text:
"MDG" redirects here. For other uses, see MDG (disambiguation).
The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.
The MDGs in the United Nations Headquarters in New-York
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. They include eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for development.[1]
1.1 Ideas behind the MDG
2.1 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2.2 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
2.3 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
2.4 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
2.5 Goal 5: Improve maternal health
2.6 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
2.7 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
2.8 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
3 Debate surrounding the MDGs
5 Review Summit 2010
6.1 Controversy over funding of 0.7% of GNI
7 Related organizations
7.1 MDG related projects
7.1.1 Accessing Development Education
7.1.2 TeachMDGs
7.1.3 UN Goals
10.1 United Nations
Heads of State at the Millennium Summit
The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets,[2] and were officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Millennium Summit was presented with the report of the Secretary-General entitled 'We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century'.[3] Additional input was prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000 non-governmental and civil society organisations from more than 100 countries. The Forum met in May 2000 to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. The approval of the MDGs was possibly the main outcome of the Millennium Summit. In the area of peace and security, the adoption of the Brahimi Report was seen as properly equipping the organization to carry out the mandates given by the Security Council.[citation needed]
Ideas behind the MDG
The percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty has halved since 1981. The graph shows estimates and projections from the World Bank 1981–2009. Most of this improvement has occurred in East and South Asia.
The MDGs originated from the Millennium Declaration produced by the United Nations. The Declaration asserts that every individual has the right to dignity, freedom, equality, a basic standard of living that includes freedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and solidarity.[4] The MDGs were made to operationalize these ideas by setting targets and indicators for poverty reduction in order to achieve the rights set forth in the Declaration on a set fifteen-year timeline.[4][5]
The Millennium Declaration was, however, only part of the origins of the MDGs. It came about from not just the UN but also the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The setting came about through a series of UN-led conferences in the 1990s focusing on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights, women and others. On the side of the OECD, there was a criticism of the fall of global Official Development Assistance (ODA) by major donors. With the onset of the UN's 50th anniversary, then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan saw the need to address the range of development issues. This led to his report titled, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century which led to the Millennium Declaration. By this time, the OECD had already formed its International Development Goals (IDGs) and it was combined with the UN's efforts in the World Bank's 2001 meeting to form the MDGs.[6][7]
The MDGs focus on three major areas of Human development (humanity): bolstering human capital, improving infrastructure, and increasing social, economic and political rights, with the majority of the focus going towards increasing basic standards of living.[8] The objectives chosen within the human capital focus include improving nutrition, healthcare (including reducing levels of child mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and increasing reproductive health), and education. For the infrastructure focus, the objectives include improving infrastructure through increasing access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communication technology; amplifying farm outputs through sustainable practices; improving transportation infrastructure; and preserving the environment. Lastly, for the social, economic and political rights focus, the objectives include empowering women, reducing violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services, and increasing security of property rights. The goals chosen were intended to increase an individual's human capabilities and "advance the means to a productive life".[8] The MDGs emphasize that individual policies needed to achieve these goals should be tailored to individual country's needs; therefore most policy suggestions are general.[8]
The MDGs also emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in Goal Eight. Goal Eight sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a "global partnership for development" by supporting fair trade, debt relief for developing nations, increasing aid and access to affordable essential medicines, and encouraging technology transfer.[8][9] Thus developing nations are not seen as left to achieve the MDGs on their own, but as a partner in the developing-developed compact to reduce world poverty.
The MDGs were developed out of the eight chapters of the United Nations, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets,[10] and a series of measurable indicators for each target.[11][12]
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day
Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
GDP Growth per Employed Person
Proportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Proportion of family-based workers in employed population
Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[13]
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys
Enrollment in primary education
Completion of primary education
Literacy of 15-24 year olds, female and male[14]
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament[15]
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Under-five mortality rate
Infant (under 1) mortality rate
Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles[16]
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Adolescent birth rate
Antenatal care coverage
Unmet need for family planning[17]
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years
Condom use at last high-risk sex
Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs
Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)[18]
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Proportion of land area covered by forest
CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
Proportion of total water resources used
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)
Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation
Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
Proportion of urban population living in slums[19]
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally
Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC)
Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Overseas Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction
Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly
Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.
Official development assistance (ODA):
Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors' GNI
Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied
ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs
ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs
Market access:
Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP
Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt sustainability:
Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
Personal computers in use per 100 population
Internet users per 100 Population[20]
Debate surrounding the MDGs
Drawbacks of the MDGs include the lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives.[5] The MDGs leave out important ideals, such as the lack of strong objectives and indicators for equality, which is considered by many scholars to be a major flaw of the MDGs due to the disparities of progress towards poverty reduction between groups within nations.[4][5] The MDGs also lack a focus on local participation and empowerment (excluding women's empowerment) [Deneulin & Shahani 2009]. The MDGs also lack an emphasis on sustainability, making their future after 2015 questionable.[5] Thus, while the MDGs are a tool for tracking progress toward basic poverty reduction and provide a very basic policy road map to achieving these goals, they do not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.[4]
Another criticism of the MDGs is the difficulty or lack of measurements for some of the goals. Amir Attaran, an Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair in Law, Population Health, and Global Development Policy at University of Ottawa, argues that goals related to maternal mortality, malaria, and tuberculosis are in practice impossible to measure and that current UN estimates do not have scientifically validity or are missing.[21] Household surveys are often used by the UN organisations to estimate data for the health MDGs.[21] These surveys have been argued to be poor measurements of the data they are trying to collect, and many different organisations have redundant surveys, which waste limited resources.[21] Furthermore, countries with the highest levels of maternal mortality, malaria, and tuberculosis often have the least amount of reliable data collection.[21] Attaran argues that without accurate measures of past and current data for the health related MDGs, it is impossible to determine if progress has been made toward the goals, leaving the MDGs as little more than a rhetorical call to arms.[21]
Proponents for the MDGs argue that while some goals are difficult to measure, that there is still validity in setting goals as they provide a political and operational framework to achieving the goals.[22] They also assert that non-health related MDGs are often well measured, and it is wrong to assume that all MDGs are doomed to fail due to lack of data.[22] It is further argued that for difficult to measure goals, best practices have be identified and their implication is measurable as well as their positive effects on progress. With an increase in the quantity and quality of healthcare systems in developing countries, more data will be collected, as well as more progress made.[22] Lastly the MDGs bring attention to measurements of wellbeing beyond income, and this attention alone helps bring funding to achieving these goals.[5]
The MDGs are also argued to help the human development by providing a measurement of human development that is not based solely on income, prioritizing interventions, establishing obtainable objectives with operationalized measurements of progress (though the data needed to measure progress is difficult to obtain), and increasing the developed world's involvement in worldwide poverty reduction.[5][23] The measurement of human development in the MDGs goes beyond income, and even just basic health and education, to include gender and reproductive rights, environmental sustainability and spread of technology.[5] Prioritizing interventions helps developing countries with limited resources make decisions about where to allocate their resources through which public policies.[5] The MDGs also strengthen the commitment of developed countries to helping developing countries, and encourage the flow of aid and information sharing.[5] The joint responsibility of developing and developed nations for achieving the MDGs increases the likelihood of their success, which is reinforced by their 189-country support (the MDGs are the most broadly supported poverty reduction targets ever set by the world).[8]
Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the goals,[24] while others are not on track to realize any.[25] The major countries that have been achieving their goals include China (whose poverty population has reduced from 452 million to 278 million) and India due to clear internal and external factors of population and economic development.[26] However, areas needing the most reduction, such as the Sub-Saharan Africa regions have yet to make any drastic changes in improving their quality of life. In the same time as China, the Sub-Saharan Africa reduced their poverty about one percent, and are at a major risk of not meeting the MDGs by 2015.[26] Fundamental issues will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, namely gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth, according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute.[27][28][29]
Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth alone and expensive solutions. In the case of MDG 4, some developing countries like Bangladesh have shown that it is possible to reduce child mortality with only modest growth with inexpensive but effective interventions, such as measles immunisation.[30]
Goal 8 of the MDGs is unique in the sense that it focuses on donor government commitments and achievements, rather than successes in the developing world. The Commitment to Development Index, published annually by the Center for Global Development is often considered to be the numerical targeting indicator for the 8th MDG.[31] It is a more comprehensive measure of donor progress than simply Official Development Assistance as it takes into account policies on a number of indicators that affect developing countries such as trade, migration, and investment.
To accelerate progress towards the MDGs, the G-8 Finance Ministers met in London in June 2005 (in preparation for the G-8 Gleneagles Summit in July) and reached an agreement to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the IMF, and the African Development Bank (ADB) to cancel an additional $40–55 billion debt owed by members of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC). This would allow impoverished countries to re-channel the resources saved from the forgiven debt to social programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.[32]
Backed by G-8 funding, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the ADB each endorsed the Gleaneagles plan and implemented the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) to effectuate the debt cancellations. The MDRI supplements HIPC by providing each country that reaches the HIPC completion point 100% forgiveness of its multilateral debt. Countries that previously reached the decision point became eligible for full debt forgiveness once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms implemented during HIPC status. Other countries that subsequently reach the completion point automatically receive full forgiveness of their multilateral debt under MDRI.[32]
While the World Bank and ADB limit MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's MDRI eligibility criteria are slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with annual per capita income of $380 or less qualifies for MDRI debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $380 threshold because it closely approximates the countries eligible for HIPC.[32]
Yet, as 2015 approaches, increasing global uncertainties such as the economic crisis and climate change have led to an opportunity to rethink the MDG approach to development policy. According to the 'In Focus' Policy Brief from the Institute of Development Studies, the 'After 2015' debate[33] is about questioning the value of an MDG-type, target-based approach to international development, about progress so far on poverty reduction, about looking to an uncertain future and exploring what kind of system is needed after the MDG deadline has passed.[34]
Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include research by the Overseas Development Institute into the role of equity.[35] Researchers at the ODI argue progress can be accelerated due to recent breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating a virtuous circle where rising equity ensures the poor participate in their country's develop and creates reductions in poverty and financial stability.[35] Yet equity should not be understood purely as economic, but also as political. Examples abound and include Brazil's cash transfers, Uganda's eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in in visits from the very poorest or else Mauritius's dual-track approach to liberalisation (inclusive growth and inclusive development) aiding it on its road into the World Trade Organization.[35] Researchers at the ODI thus propose equity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how MDGs can be achieved more quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.[35]
The effects of increasing drug use have been noted by the International Journal of Drug Policy as a deterrent to the goal of the MDGs.[36]
Other development scholars, such as Naila Kabeer, Caren Grown, and Noeleen Heyzer argue that an increased focus on women's empowerment and gender mainstreaming of MDGs-related policies will accelerate the progress of the MDGs. Kabeer argues that increasing women's empowerment and access to paid work will help reduce child mortality.[37] She supports her point with evidence that South Asian countries with the high levels in of gender discrimination that limit women's access to food and healthcare cause these same countries to have the highest rates of low birth weight babies in the world.[37] This is because women experiencing malnutrition have low birth weight babies. Since low-birth weight babies have limited chances of survival, improving women's health by increasing their bargaining power in the family through paid work, will reduce child mortality.[37] Another way empowering women will help accelerate the MDGs is the inverse relationship between mother's schooling and child-morality, as well as the positive correlation between increasing a mother's agency over unearned income and health outcomes of her children, especially girls.[37] Increasing a mother's education and workforce participation increases these effects.[37] Lastly empowering women by creating economic opportunities for women decreases women's participation in the sex market which decreases the spread of AIDS, a MDG in itself (MDG 6A).[37]
Grown asserts that the resources, technology and knowledge exist to decrease poverty through improving gender equality, it is just the political will that is missing.[38] She argues that if donor countries and developing countries together focused on seven "priority areas": increasing girl's completion of secondary school, guarantying sexual and reproductive health rights, improving infrastructure to ease women's and girl's time burdens, guaranteeing women's property rights, reducing gender inequalities in employment, increasing seats held by women in government, and combating violence against women, great progress could be made towards the MDGs.[38]
Both Kabeer and Heyzer believe that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on tracking gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health, education and political representation.[37][39] In order to encourage women's empowerment and progress towards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender mainstreaming development policies and collecting data based on gender.
Graphs from the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010
Proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day (1990, 2005)
Enrolment in primary education (1999, 2008)
Under-five mortality rate (1990, 2008)
Numbers of people living with, newly infected with and killed by HIV (1990-2008)
Proportion of population using an 'improved water source' (1990, 2008)
External debt service payments as a proportion of export revenues (2000, 2008)
Internet users per hundred people (2003, 2008)
Review Summit 2010
A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline.
The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.
Although developed countries' aid for the achievement of the MDGs have been rising over the recent year, it has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries. As well, remaining aid money goes towards natural disaster relief and military aid which does not further the country into development. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed countries only receive about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries, raising the issue of aid not moving from rich to poor depending on their development needs but rather from rich to their closest allies.[40]
Many development experts question the MDGs model of transferring billions of dollars directly from the wealthy nation governments to the often bureaucratic or corrupt governments in developing countries. This form of aid has led to extensive cynicism by the general public in the wealthy nations, and hurts support for expanding badly needed aid.
Controversy over funding of 0.7% of GNI
Over the past 35 years, the members of the UN have repeatedly made a "commit[ment] 0.7% of rich-countries' gross national income (GNI) to Official Development Assistance."[41] The commitment was first made in 1970 by the UN General Assembly.
The text of the commitment was:
Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistance to the developing countries and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7 percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade.[42]
However, there has been disagreement from the US, and other nations, over the Monterrey Consensus that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNI) as ODA to developing countries."[43][44]
Support for the 0.7% Target
The UN "believe[s] that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7 percent of GNI by 2015".[42]
The European Union has recently reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets. The EU External Relations council says that, as of May 2005, "four out of the five countries, which exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%, of GNI are member states of the European Union."[45]
Many organizations are working to bring U.S. political attention to the Millennium Development Goals. In 2007, The Borgen Project worked with Sen. Barack Obama on the Global Poverty Act, a bill requiring the White House to develop a strategy for achieving the goals. As of 2009, the bill has not passed, but Barack Obama has since been elected President.[46][47]
Challenges to the 0.7% Target
However, many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, including key members such as the United States, are not progressing towards their promise of giving 0.7% of their GNP towards poverty reduction by the target year of 2015. Some nations' contributions have been criticized as falling far short of 0.7%.[48]
John Bolton argues that the U.S. never agreed in Monterrey to spending 0.7% of GDP on development assistance. Indeed, Washington has consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the U.N. General Assembly first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970.[49]
The Australian Government has committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015-2016, without noting the long-standing 0.7% goal.[50]
The United Nations Millennium Campaign is a UNDP campaign unit to increase support to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and seek a coalition of partners for action. The Millennium Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at both global and regional levels.
The Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., or Millennium Promise,[51] is a U.S.-based non-profit organization dedicated to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and founded in 2005 by renown international economist and Special Advisor on the MDGs to the UN Secretary General, Professor Jeffrey Sachs, and Wall Street leader and philanthropist, Ray Chambers. Millennium Promise coordinates a project, the Millennium Villages Project,[52] in partnership with Columbia University's Earth Institute and the UNDP that aims to demonstrate the feasibility of achieving the Goals through an integrated and community-led approach to holistic development. The Millennium Villages Project currently operates in 14 sites across 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
The Global Poverty Project is an international education and advocacy organisation using its multimedia presentation 1.4 Billion Reasons to educate people about the Millennium Development Goals and our capacity to end extreme poverty within a generation. They travel to workplaces, schools, universities, community groups and churches around Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States to equip people with the knowledge and resources they need to encourage the achievement of the MDGs.
The Micah Challenge is an international campaign that encourages Christians to support the Millennium Development Goals. Their aim is to "encourage our leaders to halve global poverty by 2015."[53]
8 Visions of Hope is a global art project that explores and shows how art, culture, artists & musicians as positive change agents can help in the realization of the eight UN Millennium Development Goals.[54]
The Development Education Unit of Future Worlds Center envisions, designs and implements development education awareness campaigns, trainings, conferences and resources since 2005. Leads a number of European-wide projects such as the Accessing Development Education and TeachMDGs.
MDG related projects
Accessing Development Education
Accessing Development Education[55] is a web portal developed by Future Worlds Center within an EU funded project (ONG-ED/2007/136-419). It provides relevant information about Development and Global Education and helps educators share resources and materials that are most suitable for their work.
TeachMDGs
The Teach MDGs[56] European project led by Future Worlds Center aims to increase awareness and public support for the Millennium Development Goals by actively engaging teacher training institutes, teachers and pupils in developing local oriented teaching resources promoting the MDGs with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa and integrate these into the educational systems.
UN Goals[57] is a global project dedicated to spreading knowledge of these millennium goals through many different means through various internet and offline awareness campaigns.
"8" a series of eight short films centered around the eight Millennium Development Goals
Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities
Seoul Development Consensus
Precaria (country)
Unintended pregnancy
^ Background page, United Nations Millennium Development Goals website, retrieved 16 June 2009.
^ The OECD and the Millennium Development Goals, OECD Development Co-operation Directorate website, retrieved 11 June 2011.
^ http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-1607.pdf
^ a b c d Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice?: The challenge of intersecting inequalities. 2010. Naila Kabeer for Institute of Development Studies.
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^ a b c d e Amir Attaran. 2005. An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured. 2005. PLoS Medicine | October 2005 | Volume 2 | Issue 10 | e318
^ a b c McArthur JW, Sachs JD, Schmidt-Traub G. Response to Amir Attaran. 2005. PLoS Med 2(11): e379. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020379
^ Andy Haines and Andrew Cassels. 2004. Can The Millennium Development Goals Be Attained? BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol. 329, No. 7462 (Aug. 14, 2004), pp. 394-397
^ http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BRA&cd=
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^ "Gender and the MDGs". ODI briefing papers. Overseas Development Institute. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2386&title=gender-mdgs-gender-lens-vital-pro-poor-results/. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
^ "MDGs and the humanitarian-development divide". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development Institute. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1937&title=mdgs-humanitarian-development-divide. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
^ "Economic growth and the MDGs". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development Institute. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
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^ a b c d Vandemoortele, Milo (2010) The MDGs and equity Overseas Development Institute
^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (6):467-478.
^ a b c d e f g Kabeer, Naila. 2003. Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders. Commonwealth Secretariat.
^ a b Grown, Caren. 2005. "Answering the Skeptics: Achieving Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals." Development 48(3): 82–86.
^ Noeleen Heyzer. 2005. Making the Links: Women's Rights and Empowerment Are Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Gender and Development, Vol. 13, No. 1, Millennium Development Goals (Mar., 2005), pp. 9-12
^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (6):467-478
^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/07.htm
^ a b http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/costs_benefits2.htm
^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/07_aconf198-11.pdf
^ http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/fact_sheet/ecosoc_Chapter_4_apr15.pdf
^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/EUExternalRelations24May.pdf
^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2007/06/08/borgen-on-capitol-hill/
^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2006/12/10/borgens-2006-congressional-meetings/
^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/endorse_TI_19Jan05.pdf
^ "Bush Balks at Pact to Fight Poverty". BusinessWeek online. September 2, 2005. http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2005/nf2005092_5264_db039.htm.
^ http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Media&ID=5854_3696_6753_7484_7221
^ www.millenniumpromise.org
^ www.millenniumvillages.org
^ http://www.micahchallenge.org.au/
^ http://www.8visionsofhope.org/
^ Accessing Development Education Website
^ TeachMDG Website
^ http://www.ungoals.org
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Millennium Development Goals — UK US noun [plural] SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ► a set of plans that were made by the United Nations in 2000 to try to reduce hunger and improve the environment and other conditions in poor countries around the world … Financial and business terms
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What if The Shining was made 20 years before it's release?
30 years later, right after facing Pennywise the adults finally reunited once again to defeat the It one more time.
The sequel to It (2017), which will follow the characters 27 years later.
It: Part II by Warner Bros.


text:
Бодовце () насељено је мјесто са административним статусом сеоске општине () у округу Сабинов, у Прешовском крају, Словачка Република.

Становништво
Према подацима о броју становника из 2011. године насеље је имало 325 становника.

Референце

Спољашње везе

 Бодовце

Округ Сабинов
Прешовски крај
Насељена места у Словачкој
Википројект географија/Насеља у Словачкој

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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L.A. Holocaust Museum Announces Honorees for 2nd Annual Dinner in November 2009, Austrian Consulate Los Angeles
L.A. Holocaust Museum Announces Honorees for 2nd Annual Dinner in November 2009
Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust will confer a Lifetime Achievement Award upon Dr. Andreas Maislinger, founder and chairman of the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service. Dr. Maislinger will be recognized for his work establishing the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service Program. Since its creation in 1992, Austrian Holocaust Memorial Servants have fulfilled their mandatory military service by volonteering at Holocaust institutions throughout the world. Over 400 volunteers have served at institutions all across the globe to date. About Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service The Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service (AHMS) is an alternative to Austria's compulsory national military service. Its participants serve at major Holocaust institutions. The AHMS program was founded by Dr. Andres Maislinger, a political scientist from Innsbruck (Tyrol, Austria) who adopted the idea from the German Action for Reconciliation (Aktion Suehnezeichen). Maislinger himself had worked as a volunteer at the Ausschwitz-Birkenau Museum, where the idea of the AHMS program was born. In 1991 the required legislation was enacted by the Austrian Government and Andreas Maislinger began organizing what became known as the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service program, an independent, though largely government-funded foundation. The intent of the AHMS program is to recognize Austria's part of the collective responsibility for the Holocaust and the responsibility of each and every one of us to ensure that it "never again" happens (quote from the speech of the former Austrian chancellor Franz Vranitzky, Jerusalem, June 1993). The Austrian Service Abroad is the main body of the organization and authorized by the Austrian Government to send Austrian Holocaust Memorial Servants to partner organizations worldwide.
Datum 14. Juni 2016
Tags Pressearchiv 2009

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This is the transcript of the Sonic Boom episode, "Don't Judge Me".
Sonic: That Moth Bot is no match for my swat-a-pult!
Sonic: Knuckles, we are code green for moth bait.
Knuckles: Hey, look at me! I'm having an idea!
Dr. Eggman: I need to model my robots after something that's not so easily distracted!
Sticks: Knuckles! You got a moth on your tail!
Sticks: You can't trust moths. They read minds. Turn left!
Sticks: No! My left! Oh, well. He's under the moth's mind control now. We have no choice but to destroy him.
Tails: I'll release the moth balls!
Sticks: Okay, fine. We have a choice.
Dr. Eggman: Ow! My neck! You cheated, Hedgehog!
Sonic: What? How do you cheat in a fight?
Dr. Eggman: Fight's over, cheater! Pull me out of this piece of junk! Be careful, I'm injured!
Sonic: Yes! Victory is mine!
Dr. Eggman: It's a tainted victory!
Sonic: Yes! Tainted victory is mine!
Process Server: Excuse me, are you Sonic the Hedgehog?
Sonic: Ha, guilty as charged! So, what'll it be, kid? Autograph? You want your picture taken with me? Maybe a bite of this comically large sandwich, huh?
Process Server: You've been served. Dr. Eggman is suing you.
Sonic: Are you sure you wouldn't prefer a bite of sandwich?
Sonic: Most of it's gonna go to waste.
Sonic: Eggman is suing me? Nobody's going to take this seriously.
Soar: It's the trial of the century that everyone is taking very, very seriously. This will ruin the life of whomever loses. Brought to you by Meh Burger!
Soar: So, let's see if we can get a statement from the defendant.
Sonic: The only thing I'm guilt of is being awesome!
Soar: You heard it, Sonic says he's guilty!
Soar: Hey, who's the news reporter here?
Dr. Eggman: Aah, help! Sonic's attacking me unprovoked again! Leave me alone, you brute!
Knuckles: Thanks for making me your lawyer! I couldn't be more proud if you'd done it because you actually believed in me instead of because you think this trial is a joke!
Sonic: Well, I'm glad my contempt for the situation worked out for you.
Beaver Policeman: All rise for the honorable and lithium ion-powered Judge Bot.
Judge Bot: Let all who come before me know that I have been programmed to be fair and impartial, and to in no way favor Dr. Eggman, the great man who created me!
Judge Bot: Why are there cockroaches on my bench?
T.W. Barker: T.W. Barker, your honor, council for the plaintiff. I intend to prove that Sonic T. Hedgehog willfully and maliciously attacked and permanently injured my client, Dr. Eggman.
Judge Bot: Please refrain from such outbursts in my courtroom! Now, commence your opening statement!
Knuckles: That... Was my opening statement.
T.W. Barker: Isn't it true that Dr. Eggman was attacked by Mr. the Hedgehog while doing nothing more than taking a leisurely evening drive in a harmless moth-shaped vehicle?
Sticks: Harmless? Eggman's robots destroy mountains! Level cities! Put songs in your head that you can't get out!
Sticks: [singing] If frogs had wings and snakes had hair, and automobiles went flying through the air- No more music!
Sticks: All Eggman's robots must be destroyed!
Sticks: I mean... Heh, heh... Not you, your holiness.
T.W. Barker: Mister... Orbot, is it? Would you describe Dr. Eggman as kind, and honest?
Orbot: Ooh, because those words aren't strong enough! He's kind-er! And honest-est! Ooh, good save, Orbot.
Dr. Eggman: Turn off your internal dialogue switch, fool, and just show the film!
Cubot: Boss, now that we're done faking that evidence, you want I should return this stuff to the costume shop?
Sonic: Finally, a witness I can rely on!
T.W. Barker: Could you tell us what it is you admire about Sonic the so-called "Hedgehog"?
T.W. Barker: My, he sounds like the total package!
T.W. Barker: If "total package" means a fast, crafty menace to society bent on the destruction of anyone who disagrees with him!
Tails: I never said that!
T.W. Barker: That's right, I left out "lovely singing voice".
T.W. Barker: Now, these "opponents" that Mr. the Hedgehog mercilessly destroys; can you name one that he battles with a regularity that borders on formulaic?
Tails: Um, I guess he battles Eggman a lot.
T.W. Barker: A-ha! How long did you think you could keep that from us?
Knuckles: Objection, your majesty! We're losing!
Judge Bot: Overruled! But yes. Yes, you are. Badly.
T.W. Barker: I rest my case!
Knuckles: That guy's good! You should hire him as your lawyer!
Sonic: I'll be fine! People know the truth about me!
Comedy Chimp: And the number one reason you might get attacked by Sonic the Hedgehog: you've been telling jokes about him all week on your late night show.
Comedy Chimp: We'll be right back. Unless Sonic puts me in the hospital. Heh heh!
Offscreen Individual: You, sir, are fearless in your comedy! Hey-oh!
Knuckles: Well, now. I'm just a simply country lawyer. I'm not as sharp as Mr. Barker, here. I don't know how to do that fancy lawyering. Heck, I don't know how to do simple things, like putting on mittens! I don't even know which end of the toothbrush goes in your nose! Why, I'm dumb as a rock! Just like you good folks!
Knuckles: The defense calls... Knuckles!
Knuckles: [As witness] Oh, you're not gonna trap me with your lawyer tricks. I know how this works. I've seen hospital shows on the radio. Where they sometimes have lawyers. Who trap people. Wait, what was the question again?
Knuckles: [As lawyer] So, tell me, Mister... Knuckles, is it?
Knuckles: [As lawyer] Is Sonic capable of doing this kind of damage to Dr. Eggman?
Knuckles: [As witness] Are you kidding? No way!
Knuckles: [As witness] He's scrawny, weak, and pathetic! I always have to bail him out of jams. He's an embarrassment! What a loser!
Knuckles: [As witness] And quite frankly, it sickens me to look at him.
Knuckles: [As lawyer] So, could Sonic hurt Eggman like this?
Knuckles: [As lawyer] Answer the question!
Sonic: ...Eggs florentine for breakfast! I call 'em "whaled on eggs"!
Orbot: Oh, for the love of all that's holy, that save was worse than mine!
Knuckles: I would rest my case, but I'm hoping there's another fist sandwich in it.
Judge Bot: So, has the jury reached a verdict?
Fastidious Beaver: Actually, we need to deliberate first.
Judge Bot: Oh, yes, of course, that would be the impartial way to do it. Very well, then, the jury shall go the the deliberation room while the rest of us have a groovy hippie-themed dance party!
Knuckles: Some party, huh? My mouth feels like it's full of socks! Oh, wait.
Knuckles: Oh, I was wondering where that was.
Sonic: Here comes the jury. Oh, man, they look serious.
Judge Bot: Has the jury reached a verdict?
Fastidious Beaver: Actually, we have, your honor.
Judge Bot: And would the jury care to share it with us?
Fastidious Beaver: Actually, we would.
Judge Bot: Am I going to have to make you say it?
Fastidious Beaver: Actually... What was the question again?
Amy: That's not a gavel! This is a gavel! HI-YA!!
Sonic: Hey, look at Egghead! He can move his head just fine!
Dr. Eggman: What? I- I mean- Yow!
Dr. Eggman: Fine! You leave me no choice! Not that I wasn't going to do this anyway.
Judge Bot: Order in the court!
Knuckles: Yeah, I'll have one of those fist sandwiches!
Amy: I leave town for a week to attend a beekeeping seminar, and look what happens.
Soar: I'm Soar the Eagle, reporting live from the courthouse, where we're told there is breaking news!
Sonic: I'll give you something to sue me about!
Soar: Well, that about wraps things up! Stay tuned for Comedy Chimp's New Year's Eve Rockin' Bananaganza, coming up next!
Comedy Chimp: Well, that was anticlimactic.


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Eupedia Home > History > Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Augustus's co-emperor
The Roman Empire was founded by Julius Caesar's heir, Caesar Augustus. Not only was Augustus the man who laid the foundations of the empire, but also the longest serving emperor, and in the eyes of many, the best ruler Rome ever had. And even though Augustus has become one of the most famous people in world history and is still much celebrated 2000 years after his death, few people think of his right-arm, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63-12 BCE), who was is de facto co-emperor for 15 years, from 27 BCE to his death in 12 BCE. Agrippa's children were adopted by Augustus as his heirs. They died before Augustus, but Agrippa's bloodline nevertheless passed to two ruling emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (Caligula and Nero).
In the words of Lindsay Powell in his biography Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus: "Agrippa was a remarkable and multifaceted man who complemented his friend in age, outlook, personality and skills. He was a talented general on land and a fine admiral at sea, a pragmatic diplomat, a hard working public official, a generous philanthropist and the loyalest of friends. He was Augustus' 'go-to guy', the man the boss turned to whenever he needed a difficult job done, whether it was beating tough guerillas in northern Spain or fixing creaking sewers in Rome. There were many times when he could have challenged Augustus and usurped power for himself, yet he did not."
The greatest military commander of his time
Unlike his great-uncle Julius Caesar, Octavian was never a very able general. Times and again his key military victories were owed to Marcus Agrippa. In 42 BCE, two years after Mark Antony and Octavian defeated the anti-Caesarians led by Bruttus and Cassius at Philippi, Sextus Pompey, the younger son of Pompey the Great, seized Sicily and Sardinia for the Republican faction opposed to the triumvirs. In doing so he prevented grain from these islands and from North Africa to reach Rome, effectively setting up a naval blockade of the Italian Peninsula. After a brief peace treaty signed in 39 BCE, Octavian attempted to recover Sicily but was defeated in the naval battle of Messina in 37 BCE. Octavian now turned to his friend's help. Agrippa started by creating a safe naval base near Naples by linking Lake Avernus to the sea, thus creating Portus Julius. He then spent winter training a navy on land and building a fleet. Agrippa fought Sextus at Mylae in August 36 BCE, and again a month later, while Lepidus and Statilius Taurus invaded Sicily. In the Battle of Naulochus Agrippa destroyed Sextus' fleet, losing only 3 of his 300 ships against 28 sunk ships and over 260 ships caputred on the Pompeian side. Following the battle, Octavian dismissed Lepidus as a triumvir and became the sole ruler of the western half of Roman territories.
After years of sharing power, time had come in 31 BCE for the last two triumvirs, Octavian and Mark Antony, to face each others for the domination of Roman world. The confrontation took place on the coast of western Greece in what is known as the Battle of Actium. This other momentous naval battle was once again won mostly by Marcus Agrippa's superior skills. In doing so Agrippa defeated Mark Antony, who had been Julius Caesar's most able general and was widely regarded as the most able Roman military commander after Caesar's death. Now that honour went to Agrippa, and he would never be defeated. Actium was the last battle of the Roman Republic. The victory allowed Octavian to become sole ruler of Rome and to establish the Roman Empire.
Anthony Everitt summarises Agrippa's invaluable role by Octavian's side: "Straightforward, direct and loyal, he was the finest general and admiral of the age. He made up for Octavian's lack of military skills, as had been tacitly acknowledged by the award of the corona rostrata for his services in the Naulochus campaign. The war against Sextus Pompeius would not have been won without him, and he had been discreetly invaluable in Illyricum. Now, as the mastermind of victory at Actium, he received the right to display azure banner and (of more practical value) the freehold of country estates in Egypt." [2]
Agrippa the statesman
Agrippa didn't just do Augustus's bidding and he was much more than an excellent general and admiral. He served three times as consul (in 37, 28 and 27 BCE) - as many times as Pompey the Great, and already an achievement in itself.
As Lindsay Powell explains: "Where Agrippa brought tried and tested know-how in management and military science, Maecenas provided the connections and panache Imperator Caesar needed to get things done in political Rome. To speak and act for him in his absence, Caesar empowered both men: He also gave to Agrippa and to Maecenas so great authority in all matters that they might even read beforehand the letters which he wrote to the Senate and to others and then change whatever they wished in them. To this end they also received from him a ring, so that they might be able to seal the letters again. For he had caused to be made in duplicate the seal which he used most at that time, the design being a sphinx, the same on each copy; since it was not till later that he had his own likeness engraved upon his seal and sealed everything with that then."
"Of the twenty-four fasces given to Caesar as consul up to 29 BCE, Agrippa now received half of them, demonstrating publicly that he considered the two consuls were of equal status. Furthermore he provided Agrippa with a tent similar in size and design to his own so that when they were campaigning together they would be seen as equal, and the watchword was to be given out by both of them from that time on." [1]
In 28 BCE, Augustus Caesar assumed the office of Censor with Agrippa as his colleague. The office was the most prestigious in the Roman Republic. It was open only to former consuls, and unlike them censors were not elected for only one year but normally for five years. The power of the censors was absolute. No magistrate could oppose their decisions, and only another censor who succeeded them could cancel it. Their duties included upholding public morals, administering the state's finances, overseeing public works, and of course taking the census of Roman citizens and of their property. Censors had the right, among others, to exclude a man from the ranks of senators. The office was abolished after 22 BCE.
In 23 BCE, Agrippa was granted imperium proconsulare for an additional 10 years, meaning that he would enjoy the same authority as a consul for a whole decade - more than anyone else in Roman Republican history, surpassing Gaius Marius, Cornelius Sulla and Julius Caesar.
In 21 BCE, Augustus married his only child, Julia, to Agrippa. In the words of Lindsay Powell: "By marrying his only child to his best friend, Augustus was now clearly communicating his intention of making Agrippa co-ruler of the Roman world. There was no other way to interpret it." [1] Five children were born from this union, including two sons, Gaius and Lucius, whom Augustus would adopt as his heirs.
In 18 BCE, Augustus and Agrippa both received tribunician power for 5 years (18-13 BCE), meaning that their persons were now sacrosanct like that of an elected Tribune of the Plebs, without actually serving as such (the office had been abolished in 27 BCE). The only person who had being conferred such an honour before was Julius Caesar.
Finally, in 13 BCE Agrippa obtained imperium proconsulare maius (supreme power even over sitting consuls), which is to say the exact same imperial power as Augustus across the entire Roman world. This status was higher than dictator and would become a hallmark of the Roman emperor. Unfortunately Agrippa died from a mysterious disease after his return from campaign in Illyria the next year.
During their joint rule, coins were minted either showing the ephigy of Augustus or Agrippa. Some represented the two rulers together, like this famous Dupondius of Nemausus (Nîmes).
Lindsay Powell says that "When Herodes returned to his capital at Hierosolyma (Jerusalem), he called the two most opulent rooms in the new palace he was building respectively Caesareum and Agrippeum, after the eminent Romans." [1]
From the time of the Tetrarchy (284-324 CE) onwards, each Roman emperor was assissted by a junior emperor. They used the title of Augustus for the senior emperor and Caesar for the junior emperor, who was also his designated heir. Augustus trusted Agrippa so much that Agrippa was basically in charge of everything in Rome when Augustus was away - just like a Caesar to his Augustus in the Late Roman Empire. It is also clear that Augustus wanted Agrippa to be seen as his equal in many regards, not just a junior emperor.
Many Roman emperors had a notoriously short life expectancy after taking up the purple. Galba was only emperor for 3 weeks, and in total 18 emperors ruled for less than 1 year in the three centuries between the rules of Augustus and Constantine. In contrast Marcus Agrippa was Rome's second most important man for 19 years (from 31 BCE to his death in 12 BCE), as long as the reigns of Trajan or Marcus Aurelius. In fact only four emperors ruled longer, including Augustus (the other three are Tiberius, Antonius Pius and Hadrian).
Agrippa the builder
Augustus famously quipped on his deathbed that he had found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. But the truth is that Agrippa was the man who transformed the face of the city and of major Roman colonies, of his own initiative. We owe to Marcus Agrippa:
The Aqua Virgo (one of the main aqueducts in Rome, which still works today and feed many of Rome's fountains, including the Trevi Fountain).
The Aqua Julia, another of Rome's aqueducts.
The Panthenon.
The Thermae Agrippae, Rome's first public baths, which would be unrivalled in size and engineering until Trajan's Baths. See excerpt from the book below.
In addition, Agrippa renovated Rome's sewers, the Cloaca Maxima, for the first time since they were built many centuries before. He renovated the streets and public buildings of Rome like never before.
Outside of Rome, Agrippa built (among others):
The Portus Iulius in Naples.
The Maison Carrée in Nîmes (as well as the city walls and other buildings), which is the best known Roman temple in France today.
The Via Agrippa, actually a network of 21,000 km of four Roman roads in Gaul leaving from Lyon (to Cologne, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Arles and Saintes).
The Roman Theatre of Mérida in Spain, which is listed as a World Heritage site by the UNESCO.
The Odeon of Agrippa in Athens, now lost.
In Antioch he enlarged the theatre, rebuilt the stadium and constructed an entire residential area south of the stoa.
Agrippa founded the Colonia Ubiorum (modern Cologne), which would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium or simply Colonia Agrippinensis.
I will cite a few more passages from Lindsay Powell's book to illustrate just how important were Agrippa's achievements as an architect and urban planner.
"Agrippa was driven by a design ethos that public works for the benefit of the people must also look beautiful. Pliny the Elder wrote with admiration of how: He also formed 700 wells, in addition to 500 fountains, and 130 reservoirs, many of them magnificently adorned. Upon these works, too, he erected 300 statues of marble or bronze, and 400 marble columns – and all this in the space of a single year! Remarkable too was the fact that he completed these projects without any public funding. Financially, Agrippa was by now a very wealthy man in his own right and could afford the expense from proceeds of confiscations under the proscriptions and the estates in Sicily and Illyricum, but additional funds were probably provided by Caesar. Administratively, Agrippa's unique systems approach to the provision, distribution and drainage of water set a new standard in city management."
"Where Augustus had used the last three years to reform Rome's political structure, Agrippa would use the next three to transform the city itself."
"In the wake of the constitutional arrangement, choosing to rebuild the Saepta clearly demonstrated the régime's full commitment to free elections within Rome's republican democracy. Its official name, the Saepta Iulia, acknowledged Iulius Caesar's original plans but, by dint of his family connection, it emphasized Augustus' support of the institution for which it was built. It was a large rectangular enclosure, measuring 310m (1,017ft) long by 120m (393ft) wide, surrounded by a covered colonnade to protect voters from rain or rays of the sun. Rather than leaving its walls plain, Agrippa adorned the new structure with marble tablets and paintings to provide a pleasant space for voters to enjoy while they cast their ballots and to encourage people to visit and linger at other times of the year. Some of the finest, and costliest, sculptures decorated its interior space."
"Having spent several years away following the 'First Constitutional Settlement', during which Agrippa had been the sole face of the new régime in Rome, now that Augustus was in good health again it was time for him to reassert himself onto the political and social scene."
"Adjoining and expanding the original covered Spartan Baths erected in 25 BCE, a new complex of damp heat baths had been built (map 11). Called the Thermae Agrippae it was a marvel of hydraulic engineering. There had been bathing complexes in Rome before, but in scale and lavishness the Baths of Agrippa were the first of their kind and, for the next three centuries, future rulers of Rome would try to outdo them in size and luxury. The building, oriented north and south on the same axis as the Pantheon and Saepta Iulia, covered an area of approximately 100–120m (328–393ft) north and south and 80–100m (262–328ft) east and west.."
"Fitness enthusiasts could avail themselves of the colonnaded exercise yard outside. Keen swimmers could use the Euripus, a manmade canal fed directly by the Aqua Virgo – indeed, an estimated 20 per cent of the water it carried was just for this purpose – which extended right down to the Tiber.The first to try the fresh spring water as it filled the canal and bathing pools were struck by its coldness, clarity and purity. The soft, cool water was considered particularly fine to swim in and the poet Martial declared that it was so brilliantly clear that an observer could scarcely perceive it even was there, and only the polished marble surface over which it flowed, with barely a ripple, revealing it.Seneca used to mark the beginning of the New Year by taking a cold plunge in the Virgo, while Ovid hung around its porticoes to enjoy the views of the Campus Martius, and to find women."
"To the west of the bathing complex, Agrippa created an immense artificial lake, the Stagnum Agrippae, but about which little is known. Completing and uniting these leisure facilities, between Euripus and the artificial lake Agrippa created a great park called the Horti Agrippae. Eager to leave Rome's crowded streets and cramped alleyways, people thronged the park's gravel paths to enjoy the manicured lawns and careful plantings, managed fishponds and collections of artworks.Art mattered to Agrippa, and it was important to him that it could be enjoyed by all. He made an impassioned speech during his lifetime on the subject of public ownership of art, about which Pliny the Elder later wrote: we have a magnificent oration of his, and one well worthy of the greatest of our citizens, on the advantage of exhibiting in public all pictures and statues; a practice which would have been far preferable to sending them into banishment at our country-houses.Among the many items put on display in the new Gardens which bore his name, Agrippa dedicated statues he had purchased on his travels in Asia.The combined effect of the lavish development of temple, baths, canal, lake and park, which together transformed the unkempt Campus Martius into a manicured playground for the Roman people, was one of opulence and splendour. It was made all the more appealing for its accessibility to all classes of society with free admission." [1]
Agrippa the traveller
Agrippa worked for many years on making a great map of the world, known as the Dimensuratio provinciarum, or Orbis terrarum, which was inscribed in marble by Augustus and displayed in the Porticus Vipsania at Rome. It remained the reference map of the world throughout Roman and medieval times. Agrippa was one of the most travelled men of his time.
All in all, Marcus Agrippa achieved more in pretty much all regards, be it as military commander, politician, administrator or architect, than most Roman emperors ever did. In terms of overall achievements, I would without hesitation place him in the best rulers of the Roman Empire, alongside Augustus, Vespasian and Trajan. Other renowned emperors like Nerva, Antonius Pius and Marcus Aurelius were good people with admirable qualities, but they were not great generals, reformers, nor builders. Hadrian was great in many respects, but was arrogant and overly authocratic.
What I like about Agrippa, besides his amazing abilities, is his outstanding character. He always remained loyal and trustworthy toward Augustus. He was extremely generous, sponsored the construction of public buildings all around the empire and always thought of the public good. He earned the respect and good-will of the provincials, including and especially from the Jewish population - a fact rare enough with Roman rulers to be mentioned, as many 'good' emperors like Vespasian, Titus, Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius had particularly strained relations (to say the least) with the Jews. Despite his high status and his numerous victories, Agrippa always remained humble. The Senate granted him three triumphs, for his quelling of the rebellions in Aquitania (38 BCE), against the Asturians and Cantabrians (19 BCE), and for annexing the Crimea (17 BCE). Yet he always turned down the honour.
Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus, by Lindsay Powell
Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor, by Anthony Everitt
Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World, by Adrian Goldsworthy
The Emperors of Rome: The Story of Imperial Rome from Julius Caesar to the Last Emperor, by David Potter
Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine, by Barry Strauss
Lives of the Romans, by Philip Matyszak


Decorated in a serene color palette with light blue and beiges, the Deluxe Room offers a comfortable setting in which to work or unwind after a day of sightseeing or meetings in the Italian capital.
Guestrooms come with king or twin beds and feature a large bathroom with a wide walk-in shower and a bathtub.
For families traveling together, there is the option of connecting the room with another Deluxe Room.
Repose in your undisturbed abode.


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○ Handmade pillar candle "Safari"
This beautiful hand-made pillar candle "Safari" with its great individual patterns and motifs will bath your home immediately in warm, African light.
The company Kapula is known far beyond the borders of South Africa. Made in Bredasdorp, near Cape Town, the candles inspire people around the world because of their beautiful colours and handcrafted patterns. Also Kapula candles are characterized by their excellent combustibility.
Since the Kapula candles are handmade, the pattern of each candle is individually, but based on the colour scheme. Thus, each candle is a fantastically unique, beautiful and extraordinary Africa decoration.
Ceramic nativity scene figurines set "African Christmas"


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Former Incubus Bassist Dirk Lance Debuts New Band
East Of June features former Incubus bassist Dirk Lance, vocalist Emily Rath and Kyle Mortensen on guitar.
The debut single, "Rebel" from Los Angeles based trio, EAST OF JUNE, is available now on all streaming platforms. The video for the trio's first single premiered on Alternative Press HERE.
EAST OF JUNE's debut single, "Rebel," immediately draws listeners in with its brawny bass and percolating keyboards, culminating in a crescendo of chorus stomping electric guitars. The debut song illustrates the band's collaborative tendencies, their music evolves and changes with each new idea and musical brainstorm.
"The initial idea around that song was more of a straight-up, four-on-the-floor electronic tune," says guitarist Kyle Mortensen. "And when Emily brought her vocals in, she had this Pat Benatar-esque, 'I am woman, hear me roar,' female-empowerment aura. It just screamed for bigger guitars in the chorus."
Dirk Lance, a founding member of Incubus who co-wrote and performed on the famed rock band's hit albums, S.C.I.E.N.C.E., Make Yourself, and Morning View, and was a force behind the group's biggest songs "Drive," "Pardon Me," and "Wish You Were Here." After leaving the band, he spent the last decade on a passion project called Willie's Nerve Clinic before joining with Kyle to start a songwriting collective. After meeting and working with Emily, the trio decided they had something awesome to share, and it was time to put a name to the collaboration, EAST OF JUNE.
"What was supposed to have been me just putting in my two-cents started developing into a collaboration without a face to it," Lance says, adding that the pair intended on forming a behind-the-scenes songwriting collective. "Then Kyle made the connection with Emily and she started contributing lyrics and melodies to some existing ideas he and I had put together." The music always came first," he adds, "The idea of being a band didn't dawn on us until we realized we had a record's worth of material."
Now, EAST OF JUNE is letting the world in on those amazing songs, starting with the release of "Rebel".
eastofjunemusic.com
Instagram: eastofjune
Facebook: eastofjunemusic
Twitter: eastofjunemusic
Epiphone Releases the Newport Bass
Jan-Olof Strandberg to Release 4-Album Box Set 'The Works'


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Gregory Stanton
UN condemns deadly violence in Sudan's North Darfur
At least nine were killed and 20 injured in an attack on a camp for internally displaced people, UNAMID says.
The joint United Nations and African Union mission in Darfur (UNAMID) has condemned the violence in Sudan's North Darfur province, including a deadly attack on a camp for internally displaced people (IDPs).
In a statement on Tuesday, the peacekeeping mission expressed deep concern about the "violent incidents" that erupted in the town of Kutum on July 12 and the attack by unidentified armed men the following day on the Fata Borno IDP camp that left at least nine people dead and 20 wounded.
"It is regrettable that these incidents have taken place while the transitional government of Sudan and the armed movements are close to concluding negotiations expected to bring peace and stability ... to the Darfur region and the whole of Sudan," UNAMID said.
Over the past week, unidentified gunmen have waged attacks in the war-scarred region on protesters staging sit-ins to demand better security and a civilian state government.
State governor positions in Sudan are held by military officers despite the overthrow last year of longtime ruler Omar al-Bashir in the face of mass protests.
The Sudanese Professionals' Association, which spearheaded the demonstrations against al-Bashir, condemned the attack in Fata Borno. It said the attackers burned houses and a market and looted livestock in the area.
UNAMID also said it regretted the physical damage to government buildings and private property "caused by such violent acts".
In Kutum, authorities in said the violence erupted when a government convoy came under attack after a meeting between security officials and the protesters to discuss their demands.
Mohammed Ibrahim Abdel-Karim, acting governor of North Darfur, said in a statement that security officials, who met with the protesters on Sunday, immediately met some of their demands and pledged to work on the rest.
He said the officials left the area on a plane, but that "lawbreakers" wielding stones and knives attacked government vehicles carrying reporters, guards and other officials, forcing them to shelter in a police station.
Abdel-Karim said the men then attacked the police station, burning it to the ground, along with a dozen vehicles, including the convoy cars.
On Monday, the provincial government in North Darfur declared a state of emergency across the province. It said in a statement that more troops would be deployed to Fata Borno and nearby towns to restore security and stability.
The conflict in Darfur started in 2003 after mostly non-Arab rebels rose up against the central government in the capital, Khartoum.
Government forces and mainly Arab militias, which moved to repress the revolt, have been accused of widespread atrocities. Some 300,000 people were killed in the conflict, according to UN estimates.
There has been no serious fighting for years, but the conflict remains unresolved as Arab armed groups are still present and control land they seized.
Sudan is on a fragile path to democracy after the military's removal of al-Bashir in April 2019.
A civilian opposition coalition agreed to joint governance with the military in a three-year transition towards free elections, but key parts of the deal, such as appointing civilian state governors, have not been implemented.
The transitional government has pledged to end the conflict in Darfur and is holding talks with some of the rebel groups that had fought al-Bashir's government.
SOURCE: AL JAZEERA


In this blog, we'll be posting up our observations on nature in a suburban environment.
With an acre of land, half of which is wooded, a quarter is turf/lawn, and the remainder is various plantings, we see a fair amount of birds, mammals, and the occasional reptile. We have plenty of insects, some of which are welcome and others, such as mosquitoes, not welcome. We have many native and introduced plants. Unfortunately, we also have plenty of invasive species, such as buckthorn, calling our property home.
We intend to post pictures whenever possible of our observations, for a picture can say so much that words can not. There will be no set schedule to our posts, however, as our posts will be prompted by what we observe here at our homestead.


For better or worse, eCADEMY's main claim to fame is that it is a money saver. It requires less space, less facilities, less teachers. eCADEMY has changed the way teachers are paid and when they work. As it is made up of predominantly online courses, traditional holiday 'restrictions' no longer need to be enforced. Teachers get paid per student per semester and can work all year round and administer multiple courses. A point of note is that all teachers are required to have a district recognised online teaching certification.
Students begin each of their courses face to face but then are able to do the rest of the course online, providing they maintain a sufficient grade. eCADEMY also cites parent relations to be of paramount importance and as disciplining has decreased with the move from the traditional face to face environment, parents and teachers are able to focus more on the successes of the students in their communication.
The physical 'brick and mortar' school is open longer each day (from 8am-10pm) to allow for flexibility but as students choose when and indeed if they need to physically go to school, the facilities are of a much smaller scale (and therefore cheaper to maintain) than other schools with a similar population. Teachers are on location at all times if students want more face to face interaction.
However, my one major concern of all of these blended learning models is that what is lacking is the human interaction, not only with the teacher, but primarily with peers. In a world where personal interactions are rare, what does reducing the possibilities of peer to peer interactions, problem solving, compromise, communication, conflict resolution etc do to the youth of today? Although educated and certified, will these students have the skills to be successful in society? What are your thoughts on this?
This certification is - honestly - my first official attempt at a structured external course (online or otherwise), since University 14 years ago! I have attended workshops and PD days but have avoided traditional 'Professional Development' – including starting my Masters – because I seriously believe that my professional reading, my online subscriptions, my Google Plus and my personal experiences inside the classroom with real students and teachers – SO my 'Personal Learning Network' – keeps me in the loop with all the things that I am passionate about; namely education and the use of technology as a valuable tool to access, share and present learning.
I don't want the focus to be on the piece of paper – the certification – at the end. I want to learn and extend my learning in practical and meaningful ways. I want to be encouraged to try new things and use new tools and look to the future rather than the theories of past experts that may not be as relevant as they once were.
This course was meant as a tester in a multitude of ways. Can I cope with the extra work and time commitment while balancing my time with two children and a demanding (!!) wife? Can I still be the teacher I want to be – and am expected to be by my colleagues – with the added commitment of an online course? Can an online course really embrace future technologies and keep me enthusiastic about learning? And am I really ready to start my Masters?!
I love finding new ways to make learning accessible and fun for students and fellow teachers and I get motivated by spending time with like-minded individuals – who are passionate about sharing their love of technology. This course seems to give me both and for the first time in 14 years I am itching to get back into (online) classroom as a learner rather than a teacher.


AURORA, Colo. — A two-alarm fire broke out at a hotel that was under construction early Monday morning, the Aurora Fire Department said.
The fire was reported before 3:30 a.m. at 255 N. Blackhawk St., southeast of Interstate 225 and East Sixth Avenue.
Firefighters were able to get the fire under control at the vacant property that was going to be a Courtyard by Marriott. No injuries were reported.


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Monday, March 10 • 2:00pm - 3:00pm
The Maker Age: Enlightened Views on Science & Art
Western culture gears us to conceptually place art and science at opposite ends of a spectrum. When we think of art, we may culturally view it as a field where anyone can make their mark; a place of openness, expressiveness and accessibility. However, when it comes to science, we may be more geared to believe that it is a closed, uncreative and unexpressive field where only the hyper-intelligent can succeed. These ideas represent a gross misunderstanding of both fields and do society a grave injustice. Join Adam Savage as he explores the inextricable ties between art and science, dispelling these cultural myths, revisiting the Age of Enlightenment and highlighting luminaries like Leonardo da Vinci, a master of self-expression in the fields of both art and science. We'll discuss how society may benefit from returning to the clarity that art can be just as rigorous as science, and that science can be just as creative as art. Part of the IEEE Technology for Humanity Series.
http://schedule.sxsw.com/2014/events/event_IAP20180
HostMythBustersAdam Savage joined M5 in 2002 after receiving a call from former boss Jamie Hyneman to participate in a TV pilot, which turned into the wildly popular Discovery Channel series "MythBusters."
Monday March 10, 2014 2:00pm - 3:00pm
Austin Convention Center, Exhibit Hall 5 500 E Cesar Chavez St
Interactive, Keynote
Hashtag #ieeesavage
Theme WTF and Beyond
Tags interactive-badge, gold-badge, platinum-badge


Tertiary education organisations benefit from a partnership with ServiceIQ, as do students and trainees, because the many study options lead to nationally recognised and industry endorsed qualifications.
ServiceIQ's New Zealand certificates and diplomas provide structured qualifications, built around unit standards, which create the foundation for classroom-based training. As a provider, you can choose to purchase and use ServiceIQ resources, or develop your own.
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For more information on consent to assess, please visit our Quality and Moderation section.


The NFU welcomed over a hundred poultry producers, retails, processors and industry experts to discuss Campylobacter in the UK poultry sector.
"This is not only a UK problem it is the most common food-borne illness across Europe," began Francisco Javier Dominguez Orive, deputy veterinary director and head of strategy, Food Standards Agency (FSA). Cases in Europe are estimated at nine million per year with an associated cost of €2.4 billion.
The FSA has a clear strategy to reduce contamination which includes plans to support and address regulatory barriers, research and drive changes in consumer behaviour and prevention of carcass contamination in slaughterhouses. The target is to reduce the high level contamination by 17% (to 10%) by 2015 from the levels of 2008 (high = >1000 campylobacter cfu/g). But progress to date has been minimal.
The target set by the FSA was done so with biosecurity and processing improvements and interventions researched and proven to reduce Campylobacter.
Mary Howell, Meat Hygiene, FSA, presented research which has shown that consistent application of biosecurity for housed birds particularly at the entrance has reduced the risk of Campylobacter by 50%. Other research introduced by Jane Downes, an Independent Veterinary Consultant, has proven to have seasonal improvements with regard to bacteria levels when each shed on farm is treated independently with regard to biosecurity.
Alongside the CamCon project (EU €3 million 5 year project into Campylobacter), studies by the retailers into effective leak proof packaging and processor work on rapid surface cooling all this research is providing advice and guidance which will allow the FSA targets for Campylobacter to be met.


April 8th, 2002 - Slap to the Head Fanfiction!
Hey, word up! Rebel Toy here. Rather than torture you with another mailbag day or something, we've decided to share something very special with you, our precious readers. What is it? Why, it's our inspiration! That's right, the Fic That Started It All!