text:
9 Articles in Volume 8, Issue #9
Fibromyalgia: Fibromyalgia Medical Education
IV Ketamine Effect on Post-Concussional Migraine
Management of Chronic Headache
Multidisciplinary Pain Clinics vs Opioid Treatment for Chronic Pain
Neurodevelopmental Basis for Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome
Neuromuscular Training in Pain Management
Opioid-induced Sexual Dysfunction
Sphenomandibularis Muscle and Retro-Orbital Headache
Therapeutic Laser Evolution—Part 2
Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of a common but an often undiagnosed problem in chronic opioid pain patients.
By Stephen Colameco, MD, MEd
This article is reprinted with permission of pain-topics.org and the author, Dr. Colameco.
Sexual dysfunction is a common problem among patients with chronic pain. Yet, many of these patients suffer in silence, healthcare providers rarely ask about patients' sexual concerns, and guidance literature on the subject is relatively scarce. Ironically, in many of these cases the long-acting opioid medications prescribed to relieve patients' pains may be causing or contributing to their sexual problems.
Since the 1990s, prescriptions written for opioid medications have significantly and steadily increased.1 Along with that, there have been increasing concerns about adverse consequences of opioid treatment, and opioid-induced endocrine deficiency leading to sexual dysfunction is one the most common yet most frequently undiagnosed problems with opioids.
Considerable evidence through the years has suggested that long-acting opioids used on a daily basis for more than a month can have a number of adverse effects on human endocrine function. The most common and clinically significant effects are androgen deficiencies and menstrual cycle abnormalities.2-11
These hypogonadal and androgen-inhibiting effects, which are a "class effect" of all opioids to some extent, can lead to sexual dysfunctions in both men and women. Therefore, potential endocrine deficiencies should be considered in all patients taking daily opioids equivalent to, or greater than, 100mg morphine. If present, opioid-induced sexual dysfunction can be treated, but approaches are quite different for men versus women.
This article examines the causes and diagnosis of endocrine dysfunction related to opioid therapy. Recommended clinical approaches for treatment of this disorder are discussed and, it is hoped that through a better understanding of these issues, opioid therapy can be more effectively used in the treatment of pain.
Figure 1. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormonal processes.
Disrupting HPG Processes
Opioid medications can exert a number of effects that alter the normal functioning of hormones found in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) pathways which are depicted in the Figure 1. HPG processes controlling the production of sex hormones begin with secretion by the hypothalamus of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In turn, GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete the gonadotropins LH and FSH. These stimulate production in the testes and ovaries of gonadal hormones—testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone.
As gonadal hormone levels rise, they signal back to the hypothalamus to decrease production of GnRH which, in turn, decreases pituitary gonadotropin secretion. Thus a feedback control loop is formed.
Both endogenous (eg, endorphins) and exogenous opioids (eg, analgesics) exert an inhibitory effect on GnRH, thus decreasing LH.12 In women, blunting of the normal pulsatile release of LH interferes with the menstrual cycle, often causing irregular or absent menses that also may result in decreased ovarian testosterone secretion. In men, decreased LH causes the testes to produce less testosterone.3
Testosterone deficiency in both men and women results in adverse effects such as weight gain, fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction. This effect of opioids in reducing production of sex hormones from the gonads—testes in men, ovaries in women—is referred to as hypogonadism.
Table 1. Opioid-Induced Deficiencies
Decreased GNRH
Decreased LH
Decreased Testosterone
Adrenal Androgen Deficiency
Decreased DHEA
Decreased DHEAS
Decreased androstenedione
Decreased Muscle Mass
Opioid Interference with Adrenal Androgen Production
Opioids also exert a negative influence on adrenal androgen production. In women, both the ovaries and adrenal glands play important roles in overall androgen production. The adrenal hormones dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), and androstenedione are weakly androgenic in and of themselves, and they are precursors of testosterone. Serum DHEAS levels are used to determine adrenal function in general and, more specifically, adrenal androgen production. Daily use of opioids decreases adrenal androgen production as measured by DHEAS levels.
Daniel (2006) assessed DHEAS levels in patients treated with sustained-action oxycodone, sustained-action morphine, continuous transdermal fentanyl, or methadone and found decreased DHEAS levels in over half of those studied. The exact mechanism by which opioids reduce DHEAS and, consequently, interfere with adrenal androgen production is not known; however, the resultant deficiency is of clinical importance in women.
Opioid-Induced Endocrine Deficiency in the Clinical Setting
It appears that all opioids cause endocrine deficiencies at least to some degree, which may influence sexual problems. A significant proportion of men treated with sustained action opioids, estimated at 5 million in the U.S. and Canada, are testosterone deficient.13,14
Deleterious opioid effects on endocrine function and sexual health were first noticed decades ago in sexual dysfunction associated with intravenous heroin use.15-17 Decreased libido is common among addicts in general, but erectile dysfunction in men and menstrual cycle disturbances in women are especially common in those with opioid dependence.
For example, studies have shown that about two-thirds of patients entering methadone maintenance treatment for opioid addiction complain of some form of sexual dysfunction and about one-third continue to have symptoms while receiving treatment. Researchers recognized that both heroin and methadone were associated with decreased serum testosterone levels in men.12-22 This results predominately in decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, and men may also commonly complain of fatigue, hot flashes, weight gain, or increased sweating. In addition to those effects, women in methadone maintenance treatment often have menstrual cycle abnormalities.
Despite the fact that hypogonadism has been a well-known adverse effect of methadone treatment for many years, it never became common practice to screen for this disorder; perhaps because methadone treatment takes place in single purpose clinics that do not routinely diagnose or treat conditions other than opioid dependence. Inadequate clinic staff education regarding the adverse endocrine effects of methadone treatment may be another factor. Therefore, thousands of individuals receiving methadone for addiction have not been treated for symptomatic endocrine deficiencies.
Of even greater importance, metha-done's ability to disrupt normal endocrine function is a "class effect" shared with other opioids. With the dramatic increase in the use of sustained-release oxycodone, morphine, and oxymorphone for chronic noncancer pain, these drugs are the most common cause of opioid-induced endocrine deficiency.
Screening and Diagnostic Testing
Causes and symptoms associated with hormonal deficiencies are summarized in the Table 1. There are no validated questionnaires for screening women for opioid-induced endocrine deficiencies, but structured interview instruments have been proposed to screen men for hypogonadism.
These questionnaires, however, have clinical limitations. The Androgen Deficiency in Aging Men (ADAM) questionnaire was validated for men over the age of 40.23 Another one—the Androtest©—is a 12-item structured interview designed to screen for male hypogonadism.24 Laboratory assessments of male testosterone levels were used to determine the predictive values of both ADAM and the Androtest. These levels are mandatory for confirming the diagnosis of hypogonadism and as a clinical basis for deciding whether or not to initiate testosterone replacement therapy.
A diagnosis of endocrine deficiency should be considered in all patients receiving daily opioid treatment in an amount equivalent to or greater than 100mg morphine.25 Patients should routinely be asked about symptoms suggestive of sex-hormone deficiency prior to treatment and at regularly scheduled follow-up medical visits. Questions to ask might include the following:
Have you experienced a decrease in sex drive?
Are you having difficulty with erections (men)?
Have you noticed a lack of energy, strength, or endurance?
Have your menstrual periods become abnormal (premenopausal women)?
Have you noticed a decreased enjoyment in life or have you become depressed?
Have you gained weight?
Have you noticed increased sweating?
Are you experiencing hot flashes (both men and women)?
In men, diagnostic laboratory testing begins with assessing serum testosterone concentrations, which are the principal measure for diagnosing hypogonadism. Blood samples for analysis should be obtained in the early morning as concentrations do vary throughout the day.
Clinical laboratories report a wide range of normal serum testosterone concentrations (eg, 275-800 ng/dL) without specifying age-range-specific values. The normal range for free testosterone— that is testosterone not bound to protein—is also very wide (i.e., 5-21 ng/dL). Typically, young men have much higher levels of total or free testosterone than older men, so young men with clinical hypogonadism may still have testosterone levels within the normal range
Whenever testosterone levels are low, men also should be screened via serum prolactin levels for pituitary tumors. As a further test, decreased LH levels in men support a diagnosis of opioid-induced hypogonadism, but LH may be within the normal range. Also, testosterone maintains red blood cell production, so men with reduced testosterone associated with hypogonadism may exhibit mild anemia due to decreases in those cells.
In women, LH and FSH levels change with the menstrual cycle, so these are of limited value in diagnosing androgen deficiency. Premenopausal women with absent menses should be screened for abnormal pituitary function (via assessing prolactin levels) and referred for a gynecologic evaluation. While some specialists recommend testing for testosterone deficiency in women, most laboratories do not set a lower limit to the normal range for females. When clinical findings suggest androgen deficiency in a woman, DHEAS levels may be the best indicator of androgen production.
Treatment for Overcoming Opioid-Related Sexual Dysfunction
In men, the primary treatment for opioid-induced endocrine deficiency resulting in hypogonadism is testosterone supplementation.26-29 Testosterone is available in gel, cream, buccal, transdermal patch, and intramuscular injectable formulations. Topical and buccal medications are preferred over injections because they provide relatively stable testosterone concentrations not easily attainable with intramuscular injections.
Also, these medications are supplied in "unit doses"; e.g., the contents of one gel pack are applied once daily at approximately the same time to clean dry skin of the shoulders and/or upper arms. Testosterone supplementation should be administered in amounts needed to manage symptoms of hypogonadism. Amounts higher than needed may increase the risk of prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer growth rates.
Symptoms of hypogonadism would be expected to improve with testosterone replacement therapy, but erectile dysfunction may persist to some degree because of psychological factors or co-occurring medical conditions. In such cases, prescribing FDA-approved erectile dysfunction medications could be appropriate (eg, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil).
There has been far less research regarding opiate-induced endocrine deficiencies in women than in men. Hypothetically, androgen treatment would relieve clinical symptoms and reduce risks of osteoporosis in affected women. In younger women, oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) might have benefit; particularly an OCP with a relatively androgenic progestin component. However, OCPs are also known to suppress free testosterone.
Few clinical trials have examined the efficacy or safety of testosterone therapy in women. The theoretical goal of such treatment would be to raise free testosterone levels while monitoring for adverse androgenic effects such as acne, hirsutism, or deepening voice. Medications containing testosterone are approved in the U.S. for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause; however, studies on testosterone treatment in women have involved relatively small sample sizes and short-durations.30,31 Additionally, researchers have raised concerns that testosterone treatment might increase women's breast cancer risks.32 Given the lack of long-term efficacy and safety studies, testosterone use in women is generally not recommended for the treatment of androgen deficiency, other than to treat meno-pausal symptoms.33,34
Another approach might be the administration of DHEAS, which is available as a dietary supplement in the U.S. It is marketed with claims that daily treatment will decrease postmenopausal bone loss and improve muscle strength, sexual performance, and memory. Although the potential value of DHEAS therapy in women remains controversial, it may be the most appropriate treatment option for those with opioid-induced endocrine deficiency. The highest quality studies evaluating DHEAS treatment support its use in women with adrenal insufficiency.35-37 Usually, DHEAS supplementation of 50 to 100mg/day will sufficiently raise androgen levels to normal or near normal levels.
Anecdotally, it has been observed that patients experiencing weight gain with long-term methadone treatment may lose weight when rotated to fentanyl or oxycodone. Therefore, opioid-induced endocrine deficiency syndrome also may respond to opioid rotation. This is based on an assumption that some opioids at equianalgesic doses will cause less endocrine dysfunction than others because of differential binding to opioid receptors (eg, mu-1, mu-2, mu-3, delta, kappa).
It is presently unknown if equianalgesic doses of opioids cause comparable endocrine dysfunction, but rotation may be a treatment option for female patients with opioid-induced endocrine dysfunction. This author has "rotated" a number of female patients from high dose methadone analgesia (eg, 100mg/day) to equianalgesic doses of oxycodone or buprenorphine with subsequent weight loss of 15 to 20 pounds and reported increases in energy.
Endocrine deficiency and subsequent hypogonadism influencing sexual dys-function is a relatively common but often unrecognized adverse consequence of long-term opioid therapy. The syndrome is caused by suppression of gonadal hormones and adrenal androgens; its symptoms include weight gain, fatigue, depression, osteoporosis, vasomotor instability, sexual dysfunction, and menstrual cycle irregularities.
Several recommendations for addressing these issues are proposed:
Prior to the initiation of daily opioid treatment, providers should inform patients (eg, with an opioid-treatment "contract") that endocrine disturbances are common with higher dose, long-term opioid treatment.
After treatment is initiated, patients should be routinely evaluated for signs and symptoms of endocrine deficiency, including sexual dysfunction.
When endocrine deficiency is suspected, appropriate laboratory testing should be ordered.
The primary treatment of hypogonadism in men is testosterone supplementation. Topical, buccal, or transdermal formulations are preferred over intramuscular injections.
In women, adrenal gland suppression is a greater contributor to androgen deficiency than in men. Testosterone treatment in women is controversial. Supplementation with DHEA/DHEAS may be a preferred treatment in women due to its ability to raise androgen levels without significant side effects. Anecdotally, rotation from one opioid medication to another may also be effective.
Opioid treatment is intended to reduce patients' pain, and to improve physical and social functioning. The opioid-induced endocrine syndrome with its associated sexual dysfunction are common and often over-looked consequences of opioid treatment and need to be addressed. Healthcare providers who prescribe sustained-release opioids should inform patients of potential adverse consequence, screen patients for this syndrome, and initiate treatment when clinically indicated.
Medical Editor: Stewart B. Leavitt, MA, PhD, is the Publisher/Editor-in-Chief of Pain Treatment Topics and was the founding editor of AddictionTreatment Forum in 1992. He has served as a consultant to the U.S. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment and as an officer in the U.S. Public Health Service, stationed at the National Institutes of Health. He has more than 25 years experience as a medical researcher/ writer.
Pain Treatment Topics, the source of this article, is supported by an unrestricted educational grant from COVIDIEN/ Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, Missouri, a manufacturer of generic opioid anal-gesics. However, the sponsor did not participate in the conception, research, development, or revision of this paper. The author, editor, and reviewers have no conflicts of interest to declare relating to the subject of this paper or its contents.
1. Olsen Y, Daumit GL, Ford DE. Opioid prescriptions by US primary care physicians from 1992 to 2001. J Pain. 2006. 7: 225-235.
2. Abs R et al. Endocrine consequences of long-term intrathecal administration of opioids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000. 85(6): 2215-2222.
3. Adams ML, Sewing B, Forman JB, et al. Opioid-induced suppression of rat testicular function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993. 266(1): 323-328.
4. Allolio B, Deuss U, Kaulen D, et al. FK 33-824, a metenkephalin analog, corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced adrenocorticotropin secretion in normal subjects but not in patients with Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986. 63:1427-1431.
5. Blank MS, Fabbri A, Catt KJ, et al. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone release by morphine and endogenous opiates in cultured pituitary cells. Endocrinology. 1986. 118(5): 2097–2101.
6. Christo PJ. Opioid effectiveness and side effects in chronic pain. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2003. 21(4): 699-713.
7.Finch PM, Roberts LJ, Price L, et al. Hypogonadism in patients treated with intrathecal morphine. Clin J Pain. 2000. 16: 251-254.
8. Kalyani RR, Gaviine S, and Dobs AS. Male hypogonadism in systemic disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007. 36(2). 333-348.
9. Lee C, Ludwig S, and Duerksen D. Low serum cortisol associated with opioid use: Case report and review of the literature. Endocrinologist. 2002. 12: 5-8.
10. Rajagopal A, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Palmer JL, et al. Symptomatic hypogonadism in male survivors of cancer with chronic exposure to opioids. Cancer. 2004. 100(4): 851-858.
11. Taylor T, Dluhy RG, and Williams GH. Beta-endorphin suppresses adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels in human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003. Vol 57: 592-596
12. Mendelson JH, Ellingboe J, Kuehnie JC, et al. Heroin and naltrexone effects on pituitary gonadal hormones in man: interaction of steroid feedback effects, tolerance, and supersensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1980;214(3):503-506.
13. Daniell HW. Opioid-induced androgen deficiency. Discussion in opioid contracts. Am J Med. 2006c. 120(9): 21.
14. Mazer N, Chapman C, Daniell H, et al. Opioid-induced androgen deficiency in men (OPIAD): an es-timate of the potential patient population in the U.S. and Canada. J Pain. 2004. 5(Suppl 1): S73. Ther. 1980. 214(3): 503-506.
15. Azizi F, Vagenakis AG, Longcope C, Ingbar SH, et al. Decreased serum testosterone concentration in male heroin and methadone addicts. Steroids. 1973. 22: 467–472.
16. Daniell HW. DHEAS deficiency during consumption of sustained-action prescribed opioids: evidence for opioid-induced inhibition of adrenal androgen production. J Pain. 2006a. 7(12): 901-907.
17. Goldsmith DS, Hunt DE, Lipton DS, and Strug Dl. Methadone folklore: about side effects and their impacts on treatment. Human Org. 1984. 43 (4): 330-340.
18. Brown RT and Zueldorf M. Opioid substitution with methadone and buprenorphine: sexual dysfunction as a side effect. Heron Addict Relat Clin Probl. 2007. 9(1): 35-44. Available at: http: //pain-topics.org/ pdf/europad/HeroinAdd9-1.pdf. Accessed 1/27/08.
19. Cicero TJ, Bell RD, Wiest WG, et al. Function of the male sex organs in heroin and methadone users. N Engl J Med. 1975. 292: 882-887.
20. Hanbury R, Cohen M, and Stimmel B. Adequacy of sexual performance in men maintained on meth-adone. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1977. 4:13-20.
21. Mendelson JH, Mendelson JE, and Patch VD. Plasma testosterone levels in heroin addiction and during methadone maintenance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1975a. 192: 211-217.
22. Mendelson JH, Meyer RE, Ellingboe J, et al. Effects of heroin and methadone on plasma cortisol and testosterone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1975b. 195: 296-302.
23. Morley J E, Carlton E, Patrick P, et al. Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging men. Metabolism. 2000. 49 (9): 1239-1242.
24. Corona G, M annucci E, Petrone L. et al. Androtest: a structured interview for the screening of hypogonadism in patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2003. 3: 706-715.
25. Daniell HW. Hypogonadism in men consuming sustained-action oral opioids. J Pain. 2002. 3:377-384.
26. Daniell HW. Opioid-induced androgen deficiency. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006b. 13(3): 262-266.
27. Daniell HW, Lentz R, Mazer NA. Open-label pilot study of testosterone patch therapy in men with opioid-induced androgen deficiency. J Pain. 2006. 7(3): 200-210.
28. Endocrine Society. Androgen therapy in men. J Clin Endocrinol Met. 2006b. 6(91): 1995-2010.
29. Endocrine Society. Androgen therapy in men. J Clin Endocrinol Met. 2006c. 10(91): 3697-3716.
30. Bolour S and Braunstein G. Testosterone therapy in women: a review. Int J Impot Res. 2005. 17(5): 399-408.
Last updated on: December 20, 2011


Is the love character shown Chinese or Japanese?
When something says LOVE in Chinese/Japanese - and only shows one picture.
Please let me know before I order.
Re: Is the love character shown Chinese or Japanese?
(there was no written form of Japanese until this happened in the 5th century).


I have installed XAMPP for OS X 5.6.30 Could you please let me know where to find the Control Panel in my computer and open it?
Easiest way is to open Spotlight to start a search (Command - Space bar) and type in either manager-osx or osx and followed by enter when it is found.
Thanks a lot for your reply. I think that I have found it but the problem is that it doesn't look the same as I saw in different tutorials, I guess is due to the operation system.


Window World of Portland's carefully selected rich, deep colors add interest to the exterior of any home. From Forest Green to English Red and everything in between, each color is crafted to complement our customers' homes, adding curb appeal and increasing value.
If you're interested in learning more about our exterior and interior color collections, don't hesitate to contact the home improvement experts at Window World of Portland! We proudly serve Portland, Vancouver, Beaverton, and nearby cities and towns in Greater Portland & Vancouver Metro Area.


PixelPerfection.pl - webistes made with love - responsive, mobile, amazing.
and we create great websites. clean and simple design.
NaKajta.pl is a kitesurf school on the Hel peninsula. Together with the girls managing naKajta we have created a vision of the website, which puts a loose atmosphere of surfing lifestyle. In the same time site offers solid informations about this sport and lessons.
It is a group of trainers, doctors, dieticians, physiotherapists and healthy lifestyle enthusiasts. The assumption of this website construction was keep it fresh and alive.
It is a company from Wroclaw which produces and installs custom furniture. We have prepared a simple and clean vision of the brand.
Click on the logo to see the page.
What will you gain by working with us?
By letting us creating a website, you can be sure that we will take care of every aspect of your web presence. We do not create only the code but we try to transfer emotions and good vibes to the visitor.
In the Internet industry we have over ten years of experience, along with the technology we develop everyday. Thanks to using the latest technology, we can ensure that the website may be the most effective and beauty. We care not only about the external beauty - the code that we create is also crafted with love - taking care of positioning, semantic and integration with social media.
With the development of technology, we follow trends in web design. Our sites use rwd, svg, html5, css3, and many other technologies that makes your site efficient and effective.
We do not forget about things that many people don't even pay attention to. The performance of our websites is a priority for us. We always try to make sure that everything works fluent 60 frames per second, even on a slightly older hardware.
All our projects are unique and unrepeatable. We do not use third-party WordPress templates. We create from scratch according to the needs of the project.
This is a feature that makes the site adapts to any screen size. Whether you view it on your phone, tablet, or 27" screen, it will always look great. We use vector graphic so regardless of PPI display, the image will be always sharp and smooth.
Besides work, website creating is our passion. During days off we learn new technologies and solutions. We guarantee that projects we make together will be tailored to your needs and to meet expectations of your customers.
Before we start any project we set goals, we try to determine the audience of the page, how to encourage them to your product. We analyze how the page and web presence can develop your business.
We are passionate. perfectionists. effective. modern.


text:
Environment, Science
November 11, 2013 Brian	6 Comments
As you know I'm always up for a thread of doom, so when I heard talk of asteroid strikes happening more frequently than previously thought I decided to investigate.
The story starts with an asteroid that exploded in the air in the Chelyabinsk region in February 2013. There was a collection of videos at Slate. Car alarms were set off by the shock wave, but I gather most of the damage came from broken glass. Over 1000 people were injured. There are some stills of damage here.
The rock was about 19 metres across (equivalent to a six-story building), with a mass of about 12,000 tons. When it hit the atmosphere at a speed of 20 kilometers per second (many times faster than a rifle bullet) the energy released was equivalent to about 500,000 tonnes of TNT, and the brightness around 30 times that of the sun.
This Slate article has a description of what happened physically. Broadly:
It came in over Russia at a low angle, slamming into our atmosphere, violently compressing the air in front of it. That created a vast amount of heat and pressure, which simultaneously melted and broke up the asteroid into smaller fragments. Within seconds, the huge energy of motion of the rock was suddenly and violently dissipated, creating an explosion equal to about 500,000 tons of TNT detonating.
I think 500,000 tonnes of TNT is about the equivalent of 40 Hiroshima bombs.
As that article says (see also the BBC and the ABC) asteroid strikes are now thought to happen more frequently than previously thought (paywalled research here and here), perhaps as much as ten times more. Chelyabinsk-type events were thought to happen every 150 years on the average. Now the estimate has moved to every 25 to 30 years. And then there's all the others in the range from say 1 to 50 metres. Previously we relied on visual records, but some, over the sea, for example, have escaped notice.
Apparently there are literally millions of objects in the tens-of-metres-of-size range that could come near Earth and we only know about 1000.
NASA has satellite mission called NEOCam to put a satellite in space in the Earth's orbit. There is also the Sentinel space telescope being planned by the B612 Foundation. These should give us earlier warning. The aim would be to know about the big ones a decade in advance, then send up a spacecraft to intercept them.
There is a thing called the Torino Scale to categorise the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as meteors, asteroids and comets. Interestingly the Chelyabinsk event rates zero. The Tunguska event of 1908, a 60 to 190m rock, flattened 2,000 km2 of forest and rated 8 but still didn't strike the ground.
Speaking of big, the Chelyabinsk rock is thought to be a chip off asteroid 86039 (1999 NC43) which comes in at over 2 km. That one is not expected to strike which is just as well as it would result in a major extinction event.
National Geographic has a list of the ten biggest ever. The Chicxulub impact crater in the Yucatán Peninsula, caused by a rock thought to be 10 km across, is possibly the biggest of all. That not only did in the dinosaurs, it created the opportunity for mammals to thrive and multiply, leading eventually to us, so it wasn't all bad.
This is a reconstruction of the dent Chicxulub made:
There is obviously a range of serious strikes between the tens-of-metres category and the top ten list. Some years ago I recall discussion of the problem of these strikes causing tsunamis. I found an article in the New Scientist. Back in 2007 a research team looked at strikes in the 100 to 500 metre range which happen about every 10,000 years on average.
They found China, Indonesia, India, Japan and the US as most vulnerable. Here's their vulnerability map:
I recall them saying that satellite imagery shows the oceans pock-marked with these strikes.
I gather that total effective vulnerability showing the impact on existing infrastructure is represented in this map:
I don't know about you, but these midrange strikes at once every 10,000 years bother me a bit. But then we are getting some pretty nasty weather at times, such as Cyclone Haiyan which has already killed more than 10,000 people and is heading for Vietnem, especially as sea level rises:
Asteroid strikescyclonesDisastersNear Earth Objects
Previous PostClimate clippings 86Next PostCyclone Haiyan
6 thoughts on "A bolt from the blue"
jungney says:
Nah, that 'asteroid' in Chelyabinsk was a post commie plot to control planetary weather patterns gone wrong. You know that the NKVD are the new crime czars but they have this damned eastern thing about world domination. They try to control the weather, cause earth quakes and tsunamis and they try to control our thoughts too but Mr Murdoch is in charge of me so I'm safe; he has fire-walled my brain. Also I wear a tin foil hat, but made out of proper Aussie Comalco fail, the good stuff, not that sh*t the Chinese sell.
philip travers says:
There are a few matters going on that are oddities.Veterans Today had an article Typhoon Disappears off Japan 29/10, another site,perhaps too odd for LP is endtimes23.com and a old Chillian scientist Carlos Munos Ferrada,if the name is correct has a number of times, named disasters quite accurately…sickenly so.Worth considering even if Nibiru isn't the cup of tea,to read the tea leaves.I was hoping tonight someone had listened to a ABC programme with Tim Dunlop and Paul Barclay.Paul Barclay claims he is originally or now from Melbourne.I thought he got drowned out by the Brisbane flood,and somehow seem to remember him saying he grew up in a suburb of Brisbane. Parallel Universe ,before Nibiru before post Nibiru!?
At The Conversation Shireen Chan has a comprehensive discussion of the Chelyabinsk meteor.
BTW if anyone is wondering why there are so many recordings, I read somewhere that in Russia they have problems with car insurance scams. People often have a video camera switched on while driving.
made out of proper Aussie Comalco fail
Bernard J. says:
I thought he got drowned out [sic] by the Brisbane flood…
That was Paul Lockyer, who reported on others being drowned in the (coincidentally-named) Lockyer Valley in Queensland, and who was killed in a helicopter crash on Lake Eryre.
pt @ 2, it's off topic, but Paul Barclay has a Wikipedia stub article. He grew up in Melbourne, did some time in Darwin before settling in Brisbane.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Ms Kitty" Messenger Bag with Gold Tipping by Texas Carpet Baggers - A crossbody concealed carry bag with style! This is the perfect purse for the minimalist. Beautiful brown leather with front flap of vine pattern with gold tipping. Its design holds the essentials and allows you to safely carry your concealed firearm or just use the secret pocket in other ways! Featuring adjustable crossbody strap (18.5 to 23.5") to fit the tall ladies as well as the small! 11″ x 4″ x 7″ and multiple inner pockets.


text:
Jez Butterworth
Jez Butterworth - Author
Books by Jez Butterworth
Jez Butterworth Plays:Two Jerusalem, The Clear Road Ahead, The River, The Ferryman
Author: Jez Butterworth Format: Paperback / softback Release Date: 09/01/2020
`Come, you drunken spirits. Come, you battalions. You fields of ghosts who walk these green plains still. Come, you giants!' When Jez Butterworth's Jerusalem premiered at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in 2009, it served notice of an astonishing development in the career of a writer whose debut, Mojo, had premiered on the same stage nearly fifteen years before. Unearthing the mythic roots of contemporary English life, and featuring Mark Rylance in an indelible central performance as Johnny `Rooster' Byron, the play transferred to the West End and then to Broadway, before returning to the West End in 2011. `Storming... restores one's faith in the power of theatre' Independent. `Unarguably one of the best dramas of the twenty-first century' Guardian. Jerusalem was followed by the bewitching chamber play The River (Royal Court, 2012), a `magnetically eerie, luminously beautiful psychodrama' Time Out. `A delicately unfolding puzzle... all of it is wrapped in marvellous language... extraordinary' The Times. This volume concludes with the multi-award-winning The Ferryman (Royal Court and West End, 2017; Broadway, 2018), an excavation of lives shattered by violence, set in a farmhouse in Northern Ireland in 1981. `A richly absorbing and emotionally abundant play... an instant classic' Independent. `A magnificent play that uses, brilliantly, the vitality of live theatre to express the deadly legacy of violence' Financial Times. Also included here is the screenplay for the short film The Clear Road Ahead (2011), published here for the first time, and an edited transcript of a conversation between Butterworth and the playwright Simon Stephens.
An updated edition of the smash-hit debut play from the author of Jerusalem. In the seedy gangster underworld of the rock'n'roll scene, club owners fight for control of Johnny Silver, the latest young sensation.
On a moonless night in August, a man brings his new girlfriend to the remote family cabin where he has come for the fly-fishing since he was a boy. But she's not the first woman he has brought here--or indeed the last. A bewitching story from the author of global smash hit Jerusalem.
'My dad said he jumped buses. Horseboxes. Jumped an aqueduct once. He was gonna jump Stonehenge but the council put a stop to it.' On St George's Day, the morning of the local county fair, Johnny Byron, local waster and modern day Pied Piper, is a wanted man. The council officials want to serve him an eviction notice, his children want their dad to take them to the fair, Troy Whitworth wants to give him a serious kicking and a motley crew of mates want his ample supply of drugs and alcohol. Jez Butterworth's new play is a comic, contemporary vision of life in our green and pleasant land. His previous plays for the Royal Court include The Winterling , The Night Heron and Mojo . The key British theatre work of the last decade. Time Out 2012. An Instant Modern Classic. A comic, contemporary vision of life in our green and pleasant land. BEST PLAY Evening Standard Awards BEST PLAY Critics Circle Awards.
The Winterling
In rural Devon, one man in a barn is visited by two men from London, intent on dealing with some unfinished business. Only two men will leave the barn. This is Butterworth's third play to be directed by Ian Rickson at the Royal Court - and as always, something wonderful is guaranteed...His debut play Mojo , about the gangster underworld of the rock'n'roll scene in 1950s Soho, caused a sensation at the Court in 1995. It marched off with all the awards - including the Olivier Award for Best Comedy, the George Devine Award and the Evening Standard Award for Most Promising Playwright - transferred to the West End, and was filmed with a cast including Harold Pinter, directed by Butterworth himself.
The Night Heron
Anarchic new play for the Royal Court starring Ray Winstone by the author of the Olivier Award-winning rock'n'roll hit, Mojo, and the upcoming Nicole Kidman movie, Birthday Girl The sighting of a rare bird attracts attention to a remote part of the Fens. The visiting birdwatchers cannot know what dangers lie in the freezing darkness of the marshes. In an isolated cabin, Wattmore, bruised and bleeding, is recording the Old Testament onto cassette. Griffin arrives with fish and chips. Salvation is at hand - a cash prize for winning the university poetry competition plus the arrival of a possible lodger. Meanwhile, outside the town is stirring...The Night Heron is Jez Butterworth's second play following his astonishing debut with Mojo, which won him the 1995 George Devine Award for Most Promising Playwright, the Writers' Guild New Writer of the Year Award, the Evening Standard Award for the Most Promising Playwright and the Olivier Award for Best Comedy. The Night Heron premieres at the Royal Court in April 2002, in a production by the Court's Artistic Director, Ian Rickson.
Jez Butterworth Plays: One
Jez Butterworth burst onto the theatre scene aged twenty-five with Mojo, 'one of the most dazzling Royal Court main stage debuts in years' (Time Out). This first volume of his Collected Plays contains that play plus the three that followed, as well as two short monologues published here for the first time. Everything that precedes Jerusalem, 'unarguably one of the best dramas of the twenty-first century' (Guardian).
County Armagh, Northern Ireland, 1981. The Carney farmhouse is a hive of activity with preparations for the annual harvest. A day of hard work on the land and a traditional night of feasting and celebrations lie ahead. But this year they will be interrupted by a visitor... Developed by Sonia Friedman Productions, The Ferryman premiered to huge acclaim at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in April 2017, before transferring to the West End. The production was directed by Sam Mendes. It went on to win the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Play and the Critics' Circle, Olivier and WhatsOnStage Awards for Best New Play.
Parlour Song
Two couples live side by side in identical houses. On the outside Ned is a confident demolitions expert: on the inside he's a mess. He is the victim of increasingly bizarre but recurrent theft, and his marriage to Joy is running out of steam. He also suffers a recurring nightmare. Eventually he is usurped by his neighbour, and Joy deserts him - literally and metaphorically. His nightmare? He is encased in a room just like the one he lives in - Laugh-out-loud funny to start with, Jez Butterworth's new play, Parlour Song , gets darker and more surreal as it unfolds. For fans of Mojo or The Winterling , this is vintage Butterworth: a compound of comedy and menace, not unlike his mentor, Harold Pinter (who played the gangster boss in the film of Mojo ).The UK premiere is at the Almeida Theatre, Islington, in February 2009, directed by Ian Rickson, who has staged all Butterworth's plays so far. It has also been seen in New York.
Board Games to Create and Play
Things in Jars
Pretty Unhealthy
The Heartsick Diaspora, and other stories
Gravity Is the Thing
LoveReading Bookshop of the Month: Far From The Madding Crowd
Industry Insight: Q&A with Deborah MacLaren (A LoveReading Very Short Story Award)
This Year: Make A Difference
LoveReading Book Club Feature #17: The Buddies Book Club
LoveReading Library of the Month #16: Parkstone Library


text:
Q: Slice an array into 2D array I have a method which is intended to slice one bigger Array into a few smaller arrays. I would like it to return these arrays as an two dimensional array. So far slicing works but I have no idea how to write arr2[] elements to slice[][]. The problem is count of arrays slice[?][i] is unknown.
private short[][] slice(short array1[], int sliceSize)    {

    short arr2[]=null;
    short slice[][]=null;

    for (int offset = 0; offset < array1.length ; offset+=sliceSize) {

            arr2 = Arrays.copyOfRange(array1, offset, offset+sliceSize);

            for(int i=0; i<arr2.length; i++)    {
                System.out.print("\n value: "+ String.valueOf(arr2[i]));
                // slice[?][i]=arr2[i];
            }
        }

    return slice;
}

A: You can easily know the number of slice you need from the orignal array length.
int sliceCount = arr1.length / sliceSize + 1;
short[][] slice = new short[sliceCount][];

Note that we would end up with one to many cell if the length is a multiple of the slice size, we can simply substract 1 to arr1.length to correct that (didn't do it to keep the code simple)
Then, you just need to do some copy just like you do and store the result in it.
Since Arrays.copyOfRange return a new array instance each call, you can store the instance directly instead of iterating the array.
for (int i = 0; i < sliceCount; i++) {
    arr2 = Arrays.copyOfRange(array1, i * sliceSize, ( i + 1 ) * sliceSize);
    slice[i] = arr2;
}
return slice;

Example :
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] into slice of 4 length
-> [
      [1,2,3,4],
      [5,6,7,8],
      [9,0,0,0]
   ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Add background color to cell Google sheet (python) related to this question (Update Google spreadsheet cell (python)), I'd like to know how to change the background color of a cell (or a full row) in the link example.
This is the part of my code where I update the sheet. I pass the service and the row. It worked when I only wrote 'OK' in a single cell with the 'values' variable, but not with the modifications for the background of the row:
SPREADSHEET_ID = '###'
WORKSHEET_NAME = 'Name of the sheet'

async def escribirEnSheet(service, row):
    # print('voy a escribir en celda ' + str(range_))
    # range_ = 'M'+str(row)  # TODO: Update placeholder value.
    row += 1
    range_ = WORKSHEET_NAME + "!M" + str(row)
    print('voy a escribir en celda: ' + str(range_))

#values = [['OK']]

sheetObj = service.spreadsheets().get(spreadsheetId=SPREADSHEET_ID, fields='sheets(properties(sheetId,title))').execute()
sheet_id = ""
for sheet in sheetObj['sheets']:
    if sheet['properties']['title'] == WORKSHEET_NAME:
        sheet_id = sheet['properties']['sheetId']
        break

batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body = {
    "requests": [
        {
            "updateCells": {
                "range": {
                    "sheetId": sheet_id,
                    "startRowIndex": row,
                    "endRowIndex": row+1,
                    "startColumnIndex": 12,
                    "endColumnIndex": 12
                },
                "rows": [
                    {
                        "values": [
                            {
                                "userEnteredValue": {
                                    "stringValue": "OK"
                                }
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                ],
                "fields": "userEnteredValue"
            }
        },
        {
            "repeatCell": {
                "range": {
                    "sheetId": WORKSHEET_NAME,
                    "startRowIndex": row,
                    "endRowIndex": row+1,
                    "startColumnIndex": 0,
                },
                "cell": {
                    "userEnteredFormat": {
                        "backgroundColor": {
                            "red": 0,
                            "green": 1,
                            "blue": 0
                        }
                    }
                },
                "fields": "userEnteredFormat.backgroundColor"
            }
        }
    ]
}

value_input_option = 'RAW'  # TODO: Update placeholder value.

try:
    print('voy a hacer la request para escribir')

    request = service.spreadsheets().batchUpdate(spreadsheetId=SPREADSHEET_ID, body=batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body)
    response = request.execute()
    time.sleep(1)
    print('ya he escrito')

    print(response)
except:
    print('algo ha ocurrido al escribir en la sheet')
    traceback.print_exc()
    pass

Thanks in advance!

A: I believe your goal as follows.

*

*You want to modify the background color of a cell or a row using googleapis with python.

For this, how about this answer? In this answer, the method of "spreadsheets.batchUpdate" in Sheets API is used. At the batchUpdate method, the GridRange is used as the range. Ref
Pattern 1:
In this pattern, the background color of a cell is modified.
Sample script:
In this sample script, the background color of the cell "A1" of the sheet of sheet_id is modified to red.
SPREADSHEET_ID = '###'  # Please set the Spreadsheet ID.
sheet_id = '###'  # Please set the sheet ID.

service = build('sheets', 'v4', credentials=creds)
batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body = {
    "requests": [
        {
            "repeatCell": {
                "range": {
                    "sheetId": sheet_id,
                    "startRowIndex": 0,
                    "endRowIndex": 1,
                    "startColumnIndex": 0,
                    "endColumnIndex": 1
                },
                "cell": {
                    "userEnteredFormat": {
                        "backgroundColor": {
                            "red": 1,
                            "green": 0,
                            "blue": 0
                        }
                    }
                },
                "fields": "userEnteredFormat.backgroundColor"
            }
        }
    ]
}

request = service.spreadsheets().batchUpdate(spreadsheetId=SPREADSHEET_ID, body=batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body)
res = request.execute()

Pattern 2:
In this pattern, the background color of a row is modified.
Sample script:
In this sample script, the background color of the 1st row of the sheet of sheet_id is modified to red.
SPREADSHEET_ID = '###'  # Please set the Spreadsheet ID.
sheet_id = '###'  # Please set the sheet ID.

service = build('sheets', 'v4', credentials=creds)
batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body = {
    "requests": [
        {
            "repeatCell": {
                "range": {
                    "sheetId": sheet_id,
                    "startRowIndex": 0,
                    "endRowIndex": 1,
                    "startColumnIndex": 0,
                },
                "cell": {
                    "userEnteredFormat": {
                        "backgroundColor": {
                            "red": 1,
                            "green": 0,
                            "blue": 0
                        }
                    }
                },
                "fields": "userEnteredFormat.backgroundColor"
            }
        }
    ]
}

request = service.spreadsheets().batchUpdate(spreadsheetId=SPREADSHEET_ID, body=batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body)
res = request.execute()

*

*In this case, endColumnIndex is removed from the pattern 1. By this, a row is used.

References:

*

*Method: spreadsheets.batchUpdate

*RepeatCellRequest
Added1:
When you want to put a value to a cell and modify the background color of the row, how about the following sample script? In this case, the request for putting a value is added to the requests for the batchUpdate.
And also, you want to retrieve the sheet ID from the sheet name. About this, I added the following script.
Sample script:
In this sample script, a value of "sample" is put to the cell "A1" and the background color of the 1st row is modified to red.
SPREADSHEET_ID = '###'  # Please set the Spreadsheet ID.
sheet_name = 'Sheet1'  # Please set the sheet name.

service = build('sheets', 'v4', credentials=creds)
sheetObj = service.spreadsheets().get(spreadsheetId=SPREADSHEET_ID, fields='sheets(properties(sheetId,title))').execute()
sheet_id = ""
for sheet in sheetObj['sheets']:
    if sheet['properties']['title'] == sheet_name:
        sheet_id = sheet['properties']['sheetId']
        break

batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body = {
    "requests": [
        {
            "updateCells": {
                "range": {
                    "sheetId": sheet_id,
                    "startRowIndex": 0,
                    "endRowIndex": 1,
                    "startColumnIndex": 0,
                    "endColumnIndex": 1
                },
                "rows": [
                    {
                        "values": [
                            {
                                "userEnteredValue": {
                                    "stringValue": "sample"
                                }
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                ],
                "fields": "userEnteredValue"
            }
        },
        {
            "repeatCell": {
                "range": {
                    "sheetId": sheet_id,
                    "startRowIndex": 0,
                    "endRowIndex": 1,
                    "startColumnIndex": 0,
                },
                "cell": {
                    "userEnteredFormat": {
                        "backgroundColor": {
                            "red": 1,
                            "green": 0,
                            "blue": 0
                        }
                    }
                },
                "fields": "userEnteredFormat.backgroundColor"
            }
        }
    ]
}

request = service.spreadsheets().batchUpdate(spreadsheetId=SPREADSHEET_ID, body=batch_update_spreadsheet_request_body)
res = request.execute()

Added2:
Your script has several modification points:
Modification points:

*

*At updateCells, if you want to put the value of OK to the column "L", please modify as follows.

*

*From
  "startColumnIndex": 12,
  "endColumnIndex": 12

*To
  "startColumnIndex": 11,
  "endColumnIndex": 12

*When you want to put to the column "M", please modify "startColumnIndex": 12,endColumnIndex": 13.

*At repeatCell, WORKSHEET_NAME is used for the sheet ID. Please modify to "sheetId": sheet_id,.


The University of New South Wales (UNSW; branded as UNSW Sydney) is an Australian public research university located in the Sydney suburb of Kensington. The main UNSW campus is located on a 38 hectare site at Kensington. Other campuses are the College of Fine Arts, Australian Defence Force Academy, and sub-campuses at Randwick and Coogee, as well as research stations around NSW.
UNSW offers different types of undergraduate degrees which can be taken through bachelor degree, bachelor degree with honours, dual degree and combined degree program. To gain entry into UNSW, undergraduate applicants need to have a qualification considered to be equivalent to Year 12 (completion of High School). The university also considers a range of other academic qualifications, referred to as university pathways.
The University of New South Wales is a global community that places great importance on overseas students. To assist international students in coping up with their new life in Australia, UNSW offers comprehensive support services. Support programs start even before a student arrives in Australia. UNSW offers guidance to students about pre-departure necessities. Topics like the necessary documents students have to bring, emergency contacts and what not to bring into Australia are the discussed.
UNSW also offers advice to students regarding accommodation options such as living in university colleges, university apartments and private accommodation. Once students arrive in Australia and are fully settled, UNSW's Student Development International (SDI) will assist international students to discover the academic and cultural rewards of studying in Australia. Apart from all these, UNSW offers scholarships for international students who are eligible.
The annual undergraduate tuition fees are $39,360 for business courses, $32,160 for Arts/Education, and $41,760 for Engineering/Science.
UNSW has a wide variety of scholarships available for students to choose from. Scholarships for local and international students, including high school leavers and current students are offered by the university. UNSW's co-op program supports students through scholarships that provide industry training experience, leadership and professional development.
Postgraduate research scholarships give local and international research students the opportunity to pursuit their interests. UNSW also provides scholarships specifically for international students that are supported by external organizations. Aside from all these, a scholarship called the Australian Development Scholarship (ADS), which is country specific, is as well available at the university.
The Robertson Scholars Leadership Program seeks to assist students who have demonstrated passion and potential to become great leaders in college and beyond. The Program was established by Julian and Josie Robertson of New York in 2000, and provides opportunities for students to study at Duke University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the USA and to enjoy the benefits of both institutions. During the second semester of their second year, Robertson Scholars enrolled at Duke will be able to live and learn at UNC-Chapel Hill, and UNC-Chapel Hill Robertson Scholars to live and learn at Duke. Up to two places are offered to talented Australian undergraduate students each year.
Candidates for Co-op Scholarship are selected not only on the basis of their academic ability, but also their communication skills, motivational and leadership potential. Some of the qualities we are looking for in our Co-op Scholars include: Make a significant contribution to school or community Show initiative and leadership Excellent communication skills Enjoy working with other people Have a genuine interest in a career in industry or goveTo be eligible, applicants must meet all of the following criteria: Be an Indian citizen (excluding Australian Permanent Residents/Australian Citizens) and must be residing in India prior to commencing at UNSW Must have applied and received an offer of admission* to a UNSW Engineering undergraduate or postgraduate coursework degree program by Sunday, 9 December 2018. Must be commencing full-time studies in Term 1, 2019rnment enterprise in their chosen field Ambitious and keen to contribute Care about what is happening in one's community, country and the world at large.
The UNSW Co-op Program is a career development scholarship that develops our scholars into professionals, not just graduates at the end of their university degree. The program incorporates industry experience, leadership and professional development, networking, mentoring, financial support, friends and fun! Scholarships are offered in the Business School, and Faculties of Engineering and Science.


text:
Q: Como borrar informacion de un div y cargar otra en react Como puedo hacer esto de jQuery: $('#div').empty().html(data); , pero en react?

A: Puedes utilizar dangerouslySetInnerHTML
const App = () => {
  const data = 'lorem <b>ipsum</b>';

  return (
    <div
      dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{__html: data}}
    />
  );
}

export default App;


text:
> TV & Film
Ross Kemp surprises fans after announcing second coronavirus documentary following controversy
Ross Kemp was met with controversy following the documentary On the NHS Frontline
April 22, 2020 - 12:58 BST Emmy Griffiths Ross Kemp has opened up about his second documentary focused on coronavirus - this time looking at the volunteer army
Although Ross Kemp's most recent documentary, On the NHS Frontline, was met with criticism from viewers due to the crew using PPE and filming in hospitals during the coronavirus crisis, the TV personality has announced plans to make a second documentary based on COVID-19. This time, Ross will be meeting Britain's 'volunteer army' who are working towards helping the country during the crisis.
WATCH: Ross Kemp defends wearing PPE during documentary
Speaking about the project, Ross explained: "It makes me immensely proud to see the British public mobilising in their thousands to come to the assistance of the vulnerable in our society, and the NHS, in their time of need. This pandemic has produced all sorts of unlikely heroes and it will be a real privilege to meet some of them and celebrate their selfless work."
READ: EastEnders stars' real-life children: from Natalie Cassidy to Tamzin Outhwaite & Patsy Palmer
Ross Kemp will be meeting volunteers during the crisis
The former EastEnders star previously defended the original documentary on Good Morning Britain, explaining that any PPE used was replaced by the production team. He explained: "In terms of the PPE, we used one set, and we brought more than that, and we left it behind, and it's exactly the same standard. So they were happy with what we did. At no point we were a drain on resources. And only myself and the cameraman actually went in to the ICU. We were there for a very short time – under half an hour."
READ: All you need to know about Ross Kemp's family, from wife Renee O'Brien to his four children
Meanwhile, ITV have announced their first drama series based on COVID-19, Isolation Stories, which will follow four different families as they cope during the lockdown. The first episode will star Sheridan Smith, a pregnant woman living alone who has to cope with expecting a baby after being left by the father of her child.
Ross Kemp
More about ross kemp
Barbara Windsor laid to rest during star-studded funeral - photos
Ross Kemp reveals touching last conversation with late Dame Barbara Windsor
All you need to know about Ross Kemp's family, from wife Renee O'Brien to his four children
Treat yourself to a joint subscription of HELLO! and HELLO! Fashion
Ross Kemp defends wearing PPE in coronavirus documentary - watch
Ross Kemp 'too busy' to star in EastEnders anniversary special
Ross Kemp becomes a dad for the second time
EastEnders: Ross Kemp confirms his return to the show


text:
Q: Matplotlib: Spaces in between hexagons in hexbin plots? I am making hexbin plots using the following Python script:
## object of Pitch class
pitch = Pitch(
    line_color="#747474", pitch_color="#222222", orientation="vertical", half=True, plot_arrow=False
)

## plot the pitch
fig, ax = pitch.create_pitch()

## color-map
cmap = [
    "#222222", "#2A2224", "#3A2027", "#421F28",
    "#54202B", "#65202E", "#782231", "#892433", "#9B2838",
    "#AC2B3A", "#BE2F3E", "#CF3341", "#E13746"
]
cmap = colors.ListedColormap(cmap)

## make hexbins
hexbin = ax.hexbin(
    68 - shots_data['Y'], shots_data['X'], zorder=3, cmap=cmap,
    extent=(0, 68, 52, 104), gridsize=25, bins=13
)

It is generating the following output:

Now I want to have small spaces in-between each hexagon but I don't know what to add in the script to make it happen. Can somebody help?

A: You can set a white edge color, and some fine line width:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import colors

np.random.seed(0)
n = 100000
x = np.random.standard_normal(n)
y = 2.0 + 3.0 * x + 4.0 * np.random.standard_normal(n)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4))

cmap = colors.ListedColormap(["#222222", "#2A2224", "#3A2027", "#421F28", "#54202B", "#65202E", "#782231",
                              "#892433", "#9B2838", "#AC2B3A", "#BE2F3E", "#CF3341", "#E13746"])
hb = ax.hexbin(x, y, gridsize=50, bins='log', cmap=cmap, ec='white', lw=0.5)
ax.margins(x=-0.1, y=-0.1)

plt.show()


2005-12-14 Application filed by Louis M. Gerson Co., Inc., Ronald L. Gerson, Robert A. Brunell, David Anteski, Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc., Saint-Gobain Abrasifs filed Critical Louis M. Gerson Co., Inc.
A liquid container system for a spray gun. The container system includes an outer cup (1500), a collapsible liner (1900) for holding a liquid to be sprayed, and a lid (1800) for closing the liner (1900). A mounting ring (1600) may be used in the cup (1500) to make locking engagement with the lid (1800).
collar may facilitate locking engagement of the adapter with the lid (1800).
Background Spray guns are widely used for rapidly coating surfaces with liquids, such as paint. Liquid is contained in a container that attaches to the gun. The outlet of the container is typically a threaded coupling that connects to a corresponding threaded connector on the spray gun. Liquid flows from the container into the spray gun and is fed to a spray nozzle. The spray nozzle combines the liquid with compressed air, atomizing lo the liquid, forming a spray. At the end of the spraying operation, the container and the mating connection to the spray gun must be thoroughly cleaned so that liquid from one operation does not containinate the liquid to be sprayed in the next spraying operation.
spray gun system with a disposable liner is described in U.S. pat. no.
6,820,824 to Joseph et al. Other spray gun systems with liners are described in U.S. pat. no.
3,432,104 to Kaltenbach; U.S. pat. no. 4,151,929 to Sapien; and US pat. no. 5,816,501 to Lopresti.
Summary of the Invention In a first embodiment of the invention, a three piece liquid container system is provided. The system includes an outer cup, a disposable, collapsible liner for insertion into the outer cup and a removable lid that fits tightly into an opening in the liner. The liner is inserted into the cup and liquid is poured into the liner. The lid includes-tabs on its periphery that mate with rib segments on the inside of an opening of the outer cup.
The lid is inserted into the liner and then rotated to secure the lid/liner to the cup. The lid can include locking tabs that prevent the lid from rotating in reverse.
In other embodiments of the invention, the cup may include features, such as faceted sidewalls and protrusions on its inside bottom surface, that prevent close contact between the collapsible liner and the cup. These features facilitate complete expulsion of liquid from the liner during spraying. In certain other embodiments of the invention, an adapter is provided to connect the reservoir to the spray gun inlet port without requiring rotation of the reservoir relative to the adapter or the spray gun. The adapter may be secured to an outlet port of the lid by a removable collar, preferably threaded for screwing engagement.
In further embodiments of the present invention, a four piece liquid container system is provided for attachment to a spray gun. The system includes an outer cup, a mounting ring, a liner and a removable lid. The mounting ring is inserted into a recess in a flange at the top of the outer cup. A disposable, collapsible liner is inserted through the mounting ring into the outer cup and a lip at the top of the liner is supported on the mounting ring. The removable lid includes a projection that slides into the opening at the liner top. The lid screws into the mounting ring and a flange on the periphery of the lid presses the liner lip against the mounting ring, forming a liquid tight seal.
Thus, the lid-ring-liner assembly may be removed from the outer cup as a liquid-tight unit.
When the lid is installed on the mounting ring, the lid-ring-liner assembly may be secured to the outer cup with a locking mechanism.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a liquid container lid assembly for a spray gun is provided. The assembly includes a lid with a liquid outlet and a generally cylindrical adapter. One end of the adapter connects to the spray gun liquid inlet port and the other end connects to a liquid outlet in the lid. The adapter ends are joined by a liquid-tight passageway. A collar releasably attaches the adapter to the lid by rotation of the collar with respect to the lid.
Fig. 8 shows a perspective view of the corresponding cup for the lid of fig.
Fig. 18A-B show a removable lid according to an embodiment of the invention that may be used in system of fig. 17; and Fig. 19 shows a collapsible liner for use in a liquid container system, according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments In broad overview, in various embodiments of the invention, a liquid container system is provided for attachment to a spray gun. The system includes an outer cup, a disposable, collapsible liner for insertion into the outer cup and a removable lid that fits into an opening in the liner.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, a three piece liquid container system is provided. The system includes an outer cup, a disposable, collapsible liner for insertion into the outer cup and a removable lid that fits tightly into an opening in the liner. The liner is inserted into the cup and liquid is poured into the liner.
The lid includes tabs on its periphery that mate with rib segments on the inside of an opening of the outer cup. The lid is inserted into the liner and then rotated to secure the lid/liner to the cup. The lid can include locking tabs that prevent the lid from rotating in reverse.
In other embodiments of the invention, the cup may include features, such as faceted sidewalls and protrusions on its inside bottom surface, that prevent close contact between the collapsible liner and the cup. These features facilitate complete expulsion of liquid from the liner during spraying. In certain other embodiments of the invention, an adapter is provided to connect the reservoir to the spray gun inlet port without requiring rotation of the reservoir relative to the adapter or the spray gun. The adapter may be secured to an outlet port of the lid by a removable collar.
Fig. 1 shows a liquid container 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. An outer cup 20 that is made of a relatively stiff material, such as a polymeric material, provides structural stability. The cup 20 is open at one end and is generally cylindrical in shape. The cup includes at least one opening in its bottom or sidewall to allow atmospheric pressure to equalize between the inside and outside of the cup 20. The inside of the cup opening 21 includes rib segments 24 that extend inwardly from the inner wall of the cup. These rib segments 24 are generally perpendicular to the axis 25 of the container 20 and may be pitched slightly downwardly toward the closed end of the cup to act as screw threads for securing the lid to the cup. The outside of the opening of the cup can include a series of tabs 22 that project radially outwardly from the sidewall of the cup. These tabs may be used to grip the cup 20.
A disposable liner 30 is provided for insertion into the cup 20. The liner is closed 1o at one end and open at the other end 32. The liner may be made of a thin polymeric material so that the liner can collapse as liquid is removed from the liner, forming a partial vacuum at the top of the liner. The liner may also be stiff enough that the liner can hold its shape while empty or filled. In one embodiment, the thickness of the liner bottom to the liner sidewalls is approximately 1:1 and the sidewalls and bottom have comparatively similar rigidity. Further embodiments provide a base thinner than the sidewalls to promote an inward collapse of the liner during spraying. The liner 30 may include a lip 34 at the open end. The lip 34 can rest upon a flange 28 on the inside of the cup so that liquid may be poured into the opening of the liner without collapsing the liner into the cup. In some embodiments of the invention, the liner is a close fit to the interior of the cup. Fig. 2 shows the liner 30 aligned for insertion into the cup 20.
A lid 40 is provided for insertion into the opening 32 in the liner 30. The lid 40 is adapted to contain paint or other liquid within the liner and to prevent air from entering the closed lid/liner combination. The lid includes an outlet 48 to allow liquid to flow from the container. In some embodiments of the invention, the lid 40 fits sufficiently tightly into the liner opening 32 that the lid/liner combination may be removed as a unit from the cup, after the liquid has been substantially removed from the liner.
For example, the lid can have a cylindrical retaining wall 46 for making a frictional fit with the liner.
This cylindrical retaining wall may include an outward facing rib. When pressed together, the liner fits tightly around the retaining wall to hold the liner and lid together.
3o Alternatively, the cylindrical retaining wall may include an inward groove and the liner can have a mating inward rib that snaps or pushes into the groove to hold the liner to the lid. In some embodiments, the lid has at least two tabs 42 extending from its periphery.
When the lid is inserted into the opening of the cup and rotated, these tabs mate with the rib segments described above, and secure the lid/liner combination into the cup. Either one or both of the tabs and rib segments may be angled so that rotation of the lid with respect to the cup screws the lid into the cup. Reversing this process allows the lid/liner combination to be extracted from the cup. The lid may be provided with tabs 44 that assist in rotating the lid to mate with the cup. The lid may also have a retaining structure, such as hooks 49, to assist in securing the lid to a spray assembly.
In further specific embodiments of the invention, according to any of the embodiments described above, a locking mechanism prevents the lid from rotating relative to the cup in reverse. At least one locking tab 144 is provided that extends 1o radially from the periphery of the lid 140, as shown in fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of the bottom of the lid 140. Locking tab 144 includes a lead 147 that is substantially parallel to the axis 145 of the lid 140. Fig. 5 shows a perspective view of the cup 120. At least one pinch segment 127 is formed in the opening of the cup. Each pinch segment 127 includes slots cut on either side so that the pinch segments 127 can deflect radially. As shown in fig. 6, the pinch seginents 127 include an extension rib 130 on the cup's flange 128. The extension rib 130 is tapered at one end. When the lid 140 is inserted into the cup opening and rotated clockwise, the lid's locking tab lead deflects the pinch seginent 127 radially outwardly. Outward deflection of the pinch segment 127 is facilitated by the taper on the extension rib 130. As rotation continues and the locking tab lead clears the extension rib, the pinch segment deflects inwardly, thus preventing the lid from rotating counter-clockwise. The cup's pinch segments 127 can be deflected radially by pinching. This action frees the lid's locking tab lead 147 from the extension rib, allowing the lid to be rotated counter-clockwise and removed.
In another embodiment of the invention, an alternative locking mechanism is provided for the lid, to prevent the lid from rotating relative to the cup.
Fig. 7 shows a perspective view of lid 240 that includes a locking finger 244. The locking finger 244 extends radially outwardly from the periphery of the lid 240. Fig. 8 shows a perspective view of the corresponding cup 220. The cup includes at least one slot 222 cut into the rim 226 of the opening of the cup. Adjacent to the slot 222 on the rim 226 is a ramp 224 that inclines upwardly towards the slot. When the lid 240 is inserted into the cup opening and rotated clockwise, the lid's locking finger deflects upward. Upward deflection of the locking finger 244 is facilitated by the incline on the ramp 224. As rotation continues and the locking finger 244 clears the leading edge of the slot 222, the locking finger deflects downwardly into the slot 222. The locking finger 244 prevents the lid from rotating counter-clockwise. To remove the lid, the locking finger can be manually deflected upwardly and the lid rotated. This action frees the lid's locking finger from the slot, allowing the lid to be rotated counter-clockwise and removed.
In other embodiments of the invention, an outer cup 320, shaped as shown in fig.
9, may be employed in any of the embodiments of the invention. The cup 320 includes one or more facets 340 in its sidewall. The facets 340 may extend substantially the length of the sidewall or any portion thereof. Fig. 10 shows another view of the outer cup 320, including its bottom surface 350. The outer cup 320 may also be provided with protrusions 360 on the interior of its bottom surface 350, as shown in fig.
11. The protrusions may be of any shape or length and may cover any portion of the interior surface of the cup bottom. In preferred embodiments, the protrusions are ridges, the length of the ridges is a small fraction of the cup height and the ridges cover less than 50% of the interior surface of the cup bottom. Alternatively, the protrusions may be pyramidal or teeth-like in shape or otherwise shaped to support the liner above the cup bottom. A collapsible liner 330 that is stiff enough to stand on its own, either empty or filled, is inserted into the cup. Such a liner will not conform to the interior sidewall or bottom surface of the cup. Thus, any tendency of the liner to cling to the cup will be overcome and liquid may be more completely withdrawn from the liner during spraying.
In certain other embodiments of the present invention, a connector system is provided for releasably mating a spray gun with a liquid reservoir. For exainple, without limitation, the connector system may be used with any of the liquid reservoirs shown in the figures of the present application. A removable lid 505 is provided for the reservoir, as shown in fig. 12. The lid has an outlet 548 of generally cylindrical shape so that liquid may be transferred from reservoir to spray gun. An adapter 500 of generally cylindrical shape is provided to connect the lid outlet 548 to the spray gun inlet port.
collar 560 is then placed over the barrel 520 of the adapter and rotated about the axis of the outlet.
The projection tab 552 acts as a screw thread for the mating threads on the interior surface of the collar sidewall. Rotation of the collar engages the collar with the top surface of the flange 530 and secures the adapter to the lid. Fig 13 shows the adapter secured to the lid. Thus, the adapter is secured to the lid without requiring rotation of the reservoir relative to the adapter. This form of connection reduces the need to handle, impart motion to or otherwise disturb filled liquid reservoirs.
In embodiments of the invention, the liquid container may be coupled with either a gravity feed or a suction feed spray gun, with the outlet of the lid connected to the inlet port of the gun by an adapter, such as the adapter described above. Liquid is withdrawn from the container and fed to the spray nozzle. The gun may be oriented in a wide range of orientations, including an inverted orientation with respect to gravity. In some embodiments of the invention, a filter, which may be removable, may be provided to filter the liquid withdrawn from the container. In one embodiment of the invention, a filter 350 may be built into the underside of the lid 340, as shown in fig.
14. In various embodiments of the invention, channels are provided on the outside sidewall of the cup into which scales for measuring the liquid poured into the container may be slid.
In further embodiments of the present invention, a four piece liquid container system is provided for attachment to a spray gun. The system includes an outer cup, a mounting ring, a liner and a removable lid. The mounting ring is inserted into a recess in a flange at the top of the outer cup. A disposable, collapsible liner is inserted through the mounting ring into the outer cup and a lip at the top of the liner is supported on the mounting ring. The removable lid includes a projection that slides into the opening at the liner top. The lid screws into the mounting ring and a flange on the periphery of the lid presses the liner lip against the mounting ring, forming a liquid tight seal when the lid is screwed into the ring. Thus, the lid-ring-liner assembly may be removed from the outer cup as a liquid-tight unit. When the lid is installed on the mounting ring, the lid-ring-liner 3o assembly may be secured to the outer cup with a locking mechanism.
Fig. 15 shows an outer cup 1500, according to an embodiment of the four piece liquid container system. Note that the term "four piece liquid container system" is for convenience in description and not by way of limitation. The system may include other components and some of the identified four pieces of the system can be implemented as more than one component. Fig. 15A shows a perspective view of the outer cup 1500.
The cup is generally cylindrically shaped. The outer cup is made of a relatively stiff material, such as a polymeric material, which provides structural stability.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 15A, the outer wall 1520 of the cup includes facets similar to those shown and described in and for fig. 9. In general, however, the outer wall of the outer cup may be implemented with any generally cylindrical shape. The outside and inside bottom of the cup may be flat or may be other than flat. For example, the inside bottom may include projections, similar to those shown in fig. 11. The top of the outer cup includes a generally cylindrical lip 1530 that is concentric with the longitudinal axis of the outer cup. Fig. 15B shows a plan view of the cup lip 1530 as viewed from above.
The lip 1530 includes a polygonal indentation or recess 1540 in the lip. This recess 1540 receives and supports the mounting ring-liner assembly, as will be described below.
While the recess is shown shaped as a twelve-sided polygon, the number of faces on the recess polygon is exemplary only and not by way of limitation. The recess may assume other shapes in other embodiments of the invention, such as an annulus. Fig.
15C shows the outer cup in cross section. In specific embodiments of the invention, the outer cup includes an opening in its bottom or sidewall to prevent vacuum formation and to allow paint to be expelled from the container system.
Figs. 16 A-C show a mounting ring 1600, according to an embodiment of the four piece liquid container system. Fig. 16A shows the ring 1600 in a perspective view. The ring is generally annular in shape with the periphery of the annulus shaped to match the recess in the lip of the outer cup. As shown in figs. 16A and 16B, the periphery of the ring 1610 is polygonal with twelve sides for insertion into the polygonal recess 1540 in the lip of the outer cup. The polygonal shape is advantageous for the ring in that when inserted into the outer cup, the ring will not rotate. Of course, the shape for the periphery of the ring is exemplary only and may be any shape that corresponds to the recess in the lip of the outer cup. The ring 1600 includes a recess 1620 for receiving and supporting a lip at the open end of the liner, as will be described below. The recess is annular in shape with a circular periphery, but, in general, may assume any shape that corresponds to the shape of the lip of the liner. The inside of the mounting ring includes rib segments 1630 that extend inwardly from the inner wall of the ring. These rib segments 1630 are generally parallel to the plane of the ring 1600 and may be pitched slightly downwardly toward the cup end of the ring to act as screw threads for securing a lid to the ring.
Fig. 17 shows, in perspective, the components that may be included in the four piece liquid container system, according to an embodiment of the invention.
The mounting ring 1600 is inserted into the recess in the lip at the open end of the outer cup 1500. A liner 1900 is inserted into the mounting ring, with a lip at the top of the liner resting on the recess 1620 in the mounting ring. While the liner of fig. 19 is shown, any liner as described in this detailed description may be used in embodiments of the invention. A removable lid 1800, as shown in fig. 18, includes a bottom projection 1810 that is inserted into the open end of the liner, after liquid has been poured into the liner.
The lid 1800 is adapted to contain paint or other liquid within the liner and to prevent air from entering the closed lid/liner combination. The underside of a flange 1820 on the periphery of the lid forces the lip of the liner to the mounting ring recess, forming a seal.
In specific embodiments of the invention, the diameter of the lid bottom projection 1810 and the inner diameter of the ring recess 1620 are such that the top of the sidewall of the liner is compressed when the lid is attached to the mounting ring. Compression of the liner sidewall between lid bottom projection 1810 and ring recess 1620 in this embodiment aids in forming a liquid tight seal. The lid bottom projection 1810 and the inner edge of the mounting ring recess 1620 may both be tapered to aid in assembly of the liner, lid and mounting ring. Tabs 1840 at the edge of the lid allow the lid to be screwed into rib segments 1630 on the mounting ring, securing the lid to ring.
Fig. 18 shows the tabs 1840 extending the majority of the circumference of the edge of the lid, but shorter tabs will also perform the function. A locking mechanism 1830 on the lid can clamp the lid to the outer cup 1500, allowing the liquid container system to be oriented in any direction without danger of detachinent of the outer cup from the system.
As illustrated in fig. 18, the locking tabs 1830 clip over a flange on the outer cup. The tabs may be hinged and biased to snap onto the flange of the outer cup. The lid has an outlet 1848 of generally cylindrical shape so that liquid may be transferred from outer cup to the spray gun. The lid outlet, an adapter for connection to a spray gun that mates thereto and means for securing the adapter to the outlet may be constructed as described above in connection with fig. 12. Other types of liquid outlets, adapters and means for securing the adapter to the outlet may be employed in other embodiments of the invention. The locking mechanism shown for connecting the lid to the outer cup is by way of example only and a variety of such mechanisms, as are known in the art, may be used to secure the lid to the cup, in various embodiments of the invention.
= collapsible so that liquid may be expelled from the container system; and = open-ended with a lip surrounding the open end, so that the lip may be supported by the recess in the mounting ring and the lip may be pressed by the flange 1820 of the removable lid against the ring.
Within these broad outlines, the material used for the liner may vary and the shape of the body of the liner may assume a variety of shapes. For example, the liner body may have pleats and the bottom of the liner body need not be flat. The liner may be made of a thin polymeric material so that the liner can collapse as liquid is removed from the top of the liner, forming a vacuum at the top of the liner. As in other embodiments of the invention, an opening or openings placed in the bottom or side wall of the outer cup allows air to enter the space between liner and cup. The liner may also be stiff enough that the liner can hold its shape while empty or filled. In one embodiment, the thickness of the liner bottom to the liner sidewalls is approximately 1:1 and the sidewalls and bottom have comparatively similar rigidity. Further embodiments provide a base thinner than the sidewalls to promote an inward collapse of the liner during spraying.
In an embodiment of the invention, as shown in fig. 19, a liner 1900 for use in a liquid container system is provided. The liner has a non-flat bottom 1910, as shown in cross-section in fig.,19. The liner of the embodiment shown in fig. 19 includes a bottom that is rounded (approximately hemispherical), but in other embodiments the bottom may be shaped in other ways that are not flat.
In embodiments of the invention, the four piece liquid container may be coupled with either a gravity feed or a suction feed spray gun, with the outlet of the lid connected to the inlet port of the gun by an adapter, such as the adapter described above. Liquid is withdrawn from the container and fed to the spray nozzle. The gun may be oriented in a wide range of orientations, including an inverted orientation with respect to gravity. In some embodiments of the invention, a filter, which may be removable, may be provided to filter the liquid withdrawn from the container. In one embodiment of the invention, a filter 350 may be built into the underside of the lid 1800, similar to the filter arrangement shown in fig. 14. In various embodiments of the invention, channels are provided on the outside sidewall of the cup into which scales for measuring the liquid poured into the container may slide.
It will, of course, be apparent that the present invention is not limited to the aspects of the description set forth above. Various changes and modifications of this invention as described will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.
a collapsible liner including a liner lip at an open end, the liner inserted through the mounting ring into the cup, the bottom side of the liner lip adapted for insertion into the ring recess; and a removable lid for closing the top of the liner.
a generally cylindrical adapter, the adapter including a spray gun end and a cup end, the ends connected with a liquid-tight passageway, the spray gun end adapted for releasable engagement with a liquid inlet port of the spray gun, the cup end adapted for releasable engagement with the liquid outlet; and a collar, the collar adapted to secure the cup end of the adapter to the liquid outlet.
3. A container assembly according to claim 2, wherein the lid includes at least one projection thread extending radially outwardly from the outlet and the collar includes collar threads on an interior face such that the collar secures the cup end of the adapter to the liquid outlet by mating with the at least one projection thread.
4. A container assembly according to claim 1 wherein the mounting ring peripheral flange and the cup lip recess are shaped such that mutual rotation is prevented after insertion of peripheral flange into the cup lip recess.
5. A container assembly according to claim 1 wherein the ring recess includes rib segments on an inner wall of the recess and the lid includes a plurality of tabs for cooperating with the ribs segments, attaching the lid to the mounting ring.
6. A container assembly according to claim 1, further including locking means for hindering removal of the lid from the outer cup.
7. A container assembly according to claim 1, wherein the locking means comprises hinges extending from the removable lid for making locking engagement with a flange extending out from the cup.
8. A container assembly according to claim 1, wherein the liner includes a rounded bottom.
9. A container assembly according to claim 1, wherein the liner includes generally vertically oriented pleats.
10. A container assembly according to claim 1, wherein the mounting ring, liner and lid form a liquid tight seal when assembled.
11. A container assembly according to claim 1, wherein the lid further comprises a bottom cylindrical projection and wherein an inner diameter of the mounting ring cooperates with the bottom cylindrical projection to compress against a sidewall of the liner when assembled for providing a liquid tight seal.
12. A container assembly according to claim 1, wherein the liner bottom is thinner than the liner side walls to promote inward collapse of the liner as fluid is expelled therefrom.
13. A container assembly according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the thickness of the liner bottom to the liner sidewalls is approximately 1:1.
14. A container assembly according to claim 1 wherein the sidewall of the cup includes at least one facet.
15. A container assembly according to claim 1, further including means for removably attaching the lid to the liner.
16. A container assembly according to claim 1, further including means for removably attaching the lid to the mounting ring.
liner means, open at the top, for holding a liquid; and lid means for closing the liner means.
18. A container assembly according to claim 16, further including locking means for hindering removal of the lid means from the cup.
a removable lid for closing the top of the cup, the lid including a liquid outlet and at least one projection thread extending radially outwardly from the outlet; and a collapsible liner for insertion into the cup, the liner including an open end releasably attached to the lid.
20. A liquid container assembly according to claim 18, wherein the lid further includes a ribbed cylindrical portion and the liner attaches to the lid by sliding the open end of the liner over the ribbed cylindrical end of the lid.
21. A liquid container assembly according to claim 18, wherein the lid further includes a grooved cylindrical portion and the liner attaches to the lid by sliding the open end of the liner onto the grooved cylindrical portion.
a collar, the collar releasably attaching the adapter to the lid by rotation of the collar with respect to the lid; and a liner forming an enclosure with the lid.
a cup for receiving the lid and liner, the cup including an open top, the lid releasably attached to the open top of the cup.
24. A liquid container assembly according to claim 22, wherein the lid has a cylindrical portion in sealing engagement with the liner and has at least one thread for screwed engagement with the cup.
25. A liquid container assembly according to claim 22, further comprising a mounting ring for insertion into the open top of the cup and wherein the lid securely engages the mounting ring.
26. A liquid container assembly according to claim 22, wherein the collar is threaded.
ES2594332A1 (en) * 2016-09-23 2016-12-19 Salinas E Hijos, S.L. Tank for paint spray gun.
CH144080A (en) 1930-01-25 1930-12-15 Ova A G Dye jet with replaceable ink container.
DE3118207A1 (en) 1981-05-08 1982-11-25 Lang Apparatebau Gmbh "Sprayer"
NO166397C (en) 1989-03-16 1991-07-17 Elkem As Means for adding atomized microsilica slurrytil a toerrsproeytebetongmunnstykkes water calms.
ITTO20030981A1 (en) 2003-12-05 2005-06-06 Anest Iwata Europ S R L Gun manual spray and relative cup.
EP2000218A1 (en) 2007-06-07 2008-12-10 S.A. Omniform Self regulating vent for a paint supply vessel.
KR101016162B1 (en) 2008-11-10 2011-02-17 권정오 Multi-color paint application apparayus.
ES2333854T3 (en) 2010-03-02 Connection between a mixing bowl and a spray gun.


text:
layout: feature
title: 'NumType'
shortdef: 'numeral type'
---

NumType

Some languages (especially Slavic) have a complex system of
[numerals](u-pos/NUM). For example, in the school grammar of Czech,
the main part of speech is "numeral", it includes almost everything
where counting is involved and there are various subtypes. It also
includes interrogative, relative, indefinite and demonstrative words
referring to numbers (words like _kolik / how many, tolik / so many,
několik / some, a few),_ so at the same time we may have a non-empty
value of [PronType]().  (In English, these words are called
quantifiers and they are considered a subgroup of
[determiners](u-pos/DET).)

In this respect Bulgarian behaves like Czech language.

From the syntactic point of view, some numtypes behave like adjectives
and some behave like adverbs. We tag them [u-pos/ADJ]() and
[u-pos/ADV]() respectively. Thus the `NumType` feature applies to
several different parts of speech:

* [u-pos/NUM](): cardinal numerals
* [u-pos/DET](): quantifiers
* [u-pos/ADJ](): definite adjectival, e.g. ordinal numerals
* [u-pos/ADV](): adverbial (e.g. ordinal and multiplicative) numerals, both definite and pronominal

### `Card`: cardinal number or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word

Note that in some Indo-European languages there is a fuzzy borderline
between numerals and nouns for _thousand, million_ and _billion._

#### Examples

* [bg] едно, две, три / _edno, dve, tri_ "one, two, three"; колко / _kolko_ "how many";
  няколко / _nyakolko_ "some"; толкова / _tolkova_ "so many"; много / _mnogo_ "many"; малко / _malko_ "few"

### `Ord`: ordinal number or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word

This is a subtype of adjective.

#### Examples

* [bg] adjectival: първи / _parvi_ "first"; втори / _vtori_ "second", трети / _treti_ "third", etc.

### `Mult`: multiplicative numeral or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word

This is subtype of adverb.

#### Examples

* [bg] веднъж / _vednazh_ "once"; дваж / _dvazh_ "twice"

### `Frac`: fraction

This is a subtype of cardinal numbers, occasionally distinguished in
corpora. It may denote a fraction or just the denominator of the
fraction. In Bulgarian the numerator is cardinal numeral and denominator is ordinal numeral.

#### Examples

* [bg] две трети / _dve treti_ "two thirds"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub