Vision preservation during retinal inflammation by anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract: cellular and molecular mechanism. Lab Invest. 2012 Jan;92(1):102-9. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2011.132
Piccardi M, Marangoni D, Minnella AM, et al. A longitudinal follow-up study of saffron supplementation in early age-related macular degeneration: sustained benefits to central retinal function. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:429124. doi:10.1155/2012/429124
Falsini B, Piccardi M, Minnella A, et al. Influence of saffron supplementation on retinal flicker sensitivity in early age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Dec;51(12):6118-24. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4995
Asthma Diet: What to Eat and What to Avoid
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Is There a Diet for Macular Degeneration?
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The top three channels saw at least 1 billion views each, with the top performer garnering over 2.4 billion views alone.
The top four channels all maintained their same ranks from October.
The highest average 30-day engagement rate (ER30) of the top ten channels hit 3.1x, while the highest ER30 of the top 100 publishers hitting an impressive 6.8x!
The best 30-day average (V30) from the top ten channels was a whopping 48.8 million, which also happened to be the best overall V30 across the top 100 channels.
Out of all 100 creators, three of them increased rankings by at least 100 positions, with +340 being the highest jump in ranking across these creators.
For those who follow these leaderboards religiously, a lot of familiar names tend to appear in the top ten. Just like in October, for example, we saw the children's programming channel Cocomelon sticking around its #2 spot with almost 2 billion views and the highest V30 of November's top 100 creators at 48.8 million (this shouldn't be a surprise, considering children tend to watch lots of YouTube videos, and many times repeatedly). We also saw in this month's top ten the WWE, whose wrestling-based videos engage people around the world to the point where the channel earned a 1.5x ER30. But the most interesting thing to happen last month on the YouTube chart was the increasing presence of Indian-based channels and creators across not just the top ten, but also the top 100!
Online video industry veterans know how popular YouTube has been in India for few years now. At Google's March 2018 Brandcast event, YouTube revealed it had 225 million active monthly users in India, which accounted for 80% of the country's internet users. Additionally, YouTube said its viewership in India grew 1.8x over the last two years, and noted that the country's users are more engaged than other parts of the world (65% subscribe to channels, and 7 out of 10 watch ads with sound on, for example).
It's little surprise then, that we consistently see Indian-based channels and creators take center stage on our monthly YouTube leaderboards. November was no different, and in fact, at least 16 different creators across the top 100 not only hailed from India, but also maintained or improved their rankings over October. This doesn't even count the multiple other channels present on the leaderboard based in this country. At the very top of the board, we of course have T-Series with more than 2.4 billion total views and the long-time claim to the title of most-watched YouTube channel in the world. It's still working to catch up to PewDiePie as the most-subscribed channel of all time, but clearly having fewer subscribers than the Swedish gamer isn't hurting T-Series' viewership!
Along with T-Series, we saw three other India-based channels claim envied positions in the top ten in November. SET India, the Sony Entertainment Television branch in that country, is a familiar face to our monthly YouTube leaderboard and landed at #3 in November thanks to nearly 1.4 billion views. Hindi entertainment brand Zee TV was close behind at #4 with 931 million total views, and SAB TV (a Sony Pictures Entertainment property) jumped six positions to place seventh in November thanks to more than 759 million total views. As for the India-based channel with the biggest rank change in November, that honor goes to Goldmines, a Hindi movies channel with a +31 position increase to land for the first time in the top 100 at #92!
A quick glance across the top YouTube channels of November reveals another interesting trend: the large — and growing — presence of international brands. Beyond those channels based in India, we saw many hailing from Spanish-speaking countries, as well as Thailand, Brazil, and South Korea. Additionally, a few channels based in the United States (which predominantly seem to distribute children's entertainment) use languages other than English as their primary form of verbal communication. Family GamesTV, for example, is based in the U.S. but creates its videos in Turkish.
International channels also claimed some of the most impressive stats from November's YouTube leaderboard. Take Mexico's digital-first Badabun entertainment network as an example; it landed at #9 after jumping 12 whole spots and boasted this month's highest ER30 at 3.1x, three times the regular baseline engagement rate! UK-based channel Queen saw the biggest position change last month at +340, likely due to the release of the Freddie Mercury/Queen-based film Bohemian Rhapsody on November 2. Australia's SR Toys Collection also saw a large increase in viewership and therefore ranking, jumping 164 spots to land at #62.
We could go on, but you get the picture by now. The international presence on November's YouTube chart is huge, and we only expect it to get bigger in 2019. The more brands around the world begin to discover their respective audiences on YouTube, the platform's top creators and channels could very well populate the monthly leaderboards with an exciting international flair.
In August, YouTube viewers were obsessed with watching a range of music tastes from K-pop to Bollywood, along with a dash of wrestling entertainment. Read our newest YouTube leaderboard to see which brands landed in the top 100!


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She added that Moon is an active member of the Clinical Nursing Leadership Council (CNLC), she co-chairs her department's unit-based shared governance council, and serves on the Magnet Steering Council and Clinical Excellence Council. Moon's parents and husband joined her as she received the Jean Ewing Nursing Excellence award, which includes a "Making a Difference" statue, a $1,000 scholarship, a diamond Journey necklace, a parking place of her choice, and lunch with the Metropolitan Healthcare Council. Her portrait will be placed on the LFH Nursing Wall of Clinical Excellence and she will lead the Clinical Recognition Council for one year.
A total of 25 nominees were submitted for recognition by their nursing peers for Nurses Week this year. Nine (9) awards were made to represent the 9 American Nursing Association attributes of Standards of Professional Practice.
Northwestern Medicine Lake Forest Hospital is committed to providing the communities we serve the highest quality health care through exceptional access to state-of-the-art clinical services with compassionate and personal care.
The hospital was named the #1 Consumer Choice hospital in Lake and Kenosha counties for 2007/2008 by National Research Corporation. Northwestern Medicine Lake Forest Hospital has earned this honor three years in a row for having the best doctors, best nurses, best image and reputation, and best overall quality.


Two and a half seconds. In this weekend's NASCAR race that distance equated to about 700 feet. In the Preakness Stakes horse race about 130 feet. And in Sunday's junior men's four crew final, twelve feet. Rowing is a sport of perfection and repetition. Over the 2000 meter course twelve feet equates to an extra half inch per stroke. On Sunday Vashon's crew of Cole Puckett (stroke), senior Jack Mask, Josh Davis, David Ngyuen and coxswain Callie Andrews dug deep but couldn't find that extra half inch per stroke placing fourth and barely missing a trip to Junior Nationals in Florida in three weeks. A year's worth of hard practicing and dieting came up just short. It was a relatively rare disappointment in an otherwise successful weekend of rowing that saw the junior crew consistently finishing in second place. In fact with 36 races rowed over the three-day event (including heats, timed finals and finals) Vashon's crew placed second in half of them.
For Junior Varsity and Novice rowers this event is the season finale and the JV women's double with Katrina Heffernan (stroke) and Caprial Turner (bow) made the most of their opportunity with a thrilling victory (and Vashon's only gold medal) over rival Seattle Rowing Center that came down to a sprint over the last 100 meters. Silver medal winners in non-Nationals qualifying races were the women's novice double and lightweight single and the men's youth and novice coxed quads, men's novice double, and high school eight. The women's high school eight also took home the bronze. The high school eight races are the concluding races at the regatta and often feature rowers in elaborate costumes chanting and singing school fight songs at the starting line (and occasionally down the course).
Vashon took 35 rowers and coxswains to this event (18 women and 17 men) entering 24 boats in 22 events with all but five returning with a medal. Out of a possible 13 boats and 20 team members eligible for Nationals at the regatta's conclusion, the team had qualified eight boats and 14 rowers. Vashon's eight boats is the third highest in the nation behind Oklahoma with 16 and Seattle Rowing Center with 11. Silver medalists were the women's lightweight double, pair and lightweight four and the men's quad. Vashon also won bronze medals in the women's lightweight double and men's single and double. Rowers qualifying for Nationals are Fletcher Call, Ally Clevenger, Rhea Enzian, Kirsten Girard, Patrick Hanson, Kalie Heffernan, Shannon Lipe, Riley Lynch, Liam McConnell, Maddie McEachern, Emily Milbrath, Forrest Miller, Virginia Miller and KaiLi Scheer.
This year Nationals will be held in Sarasota, Florida on June 12, 13 and 14. The east coast venue is an especially expensive one for Vashon's crew so a fish friendly car wash will be held Sunday June 7th at IGA market to support the trip.


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Tech Women's Basketball Number One in Ohio Valley Conference After Win Over Austin Peay
February 2, 2022 6:00 am by Avery Nettles
Jada Guinn, #24, moves the ball around her opponent in the Ohio Valley Conference women's basketball game at the Hooper Eblen Center on January 20, 2022. Tech defeats SIUE 75 to 60, carrying on their winning streak.
Photo by Ronald Metz.
Tech is now number one in the OVC for women's basketball after a win against Austin Peay 59-56 on Jan. 29.
Anna Jones, Tech's point guard, was the game leader for Tech with 16 points scored, a 5/15 field goal percentage and a 4/9 free throw percentage. Jones was also the leader in rebounds and assists for Tech with nine rebounds, three defensive rebounds and six offensive rebounds. She also had four assists, with seven turnovers in 35 minutes of playing time.
Austin Peay's leaders were Lyric Cole, APSU's forward, with 13 points, 6/8 field goal percentage and 1/5 free throw percentage. Cole was also the leader in rebounds with nine rebounds. Five rebounds were defensive and four were offensive. APSU's assist leader was Ella Sawyer with four assists and four turnovers in 36 minutes.
Tech's field goal percentage was 36.2 while Austin Peay's was 41.5. For three-point percentages,Tech was 35 while APSU's was 25. Tech had 11 turnovers and 31 rebounds while APSU had 17 turnovers and 39 rebounds.
Since December, Tech's women's basketball team has played 14 games. Seven were at home while the other seven were on the road. Tech won 10-3.
Tech lost against Tennessee 76-48 on Dec. 1.
On Dec. 5, Tech defeated Western Kentucky 76-72.
In another win for Tech, Tech played Western Carolina on Dec. 9. The final score was 67-50.
The winning streak continued in the game against Tennessee Wesleyan on Dec. 16. The final score was 84-34.
The scheduled game against Samford on Dec. 19 was canceled due to COVID.
On Dec. 30, Tech went head-to-head against Tennessee State for their first OVC game. It went into overtime and the final score was 96-93, resulting in Tech's first loss in three games and first loss against an OVC opponent.
For their first OVC win of the season, Tech played Murray State on Jan. 1. The final score was 65-62.
Against Morehead State, Tech won 78-48. Tech played Murray State again on Jan. 8, but Tech was defeated 70-45.
On Jan. 13, Tech won against Southeast Missouri State 75-58.
Tech defeated SIUE 75-60 on Jan. 20.
Continuing their winning streak, Tech beat Belmont 57-55 on Jan. 22.
During the Jan. 24 game, Eastern Illinois was defeated by Tech 65-60.
Tech will be on the road against Morehead State Feb. 3 at 4 p.m. Their next home is against Belmont on Feb. 5 at 5:30 p.m. They will then be on the road for their next two games against Eastern Illinois and SUIE. Eastern Illinois tip-off will be at 5 p.m. on Feb. 10 and SIUE's tip-off is at 1 p.m. on Feb.12.