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Who is Katharine Drexel?
October 6, 2016 by Jessica Wolstenholm
Photo Credit: Nobility.org
God's people have amazing stories! As we approach All Saints Day, we'd love to share the story of some heroes of the faith and of the church that you may not know a lot about. These are people who God has used to shape His Church. We hope you'll journey with us the next few weeks as we take this adventure together.
All who are part of God's family on Earth and in Heaven represent the Communion of Saints. We are a big family, and we have one thing in common: We love Jesus, and desire to share His love with others. We are His Church.
In this series, it has been my hope to bring to light just a few ordinary people who had a big influence on the Christian Church. Up until this week, I've concentrated on people, all men, who were considered pivotal game changers in the early days of the church. This week, I thought we'd take a look at a woman, who was from the United States, and whose influence in the lives of Native Americans and African Americans is still making positive changes today.
Who was Katharine Drexel?
Katharine Drexel was born Catherine Marie Drexel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 26, 1858. Her family owned a considerable fortune, and her uncle Anthony Joseph Drexel was the founder of Drexel University in Philadelphia. Her mother died five weeks after her Katharine's birth, but her father remarried in 1860. Katharine and her two sisters were educated at home by tutors, and they had the added advantage of touring parts of the United States and Europe with their parents.
Twice a week, the Drexels distributed food, clothing and rent assistance from their family home. When widows or lonely single women were too proud to come to the Drexels' home for assistance, the family went to them, always privately. As Emma Drexel taught her daughters, "Kindness may be unkind if it leaves a sting behind."
As a young and wealthy woman, Katharine nursed her stepmother through a three-year terminal cancer, but she saw that all the Drexel money could not buy safety from pain or death, and her life took a profound turn.
How did Katharine Drexel begin supporting Native American missions?
She had always been interested in the plight of the Native Americans. When her family took a trip to the Western part of the United States in 1884, Katharine saw, first hand, their sufferings. This experience aroused her desire to do something specific to help alleviate their condition. This was the beginning of her lifelong personal and financial support of numerous missions and missionaries in the United States.
After her father's death in 1885, she and her sisters contributed money to help the St. Francis Mission on South Dakota's Rosebud Reservation. For many years Katharine took spiritual direction from a longtime family friend, Father James O'Connor, a Philadelphia priest who later was appointed vicar apostolic of Nebraska. Katharine wanted to become a nun, but Fr. James instructed her to "wait and pray" to hear God, and His purpose for her life.
Katharine Drexel gives her life to God
In January 1887, while meeting with Pope Leo XIII to ask him for missionaries to staff some of the Native American missions that she was financing, she was surprised to hear the Pope suggest that she become a missionary herself. She later made the decision to give herself to God, along with her inheritance, through service to American Indians and African -Americans. Her family tried to talk her out from entering religious life, but in May 1889 she entered the Sisters of Mercy Convent in Pittsburgh. Her decision rocked Philadelphia social circles. The Philadelphia Public Ledger carried a banner headline: "Miss Drexel Enters a Catholic Convent–Gives Up Seven Million."
Katharine knew that many African Americans were far from free, still living in substandard conditions as sharecroppers or underpaid menial laborers. She also knew that many were being denied education and constitutional rights. She felt a compassionate urgency to help change racial attitudes in the United States.
In 1917 she and her fellow nuns opened a boarding school, St. Catherine's Indian School, in Santa Fe. By 1942 she had a system of African American Catholic schools in 13 states, plus 40 mission centers and 23 rural schools. Segregationists harassed her work, even burning a school in Pennsylvania. In all, she established 50 missions for Indians in 16 states. The most famous foundation was made in 1915; it was Xavier University in New Orleans, the first such institution for African Americans in the United States.
Why do we remember Katharine Drexel?
Katharine had an intense love of Jesus. She had a unique (for her day) perspective on the unity of all people. But she also had the courage and initiative in addressing social inequality among minorities – many decades before the Civil Rights movement became popular in the United States. She believed in quality education for all. She is remembered for her selfless service for minorities, including the donation of her inheritance, for the victims of social injustice.
To this day, The Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament pursue their original apostolate of working with African-Americans and Native Americans in 21 states and Haiti.
"Katherine Drexel", Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament.
Finney Jr., Peter, "The Legacy of Saint Katherine Drexel", St. Anthony Messenger.
Foley OFM, Leonard, "St. Katherine Drexel", Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM) Franciscan Media, ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7.
"Katherine Drexel: 1858-1955), Vatican News Service.
"Saint Katherine Drexel", L'Osservatore Romano, p.2, 21 November 1988.
"XU Quick Facts". Xavier University of Louisiana. Retrieved December 13, 2010.


The much anticipated Spokane Chiefs vs. Portland Winterhawks started fine for the Hawks, as Jake Gricius opened the scoring on the powerplay, midway through the first period, which gave them a 1-0 lead after twenty minutes and a huge shot advantage.
John Ludvig returned to action after an injury and was assessed a game misconduct and check to the head major toward the end of the period. Ludvig would receive a two-game suspension from the WHL, which would mean he would miss Saturday and Tuesday's games.
Spokane scored on the extended powerplay early in the second with all three of their goals in the second period occuring with the man advantage. Spokane added two more even-strength goals early in the third period, before Joachim Blichfeld scored a powerplay goal of his own late in the third period to stop Spokane's goal scoring streak and perhaps give the Hawks some momentum as they head into game two.
Everett handed Tri City a 6-1 loss, Vancouver destroyed Seattle 7-1, Victoria shutout Kamloops 4-0. In the East The Prince Albert Raiders shutout Red Deer 3-0, Saskatoon barely got by Moose Jaw 4-3, Lethbridge needed overtime to beat Calgary 3-2.
Saturday saw all teams play as Edmonton versus Medicine Hat started their series with just one game on Sunday that being the same two teams.
Without Ludvig and Glass Portland had to focus which was no small task. An errant pass by Hofer, left the net open for Spokane which they made no mistake with and led 1-0 after the first period. Midway through the second, Spokane was given a chance in the front of the net, which they buried to lead 2-0. Josh Paterson found a shot from the left faceoff dot that passed a screen and Bailey Brkin for a 2-1 Spokane lead at the end of the second. Portland's Lane Gilliss added another as he used the mess in front to score. Just over a minute later, Josh Paterson added his second of the night which gave Portland their first lead in the game and the series. Just under four minutes later Mason Mannek increased Portland's lead. Spokane added another just before they pulled their goaltender which gave Matthew Quigley a shot and a goal in the empty net to end the game at 5-3 and a split in Spokane. This game saw absolutely no penalties a stark contrast to the previous night with thirteen power plays called.
Seattle scored twice in the first and third to beat Vancouver 4-1. Everett scored a 4-3 win over Tri City with The Tips getting 4 consecutive goals in the first and second periods. That game saw a near bench brawl in the third period and rough stuff in the second with a total of thirteen power plays in that game, which will probably be carried over into Tri City.
Kamloops used overtime to beat Victoria 4-3 to knot that series. In the East Prince Albert scored a 6-4 decision over Red Deer after scoring three in the first and third periods. Lethbridge scored a 4-1 win over Calgary after collecting the first four goals in the game. Saskatoon scored in the second and third periods to grab a lead in the game 3-1 and a series stranglehold. Medicine Hat scored their goals in the second period and saw a late goal by the Oil Kings to make things interesting.
On Sunday Edmonton gave up the first two goals to their one in the first and traded goals in the second, but score the final two in the third to take the game 4-3. After almost doubling them in shots at 41-21 and strong power plays from both teams, the series are pretty much all tied or very close in the scores.
The series now shift to the "lower placed teams" on Tuesday. Out East Prince Albert, Saskatoon and Lethbridge hold a 2-0 series lead while the Oil Kings versus Medicine Hat is also tied at one. In the Western Conference, only Everett holds a 2-0 series lead. The others Portland/ Spokane, Kamloops/ Victoria and Seattle/ Vancouver are tied at one.
Ice Chips: Joel Hofer signed an entry level deal with St Louis after being drafted in the fourth round. Hofer, who will join the Hawks as a nineteen year old, has played in the past two games in the playoffs and is poised to be the top netminder of the team going forward.


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Uptown Funk – Tribute to Bruno Mars	• Tribute | Cover Band •
Uptown Funk is comprised of the industries top working musicians, specializing in the complete Bruno Mars concert experience.
Evan, Daniel, Danny, Sam, Corey, and Jay love what they do and work hard at being the best and most dynamic tribute band in the industry. Uptown Funk has been touring since 2016 nationally and internationally performing all the hits, including "24k Magic", "Treasure", and "Uptown Funk".
No other rendition of Bruno Mars' music comes close to this band with their level of accuracy and unmatched attention to detail. Uptown Funk's stage production captures it all!
Uptown Funk features, Evan Saucedo, an amazing Bruno Mars impersonator who can really dance and sings every note LIVE! (and quite flawlessly at that) With an incredibly talented group musicians backing him up to bring you the best Bruno Mars concert experience! Together they provide an exciting mix of the Funk and Pop/R&B sound of Bruno Mars. Uptown Funk will guarantee to keep an audience on their feet!
Uptown Funk invites you to experience the essence of Bruno Mars, his band, and the music that defines todays pop culture. If you are looking for entertainment that is exciting, fresh, fun, unique, and full of energy for your next special event, accept no substitutes.
INQUIRE>>BAND
The Starbreakerscover-band
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Join Doyle Davidson and Kathie Davidson on set as Doyle begins today teaching the scriptures he taught in Water of Life Christian Training School. Doyle ministers about the gospel shining in us, exposing the wickedness of our heart and about the tremendous hindrance that the mind will be to our believing. Kathie ministers about Jesus being the Word in the beginning with God, and how God created all things by Jesus.
Kathie's Message: "This Jesus, What He Was"


[UPDATE] King Felix Is Perfect Through Eight Innings…Jinx!
[Update] Hernandez is now perfect through eight. I need a drink.
[Update] Hernandez is now perfect through six. And pitch count will most certainly not be an issue as he has only needed 69 pitches so far.
[Earlier] No team has been no-hit more times since the start of the 2009 season than the Tampa Bay Rays who have done it three times. In fact, no other team has been no-hit three times in the past decade.
And the Rays are in danger of adding a fourth today as Felix Hernandez has retired the first 12 batters he has faced.
So at the request of a couple of readers, let's hope this serves as the official jinx.
You can smell it... look at the hitters face at the plate, they look like little league hitters goin to the slaughter, could it be PERFECT?
He's perfect through 6 2/3.
I dont think we'd be able to properly apply the Jinx. You would have had to hook up with the Mariners equivalent of this site and have them get all pumped about the no-hitter/perfecto to get the jinx. Sadly, they weren't going to help us out at all.
LOL. one of the writers over at DRB posted this link and blamed you for the perfect game. their hatred for this website knows no bounds.


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Clinical Study of Demographic Profile, Etiology, Severity and Outcome of Acute Pancreatitis in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Northern India
Journal of Gastrointestinal & Digestive System
J Gastrointest Dig Syst 2018, Vol 8(5): 575
Vijay Ahlawat1* and Rajesh Godara2
1Department of General Surgery, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Haryana, India
2Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Haryana, India
*Corresponding Author: Vijay Ahlawat, Department of General Surgery, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Haryana, India, Tel: +91-7988292778, Email: [email protected]
Received Date: Aug 29, 2018 / Accepted Date: Sep 12, 2018 / Published Date: Sep 19, 2018
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Keywords: Acute pancreatitis; Etiology; Gallstones; Trauma; Alcohol; Severity
Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is the inflammation of the pancreas varying from parenchymal oedema to necrosis caused by auto-digestion of the gland by its enzymes with significant potential morbidity and mortality [1]. Due to lack of prevalence data only the incidence from the patients admitted in different tertiary care centres all over the country can be obtained [2]. Despite large geographical differences, the incidence of AP has been increasing globally and the actual figures are mainly based on retrospective analyses of hospital admissions [3]. Netherlands and the United Kingdom (UK) have been associated with lowest incidence, while the highest incidence occurs in Scandinavia and the US [4]. Currently, supportive care is the mainstay of management of AP due to lack of specific pharmacotherapy [5].
Gallstones and alcohol, account for up to 80% of cases of AP, but other factors too play role in causation in the absence of these etiological factors [6]. Demographics of the patient have a well-defined role in AP and it is found to be affecting different age groups variably across the globe. The clinical course of the disease is variable among different age groups [7-11]. The etiology, severity as well as the outcome of the disease varies considerably with demographics of the patients and prevalence of the risk factors in different parts of the world. In some regions there is association between the prevalence of risk factors and the disease while in other regions such relation between the risk factors and the disease is lacking [7,12-20]. The age of the patients at the onset of disease can't be generalized and neither can we definitely predict the type of the disease severity at different ages in different sexes [3,9,15,21,22].
Majority of studies on AP are based on the Western population and there is very little information in literature about ethnic variations of AP in the Asian population. It is generally perceived that in Asian countries the etiology and clinical course of AP is different from that of the Western population due to differences in sociocultural habits. [23]. Outcome in case of severe acute pancreatitis depends upon early diagnosis and specific timely intervention. Variability in geographical distribution of risk factors, diversity in demographics across the world, failure in establishing relation between risk factors and the disease uniformly across the globe by common consensus, ever changing trends in the clinical course of the disease over the last few decades, lack of prevalence data of the disease in the country, changing trends in predictability of severity, complexity of the disease and changing trends in the outcome, prompted us to undertake this study to determine the demographic profile, etiology, severity and outcome of acute pancreatitis in the patients admitted in our institution in the surgery department.
This prospective cohort study was conducted between December 2016 to December 2017 with a sample size of 50 consecutive cases admitted in the department of general surgery in a tertiary care hospital in northern India with all newly diagnosed cases of acute pancreatitis admitted in the surgery department with age ≥ 16 years and no past history of AP were included in the study. The demographics of each patient were recorded i.e. age, sex, address, occupation, marital status, BMI, habits etc. A detailed clinical history was obtained from each patient and thorough clinical examination was done to establish clinical diagnosis of the condition. Laboratory investigations like serum amylase, lipase, BUN, blood sugar, serum triglycerides, serum calcium, TLC etc. were done and all the values analyzed and recorded. USG and X-rays were done in each case as the first radiological investigations and thereafter CT SCAN was done. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was established based on revised Atlanta classification, which includes fulfilling two of the following three criteria: Acute onset, severe abdominal pain consistent with acute pancreatitis; three folds increase in serum amylase or serum lipase levels of upper limit of normal; radiological investigations i.e. USG or CT SCAN or MRI showing evidence of acute pancreatitis.
BISAP score was used to determine severity of the pancreatitis as first scoring system. Patients with score of ≥ 3 were classified as being having severe illness while patients with score of<3 were classified as being having mild form of the disease. CTSI (CT Severity Index) score was calculated with Balthazar grading and necrosis score using NCCT and CECT abdomen findings. Cases with CTSI score of<7 were classified as mild and those with score of ≥ 7 were classified as severe. Outcome of the cases was recorded in terms of successful discharge, referral for any intervention elsewhere, LAMA (Left Against Medical Advice), and death. All the data was statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, median, range etc. with the help of Microsoft Excel 2016 (v16.0).
Of the 50 cases, 15 (30%) were male while 35 (70 %) were female. The mean age of the study sample (n=50) was 47.30 ± 15.16 (SD) years, ranging from 19-75 years. The mean age in female patients (n=35) was 47.60 ± 14.70 (SD) years. The mean age in male patients (n=15) was 46.60 ± 16.16 (SD) years. 10 cases (20%) gave history of smoking while 40 cases (80%) were non-smokers. Among females (n=35), 2 cases (5.71%) were smokers while 8 cases (53.33%) were smokers in males' group (n=15). 5 cases (10%) of the study group were alcoholic and subgroup analysis revealed that 33.33% of male patients group were alcoholic and rest non-alcoholic.
5 cases (10%) of the total (n=50) were between 16-25 years of age. Among males (n=15), 2 cases (14%) were between 16-25 years of age. While, among females (n=35), 3 cases (8%) were in this age group. 8 cases (16%) were between 26-35 years of age. Among males (n=15), 3 cases (20%) were between 26-35 years of age. Among females (n=35), 5 cases (14%) were in this age group. 11 cases (22%) out of the total (n=50) were between 36-45 years of age. Among males (n=15), 2 cases (13%) were between 36-45 years of age. While, among females (n=35), 9 cases (26%) were in this age group. 8 cases (16%) were between 46-55 years of age. Among males (n=15), 2 cases (13%) were between 46-55 years of age. While, among females (n=35), 6 cases (17%) cases were in this age group. 15 cases (30%) of the total (n=50) cases were between 56-65 years of age. Among males (n=15), 6 (40%) cases were between 56-65 years of age. While, in females (n=35), 9 cases (26%) were in this age group. 3 cases (6%) of the total (n=50) were between 66-75 years of age. Among males (n=15), 0% cases were between 66-75 years of age. While, in females (n=35), 3 cases (9%) were in this age group (Table 1).
Age group (in years)
36-45 11 2 9
Table 1: Age distribution of cases.
The mean BMI of the study group was 24.52 ± 2.40 kg/m2 with a range of 20-32 kg/m2. Majority of patients had history of pain abdomen (84%), nausea/vomiting (88%). On clinical examination, abdominal tenderness was elicited in majority of cases (98%). However, ultrasonography was able to diagnose AP in only 44% cases which might be because of bowel gases obscuring underlying pancreas. 90% cases had serum amylase levels elevated more than three times of the upper limit of the normal. Elevated serum triglycerides levels were observed in only 8% of the cases (Table 2).
H/o Pain Abd. 42 8
H/o Nausea/Vomit. 44 6
Abd. tenderness 49 1
↑ Serum Amylase 45 5
↑Serum Lipase 13 5
USG s/o AP 22 27
↑ S. Triglycerides 4 31
Table 2: Distribution of cases based on history, examination and lab investigation findings.
Gallstones were the cause of AP in 42 cases (84%) of the study group (n=50) with 31 females and 11 males. Abdominal trauma was etiological factor for AP in 3 cases (6%) with 2 males and one female. All cases were of blunt trauma to the abdomen without any penetrating injury. 2 cases (4%) of the study group (n=50) were diagnosed with AP induced post operatively (cholecystectomy).
Of these, one was male and one female. There were 5 patients (all males) with history of chronic alcoholism but alcohol was the etiological factor in one case (2%) of the study group (n=50). There was no case of alcohol induced AP among females (Table 3).
Total (n=50)
Gallstones 42 11 31
Trauma 3 2 1
Alcohol 1 1 0
Post Op. 2 1 1
Drugs 1 0 1
Post ERCP 1 0 1
Table 3: Distribution of cases on the basis of etiology.
Disease severity was determined on the basis BISAP score at the admission and at later stages (as per norms which advocate CT SCAN only after 48 hours of admission) based on CTSI score. Of the total cases (n=50), 41 (82%) had mild AP while 9 (18%) cases had severe form of the disease.
Among males, 4 (26.7%) cases had severe AP while 11 (73.3) cases had mild form of the disease. Among females too majority, 30 cases (85.7%), had mild AP and only few, 5 cases (14.3%), had severe AP. However, compared to females, males had more percentage of cases falling into severe AP category (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Distribution of cases based on severity.
Majority of cases of mild AP were in the age groups 36-45 years and 56-65 years with 10 and 13 cases respectively. There was no case of severe AP in 66-75 years age group. Among males there were no cases of AP in 65-75 years age category.
Majority of cases (2) of severe AP among males were in 56-65 years age category. Among females, more cases of mild AP were from 36-45 years and 56-65 years age category with 9 cases each. Severe AP was more prevalent in younger female ≤ 35 years of age with a total of 3 cases (Table 4).
Mild AP
(no. of cases)
Severe AP
16-25 Years 2 1 0 2
Table 4: Distribution of cases on the basis of severity in different age groups in male and female.
Among smokers (n=10), 7 (70%) had mild AP while 3 (30%) had severe acute pancreatitis. Among alcoholics (n=5), 4 (80%) had mild form of the disease while 1 (20%) had severe AP.
The mean length of stay in the hospital in the current study was 6.82 ± 5.24 (SD) days. Among cases with mild AP (n=41), the mean length of stay was 5.73 ± 2.91 (SD) days. The mean length of stay for patients with severe AP (n=9) was 11.78 ± 9.15 (SD) days. 44 (88%) cases were successfully discharged after the treatment of their acute condition in the present study group (n=50). Death occurred in 2 (4%) cases in the present study. Both died because of multiple organ failure. Of these 2 cases, one was case of biliary acute pancreatitis having severe form of the disease dying on second day of the hospital stay.
The second death was seen in a case of AHP (Acute Haemorrhagic Pancreatitis) having severe form of the disease, who died on the first day of admission because of multiple organ failure. The death occurred in 2 cases (22.22%) cases of severe AP (n=9). Among patients with mild form of the disease (n=41), no mortality was observed. In the current study it was observed that 2 (4%) cases were referred to higher centre after initial management. Of these 2 cases, one case was referred for ERCP as it was a case of biliary AP with choledocholithiasis. The second case was of post ERCP AP who had ANP (Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis) and developed pseudo aneurysm of the major abdominal vessels. Patient didn't come for follow up and continued treatment at the higher centre and subsequent communication couldn't be established.
Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is a relatively common disease with incidence of 5-80 per 100,000 members of the population worldwide. Although, its prevalence varies in different countries and even in different areas of a given country, there has been a significant increase in the number of new cases in recent years [18]. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is the mainstay of the therapy in AP for significantly decreasing morbidity and mortality. AP can affect both males and females with variable frequency. In our study we found AP affecting. 70% Patients in our study were found to be females and 30% were males (M:F=0.4:1) showing a female predominance which is in contrary to the studies done earlier. However, compared to other Indian studies with majority of cases of biliary AP as done by Pawan et al. [19], our study has yielded different results with female predominance in our study compared to male predominance in their study, which indicates demographics vary considerably within the same country in different regions. Results of some of the studies compared to present study are summarized in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Male: Female ratio in different studies in comparison with present study.
Further studies are required however, before jumping to conclusion.
Any age group can be affected by AP. The age distribution of AP is quite variable. There was no significant difference in mean age among males and females as it was 46.60 ± 16.16 years and 47.60 ± 14.70 years respectively.
But the median age for males was 55 years which was quite higher compared to females with median age 46 years which can be explained by higher incidence of AP among older males compared to females with incidence equally distributed on either side of the mean. In many of the studies done in Asian countries, the mean age is relatively lower compared to that of western population indicating ethnic variations in demographics of AP worldwide. The results of some of the studies are summarized in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Mean age in different studies in comparison with current study.
Even in the same country the results are variable as the mean age of our study group is higher compared to other studies done across the country as mentioned earlier. Etiology of AP varies considerably across the globe. In our study we found the following as the causative factors: gallstones, alcohol, drugs, post-operative, ERCP and abdominal trauma. Majority of the patients had gallstones as the causative factor (84%) for inducing AP followed by abdominal trauma (6%), postcholecystectomy (4%), alcohol (2%), drugs (2%), ERCP (2%). Gallstones were the leading cause for AP in both males and females contributing to 73% and 88% cases respectively. However, in the study done in Singapore by Kandasami et al. [23], they found gallstones causing AP in only 15.9% cases. Their study included patients from multiple ethnicity with Indians contributing 56.8% of the total and even among Indians, gallstones were responsible for AP in only 6.7% cases while alcohol was the leading cause there with 73.3% falling in this category which is in contrast to the results of our study.
This difference indicates etiology of AP depends on the life styles and place and not just the race. Unlike most of the other studies, blunt abdominal trauma was the second most common cause of AP in our study. Penetrating abdominal trauma is commonly associated with AP instead of blunt trauma however, in our study all cases were of blunt trauma [19]. So, our study suggests that blunt trauma patients should be evaluated for AP. Alcohol contributed to only 2% cases of AP in our study though 10% patients had history of alcoholism. All cases with history of alcoholism were male. These low proportions of alcohol induced AP in our study can be explained by the fact that majority of patients in our study group were females and all non-alcoholic. Among males 33.33% gave history of alcoholism but only 6.67% males had alcohol induced AP. This finding is similar to that of Vidarsdottir et al. [12] who had higher number of cases with history of alcoholism while only few experienced alcohol-induced AP. Moreover, AP depends upon the type, frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption [12,24].
Majority of cases in our study were found to have mild AP (82%) while, only 18% cases were of severe AP. Of these cases of severe AP, 44.44% cases were below the age of 35% years and 44.44% cases were more than 46 years of age. However, total cases of AP with age below 35 years were 26% of total and that above 46 years were 52% of the total cases. After taking this data into account, 31% cases below 35 years of age were found to have severe AP and 15% of cases above the age of 46 years were found to have severe AP, indicating major proportion of severe AP in young subjects compared to older ones. Reid et al. in their study in Jamaica noted similar findings with majority of their cases of severe AP between 20-39 years age category [4]. But in the study done by Malik in Jamshoro, Pakistan, severe AP was found to be more common in older subjects [25].
Among males as well females, majority of cases were of mild AP. However, after subgroup analysis it was found that among all male subjects, 26.67% had severe AP while, in the female group 14.3% cases had severe AP. This shows proportionate male predominance of severe AP in our study. On age distribution analysis it was found that in males, severity was more among older subjects while among females, severity was distributed proportionately with age as both younger and older subjects had proportionate cases of severe AP. Lankisch et al. [26] in their study concluded that no difference is there in severity distribution of cases based on gender. In the study by Reid et al. [4], majority of cases of severe AP were females which is contrary to our findings. Similarly, in the study by Jha et al. [19], severe AP was proportionately more common among males with 33.33% males having severe AP and 25.92% females having severe AP. However, when compared to the results of our study, they had more proportion of females with severe AP i.e. 25.92% compared to 14.3% in our study. This indicates that there was proportionate male predominance in having severe AP compared to females. So, from our results we can say that males were found to be more prone to get severe AP compared to females.
Of all the cases of biliary AP, 85.71% cases had mild AP and 14.29% had severe AP. On sub group analysis, it was found that of all the cases of male biliary AP, 27.27% cases had severe form of the disease while of the cases of biliary AP among females, 9.67% cases had severe AP which shows males are more prone to develop severe biliary AP compared to females. In the study in Jamaica by Reid et al. [4], 9.4% cases had severe AP which is low compared to that of our study. While in the study by Jha et al. [19], 22.72% cases of biliary AP had severe AP which quite high compared to our study. This shows variability in the severity and unpredictability in the clinical course of the disease in different regions. However, mortality has decreased substantially over the time in AP.
The mean length of stay in our study was found to be 6.82 days. In mild and severe AP, it was 5.73 and 11.78 days respectively. Overall, it was lower as compared to mean hospitalisation time of 9.6 days for all cases, 20 days for severe AP of the Polish study by Justyna et al. [27] and 9.51 days of the Jamaican study by Reid et al. [4]. As 2 cases in our study were referred to higher centres and 2 cases left against medical advice, we observed relatively lower mean length of stay. We observed overall mortality of 4%, all being cases of severe AP. Reid et al. [4] observed mortality of 2% in their study which is lower compared to ours and Ahmed et al. [28] observed an overall mortality of 6% in their study.
However, further studies are needed as we didn't include paediatric patients in our study and the sample size was only 50 cases with time limit of conducting this study in fixed duration of time.
Acute pancreatitis more commonly occurs in females than males, in males it is more common in elderly subjects. Most of the patients present with characteristic abdominal pain of AP and elevated serum amylase and/or serum lipase levels but USG are able to diagnose AP in only 44% of the cases. Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis. Blunt abdominal trauma, not penetrating trauma, is the most common cause of traumatic AP which is contrary to earlier studies. Most of the cases of AP have mild form of disease. Overall, severe AP is proportionately less common among elderly subjects which are contrary to earlier studies. Severe AP is proportionately more common among males than females. Smokers are more likely to develop severe acute pancreatitis compared to non-smokers. Gallstones are more likely to cause AP in alcoholics than alcohol alone. Most of the cases of AP don't require ICU admission for survival. Mean length of stay in hospital is more in severe AP compared to mild AP. Overall, Mortality rate of acute pancreatitis is low which is around 4% with multiple organs failure as the main cause of death but morbidity related to the disease is high. However, further studies are recommended involving larger population group.
The study was approved by the ethical committee of the institution.
The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Papavramidis TS, Zandes N, Hatzimisios K, Koutsimani TH, Kehagia F, et al. (2008) Acute gallstone pancreatitis: A constant challenge for the surgeon. Indian J Surg 70: 224-226.
Tandon RK (2013) Management of acute pancreatitis: Indian guidelines and protocols. Medicine Update 23: 267-270.
Stimac D, Mikolasevic I, Krznaric-Zrnic I, Radic M, Milic S (2013) Epidemiology of acute pancreatitis in the north adriatic region of croatia during the last ten years. Gastroenterol Res Prac.
Reid GP, Williams EW, Francis DK, Lee MG (2017) Acute pancreatitis: A 7-year retrospective cohort study of the epidemiology, aetiology and outcome from a tertiary hospital in Jamaica. Ann Med Surg 20: 103-108.
Clemens DL, Schneider KJ, Arkfeld CK, Grode JR, Wells MA, et al. (2016) Alcoholic pancreatitis: New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 7: 48-58.
William EF, Dana KA, John AW (2015) Pancreas: Schwartz's principles of surgery. 10th edn, McGraw-Hill Education: New York (pp: 1351-1361).
Yadav D, Lowenfels BA (2013) The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterol 144: 1252-1261.
Nesvaderani M, Eslick GD, Vagg D, Faraj S, Cox MR (2015) Epidemiology, aetiology and outcomes of acute pancreatitis: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 23: 68-74.
Roberts SE, Akbari A, Thorne K, Atkinson M, Evans PA (2013) The incidence of acute pancreatitis: Impact of social deprivation, alcohol consumption, seasonal and demographic factors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 38: 539-548.
Yang H, Wang L, Shi YH (2014) Epidemiology, aetiology and outcomes of acute pancreatitis: A retrospective cohort study. J Dig Dis 15: 501-507.
Singh VK, Bollen TL, Wu BU, Repas K, Maurer R, et al. (2011) An assessment of the severity of interstitial pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9: 1098-1103.
Vidarsdottir H, Moller PH, Vidarsdottir H, Hildur T, Einar SB (2013) Acute puncreatitis: A prospective study on incidence, etiology and outcome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25: 1068-1075.
Zhao Q, Huang C, Hu W, Xu J (2004) A case-control study on the dietary factors of patients with acute pancreatitis. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 33: 167-172.
Martinez J, Johnson CD, SanchezPaya J, de Madaria E, Robles-Díaz G, et al. (2006) Obesity is a definitive risk factor of severity and mortality in acute pancreatitis: An updated meta-analysis. Pancreatol 6: 206209.
Roberts SE, MorrisonRees S, John A, Williams JG, Brown TH, et al. The incidence and aetiology of acute pancreatitis across europe. Pancreatol 17: 155165.
Njeze GE (2013) Gallstones. Niger J Surg 19: 49-55.
Ansari-Moghaddam A, Khorram A, Miri-Bonjar M, Mohammadi M, Ansari H (2016) The prevalence and risk factors of gallstone among adults in south-east of Iran: A population based study. Glob J Health Sci 8: 60-67.
Kim TN, Kim SB, Cho JH, Kim KH (2014) Comparison of clinical course and outcome of acute pancreatitis according to two main aetiologies: Alcohol Vs. gallstone. Pancreatol 14: S62.
Jha PK, Chandran R, Jaiswal P, Seema K (2017) A clinical study of risk factors of acute pancreatitis in a tertiary care centre in North India. Int Surg J 4: 1878-1883.
Acharya C, Navina S, Singh VP (2014) Role of pancreatic fat in the outcomes of pancreatitis. Pancreatol 14: 403-408.
Baig SJ, Rahed A, Sen S (2008) A prospective study of the aetiology, severity and outcome of acute pancreatitis in eastern India. Trop Gastroenterol 29: 20-22.
Anderson F, Thomson SR, Clarke DL, Loots E (2008) Acute pancreatitis: Demographics, aetiological factors and outcomes in a regional hospital in South Africa. S Afr J Surg 46: 83-86.
Kandasami P, Hanafiah H, Kaur H (2002) Acute pancreatitis in a multi-ethnic population. Singapore Med J 43: 284-288.
Razvodovsky YE (2014) Beverage specific effect of alcohol on pancreatitis mortality in Russia. Alcoholism 50: 111-121.
Malik AM (2015) Acute pancreatitis: A more common and severe complication of gallstones in males. Int J Health Sci 9: 141-145.
Lankisch PG, Assmus C, Lehnick D, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB (2001) Acute pancreatitis: Does gender matter? Dig Dis Sci 46: 2470-2474.
Bogdan J, Elsaftawy A, Kaczmarzyk J, Jablecki J (2012) Epidemiological characteristic of acute pancreatitis in Trzebnica district. Pol Przegl Chir 84: 70-75.
Ahmed KU, Ahad MA, Alim MA (2016) Clinical profile of acute pancreatitis in a teaching hospital. Bang Med J Khulna 49: 7-12.
Citation: Ahlawat V and Godara R (2018) Clinical Study of Demographic Profile, Etiology, Severity and Outcome of Acute Pancreatitis in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Northern India . J Gastrointest Dig Syst 8: 575. DOI: 10.4172/2161-069X.1000575
Copyright: © 2018 Ahlawat V, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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/**
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abstract class PutCommand extends Command
{
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     * Request method.
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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11th August 2020 7th September 2020 Simon Robert Sports & Outdoors
The Serie A tournament has a few matches left until the end of this busy season. In the meantime, fans can try online sports betting on certified site 1xBet and make money on confrontations, which will determine the future fate of participating teams.
Talking about those clubs that disappointed their fans, the first one among them is Torino. Last season, the team managed to win a place in the Europa League, but this year they are fighting to maintain their spot in the elite. This is clearly not the result that the management and fans expected.
However, this shouldn't prevent bettors from making money on Torino's matches by placing online sports bets on the certified site of 1xBet. Now the team will surely undergo major changes. It needs to try to both retain the leaders and strengthen the problematic positions to be able to claim something more in the next season than keeping its place in the Serie A.
However, now the level of competition in the Italian championship has seriously increased, which Torino players definitely felt. Now any game with any opponent is like a final, and fans can bet on them in the reliable betting office. Also, it has the section on https://1xBetbd.com/allgamesentrance, where fans can find a really wide choice of games.
Among the reasons for the club's unsuccessful performance are:
lack of teamwork between players;
number of unsuccessful coaching decisions;
poor performance of newcomers, even though the club counted on them;
loss of motivation by several players at once.
It's only left to hope that in the next season the athletes will be able to pull themselves together and improve the situation. Fans can always make a forecast for its future success on the website of the best bookmaker company.
Place bets on NHL 20 cyber league online on noted 1xBet site
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Virtual sports are gaining popularity, and the office is well aware of this. Therefore, the line for such competitions is rapidly expanding. As for bets on NHL 20 cyber league online on noted site 1xBet, bettors can place them at any time of the day. Just a couple of clicks, and the forecast is done. Therefore, feel free to register in the company and win thanks to cooperation with the market leader.
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A decimated Baskonia beats Bayern in Munich
Ehe Bitci Baskonia won again away from home in the Euroleague, more than two months later, after beating Bayern Munich in the AudiDome by 75 to 81. Those from Spahija attended the event in the draw, because although Kurucs ended up joining the expedition at the last minute, Simone Fontecchio ended up being discarded at the last minute for the flu. Thus, the absence of the Italian was added to those of Alec Peters, Rokas Giedraitis and Tadas Sedekerskis, leaving the Baskonista rotation greatly diminished a few minutes before the game.
The difficulties did not daunt the Basques, who started strongly led by an overwhelming Wade Baldwin IV. The American found himself like a fish in water before his exes and signed a huge first quarter, scoring 16 points without failure to take his team to a resounding 13 to 25 at the end of the first 10 minutes.
The locals found an effective response in KC Rivers, who emulated his compatriot in success as soon as the second period started. The forward scored Bayern's 12 consecutive points, bringing Trinchieri's men closer to 27-32 midway through the quarter. The rebound, which had been a fundamental weapon for the Baskonians, changed hands, providing second shots and opportunities for the German team. Costello sustained the Vitoria with 11 points, closing Marinkovic with a triple in the first half (42-46, min.20)
Baldwin resumed his scoring work as soon as the game resumed, finding in Landry Nnoko the ally he needed in the paint. The Cameroons restored their defensive solidity, which added to the regular contribution of Costello on both sides of the court, extended the advantage to 17 points (48-65, min.27). A small partial at the end of the third period kept the flame alive for Bayern, who entered the final phase 12 points behind (55-67, min.30)
Fatigue seemed to take its toll on both teams from then on, although it was the most limited in rotation – the Baskonia – that survived the best. A huge dunk with additional Costello and a triple by Marinkovic stabbed Bayern almost definitively, returning the lead to 17 points (56-73) with the game entering its final stretch.
Personal fouls would still put another China in the way of Baskonia, who lost in just the blink of an eye its two 'fives' -Nnoko and Enoch-, forcing Spahja to finish the game -the last three minutes- with a quintet made up of 3 bases, Marinkovic of 'four' and Costello as the only post. 4 free throws by Granger and a final basket by Baldwin will end up certifying the victory from Vitoria in the final stage.
Reference-www.marca.com
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Thirst Guide: 10 Indian Drinks You Should Try
May 10, 2019 April 14, 2020 dpo-admin
Made from seasonal fruits, herbs and spices, these 10 traditional thirst-quenchers and street drinks are the perfect way to beat the heat on India's sizzling afternoon.
Every region in India has its own versions of thirst quenching beverages, each perfected by years of experience and passing time. Moreover, each of them has a story of its own, a tale of centuries-old culture and cherished memories with each sip.
So here are 10 delicious street drinks that define Indian summer. Trust us, you will love rediscovering these traditional thirst-quenchers!
1. Aam Panna
Aam Panna is well known for its heat resistant properties. Made from green mangoes, it is treated as a flavoursome and healthy beverage to fight the intense Indian summer heat. This delectable beverage appears light green in colour and is prepared using raw mangoes, sugar and an assortment of spices. Though it is mainly consumed in North India; it is very beneficial in the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders and also acts as a remedy for blood disorders with its high vitamin C content.
2. Nimbu Pani
Nimbu Pani (Lemonade) is a traditional and the most common Indian drink that is very popular in India. It is also called Shikanje in North India and Pakistan, Shikanje/Nimbu pani or Lemonade is prepared with Lemon Juice along with variations of ginger juice, ice and water as well as other ingredients like salt, saffron and cumin. Mint leaves could also be added depending on your taste.
3. Thandai
A famous Holi drink which is a cold Indian beverage prepared with a mixture of almonds, rose petals, pepper, vetiver seeds, cardamom, fennel seeds, magaztari seeds (watermelon kernel), saffron, milk and sugar. It's a native drink of India and is always associated with the festivals of Holi and Shivaratri.
4. Bel Sherbet
A seasonal summer fruit filled with nutritional goodness, Bel (Wood Apple) (also known as Bellada Hannu in Kannada and Maredu in Telegu) is said to cure everything from heatstroke and upset tummy to dehydration and diabetes. The fruit is broken through its woody outer shell and the pulp is soaked in water. Jaggery and lemon juice are then added to create a simple but potent cooler.
5. Piyush
A much-loved summer drink in Maharashtra and Gujarat, Piyush is a delectably creamy concoction made by combining shrikhand (Indian sweet dish), buttermilk, nutmeg, saffron and an assortment of dry fruits in the right quantity. Interestingly, the drink's name literally means 'amrit' (or the drink of the Gods), a tribute to its soothing, nectar-like taste.
6. Sambharam/ Neer Mor
A summer favourite savoured across south India, sambaaram (also called neer mor) is nothing but delicious spicy buttermilk made from curd, green chillies, ginger and yoghurt. Every southern state has its very own version of this summer staple that is believed to have digestive, probiotic, hydrating and reviving properties.
7. Lassi
Who doesn't love this hearty Punjabi summer cooler? Often touted as the oldest smoothie in the world, a sip of luscious lassi (often served with a dollop of decadent malai) cascading down your parched throat can instantly lift your mood and provide relief from the sultry heat. Interestingly, Odisha has its own unique version of the lassi – the Oriya lassi also has grated coconut, rabdi, cherries and myriad nuts!
8. Mango Mastaani
Pune's very own culinary creation, Mango Mastaani is a luscious street drink that will remind you that mango is indeed the true king of the fruit realm. It is basically a velvety mango milkshake topped with chunks of fresh fruit, crunchy nuts, succulent cherries and whipped cream.And yes, the drink is named after Mastaani, the beautiful princess of Bundelkhand who stole the mighty Peshwa Bajirao's heart.
9. Jil Jil Jigarthanda
As far as names of drinks go, very few can match up to the curiosity Madurai's iconic Jil Jil Jigarthanda evokes. Made by blending chilled milk, kadal paasi (edible sea algae), nannari syrup, almond resin, some basundi and dollops of ice cream, this delightful drink does what its name implies cool the heart on hot summer days!
10. Gondhoraj Ghol
Bengal's very own version of buttermilk, Gondhoraj Ghol is a refreshing marriage of curd, sugar, black salt, iced water, and the pulpy juice of the state's highly prized Gondhoraj lime. This oblong-shaped wondrous citrus has a very subtle aroma and an unusual flavour (similar to the kaffir lime) that sends most Bengalis into paroxysms of joy.
Source: TheBetterIndia


NEPC survey finds responders more optimistic about US economy despite political uncertainty.
A survey from NEPC revealed 68% of respondents have more than 10% of their portfolios allocated to marketable alternatives, which includes hedge funds. This marks a notable increase from last year, when NEPC's July 2016 survey found only 45% of respondents had at least 10% allocated to hedge funds.
According to the Q2 2017 NEPC Endowment and Foundation poll, 65% of respondents plan to maintain portfolio exposure rather than increase (16%) or decrease (16%) it.
The poll's results also indicated that utilizing both liquid and illiquid marketable alternatives are becoming more favorable, with 48% of respondents reporting the use of both, 26% reporting only liquid, and 13% using only illiquid. When asked about specifics, 50% said direct hedge funds, 40% funds of hedge funds, 32% global asset allocation, and 18% liquid alternatives.
Also covered was endowment and foundation views on the pros and cons of investing in marketable alternatives. Portfolio diversification as viewed as the number one benefit by 80%, as well as risk management, reported by 61%. Low or disappointing returns (76%), high fees (73%), and transparency (65%) were among the top concerns.
In response to the greatest threats to their investment performance in the near future, 39% of respondents pointed to a slowdown in global growth, up 5% from the Q1 survey and down 24% from Q3 2016's survey. Geopolitics and political uncertainty was deemed the greatest threat to the portfolios of 37% of respondents—the same as the Q1 poll, but 9% down from Q4 2016's poll.
Optimism for the US economy improved dramatically, as 65% of respondents felt that the US economy is in better standing now than it was at this time last year. In the Q2 2016 survey, just 29% thought it was in better shape than it was in 2015. Only 8% of Q2 2017 respondents think the US economy is in a worse place, compared to the 50% of respondents feeling this way in the previous year's survey.


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//Imperial College London
University of Edinburgh to become Centre of Excellence for UK cyber security research
The University of Edinburgh has become a Government-approved Centre of Excellence for cyber security research in the UK. Ben Gummer, Minister for the Cabinet Office, has praised the university's efforts in becoming the first such centre in Scotland to gain the accolade, in...
Imperial College London students crowned "UK's most talented" in cyber security competition
Students from Imperial College London have been declared the most talented university pupils in the UK for their cyber skills after beating fierce competition from 11 other top universities, which have been designated as Academic Centres of Excellence in Cyber Security Research,...
Corporate Risk Associates provides safety and risk consulting advice for Hinkley Point C project
Risk management consultancy Corporate Risk Associates (CRA) has been playing a key role in providing safety and risk consulting expertise for the EPR nuclear power station design that's scheduled to be built at Hinkley Point C (HPC) in the UK. The independent security...
WMG's Cyber Security Centre set to play key role in new £23 million Internet of Things Research Hub
The Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG) at the University of Warwick is to play a significant role in a new £23 million interdisciplinary Research Hub designed to drive forward UK research on the Internet of Things (IoT). Ed Vaizey, Minister of State for Culture and the Digital...
David Clark appointed chairman of ASIS International's UK Chapter following AGM
At the ASIS International UK Chapter's 2015 Annual General Meeting – which took place on Thursday 10 December at the offices of State Street Bank in London's Canary Wharf – David Clark CPP PCI PSP was elected as the new chairman of the Chapter. He will...
Low cohort of females choosing risk management careers addressed by Corporate Risk Associates
Corporate Risk Associates – one of the country's largest independent safety and risk consultancies – is working hard to buck the trend of low female numbers joining STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)-centric industries with a commitment that means...
Former MI5 director general Eliza Manningham-Buller appointed co-president of Chatham House
Baroness Eliza Manningham-Buller has been confirmed as a co-president of Chatham House (the Royal Institute of International Affairs), replacing Liberal Democrat peer Lord Paddy Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon who steps down after ten years in the role. The appointment of Baroness...


2nd weekend buy, Help required in IDing Knobbly vase.
Topic: 2nd weekend buy, Help required in IDing Knobbly vase.
This was another buy at the weekend, I bought it because of the strange colour, although red, around the top it has a yellowish colour, is there a reason for this? The vase itself (so i was told) is from the 1960's, it has a cool knobbly thing going on and stands about 8" tall, can any one tell me anything about it.
Re: 2nd weekend buy, Help required in IDing Knobbly vase.
i have an identical one in dark green which has been tentatively attributed to Empoli - because of colour, finish, thickness etc. And yes, red was also used in Empoli.


After eight years in a Richmond strip mall, Blossom Winery moved in 2009 to share quarters with a sister winery, Lulu Island Winery. Proprietors John Chang and Allison Lu came to Canada in 1999 from Taiwan. He was an electrical equipment dealer there but, inspired by the memory of his grandmother's fruit wines, began making raspberry and blueberry wines from berries grown on Richmond's many farms.
Subsequently, Blossom branched into both grape wines and icewines.
Blossom makes about 30,000 litres a year and contracts grapes at five Okanagan and Similkameen vineyards. Much of the wine is exported to China and Taiwan. In 2006, the winery was recognized as one of the 24 fastest-growing exporters in the province. With the 22,000-square-foot Lulu Island winery looking after consumer sales in the domestic market, Blossom has now become an export label.


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How many managers has your team had? Full list since 1992 ranked in order
Sheffield Wednesday: Here's who the bookies think the lead contenders will be to become the Owls' new manager
SportFootballSheffield UnitedLatest Blades News
Sheffield United: 'We can't be a spike team, even in the Premier League'
Sheffield United manager Chris Wilder has thrown down the gauntlet to his players, challenging them to maintain their consistency levels in the Premier League next season despite acknowledging the step-up in class.
By James Shield
Saturday, 11 May, 2019, 14:09
Sheffield United are heading into the Premier League: James Wilson/Sportimage
After securing automatic promotion from the Championship last term, Bramall Lane is preparing to stage top-flight football for the first time in over a decade following another successful campaign under the 51-year-old.
Wilder, who has won 81 of his 151 matches at the helm since inheriting a squad languishing in the third tier, confirmed earlier this week that the majority of those who finished second in the table will be given a chance to prove themselves at the highest level.
But, issuing an important caveat, he said: "I don't want us to be a spike team. I don't us to be a nine out of 10 one week and five out of 10 the next. We're after that consistency. We're always trying to improve.
"We've done that from the experience of last season, bringing new players in and we looked at what we needed to improve on as staff."
Although they averaged 1.93 points per game last season, United paved the way for new arrivals after publishing their retained and released list earlier this week. Paul Coutts and Martin Cranie were the two most notable casualties, but Wilder, who also made Ched Evans and Leon Clarke available for transfer, admitted departures were inevitable.
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Highlighting how United out-perfomed the likes of Aston Villa and Leeds despite selling David Brooks to AFC Bournemouth 10 months ago, he said:
Sheffield United manager Chris Wilder: James Wilson/Sportimage
"We did a bit of business with David Brooks going out which gave us a bit of a lift in the budget.
"There was an improvement in the squad in terms of personnel. We looked at it and wanted to do better. We're aiming to improve now."
Sheffield United's players have been challenged by Chris Wilder: Nick Potts/PA Wire.


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Rate pause to trigger 9pc rise in Sydney house prices
Nila SweeneyReporter
Nov 29, 2022 – 5.00am
Sydney house prices could bounce back by up to 9 per cent next year if the Reserve Bank of Australia pauses interest rate rises, keeping the cash rate below 4 per cent according to the Boom and Bust report.
Louis Christopher, managing director of SQM Research and author of the report, said a pause in the rate rise cycle, which is expected to occur as early as June year, with the cash rate holding steady for the rest of 2023, could ignite a recovery in dwelling prices across the biggest capital cities.
Sydney house prices could surge by as much as 9 per cent next year if the RBA pauses interest rate rises by next June. Janine Barrett
That scenario assumes that interest rates will peak at 4 per cent, inflation hits 8 per cent but falls back to 5 per cent, and the unemployment rate rises but stays below 5 per cent.
"I believe the markets can recover, and they've been showing some signs of recovery, such as the modest rise in auction clearance rates and asking prices, even while we've had these cash rate increases," Mr Christopher said.
"If the RBA were to hold it below 4 per cent, given the surge in the economy that accelerated wage increases, I believe that will create grounds for a housing market recovery, albeit a soft one where we would see some single-digit house price rises occur in 2023, or at the very least, a situation where the housing market would stop falling."
In this base case scenario, Sydney house prices are predicted to rise between 5 per cent and 9 per cent next year, the sharpest gain of any capital city.
"Sydney is expected to lead the recovery driven by the surge in underlying demand for residential property and its diverse economy," Mr Christopher said.
"Sydney is capturing the lion's share of net overseas arrivals, people are coming back from the regions and returning into the office environment and the taxation changes made by the NSW government will encourage first-time buyer activity."
Melbourne and Brisbane are also forecast to enter into recovery with house prices tipped to rise at a slower pace between 1 per cent to 5 per cent each.
House prices in Perth are expected to climb between 4 per cent and 8 per cent, fuelled by the strong rises in employment and positive interstate migration, while Adelaide is set to post between zero and 5 per cent growth.
House prices in Canberra, Darwin and Hobart are still on track to fall further but could post small increases later in the year.
Nationwide, house prices are forecast to rise between 4 per cent and 7 per cent.
Mr Christopher said the RBA was still expected to increase the interest rate by 0.25 percentage points next month and through the first half of next year but will likely pause when the cash rate hits 3.85 per cent.
"I think that would be the limit because when we cross over 4 per cent, that's when it gets dangerous for the housing market because it will trigger a rise in forced selling," he said.
"I think the RBA will hold interest rates at that level because they don't want to create a hurdle in the economy. They are seeking a point where they know that it's not going to be too hard nor too easy on the economy.
"But it will be a very challenging year for the RBA to walk their tight-rope and pull off a soft landing for the Australian economy. I believe they will manage to do that."
However, a pause in interest rate rises may not be enough to spur price increases according to Shane Oliver, AMP Capital chief economist.
"If you go back to the previous two cycles in 2012 and 2019 house prices did not start rising until interest rates started falling, so I find it hard to see house prices picking up just because we have a pause in interest rate rises," he said.
"A pause may lead to a slowing of the pace of decline, but buyers will still be constrained in terms of the amount of money they can borrow. The capacity to pay is about 20 per cent down from where it was in April. And we still have rate rises ahead, which will put further pressure on prices. In other words, pausing rates is not enough."
In a scenario where the RBA pauses interest rates between the 3.1 per cent and 3.8 per cent mark and then increases it to above 5 per cent in the second half of the year, house prices could rise by up to 4 per cent on average according to the report.
Under this 'false dawn' scenario, inflation peaks at 8 per cent, falls briefly then accelerates towards 10 per cent and the unemployment rate stays below 5 per cent.
"This is a really dangerous scenario where inflation appears to be under control, and then there's a new surge where the RBA is again forced to raise interest rates to above 5 per cent and trigger a hard landing for the economy," Mr Christopher said.
"We came close to picking this as our base case scenario, but we think the RBA has learned some lessons. We think they're a little bit more on top of the data now, and so far with the way that they've been lifting rates, they've done it wisely and well considered.
"They've suffered reputational damage which they've recognised and the way for them to repair that is to engineer a soft landing."
An even darker scenario is for inflation to stay above 7 per cent and interest rates to continue to rise above 4 per cent and the unemployment rate rises to over 6 per cent.
Under this "recessionary inflation" scenario, house prices in Sydney would drop by up to 8 per cent, Melbourne to fall by as much as 9 per cent and Brisbane by 12 per cent. Nationally, prices could drop between 3 per cent and 6 per cent.
But if interest rates stay under 4 per cent and the RBA starts cutting in the second half of the year, house prices would surge in most capital cities according to the report.
Under this scenario, Sydney house prices could rise between 8 per cent and 12 per cent, Melbourne between 2 per cent and 6 per cent and Perth between 9 per cent and 13 per cent.
House prices across the country could increase between 5 per cent and 9 per cent under this optimistic scenario.
Nila Sweeney writes on property from our Sydney newsroom. Email Nila at nila.sweeney@afr.com.au
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This low-cost PCB breaks out standard SOIC devices to standard 0.1"(2.54mm) headers. Will fit direct..
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Music Spotlight: Lockwood Barr
Several months ago, I heard a crazy good banjo player on Instagram. The musician was CMA Fest performer, Lockwood Barr. A few weeks ago when she posted her original holiday duet with Barrett Baber "Christmas in Memphis," I knew it was time to interview the multi-talented artist.
Lockwood Barr comes from a hugely musical family. With a mother who performed with John Hartford and the Dillards, a dad who taught her banjo, and a cousin, Al Barr, who fronts the Dropkick Murphys, being on stage is in Lockwood's DNA.
Her mom and dad both play guitar and while her mother is a classical pianist, her dad is a masterful banjo player.
She learned to play and love music as a child by watching her parents. Her parents were always joyful when they played music. They were in bands, had exciting social connections, and were very happy.
Barr states that music was her only path and her family supported her fully. "This is what I was put on earth to do. I've truly never considered anything else. That drive and purpose that I felt have dictated every decision that I ever made in my life."
As a teen, she inexplicably felt the need to write songs. She explains, "Nobody told me to do it. I literally woke up one day and felt the need to write a song."
She started honing that craft which eventually led the California girl to move to Nashville where she attended Vanderbilt University.
Her parents were like, "We will bless your choice of career as long as you finish college."
That is why attending college in Nashville was the obvious choice.
Her dad sent Barr off to college with a baby Iita banjo and never comprehended that playing it would be how the coed would de-stress. Being around the country music she wanted to put banjo into everything she sang and played.
One time when her parents came to visit her in Nashville, she was playing a show. She pulled out that banjo and they were like "What?" They didn't realize how good she had gotten.
Even though her major was Child Psychology, she took a lot of music electives. This worked for the songwriter because her lyrics are always driven by her observation of human nature.
Once she completed her degree, Barr remained in Nashville where the burgeoning artist played several CMA Fests.
One of my most favorite songs that Barr wrote and also played at the Bluebird Café is a song called "Signs Along the Way."
The autobiographical song is about her being in a wreck with her mom and sister in the middle of nowhere. After being hit by an elk which made their car inoperable, not only did her itinerary change but her life was also altered forever at that point.
She explains, "That song literally change our path on that trip because we had to reroute where we were going." Since there was little cell service and no one around, they had to wait for whomever they could find to help them.
She was so grateful that she and her family came out of the scary situation unscathed that she carried that attitude of gratitude with her well beyond the incident.
"It's something that I hold on to this day. God makes beautiful things out of dust. On an emotional level, [the wreck] changed my perspective of life."
Writing the song opened doors and she ended up working with Jars of Clay. Their lead guitarist, Matthew Odmark, produced her EP Signs Along the Way in 2016.
The singer-songwriter continues to create original music, many of which are about bad habits. Songs like "Best Bad Decision Maker," "Helluva Habit" and her newest, "Adderall and Alcohol" are fun fan favorites.
"I think struggle is an integral part of growing up," she reminds. "Stumbling in life can lead to beautiful places."
But the artist has a serious, somber side which she shows in songs like the personal "I'm Not Crazy" and "Forgotten How to Cry" which she plunks out on a banjo in a haunting, musical fashion. The venerable "Almost Gone" is also not to be missed.
Other songs which highlight Barr's grooving banjo skills are "McArthur" and "Six Feet Deep,"
As far as her banjo playing, she states, "of course it is used for traditional bluegrass music, but I think that bluegrass is just the tip of the iceberg for what the banjo is all about."
Even though the song, "Christmas in Memphis" is off Barr's 2019 Christmas in Memphis EP, this year was the first time I heard it. It stopped me because I knew immediately that this would be a new country Christmas favorite.
The songstress states, "That is what was fun about writing the tune. It's like having a new song to promote every single [Christmas] season and it still feels fresh and relevant." Her duet partner, Barrett Baber, grew up right outside of Memphis so it was a natural song for the pair to compose.
One thing I was not expecting was that in addition to doing music, Barr is hysterically funny. She does comedy routines and is a hoot to follow on TikTok and Instagram.
Barr will be back in California for some shows this January and then will be performing in Denmark in February. She has a few other surprises planned so you will just have to follow her socials to keep up.
You can follow Lockwood Barr on her website, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, and all streaming platforms.
World-Renowned Producer, Fred Mullin, Releases 'It's Great To Be A Kid'
ASTR Releases 'Holiday Rambler'


Wendi's Book Corner ~ Rainy Day Reads (And More) In Seattle Wendi's Book Corner: Tuesday Thinger: It's That Time of Year - SantaThing is Here!
Good question. I remember SantaThing from last year, and I know a lot of people really enjoyed it. Here's what I think. Have a great Tuesday, everyone!
I'm not doing the Santa Thing because I am doing the Book Blogger Holiday Swap and there's only so much money to go around!
late again, but HERE I am!
It's a nice idea and I'm glad it's there, but I would be too worried about drawning somebody who read the sort of books I knew nothing about. But I'm in the LT Virago Modern Classics Group Secret Santa instead, and loving it.
I did SantaThing the first year round, but not the second, so I am doing it again this year!! I cannot wait to see what I have been given - it is taking a LOT of willpower not to sneakily see what I have got!!


TWRP 3.1.1+ releases work only on Stock M bootloader, all previous versions should work on LP bootlaoder Starting with TWRP 3.0.0, Z008 and Z00A TWRP builds are unified. The same image will work on both models.
Install the app and open it. Agree to the Terms. Select TWRP Flash. Select your device from the device list (Z00A) and choose a version. The file will download to your Downloads folder. Browse to and select the file. Tap on Flash to Recovery. Find out more about the app here.


text:
First Place: The Jefferson Hotel
101 W. Franklin St.
jeffersonhotel.com
Second Place: The Berkeley Hotel
Third Place: Linden Row Inn
The Jefferson is not only a Richmond icon and one of the grandest hotels in the country, but also seems to have a connection to anyone who's really important. Twelve presidents have slept there — including McKinley, Wilson, Coolidge, Taft, Truman and both Roosevelts — and it's also where Bill "Mr. Bojangles" Robinson waited tables. It's owned by Richmond's most powerful billionaire, William H. Goodwin Jr., and one of the city's most important historical markers. And the food and service are top-notch. The Berkeley Hotel is in Shockoe Slip, and is a bit more intimate, albeit upscale. You can almost feel the cobblestones inside the lobby. Linden Row Inn is historic in a different way. Edgar Allan Poe is said to have milled about in the gardens where the inn now stands, and refers to the experience in his poem, "To Helen."
The Jefferson Hotel


text:
10/11.03.1942 No. 405 Squadron Wellington II Z8428 LQ-N F/O. Durbridge
Operation: Essen
Date: 10/11 March 1942 (Tuesday/Wednesday)
Unit: No. No.405 RCAF Squadron (Vancouver)
Type: Wellington II
Serial: Z8428
Code: LQ-N
Base: RAF Pocklington, Yorkshire
Location: North Sea - exact location unknown
Pilot: F/O. Robert Keep Durbridge AUS/404453 RAAF Age 26. Missing
Pilot 2: Fl/Sgt. Robert Neville Lonergan AUS/404550 RAAF Age 22. Missing
Nav: Fl/Sgt. Francis Campbell Garnett R/78261 RCAF Age 21. Missing
W/Op/Air/Gnr: Fl/Sgt. James Morley Broddy R/64409 RCAF Age 25. Missing (1)
W/Op/Air/Gnr: Sgt. William Wright 1164158 RAFVR Age 22. Missing
Air/Gnr: Sgt. George Albert Tilley 1378541 RAFVR Age ? Missing
REASON FOR LOSS:
Captain Durbridge and crew took off at 19.44 hours as part of a mixed force of 126 aircraft consisting of Wellingtons, Stirlings, Hampdens, Manchesters and two Lancasters for a raid on Essen. The city of Essen, home to the giant Krupp steel and armament factories and the centre of the heavily industrialised Ruhr River valley, was the target for a second successive night.
The raid on the previous night had found the city to be covered in a thick haze of smoke. Consequently, the bombing was inaccurate with little damage being done. Weather reports for the next night indicated clearer skies but when the attacking force arrived over the target they found it to be cloud covered.
Although 62 crews claimed to have dropped their bombs on Essen, German sources reported only minor industrial disruption due to damaged rail road tracks near the Krupps works. In a residential area, one house was destroyed and another damaged. Five German citizens were killed and a further 12 injured. One Polish worker was killed by a Flak shell that fell to earth and exploded.
Interestingly, the participation in this raid by the two Lancasters was the first by this type on a German target.
Nothing further was heard from Z8428 until, at 23.25 hours, an SOS message was received. The Air Sea Rescue Service was called out immediately but no trace could be found of the downed aircraft. As all the aircraft engaged on the mission were scheduled to return to base around 00.15 hours on the morning of March 11th it is assumed that Captain Durbridge was on the return leg somewhere over the North Sea when lost.
Fl/Sgt. Robert Lonergan and Sgt. George Tilley escaped injury earlier on 23rd December 1941 whilst returning from an operation to Wilhelmshaven. The Wellington W5560 crashed on approach to RAF Lindholme.
(1) Broddy Lake in northern Ontario is named after Fl/Sgt. Broddy.
Memorial to Fl/Sgt. Robert Neville Lonergan - incorrect unit inscribed (although he did train at 22 OTU No. 8 course, along with the pilot, F/O. Durbridge, Fl/Sgt. Garnett, Sgt. Wright and Sgt. Tilley).
Burial details:
F/O. Robert Keep Durbridge, Runnymede Memorial Panel 109. Son of Charles Thomas Durbridge and Lydia Keep Durbridge of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Further information:
Robert Durbridge joined the 14th. Australian Light Horse Regiment in January 1940 but resigned to enlist in the RAAF in August of that year.
Upon completion of his training in Australia with the rank of pilot officer, he landed in the UK on 31 July, 1941.
After spending the first few days at No.3 PRC in Bournemouth, he was posted to No.22 OTU and from there, in October 1941, to No.405 Squadron. Durbridge was promoted to the rank of Flying Officer on 6 November 1941 and had completed 10 operations against the enemy when lost.
Fl/Sgt. Robert Neville Lonergan, Runnymede Memorial Panel 111. Son of Frederic William and Gert Irene Lonergan of Eumandi, Queensland, Australia.
Fl/Sgt. Francis Campbell Garnett, Runnymede Memorial Panel 104. Son of Arthur Campbell Garnett and Margaret Elsie Garnett of Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Further information:
Francis Garnett was born in Pu, Yunnan Province, China, to Australian parents. In 1928 the Garnett family emigrated to the USA and lived in Indianapolis where his father, Dr. Arthur Garnett, taught Philosophy at Butler University.
In 1937 the family moved to Madison, Wisconsin for a position on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin where he remained until his retirement. It was from Madison in 1940 that Francis Garnett travelled up to Canada and enlisted in the RCAF.
Fl/Sgt. James Morley Broddy, Runnymede Memorial Panel 102. Son of Dr. William Alexander and Rebbeca Barbara Broddy of St. George, Ontario, Canada, wife of Ruth (Keile) Broddy.
Sgt. William Wright, Runnymede Memorial Panel 97. Son of Edwin and Elizabeth May Wright of Bitterne, Hampshire, England.
Sgt. George Albert Tilley, Runnymede Memorial Panel 95. Next of Kin details currently not available - are you able to assist completion of these and any other information?
Researched by Aircrew Remembered, researcher and RCAF specialist Colin Bamford for relatives of this crew. Photo and biography reproduced courtesy of Album of Honor for Brant County World War II 1939 – 1945. Published in 1946 by The Brantford Kinsmen Club, Ontario, Canada and kindly reproduced with their permission. With thanks also to the Sunshine Coast RSL District for memorial photo of Fl/Sgt. Lonergan.
CHB 12.10.2011
© Aircrew Remembered 2012 - 2021 Last Modified: 21 July 2018, 13:34


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Marcel Kind is the co-founder of Simwave, a maritime simulation centre, based near Rotterdam.
Seen from the outside, the building that houses the company looks like an ordinary office. But looks can be deceiving. Inside the building in Barendrecht, a suburb of Rotterdam, pilots from Sri Lanka are manoeuvring ships into the harbour of Colombo, construction work is taking place on jetties in Africa and an emergency situation on a cruise vessel in the Caribbean Sea is being dealt with.
"With our range of simulators we can assist each maritime company with their specific needs," says Marcel Kind, Managing Director and co-founder of Simwave.
At the moment, 59 simulators are operative, simulating workplaces like the engine room and the bridge to handling liquid cargo.
The goal of Simwave is to improve the knowledge, skills and attitude of the workforce.
"Companies can book time on the simulators. They can also hire us to give mandatory training," says Kind.
Simwave will also facilitate a hotel in the building.
Safety and environmental legislation at international and national levels are increasing. According to Kind, it is often thought that compliance is the main contributor to safe operations.
"But you want more than just a mere statement of 'compliance' in order to develop and maintain safe operations," he says.
Progressing from compliance towards competency means that crew members have to know what to do (knowledge), how to do it (skills) and actually do it (attitude).
Marcel Kind is walking around the new centre showing the various simulation areas. A bridge is recreated, with all workstations available, even on the wings. A 360-degree projection makes the experience so real that some users get seasick. Located next to the bridge is an engine room where simulations can be executed.
Down the hall, in a dark room, the bridge of a tug is recreated. The systems can be linked so that a simulation on a containership between bridge and engine room is possible, but also between the ship and a tug.
To do this, Simwave uses the newest software on the market from Kongsberg Digital.
At the time of the tour of the facility, the final modifications to the systems were being carried out. Kind and his business partner have attracted talents from around the world to shape Simwave.
Sen Thanh Do from Vietnam is working on renderings of a vessel.
Recently, Cinthya Lopes from Brazil joined Simwave as a simulator operator. Lopes worked previously as an instructor in the Brazilian Navy and also with Kongsberg.
Marcel Kind is also the owner of Transafe, a maritime company that designs and supports processes, advises about the classification of dangerous goods and supports the industry concerning safety, health, environment and quality-related issues.
Two years ago, Kind met Joost van Ree, his current business partner, at the maritime exhibition Europort in Rotterdam. At that time Van Ree worked for a company that sold simulators. The two talked about the fact that a lot of companies want to use the services of a simulator, but do not want to invest in equipment itself.
Two years after they met at Europort, Simwave is operational.
To broaden its scope the centre does not only focus on training. The systems are also capable of testing vessels in the development stage.
With all the technology and recreated work areas, it takes little imagination to see Simwave as an onshore control centre for unmanned ships. But that is not something that Kind has in mind for the future.
Kind believes in new technology.
With that in mind, Simwave can be a necessary addition to the Port of Rotterdam, believes Kind.
Kind and Van Ree have ambitious plans for the future.
The two founders hope that Simwave will grow into a leading maritime institute.
Posted on April 15, 2018 with tags Maritime Holland, Simwave.


text:
Task force set up to tackle grouses of Centrale 8 residents. Heng Swee Keat to oversee group; move follows petition to developer
EDUCATION Minister Heng Swee Keat is overseeing a new task force to deal with concerns over defects at premium Housing Board (HDB) project Centrale 8.
Mr Heng is a Member of Parliament for Tampines GRC, where the 708-unit Design, Build and Sell Scheme (DBSS) project is located.
The move comes after residents of over 350 units presented a petition to the developer, Sim Lian Group, last week. A copy was sent to Tampines GRC MPs.
Some Centrale 8 home owners had found defects such as rusty door handles, uneven tiles and choked toilets after collecting their keys from June last year. But Sim Lian Group said earlier that there is "no basis" to extend the defect liability period, the one-year timeframe during which the developer is required to rectify any defect.
Another Tampines GRC MP, Mr Baey Yam Keng, told residents on Sunday that he had discussed the issue with Mr Heng and they felt a "special task force" should be formed.
Mr Baey, who chairs Tampines Town Council, said in an e-mail to them: "With the defects liability period expiring soon for many Centrale 8 units, there are naturally some anxieties." Mr Heng "is taking a personal interest in this matter", he added.
Yesterday, Mr Baey told The Straits Times the task force will gather all relevant parties to make it convenient for residents, adding: "We will also bring in expertise to offer professional and maybe even legal guidance."
The task force is led by Tampines Central Citizens Consultative Committee chairman Gerald Lim. It comprises members of the committee and representatives from agencies such as the town council and HDB.
Residents of Centrale 8 (above) in Tampines have several concerns, including defects such as rusty door handles, uneven tiles and choked toilets. Tampines GRC MP Baey Yam Keng told residents on Sunday that he had had a discussion with fellow MP Mr Heng and they felt a "special task force" should be formed. -- TNP FILE PHOTO
Mr Lim said yesterday: "In situations like this, there will always be different views. Hopefully, the task force can enable people to better understand the different perspectives and it should create a conducive setting for an expeditious solution."
One of the seven demands in the petition is a dialogue with Sim Lian Group next month in the presence of HDB and the residents' MPs.
Residents also want the Building Service Centre at Centrale 8 to remain in operation until the end of December, and offsite support to continue to June 2017.
Other requests include compensation for design issues such as sanitary pipes in the service yard, which residents say take up space and were not reflected in the layout plans.
One signatory, Mr Alex Tang, 48, said: "Having a task force to discuss the interests of the residents is good, because we can bring up issues that residents have faced to the authorities."
"(A DBSS unit) is a lot more expensive than a Build-to-Order one, and I feel that we should have premium quality," added the logistics executive, who paid $740,000 for his five-room flat.
Centrale 8 is one of several DBSS projects, such as Pasir Ris One and Trivelis in Clementi, that have made headlines recently after residents complained about defects or design flaws.
In response to queries from The Straits Times, Sim Lian Group confirmed that it had received the residents' petition and "will continue to attend to their concerns on a one-to-one basis".
Said a spokesman: "We have been engaging home owners individually over the past months to address their concerns."
But the service centre is unlikely to stay open. Sim Lian Group encouraged home owners to submit defect rectification forms before the on-site centre closes by the end of next month. After that, defects will be managed by Sim Lian Group's office.
Businessman Shawn Tan, 38, who paid $555,000 for a four-room flat, felt it was important to have the service centre at Centrale 8. "Having someone on site means it will be more responsive," he said. "People pay more for a DBSS flat so we do have higher expectations."
The Straits Times / Top of The News Published on Friday, 26 June 2015
By Lim Yi Han and Janice Heng


Bryggen, the old wharf of Bergen, is a reminder of the town's importance as part of the Hanseatic League's trading empire from the 14th to the mid-16th century. Many fires, the last in 1955, have ravaged the characteristic wooden houses of Bryggen. Its rebuilding has traditionally followed old patterns and methods, thus leaving its main structure preserved, which is a relic of an ancient wooden urban structure once common in Northern Europe. Today, some 62 buildings remain of this former townscape.
Bryggen, le vieux quai de Bergen rappelle l'importance de la ville comme élément de l'empire commercial de la Ligue hanséatique, du XIVe siècle au milieu du XVIe siècle. De nombreux incendies, dont le dernier en 1955, ont ravagé les maisons typiques en bois de Bryggen. Sa reconstruction a traditionnellement repris les anciennes méthodes et modèles, (ainsi en laissant)sa structure principale a été préservée, qui est une relique d'une ancienne structure urbaine en bois autrefois commune dans le nord de l'Europe. Aujourd'hui, environ 62 immeubles persistent dans cet ancien townscape.
يذكرنا حيّ بريغين وهو رصيف بيرغن القديم، بأهمية هذه المدينة كعنصر من امبراطورية الجامعة التحالفية التجارية التي امتدت من القرن الرابع عشر وحتى منتصف القرن السادس عشر. وقد دمرت حرائق عدة آخرها في العام 1955، المنازل النموذجية المصنوعة من خشب بريغين. وتطلّبت اعادة بنائها اعتماد الوسائل والنماذج القديمة وفقًا للتقليد والمحافظة على بنيتها الاساسية التي تشكل ذخيرة البنية المدنية الخشبية القديمة التي كانت في وقت من الاوقات شائعةً في شمال أوروبا. وما زال حوالي 62 مبنى صامدًا حتى اليوم في هذه المدينة الجميلة القديمة.
Брюгген, старая верфь Бергена, напоминает о важности этого города в торговой империи Ганзейского союза в период с XIV в. до середины XVI в. Многочисленные пожары (последний в 1955 г.) разрушили красивые деревянные постройки Брюггена, но его основная структура сохранилась. Многие из уцелевших 58 зданий теперь используются как студии художников.
El barrio antiguo del muelle de Bryggen recuerda la importancia que tuvo la ciudad de Bergen en el imperio comercial de la Liga Hanseática, desde el siglo XIV hasta mediados del siglo XVI. Las típicas casas de madera de este barrio fueron pasto de las llamas en numerosas ocasiones; el último incendio se remonta al año 1955. Las reconstrucciones sucesivas se efectuaron sobre la base de los modelos primigenios y con arreglo a métodos tradicionales, habiéndose preservado así la configuración esencial del sitio, que es una reliquia de las antiguas estructuras urbanas en madera muy generalizadas antaño en el norte de Europa. Hoy en día, subsisten 62 inmuebles de este conjunto urbano.
Bryggen is a historic harbour district in Bergen, one of North Europe's oldest port cities on the west coast of Norway which was established as a centre for trade by the 12th century. In 1350 the Hanseatic League established a "Hanseatic Office" in Bergen. They gradually acquired ownership of Bryggen and controlled the trade in stockfish from Northern Norway through privileges granted by the Crown. The Hanseatic League established a total of four overseas Hanseatic Offices, Bryggen being the only one preserved today.
Bryggen has been damaged by a number of fires through the centuries and has been rebuilt after every fire, closely following the previous property structure and plan as well as building techniques. Bryggen's appearance today stems from the time after the fire in 1702. The buildings are made of wood in keeping with vernacular building traditions. The original compact medieval urban structure is preserved with its long narrow rows of buildings facing the harbour, separated by narrow wooden passages. Today, some 62 buildings remain of this former townscape and these contain sufficient elements to demonstrate how this colony of bachelor German merchants lived and worked, and illustrate the use of space in the district. It is characterized by the construction of buildings along the narrow passages running parallel to the docks. The urban units are rows of two- to three-storey buildings signified by the medieval name "gård". They have gabled facades towards the harbour and lie on either one or both sides of the narrow passages that have the functions of a private courtyard. The houses are built in a combination of traditional timber log construction, and galleries with column and beam construction with horizontal wooden panel cladding. The roofs have original brick tiling or sheets, a result of fast repairs after an explosion during World War II. Towards the back of the gård, there are small fireproof warehouses or storerooms (kjellere) built of stone, for protection of special goods and valuables against fire. This repetitive structure was adapted to the living conditions of the Hanseatic trading post. The German merchants took up winter residence in the small individual wooden houses and the storerooms were used as individual or collective warehouses. A true colony, Bryggen enjoyed quasi-extraterritoriality which continued beyond the departure of the Hanseatic merchants until the creation of a Norwegian trading post in 1754, on the impetus of fishermen and ship owners of German origin. Today, Bryggen is a significant part of the historic wooden city of Bergen.
Criterion (iii): Bryggen bears the traces of social organization and illustrates the use of space in a quarter of Hanseatic merchants that dates back to the 14th century. It is a type of northern "fondaco", unequalled in the world, where the structures have remained within the cityscape and perpetuate the memory of one of the oldest large trading ports of Northern Europe.
Only around a quarter of the original buildings that existed in Bryggen remained after demolitions at the turn of the 19th century and several fires in the 1950s; the property is comprised of these remaining buildings. Notwithstanding, the medieval urban structure is maintained and the buildings include all elements necessary to demonstrate how Bryggen functioned: offices and dwellings at the front, warehouses in the midsection and assembly rooms ("Schøtstuer"), kitchen facilities and fireproof stone cellars at the back.
Bryggen can be experienced as an entity within a larger harmonious urban landscape. It is connected more closely to the areas of small wooden dwellings beyond Bryggen and in the medieval city centre than to the larger 20th century buildings in its close proximity.
The risk of fire, excessive numbers of visitors as well as global climate changes with more extreme weather and possibly higher sea levels are some of the potential risks Bryggen faces today.
The Hanseatic period at Bryggen ended long ago, but the Hanseatic heritage is documented through buildings, archives and artefacts which are well preserved for posterity. There are also series of architectural surveys of the buildings from 1900 onwards.
The preservation of the buildings commenced on a larger scale in the 1960s and had made major progress by 1979, the year of inscription on the World Heritage List. Some buildings at the back were moved in 1965 to create an open area for fire emergencies, but no further changes have been made to the urban structure since. The solutions and methods chosen have been well documented, and limiting the replacement of original materials has been an objective. Bryggen is built of wood, which is subject to rot, insect attack and ageing. Since 2000, there has been an increased focus on maintaining original methods and building materials in the restoration, with careful consideration given to the choice of material, paint, plugs,nails, etc. and the use of original tools as far as possible.
As the activity at Bryggen decreased after 1900, the buildings became derelict. However, from the 1960s the former trading in stockfish and commodities was gradually replaced by small arts and crafts businesses. An increase in the number of visitors has led to the establishment of restaurants and tourist businesses. This has resulted in inevitable changes in the spirit of the place, particularly along the front facades, whereas the atmosphere of the Hanseatic period can still be sensed in the more secluded area further back.
Bryggen, including its cultural deposits, is listed pursuant to the Norwegian Cultural Heritage Act and is also protected through the Norwegian Planning and Building Act. The adopted protection plan includes an extensive area that functions as a buffer zone.
Bryggen is privately owned and the majority of the buildings are owned by the Bryggen Foundation, which was established in 1962 with the objective of preserving Bryggen. The remaining owners have established a separate association to secure their interests. The stakeholders at Bryggen collaborate in different constellations of owners and authorities.
"The Bryggen Project" was established formally in 2000. This is an extensive and long-term project for monitoring, safeguarding and restoring Bryggen, including both archaeological deposits and standing buildings.
Bryggen is managed according to a management plan that is revised regularly. A fire protection system with detection and suppression has been installed and is continually being improved. Climate conditions are a key issue and measures have been taken to prepare for future changes. Possible impacts resulting from tourism are monitored.
There is ongoing pressure for urban development in the vicinity of Bryggen. Any development which may have visual impact on the World Heritage property is monitored closely by the cultural heritage authorities.