text:
Q: Error in Masterpage, namespace already exists I want to add some code into my masterpage. So I removed the namespace but when I want to test it it gives this error. No idea how to fix this.

Error  2   The namespace 'Project' in 'c:\Users\Test\AppData\Local\Temp\Temporary ASP.NET Files\project\fe95a550\6aff5a12\assembly\dl3\9f54421a\e011b011_23bccd01\Project.DLL' conflicts with the type 'Project' in 'c:\Users\Test\AppData\Local\Temp\Temporary ASP.NET Files\project\fe95a550\6aff5a12\App_Web_exfemb4u.dll'  c:\Users\Test\AppData\Local\Temp\Temporary ASP.NET Files\project\fe95a550\6aff5a12\App_Web_hrdlxq5l.4.cs    154

Masterpage.cs
public partial class Project: System.Web.UI.MasterPage
{
    protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
    }
}

Masterpage
<%@ Master Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Project.master.cs" Inherits="Project" %>

A: Can you add a namespace before public partial ....
namespace Test
{
    public partial class MovieMeter : System.Web.UI.MasterPage
    {
         protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
         {
         }
    }
}

Why did you remove the namespace ? please add one.

A: Replace:
<%@ Master Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Project.master.cs" Inherits="Project" %>

With:
<%@ Master Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="Project.master.cs" Inherits="Project" %>

It might solve...
Then the reason for the error is due to the way these two attributes are handled:
CodeBehind: Needs to be compiled before being deployed and the compiled assembly is put in the bin folder of your website.
CodeFile: You deploy the source and it is compiled as it is needed. The compiled assembly is placed in the Temporary ASP.NET folder.

A: Change your master page's name to something other than Project . as your project's name as well as you master page are name Project. It is creating conflict.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A: We are Initiates in the Cuban Religion known as Kimbisa Rule of the Saint Christ of the Good Journey.
A: Yes, We are. The better word to describe Us is: Mayomberos Kimbisa. Actually We are Mayomberos, Brillumberos, Kimbiseros and Haitianos. We have tratados with all them.
Q: Aren't Kimbisa and Santo Cristo Buen Viaje the same thing?
Andrés Petit reformed the Original Kimbisa Tradition creating a new Rule and adding the best of the other Religions and Traditions of Cuba. Kimbisa came directly from Africa, Kimbisa +S+C+B+V+ is creole, was created in Cuba. Some spells Tata Andrés Petit's reform Quimbisa.
Q: Are you legitimate descendants of Andrés Petit?
A: Yes, We are proudly Heirs of such a great Initiate.
Q: When was the Kimbisa Order founded?
A: Well, we don't really have fixed dates. More or less, Kimbisa was founded in Africa and is VERY ancient. We believe that the Kimbisa rule per se, was founded at the time of the first Christian King of the Kongo, His Majesty King Afonso Ist. The Kimbisa was the High Priest of the Congo Kingdom.
The Kimbisa Rule of the Saint Christ of the Good Journey was founded around 1853. The date is uncertain too but 1853 is probably the most accurate.
Q: Was the Christian syncretism with Kongo Traditional Religion born in Cuba during slavery time?
A: No, absolutely not. The syncretism began already in Africa when the Portuguese Explorer Diego Cao went to Congo. Congolese people accepted Christianity and integrated Christian Theology and Symbolism within their Traditional Religion. Obviously the diaspora had a great influence but the Kimbisa Tradition was born earlier.
Q: What are the elements you borrow from other Religions?
A: We took the best of Bantu Traditional Religions, Santeria and Ifa, Voudoun, Spiritualism, Roman Catholic Church, Abakua' Secret Society and Freemasonry.
Q: Isn't it too much?
Q: Why "Institution That Wins"?
A: Because Our Founder took the best of various Religions and Traditions to create something new more suitable for the modern man. Actually many Cubans were/are initiated in various Traditions so Tata Andrés Petit simply found a way to integrate all of them.
Q: How many degrees do you have in your Tradition?
A: We have mainly four degrees. They are Ngueyo (Novice), Tata (divided in two: Tata Nkisi and Tata Nganga), Tatandi (Elder, Owner of a Temple) and another Secret One you can call Guatukan Tata Nganga.
Q: What is the secret of the secret degree?
A: Being the secret of the secret degree secret, it's secret, it's so simple!
Q: When may in your Rule a person run a Munanso/Temple?
A: In the Kimbisa Rule as well in ANY other Congo Rule of Cuba a simple Tata Nganga CAN'T initiate other people nor form a Munanso. A Tata Nganga (a Tata Nkisi Malongo with his own prenda/s) SHOULD receive "Mbele" becoming a Tatandi. The ceremony of the Mbele is quite complicated and gives to the Initiate the right to initiate others and sets up and rules an indipendent Temple/Munanso. Actually there are too many people that scratches people while being simple Tata Ngangas. That's a great error and will cause later several problems.
Q: How many ngangas should a Kimbisero own?
A: It depends on the Path of the person. In Our Order a Kimbisero to form a Munanso and scratch should have actually almost all the Ngangas. We consider this a very important matter. There are too many people that initiate people having only a couple of Ngangas.
We believe you can't give to others what you don't have; so if you don't have received a particular Nganga you can't scratch people who are sons of a particular Deity. For example if you don't have Coballende, you can't scratch a son of Him because there's no firmeza, no stability.
Q: Do you believe in Jesus Christ?
A: Yes, but we are not mainstream Christians. We should be considered Congolese Christians.
Q: Do you receive inspirations from Andrés Petit?
A: Tata Mpambia Andrés Petit is VERY honored by all Kimbiseros and Paleros in generally worldwide.
For respect We always mention Him in Our prayers and invocations but just that. There are peoples who claims to channel Tata Petit's, We don't take it even in consideration.
Q: Do you initiate gays or lesbians in your Rule?
A: No, absolutely not. It's a strong taboo since Africa times. It's strictly forbidden.
Q: What do you think about Gay Paleros or Kimbisa?
A: Nothing, they don't exist. If a gay person claims to be Palero or Kimbisero simply he/she isn't.
Q: We have known many Paleros who are gay people, what do you think?
A: That's not Palo Mayombe nor Kimbisa. It's another thing and I don't know what it is.
Q: Could women be Kimbiseras?
A: Yes, they can. We had very famous Kimbiseras.
Q: Can women own a Nganga in Kimbisa?
A: Yes, they can, but they can't initiate people directly nor prepare ngangas, they need a male initiate with the rank of Tatandi to help them.
A: We believe in a supreme Deity called Nsambia or Nsambi. Then We have Guatoko Nsambi (Jesus Christ) and Nsambiampungo Nsambia Nliri (Holy Ghost). Mary is called Ndona Madia or Yaya Nzambi, Mother of God. Also She is called Kalunga.
Q: Do you believe in Satan?
A: No, We don't. We don't have a God of Evil, an Enemy like mainstream Christians. We may have a dark and powerful figure that could be barely compared with Satan and is called Kadiempembe, Lukankazi or Lungambe but He's not really the Christian Devil.
Q: Being Santero, can I became Kimbisero too?
A: Yes. A Santero may undergo a ceremony called Jubilacion.
Then the person may own Nganga. A Jubilado can't scratch etc. It's just for protection etc. normally. The Jubilacion is a sort of remedy. That means that the Santeria ceremonies done for the person has been bad done and in rush because nobody saw that the person had another Path to follow. It's a very common thing. People are rushed to became Santeros so the supposed Godparents will have quick money.
Q: During a reading, a Santero told me I need to be initiated in Palo. What should I do then?
A: Kimbisa is a Rule, a Religion per se. We are totally indipendent. A Babalawo (or a Santero) doesn't have any real connection ith us, except of course for those who already are initiated in Kimbisa too. You need to speak and do a reading with a Palero or Kimbisero.
Kimbisa Santo Cristo Buen Viaje is different from Palo, even if We share many things.
Q: I've heard very bad things about Paleros, do you practice black magick?
A: That's Hollywood propaganda. No comment.
Q: Do you make Prendas Espirituales?
A: A Prenda or Caldero Espiritual ( Spiritual Cauldron) belongs to Espiritismo Cruzado and it isn't really a Kimbisa stuff. Calderos Espirituales are absolutely not Ngangas.
The Spiritual Cauldron actually is the House where a particular Spiritual Guide tied to Congolese Tradition lives. It is used for protection and wellbeing of the owner, it doesn't receive blood offerings, just cigar smoke, incense, flowers and ron libations. The Spiritual Cauldron is not very complicated to make, and is prepared following the direct advices of the Spirit that asked for it. A real Kimbisa Nganga is a lot more complicated to make.
Q: What do you use for readings?
A: In the Kimbisa Rule We have various oracles, from possession to cowrie shells, depending on the Priest and His Spirits.
Q: Can I become your Godson?
A: This is absolutely not a commercial website and we are not recruiting new members.
This website – Regla Kimbisa del Santo Cristo del Buen Viaje has been done and is maintained with the sole purpose of giving some insights about Our Beloved Religion since Lydia Cabrera's book. We believe that fewer is better.


My mother is still ridiculously proud that I crawled into the inky waters of Llynnau Mymbyr near my home in Snowdonia and swam before I took my first steps. It's a family tradition on my mum's side to be buoyant before your first birthday. I used to wonder if I wasn't actually a fish - my Scottish surname means 'dark water'. Later on, it was discovered that I only had part of my femur and no hip socket, so probably my love affair with water began because it disguised my physical imperfections. Which is why, I think, swimming in mountain lakes and rivers is intricately connected to who I am. No other activity nurtures me in the same way.
do yoga and circuits, but none of these create the surge of physical wellness that accompanies open-water swimming. I glow for 24 hours afterwards. In nice weather I can easily be in for an hour and, since water is around 800 times denser than air, it's the best low-impact exercise. I never get colds or fall ill unless I have a lull in my swimming, and then my health nosedives. The cold water must be killing any bacteria lurking within me.
I was about four when I did my first proper swim at the glacially formed Llyn Tegid (also known as Bala Lake - the largest lake in Wales). It was hailing and I remember how icy-cold my skin felt when I took off my clothes. I was scared of the mythical monster Teggie (so much more terrifying than Nessie), rather than of the swim itself. Since then I must have swum in hundreds of the crisp, glacial lakes surrounding my home. The water is so pure you can drink it. I live in Snowdonia National Park, and water cascades all around my house and in the back door when it rains too much. Our village, Capel Curig, is often in the news for being one of the places with the most rainfall in the UK, but occasionally that would be because my brother and I would sneakily fill up the weather station with buckets of water from the lake.
I don't usually wear a wetsuit unless I want to stay in for a really long training session. I enjoy the feel of the water on my skin, although in winter my 'swims' are more of a fleeting splash. In those conditions, getting in requires a deep sense of calm - that is the only way to 'accept' the cold. I have to remain meditative from the moment I undress. I don't acknowledge that I'm cold and I mustn't shiver, because once I start I can't stop. I wade in slowly, trying to ignore the icy sensation. The hardest part is getting your whole body underwater - it's achieved by mind over matter. I focus on keeping a resting heartbeat as I make my way through the shallows until I'm shoulder-deep. If it's really freezing, I only go in for a few minutes. Cold water can make your limbs go floppy as the blood gets diverted to your core for warmth. It's an odd sensation, that loss of power in your arms and legs. I once got semi-hypothermic and was close to being carted off by medics at an open-water event in Llyn Padarn, and I'd only done a quarter of my planned six-mile distance. Every 1.5 miles the swimmers had to come out to be checked over by the organisers; I was incoherent, so I wasn't allowed back in. But mostly I swim alone - I like the solitude - so I never take risks.
I don't think about the cold or pain. I try to keep my mind blank until I'm fully submerged, and then the discomfort soon passes and is replaced by a rush of happiness. The water feels like an electrical current. I become turbo-charged with each stroke, and the feeling stays with me for days.
I do, of course, love the warm weather, when I can remain in the water for ages. My brother and I would stay in all day when we were little. We played this game with our German shepherd, Brecon - we would enter the water at the far side of Llynnau Mymbyr and have to make our way all through the village and down the Afon (River) Llugwy without our feet touching the ground. The river is popular for kayaking, with bits of Grade 4 (difficult), and we'd meet all these serious paddlers looking aghast as we passed them just holding on to our dog. The two-mile journey would end at the Tyn-y-Coed inn where we'd meet our friends from the village and play on the rope swing. The parents would eventually congregate and we'd head to the pub for pizzas.
I occasionally swim in pools, but the chlorine masking all that wee is a bit repulsive and lengths are really boring. However, pools are useful for training and when I was preparing to swim from Europe to Asia across the Hellespont, I did at least two three-mile sessions per week. I was always intrigued by the story of my namesake, Hero, who, according to Greek mythology, lived on the European side of the Hellespont and would light a lantern each night to guide her lover Leander so he could swim across from the other side - but one time it blew out and he lost his way and drowned. She then threw herself into the sea and died as well. I swam it when I was 14, and it was quite scary. The wind had picked up and the sea was really rough, but I made it across in 1 hour 48 minutes.
I'm drawn to water. When it's raining, I like to feel the drops rush down my face. I love how wild swimming makes me feel. Every particle of my body feels regenerated and my mind is razor-sharp. The overriding sensation post-swim is euphoria and a long-lasting sense of joy. I think of it as a soul sport.
On Valentine's Day the heart-shaped Llyn Glaslyn halfway up Snowdon is beautiful.
Llyn Geirionydd and Llyn Elsi near Betws y Coed are great to run round and then swim in.
Llynnau Mymbyr - my mum was nicknamed the 'Lady in the Lake' because she used to swim there so often.
The Thames near Burcot, close to Oxford.
The River Frome near Tellisford is gorgeous. I used to go there when I visited my cousins.


Parenting often daunts me for exactly this reason, you make a decision and set off on your journey but actually you never really know where your decision will lead you or your child. I often wish I did indeed study Divinity and had a crystal ball that would show me exactly what my decisions would lead to.
When I had my first child I lived under the assumption that second time parents knew exactly what they were doing. After all, they had been through this once right? So when I was pregnant with the Lion, I was pretty sure I had this parenting lark figured out, I figured I must have learnt some lessons through eight years of parenting the Bear. Only I couldn't have been more wrong, and actually if Juan has taught me anything, it's that in order to be the parent he needs I have to relearn everything I thought I knew. There isn't one set way of doing things, we have to be as flexible and as diverse as our children.
You really will want to give the Dudley Dursleys of the world a tail….
When Hagrid, shuts up Dudley by giving him a tail in book one I really did want to clap my applause. There are few things as hard to deal with as a parent than seeing other children not accepting yours for the wonderful people they are. Unlike Hagrid, I have to at least pretend I am a calm, and rational adult. But inside there is nothing I would love more than to dole out a few tails.
Those who come into contact with your child, and then go out of their way to find out the kind of people they are, protect them and at the same time push them to be the best they can, are few and far between, but just like at Hogwarts they really do exist. And when you find them, you really will remember them forever.
As a parent this is one that is more than a little bit important. I have lost count of the times that I've told my children, that 'I am not everyone else's mother'. The truth is a lot of parenting is about doing just that standing up talk in front of those you love and redirecting them on the right path. There is a huge part of me that loves saying yes, especially to my children. But there is also a voice in my head that let's me know that as parents we also need to teach our children that sometimes there is a right way and a wrong way to go about things.
Leaving your child at secondary school holds just as much mystery as jumping through a brick wall….
I can't imagine being a Hogwarts parent, especially if you're a muggle and haven't been to the school – your child jumps through a brick wall, hops on a train and you know little else about their world until they return home eight weeks later. This said, it often feels like secondary school as a parent is shrouded in equal amounts of mystery. Monosyllabic answers of 'fine' and 'good' and occasionally 'terrible' are very often the only insight I get into my daughter's day. So maybe jumping through a brick wall isn't that mysterious at all….
What parenting analogies can you draw between your life and Hogwarts?


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The Day 2 Championship NLH players are now on a one hour dinner break and the money bubble is looming. Just 24 players remain and the final 18 will all make the money and be guaranteed at least $5,532.
We will pick right back up one all of the live tournament action when play resumes at approximately 7:40 P.M.


Cheese dosa recipe – A quick brunch, snack or breakfast recipe of crispy cheese dosa, Indian lentil crepes topped with cheese. Dosa is a staple breakfast at home and is made & served in many ways. After the soft fluffy idlies, crispy dosa with a good chutney is one of our most desired breakfasts on most week days.
Cheese dosa is one of the common South Indian foods found on restaurant menus in Singapore. I made this sometime ago for our dinner and it turned out to be yummy. There are a few different ways of making cheese dosa, I am sharing the one which I personally liked.
You can also make it for a weekend breakfast as it is slightly on the heavier side. It can be served even without chutney and goes great with a cup of black tea or black coffee.
Cheese dosa recipe – One of the street foods of south India made with fermented lentil and rice batter, topped with cheese.
Chop the onions, green chilies, coriander leaves and set aside.
Grate the cheese as desired.
Bring the dosa batter to right consistency. It has to be slightly thick but of spreading consistency.
Grase you tawa with few drops of oil.
Heat the pan on a medium high flame.
When the pan is hot, pour a ladle full of batter and spread it evenly to a dosa in a circular pattern.
Add the onions and chutney or sauce. Smear it well all over the dosa. Press them down to the dosa with a wooden spoon.
Add oil around the edges.
Cover and cook on a medium heat for 1 to 2 minutes.
Sprinkle chilies and coriander leaves.
Increase the flame to slightly high and cook until the dosa turns crisp. The sides usually leave the pan at this stage.
Add the grated cheese. Allow to melt. Fold to a triangle.
Invert it and sprinkle cheese and coriander leaves over the hot cheese dosa.
Serve cheese dosa hot with a cup of black tea or coffee. You can also serve with chutney.
1. We will need dosa batter that can make crisp dosas. I make cheese dosa using the 1st recipe from this dosa recipe post. You can also use this restaurant style masala dosa batter. If you love soft spongy dosas, then you can also use the batter of set dosa recipe.
2. Make sure the batter is slightly thick but of good spreading consistency to yield crisp cheese dosa.
3. Grease or season your pan very well. I season my pan with oil after every wash and wipe off with tissue to get rid of excess oil. Heat the pan until hot enough. Put on the flame to medium and pour one ladle full of batter.
4. Quickly spread it evenly to a round dosa.
5. Allow the batter to slightly dry up on top. Sprinkle onions. You can also add thin sliced bell peppers and carrots. Add 1 tbsp of sauce or chutney. You can use whatever chutney or thick gravy you have at home.
6. Spread everything well. Add 1 tsp oil towards the edges.
7. Cover and cook for 2 minutes.
8. Cook further on a slightly higher flame until the edges begin to come up from the pan.
9. Lift it slightly and check if the dosa has crisped well. Then add grated cheese as per your liking. Also add green chilies or chili flakes and coriander leaves.
10. When the cheese begins to melt. Switch off. Fold as per your liking.
Is there an alternate to the onions used in the recipe. I am not sure if the onion gets cooked thoroughly if not fried a bit. The raw ones leave a smell which my family does not like especially when they go to office or school. Can I fry onions before adding them. Will the taste differ. Also, can I use regular cheese or mozrella.
You can just skip the onions. They get partially cooked and not fully done. Instead you can use grated carrots too.The main taste comes from the chutney or sauce used so you can totally skip the toppings. Mozzarella cheese goes well on this.
According to me only homemade paneer is the best kind of cheese for us to use regularly. Actually if we are able to find the block, real kind of cheese, free from preservatives or additives and synthetic rennet then any other kind of cheese are good. Unfortunately most cheese available in the markets are with so many hidden ingredients that a common man like us cannot even know what they are. It depends on – in which country you live and the brand you choose. You will have to read the labels on the packs and then search online that particular additive or ingredient to know if it is healthy. I mostly use paneer, cream cheese, feta and goat cheese. I also use mozarella, block occasionally. Try to avoid grated, ready to use, cubed or processed cheese. For extra shelf life they come with additives. Hope this helps. E-id mubarak!! have a great time !!!
Hey..very nice recipe. Thanks for sharing..could you please tell methe brand name of the mixer grinder you are using?
ultra mixer – heavy duty and good but delicate handles and lids. It can blend anything quickly in 30 seconds to 2 mins.
I use national panosonic too – good but not as fast and quick as ultra. I use this whenever i have a problem with my ultra lids and handles. We take this to india as there is no service in singapore.
I also use preeti steel – which is the worst I have bought so far. It takes long to blend any thing. my experience preeti blenders are not good.
You are welcome. So glad to know you love the site. Thanks a ton.


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text:
Preface Part 1, Chapter 1 Part 1, Chapter 2 Part 1, Chapter 3 Part 1, Chapter 4 Part 1, Chapter 5 Part 1, Chapter 6 Part 1, Chapter 7 Part 1, Chapter 8 Part 1, Chapter 9 Part 2, Chapter 1 Part 2, Chapter 2 Part 2, Chapter 3 Part 2, Chapter 4 Part 2, Chapter 5 Part 2, Chapter 6 Part 2, Chapter 7 Part 2, Chapter 8 Part 2, Chapter 9 Part 2, Chapter 10 Part 2, Chapter 11 Part 2, Chapter 12 Part 2, Chapter 13 Part 3, Chapter 1 Part 3, Chapter 2 Part 3, Chapter 3 Part 3, Chapter 4 Part 3, Chapter 5 Part 3, Chapter 6 Part 3, Chapter 7 Part 4, Chapter 1 Part 4, Chapter 2
All Themes The Power of Nature Human Error and Fragility Globalization Innovation and Curiosity vs. Hubris Bravery and Teamwork
All Characters Richard Preston Lieutenant Colonel Nancy Jaax Lieutenant Colonel Gerald (Jerry) Jaax Eugene (Gene) Johnson Charles Monet Colonel Clarence James Peters (C. J.) Peter Jahrling Thomas Geisbert Dan Dalgard Dr. Joseph B. McCormick Dr. Frederick Murphy Dr. Karl Johnson Mayinga N. Peter Cardinal Major General Philip K. Russell Bill Volt
All Symbols Mount Elgon and Kitum Cave Syringes and Needles Spacesuits and Gloves Blood and Bleeding Kinshasa Highway
Instant downloads of all 1202 LitChart PDFs (including The Hot Zone).
The Power of Nature
Human Error and Fragility
Innovation and Curiosity vs. Hubris
Bravery and Teamwork
Lieutenant Colonel Nancy Jaax
Lieutenant Colonel Gerald (Jerry) Jaax
Eugene (Gene) Johnson
Charles Monet
Colonel Clarence James Peters (C. J.)
Peter Jahrling
Thomas Geisbert
Dan Dalgard
Dr. Joseph B. McCormick
Dr. Frederick Murphy
Dr. Karl Johnson
Mayinga N.
Peter Cardinal
Major General Philip K. Russell
Bill Volt
Mount Elgon and Kitum Cave
Spacesuits and Gloves
Blood and Bleeding
Kinshasa Highway
The Hot Zone Part 1, Chapter 8 Summary & Analysis
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Hot Zone, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
In September 1987, Gene Johnson receives a mysterious package from Kenya containing blood from a 10-year-old Danish boy named Peter Cardinal. As Johnson drives to USAMRIID, he doubts there will be anything interesting in the boy's blood, but decides to analyze it anyway, despite the fact that it will take him much of the night to do so. He proceeds to the Ebola suite, places the serum in an airtight container, and puts on gloves in order to begin his work.
Globalization once again takes a prominent place in the narrative, as the American Gene Johnson receives a package from Kenya containing a Danish boy's blood. This passage also showcases Gene's dedication, and his preoccupation with researching and fighting against the virus that obsesses him.
Preston gives us background on the Cardinal family, which had recently taken a vacation in Kenya. During the trip, Peter fell ill (the first symptom was red eyes), and the doctors diagnosed him with malaria. His mother, however, was unconvinced, and demanded that he be evacuated to Nairobi hospital, where Dr. David Silverstein cared for him.
Like the Jaaxes, the Cardinals are a normal family—until their lives are torn apart by Ebola/Marburg. Once again we see the human cost of this disease, as a little boy dies in front of his family from a hot virus that nobody can combat.
Preston meets David Silverstein in a coffee shop to learn more about Peter Cardinal. Silverstein describes an alert, fit 10-year-old, who appeared to have pneumonia. Soon afterward he began to turn blue, and his skin became spotted with red dots. Dr. Silverstein began to worry that the child had Marburg, and ordered his team to take precautions. Soon after, the boy was put on a respirator. Next his skin began to bruise and his pupils to dilate, indicating that his brain was bleeding. His skin began to puff up, meaning that there was bleeding underneath it as well. Cardinal died shortly afterwards, having bled out internally.
Despite youth, strength, and excellent medical care, Peter Cardinal is doomed from the moment that he contracts Marburg virus. Preston's description of his symptoms and death illustrates the many different avenues through which Ebola can attack the body, and the complete inability on the part of both doctors and the human immune system to fight it.
Preston compares hot viruses to predators, describing the moment when a lion attacks a zebra on the savanna. He comments upon the "immense antiquity" of these kinds of lethal viruses, and reminds us that they are far older than we humans are.
Preston makes explicit the analogy between the Ebola/Marburg virus and a predator in the wild, a rhetorical device that illustrates both Ebola's ancient heritage and its ruthless lack of concern for what it attacks.
Get the entire The Hot Zone LitChart as a printable PDF.
Peter Cardinal's parents and sister watched as he lay in agony. Eventually his brain activity flatlined, and Dr. David Silverstein advised them to turn off the respirator that was keeping their son alive, telling them that there was nothing anyone could have done to save him.
Despite Dr. Silverstein's having treated Marburg before in Dr. Musoke, there is nothing he can do to fight against it—in such a situation, doctors can only make their patients comfortable and try to avoid getting the virus themselves.
Back in USAMRIID, Gene Johnson puts Peter Cardinal's blood into a vial full of monkey cells in order to observe its effect on them. In the days afterwards, Johnson watches as the monkey cells burst and die. Next he uses the fluid to infect three monkeys, and two die quickly. After they succumb, Johnson infects guinea pigs, which also die soon after. Its extreme lethalness towards humans, monkeys, and guinea pigs means that it can jump across species to infect them. Johnson becomes obsessed with finding out where Peter became infected, and phones a friend named Dr. Peter Tukei, a scientist at the Kenya Medical Research Institute, who offers to locate and interview Peter's parents. A week later, he has news: the family had traveled to Kitum Cave. New questions spring up in Johnson's mind: if Charles Monet and Peter Cardinal both traveled to Kitum Cave before their deaths, then clearly the virus lurks somewhere within the cave.
This passage reveals the true significance of Kitum Cave: as the only shared geographical point in the travels of Charles Monet and Peter Cardinal, there is a huge likelihood that this cave contains the host of the Marburg virus. Considering the extreme mystery that enshrouds the origins of such hot viruses—and the danger that can spring from this kind of mystery—finding that host would be a huge victory for a virus hunter like Gene Johnson. Kitum Cave, however, remains a symbol of the mystery and power of nature. Though it may contain the source of the Marburg virus, it will not be nearly impossible to pinpoint that source.
Hoyt-Disick, Gabrielle. "The Hot Zone Part 1, Chapter 8: Cardinal." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 12 Nov 2015. Web. 21 Jan 2020.
Hoyt-Disick, Gabrielle. "The Hot Zone Part 1, Chapter 8: Cardinal." LitCharts LLC, November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2020. https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-hot-zone/part-1-chapter-8-cardinal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Square? Not knowing exactly what that meant, I thought I'd be better off buying a 1964-65 Falcon wagon with their "more square" body lines. Looking for a 64-65 then, I found this 1961 Rambler American wagon for sale on Ebay. I think there's a slight resemblance to the square bodied Falcons, but this Rambler's got a style all to it's own. Plus, I liked the fact that you'd rarely see another one. I bought it for $400 as you see it above and towed it home.
Naturally, the ideas started flowing. How would I build this thing? I hit the net trying to find other Rambler wagons and found this 62 Rambler American built by Stoked Out Specialties. (their website's down). I'd guess most people will compare this slammed and billet-wheel'd beauty to the funky, nose in the air gasser I'm showing above and be quite certain I've lost my mind. Maybe so, but that's what My Ride is Me means, right? It's me. It's mine!
My next idea's the one that won't make sense to most people. Gasser! I want an A/FX styled, 60's factory race car inspired, low buck noise maker! That's what I'm going with.
Look closely. Can you see what's changed from the first drawing?
Obviously, we decided against the red windows. While on paper, they really make a statement, in reality, I couldn't build it that way. Plus, driving it would probably drive me (more?) nuts!
After that, I asked Joel to throw on some old-style, chrome 5 spokes up front and to make sure the cheater slicks out back were on black-er steel wheels. The rears also needed to be poking out of the radiuse'd rear wheel well. For practical reasons, I'm not altering the wheelbase by moving the back wheels forward. The wheelbase is only 100″ to start and as you can see, the rear wheel well is already butted up against the back door. Yea, it's a 4 door! I checked, 4 door drag race wagons were a real thing in the 60's.
As it is now, doesn't it hit the low-buck, 60's inspired gasser look? I love it!
Finally, the name. "Ameripan". That's a combination of Rambler, "American" and "Japan" to make Ameripan. I didn't come up with the name, my kids went to a Japanese school for American kids with that name. Why am I using it? I'm an engineer for Nissan so I want to put a 5.6L Titan V8 in my Rambler. THAT will finish-off baffling anyone who wasn't already confused with my choice of rides. Perfect.
Next step? Get a straight front axle kit from Speedway Motors and get busy!
I'd love to hear your reaction. If you're also a Rambler or wagon fan, let us know and please sign-up here. MyRideisMe.com's community… Become a part of it!
2013 Muscle Car and Corvette Nationals – Barn Finds That Will Make You Breath Hard!
It has the perfect lines for a Gasser wagon!!!
Two thumbs up. What a great ride it will be!
Are you sure the red windows are expensive? I saw a very late model car today with windows that were that exact red and it was a very plain type car…maybe it was tint but the color was exactly like your rendering!
I have a 59 Rambler Wagon all ready to do this..no title alas. There's a few minor issues..for one, they are partial unibodies. No real frame to speak of. The engine bay is quite narrow too, but if you cut out the shock towers, sure, a big block could be squeezed in there. I love the lines of the car and had hoped to make a street rod out of it, but moved onto other projects.
The unibody issue isn't a killer..Falcons are unibodies, but after a few hard launches the car will twist itself in half without some serious strengthening..down each side there is a sort of ladder layout to the ribs, but it's still really flexy. I'd suggest dropping it onto a 1/2 ton truck frame. I did some measurements once with a 77 Wagoneer frame and with some frame chopping, it'd work.


This is an ideal opportunity for an experienced Sales Director looking for their first Managing Director/Profit Centre Managers role where all your sales experience will be essential to your success whilst gaining exceptional management and commercial skills to take your career to the next level.
Our client is looking for a Profit Centre Manager to run, support and develop a growing highly successful business looking to move to the next level. The ideal candidate will have demonstrable experience in a similar role where they have made a positive impact on the business, increased sales and motivated a team to succeed further.
The successful candidate will have come from the print, plastics and/or distributionindustry where they have not only been responsible Key Account Management and New Business Development but will also have exceptional operational and financial expertise.
This is a fantastic opportunity for an inspirational manager who wants to genuinely make a difference; working with a highly motivated team who are exceptionally passionate about the business, are keen to succeed and want to a manager who will empower them towards that success.


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Douglas Hsu & family
#1897 in List Billionaires People In The World
Industry: Diversified
Residence: Taipei, Taiwan
BirthDay: 8 March 1930
Sigh: Aries
Education: Master of Arts, Notre Dame University; Bachelor of Arts / Science, Notre Dame University
Douglas Hsu & family was bornon 8 March 1930 in Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan. Douglas Hsu & family is #1782 in List Billionaires People In The World. Douglas Hsu chairs the Far Eastern Group, a conglomerate that his father started in 1940 as an underwear supplier. The company moved to Taiwan in 1949 when it was split from the mainland by civil war. Far Eastern's businesses include Far EasTone Telecommunications, U-Ming Marine Transport, Everest Textile, Asia Cement and Oriental Union Chemical. Hsu, who obtained a bachelor's and masters degree at the University of Notre Dame, is an emeritus trustee.
His wife, Catherine, known as Sian, died on 21 May 2011, after falling from the roof of the building where they lived on East 84th Street in New York City
In 2010, he was appointed Minister for Civil Society and married Lady Clare Kerr
Hurd is currently a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, established in October 2009
Crime Concern merged with young people's charity Rainer in 2008 to become Catch22
The Hon Thomas Hurd was appointed OBE in 2006, and is married with five children
Hurd's eldest son, Nick Hurd, is also a Conservative politician and was elected Member of Parliament for Ruislip Northwood and Pinner at the May 2005 general election
His third son, The Hon Alexander Hurd, married Sarah Wells in 2004 and they have three children
(From 2001 to 2016 this constituency was represented by the former Leader of the Conservative Party and former British prime minister, David Cameron
He became a member of the Royal Commission on the Reform of the House of Lords in February 1999, and in September 1999 he was appointed High Steward of Westminster Abbey, reflecting his long active membership of the Church of England
He was Chairman of the judging panel for the 1998 Booker Prize for Fiction
In December 1997, Hurd was appointed Chairman of British Invisibles (now renamed International Financial Services London or IFSL)
After his retirement as Foreign Secretary, he remained a key supporter of John Major, and kept a range of active political involvements as well as taking on some business appointments, most notably as a Deputy Chairman of NatWest Markets and a Board Director of NatWest Group, posts he held from October 1995-99
In November 1994, after an application for Judicial Review brought by the World Development Movement, the High Court of Justice held that the British Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd's actions were ultra vires [outside his legal powers and therefore unlawful] by allocating £234 million towards the funding of the dam, on the grounds that it was not of economic or humanitarian benefit to the Malaysian people
Hurd was a signatory of the Maastrict Treaty establishing the European Union in 1992
Building work began in 1991 with money from the British foreign aid budget
Hurd welcomed a reunified Germany into the European political community in 1990
On 26 October 1989, Hurd moved to the Foreign Office, succeeding John Major, whose rapid rise through the Cabinet saw him become Chancellor of the Exchequer in the wake of Nigel Lawson's resignation
After the 1983 election Thatcher moved Hurd to the Home Office, but just over a year later he was promoted to Cabinet rank, succeeding James Prior as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
In 1982 Hurd married Judy Smart, his former parliamentary secretary, who was 19 years his junior
)Hurd was appointed Minister of State at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office upon the Conservative victory in the 1979 general election and remained in that post for the duration of the Parliament
Hurd was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1974 and Companion of Honour in the 1996 New Year Honours
He was posted to China, the United States and Italy, before leaving the service in 1966 to enter politics as a member of the Conservative Party
In 1960, he married his first wife Tatiana, daughter of Major Arthur Eyre MBE, and their union produced three sons
Hurd attended Twyford School and Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar and won the Newcastle Scholarship in 1947
Douglas Hurd was born in 1930 in the market town of Marlborough in Wiltshire
His uncle, Sir Archibald Hurd, was a leading Fleet Street shipping correspondent, who became a Freeman Honoris Causa of the Shipwrights' Company in 1922 and was knighted in 1928
Diversified douglas hsu wiki douglas hsu bidmc douglas hsu taiwan douglas hsu family carta de douglas macarthur a su hijo michael douglas y su hijo michael douglas y su hermano douglas hsu md
James Packer
Suhail Bahwan
Chairul Tanjung
Sudhir & Samir Mehta
Samuel Yin
Dona Bertarelli Net Worth: $4.64 Billion 11 January 2018
Chey Tae-Won Net Worth: $4.63 Billion 11 January 2018
Bajaj brothers Net Worth: $4.62 Billion 11 January 2018
Lucio Tan Net Worth: $4.44 Billion 11 January 2018
Sumet Jiaravanon Net Worth: $4.41 Billion 11 January 2018
Americo Amorim Net Worth: $4.4 Billion 18 January 2018
Jaran Chiaravanont Net Worth: $4.31 Billion 11 January 2018
Montri Jiaravanont Net Worth: $4.3 Billion 11 January 2018


CAA will also provide Affiliated Societies with space for a business meeting at the annual conference. The request for this information will come later this spring.
Subsequent proposals by Affiliated Society members may be submitted separately by individuals, but are subject to peer review by the Annual Conference Committee and must be submitted via the Complete Session, Session Soliciting Contributors, or Individual Paper/Project submissions forms described on the portal (click on the "Submit Your Proposal" link below for more information). These submissions are not guaranteed and, if selected, will not be labeled or identified as Affiliated Society sessions in CAA publications.
This is a wonderful opportunity for PAA members to speak at a varied number of sessions but please note the deadline is April 17th.


Is there any way to render only clouds and haze (keeping illumination and shadows), eg.by making density or opacity map?
You can render a cloud-and-atmosphere pass by going to the render node and turning visible surfaces OFF and visible atmosphere ON. The lighting of the clouds and atmosphere will be the same as if you rendered everything together. I hope that's what you mean.
Problem 1: attach clouds to sky in any 3d rendering software sun and sky system.
Possible solution 2: make additional clouds and haze and map it with transparency map on sphere.
Question: is it possile to make such transparency map isolating clouds and haze from background sky in Terragen?
Rendering only clouds: You can turn off enable primary on the atmosphere and any other cloud/haze layers that you don't want to be visible to the camera. They can still affect lighting of everything else if enable secondary is on. On your Sunlight node, turn off visible disc.
Saving alpha channel: You can view the alpha of any render by pressing 'A' in the Render View. You can save the alpha image with the 'Save' button while the alpha is being displayed. Note that the alpha image will contain three channels because some atmospheric components have spectral opacities (Rayleigh scattering), but you can convert to greyscale if you want a simple alpha map.
If you're rendering a sequence, make sure you output "extra output images" - these will be your alpha images.
Thanx alot Matt, I'll try that.
Sorry for late reply, there was no time to dig into TG.


As a Master of Urban Horticulture student, I investigated the insect order diversity of urban green spaces in Melbourne. Using 13 golf courses as a model of green space diversity, insects collected by sweep net sampling were sorted to order for abundance and richness analysis to relate against vegetation complexity and characteristics data.
This project contributed to a larger project that assessed biodiversity and ecosystem services within Melbourne green spaces. It aimed to understand how the management of urban green spaces influences biodiversity (Ordinal diversity and Hemiptera diversity).
It assessed how insect diversity changes within green spaces that differ in age, structural complexity and management regime. I ultimately looked into the Hemiptera Order and their relationship with effectiveness of green space management.
I have a keen interest in the natural world in general. I find insects very fascinating. I have been photographing insects as a hobby, I do hope that eventually I can merge the two together (my research and my hobby) to be able to create an awareness that these creatures are just important as the large animals.
2012 – 2014 Master of Urban Horticulture, University of Melbourne, Australia.
2008 – 2011 Bachelors of Technology (Horticulture), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.


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Bethany Benz Tastes The FLAVOR of Another Rap Star!
The life of a rapper means lots of money, lots of travel and lots of headaches! King Long Leg had a last minute cancellation for his upcoming music video and he needs a girl ASAP. His manager tries to reassure him that he's got him covered. The manager has already sent a girl to King Long Leg's penthouse so that the rapper can check her out and see if she has the right moves for the video. Now King has seen a lot of girls (he's a rapper after all) but he isn't prepared for the beauty that walks in the door! Beautiful redbone thick in all the right places with a sexy accent to boot! "DAMN!" is his first thought. But he quickly pushes that thought away. This is a business. And the girl that's gonna be in the video has to have the right moves! So he's got to see her moves. "I need to see how you work it." he asks. Bethany gets a seductive smile and starts to do a little something....but she's nowhere near as talented as the girl that cancelled! She fine AF, but King doesn't think that she has the moves. "I don't know if..." Bethany knows what he's about to say. She knows that her dancing isn't all that. But she has other ways of getting ahead in the music business. Its how she got King's manager to get her this audition after all. Bethany sits on King's lap. And she feels a stir. King's LONG LEG is waking up. Just as she knew it would. Smiling to herself, she gets up, turns to look him in his eyes....and pushes him back. King can feel his LONG LEG waking up. He knows that he's got business to take care of. He knows that he needs to find a girl for this video TONIGHT. But the way that Bethany is looking at him as she pushes him back, he knows he won't be able to help himself...he won't be able to concentrate...until he puts all 10 inches of his LONG LEG DEEP in Bethany's holes. "Fuck it." He thinks, as he stands up and starts to unbuckle his pants....
Date Added: November 18, 2017
Sex God Picasso


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Q: Import react component only if it exists? I have a directory structure like this:
index.js
generated/
|___comp1/Comp1.jsx
|___comp2/Comp2.jsx
|___comp3/Comp3.jsx
|___...

*

*index.js is the entry point for webpack.

*The amount of components in generated/ is uncertain and may vary from build to build.

Does anybody know how I could import and render every component that exists under generated/ inside index.js?


New Delhi: JMI's India-Arab Cultural Centre is organizing a two-day national seminar on 'The Idea of Peace, Humanism and Tolerance in Islam' from Monday, September 25, 2017.
various vantage points and to provide a realistic assessment of the current dynamics.
FTK-Centre for Information and Technology, (CIT), JMI.
Prof. Talat Ahmad, Vice Chancellor, JMI shall chair the inaugural session. Mr. A.P.
Siddiqui (IPS), Registrar, JMI shall be the Guest of Honour.
Prof. Akhtarul Wasey, Vice Chancellor, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur and Prof. A. K.
Ramakrishnan, Centre for West Asian Studies, SIS, JNU will speak at the inaugural session.


You won't have to look far, because there are tons of great places to meet girls all around you.
This is a fun, easy place to meet women because everyone who goes to meetups does so specifically to branch out, meet new people, and have fun.The fact is there are single girls all around you that you can meet anytime you want.All you've got to do is walk up and get a conversation started.Online Dating One of the best places to meet single women is through online dating.
There are more women signing up for online dating each day, and every one of them is actively looking for a fun, high-quality guy.


Home › News › Great new look!
I am so excited about our new gift box look!
We are keeping our handcrafted wooden boxes which are now branded with our logo. We have also changed to natural fibre ribbon (eco-friendly) to give a natural look to our gift boxes.
I hope you enjoy our "new look".
Exciting new gifts arriving this week!


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Tag Archives: Book reviews
Book Reviews, Shoreline Armoring
Walls Around our Coastal Cities? By Gary Griggs
December 12, 2014 Coastal Care
The Thames River Barrier, 2004. Photo source: © Andy Roberts, licensed under CC BY – SA 2.0 via Wikipedia Commons
By © Gary Griggs, Author of "Our Ocean Backyard- Collected Essays"
Hurricane Sandy has come and mostly gone, but the devastation left behind will take years to clean up and repair. The final damage toll was over $68 million for New York and New Jersey
alone. Requests for federal disaster aid from FEMA (lots) started before the storm had even passed, and the inevitable Monday morning quarterbacks immediately began devising all of the pos- sible solutions for protecting the coastal areas of New Jersey, New York City and Long Island in the future.
The total damage figures are huge, but the meteorological figures are in some ways, more alarming. Sandy produced the highest storm surges ever to hit New York City, nearly four feet higher than the previous highest water levels during Hurricane Donna in 1960.
New York City is particularly exposed to the sea, with water coming in through the Hudson and East rivers, and with a mean- dering total of hundreds of miles of exposed shoreline, much of it just a foot or two above sea level. Sea level is also now about a foot higher here than it was in 1900.
You might think that New York City would have thought about these things many decades ago, but sea – level rise and storms prob- ably weren't as pressing in the 17th century when the city was first laid out. The early settlers were Dutch, who knew a thing or two about living very close to sea level. But the founding fathers must have felt that a few feet of freeboard was enough, or simply had other issues to deal with.
To add insult to injury, sea level along the Atlantic coast is likely to rise 3 to 4 feet or more by 2100, as the oceans continue to warm and ice sheets continue to retreat and melt. Sadly, the worst isn't over and it's not likely to get better any time soon. So despite the energetic calls to re – build and armor the shoreline against future disasters, there is wisdom in pausing for contemplation before jumping to employ the first band – aid from the bandwagon of ideas to come along.
There are a lot of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere that we can't get back, and we don't have a switch in place to turn off what we are putting in every day now. Emissions continue to rise. In 2012, the Earth's 7 billion people dumped 39 million tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere every day. Every day! Where is all this coming from? Well, 91% comes from burning fossils fuels and the manufacturing of cement, while the remaining 9% comes from land use activities (burning forests, and agriculture). And the overall emissions continue to rise each year.
Although China has now surpassed the USA in total carbon diox- ide emissions, there really isn't much comfort in this statistic as we all share the same atmosphere. On the positive side, carbon dioxide emissions from the USA and the European Union have dropped in recent years, but on the other side of the fence, emissions from China and India are increasing. Off all those 39 billions of tons of carbon dioxide we emit globally each year, 50% remains in the atmosphere contributing to the warming we are experiencing, and 26% is taken up by land vegetation on the land. The remaining 24% ends up in the ocean, being taken up at the rate of just over one million tons every hour. This has consequences as well, primarily by making the oceans more acidic. But that's another story.
So what are the planners, designers and engineers coming up with for New York City? There is the $6 billion system of floodgates that has been proposed, using Venice, The Netherlands, and London as examples. This approach raises some important questions about who or what gets to be protected and which neighborhoods are on their own.
Ten years ago, a research team from the State University of New York at Stonybrook, working with the state's Environmental Protection Agency, put together a complex plan of levees, seawalls and floodgates for protecting most of New York City from storm surges. The estimated price tag of $10 billion at that time brought that proposal to a screeching halt.
Some are calling for a mix of hard structures, whether seawalls or storm barriers of some sort, combined with "soft strategies", like constructing urban wetlands, tidal marshes, even artificial reefs intended to nurture oysters, which has been referred to as a blending of urbanism and ecology.
The hope here is that these engineered green spaces would absorb and reduce the force of incoming water, thereby protecting the shoreline. Porous streets of concrete have been proposed to soak up excess water like giant sponges, while other new streets would be designed to drain the surging water back into the harbor.
If Manhattan was a sparsely inhabited rural area, these ideas might be considered practical, but this is New York City – protecting it with oyster reefs and some wetlands? When everything – streets, subways, and underground parking garages-are all completely underwater with a storm surge of nearly 14 feet, porous concrete is not going to soak up the excess water, or drain the water back into the harbor. There is a need to be creative, but also a need to be realistic and fully consider the forces and water levels we are seeking to control, and the fact that sea level is going to continue to rise.
Its also important to come to grips with the reality that New York City isn't the only large city in the United States (forget the rest of the world for a moment) that lies very close to sea level and
is exposed to hurricanes, extremely high tides and storm surges, or a rising sea. There are a few others to consider, in no particular order: Miami, Newark, New Orleans, Tampa, Boston, Wilmington, Virginia Beach, Charleston, Galveston, and on the west coast, Long Beach and parts of many of the low – lying communities surrounding San Francisco Bay, including San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose.
Dr. John Holdren, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology and former Professor of Environmental Policy at Harvard University, has said "With climate change we basically have three choices: mitigation, adaptation and suffering. We are going to do some of each. The question is what the mix will be.
The more mitigation we do, the less adaptation and suffering there will be". We need to start making some very serious commitments to significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases if we are to avoid a future that is not going to be pleasant for any of us.
Learn More: "Our Ocean Backyard – Collected Essays"; a Book by Gary Griggs
For the three billion people on Earth who live in coastal regions, the ocean is figuratively, if not literally, "our backyard." The oceans enrich our lives in countless ways, but our interactions with them have not always been positive. Gary Griggs, a coastal geologist and oceanographer, is known for making science understandable, enjoyable, and accessible to non-scientists, was asked to write a bi-weekly column, "Our Ocean Backyard" for the Santa Cruz Sentinel…
Book reviewssea wall
Book Reviews, Celebrate
Our Ocean Backyard – Collected Essays; A Book by Gary Griggs
December 3, 2014 Coastal Care
Our Ocean Backyard- Collected Essays
A book by Gary Griggs
Published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
For the three billion people on Earth who live in coastal regions, the ocean is figuratively, if not literally, "our backyard." Many of us have sought out ocean areas in which to live, work, or vacation. The oceans enrich our lives in countless ways, but our interactions with them have not always been positive.
In April 2008, Gary Griggs, a coastal geologist and oceanographer who has studied the oceans for over forty-six years and is known for making science understandable, enjoyable, and accessible to non-scientists, was asked to write a bi-weekly column, "Our Ocean Backyard" for the Santa Cruz Sentinel.
Santa Cruz sits smack on the ocean. California is in many ways defined by its coast, so it isn't surprising that so many people are drawn towards our ocean edge. Whether it is our weather and climate, or any number of recreational pursuits: fishing, surfing, sailing, jogging or walking, or just observing and exploring, the ocean provides something for all of us. In turn, engaging in each of these different pursuits generates a healthy curiosity – historical, geological, biological – as does simply living, day-to-day, in a community facing the sea.
This collection of 170 columns explores several of these curious ocean questions. Should we worry about tsunamis here on the central coast? How did Yellow Bank Beach, Davenport Landing, Greyhound Rock, Castle Beach and Black Point get their names? Gary explains why the sea behaves as it does, while bringing our coastal history and landscape into perspective. Our climate is changing and the ocean is responding.
Many of us are eager to learn more about our oceans and coast, particularly the science behind it all, but we don't often understand that science very well. And to make matters worse, many scientists who write about their particular specialized area, don't do so in way that is understandable or relevant to the non-scientist. Gary's stories, which draw upon our rich history of ocean exploration and discovery, are written for anyone with an interest in the oceans – not just in Monterey Bay or the central coast – and shed much needed light on what we can expect in the years and decades to come.
Gary writes not to advocate, but rather to illuminate. His goal is always to explain the science, which in turn enhances our enjoyment of this beautiful resource, and also empowers us to make considered, informed decisions – whether it is in our daily lives, or in the voting booth.
Gary Griggs is a distinguished professor of Earth and planetary sciences, and the director of the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Honored as a Coastal Hero by the Coastal Commission and Sunset Magazine in 2009, he has been studying the oceans for over forty-six years. He is the author or co-author of seven books, including Living with the Changing California Coast, Introduction to California's Beaches and Coast, and California Coast From The Air: Images of a Changing Landscape.
Book available now at: Amazon.com and Createspace
"Gary is a talented interpreter of complicated coastal science and has a long track record of effectively translating his findings for policymakers. Gary's bi-weekly column for the Santa Cruz Sentinel has been instrumental in promoting popular understanding of these important issues across the Monterey Bay region and beyond." —Sam Farr, Representative.
"Gary is the epitome of excellence in teaching. He shares not only his knowledge but also his passion and himself with his students, with boundless generosity . . . He has been a blessing to the campus, to our profession, and to each and every one of us who had the privilege of studying with him." —Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans & Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator. NASA Astronaut (ret.) and UCSC '73.
"I marvel at Gary's ability to relate more complex situations in an understandable form for lay people - and in a way that holds their interest. It is obvious why he has been a successful and much-loved teacher for over four decades. It is a great thing that many of his columns now appear in one place, available to an even wider audience." —John Laird, California Secretary of Resources.
How Human Existence Doesn't Have to Cost the Earth
November 10, 2014 Coastal Care
Beaches, whether sandy or stony, are very much part of summer, but if Orrin Pilkey and Andrew Cooper's The Last Beach is right, the traditional seaside may soon be a thing of the past…
Read Full Article, NewScientist
"The Last Beach" Book Review: The end of beaches? Why the world's shorelines are in serious trouble, Salon
Books roundup: Saving the beaches, The Herald Sun
Everyone loves a beach, particularly those of us who grew up on one, or near one. But our love of beaches also threatens their existence…
The Last Beach, A book by Orrin H. Pilkey And J. Andrew G. Cooper
"The Last Beach" is an urgent call to save the world's beaches while there is still time. The geologists Orrin H. Pilkey and J. Andrew G. Cooper sound the alarm in this frank assessment of our current relationship with beaches and their grim future if we do not change the way we understand and treat our irreplaceable shores.
Book Reviews, Celebrate, Features
October 22, 2014 Coastal Care
The Last Beach
A book by Orrin H. Pilkey And J. Andrew G. Cooper
Published by Duke University Press
The Last Beach is an urgent call to save the world's beaches while there is still time.
The geologists Orrin H. Pilkey and J. Andrew G. Cooper sound the alarm in this frank assessment of our current relationship with beaches and their grim future if we do not change the way we understand and treat our irreplaceable shores.
Combining case studies and anecdotes from around the world, they argue that many of the world's developed beaches, including some in Florida and in Spain, are virtually doomed and that we must act immediately to save imperiled beaches.
After explaining beaches as dynamic ecosystems, Pilkey and Cooper assess the harm done by dense oceanfront development accompanied by the construction of massive seawalls to protect new buildings from a shoreline that encroaches as sea levels rise.
They discuss the toll taken by sand mining, trash that washes up on beaches, and pollution, which has contaminated not only the water but also, surprisingly, the sand.
Acknowledging the challenge of reconciling our actions with our love of beaches, the geologists offer suggestions for reversing course, insisting that given the space, beaches can take care of themselves and provide us with multiple benefits.
Orrin H. Pilkey, deemed "America's foremost philosopher of the beaches," by the New York Times, is James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of Geology at the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University, and Founder and Director Emeritus of the Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines, based at Western Carolina University. Pilkey is a coauthor (with Keith C. Pilkey) of Global Climate Change: A Primer, published by Duke University Press, and of twenty books in the Press's Living with the Shore series, edited by Pilkey and William J. Neal. The Orrin Pilkey Marine Science and Conservation Genetics Center opened at the Duke Marine Lab in Beaufort, North Carolina, in 2013. Pilkey lives in Hillsborough, N.C.
J. Andrew G. Cooper is Professor of Coastal Studies in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of Ulster. He and Pilkey are coauthors (with William J. Neal and Joseph T. Kelley) of The World's Beaches: A Global Guide to the Science of the Shoreline and coeditors of Pitfalls of Shoreline Stabilization. Well known for his advocacy of nonintervention on shorelines and his work on beaches and coasts worldwide, Cooper lives in the town of Coleraine in Northern Ireland.
To Order Please Contact: Duke University Press
A clarion call for a change of policy that prioritizes the preservation of beaches over property rights.
In this follow-up to The World's Beaches: A Global Guide to the Science of the Shoreline (2011), Pilkey (Emeritus, Geology/Duke Univ.) and Cooper (Environmental Sciences/Univ. of Ulster) warn that shoreline development is already endangering our beaches.
The authors deliver a message to be heeded: "We must view the beach as a sacred and resilient yet strangely fragile natural environment to be protected at all costs."—Kirkus Review.
The world's beaches are being washed away as coastal developments increase in size and engineers build ever higher sea walls to defend against fierce winter storms and rising sea levels, according to two of the worlds' leading marine geologists, Andrew Cooper and Orrin Pilkey, in a new book, The Last Beach…—Guardian UK, Book Review.
Beaches, whether sandy or stony, are very much part of summer, but if Orrin Pilkey and Andrew Cooper's The Last Beach is right, the traditional seaside may soon be a thing of the past. The Last Beach shows that Westerners should not get smug about their future because development and house prices frequently trump environmental good sense.—New Scientist, Book Review.
Welfare with an Ocean view: The Last Beach is organized into chapters laying out the various ways in which humans have maimed the world's beaches. There are a lot. The Last Beach is determinedly international—it dives into the full range of challenges facing beaches around the world.—Washington Monthly, Book Review, March-May 2015.
In the new genre of science-based apocalyptic non-fiction that serves to open our eyes to the effects of the Anthropocene – the recently designated geological era in which it can be concluded that our species is having an unalterable effect on our planet – Orrin Pilkey and Andrew Cooper's book is a terrifying addition to a growing and doomy bookshelf. Pilkey, professor emeritus of geology at Duke University, and Cooper, professor of coastal studies at the University of Ulster, have created a wide-ranging survey of the state of our beaches – the essential and incredibly fragile interface between us and the sea.—Philip Hoare, Times Higher Education, Book Review.
We can have our beachfront properties — our Miami high-rises, our Hamptons mansions, our Jersey boardwalks — or we can have our beaches. But as geologist and Duke University emeritus professor Orrin Pilkey and J. Andrew G. Cooper, a professor of coastal studies at the University of Ulster, have been arguing for decades now, we can't have both.—Salon, Book Review.
In a new book, "The Last Beach" (Duke University Press, $19.95, trade paperback) Pilkey and follow geologist J. Andrew G. Cooper of the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of Ulster, warn that we will lose the beaches we have long enjoyed if we do not end our insistence on building whatever we want right up to the shoreline.— The Herald Sun, Books roundup: Saving the beaches
Book reviewsCelebrate
California Coast From The Air: Images of a Changing Landscape
June 29, 2014 Coastal Care
California Coast from the Air:
Images of a Changing Landscape
A book by Gary Griggs and Deepika Shrestha Ross, Photography by Kenneth and Gabrielle Adelman
Published by Mountain Press
In a state identified with change, California' s 1,100-mile coastline lives up to the reputation. Storm waves attack sea cliffs, earthquakes trigger landslides, and ocean waves relentlessly move sand. Over the past century, humans have changed the coast too, particularly in Southern California, where some stretches of coastline have been completely altered.
Thanks to the California Coastal Records Project, the brainchild of Kenneth and Gabrielle Adelman, we now have an aerial photographic record of the entire coastline, from the redwood forests near the Oregon border to the urbanized shoreline of San Diego Bay. California Coast from the Air features 150 of the best photographs from this scientifically valuable yet truly artistic collection of more than 80,000 images.
Steep coastal cliffs gradually sliding into the ocean, an isolated sandy beach that cannot be reached by road, or sand dunes marching inland under the force of the wind are just a few of the scenes portrayed in the book s photos. Oceanographer Gary Griggs and architect Deepika Shrestha Ross provide insightful captions, describing the natural features, their changes over time, and human efforts to tame them.
The photographs are organized by county, from north to south, and shaded-relief maps locate features described in the text.
"Gary Griggs, professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz, has written many books about the California coast. The latest is California Coast from the Air, a collection of stunning aerial photographs of the state's coastline with captions by Griggs and architect Deepika Shrestha Ross.
Most of the photographs are by local residents Kenneth and Gabrielle Adelman, who have taken thousands of high-resolution digital photographs of the entire California coastline and posted them online through the California Coastal Records Project.
Griggs, an expert on coastal geology, has been collaborating with the Adelmans since he first learned about their project."— News Center, University Of California Santa Cruz
Order available now at: Amazon.com
Photographer Clark Little's New Book: Taking An Ocean Beating To Get The Perfect Wave
Photograph: © SAF – Coastal Care
Clark Little has made a career getting pounded by massive waves over and over and over again, and it's absolutely awesome.
Little's newly released book Shorebreak showcases pictures taken during his last four years of travel and from the islands of his home state, Hawaii. The glossy-book is 160 pages of the world's ocean, as seen from the eye of a wave…
Read Full Article And View Images, The Huffington Post
Book Reviews, Inform
Top 5 Threats To The World's Beaches (And A Systemic Solution)
Beach re-nourishment, Waikiki, 2012. Photograph: © SAF
Professors Orrin Pilkey and Andrew Cooper are writing what promises to be an outstanding book.
In The Last Beach (to be published this summer by Duke University Press), they describe the top five threats to beaches around the world. Even a quick overview of these threats suggests a strategy for confronting the degradation and loss of beaches. It's no surprise that a comprehensive, long-term beach protection strategy requires significant changes to our economic system, a system that has overdeveloped and polluted beaches to the extent that they have become unhealthy places to swim or even play in the sand…
Read Full Article, Countercurrents
Originally published in The Daly News
Book reviewsOrrin H. Pilkey
Articles & Dossiers, Book Reviews
The Coastal Consciousness of John Gillis
September 19, 2013 Coastal Care
Foreharbor, Gotts Island, Watercolor by © John R. Gillis.
By © Joshua Jelly-Schapiro
Courtesy of The Chronicle Of Higher Education,
Clamorous and gusting, Superstorm Sandy blew ashore last fall with a force that felt at once scarily new and, in this, our own Age of Disaster, quite familiar. Watching its frigid waters gushing into Manhattan's subways and overtopping seawalls in the Rockaways and Atlantic City, we were reminded of other storms, like the monster that inundated the citizens of New Orleans—and then turned their plight into a touchstone of our politics. Katrina's aftermath helped torpedo a blustering president's second term, but the images of Sandy, looping past on YouTube and CNN, carried even more-far-reaching impacts. They brought urgency to a climate-change debate finally ready, it seemed, to make all of us envision a world where oceans will be several feet higher than those of today.
As Tropical Storm Andrea began the 2013 hurricane season, many of us were grateful for the warning calls. But as the conversations prompted by those calls grow increasingly suffused with hyperbole and guff, many of us commit that sin, anathema to historians, of condescending to the past. Was it really so, what New York's governor said in Sandy's wake—that "we had never seen a storm like this"? Sandy brought rain and high waters, yes, but Nor'easters have been buffeting America's Atlantic shores for centuries. It wasn't even close to the strongest storm to hit New York during the century that precise wind speeds and rainfall have been recorded. Climate change is real and serious, but was not last fall's "natural disaster," like Katrina and like all the rest to come, as much about human failures—in infrastructure, planning, and our proclivity for building homes on shifting sandbars—as it was natural catastrophe?
Those questions aren't new. But their new urgency may account for the feeling of providence that accompanied the arrival of the historian John Gillis's latest book. Reaching back into the days when early hominids became human, The Human Shore: Seacoasts in History (University of Chicago Press, 2012) also looks forward to what will happen if we don't change how we relate to seacoasts. The book represents a fitting capstone to the career of a remarkable historian whose arc of interests has anticipated two key, entwined strands in his discipline—the rise of environmental history and global history—and whose work has long exemplified how, in our changing present, the ways we imagine the past can and must change as well.
The historian John Gillis has spent almost half a century of summers at Great Gott Island, off the coast of Maine. Photo by: © Richard Howard, for The Chronicle Review
Gillis well understands the age-old human urge to find our way back to what Rachel Carson called "the great mother of life." He's less sanguine, however, about what most people do when they get there. "Never," he writes, "have shores been so rich in property values and so impoverished in what once had made them the first home of humankind." One of his book's guiding motifs, borrowed from a signpost that had stopped him short on a cliff-top hike in Northern California, is a simple admonition he thinks readers of Coastal Living magazine, and all those who'd love to inhabit the glossy million-dollar views it features, would do well to heed: Never turn your back on the ocean.
Gillis doesn't want us to just remember that. He wants us to understand why we must, as he said this spring when I called to ask him what he hoped readers might take from The Human Shore. Gillis—who divides his time between two shores: San Francisco Bay and an island off Maine where he and his wife, the writer Christina Marsden Gillis, have summered for decades—was direct. "The first step is to start imagining our coasts as less a 'natural' artifact than the product of hundreds and thousands of years of human creation. If we do that, then I think we'd be a long way toward saving them, and ourselves, from utter destruction."
As befits a scholar whose work has sought to trace both those "hundreds and thousands of years of human creation" and their larger effects on the earth, I first met Gillis in a department not of history but of geography. I was a graduate student at the University of California, and Gillis had retired from a long career at Rutgers University, back East, and come to live in Berkeley. This distinguished-looking fellow would turn up at our weekly colloquium and, when the speaker was through discoursing on landscape morphology or settler colonialism, ask incisive questions from behind his white beard. Gillis's predilection for geography in his emeritus years signaled his trajectory in the half-century since he had completed his own Stanford University history Ph.D., as he recalls with a chuckle, on "the Prussian bureaucracy."
After Stanford, Gillis returned to his native New Jersey, first for a brief stint at Princeton University and then up the road to Rutgers's history department for 34 years. Leaving behind his early vocation for sifting Munich's archives, he turned to British history, and, in exploring intimate questions pertaining to hearth and home, built a reputation as a social historian. Youth and History (1974) is a study of age relations in European society across time. For Better, for Worse (1985) traced the rise of the institution of marriage in Britain. And A World of Their Own Making (1996) explored the roots and effects of rituals, like wedding days and Christmas dinner, with which we forge family bonds and contend with their breaking.
Glancing back toward civilization's dawn but locating many of those rituals' birth in Victorian England, A World of Their Own Making offered a keen genealogy of the concept of "family" that doubled as a subtle excoriation of the Christian Coalition types who, at the time, were using "family values" as a club with which to bash sodomites and sex educators. Prompted in part by a family tragedy—the death of the Gillises' son Ben when a small plane he was piloting crashed in Kenya—the book concluded the historian's decades of studying family by synthesizing grand currents with the smaller scale at which we live them. It's been no surprise, then, that as Gillis has expanded his scope, his most recent books have evinced a similar determination to examine history vis-à-vis the ways we imagine its unfolding.
InIslands of the Mind (2004), he traced the grip that islands have exerted on human imagination since the ancients began thinking of them as paradises or prisons; as places to be marooned, reborn, or transformed. Exploring how the West's long obsession with islands "made the Atlantic World," Islands of the Mind included as many citations from poets and writers as from historical theorists or government documents, indicating Gillis's long-nurtured frustration with disciplinary boundaries. He has always bristled at the ways academe rewards narrow expertise and the cultivation, across a tenure-winning march of monographs and articles, of a discrete field. When I asked him why, he explained with a typically geographic metaphor. "'The field'—it's so redolent of territory, and property, isn't it?" he said. "I don't want to be trapped in a field. I want to trespass!"
Even the practitioners of "Atlantic history," the voguish subdiscipline that his work helped to create by treating the world that mariners made in crossing the ocean as a subject for study as worthy as any nation lapped by its waves, can get his gourd. "Historians connect all these dots, across the Atlantic, and they get to feel they've gone beyond America's shores," he says. "But they don't really have to do so, or have any apt way, as many critics have started pointing out, to address the degree to which [the Atlantic] is connected to other bodies of water."
Gillis thinks the rise of maritime history has helped correct that—but suffers from the opposite problem: "It turns out to be sea-locked," he says. "It has its jaunty sailor out there, but he never really comes ashore. And so again the shore, and coastal people, end up betwixt and between. They don't have a history, or a geography, to call their own."
The Human Shore is Gillis's attempt to fill that gap. His book places coasts, and their minders, at history's heart. But as befits a historian who has "grown only more and more aware of how much history is an imaginative activity," what most distinguishes his work is the depth he brings to combining the arc of human imagination with its effects—to synthesizing our thinking about seacoasts with the material history of how those ideas will shape the prospects of the planet.
Opening his narrative in earth's amniotic seas, Gillis extends what we all know—that life began in the ocean—to sketch a broader argument about the central role of coastal peoples in the development of civilization. Most modern historians and archaeologists in the West have inherited a bias for the landed from forebears for whom the Bible was a bible of not only history but also geography—a bias visible in our picturing Eden as an inland garden, and, in terms of science, our evolving ancestors as transient hunters on the plain who, thanks to good fortune in the Fertile Crescent, began cultivating wheat and evolving complex societies.
Finding evidence in newly discovered ruins of homes along the marshy coasts of Wales and the huge shell-mounds, built by Ohlone Indians, that still line San Francisco Bay, Gillis argues that it was early humans' engagement with the sea, not their activities on the savannah, that led to their divergence from primates. Echoing the Berkeley geographer Carl Sauer's famous view that "the shore is the primitive home of man," Gillis reminds us that on the shores of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas alike, aquaculture predated agriculture. Long before our forebears planted wheat, they were setting aside areas for cultivating clams and shellfish. Scholars may disagree about what all this means. But Gillis shows how our historical underplaying of those muddy margins where land and water meet is manifested in the difficulty that our intellectual traditions, like our laws, have had in contending with places that don't definitely belong to either land and sea.
Moving rapidly through the centuries, Gillis describes how the first Homo sapiens to leave our species' East African cradle reached the Indian Ocean's shores 125,000 years ago and then migrated north, across the Red Sea, as "coasting" people whose descendants, from there, moved along the shores of the Arabian Peninsula and on to the Indian subcontinent and beyond. Eventually they surrounded the Indian Ocean, turning its rim into a contiguous web of seaboard civilizations, crosscut and interlinked by shipping routes that have existed for some 5,000 years.
Describing the varied mythological traditions by which people everywhere came to distill their views about the sea, he notes the commonality of belief in land symbolizing order and sea chaos. Coasts, accordingly, were looked on as shifting zones of sharp rocks and deadly sirens: scary sites that belonged more to the realm of the god Oceanus than to the land. It was only as the old maritime empires became modern states (and tamed Oceanus, at least in mind, by dividing its contiguous mass into "seas" with their own names) that the modern urge to transform our shores' terra infirma into territory, and thus to fix the frontier between order and chaos, grew ascendant.
Gillis describes how the "water people" of such marsh-and-island landscapes as England's vast Fens looked on helplessly as their coastal-wetland home was filled in—a drama that was replayed, again and again, from Holland to Boston to the shorelines of the South China Sea, as such projects came to represent harbingers of progress. Recounting how Europe's seamen stitched together a new world in their old one's image, Gillis explains that, at the end of that continent's great Age of Exploration, in the late 18th century, the word "coastline" entered our vocabulary. That moment, he writes, marked the start of a new phase in the life of the shore—typified by ever-expanding human efforts to fix our coasts in place, but also suffused with a new Romantic interest in the sea. The ocean became not merely a terrifying abyss but also a vision of beauty, to be admired.
"Never have shores been so rich in property values," writes Gillis, "and so impoverished in what once had made them the first home of mankind." Photo by: © Richard Howard, for The Chronicle Review
This conception of the sea, which spread throughout Western culture in the 19th century, is nowhere more visible than in the uniquely modern mania for the beach—for lazing about on the shore three-quarters naked as a form of recreation. It was only at the end of the 1800s that visiting the "beach" (a neologism derived from an English word for coastal stones, Gillis tells us) became common as a leisure activity; it took a few decades more for the beach to grow, in Europe and beyond, into the destination par excellence for another modern invention: the vacation. Gillis reads those developments in terms of the larger social history of leisure and of work. But his discussion of the beach's changing meaning is also a means of examining the far more worrisome effects of its shifting uses, in literally concrete terms.
Whether made of sand or pebbles, beaches are formed by the movement of water. They are, by their nature, ever-changing. "No wonder our ancestors had no name or affection for them," Gillis writes. Few examples so starkly illustrate our changing relationship to the shore as the fetishization of a once-worthless substance—white sand—and the billions of dollars we pour, each year, into keeping the stuff in place. Such efforts, along with the billions more spent on "fixing" coastlines in general (half of New Jersey's shore is engineered in place) bespeak a larger contradiction of our era: that even as more of us than ever settle near the sea—some three billion people now live within 100 miles of its edge—we grow only more ignorant of its protean ways.
A similar disconnect is visible in the ways that our cities' working waterfronts, once the haunt of stevedores and sailors, have been turned into maritime theme parks—New York's South Street Seaport, San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf, Baltimore's Inner Harbor. Once working wharves, these sites are now for shopping and wave-gazing, mirroring our once-industrial cities' evolution from sites for labor into shrines to conspicuous consumption.
Reconceiving our relationship to the shore in the way Gillis recommends is plainly sensible; translating that reconception into large-scale shifts in our behavior and policies is daunting.
Joshua Jelly-Schapiro.
Reconceiving our relationship to the shore in the way Gillis recommends is plainly sensible; translating that reconception into large-scale shifts in our behavior and policies is daunting. Stop building homes ever closer to the edge; protect and restore the coastal marshes and wetlands; redesign the levee systems. Those steps are necessary, but part of what slows their being taken is an ingrained recalcitrance that Gillis finds expressed in a term from Canada's Prince Edward Island: "chasing the shore." It was long used, Gillis writes, to describe poets or idlers who venture down to the sea for purposes other than hauling lobster traps or digging clams. He notes it in discussing the suspicion with which we have historically viewed activities on the shore as not at home in the rational world—and also to suggest how, in our hyperrational age, the shore's lure has seemed only to strengthen.
It certainly has for me. Although I've never heard the words "chasing the shore" spoken on Prince Edward Island, where I've spent some of every summer of my life, it is precisely what I've always done there. Sleeping in a fisherman's shack that my great-grandparents turned into a seasonal cottage, making memories on the red sandbars and mussel-covered rocks of PEI (as the island's lovers and locals call it), I realize that "chasing the shore" is something my family, like many, has turned into a core vocation and value. In our summer home's refashioning, and in the larger transformation of the shore it sits on, from the old aquaculture of the indigenous Micmac through to that of the hardscrabble Scots and Irish, is distilled much of what Gillis discusses about our human shores' past—and their future. The plot on which that cottage sits has been losing a foot of shorefront a year; locals say the erosion is speeding up, apace with waters of the Northumberland Strait, whose level may rise by at least a yard this century.
In our era when climate-change deniers are beginning to resemble those who once denied that germs make us sick, geographers are beginning to speak of the Anthropocene—the epoch of the earth's history defined by Homo sapiens' impress on it. For Gillis, turning toward the environment is only logical, as is his recent turn to the shore. "We need to stop looking at [history] as something that emanates from centers," he told me recently, "and begin to think of it as something that has its origins and dynamics on margins. And coasts, of course, are one of our chief margins."
The rhetorical flip, grounding his metaphor in real geography, is typical Gillis. But in an academy still structured by old disciplines and ingrained fields of expertise, his call may yet be heeded. In recent years, not a few institutions and scholars have embraced proliferating programs and centers for environmental studies and global affairs to try to address our era's most pressing concerns. Many such initiatives, in abetting cross-disciplinary work by climatologists and anthropologists who study, say, the linked scientific and social effects of global warming, have shaped public debate on the issue in crucial ways. Reading Gillis, though, one is struck by how few have met that rarest of intellectual challenges: to produce scholarly work not merely made timely by its engagement with varied fields and modern problems, but also enriched by a historian's understanding of how the human imagination of our planet has helped shape it—and how that history, as Gillis insisted when I visited him at the place that has inspired much of his work, may yet contain seeds for the solving of its problems.
Great Gott Island, where Gillis has spent summers for almost half a century, is a gorgeous bit of evergreened granite with no driveable roads (and no cars), a summer population of some 20 families, and a little wooden shack, down by the wooden jetty in the little harbor, affixed with a sign reading, U.S. Post Office. It's another place whose evolution from a year-round outpost for a few hearty fisherfolk to summer place of memories for a few bohemians and scribblers mirrors much of what Gillis, a self-proclaimed "islander by choice," has mined in his books.
Stopping off to see him there, after my yearly pilgrimage to PEI last summer, I strolled around the island with Gillis on a spotless August afternoon. We looked out at white lobster boats bobbing in the glinting blue waves. Gillis took me to the 19th-century wood-frame house that he and his wife bought for $3,000, back in his Prussian-bureaucracy days, then led me toward the small cemetery plot where Great Gott's minders and lovers—including the Gillises' son Ben—lie at rest beneath stone graves.
Walking past the little cemetery, I asked John about how he thought this little place, and his life here, had informed his determination to write histories of the world entire. He gestured out toward the waves. "'Go west, young man!' That's the line people draw; they think of history as moving west, across the land. But that's not how it actually went, except for during a small chapter of history."
His eyes glinted to match the waves as he invoked a local expression for the bit of human shore I'd just traveled, from Canada's Maritimes down into New England. "I often say that history went more 'down east' than out west. You know how journalists say 'Follow the money'? Well, follow the wind, follow the tide, follow the shore—you'll find what you're looking for."
Joshua Jelly-Schapiro is a lecturer in geography and American studies at the University of California at Berkeley. His book Island People will be published by Alfred A. Knopf.
Original Article, The Chronicle Of Higher Education
American Coasts, Past and Future, by John R. Gillis
The Human Shore: Seacoasts In History; A book by John R. Gillis
In his new book, The Human Shore: Seacoasts in History, published by University of Chicago Press, November 2012, historian John R. Gillis explores the deep history of seacoasts, the original home of humankind.
Book reviewsCoastal Issues
The (Less Than) Eternal Sea
June 3, 2013 Coastal Care
"To call the ocean sublime we must regard it as poets do, merely by what strikes the eye; if it is at rest, as a clear mirror of water only bounded by the heaven; if it is restless, as an abyss threatening to overwhelm everything." —Philosopher Immanuel Kant.
"…We needn't call upon an angry god to make the sea an object of no small terror. Every year we withdraw from it 160 million tons of fish, deposit in it 7 million tons of garbage. Poisonous chemicals in the Gulf of Mexico have formed a pool of dead water equivalent in size to the state of New Jersey; among the several hundred dead zones elsewhere in the world, one encircles the Chinese coastline.
If the sea levels continue to rise at their current rate, the day is not far off when Miami and Atlantic City become beds for oysters. The fishing in the sea that was once near the surface now is done by trawls the length of locomotives dropped to the depth of a mile and dragged across the bottom, reducing many thousands of square miles of the ocean floor to barren deserts no longer giving birth to the tiny organisms from which emerge the great chains of being that sustain the life of the planet.
Nothing in the sea lives by itself, nothing either on the earth or in the air or in the minds of men. To know the sea is mortal is to know that we are not apart from it. Man is nature creatively refashioning itself. The abyss is human, not divine, a work in progress, whether made with a poet's metaphor or with a vast prodigious bulk of Styrofoam." —Lewis Lapham
Read Full Essay, by Lewis Lapham, The Huffington Post
The Mortal Sea: Fishing the Atlantic in the Age of Sail
"To the by-now-familiar story of the various depletions of species over the last 500 years (the haddock by 1930, the cod by 1992), Bolster, a professor of history at the University of New Hampshire, adds the dimension of events taking place on land, political and economic, cultural and demographic. Drawing together in the same net the two sets of datapoints (from the human maritime community and the marine-biological community), Bolster shows the ocean to be subject not only to the changes occurring over the course of evolutionary and geological time, but also, and ever more rapidly, to those imposed on it by the hand and mind of man."—Lewis Lapham.
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