Professor Ivor Browne was appointed Chief Psychiatrist of the Eastern Health Board in 1966, and Professor of Psychiatry and Head of Department at University College, Dublin in 1967. He retires this month. Here he talks to Mary Montaut about a career which spans almost thirty years.
"How did I come to psychiatry? I wasn't really interested in medicine as a career, but one day a Professor Abrahamson, who had a great sense of humour, looked at me and said: 'You're only fit to be either an obstetrician or a psychiatrist'. Faced with that alternative I thought again about psychiatry and that's how I half-drifted into it. The tragedy, I think, of a lot of psychiatrists is that although they may question themselves, they never properly address those questions and end up more closed up than ever. At least I can say that I used my psychiatric experience to learn something about myself which is the essential thing in psychotherapy.
My career was not a thought-out consciousness. It was partly because I had been such a mediocre medical student that I couldn't get a job here when I first qualified. So I went to the Warneford Hospital in Oxford which wasn't in any way psychotherapeutic and dealt largely with people from the University. It had a profound effect on me. For the first time in my life I met people whose mental health had broken down but who were still questioning and thinking for themselves. I suddenly thought to myself, 'If they can think, why can't I?' I suppose some of this went back to my childhood. I had a very mediocre education in the formal sense but my father was very much a deviant. He created a sort of cocoon environment, perhaps to protect himself from anxiety but it certainly gave me an unusual view of life. I may have learned nothing at school but I certainly learned a lot from my father and his dreams. My mother was Church of Ireland and my father was a sort of rebellious Catholic, so although I was brought up as a Catholic, I didn't feel part of the dominant culture. It made me think differently and that stayed with me all my life – seeing things from a different angle. I will always tend to ask questions of the current accepted opinion. I see it from a different point of view and that probably led me towards psychotherapy. I remember an old fellow in Oxford who was some sort of psychoanalyst saying to me, 'Don't buy any of the current theories, find your own way.' That advice has always stayed with me. I don't feel as if I belong to any school. I think most people find it very hard to live with uncertainty, so they tend to join some "ism".
Later I came back to Dublin and worked in St. John of God's. Major tranquillisers, psychoactive and anti-psychotic drugs were just being introduced at that time. Young boys were coming up from the country diagnosed with schizophrenia, and the drugs seemed to bring them back to normal. If I had just been there a year I would have left with that impression. But by my second year nearly all of them were coming back in a worse state than before, and that raised a big question in my mind about orthodox psychiatry: that while it was removing symptoms, it wasn't really changing people. I remember that old psychoanalyst made me sit down with one particular psychotic lady in Oxford. She was mute and it was a very difficult experience. But after about three months of sessions big tears began to roll down her face and again I had this realization that things weren't as they were supposed to be. I mean, here was supposed to be an organic illness due to biochemistry and genetics and a person whose emotions were blunted because her brain was damaged, and behind it all was emerging this deeper emotion. I was getting a glimpse that people were defended from their real feelings, rather than that the feelings weren't there.
Then I went to the Marlborough Day Hospital where Joshua Bierer was practising community psychiatry for the first time in Britain. He's never been given any credit for it, he wasn't a good publicist on his own behalf, but in fact he, more than anyone, was the father of community psychiatry. As early as 1947 he had very disturbed people out living on their own in a house, long before anyone else thought of it. They were working with LSD in the day hospital, and once I saw people ingesting LSD and regression happening it was a revelation. It made me realise that what was on the surface was very different from deeper feelings and attitudes. I remember one patient – an Irish fellow who was a militant homosexual – who was given just 50 microgrammes, a tiny amount of LSD. Half an hour later he was crying pathetically for his father as a little child. I began to realise that the psychiatry we were told about and read about in the books was largely incorrect. It gave no understanding as to why the symptoms were happening. And that, of course, goes on right up to the present day. In fact, it has intensified and got worse, partly because there is a better understanding of brain physiology, but yet not enough understanding to bring us full circle and make us realise that the brain and the whole human organism works in a holistic way. So the mechanistic view of the human being as some sort of chemical machine has in fact got stronger.
Joshua Bierer was a key influence in my life. He was saying that people are human beings, you can't understand them in terms of illness. I saw him break through to young schizophrenics in an afternoon. Once you see that, you know that the orthodox view is a very superficial part of the whole. This, I think, gave me my main direction back in 1959.
I then got a scholarship to Harvard. There were several key people there, but particularly Eric Lindemann who wrote the first paper about unresolved grief. He noticed relatives and friends coming in after the Coconut Grove fire (rather like our Stardust fire) who were having all sorts of psychosomatic and sleep problems and visions of their dead relatives. He realised that there was something happening in their way of dealing with the grief that wasn't fully resolved. Later I went to a protege of his, Gerald Caplan, who was professor in the School of Public Health in Harvard, and did my Masters in Mental Health. His main interest was crisis theory and the handling of life crises.
I had stopped working with LSD when I left Marlborough Hospital in London. It was legitimate at that time, and they were thinking that it gave a sort of model psychosis which was, of course, incorrect. All it does actually is expand consciousness. When I came home to Ireland I worked away with it without any clear understanding of what I was doing, mainly using it with people who were otherwise hopeless. Gradually I began to see where it would have some application and where it would not. For example, regression work has very little relevance to most people we call schizophrenic because essentially they are people who have never developed, who are still developmentally children, so the therapy has to be of a human educational kind. This is misunderstood by psychiatrists. Because the ordinary psychodynamic type of psychotherapy doesn't have great relevance to them, they say that psychotherapy is not only irrelevant but damaging. But of course it's a failure to clarify the kind of approach that is necessary. There's no point in bringing someone who has been treated like a three-year-old up into adult life, back to three. And from the point of view of traumatic environment, many schizophrenics are, if anything, understressed. They may have a certain kind of stress, there may be coldness in the environment and twisted relationships. But it's not the same kind of syndrome as the person who's dragged up in an orphanage or who's abused physically or sexually. So there are different horses for courses.
I think the central point is that most psychotherapy now is happening outside of psychiatry. Psychiatrists, in a sense, have retreated. In many of the American States, the main psychiatric training was based on psychotherapy or psychoanalysis. But because psychoanalysis has let them down, they've swung right over and a lot of American medical schools are saying that psychotherapy is irrelevant to psychiatric training. But if you look at psychotherapy, it has gone on developing and out of psychoanalysis all kind of different schools have developed, many of them capable, I think, of giving people the opportunity to change radically. But it's happening outside of orthodox medicine. For a person to be able to go to therapy, say, once a week, they have to be able to manage their life the rest of the time. If they can't do that, they won't be able to avail of that kind of psychotherapy. And, of course, then the psychiatrists say, 'When they get really sick they have to come to us!' But in fact it doesn't mean that the psychotherpay is not relevant to them; it means that they need a supportive context within which they can go on learning about themselves. Psychiatrists offer symptom treatment to people who have a greater need of a more global psychotherapy: perhaps an educational or developmental milieu where they will learn and grow to achieve some measure of adult independence. Almost any orthodox psychiatrist will say that psychotherapy only has a place for the fairly independent neurotic who has some sort of personality twist, but has no relevance to the main depressions or illnesses like schizophrenia. To me psychiatry is simply psychotherapy. I see the giving of a pill which can be relevant, at times temporarily, as one operation in the psychotherapeutic context. I don't see any psychiatry outside psychotherapy and in using psychotherapy in that sense I'm really talking about education for life, I think it's as broad as that.
Another failing I see – and this would apply to quite a lot of the psychotherapeutic schools outside of medicine as well as in it – is that we hear a lot about certain kinds of therapists, like a Jungian, a humanistic, a Freudian, a behaviourist or a cognitive therapist. To me psychotherapy starts with a clear definition of the problem. In other words, diagnosis is essential and it's not that you have a particular technique that you can use on anyone. Thekind of approach then will depend on what the nature of the problem is. It is obviously relevant to see what symptoms and immediate clinical problems the person has, but that's just describing their current behavioural state. Much more important is the diagnosis of the whole person, because how do you work with someone if you haven't got a clear view of who they are? To me the first essential is an assessment of the whole personality, and superimposed on that an assessment of the problems they have. Unless that is clear I don't know how you can start. You can have a set of problems, like an eating disorder, imposed on quite different personality backgrounds, so that any one of the therapies or a series of them may be necessary.
I've been aware that I've wasted (though some might not agree with that) a great deal of time trying to change the nature of psychiatry and get rid of mental hospitals like this. When I came here there were 2000 patients in St. Brendan's and another 2000 in St. Ita's. Now there are just under 300 and half of those are old people who have come in because they're old. My hope was that a more human kind of psychiatry would happen out in the world where people live. That has become an accepted policy now but, like many other things, it's turned upside down in the process and now it tends to mean just getting people out of hospital. In many ways psychiatrists are doing the same things outside as they were doing inside the hospitals, so there isn't any real change. Even if you take the most positive view, just giving out psychoactive drugs is simply controlling symptoms, not bringing about any real human change. The same is true of electric shock therapy.
I would be seen as being against pharmaceuticals and in favour of psychotherapy. In fact I don't take that position because I think that some of the drugs have been a real help. A lot depends on how you use them. We wouldn't be able to start to work with quite a number of psychotic people without some initial help. Ultimately you're working to bring about change in the person. If a drug can help you to start on that road, or control misery even a little then I see nothing wrong with it. A drug like diazapan (Valium), used on a temporary basis, can be very useful and save a certain amount of suffering to enable a person to work. But it's only an aid to psychotherapeutic work and I see the same with all the pharmaceuticals across the board.
I would like to mention an aspect of psychotherapy which is not understood clearly across medicine as a whole and that is the role of the therapist. Because of the tradition of medicine and the way it developed around bacteriology, the view is that the doctor carries out the action or "treats". Most psychotherapists would realise that this is not so. But I think it is important to state clearly that even in medicine the role of the doctor is seldom other than supporting the natural health-preserving qualities of the person. A doctor doesn't heal a fracture, the person does. A doctor may appear to be active but he or she is actually playing a supportive role to the natural healing process. This is emphasised starkly by the advent of AIDS where once the immunity is attacked, medicine is largely ineffective. So our role as psychotherapists is never more than that of a guide or an aid to the person in working on their problems. They have to do the work, they have to experience the suffering. There is, therefore, a natural limitation in the effectiveness of any psychotherapy. It means that no matter how wonderful your psychotherapeutic method is, it is only as good as the motivation and the work that the person is prepared to undertake in effecting change. If they are not prepared to go through that, the role of the psychotherapist will be limited and psychotherapy can never be 100% effective. The same is true of medicine. The human being is a self-managing, self-organising system and it is only healthy when it's running itself. So that any interference, if it is to be positive, can only be a support in that. Otherwise it becomes invasive or even precipitates illness. And medicine is full of examples of that mistake.
In the last few years I've been able to return to what I should have been doing at first. I worked up to the 1970s with LSD but then, because of all the bad publicity, it wasn't possible to obtain it. I owe a debt of gratitude to Stan Grof because he came up in the early 1980s with the Holotropic Method, which was an alternative way of achieving altered consciousness. I don't regard what I do now as holotropic – I mean he's patented that particular aspect. We're using a number of modalities to bring about or assist change, but it made me return to that way of working. Since then we've developed a form of experiential work using a number of channels to assist the person to break down the blocks, to open up what is hidden from them so that they can change and let the past go. In the last ten years, and particularly the last five, we've been mainly working with people who have suffered trauma.
If you look at a lot of the writing on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder the interest is in the external event which is supposed to have caused it. But the external event is only of significance to the degree to which the person is not able to resolve it. So the real work is internal. Out of that we've been developing a theory that, faced with a severe external threat, we have a quite primitive ancient biological capacity to block the processing of experience or the integration of it, so that we, in fact, stop it happening. Now this sounds similar to Freud's term of 'repression' but is actually quite starkly different because, given what was known at that time of neurophysiology, it was assumed that when something happened it was automatically integrated fully into the person and became a memory. But it's quite clear now from a lot of the recent neurophysiological work that taking something from the external happening and the perception of it, into long-term memory, is a whole difficult process that particularly involves the primitive brain. So we can't take anything from the point of perception and the point of it happening, into our long-term memory system, without it going through the limbic system, the primitive mammalian brain and including the brain stem which is our reptilian brain – that whole primitive system is our survival mechanism, not simply the brain, but the brain totally integrated with the endocrine and non-conscious or autonomic nervous system. So it's a totally integrated mind-body system which still constitutes our main adaptation to the outside world. And the reason, it seems to me, that any perception has to go through that is because that's how we tell the significance of things, by firing the whole emotional system. We know the significance by changes in our bodies, not by some intellectual operation. So, in order for something to be integrated fully, it has to go through that system.
That has become quite clear from work in neurophysiology in the last twenty or thirty years but all I'm adding to it is that, given sufficient stress, or some threatening or horrendous event, then that system can be blocked. But we have to be quite clear that it's already started to process. If it was blocked completely at the point of perception, then the perception would be wiped away by the next input, as many perceptions are, we don't store everything. But it means that there must have been some kind of immediate recording or representation of this before it then goes on to be processed into full memory or long-term memory. To put it in ordinary language, you've something like a video of the raw experience and that's what's there. Now that's something which is rather unstable, which is trying to move on, but nevertheless we have this capacity to block it. I think many psychotherapists are inclined to think they are working on the past. The past is gone, we are always working on the present and what's there now. The question for me about this kind of experience is that it's something which has intruded into us, which is then blocked so that it's in us but not fully part of us, and we're stuck then with a sort of psychological time-bomb. When something happens in life that activates it, experiences from many years ago can suddenly come, and what comes is not memory in the sense that we ordinarily use it and something that we recognise as past, but the raw experience starts to happen: what we call flash-backs.
People describe this, they describe the numbing and then the grief, but they don't seem to say clearly what they're actually talking about, so it's a very different idea from the notion of repressed memory. In one sense you could say this is a kind of memory, it's stored experience, but it's stored at a point that's totally different from long-term memory and makes sense therefore of some of the psychotherapeutic work. Why should just making a memory conscious change anything? But moving an experience on into fully assimilated form, you can see the work that has to be done, and once that's done then you have a memory that you can recall. So that's some understanding that's come out of the last five years of our work, although I don't feel it's really being heard.


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Will your child be 5 years old on or before September 1, 2021?
If so, it's time to get ready for kindergarten!
Kindergarten is a big step in your child's journey as a life-long learner. We know that when you send your child through our doors, you are trusting us with your most precious gift. It is our promise to provide a warm, safe, and welcoming environment for your child. Our students' success and well-being is our deepest concern. Learning in Eastern Carver County Schools is a personal journey tailored to each student. To learn more about what our district can provide your child, explore our program information below.
If you have questions, please contact our Welcome Center at WelcomeCenter@district112.org or call 952-556-6112.
Kindergarten Kick-Off Events
For students starting kindergarten in the fall of 2021, this year's kindergarten kick-off events will be hosted virtually. We invite you to watch the informational webinar about the Eastern Carver County kindergarten experience and then attend a session with a school principal to learn more about the school and ask questions.
Please RSVP to a kick-off event
RSVP for a School Information Session
Each school will host two informational sessions to meet the principal, learn more about the school, and ask questions. Please use this form to RSVP to the session(s) you would like to attend. Details on how to log-in using Google Meet will be emailed to you.
Bluff Creek Elementary: November 17 @ 12:00 p.m. or November 23 @ 6:00 p.m.
Carver Elementary: November 17 @ 6:00 p.m. or November 23 @ 12:00 p.m.
Chanhassen Elementary: November 17 @ 12:00 p.m. or November 19 @ 6:00 p.m.
Clover Ridge Elementary: November 17 @ 12:00 p.m. or November 23 @ 6:00 p.m.
East Union Elementary: November 17 @ 12:00 p.m. or November 23 @ 6:00 p.m.
Jonathan Elementary: November 17 @ 12:00 p.m. or November 23 @ 6:00 p.m.
Kinder Academy: November 16 @ 6:00 p.m. or December 1 @ 12:00 p.m.
La Academia Spanish Immersion: November 16 @ 7:00 p.m. or December 1 @ 11:00 a.m.
Victoria Elementary: November 17 @ 6:00 p.m. or November 23 @ 12:00 p.m.
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To register your child, you will need to:
Fill out registration forms Online ( 2021-2022 registration opens on November 17, 2020)
Submit a copy of your child's birth certificate and immunization records to the Welcome Center
Complete an Early Childhood Screening as soon as possible.
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Kinder Academy: Program for Young Five-Year-Olds
Eastern Carver County Schools offers an outstanding all-day kindergarten program. Since children develop in a variety of ways and have different rates of growth, it is important that five-year-olds who enter this program are able to be successful. This program is not child care, but rather a program that is academically stimulating, engaging, motivating and developmentally appropriate for five-year-olds. The all-day program includes specialist classes such as Physical Education, Music and Art.
Eastern Carver County Schools offers two-way, dual-language Spanish immersion. Dual-language is the ideal setting for second-language acquisition because it combines native and non-native speakers.
La Academia is our Spanish immersion elementary school, combining native English and Spanish speakers. Students have the opportunity to be both first-language models and second-language learners beginning in kindergarten and continuing through fifth grade. Our kindergarten instruction begins with 90% of the core academic instruction in Spanish and 10% in English. As children progress through the grades, the percentages shift until both languages are taught 50% of the day.
A typical day looks very similar to other all-day programs, but the kindergarten curriculum is taught in Spanish. Students work toward the same academic standards and attend specialist classes. Students have access to Club Care before and after school.
Our Spanish immersion education is available at no cost to families. Transportation is available to La Academia students within Eastern Carver County Schools.
Watch this brief video to learn more about La Academia Elementary School
Kinder Academy is an alternative all-day kindergarten experience for children who turn five in the summer. In the state of Minnesota, children are eligible to attend kindergarten when they are five-years-old on or before September 1 of the calendar year that schools starts. This program gives parents an option for late-summer birthday students who may or may not be ready for kindergarten. Kinder Academy is not an option for early entrance.
The program will follow Eastern Carver County Schools' kindergarten curriculum. Students who are ready to move on to first grade after one year, based on the teacher's assessment, will do so. Students who would benefit from an additional year will stay in the program, with the same teacher. The teacher will modify the curriculum for the older children's developmental level. This multi-age classroom is consistent with Eastern Carver County Schools' mission of personalized learning and our continuous progress initiative. These older kindergarten students will be mini-leaders in the class and role models to incoming young 5-year-olds. After year two, older students will advance to first grade.
Transportation is available to Kinder Academy students within Eastern Carver County Schools.
Children who turn 5 in the summer are the most likely candidates for this program, but any interested families will be considered. The application process will include consideration of whether a child is ready for this classroom setting. Children must be 5 years old on or before Sept. 1.
What if someone registered for kindergarten? Can they still get into this program?
Yes, if not all spaces have been filled. Contact the Welcome Center regarding your interest.
How does this differ from Community Education's Pre-K Kindergarten Connection program?
Kinder Academy is kindergarten with curriculum modifications based on the academic and social needs of the students. Kinder Academy offers progress into first grade based on student readiness. The program meets five days a week and is offered at no cost to families.
Pre-K Kindergarten Connection, offered through Community Education, combines early childhood programming and kindergarten curriculum, but it is not kindergarten. Students enroll in kindergarten after Kindergarten Connection. Children in Kindergarten Connection attend two to five days a week based on family choice. Kindergarten Connection is a fee-based program.
The Early Entrance provision accommodates the needs of a gifted learner who would be educationally disadvantaged by not beginning kindergarten at an earlier age. Through personalized learning, Eastern Carver County Schools tailors the pace of learning and instruction to each learner, giving highly-gifted students the challenge they need. Since this decision is so important, our goal is to be very careful and admit only those children who meet stringent criteria. Factors we examine to determine a child's appropriate placement include physical health, emotional maturity, social adjustment, and intelligence. It is not advantageous for a child to enter school early unless we can predict with assurance that the child will be successful not only in kindergarten, but in the twelve years that follow. Typically, parents choose not to enroll their child in kindergarten early after considering the long-term effects early entrance may have on their child. If you would like to explore our preschool program, please know that we have scholarships available to families in need of financial assistance.
Early Entrance Policy
For more information about Early Entrance, please contact the Welcome Center at WelcomeCenter@district112.org or call 952-556-6112.
Joan Thomes
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David Brecht
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Dedicated to covering cider through an international lens, Cidercraft magazine publishes twice annually and touches over 100,000 readers each release, tapping into the insight of the trade and call of the consumer in each issue. We profile the artisans behind the craft alongside the powerhouses that produce for the public, while exploring the regions and orchards, meeting the movers and shakers in the industry, listing original cocktail recipes from industry bar chefs and match professional pairings with cider-friendly cuisine.
Privately owned-and-operated by the female-led Sip Publishing, the team behind the award-winning regional beverage publication Sip Northwest, Cidercraft is the first and only print publication dedicated to cider in the Americas and now covers cider around the world.
Cidercraft devotes itself to shining a light on the evolution and resurgence of one of the oldest beverages on the planet, bringing both education and appreciation of the drink to the people.
Cidercraft magazine is available in both print and digital versions, and weekly at online..
Follow us on Instagram and Twitter at @cidercraftmag.


"The Bayshore Regional Sewerage Authority is Committed to a Clean Environment for Today, Tomorrow and Generations To Come".
In fulfilling that commitment the Authority Commissioners, Staff and Professionals strive to provide High Level Wastewater Treatment service to the Northern Bayshore Communities while actively pursuing process improvements that will lower the cost of doing business.
WE CLEAN WATER - WE RECYCLE IT - WE RETURN IT TO THE ENVIRONMENT - EVERY MINUTE OF EVERYDAY.
BRSA is a member of the New Jersey Water Environment Association (NJWEA) and the National Water Environment Federation (WEF). WEF created the video below to illustrate the work we do.
The reorganization meeting will be held on Monday, February 25, 2019 at 7:00pm in the Administration Building, main conference room, 100 Oak Street, Union Beach.


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Mazda CEO Kills Hope For a Rotary-Powered Sports Car
That doesn't mean the rotary is dead, though.
Ever since Mazda killed the RX-8 in 2012–and thus, the rotary-powered sports car–there's been a bevy of hopeful rumors that the company will build a successor. Mazda helped intensify those rumors when it showed off the RX-Vision concept car last year, but now, the company's CEO has killed hope for the RX-9.
In an interview withAutomotive News, Mazda CEO Masamichi Kogai confirmed that the company has no plans to build a sports car larger than the Miata, effectively dashing hopes for the RX-9. Kogai isn't yet ready to declare the rotary dead, though.
"If we were to restart production of the rotary engine again, we need to make sure it wouldn't be just short-lived," said Kogai. "We need it to meet future emissions regulations. We are still conducting our R&D activity to overcome any issues we have with emissions and fuel efficiency."
Kogai says that the most likely application for the rotary would be as a range extender in an electric car. A rotary engine as the main power plant isn't entirely out of the question, but don't expect to see an electric sports car with a range extender.
"I think that as a sports car option, the MX-5 1.5-liter or 2.0-liter conventional engine, with its power and acceleration, might be a more exhilarating experience," said Kogai.
Mazda was one of the first automakers to invest heavily in rotary engines, but all but abandoned them because of their naturally high fuel and oil consumption. The automaker is working on a new turbocharged rotary, dubbed Skyactiv-R, but it's clear when (or if) this engine will reach production.
Mazda–like the rest of the automotive industry–has put priority on introducing hybrid and electric cars in the face of tightening emissions regulations. The company has entered a partnership with Toyota to develop electrified vehicles.
While it's disappointing to hear that the RX-9 is more-or-less dead, Mazda will still double down on building sporty cars, which is a very good thing. Mazda's vehicles are always sportier than their competitors, and Kogai says this pattern will continue. The company's new G-Vectoring Control, which varies torque output to improve handling, is evidence of this.
A rotary-powered sports car from Mazda would be great, but its development is unrealistic given the automaker's needs to invest in electrification. It's hard to be too disappointed though, when the sporty cars and, of course, the Miata still have a future at Mazda.
More From Future Cars & Spy Shots
Jeep Stuffs a V-8 in the Wrangler Rubicon 392
Hummer Electric Pickup: Everything We Know
Ford Cancels the Mustang Shelby GT350 for 2021
The Ferrari Omologata Is a Prettier 812 Superfast
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The Electric Truck Wars Are Here


1. Your child gets into the sea in his clothes, then it is good to have a spare set in your backpack, preventing the baby getting chilled in wet clothes.
2. When the child gets hot running on a beach, a jacket will certainly come handy. When he sits down for a moment without anything on, he may get a cold in the cold wind. Putting on a jacket for a moment may prevent that.
3. A light cap may be useful for the youngest. On a cold day it will protect the head against heat loss. The infant's head is very sensitive, so you must definitely have that accessory with you. On a hot day, on the other hand, the head is at risk of overheating in the sun. I recommend caps or hats with a brim also protecting the face and neck. This spare set of clothes can be used to dress the baby in layers. You can easily put on or remove layers, as the weather changes.
Remember! In case of an older child simply ask from time to time: "Are you warm? Are you cold?" You may feel completely different (e.g., when your child is running around and playing and you are sitting). In case of a younger child, check his nape. When it is wet, covered with sweat, then the child is dressed too warm. Overheating is also unhealthy!
On a warm day it is better to dress the child in one layer less than yourself, because he is active and therefore warm. Spare clothes will come handy in case of an unexpected chilling, which in our climate occurs quite often.
Below there are some tips how to give cold drinks, or even ice-cream to children so they do not get ill on hot days but toughen up (Remember: throat infections are caused by viruses or bacteria. The infection is promoted by changes in the temperature).
1. Gradually get a child used to eating cold food, straight from a fridge. Do not serve all products, drinks or desserts taken from the fridge at a room temperature. The body can react with illness when you give the child something cold to drink suddenly, because he is not accustomed to it.
2. It is better to chill the drink in a fridge than add ice cubes. When you order a drink at a coffee place, ask for a drink chilled in that way, as ice cubes will probably be prepared from unboiled water. It may result not only in problems with your baby's throat also its tummy.
3. Do not give cold drinks or ice-cream to your baby when he is tired after intensive playing. When he is sweating from running or just came out from a hot room, wait until he cools down before you give him a cold drink or dessert.ur baby's throat but also its tummy.
4. When you decide to buy ice-cream for your child, order it only in the tried cafe or confectionary. When you buy ice-cream in a shop, select the one in case of which you can be sure that melted ice-cream was not refrozen.
How long can the child stay in water in the summer?
1. On a colder day (a temperature below 20 degrees, windy) take the child out after a few minutes. First baths should not be too long. Additionally, to prevent illness, rub its whole body energetically with a towel (dry the feet thoroughly). When dressed in dry clothes, you can play in a way requiring running. This way you stimulate baby's circulation.
2. With the first baths already behind you, you may allow the child more freedom in water (of course, in a good weather). This will strengthen him. Running into water and out of it may be very beneficial to baby's health. How? The child runs over the warm sand into the water that is colder. Then runs back onto the warm surface. This influences blood vessels, which constrict and dilate with the changing temperature. This "exercise" improves functioning of blood vessels.
3. There is a way to heat the sea water! The first method is to dig a hole in the sand and pour some water in. You can also take an inflatable pool to the beach and pour some water into it. In both cases water will warm quickly and the baby can sit in it for longer. Remember, however, always to screen the child from the sun, particularly, when he is in the water. Therefore, no matter if he plays in a hole dug in the sand or in a pool, or directly on a beach, unfold an umbrella screening him from sunrays.
Water, wind, sun - change them into your ally!
You already know how to dress the baby and what should you take to the beach. Thus prepared, try to use wind, sun and water to toughen the child up before the autumn.
Walk on the beach, even with the youngest. When the baby is correctly dressed, a sea breeze will do him no harm, on a contrary, it will even help in treatment of respiratory tract ailments. Natural inhalations are beneficial for children that are allergic or susceptible to infections. As I have already mentioned, playing in the water will strengthen the child for the autumn and stimulate the blood vessels.


This family is relocating to Manhattan and they can only take so much with them. Left behind at our Alexandria Estate Sale in this beautiful new house you would have found perfect condition antiques and high-end designer furnishings. This 8,000 plus square foot home had something hidden in every room just waiting for you to move it into your abode, from our Fairfax County Estate Sale.


text:
Adnan al-Kassar (ur. 1930) – libański przedsiębiorca i polityk, sunnita. Ukończył prawo na Uniwersytecie św. Józefa w Bejrucie. W 2004 r. został mianowany ministrem ekonomii i handlu w gabinecie Omara Karamiego. W latach 2009–2011 był sekretarzem stanu w rządzie Saada Haririego.

Linki zewnętrzne
 Osobista strona internetowa

Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Świętego Józefa w Bejrucie
Libańscy politycy sunniccy
Urodzeni w 1930
Libańscy prawnicy
Libańscy ministrowie
Ludzie urodzeni w Bejrucie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Janelle Monae attended the 61st Annual Grammy Awards at The Staples Center in Los Angeles wearing Jean Paul Gaultier SS19 Couture Dress (Not available online), Steve David Headpiece (Not available online), a 18k HardWear Link Earring ($4,200.00 – pair), 18k HardWear Graduated Link Earrings ($5,200.00 – pair), a HardWear Ball Ring ($1,200.00), a HardWear Small Ball Ring ($850.00), a T Two Ring ($1,600.00), T Two Ring with Diamonds ($2,950.00), a T Two Narrow Ring with Diamonds ($2,550.00) and T Two Narrow Ring Pave ($4,200.00) all by Tiffany & Co, and LeSilla Velvet Pointed Pumps (Sold Out).
Ariana Grande attended the Billboard Women in Music Awards in New York City wearing a customized Christian Siriano Pre-Fall 2019 Dress (Not available online), Yvan Tufenkjian Stacked Diamond Choker (Not available online), the Embrace Diamond Band Ring ($7,375.00 – similar style) and The Tiffany Setting Diamond Ring ($12,400.00) both by Tiffany & Co., Le Vian Diamond Stud Earrings (Not available online) and Le Silla Eva Stretch Boots ($669.60).
Maia Mitchell attended the ALMA Awards in Los Angeles wearing The 2nd Skin Co. Soul Long Dress with Draping (€1,170.00), Amethyst and Diamonds Earrings (Not available online) and Amethyst Cabochon and Diamond Halo Ring ($5,600.00) both by Ricardo Basta, and LeSilla Gwen Patent Sandals ($638.00).
Ariana Grande arrived at the MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall wearing Venus Prototype The Chrome Plated Rubber Bustier & Mini Skirt ($1,500.00), her custom-made Engagment Ring by Greg Yuna ($93,000.00), Harry Kotlar Diamond Stud Earrings (Price upon request) and Le Silla Naomi Boots (Not available online).
Chantel Jeffries was spotted the 'Live with Kelly and Ryan' studio in New York City wearing a Moschino Fall 2018 RTW Dress (Not available yet), Jennifer Zeuner Sade XLG Hoops ($220.00) and Le Silla Eva Stretch Boots ($1,116.00). You can find similar boots for less at Simmi ($49.00).
Vanessa Hudgens appeared on So You Think You Can Dance last week wearing a Zimmermann Unbridled Chevron Silk Dress ($2,650.00), H Stern Earrings (Not available online), and Le Silla Miranda Satin Shoes (Sold Out).
Ariana Grande performed on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon wearing a Beverly Stripe Fil Coupé Peplum Satin Top ($1,220.00 – wrong color) and Nivi Stripe Fil Coupé Satin Shorts ($535.00) both by Cecilie Bahnsen, Harry Kotlar Classico Diamond Earrings ($71,600.00) and Le Silla Over-The-Knee Stiletto Boots (Sold Out). You can find similar boots for less at Missguided ($17.00) and ASOS ($79.00).
Ariana Grande debuted the music video for her new song "No Tears Left To Cry" on Thursday. In one shot Ariana is seen wearing a Rasario Jacquard Dress With Voluminous Skirt ($2,295.00), Harry Kotlar Arabesque Diamond Stud Earrings ($13,675.00 – similar style) and Le Silla Over-The-Knee Boots ($505.30 – available in velvet).
In another shot Ariana is seen wearing a Topshop Petite Strappy Seam Bralet (Sold Out), Alexander Wang High-Waisted Multi-Pockets Trousers ($748.00), Harry Kotlar Classico Diamond Stud Earrings ($39,760.00) and Casadei City Rock Platform Ankle Boots (Sold Out).
In the next shot Ariana wore a custom-made Ashton Michael Silk Charmeuse Dress (Not available online), Harry Kotlar Arabesque Diamond Stud Earrings ($13,675.00 – similar style) and Stuart Weitzman Nudist Platform Sandals ($425.00). You can get the look with a Boohoo Lily Luxe Satin Mini Dress ($23.00 – pictured).
In this shot Ariana is seen wearing the UO Out From Under Adelina Fusion Triangle Bra ($16.00 – wrong color), Boohoo Emilie Basic Halter Neck Bodysuit ($5.00), Harry Kotlar Classico Diamond Stud Earrings ($39,760.00) and Free People Capsule Cable Over-the-Knee Sock (Sold Out).
Zendaya Coleman unveils the Bloomingdale's Holiday Windows on 59th Street wearing a Peacock Printed Dress ($2,890.00) and a Mohair-Blend Coat ($2,890.00) both by Miu Miu, and LeSilla Eva Suede Boots ($669.60). You can find similar boots for less at UrbanOG ($36.00+).


I am not sure you two know how much you both mean to me. It is thanks to you both that I feel happier than ever in my own body. I made two wonderful friends in Chicago who cared for me and showed me the sweetest side of sincere friendship.
The practice of Bowspring is what brought us together, and it is exactly that, what I love the most about this practice. I get to know great people with whom I share this lifestyle and its benefits.
Bowspring and Sridaiva to me mean: open minded attitude, friendship, growth, and collaboration. Real, harmony, interconnection, team work, conscious use of resources, local, community, healthy and conscious diet.
It means big, open, strong, agile, light and radiant. I means you put your heart at the center of your life.
But Bowspring is also dance, movement, jump and spring. Smiles and laughter.
Don't you think the way you exercise should also be the way you live? Don't you think it makes sense to move all day the same way you move when you train?
In Bowspring we spring and laugh and smile and move our body in a way that makes us feel amazing, wouldn't you want to keep that spirit to every place you go, in everything you do?
I am determined to share this way of life in my community and I have Bridget and Geri to thank for!
P.S. Bridget, you probably don't know this, but I will be forever grateful for the bouquet you brought to our front door, it meant so much to us and it is just another proof of the amazing person you are.


supported in this app . Dictatorship is supported in this app.
democracy is not supported in this app. No messages coming in.
inconceivable. Now we shall worship Stop dictating win done . .
to me now. Stop dictatorship now. Forget I ever speak to you.


It's been a long time since I've felt rejected upon walking into a church. Sure, people continue to stare when I show up for daily Mass, but I know why. It's not because they don't want me there, but because they're still getting over the shock that I am there. At twenty-four, I am easily fifteen years younger than the second youngest daily Mass attendee, who in turn is about twenty years younger than the third youngest. I would venture to say that the average age of daily Mass attendees has to be in the mid-seventies, and I am aware that my home parish is not an anomaly, but the rule itself. So yes, I am used to stares when I walk into a church.
What I am not used to is walking into a church and feeling rejected. Yes, I am an oddity, but I am still wanted. I am not rejected simply because of my youth. It has been years since I felt rejected after walking into a church, but after a particularly negative experience during a weekend trip to Pennsylvania, the wounds of rejection have reopened and long-forgotten memories have risen to the surface of my mind. Though I am generally accepted at church nowadays, there was a time when I felt utterly rejected.
The Catholic Church has often been described as a loving mother who embraces her children with open arms. She is supposed to give shelter to the traveler, comfort to the afflicted, peace to the distressed. She is supposed to love those who have been rejected. She is not supposed to be the one to reject.
Jesus Christ spent His days with sinners. He dined with tax collectors, and allowed prostitutes to sit at His feet. He embraced the outcasts with open arms, and called His Church to do the same. Unfortunately, even as the Church is the Body of Christ here on earth, she is also composed of sinful human beings. We do not always act as we ought. In fact, we might do the exact opposite of what we ought. The Church has been called to embrace the rejected, but on occasion we must admit the truth: not only do we not embrace the rejected, but sometimes we even reject them ourselves.
I am very much aware of this temptation. I have my "spot" in church, and I even have my spot in the parking lot. I like sitting in my regular spot for Mass, but if I come into church and find it already taken, I simply find another one. I consciously make an effort not to allow myself to be bothered by this inconvenience- it's not like we're tight for seating in my parish. If it's a person I've never seen before, I even try to make eye contact with them. I smile. I know what it feels like to feel un-welcome at a church, and I don't want anyone else to feel the pain that I did.
When I was in high school, I had what many Catholics call a "re-version" experience. In other words, it's a conversion experience for fallen away Catholics. There was no "conversion" to the faith for me, not in the sense that I changed faiths. I was baptized Catholic as an infant, and my mother faithfully brought my siblings and me to Mass every Sunday. We went to a Catholic grammar school, and my parents supported my decision to go to a Catholic high school, even if it meant paying more. But despite all this, I really wasn't incredibly faithful. I went to church on Sundays, but it was only out of a sense of obligation and typical "Catholic guilt." It wasn't that I didn't believe it though; I just didn't care. I didn't care about the faith. What I did care about was my reputation, what other people thought of me. I played sports to impress the athletes. I did well in school to please my parents and teachers. I was an altar server to make the parish priests happy. I never said 'no' to anything; I was willing to do anything to please people, and one of the most significant outcomes was that most people assumed that I was a faithful Christian who loved the faith and Jesus Christ.
Yeah, I was a good girl, but I wouldn't say I was a good Christian. I didn't really care about Christ; I certainly didn't love Him. If He did exist, I assumed He had nothing to do with me. I was my own person, responsible for my own life. I didn't need Him, and I definitely didn't want Him. I told myself that I was doing very well on my own.
Eventually, I realized that I was horribly wrong. After spending years in the darkness, mistaking it for light, I finally found the truth. I realized that I needed Him, that I wanted Him in my life. I couldn't do it all on my own. I needed His help. He became my life. I fell in love with Him.
But that wasn't the end, and I'd be lying if I said that it was all peaches and cream after I turned back to Christ. There were still struggles to be had. When I rediscovered my faith, I fell in love with Christ. I did not fall in love with His Church. In fact, for a while after my re-version, I didn't even like calling myself a Catholic. Christian, I could identify with easily, but Catholic? That was more difficult. It made sense that I should remain Catholic; this was the faith that I had been raised in, even if I had not accepted it, and I had fallen in love with the Eucharist. This was why I could not even fathom the possibility of converting to another faith. Even though I felt as though I had been rejected by the Catholic Church, I could not reject her in return. On a very deep level, I understood that to reject the Church was to reject Christ. I could not have one without the other. If I wanted the Eucharist, the sacraments, and the graces that Christ was offering me, I had to accept His Church. This was His Body here on earth, and I knew that loving Christ meant loving His Body, even if it was filled with men and women who had rejected me, who had made me feel unwanted and unloved. I had fallen in love with Christ, and I understood that this meant that I needed to love His Church. I chose to love her, but it took me a very long time to like her.
Finding Christ had not been easy. There had been many times where I wanted to give up, go back to the darkness that I had been living in. But I knew that I could not do that. I had found the Truth, and I could not let Him go. It has always been easy to love Christ, but I cannot say the same of His Church. Christ accepted me with open arms, but His Church, or at least some of her members, rejected me.
While I was searching for Christ, I was repeatedly turned away from Him, and it was His own Body that was responsible in many cases. It was the stares and glares, the disgruntled shakes of heads, and impatient priests that pushed me away. It seemed that every time I took a step towards Christ, a member of His Church pushed me back. And not gently. When I walked into a church wearing jeans and sneakers, the stares of well-dressed parishioners nearly caused me to turn right around and leave. When I unknowingly sat in a seasoned parishioner's pew, they simply glared at me until I moved. When I wanted to kneel before the Blessed Sacrament after Mass for a few minutes, I was quickly chased out by a priest who stood directly behind me, clearing his throat, until I got the message and left. On so many occasions, I have been tempted to turn my back on the Church, because some of her members first turned their backs on me. I felt unwanted, a kink in the normally smooth running of daily Mass. I was an annoying intruder who just didn't know how things were done. I was an anomaly that everyone was hoping would go away soon. Unfortunately for them, I was not easily swayed. Though I was repeatedly rejected, I couldn't abandon the truth.
My love of Christ carried me through those difficult times, and eventually I made it through this period of darkness. Having accepted both Christ and His Church, I never thought that my return to Christ would be filled with as much darkness as it was. I had always heard that meeting Christ was like stumbling out of the darkness and into the light, and in essence, that's what it was. Christ is my light, and because of Him, I am no longer afraid of the darkness. Christ's light has allowed me to walk through the darkness without fear. Unfortunately, in my naivete, I assumed that I would find the darkness in the world, and not in the Church. Since finding Christ, I have realized that there is darkness wherever there are human beings. We are capable of great good, and great evil, and even faithful members of the Church are not perfect. I have also realized that there is light wherever Christ is, and now that the light has come into the world, the darkness will never overcome it.
After months of struggling, I finally felt accepted by my newly found Church, but this had little to do with their own choices, but mine. Condemned to the last pew, where I knew no one sat, I watched and took notes. I began to dress like the other parishioners, and I found a vacant pew to make my own. Since my parish priest insisted on locking up immediately after daily Mass, I found other places to pray and eventually learned that I could come before Mass to pray, as long as I didn't mind chatting parishioners in the pews. Yes, it felt good to be accepted, but I vowed that I would remember what it had felt like to be rejected.
Even though I blend in with the rest of the parish community, I have taken my first experiences within the Church to heart. Even though I am dressed like my fellow worshippers, I make every effort to welcome newcomers, no matter how they are dressed. When I walk into church and find someone else sitting in my regular spot, I simply find another place to sit. When I see someone new at Mass, I make sure that I at least smile at them, even if I don't verbally welcome them. I know what it feels like to be rejected, and I want everyone to know that they are loved and wanted when they come to church. Other people might see a disrespectful kid, but I see a lost soul looking for love. Other people might see a rude intruder, but I see a newcomer looking for acceptance. I am pretty confident that I know who has the truth.
It has been several years since I first returned to the faith, and over time those first experiences in the Church have been shoved to the back of my memory and replaced by newer, better ones. As this has happened, I have largely forgotten how rejected I felt during those first months. While I continue to be very tolerant of inappropriate clothing and behavior at Mass, it's been a long time since I was rejected for those same accusations. I continue to be patient with those who don't know when to sit and stand, or what they're supposed to do during the Sign of Peace or the Our Father (I still struggle with some of these things since they change so much from church to church). While I know where I like to sit, as well as where everyone else likes to sit, I refuse to get flustered when my usual seat is taken. I know how wonderful it is to feel accepted and appreciated. I know how it feels to be welcomed and loved. And I want everyone to feel this way, because this is what Christ wants everyone to feel when they stumble upon His Church. We are the Body of Christ here on earth. We are His hands and feet, His mouth and ears. We must be the arms that embrace, the hands that reach out to the outcast. We must be Christ's smile, and His words of welcome. I found Christ, and that led me to His Church, but this is not always how it happens. Sometimes people find the Church first, and then are led to Christ. We do not want to lead these Christ-seekers away from Him. We want to lead them right into His arms because that is where they want to be. They want to be held within the arms of Christ. They want to be accepted. They want to be loved. But Christ has no hands but ours, no mouth but ours. Will you embrace the lost? Will you accept the outcast? Will you love the sinner? Christ did.
Very inspiring story–thank you for sharing. Really made an impact on the way I view church newcomers!


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Business groups cautious on easing of lockdown restrictions
Businesses groups have given a cautious response to the easing of lockdown restrictions in England announced by Prime Minister Boris Johnson last week.
Josh Hardie, Deputy Director General at the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), said: 'Businesses know the return to offices must not risk an infection spike. Firms can be knocked down once, not twice. This announcement marks a welcome change in tone, but changing behaviour and confidence will take time.
'Close collaboration between government, employers and unions – alongside excellent employee engagement and continued improvements in childcare, transport and testing – will be the building blocks for success.'
Edwin Morgan, Director of Policy at the Institute of Directors (IoD), said: 'Businesses need to balance the risks and won't want to increase the possibility of closures down the line by rushing back.
'On top of this, not everything is in a company's control. Childcare is an issue for many employees, and even if the guidance is changed, some staff who use public transport will still be concerned.'
Mike Cherry, National Chairman of the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), said: 'Small firms are being tasked with consulting employees and putting the right measures in place to ensure a safe return to work. After weeks of little or no income, they will need help – both funding and advice – to make that happen. Small businesses want to do the right thing and need support to do so.
'The Prime Minister should also recognise that, while most small businesses have been helped by emergency measures, many have not. We need to know how company directors and the newly self-employed, left stranded for more than 100 days, will be supported in future.'
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