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Clandon Park International Design Competition
View from above into Clandon Park following the fire National Trust Images/John Millar
In 2017, our international design competition allowed us to search for a world-class multidisciplinary design team to remake Clandon Park following the fire. We looked for architect-led teams who demonstrated expertise in design, conservation, structural engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, interpretation and landscape design.
To help us in our search, Malcolm Reading Consultants, specialists in running competitions for museums and arts, heritage, and non-profit organisations, were appointed to manage the competition.
Following the competition launch in January 2017, 60 teams (comprising 278 individual firms) entered. A strong shortlist of six award-winning teams were then selected based on project understanding and approach, team composition and relevant experience, to progress to the final stage.
The six shortlisted architectural teams were led by AL_A, Allies and Morrison, Donald Insall Associates, Purcell, Selldorf Architects and Sergison Bates Architects.
" Clandon is so historically resonant and has such cultural potential that we want the competition to attract the most talented design teams with the freshest thinking to help us bring it back to life."
- Helen Ghosh, former Director-General
Those shortlisted teams provided preliminary studies and concept designs to be scrutinised by a panel of National Trust and external specialists. We received an excellent set of submissions, offering many fascinating collaborations and partnerships. Each team had thoroughly analysed the conservation issues and design opportunities, proposing thoughtful and creative approaches.
In the summer of 2017, the concept designs were displayed in a public exhibition at Clandon Park and digitally on our website. Featuring a short film, a 1:100 scale model and a series of panels, the exhibition showcased how each team envisaged remaking the house and provided opportunities for public and stakeholder feedback.
Subsequently, the competition jury met to interview the teams, review the designs and select a winner.
" The teams that were selected thoroughly analysed the conservation issues and design opportunities and proposed thoughtful and creative approaches. I look forward to seeing their concept designs and am honoured to be chairing a distinguished jury."
- Sandy Nairne, Trustee and Chair of the jury
Our jury panel featured figures from the worlds of heritage, architecture, the arts and the locality:
Clive Aslet, Author, Journalist and former Editor of Country Life
David Bickle, Architect and Director of Design, Exhibitions & FuturePlan, Victoria & Albert Museum
Ben Bolgar, Senior Design Director, Prince's Foundation for Building Community
Ptolemy Dean, Principal Director, Ptolemy Dean Architects and Surveyor of the Fabric at Westminster Abbey
Dame Helen Ghosh DCB, Director-General, National Trust
Dame Penelope Keith DBE DL, Local resident, actress and President of the National Trust West Surrey
Sandy Nairne CBE FSA, Trustee of the National Trust and former Director of the National Portrait Gallery
Rt Hon Lord Smith of Finsbury, Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, former Culture Secretary and former Chairman of the Environment Agency
Baroness Lola Young of Hornsey OBE, Campaigner and Historic England Commissioner
Following extensive consultation, Allies and Morrison were chosen to help us bring Clandon Park back to life. The jury praised the winning team's bold yet balanced approach, keeping continuity and cohesion whilst allowing for an appropriate level of drama and excitement. Allies and Morrison are now working with the National Trust to develop a design that offers a bright and sustainable future for Clandon Park.
Discover more at Clandon Park
More on the work we're doing at Clandon
The Clandon Park project: a timeline
Follow our progress through all the milestone moments on the Clandon Park project in a single timeline article, beginning on the night of the fire all the way up to our most recent update.
The salvage phase at Clandon Park
At the end of July 2016, following just over a year of work, we completed the initial phase of our project. Our archaeological salvage work has produced remarkable finds including objects that survived the fire miraculously preserved.
Landscape architect chosen to join Clandon Park restoration team
While the gardens were left untouched by the fire, they form part of the restoration brief for the design team, led by architect Allies and Morrison, to bring Clandon Park back to life. Landscape architects Robert Myers Associates (RMA), has now been appointed by the National Trust to join the restoration team.


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Tag: Andy Garcia
Mario Puzo's THE GODFATHER, Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone
Written by:Danielle SolzmanPosted on: December 1, 2020 December 1, 2020
Newly restored and edited, Mario Puzo's THE GODFATHER, Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone marks the definitive ending of the saga. Maybe it is because I was younger but I don't remember the third film being so bad. Come to think of it, I'm not even sure if I did see the third film. I would need to ask my uncle since he owned the first two films on VHS. In reading over Wikipedia, I…
"Mario Puzo's THE GODFATHER, Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone"
Words on Bathroom Walls: Charlie Plummer Is A Star
Written by:Danielle SolzmanPosted on: August 24, 2020 August 24, 2020
Words on Bathroom Walls explores a high school student's schizophrenia diagnosis in a way that does not make it a stigma to discuss. If you were to go into the film without knowing anything, I wouldn't blame you if you thought it was supernatural. We quickly learn that we're seeing things through Adam's (Charlie Plummer) eyes. And just as quick, we learn that Adam also suffers from a mental illness. Adam wants to be a…
"Words on Bathroom Walls: Charlie Plummer Is A Star"
The Mule Misses More Than It Hits
Written by:Danielle SolzmanPosted on: December 12, 2018 December 13, 2018
As far as storytelling goes, The Mule is a missed opportunity in that the new Clint Eastwood film misses more than it hits. The film's opens with Sunnyside Meadows Flower Farm owner Earl Stone (Clint Eastwood) taking home the gold medal at the 2005 National Daylily League Convention. Unfortunately, Earl would rather be accepting the award than being there for his daughter, Iris (Alison Eastwood). It just so happens that Iris is getting married and Earl…
"The Mule Misses More Than It Hits"
Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again Is A Fun Time
Written by:Danielle SolzmanPosted on: July 18, 2018 July 18, 2018
Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again! takes us back to the Greek island of Kalokairi for a fun musical journey through time between past and present. If there is one thing that Ol Parker learned from the first film, it's a little bit of Pierce Brosnan singing goes a long way. Brosnan was heavily criticized for his singing in the first film and rightfully so. This time around, something is different. Brosnan's singing is more or…
"Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again Is A Fun Time"
Book Club: The Avengers of Their Generation
Written by:Danielle SolzmanPosted on: May 18, 2018
Book Club isn't just a romantic comedy but a film that manages to team up four of the greatest female actors of their time in the same movie. This group of friends have been a part of the same book club since 1974 when they first got together. There's Diane (Diane Keaton), a mother of two daughters but recently widowed when her husband died after 40 years of being together. Next up is Vivian (Jane…
"Book Club: The Avengers of Their Generation"
Geostorm: A Suspenseful Political Thriller, Not A Disaster Movie
Written by:Danielle SolzmanPosted on: October 21, 2017
Geostorm, directed by Independence Day's Dean Devlin in his feature directorial debut, doesn't give us the disaster movie that we wanted it to be. Devlin directed from a script he co-wrote with Paul Guyot. The fillm stars Gerard Butler, Jim Sturgess, Abbie Cornish, Alexandra Maria Lara, Daniel Wu, Eugenio Derbez, with Ed Harris and Andy Garcia. What we got from the film is a suspenseful political thriller mixed in with some natural disasters, and two…
"Geostorm: A Suspenseful Political Thriller, Not A Disaster Movie"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to the Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum. The principle objective of this museum is to provide a state-of-the-art summary of items of geological interest, emphasizing areas currently being studied by our students and research faculty.
To find out more about our museum and research faculty, select the appropriate icon below. We hope that you enjoy your visit, an initiative of the Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre. The centre is comprised of the Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and the Department of Geological Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
When you have completed your tour we would appreciate your comments. Please fill in our visitor survey.
They Will Come Where is Here?
To exit the Museum Click here.


Pushkin House's new show explores the legacy of the 1950-60s period through the history of Moscow's legendary and internationally renowned theatre Sovremennik, or 'Contemporary', now marking its' 60th anniversary.
The exhibition features works by Erik Bulatov, Ilya Kabakov, Viktor Pivovarov, Oleg Vassilev, Pavel Pepperstein, Olga Chernysheva, Vladimir Yankilevsky, and others, along with newly commissioned art work by multimedia artist and 2013 Turner Prize winner Laure Prouvost.
The major part of the exhibition at Pushkin House draws on Sovremennik's archival collection of photographs and video footage, representing events in the early history and life of the theatre, its buildings, audience, as well as actual productions.
Sovremennik has an extraordinary history that reflects the greater history of Russia. It was founded in 1956, during the period in Soviet history known as "The Thaw", which commenced with the death of Stalin in 1953 and lasted until the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. This was a period of unprecedented social, cultural and economic transformation in the Soviet Union: the country needed a new message, a new art and a new theatre. A group of actors: Oleg Yefremov, Galina Volchek, Igor Kvasha, Liliya Tolmachova, Yevgeny Yevstigneyev, Oleg Tabakov and others gathered together to create it. Their aspiration was to demonstrate the resilience of psychological theatre, showing the inner world of real people - their day-to-day problems and desires, as opposed to the wooden heroes of the watered-down plays that dominated the stages of Moscow theatres at the time. This aspiration was embraced by their audience from the first night-time performance of "Eternally Alive" (by Victor Rozov) on April 15, 1956. Soon Sovremennik became the favourite theatre of the younger generation.
The repertoire of the early Sovremennik was based on works by contemporary authors, which included plays written especially for the theatre, as well as modern Western dramas, which managed to get into the USSR through the iron curtain. Despite the Thaw, censorship interfered severely with theatre life. "Matrosskaya Tishina" by Alexander Galich and "Incident at Vichy" by Arthur Miller were forbidden to be performed at the last minute. Other works, even the most innocent, only received approval after up to as many as fifteen views by censors, whose comments either had to be taken on board or subtly circumvented. Similar levels of censorship applied to the visual arts during the Thaw period, when, along with the officially supported Socialist Realism style, Soviet Non-conformist Art appeared. For artists this period ended in 1962, when Khrushchev became apoplectic during an exhibition in Moscow at which several works by nonconformists were exhibited. This incident led to a nation-wide campaign against them. Artists were driven 'underground' and began to hold exhibitions at private flats, giving rise to the term 'Kvartirnaya Vystavka', which literally means "Apartment Exhibition".
'Kvartirnaya Vystavka' at Pushkin House is an installation within the show. In the diverse, eclectic and democratic spirit of 'the contemporary', the works by artists of the Thaw period are arranged alongside those of younger international artists'. This exhibition highlights the fact that the 1950-60s revolution in art and culture manifested itself in different ways throughout the world, and designates the start of a period which we define as 'Contemporary', that continues to this day.
Sovremennik will be performing at Piccadilly Theatre between 3rd and 13th of May. See this link for more details.
Exhibition feautures art works by artists: Hans Op de Beeсk, Olga Chernysheva, Cedric Christie, Pierre Dmitrienko, Alexander Erashov (Amanita), Andrei Grosizki, Ilya Kabakov, Vladimir Nemuchin, Viktor Pivovarov, Laure Prouvost, Evgeni Rukhin, Vladimir Yankilevsky, Yuri Zlotnikov, Anatoly Zverev.
Special thanks to: Lyuba Galkina, Irina Stolyarova, Tsukanov Family Foundation, Flowers Gallery and ARTiculate fund for the loan of art works.
Thanks to: Isabel Bingley, Tomas Cramerotti, Lyuba Galkina, Kateryna Kashintseva, Oliver King, Eugenia Kuznetsova, Alexandrina Markvo, Ludmila Perlova, John Prime, Tatiana Prasolova, Ed Saye.
2nd May: An Evening of Songs from the Thaw with Young Actors from Sovremennik Theatre. In Russian.
8th May:A history of the Sovremennik with Yevgeniya Kusnetsova, associate artistic director of the Theatre. In Russian with English Translation.
16th May: In Conversation with Michael Frayn conducted by Moscow correspondent for the Economist, Arkady Ostrovsky. In English.
20th May: Screening of documentary: Sovremennik: The First 50 Years. In Russian with English surtitles.
Sovremennik Theatre will be performing at Piccadilly Theatre between 3rd and 13th of May. See this link for more details.


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Japanese Garden Renovation News & Updates
Japanese Garden Renovation. Completion of the Pond!
The Prerequisite for careful synchronization of many complicated operations is what makes the renovation of the Japanese Garden so complex. Proper sequencing of each and every step is critical as we systematically rebuild the garden.
For example, setting heavy boulders and boxed trees into place requires a crane that must be positioned in the pond to safely reach the target location for each boulder and tree, some of which can weigh more than several tons. However, the pond liner, made of a 30-millimeter PVC liner placed on geotextile fabric and sealed with a layer of concrete, can be damaged if heavy equipment is driven on it.
The distance the crane can reach before it will tip over is limited by the weight of the object being lifted, so all the crane work for the first of four project phases must be completed before the first phase pond liner is installed, and all the first phase trees and boulders must be on site and ready to go when the crane is called in. The timing of these and numerous other construction steps for each phase demands meticulous planning and intense coordination by the entire renovation team made up of diverse trades and expertise.
Now 11 months into the renovation, (with a delay of two months due to the disasters), we have completed reconstruction of the pond. The liner is fully installed and the final crane has returned the massive stone bridge – 17,000 pounds – to its original position. The main waterfall, originally built by Ozzie Da Ros, now flows as he first intended. By the end of January all the waterworks in the Japanese Garden will be fully functioning and the Lotusland horticultural team will be trained to operate the state-of-the-art biofiltration system that controls the biological condition of the water. We look forward to returning the koi and their recent offspring to their aquatic home where we can view them from the recently completed Lotus Viewing Deck.
In addition to the precise timing of every move of the reconstruction, the protection of historic aspects of the garden has required cautious maneuvering of earth moving equipment to grade the handicap accessible paths without damaging trees and boulders we left in place to be preserved. While the grading of the paths was one of the very first procedures in the renovation, critical to establishing all the grades throughout the garden, the finishing of the paths with paving materials will be one of the very last steps. With path grades set, the landscape team finished the installation of trees in the first and second phases of the garden, ameliorated the existing soils with compost as prescribed by the Lotusland team, and installed irrigation. Planting of the shrub layer has begun so that the south side of the garden looks ready for guests. Phase three is well underway, and phase four has just begun.
Before the disasters, our completion date was March 2019. Disaster evacuations and delays have moved the completion date to May 2019, depending on this winter's weather. That said, progress is brisk and the daily changes are very noticeable. We have removed the green screen from the construction fence so you may watch the team's efforts and the garden's evolution from the safety of the main drive. If you are interested in joining us for a tour inside the garden to witness the team's efforts and get an intimate experience of the garden's evolution as you consider a gift to help us complete our renovation project campaign, please contact Rebecca Anderson at 805.969.3767, ext. 104.
— Gwen Stauffer
Japanese Garden Renovation – Summer Progress.
THE RENOVATION OF THE JAPANESE GARDEN is the largest and most complex project ever undertaken at Lotusland. The team executing the project is made up of several different trades and professions, all working in coordination to take advantage of summer's long and sunny days to make incredible progress.
Lotus Viewing Deck nears completion.
The south side of the pond liner, made of a 30-millimeter PVC liner placed on geotextile fabric and sealed with a layer of concrete, has been installed , and includes planting beds for aquatic plants. The liner is finished to look like a clay and rock bottom. Boulders that once graced the edges of the pond were carefully inventoried, tagged, photographed and set aside before the renovation, and are now being carefully placed back to their original location. Installation of the pond liner on the west side of the pond is underway, and installation of the Lotus Viewing Deck, bridge and Torii Landing will be finished this autumn.
The small pond by the large forest of bamboo by the Aloe Garden has been rebuilt with a deep liner to support koi and aquatic plants, with a new waterfall to replace the historic one that did not function. A new path through the bamboo leads to a clearing at the pond's edge, across from the waterfall, where visitors can sit on a stone bench in the shade and relax to the sound of water gently tumbling over boulders.
The Bamboo Pond is being refurbished.
Dismantling of the waterfall built by Ozzie Da Ros is underway. After the boulders were carefully inventoried and removed, the team will replace failed plumbing and install a new liner behind the waterfall and along the stream to stop leaking and erosion. Some time ago — longer than anyone can remember — the waterfall stopped working as designed, and all of us can't wait to see it flowing again as Ozzie intended.
One of the most difficult challenges of the project has been the placement of paths that are fully accessible per requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Santa Barbara County. We want the garden to be fully accessible with as few steps as possible and without handrails. The difficulty of making gently sloping paths within the existing steep grade is made greater by our priority to save as many trees as possible. To save the trees we must avoid disturbing their roots. Careful excavation around the large Araucarias on the southeast corner of the garden to reveal surface roots forced us to reroute the paths several times until we were able to meet all our objectives.
All the ponds use a multi-layer liner technology.
In early September, Lotusland staff led donors through the Japanese Garden to witness our renovation progress and learn about the complex process of putting the garden back together. If you are interested in joining us for a progress tour as you consider a gift to help us complete our renovation project campaign, please contact Rebecca Anderson at 805.969.3767, ext. 104
Japanese Garden Renovation – Halfway to Completion
OVER A YEAR AGO WE STARTED taking the Japanese Garden apart, carefully and deliberately, to save trees, lanterns and koi that are iconic to the garden. We drained the pond to dry it out over the summer so that equipment could enter without getting mired in the clay mud. This process of "de-construction" is a key step in garden renovation, but it can be emotionally difficult to see a beautiful space destroyed.
Foundation for the lotus viewing deck is nearly completed.
Pablo Picasso famously said, "Every act of creation is first an act of destruction." Now, a year later, the Japanese Garden is showing signs of its rebirth as the most tranquil and loved garden at Lotusland.
Foundation for the lotus viewing deck is nearly completed.With the excavation of tons of clay complete, we are now forming the new edges of the pond to prepare for the installation of the liner. We have built the foundation for the new Torii landing, which will allow visitors to gather at the bottom of the Torii steps. The concrete foundations for the south bridge and lotus viewing deck have been constructed, and the wood bridge and deck are being fabricated in the shop of master carpenter Jamie Nelson. At the same time, a new foundation is being built for the garden's iconic stone bridge.
The Torii landing will create a gathering place at the bottom of the steps.
Shortly after the foundations are constructed, the liner will be installed on the pond's south side in three layers. First, geotextile fabric will be placed on the bare ground to protect the liner from protruding objects like rocks and roots, then a 30-millimeter PVC liner is set in place, neatly tucked in at the pond's top edge. Then this is sealed with a layer of concrete to protect the liner on top. As the concrete is installed, rocks that previously graced the pond edge will be put back in place. We anticipate the pond to be fully constructed by this autumn.
In late 2017 we broke ground on this project with 75% of funds raised. The Thomas fire and mudslide interrupted the campaign as well as the project. With our goal in sight, we hope all our members and supporters will be inspired to join us in rebuilding this iconic garden.
Japanese Lantern Exhibit – The Ishi Dōrō of Lotusland
Begins the Preliminary Phase of the Japanese Garden Renovation
Lotusland Newsletter, Spring 2017
For the past few months, Lotusland's staff has taken advantage of the winter season to execute preparatory tasks that must be completed well before the heavy work of the Japanese Garden Renovation project can begin. The timing was extremely critical for most of these tasks. The koi fish prefer to be moved when the weather is cool, before they spawn. The niwaki sculpted trees— many of them started by Frank Fujii, Ganna Walska's gardener and codesigner— had to be dug up and boxed during their winter dormancy. The trees will be returned to their original positions in the garden near the end of the project, and the koi will be returned to the pond as well.
Another critical task was moving the Japanese stone lanterns out of the garden to prevent any damage to them during the renovation. Ganna Walska amassed more than 30 Japanese stone lanterns, or ishi-dōrō , to embellish her Japanese stroll garden. The lanterns were placed in appropriate locations by Walska and Fujii, each according to their purpose. Set with stones or wash basins and an arrangement of plants, they fit seamlessly as an important garden ornament. This winter, the lanterns have been carefully cataloged, along with their accompanying rocks, basins and plants, so that they can be returned to their original positions to complete the renovation at the end of 2018.
We took advantage of the need to move Walska's exquisite and historic lantern collection to showcase them, all together for the first time, in the stunning Ishi-Dōrō of Lotusland exhibit along the main drive, opposite the Japanese Garden. Walska's ishi-dōrō collection includes stone lanterns of many styles and purposes, representing many different periods in Japanese history and culture. While the provenance of these lanterns cannot be verified, records indicate that some of them were acquired from the Japanese gardens of local Montecito estates, some of which were dismantled during World War II as a show of patriotism. It is likely that some came directly from Japan, possibly for the Japanese Emperor's exhibit at the 1894 World Exposition in St. Louis, which were subsequently sold to merchants and wealthy patrons.
The Ishi-Dōrō of Lotusland exhibit is temporary, but will remain in place while the Japanese Garden undergoes the urgent renovation to repair water features, rebuild the path system to make the garden fully accessible, restore original plantings and fulfill Waska's and Fujii's vision for the garden.
In Memoriam: Frank Fujii 1917-2016
In 1967, Frank Fujii began working for Ganna Walska and launched a career at Lotusland that would span 40 years. Read article
Lotusland Receives $1.8 Million Japanese Garden Grant from the Hind Foundation
Santa Barbara, California, July 1, 2016 – We are pleased to announce a $1.8 million grant from the Hind Foundation to Lotusland's Japanese Garden Renovation campaign, Restoring Body & Spirit. This generous grant will be used for garden path modifications and accompanying retrofits, creating greater access for all visitors, especially those with disabilities. This will allow access to the Japanese Garden and adjacent gardens, and to meet standards set by the Americans with Disabilities act (ADA).
Lotusland's President of the Board of Trustees, Connie Pearcy, said, "The Hind Foundation's generosity helps us move forward in accomplishing the important task of opening the Japanese Garden to those who might not otherwise be able to experience the peace, tranquility and renewing nature of this wonderful environment. Their commitment to Lotusland ensures that the Japanese Garden will be open and inviting to all individuals."
Since the late 1800s several layers of history have been represented on the site where Madame Walska fulfilled her her unique vision for a Japanese-styled garden. Built in the 1960s within a deep earthen bowl, and around an existing pond and path system, Walska created the largest garden at Lotusland. Her plans were implemented by stone mason Oswald "Ozzie" Da Ros, and lead gardener and aesthetic pruner, Frank Fujii, and through their ongoing collaboration the garden continued to evolve over the years.
Lotusland's Japanese Garden is an important historical example of the type of Japanese-style garden built on American private estates after World War II, and is the only Japanese-style garden open to the public between Los Angeles and the Bay Area.
Lotusland's The Japanese Garden Renovation project will address these pressing needs:
• Repair the garden's aging infrastructure including rebuilding and lining the pond, restoring original plant collections, unify the historic layers, and address the current and future use as a public space, that all elements are seamlessly connected.
• Sustain Madame Walska's vision for the garden and fulfill the uncompleted plans by her first and only Japanese garden designer, Frank Fujii, to provide visitors with sweeping vistas, close contact with lotuses, and intimate spaces to rest, relax and contemplate.
• Create greater access and safer paths for all visitors, especially those with disabilities, through the Japanese Garden and adjacent gardens, and to meet standards set by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
• Create gathering points along the paths for visitors to pause and experience the garden more deeply, and to provide space for future programming that is currently not possible.
• Create an endowment, dedicated solely to the perpetual care of the garden, ensuring that Lotusland's revived Japanese Garden continues to provide visitors – now and well into the future – with a tranquil, meditative and inspiring experience.
Garden Renovation Project by Gwen Stauffer and Virginia Hayes
Bright new leaves of an ornamental Japanese maple frame the garden view.
Santa Barbara had been "a delightful little rural community" prior to 1890, states Victoria Padilla in Southern California Gardens (1961), but by then "had definitely become a floralconscious community, eager to raise… the lesser known trees, shrubs, and palms. As the infrastructure of roads, water delivery systems and eventually electricity were implemented, estates with more refined gardens were built." A few of them followed a national trend to include Japanese-style gardens—a fashion that spread rapidly after Japan, isolated for several centuries from foreigners, decided to show the world how far Japan had come by creating a grand display at Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exposition. Millions of visitors to the Japanese pavilion, bazaar and gardens were captivated by the simple elegance of the Japanese arts and architecture at a time when American fashion was "smothered in the gravy of Victorian taste." Japan's exhibit at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago continued to broaden American enchantment with all things Japanese.
There was a period in the pre- World War II history of estate building in Santa Barbara when many private gardens with Japanese elements were created, including Mrs. John J. Mitchell's El Mirador, and The Knight and Brundage Estates, but very few of these remain in Santa Barbara today. The pre-World War II Storrier-Stearns garden in Pasadena, restored in 2010, was designed and executed by Kunzichii Fujii, the father of Frank Fujii who worked with Madame Walska to build her Japanese garden.
The trend of building Japanese gardens in the United States hit a decisive low when Pearl Harbor was bombed and, in a display of patriotism, most Japanese gardens in the United States were demolished. After the war, the influence of Japanese sensibilities on American design resumed and a new set of elite Americans built new Japanese gardens.
The Japanese garden at Lotusland, created in the late 1960s, is the only remaining post-World War II Japanese Garden that is open to the public on the California central coast between Los Angeles and the Bay area. According to Ken Brown in Japanese-Style Gardens of the Pacific West Coast (1999), "Madame Ganna Walska pursued a unique vision on her estate Lotusland. Although Walska…had never been to Japan, the popularity of Japanese-style gardens among such friends as Barbara Hutton and the exotic associations of the genre likely fueled her desire for one." Brown also feels that "the Lotusland Japanese garden…is very much I think about the local site, lanterns mainly from the area, and Madame Walska's love of a variety of botanical species. …these are the qualities that distinguish it from the mainstream."
A flowering cherry tree brings spring to life along the main path.
While it is true that very few "Japanese" gardens in America actually follow the strict tenets of Japanese garden design, and, even of those that do, it is argued that only gardens in Japan are truly "authentic." This does not diminish the importance of the Japanese gardens that exist in the U.S., particularly those built during the Golden Age of estate building in America and again after World War II. These conceptual Japanese gardens, or Japanese-style gardens, are important period pieces in the history of American gardens and exemplify the incorporation of a Japanese or Asian aesthetic into American gardens at significant periods in the history of American garden design.
There are several layers of history represented in Lotusland's Japanese garden. In the late 1880s, R. Kinton Stevens constructed a reservoir in what had been a clay quarry to collect rainwater for irrigation. After Stevens' death in 1896, the level of water was allowed to recede. The Gavit family (c. 1918 to 1938) built paths around the lowered pond and used it for recreation.
The pond was already densely filled with Asian lotuses planted by Stevens when Madame Walska purchased the property. She conceived of a Japanesestyle garden around the pond, and her scrapbooks with Japanese-themed clippings date from 1964 through 1972. During that time, she commissioned plans from several architects and although the plans were never implemented as drawn, Madame Walska may have incorporated some of the elements into the planted garden. She hired stone mason Ozzie Da Ros and aesthetic pruner Frank Fujii to purchase and install stones, lanterns and plants. Many of the lanterns came from other Japanese gardens that were being dismantled by the owners of private estates in Santa Barbara.
The garden continued to evolve over several years including the addition of an azalea bed, designed by her garden superintendent Charles Glass. He also enhanced the adjacent "bamboo pond," adding a waterfall and a stone lantern that was moved from another location in the garden.
This antique Buddha statue holds a floral offering nearly every day.
Following Madame Walska's death in 1984, the Board of Trustees hired Koichi Kawana, a lecturer at UCLA who specialized in Japanese garden design, to aid in refreshing the Japanese garden. Two significant results from Kawana's recommendations were the installation of a Shinto-style shrine within a new grove of conifers, as well as a freestanding pergola planted with wisteria vines and low benches on a high point of the garden's perimeter. Large black pebbles were added to define the "beach" next to the koi pond.
One underlying influence throughout the creation of the Japanese garden from 1968 until 2007 was the vision that Frank Fujii had to make a harmonious garden of appropriate plants, stones, ornaments and other enhancements to the garden. Frank Fujii guided the aesthetic of the garden even during Madame Walska's lifetime, under the influence of the Lotusland Board with Dr. Kawana's input, and long after. Frank Fujii worked the garden well into his 80s, but by the time he retired in 2007, the complete vision he and Madame Walska shared for the garden had yet to be realized. Before Mr. Fujii left Lotusland, he recorded aspects of his and Madame Walska's long-term vision for continued aesthetic modifications in the garden so that one day the garden could be completed.
The view from the pergola designed by Koichi Kawana.
After three years of intense study of the complex layers of the Japanese garden, we are now considering several elements that need renovation as well as some that Mr. Fujii envisioned, all to be addressed in a large renovation project we hope to begin this year. For example, Lotusland was created as a private estate, but now that it is a public garden, many of the pathways are not sufficiently wide or appropriately sloped, or constructed with appropriate materials. Lotusland commissioned an ADA Accessibility Report, which provides recommendations for renovating paths to ensure safe access for all, and we will incorporate these to accommodate all public visitors without compromising the aesthetic integrity of the garden.
The clay-bottom pond was not originally intended to be an aesthetic feature of the estate, but has evolved to that. Lotusland is committed to managing the pond sustainably and allowing a natural bio-system to occur in the pond. Ultimately, the desired aesthetic of the pond is greater water clarity so the koi fish can be viewed, while maintaining the reflective quality on the surface of the water. The long-term vision for the pond also includes an access point at the edge of the pond containing the lotuses so that visitors may approach them more closely.
Other issues we plan to address in the renovation are removal and replacement of aging trees and plants that cannot be saved, replacement of plants long lost from the garden, restoration of lost design elements, and inclusion of new design elements to meet our accessibility goals. We are pleased to have a team of two firms who are well versed in historic landscape restoration as well as Japanese garden tradition and design —Arcadia Studios, with Derrik Eichelberger as lead, and Paul Comstock Landscape, with Paul Comstock as lead, are partnering with us to fulfill this Japanese Garden Renovation Project. The team is working now to prepare a master landscape plan and a preliminary budget, which we hope to present to donors this spring. Once we have secured sufficient funding, the team will create construction documents and a final budget to launch a competitive bid process. Construction will take several months, and the Japanese garden will be closed during that time.


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White supremacy is global
Unpacking the Texas abortion ban: White supremacy in the anti-rights movement
A thought-provoking conversation between Ipas President and CEO Anu Kumar and award-winning author, advocate, professor and social commentator Michele Goodwin.
Access to safe abortion and contraception: Vital for young women globally, a priority for U.S. foreign assistance
The United States, as the world's foreign assistance leader, must play a key role in safeguarding a comprehensive and integrated approach to sexual and reproductive health and rights for young women. This fact sheet outlines policy challenges that deny young women their sexual and reproductive rights and puts forth policy actions the U.S. government should take: expand family planning funding, repeal the damaging Helms Amendment, permanently repeal the Mexico City Policy (also called the Global Gag Rule), and continue to work toward a progressive sexual and reproductive health agenda in platforms like the International Conference on Population and Development and the United Nations.
How U.S. Foreign Policy BLOCKS Women's Access to Safe Abortion Overseas
This factsheet provides an overview of the Helms Amendment and how it harms the world's most vulnerable women by denying them access to safe abortion services.
New Polling Shows Majority of Voters Favor Overturning Helms
This memo summarizes key findings from an online survey among 800 registered voters nationwide conducted by Hart Research on behalf of Ipas.
Key Messages on the Harms of the Helms Amendment and the Case for Repeal
When talking about the Helms Amendment and U.S. foreign assistance for safe abortion, these key messages are simple and represent what voters feel, according to 2020 polling results.
Trump's domestic gag rule will silence, shame, and stigmatize women
The domestic and global gag rules stigmatize a simple medical procedure by disconnecting it from other health care services and by forcing doctors not to offer women the whole array or reproductive options available to them.
Don't forget women's reproductive health in the wake of Harvey
In a state where access to contraception, abortion and other reproductive health care is already hard to get, how likely are women to get that care in the wake of Hurricane Harvey?
Using the reproductive justice framework for message development in the Latin and Central America Region
This publication defines reproductive justice (RJ) and its strategies, and identifies organizations using the RJ framework in the United States as well as documents and tools developed by those organizations. In addition, this publication summarizes opportunities for Ipas to use the RJ framework in the LAC region
How Nikki Haley's ambassador appointment threatens the spirit and intent of the UN
Helms and Hyde Amendments: More than 40 years of human rights violations
Green (with envy) about the gay rights movement
More than half the population supports gay marriage and families. So when will abortion and women's rights to reproductive self-determination be a cultural norm?
Confronting abortion stigma
Every day of every week several state legislatures are hard at work creating more and more restrictions to punish both women in need of abortion and the medical professionals providing safe abortion care. What do all of these actions across the country share? They're all rooted in abortion stigma.
Abortion stigma is global
The stigma that often surrounds abortion and anyone associated with it—women, providers, pharmacists and advocates—contributes to abortion's social, medical and legal marginalization. At Ipas, we know that stigmatizing abortion is inherently harmful to women's health — preventing them from getting the care they deserve.
Abortion stigma and the case of Purvi Patel
What Komen v. Planned Parenthood teaches us about abortion stigma
Two major women's health organizations, Susan G. Komen for the Cure and Planned Parenthood, battled for women's respect and donations. Two days later the dust is settling and we're left to wonder what we should take away from the tangle? Was it about fundraising? Women's health? Politics? I suggest it is about stigma, specifically abortion stigma that has been deliberately attached to a beloved national institution and household name, Planned Parenthood.
Denying women their rights, criminalizing doctors
At a time when the pool of abortion providers is shrinking and abortion clinics are closing, medical abortion can truly increase women's access, particularly to those in underserved areas. For legislators who want to end access to abortion under any circumstances, medical abortion is an obvious target.
Abortion, the states and the World Health Organization
The new WHO recommendations make it painfully clear that, nearly 40 years after Roe v. Wade, we're doing everything wrong here. Whether it's gestational limits, ultrasounds, counseling or human rights, nearly every policy proposed by anti-abortion legislators directly contradicts the new WHO guidelines, which are based on years of consultation and discussion, incorporating scientific evidence and international human rights standards.
Correlates of perceived and internalized stigma among abortion patients in the USA: An exploration by race and Hispanic ethnicity
Combating abortion stigma requires more than just storytelling
Certainly, sharing abortion stories can be a powerful act and may reduce self-stigma. But I fear that it distracts from the structural inequalities of race, poverty, age, and education by placing too much emphasis on the individual. And I worry that it lets our politicians and policymakers off the hook.


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10 Classical Compositions that Anime Loves
Micchy introduces us to some of the most iconic and often used musical compositions in anime!
November 21, 2017 2:00pm EST (21/11/17)
For anime soundtracks, Western classical music can be a useful tool. One fewer cue to compose, for starters, and you don't have to navigate the same rights issues that crop up when licensing contemporary music. Especially for more well-known pieces, there might be dozens of different recordings to choose from for just the right interpretation. Audience recognition helps too - there's something special about hearing a familiar tune played over a pivotal scene. It's not always used well (I can think of some very, very bad examples), but when smartly inserted, Western music can make for some truly iconic moments. Let's take a look at some pieces that show up often in anime.
10. Polovtsian Dances from Prince Igor (Alexander Borodin)
[Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra]
Although Borodin never finished the opera Prince Igor before his death in 1887, the Polovtsian Dances from the end of Act II survive in concert halls worldwide, as well as in pop culture. No. 17, "Gliding Dance of the Maidens," appears in Kare Kano: His and Her Circumstances, as well as in the second season of Sound! Euphonium arranged for concert band. The piece itself comes from the scene in Prince Igor where the invading Turkic tribe celebrates the khan Konchak. It was intended to sound exotic when contrasted with the Russian folk music associated with the opera's protagonists. The piece suggests another land, different and unknowable - appropriate for the finale of Blood Blockade Battlefront, when the supernatural world threatens to collide with the real one. It's also frequently used in RahXephon to represent the Mulians, a mysterious race that controls music-powered clay mechs. Yoko Kanno even quotes its melody in "Garden of Everything," the B-side of the movie's ending theme. In both BBB and RahXephon, the Polovtsian Dances' 'foreignness' emphasizes the long history behind their respective supernatural beings. It's nice when soundtracks are thematically relevant like that!
9. Symphony No. 8 "Symphony of a Thousand" (Gustav Mahler)
While not as pervasive in anime as some of the other entries on this list, Mahler 8 (dubbed "Symphony of a Thousand" for its enormous orchestra and chorus) is still pretty iconic, figuring heavily in the broadcast order finale of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (chronologically episode 6). The text of the piece itself revolves around redemption through love and confidence in humanity, making the symphony possibly one of the most uplifting pieces of late Romanticism. It's fitting for a grand finale that [spoilers?] hinges on Haruhi and Kyon's faith in humanity to keep reality from collapsing. No matter how unusual or interesting Haruhi's alternate world may be, it's solitary and miserable. To keep Haruhi from remaking reality according to her own whims, Kyon reminds her of the relationships she'd lose in hopes of grounding her enough to return them to reality. Who cares about a fun fantasy world without people to enjoy it with? Why reject everyone you love in favor of danger and uncertainty? Symphony of a Thousand is ultimately about embracing the human attachments we form, perfectly in line with the anime's themes.
8. Nocturne Op. 9 No. 2 (Frederic Chopin)
[official? rubinstein]
A mainstay in film and TV, this nocturne is probably one of the first pieces people associate with Romantic keyboard music. It's a go-to cue to telegraph that a character is sophisticated: Austria in Hetalia, one of the antagonists in Parasyte -the maxim-; Glasslip, Legend of Galactic Heroes, Momoiro Sisters, the list goes on. So it's a nice change of pace when it's used differently, like in the penultimate episode of Hybrid x Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia. The pairing of sweet evening music with a scene of busty, half-naked anime girls fighting to keep Tokyo from blowing up is hilariously jarring - just the way I like my fanservice anime. It's totally in character for Hybrid x Heart to shoot for drama and blow straight into camp, and the scene is perhaps the best example of that tonal mismatch in the show's entire run. I'm not sure how the impossibly shy Chopin would feel about his music being used this way, but hey, it's not like he's around to complain.
7. Prelude No. 1 from Well-Tempered Clavier (J.S. Bach) / "Ave Maria" (Charles Gounod)
The Well-Tempered Clavier, composed around 1722 to show off the latest advances in proto-piano technology, is today regarded as one of the Baroque period's most important works, such that the dozens of preludes and fugues collected in two volumes are the bane of every piano student ever. But while most of WTC is unknown to people outside the music world, the first prelude remains Bach's most well-known solo keyboard piece (the famous Minuet in G being the work of one of his colleagues). Over a century later, French operatist Charles Gounod superimposed a melody on it, eventually pairing it with the text of a Catholic prayer. The resulting song is about as famous as the original prelude, showing up all over popular culture. Puella Magi Madoka Magica, for an easy anime example. Yurikuma Arashi uses the piece as well, associating it with the bear deity Kumaria (the Virgin Beary, if you will). Yes, you read that right. "Ave Maria" for Kumaria. On the nose? Absolutely. Dead on the fuzzy little bear-girl nose. To be fair, none of the visual metaphors in Yurikuma are any more subtle, so it totally fits. Bless this show.
6. Sonata for Two Pianos in D major, K.448 (W.A. Mozart)
How do you depict a relationship between two musicians? In a duet, of course! It happens plenty in Your Lie in April in both four-hand piano and violin/piano combinations. But why restrict yourself to one piano when you can have two? That's where Mozart's K.448 comes in. When he was 25, he composed the two-piano sonata for a joint performance with his 23-year-old student Josepha Auernhammer, who was purportedly in love with him. Although nothing came of that relationship, the circumstances surrounding the piece's composition perhaps make it tempting to assign romantic connotations to any performance of it. Certain anime take advantage of that: in Ouran High School Host Club (after Tamaki's bizarre solo demonstration of both parts at once), a duo of middle schoolers learns the two-piano sonata to kick off their blossoming romance. In all versions of Nodame Cantabile, it's the first collaboration the uptight Chiaki and carefree Nodame undertake together. Handing off the melody between them, Nodame and Chiaki must learn to respect and accomodate their conflicting personalities. It's important that neither part is simply accompaniment to the other; unlike in a four-hand duet, where one person plays in the lower range and the other in the higher, the two players in a duo must be equally skilled, complementing each other rather than dominating. Chiaki and Nodame's successful performance of the piece signals their mutual understanding of each other, the start of a complicated but enduring romance/friendship that carries through the rest of the series.
5. "Vocalise," Op. 34 No. 14 (Sergei Rachmaninoff)
(unknown, but official upload)
"Vocalise," as its title suggests, is one of 14 songs that Rachmaninoff originally composed for voice with piano accompaniment. These days, it's often performed by an orchestra or a solo instrument. I have a particular fondness for Rach's own orchestral arrangement, but the melody on its own is lovely as well. Melancholic and gorgeous, it suggests a profound loneliness. No wonder it tends to show up in heartwrenching anime scenes. In Puella Magi Madoka Magica, a recording of Kyousuke's violin solo is yet another contributor to Sayaka's despair. In Night Raid 1931, the piece is a running motif in spy Aoi Miyoshi's troubled life, first as a joke about his poor violin skills, and then later as a prominent element in his backstory. His attachment to the piece turns out to be in remembrance of a lost love. It's an expression of nostalgia to a time when his life was simpler, before Japan's growing militarism erupted full force in Nanking and Korea, complicating his espionage work. The piece's presence throughout the series in stilted, off-key form is so essential in making the final revelation land, music reaching clarity just as Miyoshi's motivations do. It's one of the best creative choices in a politically controversial but otherwise unremarkable anime, and Miyoshi's story wouldn't work nearly as well without it.
4. Piano Concerto No. 2 Op. 18 (Sergei Rachmaninoff)
I just mentioned a Rachmaninoff piece, but this one is too good to skip. One of the most notoriously difficult and exhausting pieces in the piano repertoire, Rachmaninoff's second concerto (affectionately nicknamed "Rach 2") is a perennial concert favorite. The technical skill and strength required to play the entire thing make it a survival challenge in itself. As such, it's the highlight of the debuts of both Eugenie Danglars in Gankutsuou and Shinichi Chiaki in Nodame Cantabile. It also shows up in Fairy Tail underscoring the climactic fight between Erza and Azuma in episode 114. Throughout the development, Jellal reassures Erza that he's supporting her in spirit. The music is well-matched to the action onscreen, reaching the virtuosic climax of the first movement at the decisive moment of the battle. As the final chords land, Erza regains her drive. The show does cut some of the tense buildup that I love Rach 2 for, but nonetheless, the payoff is still damn satisfying.
(On the subject of Rachmaninoff, his third piano concerto - my favorite piece of his - shows up markedly less often; the only anime example I can think of is in Legend of the Galactic Heroes. Maybe someday people will understand the glory of Rach 3. In the meantime, try humming the James Bond theme over Rach 2. It's a lot of fun, I promise.)
3. Etude Op. 10 No. 3, "Tristesse" (Frederic Chopin)
Today, Chopin's etudes (Op. 10 and 25) are staples of piano repertoire. Each is a study in a specific keyboard technique. The third etude "Tristesse" (sometimes "L'Adieu"), as it's now known, emphasizes balance and smooth voicing. The melody - Chopin's most beautiful, by his own judgment - is still beloved today. It can be heard in the Baccano! finale, as well as in Fullmetal Alchemist (2003) under the title "Tune of Separation," arranged for string orchestra by Michiru Oshima. My favorite use of it is in the Genius Party short Baby Blue, directed by Shinichiro Watanabe. In the 15-minute film, the melody first appears when Shou sketches out an aimless tune on the piano. It comes back in full force in the dreamlike emotional climax, expressing the bittersweet nostalgia of youth as his childhood friend Hazuki bids him a final farewell. The piece may not have been composed with a narrative in mind, but its reputation as a piece about goodbyes serves it well here in one truly memorable scene.
2. "Clair de lune" from Suite bergamasque (Claude Debussy)
The third movement of Debussy's Suite bergamasque, "Clair de lune" is one of the most iconic keyboard pieces in French Impressionism, a late 19th-/early 20th-century artistic movement that prioritized conveying a mood over presenting a detailed picture. That focus on atmosphere over a defined melody might be what makes the piece so appealing as a soundtrack. Its sentimental A-section appears in Kids on the Slope, Wandering Son, 18if, and even an inconsequential bath scene in Thermae Romae. Rarely, however, does anything use the entire piece - which means it stands out all the more in Your Lie in April. In episode 15, the piece perfectly underscores Tsubaki's nighttime heart-to-heart with Kousei. Her lines are timed to match the piece's phrasing, and as the music becomes more intense, so does her monologue. The flowing B-section expresses her desperation as she realizes that Kousei's musical career is taking him out of her reach. By the time Kousei reaches the piece's recap, we get the sense that something has changed. Tsubaki might be the same person she's always been, but her relationships have been forever altered. Likewise, the last section of the piece sounds similar to the beginning, but elements of the B-section still linger as a reminder that things can't stay the same. The scene is a pitch-perfect marriage of story and soundtrack, and my favorite use of "Clair de lune" in anything, full stop.
1. Symphony No. 9, "Choral" (Ludwig van Beethoven)
Generally agreed to be Beethoven's greatest work, Beethoven 9 was unique for Classical-era music in that it introduced a chorus layered over the orchestra - hence the nickname. The symphony is an easy go-to for a grandiose and triumphant score, since the "Ode to Joy" melody from the last movement is immediately recognizable. No wonder it's popular worldwide - especially so in Japan. The piece appears in Gunslinger Girl, the Nodame Cantabile J-drama, and a number of other shows. Thanks to Kaworu Nagisa in Neon Genesis Evangelion, it's now also the "sophisticated, vaguely menacing white-haired anime boy" leitmotif - think Shogo Makishima in Pyscho-Pass, for instance. And for good reason! The last scene in episode 24 of EVA is easily one of the most iconic, disturbing moments in anime. The minutes-long still shot and delicious irony of a piece about joy played over Shinji's worst emotional low leave a real impression. Plus, Alexander Rahbari's interpretation of the piece is one of my favorites, capturing a fierce rawness that's often missing in more technically polished recordings.
But because Beethoven 9 is such a seminal work of music, I can't limit this entry to just EVA. In Yuri!!! on ICE, Otabek Altin's free skate music is a unique arrangement of the symphony's second movement. While the original piece was already groundbreaking, composer Taku Matsushiba takes it some really interesting places. Beefing up the chorus and brass sections to make the overall sound even bigger, Matsushiba re-orchestrates the piece to sound decidedly more modern in places. The end result is simultaneously traditional and transgressive, but most importantly, A Lot. EVA may have used the symphony to devastating effect, but this wonderfully cheesy reinterpretation is more special to me for capturing the blend of silly and serious that I love about anime.
These aren't all of them, not even close. I didn't even get to Michiru Oshima's string arrangement of Beethoven's Tempest Sonata in Blast of Tempest, the infamous Hallelujah scene in Evangelion, or the sheer variety of music used in Princess Tutu, Legend of the Galactic Heroes, and ClassicaLoid. And that's to say nothing of Yoshihisa Hirano's habit of quoting other works in his soundtracks: Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet in Hunter x Hunter, Bizet/Sarasate in Ouran some vaguely Orffian strains in Death Note. Meanwhile, Yuri!!! on ICE uses both real pieces (Tchaik's Sleeping Beauty, Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto Op. 64, Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition) and sound-alikes (Taku Matsushiba's "Rapsodie Espagnole" resembles Ravel's Bolero, "Stammi vicino, non te ne andare," Puccini with a hint of Wagner; and "Allego Appassionato," Rachmaninoff, what with the absurdly difficult techniques in its latter half). You can find Western art music all over the place in anime if you just look.
On that note (heh), what's your favorite classical piece in anime?
Micchy is an enormous dweeb who tries and fails to hide her anime obsession behind a skating otaku facade. Follow her on Twitter @Liuwdere for more vaguely anime-related content.
micchy
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What is n-type Semiconductor – Definition
December 14, 2019 by Nick Connor
An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor. Crystal doped with group V elements is the n-type semiconductor. Radiation Dosimetry
n-type Semiconductors
An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. Since silicon is a tetravalent element, the normal crystal structure contains 4 covalent bonds from four valence electrons. In silicon, the most common dopants are group III and group V elements. Group V elements (pentavalent) have five valence electrons, which allows them to act as a donor. That means, the addition of these pentavalent impurities such as arsenic, antimony or phosphorus contributes free electrons, greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor. For example, a silicon crystal doped with boron (group III) creates a p-type semiconductor whereas a crystal doped with phosphorus (group V) results in an n-type semiconductor.
The conduction electrons are completely dominated by the number of donor electrons. Therefore:
The total number of conduction electrons is approximately equal to the number of donor sites, n≈ND.
Charge neutrality of semiconductor material is maintained because excited donor sites balance the conduction electrons. The net result is that the number of conduction electrons is increased, while the number of holes is reduced. The imbalance of the carrier concentration in the respective bands is expressed by the different absolute number of electrons and holes. Electrons are majority carriers, while holes are minority carriers in n-type material.
Donor Level
From the energy gap viewpoint, such impurities "create" energy levels in the band gap close to conduction band so that electrons can be easily excited from these levels into the conduction band. The electrons are said to be the "majority carriers" for current flow in an n-type semiconductor. This shifts the effective Fermi level to a point about halfway between the donor levels and the conduction band. Fermi level is the term used to describe the top of the collection of electron energy levels at absolute zero temperature. The Fermi level is the surface of Fermi sea at absolute zero where no electrons will have enough energy to rise above the surface. In pure semiconductors the position of the Fermi level is within the band gap, approximately in the middle of the band gap.
Radiation Protection:
Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480.
Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10/2010. ISBN-13: 978-1441923912.
Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4/2013. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764.
U.S.NRC, NUCLEAR REACTOR CONCEPTS
U.S. Department of Energy, Instrumantation and Control. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 2. June 1992.
Nuclear and Reactor Physics:
J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).
J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.
W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.
Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317
W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467
G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965
Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.
U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.
Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. EDP Sciences, 2008. ISBN: 978-2759800414.
Types of Semiconductors
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Carmichael area map / this Carmichael community map was created for the Carmichael Chamber of Commerce by Chamber Productions. -- ©1980.
City of Santa Clara bicycle map. -- 2013.
Island of Oahu, travel map : Honolulu, Waikiki, urban areas, places of interest : newest, most complete visitor information! = Palapalaʻaina ho'omaka'ika'i / produced by Eureka Cartography, Berkeley, CA. -- ©2002.
Monterey Peninsula guide map / Cartographic Department, California State Automobile Association published by the California State Automobile Association. -- ©2007.
Nolensville, Tennessee / map by Eureka Cartography, Berkeley, CA. -- 2015.
Street map, Santa Paula, California : (Ventura County). -- 1971.
Susanville and vicinity / Cartographic Department, California State Automobile Association. -- ©2006.
The TRANSMED atlas : the Mediterranean region from crust to mantle : geological and geophysical framework of the Mediterranean and the surrounding areas / Cavazza, William [and others] (editors). -- ©2004.


An unused cruise ship may help solve a small but important part of the homelessness problem in the USA. We have a major problem with homelessness around the country. It isn't just a problem with the older community or the sick but it is also a major problem with the young and those who are healthy. Many, many people these days are homeless and it is a terrible problem to have.
Although it is a major problem in the country, one man plans to try to solve the problem by buying an unused cruise ship. His plan sounds amazing too! If everything works out well enough with the way he thinks it will, the USA will not only have some of the homelessness problem solved by giving those in Portland, Maine, where there are a lot of homeless people living on the streets and sleeping on benches, a home to live in, but it will also turn part of the city into the first ever floating community. The reason for this is because this one man, entrepreneur Ken Capron, plans on buying an unused cruise ship and turning it into apartments for the homeless in Portland. How awesome does this sound!?
Capron says that is it does work out well, there will be five floors with 100 apartments on each floor. That is a lot of homeless problems solved! It will sit along the city's port and will be a floating community. How cool?!
The mayor of Portland says he is definitely on board with this great plan and hopes it works for everyone involved. He says, although it sounds a bit wacky, it will definitely help many people who live on the streets, finally have a home of their own.
The plan hasn't started yet. If it gets approved by the independent investigator who will make sure the plan is even feasible, it will house more than 1,000 people who live on the streets of Portland.
Once it gets the green light from the independent investigator, he will set the plan into motion. However, he also has to talk to the City Committee about it first to make sure they approve of it too.
What do you think? Do you think this will help solve some of the homelessness problem at least in Portland, Maine? If it does, maybe others will follow suit and do the same thing in other cities. How great would that be?
Sound off with your opinion on this and let everyone know what you think!


Ho Chi Minh City should strive to boost service development especially tourism to obtain economic growth target this year, said secretary of the city Party Committee Nguyen Thien Nhan.
He was speaking at the discussion session of the 14th conference of the executive board of the HCMC Party Committee yesterday.
According to Mr. Nhan, although the city posted year on year gross regional domestic product (GRDP) growth rate during the first nine months this year, it will have to overcome big challenges in the rest three months this year to obtaint its targets.
In the rest three months, Mr. Nhan said that the city should boost service development especially tourism by improving tourist programs, ensuring safety for visitors and keeping street order and organizing cultural activities in the upcoming Tet holidays.
In addition, relevant agencies should continue good market management, preventing trade frauds and ensuring food safety. He also urged implementation of infrastructure projects for economic development and HCMC financial hub project in Thu Thiem New Urban Area.
He proposed relevant sides to carry out environmental, traffic and urban planning projects more drastically because they are being conducted more slowly than other key programs of the city.
District leaders should review construction situation in their localities and consider regulations and plans in the field to reduce illegal construction. Districts inner the city should strive to restore street order with specific plans and rectify road encroachment according to practice to stabilize residents' lives.
He required to estimate the impact of administrative reform to residents and businesses. The city will focus on supervising administrative reform and businesses and residents' satisfaction about that in October and November. A symposium on administrative reform of the city People's Council will be held to inform the actual state of the activity to have timely adjustments to better serve residents and investors.
At the conference, director of HCMC Cadre Academy (HCA) Tran Hoang Ngan said that HCMC should propose the Central Government to permit transfer of over 100,000 hectares of agricultural land into industry and service purposes.
According to Mr. Ngan, the issue of land management and use has been most reflected. That is the hottest one now, leading to land encroachment, illegal construction and residents' complaints.
While the area for industry and service is too little, a large area of agricultural land has been left fallow or used insufficiently. That has affected the development of economic industries and slowed down HCMC's growth target.
Mr. Ngan said that the city needs to have breakthrough policies in the field to create the best conditions for residents to use land efficiently aiming to increase revenue from land use fee collection.
"We have kept saying that land is gold and important resource for development. However, the city has yet to have solutions and policies to make it better," said Mr. Ngan.
Relating to land, secretary of Hoc Mon district's Party Committee Nguyen Cu stated some land problems in the district. In many areas, land barons and residents have opened roads on their own initiative, divided land parcels into smaller lots and conducted illegal transfers in agricultural land.
The district has spotted 160 hectares of agricultural land which have been changed into housing land adding that it is a serious problem breaking land management regulations and plans, showing signs of group benefits with the support of land barons and needs to be investigated to make clear the issue.
Head of HCMC Export Processing and Industrial Zone Authority (Hepza) Nguyen Hoang Nang suggested also that the city should have solutions and preferential policies to boost capital attraction instead of doing at by movement as present. Besides, the city should focus on sustainable investment in added value and field connectivity, give priority to traffic infrastructure and services at industrial zones.
Land price and traffic infrastructure are two factors which the city has lost precedence over other localities in the southern region so the city has not lured much investment projects as expected. The ratio of land use for industry is too low reaching 4,000 hectare while the Government has approved a plan of 8,000 hectares. The remaining area has been stuck with site clearance.
Director of the Department of Finance Phan Thi Thang said that land use revenue was relatively good since early this year. Export import revenue topped 70 percent. However it has still not met requirements compared to norms assigned by the central government.
Taxation, customs and finance industries have made efforts in carrying out solutions to raise revenue. However it still needs the entire political system to join hands with the main revenue being domestic sources.
Reporting construction conditions, director of the Department of Construction Tran Trong Tuan said that 22,830 works started constructions during the first nine months this year. Relevant agencies spotted 2,000 cases breaking regulations in the field and 16 out of 24 districts saw illegal construction increase. The number of granted construction licenses was also on the rise.
Many years ago, Binh Chanh district took the lead in illegal construction. The issue has reduced in the district but strongly hiked in Cu Chi and Can Gio districts.
In the upcoming time, the city People's Committee should issue an instruction to intensify urban management in the city with many solutions to rectify illegal construction. Responsibilities of agency leaders including construction and urban order inspectors in districts, wards and communes should be increased.


kodi titanium Builds is one of the builds known to be widely popular for many reason. Titanium Build is the new update of Daily Wizard. so today we are going to share a full guide to install titanium build on kodi. believe me, This is one of the tops most kodi builds and It is very popular and has got a very large fan base. Titanium build is known to be a solid all and easy in all build. This build is always known for its existence for a long time and regular new updates. here you get most of popular kodi add-on in this build and it includes tv shows, series movies, sports and many more even you can get special youtube section and kid zone too. user interface and all the system of kodi titanium is very amazing, smooth and easy. And one more good thing about this titanium buid kodi is that here you get daily and regular updates.
so follow this post till the end and follow the exact procedure to install Titanium Build on Kodi 17.1 krypton. you can also install kodi on smasung smart tv.
click on the setting icon on the home screen of the krypton kodi.
Then find the file manager and click on it.
Now click on option Add Source.
After that Click on <None> to add the source location.
Now, give a name to the media source, you can choose anything.
Get back to the home page of your krypton kodi and tap on add -ons.
Click on the top right blue button and select the file.
after the successful installation, you will get notified.
Now its time to install? the repository click on install and choose Supreme Builds Repository.
At last install, Daily Update Wizards.
when is it done downloading, install and select, Version 3.0.4.
Then Titanium build will be installed.
lots of people getting trouble and get errors while using titanium builds and getting an error when they update the Titanium build on Kodi. so it seems it is not working for many users. so will give you the solution to fix the errors. so It is the solution to the Titanium users to kindly clear out the data present in Kodi. Once you clear out completely, you need to install the daily updates repo and the wizard too. after that, you have to install titanium freshly. And this process will fix all your errors. now question is that how to clear data in present kodi so follow the steps.
select Addons and userdata folders.


this is done with a milling machine, cost savings and also reduce safety risks in the construction sharing micro milling the finer side of milling.
the vm 949 1 milling machine offers a nst 40 spindle with adjustable speeds from 0 to 4200 rpm. includes powered x, y and z axis & air draw bar. view specs!


The Royal College of Art, London, held their Fashion graduates show this weekend. The thirty graduating students specialising in menswear, womenswear, knitwear and millinery presented their final collections in a two day event that included a Fundraising Gala Dinner attended by many fashion industry professionals, high-profile Fashion alumni, sponsors, journalists and celebrity guests.
The RCA is a prestigious school known for it's high quality of creative talents such as Erdem, Eudon Choi, Christopher Raeburm, Matthew Miller, Katie Eary and Aitor Throup among their many successful alumni.
Starting the event, the Italian menswear label Brioni announced the winners of a tailoring competition of the students enrolled in the Menswear Fashion programme. The focus on the project was the development and realisation of sartorial garments. Previous years the participating students involved in the Brioni projects were led by creative themes such as The Dinner Jacket (2007-2008); The Travel Jacket (2008-2009); The Shirt (2009-2010); The Coat (2010-2011); and The Blazer (2011-2012) this year the theme was 'The Lounge Suit,' a point of versatility as regards the tailored suit. The concept was launched by Creative Director Brendan Mullane.
The Creativity Award – for Most Creative and Innovative Design was awarded to Sungbin Choand.
The Tailoring Award – for the Best Union of Sartorial Principles with Contemporary Fit, was awarded to Ellen Pedersen.
Following these awards the 30 students of menswear, womenswear and knitwear presented their collections including footwear and accessories.
Katherine Roberts-Wood's collection marks a synergistic approach between textile technique development and silhouette. The linking layered technique creates fabric and form through repetition of a single unit: a wave; reflecting natural and mathematical influences.
Marta Jakubowski created a train of material to connect five of the outfits in her MA Fashion collection. She used long lengths of lightweight jersey, one was made from 17 metres of material, the red, white and black strips led from long, flowing outfits in the same colours attached with metal headpieces. She combined light materials like jersey and crepe with neoprene for heavier garments.
The show marked the last for Professor Wendy Dagworthy OBE who had led the renowned fashion programme since 1998. She counts Burberry's Christopher Bailey, Nina Ricci's Peter Copping and Chloé's Clare Waight Keller among her student alumni.


text:
Obama Allows Cuban Police Official to Tour Key Drug War Facility
Frances Martel
The Washington Post editorial board is excoriating the White House for an alarming report surfacing that Cuban military agents were given a tour of a pivotal Key West military facility upon the invitation of the U.S. military.
The Post notes that Cuban military officials, including the head of investigations for Cuba's National Revolutionary Police," were treated as "honored guests of the U.S. military" in April.
Shortly after the visit, the Miami Herald reported that America's Coast Guard liaison in Havana, Lt. Cmdr. Derek Cromwell, personally led four Cuban national security officials on a tour of the "Joint Interagency Task Force South, or JIATF-South, at the Truman Annex of the U.S. Navy base." The newspaper described the facility as "Southcom's command center in the war on drugs," and one specifically targeted by the spies who grew to be known as the "Cuban Five," operating within the United States to feed the Castro dictatorship information on Cuban-Americans and anti-communist operations within America.
All five of the members of the "Cuban Five" are now free, regaled as heroes within Cuba's borders. The last of these released by the Obama administration, Gerardo Hernández, has said he is "ready to receive my next order" to undermine American influence globally. "I already told Raúl Castro: I'm a soldier," he told Yahoo! News in 2015.
President Obama approved an extraordinary fertilization program that allowed Hernández and his wife to conceive a daughter while he was in prison, with U.S. authorities shipping Hernández's sperm to Cuba to be used in an IVF program.
The Herald saw the Cuban law enforcement visit as a sign of "how much relations between the two nations have changed;" this week, the Post went further, connecting the visit to a number of other bizarre Obama administration overtures to the Cuban government. "At a conference on the benefits of expanded contacts Thursday sponsored by the American Security Project think-tank, a retired Army colonel suggested that the United States could seek information from Cuban military intelligence," the editorial board noted. There appears, they argue, to be a concerted effort to build not just a business relationship with the Cuban government, but a military one. Doing so would legitimize the greatest human rights abuser in the Western Hemisphere, rivaled only by its greatest ally, Venezuela. The Post editorial board notes:
Today, in a hemisphere where military dictatorship was once widespread, no generals rule. The exception is Cuba, where Gen. Raúl Castro's word is law. Normalizing military-to-military ties between the United States and Cuba, for the sake of fighting drugs or other "common threats," would imply that civilian rule doesn't matter so much to us anymore — that Cuba's military is morally equivalent to its hemispheric counterparts — when, in fact, it is deeply complicit in political repression and corruption.
The Post focuses on the human rights implications of legitimizing Cuba. Indeed, President Obama's greatest overture to the Castros — his visit in March — triggered some of the most violent repressive acts against anti-communist Cubans in recent memory. Seemingly emboldened by President Obama's presence, some of those acts occurred not only in broad daylight but on national American TV.
The human rights implications of legitimizing Raúl Castro are a separate concern from the national security threats that arise from allowing Cuban police to sniff around a U.S. military facility, particularly one designed to combat drug trafficking. The Cuban government actively participates in cocaine trafficking; in April, authorities found 900 pounds of cocaine on a Cuban ship headed to Belgium. The Cuban government also supports its allies in Venezuela, whose leaders have been repeatedly implicated in running one of Latin America's largest drug smuggling rings.
The Cuban government has also reportedly cooperated with jihadi groups like the terrorist organization Hezbollah. Reports, including documents released as part of the famed "Panama Papers," tie Cuba to an extensive fraud scheme in which Venezuela issued legitimate Venezuelan passports to Syrian and Iranian members of Hezbollah, using Cuban money to print the passports. Cuba is a vocal ally of the Iranian regime.
Due to the evidence continuing to surface of Cuba's ties to terrorist and drug trafficking groups, opponents of the "normalization" process like the Cuban-American outlet Babalú Blog continue to refer to Cuba as a State Sponsor of Terrorism, though President Obama removed the nation from the State Department's list as part of his concessions to the Castro regime last year.
In response to President Obama's move to develop ties with the island nation, the Castro regime has continued to show public hostility towards the United States. A Cuban state newspaper referred to President Obama as a "negro" bent on "inciting rebellion and disorder" following his March visit. Foreign Ministry Bruno Rodríguez referred to his visit as an "attack… on our culture," meaning communist ideology.
The Cuban government has only curbed its anti-American rhetoric in instances of U.S. governors seeking to invest in the anemic Cuban economy. In 2015, Republican Governor of Texas Greg Abbott visited Cuba to find opportunities for government cronies to make money in tandem with Cuban officials; this week, the Cuban propaganda outlet Granma is promoting a visit from Missouri Governor Jay Nixon, seeking the same benefits for his government.
National SecurityPoliticscommunismCubaJay Nixonraul castroSpiesWashington Post


text:
Indian Army in final stages of completing studies on theaterisation plan: Gen. Pande
Article Posted on : - May 10, 2022
NEW DELHI (PTI): Chief of Army Staff General Manoj Pande on Monday said the Indian Army is fully committed to the tri-services theaterisation plan and is even ready to take the lead to make the ambitious initiative a success.
At an interaction with a select group of journalists, General Pande said the Army is in the final stages of completing the studies on the theaterisation plan, adding that there are certain issues among the three services that need to be addressed.
The Department of Military Affairs (DMA) headed by the country's first Chief of Defence Staff, General Bipin Rawat, had asked all the three services last year to carry out independent studies on the theaterisation plan for its rollout.
"This exercise is in progress. While there are areas of convergence and common understanding among the three services, there are some issues that still need to be addressed. That I suppose will have to be taken up for resolution at the appropriate level," General Pande said.
He was asked whether the demise of General Rawat in a helicopter crash in December last year had slowed down the implementation of the proposed theatre commands.
"In so far as the studies which the Army was required to undertake for the land theatre commands, these are in the final stages of completion and will be submitted in due course," General Pande said.
"But at the end of it, I must reiterate the Indian Army's commitment towards achieving this objective of theaterisation. I would want to state our full commitment and that we are prepared to sort of cooperating and taking the lead in any manner towards making theaterisation a success," he added.
General Rawat was spearheading the implementation of the long-awaited military reform that is aimed at ensuring the optimal use of the resources of the Armed Forces.
According to the plan, each of the theatre commands will have units of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force and all of them will work as a single entity, looking after the security challenges in a specified geographical territory under an operational commander.
At present, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force have separate commands. Initially, a plan was firmed up for the creation of an Air Defence Command and a Maritime Theatre Command.
The theatre commands are being planned to integrate the capabilities of the three services and ensure the optimal utilisation of their resources.
Asked about the Army's plan to roll out new combat formations called the Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) to further bolster its combat prowess, General Pande said the plan is to have one in the northern sector and another on the western front.
"It is in the final stages of compilation," he said.
The IBG, which aims to integrate different components of the Army into the new formation, will include artillery guns, tanks, air defence and logistical elements.
The Army has already carried out extensive test-bedding of the IBG concept.
Indian Army Tri Services Theaterisation IBG Indian Armed Forces Army Chief Gen Manoj Pande DMA CDS


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Undocumented explores the growing industry of immigration detention and questions the role of architectural design in such spaces.
Join me, Barrie Cline, Dennise Redmoon Darkeem and Kameelah Janan Rasheed in the second of two panel discussions at ABC No Rio featuring artists that that engage the arts in ways that address social issues, providing them an opportunity to articulate their practice and pursuits with other artists and the community at large.
Come celebrate the launch of Feminist Utopia.
I'll be speaking at the "Women and Mass Incarceration: The U.S. Crisis of Women and Girls Behind Bars" on Tues, 9/22.
Other summit speakers include UCI Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky, Hon. Pamela Alexander, UCI Law Professor Michele Goodwin, Sue Ellen Allen, Detective Jack Cole, Dr. George Woods Jr.
Come catch me at the Women Action Media! conference in NYC. I'll be on two panels, so you have two opportunities to see me.
From Käthe Kollwitz's artwork addressing the tragedy of war in the early 20th century to the Art Worker's Coalition pressuring NYC museums to implement economic and political reform in 1969, there has always been a space in the art world where artists have been a force in social change both among their peers and the world at large.
In Western Massachusetts on Saturday, April 11th? I'll be at the Pioneer Valley ZineFest tabling copies of Tenacious: Art & Writings by Women in Prison as well as copies of the ABC No Rio history zines I co-wrote back in the 1990s and early 2000s. I'll have brand-new, hot-off-the-press copies of the Spring/Mother's Day 2015 issue of Tenacious for sale.
Join Justice Now, National Advocates for Pregnant Women, the Correctional Association of NY's Women in Prison Project and me as we discuss and reflect on shared visions of change.
Once again, I'll be tabling at the Feminist Zine Fest. You can pick up a copy of the latest issues of the zine Tenacious: Art & Writings by Women in Prison as well as copies of my books.


I'm counting down the days (16!) until the new catalog is here on June 1st. Meanwhile, retiring stamps and many accessories (while supplies last) are available until May 31st--don't miss out! Retiring stamp sets are guaranteed available until May 21st.
To celebrate the new annual catalog I'm hosting a new catalog open house on June 4th---details below.
· Monday, May 16th, 7-9pm, a fond farewell to retiring stamps (Amazing Birthday, Blended Bloom, The Open Sea, Perfect Pennants, Zoo Babies) and a few accessories with a card buffet; 5 card designs featuring birthday and thinking of you sentiments. Make as few or as many of each design as you'd like and pay $2.50 per card (enough for 6 cards of each design will be available). Or make 4 cards for free with a minimum order.
· Tuesday May 24th, 7-9pm, make 4 birthday cards (2 each of 2 designs); tuition is $10 or free with a minimum order.
· Monday June 6th, 7-9pm, make 4 Father's Day--or turn them into masculine Birthday cards--(2 each of 2 designs); tuition is $10 or free with a minimum order.
· The Stampin Up catalog year is coming to a close on May 31st. The current retiring list is attached. Non-stamp items are available while supplies last; retiring stamps guaranteed available through May 21st. If you see a favorite, order before it's too late!
· Stampin Up's new annual catalog will launch on June 1st. Let me know if you want one! I'll be hosting a New Catalog Open House on Saturday June 4th, 12-3pm. Stop by to see new products and make a few make 'n takes!
Choose me as your Stampin Up demo when you subscribe (or use the link below to automatically select me) and you get a free crafting night every month. Bring your kit to my house and get your pumpkin on! Pumpkin kit night is held at the end of the month, 7-9pm; the upcoming Pumpkin nights are May 31st, June 30th, and July 28th. Click here to subscribe (links to me) and join the fun. But wait, there are more perks for subscribing! Only kit subscribers can purchase kit refills and additional kits (while supplies last). Sign up today!


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Facebook 'Instant Articles' may bring full news stories to your feed this month
By Dante D'Orazio
Source The Wall Street Journal
May 2, 2015, 4:22 PM UTC |
Later this month, you might start seeing full New York Times, Buzzfeed, and National Geographic articles and videos directly in your Facebook feed. It's called Instant Articles, according to The Wall Street Journal, and it's been a long time coming. Facebook has hinted for some time that it wants its legions of users to be able read news articles without leaving the social network, and this is the product of those plans.
Get the news without leaving Facebook
A great deal about the program was revealed by the Times back in March, but the Journal has some new details on how Facebook is trying to woo publications to Instant Articles. Under one scheme that's being considered, publications will keep all ad revenue from articles posted on Facebook if the sites themselves sell the ads. If Facebook does the legwork of selling the ads, it will keep 30 percent of the revenue for itself. Those numbers suggest that Facebook doesn't see Instant Articles as a direct revenue stream, but rather as a way to keep its users on its site — a benefit that can indirectly increase Facebook's earnings.
Facebook already has a commanding presence in the news business. The largest publications see a massive percentage of their traffic (and, therefore, ad revenue) come from Facebook referrals. Many sites are wary of giving more control to Facebook, but some see it as a necessary means of survival. Facebook, meanwhile, is reportedly arguing in its pitches that Instant Articles will lead to increased readership, since the articles will pop up quickly straight in the app instead of taking upwards of eight seconds to load in a web browser.


So you enjoy research. But you are unsure if an academic career is right for you. How else can you use your research skills?
You may find a research post outside academia that uses the full range of your skills – perhaps in a biotech start-up or social policy 'think tank'. But these opportunities are rare, so do consider alternatives.
A good first step is to identify your strongest skills and those you most enjoy using.
So find or make a skills list – the headings below are just examples – and give yourself a mark out of ten firstly for your strength (10 = strongest) in that skill and secondly for the enjoyment you derive when using it (10=most enjoyable).
Most of us will have a pattern of stronger and weaker skills, and a separate pattern of those we enjoy more and those we enjoy less. With a bit of luck we can find a match. So think most about finding a career which values the skills you are strong in and that you enjoy using. Here are some examples.
Very few jobs outside academia require the high-level literature reviewing skills developed during postgraduate study. But working in many areas of central or local government, or in those sectors – such as health or housing – that depend on government policies for their income, requires people to be able to 'read between the lines' of policy documents and to understand the thinking behind the development of such policies.
Those who enjoy qualitative research – often finding information from interviewing people - have a huge range of job opportunities. Many jobs, such as sales, market research, and product development, will need people to find out information from customers – and not just 'Would you like fries with that?'. Those not in front-line roles will still have so-called 'internal customers' – people in other parts of the organization who depend on their work, and will help to define what is required.
Nowadays even in roles such as computing or finance, not previously associated with 'people skills', there is increasing awareness of the value of such skills.
If your strengths and interests lie in working with data, think how your skills can be used in different sectors. Particle physicists are good at filtering large amounts of data to find small numbers of significant events, perhaps in searching for the Higgs boson. These skills could be useful in the analysis of seismic data for oil companies, financial data for banks, or patient data in the NHS, to spot patterns of successes and failures in patient care.
Similar data skills could be used in government to answer questions of economic and social policy, such as 'Do changes in housing benefit mainly affect poor tenants or wealthy landlords?'. The answers are not easy to find – and those with the skills to find significant patterns in complex data are much needed in these areas.
Many researchers have the chance to work on international projects during their Ph.D. or postdoctoral research. Such experience can be useful outside academia. Too many UK-based organisations have little awareness of the world outside the UK, and a graduate who can add information on how things are done in other countries can add value, making these employers more open to different ideas and more successful.
Perhaps the most enjoyable part of your research is the writing? Very few jobs outside academia require thesis-length written work. But many will require proposals for new projects, bids for funding, and progress reports, so the ability to write clearly and concisely will be useful.
In many jobs there are also chances to write conference papers or journal articles. These may not be as formal or rigorously-referenced as academic papers, but they do help to make your reputation in the business sector. It is also useful to have a few publications on your CV in case you decide to return to academic life in the future.
If you enjoy speaking more than writing, the good news is that jobs requiring the ability to talk confidently in front of colleagues and/or customers are widespread. Most large employers will also provide training in public speaking – do take advantage of such training if it is offered.
So if you want a change from academia, do think about your research skills, strengths and weaknesses, and your likes and dislikes. Bring these out in your job applications and interviews, and your research skills will find a suitable home.