text:
The Effects of Sound Barrier Design on Highway Noise Attenuation
Researched by Steven P.
ABOUT THE RESEARCHER
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if a sound barrier does reduce noise, and which type of barrier is the most effective in reducing highway traffic noise.
I became interested in this idea because many people are concerned about noise pollution, and there is a great need to reduce this noise. I wanted to find out which sound barrier is the most effective in reducing highway noise.
The information gained from this experiment will help society because engineers will know what type of sound barrier is the most effective in reducing highway traffic noise.
My hypothesis is that a sound barrier will reduce noise and that a concrete or wooden barrier will more effectively reduce highway noise when compared to an earth berm or vegetation.
I base my hypothesis on information about sound barriers and the characteristics of sound available from the Washington State Department of Transportation and from the book, Understanding Sound by Beulah Tannenbaum and Myra Stillman.
a. The calibrated decibel meters used.
b. The distance from both sides of the sound barrier where the readings were taken.
c. The intervals of time between each measurement.
The manipulated variable was the type of sound barrier used to reduce traffic.
The responding variable was the level of recorded traffic noise behind the sound barrier.
To measure the responding variable I used hand-held decibel meters.
3 Decibel Meters (digital)
3 Decibel Meter Calibrators
1 Hard Hat
1 Safety Vest
1 30m Tape Measure
(Fiberglass Reinforced)
1 5m Tape Measure (Metal)
Phase I: Determine if a sound barrier is effective in reducing highway noise.
This phase of the experiment will be conducted along a highway with a concrete barrier adjacent to an open field. This will allow for direct comparison of decibel readings with and without a sound barrier.
1. After arriving at the site, calibrate all three decibel meters using the calibrator made for each meter.
2. Set up one decibel meter in the open field near the road for the road side reading.
3. Take a reading every 30 seconds for 10 minutes and record the readings on a data sheet.
4. Record the Leq (average sound level) and the Max (highest reading) level for this period of testing.
5. Place a decibel meter 3 meters back from the decibel meter location in step 2.
6. Place the next decibel meter 17 meters farther back, and the last decibel meter another 17 meters from the second one.
7. Station a person at each meter to record the decibel readings every 30 seconds for 10 minutes. Use a watch to keep track of time.
8. Have a fourth person take a traffic count during this 10 minute period. Count the number of light, medium, and heavy vehicles passing by the location. Counting traffic helps determine what is creating the noise during the experiment.
9. At the end of this 10 minute period, record the Leq and the Max levels from each of the decibel meters on the data recording sheet.
10. Move the three decibel meters down the length of the sound barrier, far enough so sound coming around the end of the barrier doesnít affect the readings.
11. Place each meter at the distances described in steps 5 and 6.
12. Repeat testing procedures 7 and 9 to collect decibel readings behind the sound barrier.
13. Retest the calibration of each decibel meter to make sure they were accurate throughout the test. If they are out of calibration by more than one decibel, redo the test.
Phase II: Compare different types of sound barriers to see which is the most effective in reducing highway noise.
1. After arriving at the chosen sound barrier, calibrate the decibel meter.
2. Measure out 2 meters from the barrier on the road side for the placement of the decibel meter.
3. Start recording decibel readings every 30 seconds for 10 minutes.
4. At the end of the 10 minute period, record the Leq and the Max level.
5. During the same 10 minute period have another person count and record traffic as done in Phase I.
6. Move to the other side of the barrier and measure out 3 meters behind the barrier to position the decibel meter.
7. Record decibel readings every 30 seconds for 10 minutes at this new decibel meter position.
8. Measure off 20 more meters (for a total of 23 meters behind the barrier) for the next decibel meter position, and repeat steps 3 and 4.
9. Measure off another 20 meters (for a new total of 43 meters behind the barrier) for the final decibel meter position, and repeat steps 3 and 4.
10. At the end of the testing, check the calibration to see if the decibel meter was accurate throughout the test. If it is out of calibration by more than one decibel, redo the test.
The original purpose of this experiment was to determine if a sound barrier does reduce highway noise, and which type of sound barrier most effectively reduces highway noise.
A - weighted decibel readings were used to compare noise readings in front of and behind the barrier. This scale most closely represents human hearing. Decibel readings were averaged (Leq) to obtain average noise levels for easy comparison. Lower decibel readings indicated lower noise levels. A larger difference in readings from the road side of the barrier to behind the barrier meant a greater reduction in noise.
Results for both phases of the experiment are shown on tables and graphs on the following pages.
Phase I Results: See Graph (long download)
The purpose of Phase I was to determine if a sound barrier did reduce highway noise.
At three meters behind the wall, highway noise was reduced by 9 decibels when compared to the open field, which was the greatest noise reduction at comparable monitoring positions. At 20 meters behind the barrier, there was a one decibel reduction compared to the open field readings. There was a 5 decibel reduction difference between open field and barrier readings 37 meters behind the barrier.
At 37 meters behind the barrier, highway noise was reduced 15 decibels from in front of the barrier. At 37 meters back in the open field noise was 10 decibels lower than the road side reading.
At all meter positions behind the wall, decibel readings were lower than in open field.
Phase II Results: See Graph (long download)
The purpose of Phase II was to determine which barrier effective at reducing highway noise.
Concrete Wall: Noise was reduced 17 decibels 3 meters behind the concrete wall, and 20 decibels at 43 meters behind the wall.
Earth Berm: 3 meters behind the earth berm noise was reduced by 20 decibels, and by 21 decibels at 43 meters behind the berm.
Wood Fence: The wood fence reduced noise by 10 decibels 3 meters behind the wall, and by 16 decibels at 43 meters behind the wall.
Vegetation: Noise was only reduced by three decibels 3 meters behind the trees, and by 5 decibels at 43 meters behind the trees.
The earth berm had the greatest noise reduction at all decibel meter positions, and the concrete wall had the second highest noise reduction at all of the decibel meter positions. However, the difference in noise reduction between the earth berm and the concrete wall was 3 decibels immediately behind the barrier and only 1 decibel at the farther positions. The vegetation did the worst job at reducing noise at all three of the decibel meter positions.
My hypothesis was that a sound barrier would reduce noise, and that a concrete or wooden wall would reduce highway noise better than an earth berm or vegetation.
The results indicate that my hypothesis should be partially accepted. Data showed the sound barrier did reduce highway noise, so the first part of my hypothesis was correct. However, the earth berm reduced highway noise better than a concrete barrier by a few decibels, which was different than the second part of my hypothesis.
Because of the results of this experiment, I wonder if a more detailed analysis would show more clearly the shadow zone, since noise may pass over the barrier. I also wonder what consideration engineers give to cost, aesthetics, and space limitations in the design and building of a sound barrier. Even though the earth berm was the most effective in reducing highway noise, it took up a lot of space.
My findings should be useful to engineers because they will know that an earth berm is effective in reducing highway noise, and so is a concrete wall.
If I were to conduct this project again, I would try to get four of the same decibel meters for use at the same time. This could improve data collection and reduce time. I would also conduct the experiment during a time of year when there isnít as great a chance of adverse weather conditions. Weather conditions affected the locations and choice of barriers to study. I might also include a section for the analyzing of the barriers to see if they were reasonable and feasible to construct.
Information that is important to sound barriers includes sound and sound barrier design. In the first part of this report, I am going to talk about sound, the characteristics of sound, decibels, acoustics, and noise. In the second part I will explain the types of sound barriers, how they work, and the design and construction of sound barriers.
What is Sound?
Sound comes from the vibrations in molecules, and is always traveling through a substance, whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no molecules for the sound to travel through.
When sound waves reach our ears, they vibrate the eardrum. The vibrations are sent through the three bones in the middle ear. These impulses are then sent to the brain. Our ears are never free from sound. There is always sound, and some of it is pleasant, and some of it isnít. If your eyes were as sensitive as your ears, you could see a 100-watt light bulb 3218 kilometers (2000 miles) away. It is hard to find silence, except in soundproof rooms, which arenít always totally soundproof. There is constant background sound, which we usually donít notice, and an occasional sudden sound. The background sound can be very helpful to tell us where we are and what time it is. Sound can also provide other information, and can serve as a warning system.
If a sound is made, and nobody is around to hear it, it is called unheard sound. If a sound is made and if there is someone around to hear it, it is called heard sound.
Characteristics of Sound
Sound waves are a series of compressions and rarefactions. Compression occurs when the molecules are compressed. Rarefaction happens when the molecules are thinned out. Between the compression and rarefaction zones, there is a neutral zone where the density of the molecules is equal to or almost equal to the density before the sound was made. These three zones of high pressure, low pressure, and neutral pressure form a sphere of waves with the source of the sound at the center.
The wavelength of a sound is the distance from a compression or rarefaction zone to the next similar area. The amplitude is the pressure difference between compression or rarefaction zone and the neutral zone. The term amplitude, intensity, and volume are the same, and can be used to describe loud and quiet sounds.
Frequency is how many sound waves pass by per second (cycles per second). The number of cycles per second (or cps) is called hertz. A higher frequency equals a shorter wavelength, and a lower frequency equals a longer wavelength. Examples of higher frequency sounds are someone whistling, a flute, and a high voice. Some low frequency sounds include a foghorn, low voice and the rumble of an earthquake. Everything has a natural frequency. Humans can hear between 15 Hz and 20,000 Hz. If a sound is above 20,000Hz, it is called an ultrasonic sound.
Sound travels at different speeds, depending on the substance it is traveling though. The following chart shows some examples:
SUBSTANCE SPEED
Dry Air/ 0 Degrees C
330 mps
Dry Air/ 1000 Degrees C 700 mps
Hydrogen 1315 mps
Carbon Dioxide 182 mps
Water 1400 mps
Copper 3560 mps
Aluminum 5100 mps
Brass 3505 mps
3947 mps
Steel 5090 mps
mps = meters per second
An echo is the reflection of sound off of an object. Sonar uses echoes to determine depth, and other distances. A megaphone also uses reflection to direct beam of sound out of its cone.
Free vibration is vibration that dies out in time such as when a tuning fork is struck. Maintained vibration is making the vibration last. A trumpet holding a note is an example of maintained vibration. Forced vibration is making something vibrate at an unnatural frequency. The eardrum has a natural frequency, too, but is made to vibrate at the frequency of sounds it receives. The stick and slip vibration method is when something is pulled or pushed until it slips such as with a violin. The strings of the violin are pulled by the bow until they slip, creating a vibration. Resonance is sound waves making a separate object vibrate.
Sound is measured in decibels (dB). This is a unit measuring the relative intensity of sounds. The decibel is named after inventor Alexander Graham Bell. Most people speak in a range between 45 and 75 decibels. A decibel, which is a tenth of a bell, is the smallest change in sound that a human can hear. The scale starts at 0, which is the quietest sound that can be heard by a human. The test results taken during my experiment are measured in an A-weighted scale. This is a scale that is designed to approximate human hearing.
Because sound is measured on a logarithmic scale, an increase of 10 dBA sounds twice as loud. For example, 30 dBA sounds twice as loud as 20 dBA. A double in the source of a sound equals a 3 dBA increase. For example, one car may have a 70 dBA sound level. Two cars at the same speed, distance, and point would then have a 73 dBA sound level, and 4 cars at the same speed, distance, and point would have a 76 dBA sound level.
The amplitude of a sound increases as you get closer to the source of a sound, and decreases as you move away. The change in intensity is related to the square of the ratio of the distances. For example, the intensity of a sound 100 meters away from the source is one-fourth as intense as it is 50 meters away from the source. The mathematical formula in this example would be (50/100) 2 = _. Another example, the intensity of a sound 20 meters from the source is 9 times the intensity of a sound 60 meters from the source, or (60/20) 2 = 9.
The word acoustic comes from the Greek language and means "to hear". Acoustics is sometimes referred to as the science of sound. More often it is referred to as
architectural acoustics, which is the design of a building's acoustical environment. Recently, this has become a greater area of study.
Marcus Pollio, a Roman architect who lived in the first century BC made important observations on acoustics, and formed hypotheses on reverberation and interference. The scientific study of acoustics was not done until 1856 by the American physicist Joseph Henry. Wallace Sibine, another American physicist, later studied acoustics in more detail in 1900.
Sound reflects off any surface the waves encounter. Rooms can be designed and built for the best natural reflection with no undesired distortion. Architects use materials that help enhance reflection and absorption of sound. Cork and felt are good acoustical dampers while metal and stone reflect sound. A roomís acoustics are usually good if there is a balance between reflection and absorption materials.
The science of acoustics is of great concern when designing sound barriers, not only for roads and highways, but in all necessary locations.
Noise has been defined in many ways. The Council on Environmental Quality defines noise as "sound without value." The World Book Encyclopedia Dictionary entry states that noise is "a sound that is not musical or pleasant". The American Standards Association calls noise "an undesired sound". Encartaís article on noise says, "Noise is a complex sound, a mixture of many different frequencies or notes not harmonically related." AASHTO, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials calls noise "unwanted sound."
Noise can cause physical harm. If you are exposed to a sound of 120 decibels it is painful. If you are exposed to a sound of 170 decibels, even for a moment, it will knock you unconscious, and destroy your hearing.
People thought that noise just went along with progress, and that you had to put up with it. We now know that noise can be reduced with out slowing down progress. Some people donít mind some noise, while others donít like it at all. We use sound barriers along highways and other locations to reduce noise to a tolerable level.
There are three major ways of reducing highway noise. The first way is to improve cars so that the engines and other parts run quieter, which will reduce the noise by 5 to 10 decibels. The next way to reduce noise is to leave open spaces between highways and houses when either is being designed and built. You could also put less noise-sensitive buildings or facilities next to the roads. The last way is to use sound barriers or other noise reducing measures if the noise level is above standards.
Sometimes insulation can be used in buildings to reduce noise. This is usually not a very good idea because the road contractors donít have the authority to insulate buildings, and if buildings are insulated, then you would have to spend more money on air conditioning since there is no way for air to easily flow in and out.
There are several other ways to solve the noise problem when building new roads. You can build away from noise-sensitive areas and through non noise-sensitive areas or through undeveloped land. Constructing partially underground, so walls on side deflect noise from residents is also an easy possibility. Making the road level the best that is possible so car engines donít work as much on hills can also reduce sound.
Sound barriers are being used more and more as the demand for reduced noise along highways becomes greater and greater. Sound barriers are built on new as well as existing roads. The U.S. Congress passed legislation in 1976, which required states to reduce noise along highways beside impacted areas. The federal government pays for most of the barrier construction, and the state pays for the rest. Noise barriers reduce the decibel level by 10 to 15 decibels, which is cutting the sound in half. Usually you get a one decibel reduction for every two vertical feet of barrier added, though the effectiveness and costs evens out at about 13 feet in height.
There are two main types of noise barriers: earth berm and noise walls (concrete, masonry, wood, etc.). Construction can include each type separately or in combination. You use the noise readings to help decide the type, location, length, and height of a noise barrier. The visual look also is a factor that decides which type to build at the given site. Vegetation is sometimes used for noise reduction.
Noise walls can be constructed out of concrete, stucco, masonry, wood, and metal. There are a variety of designs and styles used depending on what is needed at the location. They are designed to blend into their surrounding but still be effective.
You should use an earth berm for visual looks, but only if the materials and room allows. An earth berm blends in with its surroundings very well, and can have plants added to it to virtually cover it up. An earth berm usually should not have a slope steeper than about a 22º.
Vegetation can be used if it is tall enough and it is dense enough (you canít see though it). Vegetation at least 200 ft thick can give a 10 decibel reduction. It is usually impractical to put in vegetation, because of cost and because there is usually not enough room.
The engineer designing a sound barrier must consider the most effective way to reduce noise with its location and design. A sound barrier will only work if the residents behind it canít see the road (meaning that they are in the shadow zone). The barrier wonít work for residents above wall, such as on a hillside, and homes that are too far apart make it very hard to build a barrier for a reasonable cost. Sections that are taken out (not put in) of sound barriers for roads or other purposes reduces the effectiveness of the barrier, since the sound is able to travel through the opening.
The following are some of the considerations for the construction and design of a sound barrier:
The desired noise reduction
The right of way needs and maintenance
Cost and constructability
Vehicle impacts
Vehicle access( to and through it)
Pedestrian access
Matches other structures around it (design, looks)
Water/Electricity
The moving of objects or buildings to put in the barrier.
There are several other prospects for an engineer to consider when designing sound barriers. Here are some factors that help calculate the sound produced by traffic:
2000 cars per hour is twice as loud as 200 cars per hour.
Vehicles traveling at 65 miles per hour sound twice as loud as vehicles traveling at 30 miles per hour.
1 truck traveling at 55 miles per hour is the same as 28 cars traveling at 55 miles per hour.
Defective mufflers, other faulty engine parts, hills (making the engine work harder), the engine itself, aerodynamics, and the tires on the road can all contribute to traffic noise. Traffic noise has a frequency of about 550 hertz, so engineers also have to know how to design a sound barrier with these frequencies.
Engineers will only design a sound barrier for an area if it is an impacted location. An impacted location is an area used by humans where traffic noise (during the design year) equals or exceeds 66 dB. The level is set at 66 dB because 2 people canít have a normal conversation from 1 meter apart.
Design Year Traffic Noise Decibel Level
Allowed Cost Per Household*
Equivalent Wall Surface Area Per Household (square meter)
66 dBA $15,000 65 sq. m
67 dBA $17,000 71.5 sq. m
72 dBA $24,500 103 sq. m
73 dBA $26,000 109.2 sq. m
*Reevaluated in January of each year. Based on $22.10
per square foot constructed cost. WSDOT
Sound decreases 3 to 4.5 dBA as the distance from the source is doubled because of objects that deflect the sound, and because sound also gets weaker as the distance from the source becomes greater. Generally, a distance farther than 500 ft from heavy traffic on a freeway is not a major concern. On lightly traveled roads distances of 100 to 200 feet from traffic is not a major concern either.
Another consideration is wind. You need a taller sound barrier for wind that is traveling with sound just as in the concepts in "Characteristics of Sound." If you have a wind travelling against the sound, the barrier doesnít need to be as tall.
I hope you enjoyed my report and learned about sound, its characteristics, and sound barriers. You can continue reading my journal to see how sound barriers reduced highway traffic noise.
"Acoustics," Microsoft Encarta, 1998.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington. D.C., 1990.
Cohn, Louis F. Ph.D & Harris, Roswell A. Ph.D. P.E., Special Noise Barrier Applications Phase II, [Online] Availablehttp://www.wsdot.wa.gov/ppsc/research/onepages/WA-RD3781/htm/, November 2, 1999.
Grey, Jerry, Noise, Noise, Noise!, Philadelphia, PA, Westminster Press, 1975.
Knauss, Harold P., "Sound," The New Book of Popular Science, Grolier, 1994.
Rubel, David, Kidís Science, New York, Scholastic Inc., 1995.
"Sound," Microsoft Encarta, 1998.
Tannenbaum, Beulah & Stillman, Myra, Understanding Sound, New York, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1973.
United States Department of Transportation, Acoustics and Your Environment, Cambridge, MA, February 1999.
Washington State Department of Transportation, Design Manual (M 22-01), Olympia WA, December 1998.
Washington State Department of Transportation, "Frequently Asked Questions," Air Quality and Noise Studies, [Online] Availablehttp://www.wsdot.wa.gov/regions/northwest/noise/faq.htm/, November 2, 1999.
Washington State Department of Transportation, Highway Traffic Noise, [Online] Available http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/regions/northwest/noise/1.html, November 7, 1999.
Washington State Department of Transportation, "Noise Policies," Air Quality and Noise Studies, [Online] Availablehttp://www.wsdot.wa.gov/regions/northwest/noise/policies.html/, November 8, 1999.
"Wave Motion," Microsoft Encarta, 1998.
Tire stiffness and speed


Description: Hey guys! When mentioning the Minecraft world, you will immediately think about stark blocks, high constructions, zombies, creepers and other simple things. Today, several Minecraft designers offer you a new sort formed from Minecraft and a puzzle game. That sounds fun! Experience Jet Miner to find various absorbing features here, players! Come on! In reference to the story of the game, it is relevant to precious diamonds buried under the ground of a distant land. It is rumored creepers stole the diamonds from a beautiful kingdom, and lost them when moving past this place. Now, a Minecraft guy is mining blocks to find all of them. Let's use the available tool to give him a hand, players! Try to use your guessing skill to get them before limited time set at the top of the game board is up. Good luck!
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Use the arrow keys or the W, S, A and D keys for movement.


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If you consider your dog or cat a member of the family, you are not a pet owner — you're a pet parent.
There's a vast difference, according to Robert Jackson, CEO of HealthyPaws.com, a pet insurance provider.
Jackson's company and others provide health and accident insurance benefits to people who would do anything to save their pets. But "anything" can be expensive. The costs of emergency surgery or a stay in intensive care could easily ring up a bill of $3,000 or more, as I recently learned when my Yorkie needed surgery.
Pet health insurance is not designed to cover the ordinary annual costs of owning a pet, such as vaccinations, health examinations and regular teeth cleaning, which, according to the American Pet Products Association, costs the average cat owner $196 and the average dog owner $233.
Should you consider buying health insurance for your pet? In recent years, it has become a far more respected product. Consumer Reports has studied the "best buys" of pet insurance, concluding that if you choose wisely, the odds are good that your policy will pay for itself at some point in your pet's life.
There are websites such as PetInsuranceReview.com that compare premium costs and coverages on pet health policies. Enter your pet's information and your email address to get quotes.
The cost of coverage depends on the age of the pet, the breed (there is a category for mixed breeds) and your zip code. An online calculator on HealthyPaws.com gives instant quotes. You can lower the premium by agreeing to pay a higher deductible or co-pay. A popular option is a $200 deductible with 80 percent coverage with a 20 percent co-pay.
For a small, young dog, that works out to about $25-$30 per month at HealthyPaws; that cost is automatically renewed on your credit card until you cancel. The ASPCA also offers pet insurance, and a comparable policy for a small, young dog is about $40 per month.
Not all costs are covered. Again, pet insurance is not meant for the ordinary annual costs of owning a pet. Annual heartworm tests and meds, shots and dental are not covered in most policies, but you are typically covered for expenses in case of an accident, emergency or illness — including cancer, hereditary and congenital conditions, surgery, diagnostic treatments, prescription drugs and a long list of other potential costs.
The costs of covered care are reimbursed. HealthyPaws.com has simplified the payment of claims with its own app. You can simply take a photo of the bill and upload it to submit your claim.
Coverage typically starts 15 days after the application is approved. You don't need to send in your pet's medical records until you file a claim. Then the company will quickly check with the vet and reimburse you for your costs, after you have satisfied the deductible and made the co-payment.
Buy insurance when your pet is young. Pets with pre-existing conditions cannot be covered, so it's best to buy when you first get your dog or cat. Also, while all breeds are covered, there is one major exclusion: A one-year waiting period for coverage for hip dysplasia for certain breeds such as German shepherds, prone to this condition. At HealthyPaws, you cannot purchase new coverage for this condition after the pet is 6 years old.
Is pet insurance worth the cost? That all depends on how healthy your fur friend is and how well you take care of him or her. But unlike paying for an extended warranty on an appliance that can be replaced if it really breaks down, the costs of a pet illness are unlimited and potentially very expensive. And, as I now know, that's The Savage Truth.
Terry Savage is a registered investment adviser and the author of four best-selling books, including "The Savage Truth on Money." She responds to questions on on her blog at TerrySavage.com.


text:
Mas-Saint-Chély är en kommun i departementet Lozère i regionen Occitanien i södra Frankrike. Kommunen ligger i kantonen Sainte-Enimie som tillhör arrondissementet Florac. År  hade Mas-Saint-Chély  invånare.

Befolkningsutveckling
Antalet invånare i kommunen Mas-Saint-Chély

Se även
 Lista över kommuner i departementet Lozère

Källor

Externa länkar

Kommuner i Lozère

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to call Salesforce public api from javascript in lightning I have created a public API in my org and I am trying to call from Javascript which is hosted as static resource in same org.
But Salesforce refused to connect public api.
I have tried CORS, Remote Site Settings, CSP Setting.
async function getUserAsync(name)
{
  let response = await fetch('https://<api url>/services/apexrest/api-ws/',
{
        method: 'POST',
        headers: {
            Accept: 'application/json',
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        },
        body: '{}'
    });
  let data = await response.json()
  return data;
}

getUserAsync()
  .then(data => console.log(data));

Refused to connect to 'https://api_url/services/apexrest/api-ws/'
  because it violates the following Content Security Policy directive:
  "connect-src 'self' https://org.lightning.force.com
  *.visualforce.com https://org.documentforce.com https://org_instance.salesforce.com".

PS: Might be it is not good approach but I have a specific requirement.

A: As per the Salesforce documentation -

Previous versions of lightning:container allowed developers to specify
the Content Security Policy (CSP) of the iframed content. We removed
this functionality for security reasons. The CSP level of all pages is
now set to high. This value provides the greatest security, because
content can only be loaded from secure, approved domains. When
lightning:container is used in Communities, the CSP setting in that
community will be respected.

https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.lightning.meta/lightning/container_limits.htm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Corporate spending on wages, land rent and power in Vietnam last year was lower than in other countries in the region, a Japanese trade report said.
Japanese businesses paid workers in Vietnam an average US$95 per month compared with $131-286 per month for workers in other countries, according to the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) report.
The report which compared costs in 30 cities and regions in Asia in 2008, said water costs and leasing industrial land in Vietnam were very cheap while office rents were high. Its telephone charges were the lowest in the region but Internet connection fees were far higher than those of neighboring countries such as China, Thailand and Indonesia.
JETRO said the advantages were important for Vietnam to attract more foreign investment but the country should further improve the labor quality, legal transparency and reform administrative procedures to reduce "indirect costs" to investors.


text:
Get Porpoise essential facts below. View Videos or join the Porpoise discussion. Add Porpoise to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Small cetacean of the family Phocoenidae
Temporal range: 15.970-0 Ma
Pre?
Miocene to Recent
The harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Superfamily: Delphinoidea
Family: Phocoenidae
Gray, 1825
See text
Porpoises are a group of fully aquatic marine mammals, similar in appearance to a dolphin, all of which are classified under the family Phocoenidae, parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales). They are, however, more closely related to narwhals and belugas than to the true dolphins. There are seven extant species of porpoise, all among the smallest of the toothed whales. Porpoises are recognised from dolphins by their flattened, spade-shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins, and lack of a pronounced beak, although some dolphins (e.g. Hector's dolphin) also lack a pronounced beak. Porpoises, and other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates, and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, having diverged from them about 40 million years ago.
Porpoises range in size from the vaquita, at 1.4 metres (4 feet 7 inches) in length and 54 kilograms (119 pounds) in weight, to the Dall's porpoise, at 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) and 220 kg (490 lb). Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism in that the females are larger than males. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Porpoises use echolocation as their primary sensory system. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. As all cetaceans, they have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep them warm in cold water.
Porpoises are abundant and found in a multitude of environments, including rivers (finless porpoise), coastal and shelf waters (harbour porpoise, vaquita) and open ocean (Dall's porpoise and spectacled porpoise), covering all water temperatures from tropical (Sea of Cortez, vaquita) to polar (Greenland, harbour porpoise). Porpoises feed largely on fish and squid, much like the rest of the odontocetes. Little is known about reproductive behaviour. Females may get one calf every year under favourable conditions.[1][2] Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and remain dependent on the female until the following spring. Porpoises produce ultrasonic clicks, which are used for both navigation (echolocation) and social communication. In contrast to many dolphin species, porpoises do not form large social groups.
Porpoises were, and still are, hunted by some countries by means of drive hunting. Larger threats to porpoises include extensive bycatch in gill nets, competition for food from fisheries, and marine pollution, in particular heavy metals and organochlorides. The vaquita nearly became extinct in the twentieth century, due to bycatch in gill nets, with a predicted population of fewer than 100 individuals. Since the extinction of the baiji, the vaquita is considered the most endangered cetacean. Some species of porpoises have been and are kept in captivity and trained for research, education and public display.
Taxonomy and evolution
Porpoises, along with whales and dolphins, are descendants of land-living ungulates (hoofed animals) that first entered the oceans around 50 million years ago (Mya). During the Miocene (23 to 5 Mya), mammals were fairly modern, meaning they seldom changed physiologically from the time. The cetaceans diversified, and fossil evidence suggests porpoises and dolphins diverged from their last common ancestor around 15 Mya. The oldest fossils are known from the shallow seas around the North Pacific, with animals spreading to the European coasts and Southern Hemisphere only much later, during the Pliocene.[3]
ORDER ARTIODACTYLA
Infraorder Cetacea
Parvorder Odontoceti toothed whales
Superfamily Delphinoidea
Family Phocoenidae - porpoises
Genus +Haborophocoena[4]
H. toyoshimai
Genus Neophocaena
N. phocaeniodes - finless porpoise
N. asiaeorientalis - narrow-ridged finless porpoise
Genus +Numataphocoena[5]
N. yamashitai
Genus Phocoena
P. phocoena - harbour porpoise
P. sinus - vaquita
P. dioptrica - spectacled porpoise
P. spinipinnis - Burmeister's porpoise
Genus Phocoenoides
P. dalli - Dall's porpoise
Genus +Septemtriocetus[6]
S. bosselaersii
Genus +Piscolithax
P. aenigmaticus
P. longirostris
P. boreios
P. tedfordi
Recently discovered hybrids between male harbour porpoises and female Dall's porpoises indicate the two species may actually be members of the same genus.[7]
Harbour porpoise skeleton
Porpoises have a bulbous head, no external ear flaps, a non-flexible neck, a torpedo shaped body, limbs modified into flippers, and a tail fin. Their skull has small eye orbits, small, blunt snouts, and eyes placed on the sides of the head. Porpoises range in size from the 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) and 54 kg (119 lb) Vaquita[8] to the 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) and 220 kg (490 lb) Dall's porpoise.[9] Overall, they tend to be dwarfed by other cetaceans. Almost all species have female-biased sexual dimorphism, with the females being larger than the males,[10][11] although those physical differences are generally small; one exception is Dall's porpoise.[12][13]
Odontocetes possess teeth with cementum cells overlying dentine cells. Unlike human teeth, which are composed mostly of enamel on the portion of the tooth outside of the gum, whale teeth have cementum outside the gum. Porpoises have a three-chambered stomach, including a fore-stomach and fundic and pyloric chambers.[14] Porpoises, like other odontocetes, possess only one blowhole.[11] Breathing involves expelling stale air from the blowhole, forming an upward, steamy spout, followed by inhaling fresh air into the lungs.[11][15] All porpoises have a thick layer of blubber. This blubber can help with insulation from the harsh underwater climate, protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat, and energy for leaner times. Calves are born with only a thin layer of blubber, but rapidly gains a thick layer from the milk, which has a very high fat content.
Porpoises have two flippers on the front, and a tail fin. Although porpoises do not possess fully developed hind limbs, they possess discrete rudimentary appendages, which may contain feet and digits. Their flippers, for example, contain four digits. Porpoises are fast swimmers in comparison to seals, which typically cruise at 9-28 km/h (5-15 kn). The fusing of the neck vertebrae, while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds, decreases flexibility, making it impossible for them to turn their head.[16] When swimming, they move their tail fin and lower body up and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. Flipper movement is continuous. Some species log out of the water, which may allow then to travel faster, and sometimes they porpoise out of the water, meaning jump out of the water. Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers. They have a very well defined and triangular dorsal fin, allowing them to steer better in the water. Unlike their dolphin counterparts, they are adapted for coastal shores, bays, and estuaries.[11][17]
Biosonar by cetaceans
The porpoise ear has specific adaptations to the marine environment. In humans, the middle ear works as an impedance equaliser between the outside air's low impedance and the cochlear fluid's high impedance. In whales, and other marine mammals, there is no great difference between the outer and inner environments. Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear, porpoises receive sound through the throat, from which it passes through a low-impedance fat-filled cavity to the inner ear.[18] The porpoise ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air-filled sinus pockets, which allow for greater directional hearing underwater.[19] Odontocetes send out high frequency clicks from an organ known as a melon. This melon consists of fat, and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression. The large bulge on top of the porpoises head is caused by the melon.[11][20][21][22]
The porpoise eye is relatively small for its size, yet they do retain a good degree of eyesight. As well as this, the eyes of a porpoise are placed on the sides of its head, so their vision consists of two fields, rather than a binocular view like humans have. When porpoises surface, their lens and cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light; their eyes contain both rod and cone cells, meaning they can see in both dim and bright light. Porpoises do, however, lack short wavelength sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells indicating a more limited capacity for colour vision than most mammals.[23] Most porpoises have slightly flattened eyeballs, enlarged pupils (which shrink as they surface to prevent damage), slightly flattened corneas and a tapetum lucidum; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye and, therefore, they are able to form a very clear image of the surrounding area.[20]
The olfactory lobes are absent in porpoises, suggesting that they have no sense of smell.[20]
Porpoises are not thought to have a good sense of taste, as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether. However, some have preferences between different kinds of fish, indicating some sort of attachment to taste.[20]
Unlike most animals, porpoises are conscious breathers. All mammals sleep, but porpoises cannot afford to become unconscious for long because they may drown. While knowledge of sleep in wild cetaceans is limited, porpoises in captivity have been recorded to sleep with one side of their brain at a time, so that they may swim, breathe consciously, and avoid both predators and social contact during their period of rest.[24]
"Rooster tail" spray around swimming Dall's porpoises
Porpoises are fully aquatic creatures. Females deliver a single calf after a gestation period lasting about a year. Calving takes place entirely under water, with the foetus positioned for tail-first delivery to help prevent drowning. Females have mammary glands, but the shape of a newborn calf's mouth does not allow it to obtain a seal around the nipple-- instead of the calf sucking milk, the mother squirts milk into the calf's mouth.[25] This milk contains high amounts of fat, which aids in the development of blubber; it contains so much fat that it has the consistency of toothpaste. The calves are weaned at about 11 months of age. Males play no part in rearing calves. The calf is dependent for one to two years, and maturity occurs after seven to ten years, all varying between species. This mode of reproduction produces few offspring, but increases the probability of each one surviving.[12]
Porpoises eat a wide variety of creatures. The stomach contents of harbour porpoises suggests that they mainly feed on benthic fish, and sometimes pelagic fish. They may also eat benthic invertebrates. In rare cases, algae, such as Ulva lactuca, is consumed. Atlantic porpoises are thought to follow the seasonal migration of bait fish, like herring, and their diet varies between seasons. The stomach contents of Dall's porpoises reveal that they mainly feed on cephalopods and bait fish, like capelin and sardines. Their stomachs also contained some deep-sea benthic organisms.[17]
The finless porpoise is known to also follow seasonal migrations. It is known that populations in the mouth of the Indus River migrate to the sea from April through October to feed on the annual spawning of prawns. In Japan, sightings of small pods of them herding sand lance onto shore are common year-round.[17]
Little is known about the diets of other species of porpoises. A dissection of three Burmeister's porpoises shows that they consume shrimp and euphausiids (krill). A dissection of a beached Vaquita showed remains of squid and grunts. Nothing is known about the diet of the spectacled porpoise.[17]
Interactions with humans
The tube in the head, through which this kind fish takes its breath and spitting water, located in front of the brain and ends outwardly in a simple hole, but inside it is divided by a downward bony septum, as if it were two nostrils; but underneath it opens up again in the mouth in a void.
-John Ray, 1671, the earliest description of cetacean airways
In Aristotle's time, the 4th century BCE, porpoises were regarded as fish due to their superficial similarity. Aristotle, however, could already see many physiological and anatomical similarities with the terrestrial vertebrates, such as blood (circulation), lungs, uterus and fin anatomy.[] His detailed descriptions were assimilated by the Romans, but mixed with a more accurate knowledge of the dolphins, as mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his "Natural history". In the art of this and subsequent periods, porpoises are portrayed with a long snout (typical of dolphins) and a high-arched head. The harbour porpoise was one of the most accessible species for early cetologists, because it could be seen very close to land, inhabiting shallow coastal areas of Europe. Much of the findings that apply to all cetaceans were first discovered in porpoises.[26] One of the first anatomical descriptions of the airways of the whales on the basis of a harbor porpoise dates from 1671 by John Ray.[27][28] It nevertheless referred to the porpoise as a fish, most likely not in the modern-day sense, where it refers to a zoological group, but the older reference as simply a creature of the sea (cf. for example star-fish, cuttle-fish, jelly-fish and whale-fish).
In captivity
Harbour porpoise in captivity
Harbour porpoises have historically been kept in captivity, under the assumption that they would fare better than their dolphin counterparts due to their smaller size and shallow-water habitats. Up until the 1980s, they were consistently short-lived.[17][29] Harbour porpoises have a very long captive history, with poorly documented attempts as early as the 15th century,[17] and better documented starting in the 1860s and 1870s in London Zoo, the now-closed Brighton Aquarium & Dolphinarium, and a zoo in Germany.[29][30] At least 150 harbour porpoises have been kept worldwide, but only about 20 were actively caught for captivity.[17] The captive history is best documented from Denmark where about 100 harbour porpoises have been kept, most in the 1960s and 1970s. All but two were incidental catches in fishing nets or strandings. Nearly half of these died within a month of diseases caught before they were captured or from damage sustained during capture. Up until 1984, none lived for more than 14 months.[17][29] Attempts of rehabilitation seven rescued individuals in 1986 only resulted in three that could be released 6 months later.[17] Very few have been brought into captivity later, but they have lived considerably longer. In recent decades the only place keeping the species in Denmark is the Fjord & Bælt Centre, where three rescues have been kept, along with their offspring. Among the three rescues, one (father of world's first harbour porpoise born in captivity) lived for 20 years in captivity and another 15 years, while the third (mother of first born in captivity) was still alive in 2018 after 20 years.[31][32] This is older than the typical age reached in the wild, which is 14 years or less.[32][33][34] Very few harbour porpoises have been born in captivity. Historically, harbour porpoises were often kept singly and those who were together often were not mature or of the same sex.[17] Disregarding one born more than 100 years ago that was the result of a pregnant female being brought into captivity,[17] the world's first full captive breeding was in 2007 in the Fjord & Bælt Centre, followed by another in 2009 in the Dolfinarium Harderwijk, the Netherlands.[35] In addition to the few kept in Europe, harbour porpoise were displayed at the Vancouver Aquarium (Canada) until recently. This was a female that had beached herself onto Horseshoe Bay in 2008 and a male that had done the same in 2011.[36][37] They died in 2017 and 2016 respectively.[38][39]
Finless porpoises have commonly been kept in Japan, as well as China and Indonesia. As of 1984, ninety-four in total had been in captivity in Japan, eleven in China, and at least two in Indonesia. As of 1986, three establishments in Japan had bred them, and there had been five recorded births. Three calves died moments after their birth, but two survived for several years.[17] This breeding success, combined with the results with harbour porpoise in Denmark and the Netherlands, proved that porpoises can be successfully bred in captivity, and this could open up new conservation options.[17][40] The reopened Miyajima Public Aquarium (Japan) houses three finless porpoises.[41] As part of an attempt of saving the narrow-ridged (or Yangtze) finless porpoise, several are kept in the Baiji Dolphinarium in China. After having been kept in captivity for 9 years, the first breeding happened in 2005.[42]
Small numbers of Dall's porpoises have been kept in captivity in both the United States and Japan, with the most recent being in the 1980s. These animals consistently failed to thrive. Captive Dall's porpoises often repeatedly ran into the walls of their enclosures, refused food, and exhibited skin sloughing. Almost all Dall's porpoises introduced to aquaria died shortly after, typically within days.[17][43] Only two have lived for more than 60 days: a male reached 15 months at Marineland of the Pacific and another 21 months at a United States Navy facility.[43]
As part of last-ditch effort of saving the extremely rare vaquita (the tiny remaining population is rapidly declining because of bycatch in gillnets), there have been attempts of transferring some to captivity.[40][44] The first and only caught for captivity were two females in 2017. Both became distressed and were rapidly released, but one of them died in the process.[45][46] Soon after the project was abandoned.[46]
Only a single Burmeister's porpoise and a single spectacled porpoise have been kept in captivity. Both were stranded individuals that only survived a few days after their rescue.[17][47]
Traditional catch of harbour porpoise by lancing in Bay of Fundy
Porpoises and other smaller cetaceans have traditionally been hunted in many areas for their meat and blubber. A dominant hunting technique is drive hunting, where a pod of animals is driven together with boats and usually into a bay or onto a beach. Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the ocean with other boats or nets. This type of fishery for harbour porpoises is well documented from the Danish Straits, where it occurred regularly until the end of the 19th century,[48] and picked up again during World war I and World War II. The Inuit in the Arctic hunt harbour porpoises by shooting and drive hunt for Dall's porpoise still takes place in Japan. The number of individuals taken each year is in the thousands, although a quota of around 17,000 per year is in effect today[49] making it the largest direct hunt of any cetacean species in the world [50] and the sustainability of the hunt has been questioned.[51][52]
A vaquita swimming in the Gulf of California.
Porpoises are highly affected by bycatch. Many porpoises, mainly the vaquita, are subject to great mortality due to gillnetting. Although it is the world's most endangered marine cetacean, the vaquita continues to be caught in small-mesh gillnet fisheries throughout much of its range. Incidental mortality caused by the fleet of El Golfo de Santa Clara was estimated to be at around 39 vaquitas per year, which is over 17% of the population size.[53] Harbour porpoises also suffer drowning by gillnetting, but on a less threatening scale due to their high population; their mortality rate per year increases a mere 5% due to this.[54]
The fishing market, historically has always had a porpoise bycatch. Today, the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 has enforced the use of safer fishing equipment to reduce bycatch.[55]
Porpoises are very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances,[56] and are keystone species, which can indicate the overall health of the marine environment.[56] Populations of harbor porpoises in the North and Baltic Seas are under increasing pressure from anthropogenic causes such as offshore construction, ship traffic, fishing, and military exercises.[57] Increasing pollution is a serious problem for marine mammals. Heavy metals and plastic waste are not biodegradable, and sometimes cetaceans consume these hazardous materials, mistaking them for food items. As a result, the animals are more susceptible to diseases and have fewer offspring.[58] Harbour porpoises from the English Channel were found to have accumulated heavy metals.[56]
The military and geologists employ strong sonar and produce an increases in noise in the oceans. Marine mammals that make use of biosonar for orientation and communication are not only hindered by the extra noise, but may race to the surface in panic. This may lead to a bubbling out of blood gases, and the animal then dies because the blood vessels become blocked, so-called decompression sickness.[59] This effect, of course, only occurs in porpoises that dive to great depths, such as Dall's porpoise.[60]
Additionally, civilian vessels produce sonar waves in order to measure the depth of the body of water in which they are. Similar to the navy, some boats produce waves that attract porpoises, while others may repel them. The problem with the waves that attract is that the animal may be injured or even killed by being hit by the vessel or its propeller.[61]
A porpoise sculpture in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
The harbour porpoise, spectacled porpoise, Burmeister's porpoise, and Dall's porpoise are all listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).[62][63] In addition, the Harbour porpoise is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS), the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia.[64] Their conservation statuses are either at least concern or data deficient.[65]
As of 2014, only 505 Yangtze finless porpoises remained in the main section of the Yangtze, with an alarming population density in Ezhou and Zhenjiang. While many threatened species decline rate slows after their classification, population decline rates of the porpoise are actually accelerating. While population decline tracked from 1994 to 2008 has been pegged at a rate of 6.06% annually, from 2006 to 2012, the porpoise population decreased by more than half. Finless porpoise population decrease of 69.8% in just a 22-year span from 1976 to 2000. 5.3%.[66] A majority of factors of this population decline are being driven by the massive growth in Chinese industry since 1990 which caused increased shipping and pollution and ultimately environmental degradation.[67] Some of these can be seen in damming of the river as well as illegal fishing activity. To protect the species, China's Ministry of Agriculture classified the species as being National First Grade Key Protected Wild Animal, the strictest classification by law, meaning it is illegal to bring harm to a porpoise. Protective measures in the Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve has increased its population of porpoises from five to forty in 25 years. The Chinese Academy of Science's Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology has been working with the World Wildlife Fund to ensure the future for this subspecies, and have placed five porpoises in another well-protected area, the He-wang-miao oxbow.[68] Five protected natural reserves have been established in areas of the highest population density and mortality rates with measures being taken to ban patrolling and harmful fishing gear in those areas. There have also been efforts to study porpoise biology to help specialize conservation through captivation breeding. The Baiji Dolphinarium, was established in 1992 at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan which allowing the study of behavioral and biological factors affecting the finless porpoise, specifically breeding biology like seasonal changes in reproductive hormones and breeding behavior.[69]
Because vaquitas are indigenous to the Gulf of California, Mexico is leading conservation efforts with the creation of the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA), which has tried to prevent the accidental deaths of vaquitas by outlawing the use of fishing nets within the vaquita's habitat.[70] CIRVA has worked together with the CITES, the Endangered Species Act, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) to nurse the vaquita population back to a point at which they can sustain themselves.[71] CIRVA concluded in 2000 that between 39 and 84 individuals are killed each year by such gillnets. In order to try to prevent extinction, the Mexican government has created a nature reserve covering the upper part of the Gulf of California and the Colorado River delta. They have also placed a temporary ban on fishing, with compensation to those affected, that may pose a threat to the vaquita.[72]
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^ a b Goldfarb, B. (2016). "Can captive breeding save Mexico's vaquita?". Conservation Biology. 353 (6300): 633-634. doi:10.1126/science.353.6300.633. PMID 27516576.
^ Bunnel, Wade. "Hiroshima revamps its aquarium". Japan Times.
^ Ding Wang; Yujiang Hao; Kexiong Wang; Qingzhong Zhao; Daoquang Chen; Zhuo Wei; Xianfeng Zhang (2005). "The first Yangtze finless porpoise successfully born in captivity". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 12 (5): 247-250. doi:10.1065/espr2005.08.284. PMID 16206715. S2CID 37638759.
^ a b "Wayback Machine: Dall's Porpoises in Captivity". dolphinproject.com. Retrieved 2018.
^ "Captivity: Last hope for saving the vaquita?". Deutsche Welle. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 2018.
^ "The Plan to Rescue a Nearly Extinct Porpoise Goes Terribly Awry". The Atlantic. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 2018.
^ a b "Update: After death of captured vaquita, conservationists call off rescue effort". Science Magazine. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 2018.
^ "Spectacled Porpoise". porpoise.org. Retrieved 2018.
^ Petersen, Åge (1969). Marsvin og marsvinjægere. Middelfart, Denmark: Middelfart By- og Egnshistoriske Museum.
^ Jefferson, TA; Braulik, G. "Phocoenoides dalli". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018.
^ "Phocoenoides dalli (Dall's porpoise, Dall porpoise)". The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
^ "Report of the Sub-Committee on Small Cetaceans". International Whaling Commission. 2008.
^ Wells, RS. "Letter to Japanese Government Regarding Dolphin and Small Whale Hunts". The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
^ D'agrosa, C.; Lennert-Cody, C. E.; Vidal, O. (2000). "Vaquita Bycatch in Mexico's Artisanal Gillnet Fisheries: Driving a Small Population to Extinction". Conservation Biology. 14 (4): 1110-1119. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98191.x. S2CID 44057831.
^ Caswell, Hal; Brault, Solange; Read, Andrew; Smith, Tim (1998). "Harbor Porpoise and Fisheries: an Uncertainty Analysis of Incidental Mortality" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 8 (4): 1226-1238. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[1226:hpafau]2.0.co;2. Retrieved 2015.
^ Croft, Chris. "America's Favorite Fish Tainted by Porpoise Deaths". Retrieved 2015.
^ a b c Mahfouz, C; Henry, F; Courcot, L; Pezeril, S; Bouveroux, T; Dabin, W; Jauniaux, T; Khalaf, G; Amara, R (2014). "Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the southern North Sea: an assessment through metallic contamination". Environmental Research. 133: 266-73. Bibcode:2014ER....133..266M. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.006. PMID 24981825.
^ Siebert, Ursula; Pozniak, Blazej; Hansen, Kirstin; Anderson; Nordstrom, Gwyneth; Teilmann, Jonas; Van Elk, Niels; Vossen, Ardnt; Dietz, Rune (2011). "Investigations of Thyroid and Stress Hormones in Free-Ranging and Captive Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): A Pilot Study". Aquatic Mammals. 37 (4): 443-453. doi:10.1578/am.37.4.2011.443.
^ Cara E. Miller (2007). Current State of Knowledge of Cetacean Threats, Diversity, and Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (PDF). Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. ISBN 978-0-646-47224-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2015.
^ M. Andre; T. Johansson; E. Delory; M. van der Schaar (2005). Cetacean biosonar and noise pollution. Europe Oceans 2005. 2. Oceans 2005-Europe. p. 1028. doi:10.1109/OCEANSE.2005.1513199. ISBN 978-0-7803-9103-1. S2CID 31676969.
^ Kastelein, R. A., Schop, J., Gransier, R., Steen, N., & Jennings, N. (2014). "Effect of Series of 1 to 2 kHz and 6 to 7 kHz Up-Sweeps and Down-Sweeps on the Behavior of a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)". Aquatic Mammals. 40 (3): 232-242. doi:10.1578/AM.40.3.2014.232. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Culik, B.; von Dorrien, C.; Muller, V.; Conrad, M. (2015). "Bioacoustics". The International Journal of Animal Sound and Its Recording. 24 (3). ISSN 0952-4622.
^ " "Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008". 5 March 2009.
^ HELCOM (2013). "HELCOM Red List of Baltic Sea species in danger of becoming extinct" (PDF). Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings (140): 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-07.
^ "Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia" (PDF). Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. pp. 1-6.
^ IUCN, ASCOBANS, WWF, CMS, ACCOBAMS. "Odontocetes: The Toothed Whales" (PDF). IUCN, ASCOBANS, WWF, CMS, ACCOBAMS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-08. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Hashimoto, M.; Shirakihara, K.; Shirakihara, M.; Hiramatsu, K. (2013). "Estimating the rate of increase for the finless porpoise with special attention to predictions for the inland sea population in japan". Population Ecology. 55 (3): 441-449. doi:10.1007/s10144-013-0374-5. S2CID 15843140.
^ Mei, Zhigang; Zhang, Xinqiao; Huang, Shiang-Lin; Zhao, Xiujiang; Hao, Yujiang; Zhang, Lin; Qian, Zhengyi; Zheng, Jinsong; Wang, Kexiong; Wang, Ding (2014). "The Yangtze Finless Porpoise: On an Accelerating Path to Extinction?". Biological Conservation. 172: 117-23. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.033.
^ Krchnak, Karin (30 September 2014). "Saving the Finless Porpoise". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2015.
^ Wang, D.; Hao, Y.; Wang, K.; Zhao, Q.; Chen, D.; Wei, Z.; Zhang, X. (2005). "the first yangtze finless porpoise successfully born in captivity". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 12 (5): 247-250. doi:10.1065/espr2005.08.284. PMID 16206715. S2CID 37638759.
^ Barlow, J. (2014). "Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)". Edge of Existence programme. Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 2015.
^ "Gulf of California Harbor Porpoise / Vaquita / Cochito (Phocoena sinus)". Species Information. NOAA Fisheries-Office of Protected Resources. 2013-07-08. Retrieved 2014.
^ Gill Braulik (24 April 2015). "President of Mexico launches plan to save the vaquita". IUCN SSC-Cetacean Specialist Group. Retrieved 2015.
Media related to Phocoenidae at Wikimedia Commons
Whale Trackers - An online documentary series about whales, dolphins and porpoises.
Cetaceans portal
Dall's Porpoise
Finless porpoise
Sh4 Presentation Porpoise
harbour porpoises
Porpoise Underwater View
(Finless porpoise)
Harbour porpoise Meaning
Porpoise hunt in Japan
Cape Porpoise electrician
The Vaquita Porpoise
Purposeful Porpoise - Unexplored
Dall's Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)
Porpoises spotted off Seaham
Killer whale hunts porpoise
Porpoise rescued from tsunami
Porpoise Rescue , Petticodiac River, Moncton
Harbour Porpoise Species Identification
Beautiful Marriage Porpoise Ture Love

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Driving is something that you need to learn by heart. As teachers shape your career in schools, similarly driving instructors help you to shape your driving skills in an effective manner. So, when you plan to pursue your driving course, the things you need to look for is none other than a qualified driving instructor. A reputed driving organisation hires qualified and experienced instructors who can help the students to learn driving from the scratch.
A government approved driving instructor is someone whom you are looking for. An experienced professional will charge you more than a trainee instructor, but at the same time he/she will help you to learn driving courses in depth. So, learn to drive with qualified instructors to earn better driving skills.
Reliability of the driving school ensures that the drivers they are sending are also reliable. For the tenure of driving course he/she will be your friend and not an instructor. So, make sure you have that bonding with the trainer so that you can express your learning willingness without any hesitation. Trust should be there as for the entire training session he will be with you, teaching all the odds of driving.
The selection of vehicle is also a crucial factor. Learning in a small car is quite easy compared to bigger ones. As you are learning it for the first time, you should learn handling with small cars and later move to bigger ones.
The drivers should be very punctual and come to your place before time. It becomes frustrating when the instructor keeps on coming late for driving classes.
Another big factor that plays the pivotal role is the calmness of the instructor. The professional should be calm and composed in nature as the learners keep on doing mistakes. He/she should rectify the mistakes and boost up your confidence. Now, it's your choice whom will you love to hire as an instructor. Professionals who keep on reacting in every mistake you do is not a good instructor at all.
The professional should maintain discipline and ask you to maintain that during the course as disciplines help a learner to learn more and accurately. Keep patience and also learn the road safety measures as these will help you in tackling real time situations while you drive.
Last but not the least, make sure you attend all the sessions as if you miss a session it will hamper your learning process.
In the Australian context, one of the best types of certification that a student can get is a Victorian Certificate of Education or VCE in short. This is actually a certificate awarded to students who complete their secondary level education in the state of Victoria (although the program is available in many other parts of the world, this is where it has originated). Due to its nature, VCE can be completed in two years (if you are a high school student) or in one year (if you want to get the certificate as an adult).As VCE is followed in schools as well as private institutions, it has become quite a popular certificate in terms of the number of students completing it. While subject choices depend a lot of on institute you choose to study at, there is quite a lot of variety, ranging from basic subjects like English and Maths to Science Subjects like Chemistry and Physics and even those in the Commerce Field, like Business Studies. If someone is weak in a foundation subject, it is possible to catch up with, due to the availability of extra VCE Maths and English classes.VCE does has a few additional benefits over other certificates. One main advantage is the fact that students do not have to fully complete all the units of a specific subject in order to advance. If employment is your primary concern, all it takes is getting a satisfactory pass to get your VCE certificate.
Students who want to enter university will have to work harder though and will require an ATAR before being able to apply for a university. They will also have to take relevant subjects in order to qualify. For example, a student who wishes to study in the field of engineering or mathematics may want to take on Maths or Further Maths VCE studies.Alongside basic subjects and subjects needed to enter local universities, most VCE awarding schools and institutes allow students to enrol in special vocational training programs which are aimed specifically at those who wish to enter the workforce as soon as they graduate. Doing such programs will grant students an industry qualification that will be extremely beneficial to get a good job position or achieve your goals.


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Garden and Natural History Auction highlights
On Tuesday, 20th May 2014 Summers Place Auctions will be holding their next sale - The Garden and Natural History auction which includes a huge variety of Natural History related lots and a private collection of 40 lots built up over the last 30 years. The collection includes an extremely rare clouded leopard, mounted by the celebrated taxidermy company Rowland Ward. Estimated at £6,000-10,000, it is one of only a handful of fully mounted examples to have come onto the market in living memory. Other known examples are in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan and the Smithsonian Institute. This sale offers the opportunity to another institution or a private collector to own this 137 cm long clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), which stands majestically on a natural base.*
Highlights among the fossils included in the sale is an Ichthyosaur stenopterygius. The 111cm long specimen comes from the famous fossil locality at Holzmaden, Germany and is of historical importance. The Jurassic deposits here are around 180 million years old (some 20 million years younger than similar deposits at Lyme Regis) and are known for the exquisite state of preservation of the fossils that occur there. This particular ichthyosaur is a remarkable example, and was painstakingly uncovered from the surrounding matrix by the world-renowned preparator Bernard Hauff (1912-1990). The Hauff family were famous for the production of fossils and their work can be seen in the Urwelt-Museum Hauff, Holzmaden. The Ichthyosaur is estimated to fetch £20,000-30,000.
At an estimate of £9,000-12,000, a highly important Narwhal Sailors' Cane with silver mounting and walrus ivory top has one of the most romantic provenances while also be of great historical importance. The inscription says: 'Brought home in the Fox by Geo. Edwards' and 'Sent out by Lady Franklin 1859' - clearly connecting it with the famous Franklin expedition, which saw Rear Admiral Sir John Franklin (1786-1847) set off from England in 1845 to locate and chart the elusive Northwest Passage. Neither he nor any of his crew of 129 men ever returned - their disappearance became one of the great mysteries of nineteenth century Britain. Lady Franklin herself sponsored one of the expeditions to search for her husband in 1859 and she gave this cane to the search troupe to give to her husband. Sadly they finally discovered a note that stated that Franklin had died on June 11th 1847.** There are another 28 canes and sticks included in the sale with estimates starting from £80 to £1,200.
BONES, SKULLS & TUSKS
Among the bones, skulls and tusks included in the sale, is an Ice Age mammoth tusk from the Taymyr peninsular, Siberia (outside curve 115cm) – it's displayed on an iron stand and estimated at £4,000-6,000. A very rare pair of painted Whales ear bones, both about 15 cm high, are expected to sell for £1,000-2,000. These early 19th Century bones are painted to heighten their resemblance to human faces. Also included in the sale are several Dayak skulls – the Dayak peoples were once famous as head hunters and it was common practice to carve designs onto skulls that were obtained. Among the lots are a Dayak skull with boar's tusks ( £900-1,200), a finely carved Dayak skull (£1,200-1,500) and an early 20th century Dayak carved Sun Bear skull
(£600-800). Three Asmat ancestor skulls from New Guinea, all with feather headdress and nose piece are estimated to fetch £1,500-2,000 each. There is also a possible record Lion skull (Panthera leo) – the 42 cm high skull was mentioned in the Rowland Ward archive as being the largest known to them (est. £500-700).
Among the more decorative items are a mahogany tusk gong stand by Van Ingen of Mysore. The early 20th Century, 28 cm high stand with brass bell shaped gong is estimated to fetch £150-250, while an Indian elephant ivory gong stand with copper gong (circa 1880, 50 cm high) is estimated at £600-1,000. Two leopard skins and a big lion skin with a superbly mounted head and impressive mane (all early 20th century with estimates from £400 to £2,500) are also included in the sale.
WATERCOLOURS, PRINTS & PHOTOS
This sale also has a section of watercolours, prints and photographic material. There are four lots of watercolours of exotic animals from Australia and the Pacific, with estimates starting from £800 and £1,200 each. They are of a scientific nature and are likely to have been carried out on one of the French expeditions during the middle of the nineteenth century, possibly one of Jules Dumont d'Urville's expeditions, which resulted in his great masterpiece Voyage au Pole Sud dans la corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zelee. Animals included are a red Lemur, red rumped chevrotain from Fernando Po Island, marsupials and to different species of squirrels.
A pencil drawing of a Micmac Indian entitled "Louis Julian, Micmac Indian of Miramachi" attributed to Major General O'Halloran, who studied the language and customs of the Micmac around 1840 is expected to fetch £600-800. A collection of 17 glass slides from 1910 of Antarctic interest are estimated at £300-400 and a set of three silver gelatin prints taken from 19th century positive glass slides produced for the British Museum of Natural History. Showing skulls of a porcupine, a dolphin and the exoskeleton of an armadillo (est. £600-1,000).
Among the tribal art, a ceremonial feather headdress from the first half of the 20th century, containing cassowary feathers and cowrie shells from Irian Jaya (once the western half of New Guinea) is estimated at £500-600. The sale also includes 21 lots of West African Tribal art, which contains many unique pieces from the Congo including an Ngwagba wooden butterfly mask (circa
1950. est £1,200-1,500), a Pende chiefs walking stick made in the form of a rifle and an umbrella (late 19th century est. £600-800), a Songye/Tetela community or village carved wood female figure (2nd half of 20th century, est. £3,000-4,000), a large Vili carved wood fetish in the form of a two-headed dog (circa 1930, est. £4,000-5,000), a Conganese male wooden figure with a
chimpanzee skull (2nd half of 20th Century, est. £1,000-2,000) and an important Mangwetu maternity figure carved in ivory (circa 1940, est. £8,000-1,0000).
THE MACABRE
Amongst the more macabre lots is a felons skull from the early 19th Century in an antique glass dome is expected to fetch £2,000-3,000. The skull inscribed John Parker hanged for robbing Henbury Church and De Boudrie's school, has been partially cut away to serve as an anatomical specimen, and comes with a photo copied newspaper article on how Parker was executed at
"Glocester Gaol" and born in the parish of Langley, near Chippenham.
Two mummified dogs and a cat, each in a 43 by 59 cm case, are expected to fetch £2,000-3,000. An Egyptian mummified hand (B.C. in later glass dome) is expected to sell for £2,000-3,000 and a mummified Human head (reputedly Egyptian, Ptolemaic) carries an estimate of £1,000-2,000.
Among the taxidermy lots, there are several other lots by Rowland Ward, including a Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus), which stands 185cm high (£3,000-5,000), a 148 cm long Puma (Panthera) (£3,000-5,000) and a blue Monkey (Cercopithecus Mitis Elgonis) (1st half 20th Century, est. £600-1,000). A Salmon (Salmo salar), which has been prepared in the style of Malloch of Perth will be sold in a 130cm case with inscription "Taken from the spey by H MacMillan July 1909", weight 37lbs is estimated £2,000-3,000.
The sale also has 350 lots of garden sculpture and ornament including contemporary sculpture, which will be followed by The Alistair Morris Garden Collection of Garden related Implements, Art and Memorabilia sale to be sold by sealed bid, closing on Thursday 22nd May. The sale comprises approximately 1,600 items such as tools and implement, watering cans, awards and medals, books and ephemera, advertising and promotional items, paintings, artwork, novelties and games, and personal memorabilia.
The main collection covers the period of popular gardening from 1850 to 1950, but also includes rare and earlier pieces dating to the 17th and 18th centuries. Formed over a 25 year period, the collection initially served as research for part of the internationally successful book Antiques from the Garden, which was first published in 1996 and then reprinted in 1998. A second edition was published in 1999 and reprinted 2001. Highlights include a wonderful and amusing painting by William Weekes (fl. 1864 –1904) entitled The Gardener's Lunch, a very rare 17th century pottery watering pot, and a leather sand bucket from the Royal Gardens at Kew circa 1830, plus a number of iconic copper watering cans dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The collection is expected to fetch a six figure sum. Amassed by Alistair Morris, who is a consultant to the Museum of Garden History (now the Garden Museum) and the National Museum of Gardening.
It is Alistair's wish that the collection be kept together in the hope that it's new home will inspire another generation of both gardeners and collectors.
*The clouded leopard is the most elusive of the big cats and is indigenous to the forested belt east of the Himalayas and through South East Asia and China, south of the Yangtze River. As a forest dweller, very few people have ever had the chance to see a clouded leopard in its natural habitat. Rowland Ward (1848-1912) the most celebrated of all taxidermists, operated from
premises in Piccadilly. Here, he catered to Dukes and Duchesses, the rich and famous, and sportsmen the world over. He was so successful, and his reputation so great, that following his own death in 1912, the company he founded stayed in business for another 60 years,despite the general decline in interest in taxidermy through the twentieth century. Ward himself made many
innovations in terms of taxidermy, and always maintained that a good taxidermist was not simply a craftsman but an artist.
** Two expeditions were launched to find traces of the original voyage but nothing of significance was located. From stories told by Inuits, however, rumours circulated that Franklin's ships, the Erebus and Terror had become icebound, the men had attempted to march overland and many had succumbed to the cold. Some, however, had resorted to cannibalism. This caused a scandal in Victorian Britain and in a final attempt to resolve the issue and the controversy, Lady Franklin herself sponsored a new search in a vessel called The Fox. After many hair raising adventures the ship became frozen in the Arctic Ice and the crew undertook overland marches in search of Franklin and his men. They finally discovered a cairn at Victory Point, Canada and a note that stated that Franklin had died on June 11th 1847.
Viewing times: Friday 16th to Monday 19th May 10am to 4pm and on the morning of the sale, or by appointment at Summers Place Auctions, The Walled Garden, Billingshurst, West Sussex, RH14 9AB.
The catalogue will be available a month before the sale and will be fully illustrated on the website.
For further information on the auction, please visit www.summersplaceauctions.com or call 01403 331331.
For press information, images or to interview any of the specialists,
please contact Silke Lohmann (silke@exclamationpr.co.uk/ 07932 618754) or
Rachel Aked (rachel@rachelaked.co.uk/07790732448).
Tribal: Boli Power Object, Bamana People, Mali ...
Tribal: An ancestor skull with headdress Dayak ...
Toys for Boys: A SA-2 Guideline rocket circa 1960 ...


The Power Rangers are a stateside phenomenon, but their origins come from the Japanese series Super Sentai. Now that there are Power Rangers comics though, could a crossover ever happen?
That question was one of the many asked of writer Kyle Higgins at the Go Go Power Rangers panel at New York Comic Con. Higgins currently writes the successful Mighty Morphin Power Rangers series for BOOM! Studios, a series in which Higgins has already added quite substantially to the Power Rangers lore.
A television crossover is something that will likely not happen since the Super Sentai footage is what is used in the Power Rangers episodes themselves. That said, could fans see it happen in the comics?
"Not from me," Higgins said. "There are rights and all that, but also, I would have to have a story that I am compelled to tell and as a writer, I don't want to just bring them together unless there is a reason. Even the Drakkon stuff is a cautionary tale and there are some dark things that can come out of that. So that crossover probably isn't likely to happen."
Sigh...oh well, one can dream, right?
When it comes to Power Rangers though, never say never. As long as there are more seasons of Super Sentai and Power Rangers coming down the pipeline, a storyline worth visiting could present itself.
Just because Higgins isn't tackling Super Sentai doesn't mean he's done adding to the Ranger legacy. The aforementioned Lord Drakkon storyline was a big addition, adding in a whole other universe to explore as well as an incredibly popular villain. Higgins also recently introduced the original Red Ranger, kicking off a storyline that will again unearth unknown secrets about the Power Rangers, their mission, and their leader.
Hit the next slide to find out more about Super Sentai!
Slide 1/2 – What Exactly Is Super Sentai?
Super Sentai debuted in 1975 under the title Himitsu Sentai Gorenger. The series was created by Kamen Rider and Cyborg 009 creator Shotaro Ishinomori, though Gorenger and the second season Dengekitai were not considered part of the Super Sentai series until 1994.
After Toei and Marvel had Spider-Man face off against a giant robot in their live-action adaptation, they spun the premise out and created Battle Fever J in 1979. It wouldn't be until 1980 though that Toei would create their first solo Super Sentai series. The series was called Denshi Sentai Denziman and kicked off many of the traditions seen in future seasons, like transforming Zords, helmet visors, and morphers, though those names were not attached just yet.
Since then the series has spawned 41 seasons, including 2016's Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger and 2017's Uchu Sentai Kyranger. Haim Saban would eventually acquire the English rights to the series, adapting 1992's Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger into 1993's Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, launching a worldwide phenomenon. Since then Saban has adapted most of the Super Sentai series, except for one or two that wouldn't translate to stateside audiences.
While there might not be a crossover between the Power Rangers and Super Sentai coming, Toei is planning something pretty spectacular for the next season of Super Sentai.
The company trademarked two different names for their next season, indicating that two teams will be involved in the storyline. Toei trademarked Keisatsu Sentai Patoranger and Kaito Sentai Lupinranger, and the immediate thought was that the two would be teaming up. If a new report that popped up is true though, it could be something even better.
According to J-Hero, both teams will indeed be part of the season, but each one will have their own storyline. Each week will alternate storylines that are unique to each team but also contain similarities. Those stories will converge in Episode 20, becoming one narrative until the end of the season.
The Patorangers will try and take down the Lupinrangers, but that same report indicates there will also be one undercover Ranger, giving both shows a solid tether to each other. Each one will also get a separate toyline, with an assumed third toyline coming after the shows unite.
It is certainly an interesting premise, but it is important to note that Toei has not confirmed this to be true. Hopefully, that changes soon.