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XML OVER TCP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL WITH TUNNELED PROXY SUPPORT AND CONNECTION MANAGEMENT
Network elements, which are network nodes in a transmission network, implement a proprietary XML agent which supports an XML over TCP network management protocol. The protocol permits tunneling of proxy management traffic, with connection management support, to a privately addressed subtending network element. This tunneling is performed via a publicly addressable gateway network element device without the need for configuration at the element management system software application relative to the subtending network element.
Subramaniam, Narayanan (Bangalore, IN)
INFINERA CORPORATION (Sunnyvale, CA, US)
G06F15/177
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GUPTA, MUKTESH G
Infinera Corporation (Annapolis Junction, MD, US)
1. A method for providing a management protocol in a network, the method comprising: employing an element management system ("EMS") application within the network; implementing an XML agent on a plurality of network elements, including at least one subtending network element, that monitors a first port to identify management data from the EMS application; configuring a connection between the EMS application and a gateway network element; delegating a proxy from the gateway network element to the at least one subtending network element to allow the at least one subtending network element to be addressed by the EMS application; and tunneling proxy management traffic to at least one subtending network element from the gateway network element.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first port receives data from the EMS to the gateway network element.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the XML agent monitors a second port receives data from the EMS to at least one subtending network element.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the management protocol comprises transmitting packets having multiple communication data fields.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the multiple communication data fields comprise information related to a Proxy IP, a Target IP, a Proxy Port and a Target Port.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the multiple communication data fields comprise information related to a start and end of the frame.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the multiple communication data fields comprise a control flag.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the communication protocol manages an optical long-haul network.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the amount of traffic on the gateway network element is monitored.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of delegating the proxy is performed in response to the amount of traffic on the gateway network element being above a threshold level.
11. A network system having a management protocol comprising: an element management system ("EMS") that manages a plurality of network elements, each having an XML agent; a gateway network element communicatively coupled to the EMS through which traffic is sent to the plurality of network elements; and a subtending network element, communicatively coupled to the gateway network element and having an associated proxy designation, that receives tunneled proxy management traffic without the need for a distinct configuration of the EMS related to the subtending network element.
12. The network system of claim 11 wherein the proxy is delegated to the subtending network element in response to the amount of traffic on the gateway network element being above a threshold.
13. The network system of claim 11 wherein the XML agents monitor a first port and a second port for XML management traffic from the EMS.
14. The network system of claim 13 wherein the XML management traffic includes request-response and unsolicited events commands.
15. The network system of claim 13 wherein XML management traffic is transmitted over the TCP protocol.
16. The network system of claim 11 wherein the network system is an optical long-haul network.
17. A subtending network element comprising: a first port that receives tunneled XML management traffic from a gateway network element that originated from an element management system; an XML agent that monitors the XML management traffic received on the first port; and a delegated proxy address, assigned by the gateway network element, in response to the amount of traffic on the gateway network element exceeding a threshold level.
18. The subtending network element of claim 17 wherein the XML management traffic communicated over TCP protocol.
19. The subtending network element of claim 17 wherein a plurality of network elements are coupled to the subtending network element and receive information from the subtending network element.
20. A computer program product embodied on a computer readable medium for communicating management data within a network, the computer program product comprising computer instructions for: employing an element management system ("EMS") application within the network; implementing an XML agent on a plurality of network elements, including at least one subtending network element, that monitors a first port to identify management data from the EMS application; configuring a connection between the EMS application and a gateway network element; delegating a proxy from the gateway network element to the at least one subtending network element to allow the at least one subtending network element to be addressed by the EMS application; and tunneling proxy management traffic to the at least one subtending network element from the gateway network element.
21. The computer program product of claim 20 wherein the first port receives data from the EMS to the gateway network element.
22. The computer program product of claim 20 wherein the communication protocol manages an optical long-haul network.
23. The computer program product of claim 20 wherein the step of delegating the proxy is performed in response to the amount of traffic on the gateway network element being above a threshold level.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/691,070, entitled "XML over TCP Management Protocol with Tunneled Proxy Support and Connection Management," filed Jun. 16, 2005, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to network management, and more particularly, to the application of Extended Markup Language ("XML") over Transmission Control Protocol ("TCP") management protocol in communication networks.
B. Background of the Invention
In a telecommunication or data communication network system, various network elements ("NEs") are connected for communicating information or messages from one NE to another. The connection between these NEs may be logical or physical. Standard protocols are used to enable these NEs to communicate. Apart from these standard protocols, a management application is also required in order to configure these elements NEs and monitor the communication process.
A typical management application for a communication network may conFig. traffic circuits, or it may monitor the NEs to check for any fault occurrence in the equipment and subsequently employ the corrective actions accordingly from a central management station. Some management applications use the TCP/IP protocol to transport management data in the form of discrete packets, in which the Internet Protocol ("IP") provides the actual routing and delivery of data and the Transmission Control Protocol ("TCP") keeps track of the packets for the reliable transport of data through the Internet.
As part of NE management, the network operator may directly communicate with and manage an NE from a Network Operation Centers ("NOC"). In a long-haul communications network having a large number of concatenated NEs which are privately addressed within the network, it may so happen that management messages may be able to reach these destination NE's only via tunneling through one or more publicly IP addressable NE's, also termed as Gateway Network Elements ("GNEs").
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an approach for the management of a large number of NEs within a network. In particular, an Element Management System ("EMS") application is employed 101 and dedicated connections between the EMS and these privately addressed NE's, also termed as subtending network elements ("SNEs"), are maintained 102. A static port configuration on each GNE device is maintained 103 in order to relay traffic to a particular SNE device. In order to operate properly, this approach requires all GNE devices to maintain the static mapping to all SNE devices in the network 104, which is unwieldy and not scalable. Furthermore, the port assignment is required to be configured and maintained by a network administrator, which is prone to error. Any addition of new SNE or GNE devices 105, 106 further requires updating of coordinated configuration at all the GNE devices. Furthermore, each SNE device requires a separate dedicated connection (direct or indirect) to the EMS.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating another management approach that employs an EMS application 201 wherein a "Man-Machine Language," such as Transaction Language 1 ("TL1"), is used. TL1 manages messages in such a manner that the messages are readable and writeable to a system administrator as well as machines within the network. Basically, TL1 provides a command line interface ("CLI") that enables a user to control a NE. TL1 also enables NEs to send event data to an Operations Support System or Element Management System. XML management traffic is converted into TL-1 commands at the GNE device 202. Subsequently, the TL-1 TID (TARP) specification is used to manage SNE devices 203 and the traffic is relayed to the appropriate SNE 204.
This approach requires that each XML command have a TL-1 equivalent. Furthermore, TL-1 event notifications from a SNE device are required to be converted at a GNE device into their XML form without loss of information 205. These requirements limit the capability and efficiency of the management of the NEs.
What is required is a system, device and method that addresses the above-described drawbacks in the prior art.
The present invention provides a management protocol that is an XML based protocol running over the TCP protocol. The XML/TCP protocol configures a connection and establishes authentication of the network connection for various communication between network devices, including NEs.
In one embodiment, a device and method are disclosed for communicating management messages and data within various networks. An Element Management Application is employed within a network and an XML Agent ("XMA") is implemented on each network element. At least one GNE is configured and an EMS-GNE connection is established. Tunneling of GNE proxy management traffic is permitted in order to address multiple SNE devices. If one of the GNEs becomes overloaded, a provision of delegating proxy functionality from the GNE device to one of the SNE devices is supported so as to provide connectivity to other multiple SNEs further downstream.
The management traffic comprises of XML packets that are exchanged between the EMS and the network elements in the form of request-response messages and/or unsolicited events.
In another embodiment of the invention, a management protocol is provided that includes connection management. The management protocol comprises a packet structure having multiple fields including fields for Proxy IP, Target IP, Proxy Port and Target Port. These fields are the controlling fields of the management protocol and determine the tunneling and chaining characteristics between multiple SNEs and GNE devices. Apart from the controlling fields, other fields within the packet structure include start and end data related to the frame. The packet structure may also include a control flag, a version of the protocol, length and type of the payload, event sequence number and sub channel ID.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, a communication network system having a management protocol is provided. The communication network system comprises an Element Management System operating within a network. A GNE device(s) are coupled with the Element Management System and a plurality of network elements are coupled to the GNE device(s). Each network element contains an XML agent that permits tunneling and chaining of proxy management traffic to address multiple subtending network element devices without the need for configuration at the EMS application or of any intermediate network devices. The intermediate network device includes network routers and network address translation devices or the like. Each network element is provided with an IP address.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the drawings, and from the detailed description that follows below.
Reference will be made to embodiments of the invention, examples of which may be illustrated in the accompanying figures. These figures are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Although the invention is generally described in the context of these embodiments, it should be understood that it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to these particular embodiments.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art method for relaying traffic to a network element using static port configuration.
FIG. 2 illustrates another prior art method for relaying traffic to a network elements using TL-1.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a general method of addressing multiple network elements according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 shows a packet structure for sending information to various network elements using XML over TCP protocol according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating an exemplary method for transmitting information using an XML over TCP protocol according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method a method for transmitting information using an XML over TCP protocol according to one embodiment of the invention.
A system and a method for providing XML over TCP management protocol with tunneled proxy support and connection management are disclosed. In one embodiment, an EMS application is employed and an XML agent ("XMA") is implemented at each NE that supports XML/TCP. This XMA permits tunneling of proxy management traffic in order to address subtending network element ("SNE") devices via a publicly addressable gateway network element ("GNE") device without the need for configuration at the element management system ("EMS") software applications or of any intermediate network devices, such as network routers and network address translation ("NAT") devices.
In the following description, for purpose of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these details. One skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments of the present invention, some of which are described below, may be incorporated into a number of different computing systems and devices. The embodiments of the present invention may be present in hardware, software or firmware. The best mode of the invention described in the specification illustrates the exemplary embodiment of the invention. It is understood that one skilled in art may modify or change the data used in the best mode of invention.
Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, characteristic, or function described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
A. Overview
FIG. 3 illustrates a general method for transmitting information using an XML over TCP management protocol with tunneled proxy support and management control according to one embodiment of the invention. The method may be initiated by employing EMS software applications 301 that manages one or more communications network elements. Typically, the EMS or Operations Support System ("OSS") manages the function and potential within each NE. Because an EMS application does not mange the traffic between different NEs in the network, a proprietary XML agent is employed 302. This XML agent is provided at each NE such that each NE may be capable of supporting XML/TCP protocol. The XML management traffic may include the information of request-response and unsolicited events.
Each NE is associated with a Gateway Network Element directly or indirectly. A GNE is coupled to the EMS via an EMS-GNE connection that may be configured to allow the relay of traffic from source to destination 303. One single EMS-GNE is responsible for multiple traffic relays between EMS and all NEs or SNEs. In other words, the GNE provides proxy services on an SNE device. The XMA monitors the TCP ports meant for communication of XML management information between the EMS application and a GNE. The XMA also monitors TCP ports meant for communication of XML management information between the EMS application and a SNE via the GNE. As a result, the XMA allows all proxy management traffic via the GNE to be processed at these ports. The XMA supporting XML/TCP protocol basically comprises a frame of multiple fields and is described in the later part of this description.
In a scenario of long-haul communication, the number of the network elements is quite large. It is oftentimes complex to mange the traffic between such a large number of network elements. To reduce the complexity of the management task, it is necessary to offload the GNE.
The XMA continuously checks whether the GNE is overloaded with too much traffic 304 and in such circumstances, the proxy service from a GNE is delegated to a subtending network element SNE to address multiple other SNE devices 306. In normal conditions when no offloading at said GNE is required, the EMS relays traffic to multiple SNE devices through the GNE 305.
As explained earlier, the relaying of traffic from the EMS to multiple SNE devices may be accomplished via an EMS-GNE connection. Even when the proxy services from GNE device is delegated to a SNE, no extra connection and configuration is required. Hence, the number of management connections needed between the EMS application and the GNE device is optimized. However, the flexibility for opening multiple internal channels to the SNE device as required is efficiently allowed.
B. Proprietary XML/TCP Protocol
FIG. 4 shows a structure of a proprietary XML/TCP protocol according to one embodiment of the invention. As mentioned earlier, the constituents of proprietary XML/TCP protocol are framed in a packet comprising multiple fields as described below according to one embodiment of the invention:
Start of Frame 401: This field indicates the start of transmission packet containing a hexadecimal sequence pattern. The value of this field is chosen such that it bears a non-printable ASCII character which happens to fall outside the character set transmitted between the network elements and the EMS application.
Control Flag 402: The value of this field may be chosen as 0x01 to indicate intent on part of the client to close the connection to the target XMA. A value of 0x02 may be used to loop back packets at the XMA without the need for authentication at the network element. It may also be employed to check the connectivity between the EMS and the XMA. A value of 0x03 may be used to retrieve network element version information without the need for authentication at the network element. Thus, it may be employed by the EMS application to determine version compatibility for system management purposes.
Version 403: This field is used to specify the version of the XML over TCP protocol currently in use.
Payload Length 404: This value indicates the actual size of the management payload which is in XML format.
Payload Type 405: This value indicates the type of payload transported in the packet. The value may be designated as a "Don't Care" for both the network element and the EMS application.
Event Sequence Number 406: It is employed by a network element to indicate the current event number per session that has been sent out by the network element and is used by the EMS application to recover "lost" events during network congestion or excess stress on the NE. This value increases monotonically on the network element on a per session basis starting from a value of 1. Upon reaching a certain limit it wraps back to 1 once again. For instance, for a 2 byte event sequence number, the limit will be set to a value of 65535 (i.e. the maximum unsigned short integer value supported in 2 bytes).
Proxy IP 407: This is the IP address of the network element that is to proxy the XML packet to the intended target destination. In one embodiment, a value of zero indicates that the receiving XMA is to act as the proxy. A value other than zero indicates that the network element with the specified IP address is to act as a proxy. This field also permits the chaining of two proxy agents.
Proxy Port 408: This is the port corresponding to the network element with the IP address in the field "Proxy IP", that provides the proxy service. This field may be processed in conjunction with the "Proxy IP" field.
Target IP 409: This is the IP address of the network element to which the XML packet is destined. This field may be processed in conjunction with the "Proxy IP" field.
Target Port 410: This is the port corresponding to the network element with the IP address in the field "Target IP", that provides the XML management service. This field may be processed in conjunction with the "Target IP" field.
Sub Channel ID 411: This field is used to specify the sub channel identification pertaining to the connection from the GNE device to the SNE device. In one embodiment, the Sub Channel ID permits multiple connections from a GNE device to the same SNE device via the same EMS device to GNE device connection. A value of zero indicates an existing GNE-SNE device connection is to be reused.
Payload in XML 412: This value gives payload in XML transported in the packet
End of Frame 413: This field indicates the end of frame. Similar to the start of frame, the value chosen is that of non-printable ASCII, which happens to fall outside the character set transmitted between the network elements (NEs) and the EMS application. For example, this field may have a value of 0xffffffff hexadecimal sequence pattern.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the above-described structure may be modified, shortened or lengthened and still remain within the scope and intent of the present invention.
C. Management of Multiple SNE Devices over the Same EMS-GNE Connection
FIG. 5 shows an exemplary method for managing multiple SNE devices over the same EMS 501-GNE 502 connection (GNE-A 502 to SNE-A 503 and SNE-B 504) according to one embodiment of the invention. Multiple connections between a GNE device and a given SNE device (GNE-A 502 to SNE-A 502) as well as chaining a GNE device and SNE device to provide proxy services on a SNE device (GNE-A 502 and lower SNE-A 505) are also shown.
Various embodiments of the present invention support the tunneled proxy management in a simple and scalable fashion. All the fields in the transport header are encoded in network byte order.
In one embodiment of the invention, a GNE XMA receives a packet at its proxy service port that receives the Proxy IP value. If the value of "Proxy IP" is zero, then the GNE device 502 provides a proxy connection to the SNE device with IP equal to "Target IP" and Port equal to "Target Port".
The XML management traffic between the EMS 501 application and the SNE device occur via this connection. If the GNE device 502 receives a packet with a new value of "Target IP", then a new connection is setup between the GNE device and SNE device utilizing the same EMS-GNE connection. For instance, the SNE device 504 may use the same connection allowing multiple SNE devices to be managed by tunneling proxy management traffic over the single EMS-GNE device connection.
A non-zero "SubChannel ID" value to an existing SNE device 505 can be used to setup a parallel connection between the GNE device 502 and SNE device 506 or 507 (e.g. one for request-response and the other for unsolicited events), while at the same time keeping only a single EMS-GNE device connection. These mechanisms optimize the number of management connections needed between the EMS application and the GNE device while giving the flexibility for opening multiple internal channels to the SNE device as required.
If a non-zero Proxy IP is given, the GNE device 502 relays the connection to the network element 505 with IP "Proxy IP"—that network element 505 provides the same proxy management services as explained above. Thus, this embodiment of the invention allows a GNE device 502 and SNE device 505 to be chained to provide proxy management services to a third network element (NE) 506 and 507. Various embodiments of the invention supports the connection models described below:
1. For each EMS-SNE communication, a separate connection is established with the GNE device, which in turn proxies the connection to the SNE device. This model may be preferable for EMS to network element connections where a large amount of management traffic is expected.
2. A single EMS-GNE connection is used to proxy traffic to multiple SNE devices. This model may be preferable for EMS to network element connections where the management traffic is expected to be small.
3. Where GNE-SNE device bandwidth and/or network buffers are limited, multiple GNE-SNE device connections for a given SNE device, multiplexed over a single EMS-GNE connection may be suitable to increase overall network throughput.
4. A given internal SNE device can be used to proxy traffic to other SNE devices. The GNE device delegates it proxy functionality to the given SNE device. This model may be preferred in cases where it is desirable to offload some of the proxy management functionality from the GNE device to a SNE device owing to network resource constraints on the GNE device. It also lends itself as a solution where the network is internally segmented into different routing domains and where the chained GNE device and SNE device are linked via internal static routes.
D. Method for Transmitting Traffic Using XML over TCP
FIG. 6 is a detailed flowchart illustrating a method for transmitting network traffic using XML over TCP according to one embodiment of the invention. An element management system software application is employed within a network 601 in order to manage one or more communication network elements. The traffic between different NEs in the network is managed by employing a proprietary XML agent supporting the XML/TCP protocol 602 described above. A first port, Port A, is provided for communication of XML management information between the EMS and a GNE 603. A second port, Port B, is provided for communication of XML management information between EMS and SNE via GNE 604. The XMA monitors these two TCP ports (i.e. Port A and Port B) and thereby monitors the XML management information between the EMS application and a GNE, as well as between the EMS application and a SNE via the GNE.
As explained earlier, in order to manage large number of network elements, it may often be required to offload the GNE. To address this issue, the XMA continuously checks whether the GNE is overloaded with too much network traffic. This is accomplished by first receiving the Proxy IP and the Target IP 605 and analyzing the values of received Proxy IP 606. In one embodiment of the invention, when the value of the received Proxy IP is found to be zero, the proxy service from GNE is delegated to a subtending network element SNE to address multiple other SNE devices 607. If the proxy IP bears a non zero value, traffic is relayed to multiple SNE devices through the GNE 608.
The foregoing description of the invention has been described for purposes of clarity and understanding. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Various modifications may be possible within the scope and equivalence of the appended claims.
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Q: Prove that $\mathbb{N}$ is nonwhere dense in $\mathbb{R}$ Prove that the set $ \displaystyle{\mathbb{N} =\{1,2,3, \cdots \} }$ is nonwhere dense in metric space $ \displaystyle{ \left( \mathbb{R} ,|\cdot| \right)}$ .
I have found a solution in two steps:

*

*I prove that $\displaystyle{\bar{\mathbb{N}}=\mathbb{N}}$

*$\displaystyle{ \text{int}\mathbb{N} = \emptyset }$

From these two we get that $ \displaystyle{ \text{int}\left(\bar{\mathbb{N}} \right) = \emptyset}$ so we are done.
I wonder if I we can found a solution proving that every interval $[a,b]$ has a sub-interval whose intersection with $\mathbb{N}$ is the empty set.
Any help?

A: Suppose that $a<b$. If $(a,b)\cap\Bbb N=\varnothing$, then $[a,b]$ certainly has a non-empty open subinterval disjoint from $\Bbb N$. Otherwise, let $n\in(a,b)\cap\Bbb N$. If $b\le n+1$, then $(n,b)$ is a non-empty open subinterval of $[a,b]$ disjoint from $\Bbb N$; if $b>n+1$, $(n,n+1)$ is such a subinterval. Thus, in all cases such a subinterval does indeed exist.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Quite by accident, I may have come up with my best variation of the wintersown method so far for warm weather crops.
On March 15th I filled the bottom half of two jugs with my grow mix and added about 1/8 cup of compost to the mix. I planted about 7 eggplant seeds of one variety in one and 3 seeds in another. Taped the bottom part of the jugs to the top parts. I put the jugs on top of the washing machine in the porch until the seed germinated. As soon as it did, I moved the jugs outside.
My original intent was to transplant each plant to individual pots. Then it got cold again so I left them in the jugs. They were growing. It got warm again and I had other priorities. They continued to get bigger. Then it got cold again. I peaked through the top and things looked ok, but I was a bit worried about what I'd find when I took the top off.
Finally today, I took the tops off the jugs and couldn't have been more pleased. They looked fabulous!
Remaining seedlings. Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant. All grown outside in a jug using a variation of the winter sown method.
Wait until the end of March or first of April to start my eggplant.
Do it exactly as described above.
By the time they're the size in the picture, it'll be time to put them in the garden.
What a time saver! No watching, no watering, no worries. I'm liking this winter-sown method more all the time.
I'm liking this wintersown method more and more! Thanks for the hints.
Good obversations Theresa. I'll add that I started a few eggplant and peppers in December as an experiment. I'd read that they'll just wait and come up when the time is right. Well, they did, and hung in there since about January, HOWEVER – they are no farther along than yours are, and your eggplants look better. So nothing gained. Thanks for sharing this.
Thanks for the input Sandra.
Loved your comments Alice! Rules are definitely made to be broken. That's how we all discover new things!
If I am understanding you correctly — you are eating all this wonderful stuff because of the wintersown method? That is so exciting! So glad you shared this.
I think it is especially wonderful that you live in Carson City, NV and are still able to glean ideas from a Virginia gardener.
Thank you so much for letting me know about your situation. Knowing my readers makes TMG a lot more fun!
I just now got around to reading this informative post. The eggplant seedlings definitely look better than what I grow indoors under the lights. What kind of "pro-mix" do you use? I've never used it but I see there is more than one type. Also, do you have any problems separating the seedlings without damaging their roots when grown this way? I was told that one needs to grow seedlings one-per-cell for this reason but apparently it works your way so long as they don't get too large. Thanks.
I use Sunshine Professional Mix 1 (Sunshine Mix #1 ). I buy the 3.8 cu.ft. bale.
Ideally — one seedling per pot is great — but I don't always have enough pots to do that. In this case, it was my intent to put each seedling in its own pot but other priorities came up and so they ended up growing together. Over the years I've had seedlings grow right next to each other in a flat, remain stunted while in the flat, and then take off like crazy when pulled apart and planted in the garden. "Ideal" is great when you can do it, but plants are tough and if you have to separate them — they are forgiving most of the time.
I learned long ago that what people say you have to do is not always correct. Again — the "best way" is great if you can do it, but if you can't — go for what you have to do — like separating seedlings.
Theresa, Is this how you plan to do peppers this year also? Another question: Is your porch an enclosed one, or just a sheltered outdoor space? My eggplants went on to do NOTHING last year, so I'm hoping to try again this year using this method. I want to get peppers going in time to have them get RED.
Yes, Sandra, I will do exactly the same this year.
The porch is enclosed — but the jugs only stay on the porch until the seed germinates. The day after they germinate the jugs go outside. If I start seed in flats I transplant to a jug — seal it — take the cap off — and outside they go.
Eggplant produced ok last year — but I did not think it was a particularly "good" year for it. Year before last was fabulous. Every year has its slight variables that can make a difference in how something performs.


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Q: Deeper understanding of UINavigationController I'm trying to get a better understanding of creating complex navigations with the UINavigationController.  Please, If I'm wrong in any assumption (which is so possible) just let me know.
As far as I see, it seems that UINavigationController is specifically designed to achieve a kind of navigation where pushing a new controller provides a more in-depth detail of data in a "linear" way.  You can go further in the navigation by "pushing" or back "popping" the controller.
However, it's usual that the application has in every view a way to go to another view which doesn't have to be the parent and can be in previous levels of the stack (or simply doesn't exists yet).  Such applications tend to let the user go anywhere he wants, which seems to conflict with the way UINavigationController works.
It seems obvious to me that if I start to push controllers without control I'll have memory problems.
How can I, for example, go to a view which is two levels down in the stack (for example, what a "Home" button would do)?.  Should I save some controllers/views as the initial in a singleton variable for better access and avoid memory problems?

A: You can use popToRootViewControllerAnimated: to get back to the root, or popToViewController:animated: to pop back to an arbitrary previous view controller. You can also use setViewControllers:animated: to directly set the entire stack of view controllers.
Do be careful not to confuse your users, however.


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Parent and Caregiver Engagement
Getting parents and caregivers invested in education
The parent and caregiver engagement program creates a partnership between families and educators to ensure children's success by better addressing their academic and social-emotional learning.
Ensuring parents and caregivers are involved in their children's educational experience is one of the tools Children's Aid offers to ensure children learn, grow, and reach their fullest potential.
Partnerships for children's success
A critical component of our model to provide comprehensive services to the children and families most in need of support, the Children's Aid parent and caregiver engagement program breaks down the barriers to parental school involvement and extends educational curricula from the schoolroom to the home. This allows for kids' social and emotional learning to be extended from home into school.
Ultimately, this program facilitates parents' ongoing participation in their children's education — one of the ways we set up children to succeed. We provide parent-engagement coordinators (hired from within the community) with educational opportunities and professional development training so that they can truly be partners with educators. Additionally, these coordinators convey parental concerns and strategies to the school to better meet the developmental and emotional needs of the children. When possible, parent resource centers are established on campus, making parents feel as if they have a place of their own which improves the likelihood of their involvement in educational activities.
The parent engagement model first took shape more than two decades ago in northern Manhattan with the Ercilia Pepin Leadership Institute. In recent years, we have been able to expand the model to the Bronx with our Family Success Network. Through both programs, we are improving the outcomes for youth because their parents are critical, active partners in their education.
Domestic Violence Prevention and Intervention
Family Stabilization
Foster Parenting
Parent and Caregiver Sex Education
C.S. 61 Francisco Oller
Charles Drew Campus
Curtis High School
Fannie Lou Hamer Freedom High School
Mirabal Sisters Campus
P.S. 5 Ellen Lurie
P.S. 8 Luis Belliard
Salomé Ureña Campus
Whitney Young Jr. Campus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Your source for satirical takes on the culture!
Mayweather challenges Michael B. Jordan to bare knuckle brawl!
Floyd Mayweather challenges Michael B. Jordan to bare knuckle brawl after viewing his cameo appearance in Creed 2.


text:
Softly, softly: The Xbox One X Launch
The most powerful console ever built has an understated launch week - but Microsoft's strategy makes sense, and signals that it's in this game for the long haul
It's quiet, as the hackneyed old horror movie cliché goes; too quiet.
Perhaps I'm biased as a consequence of being in a country where the Xbox has close to zero market share, but even talking to friends and colleagues overseas, this doesn't feel like the launch week for a major new console - let alone the most powerful and technologically impressive one ever created.
While those unpacking new hardware are undoubtedly excited, by and large the Xbox One X feels like it has landed very softly indeed. The lack of major new titles to sell the system are part of the reason, of course; but even Microsoft's messaging for and promotion of the One X feel muted.
"With a tough launch window - Apple's biggest iPhone launch, Nintendo's biggest Mario title and the winter software avalanche - it's to be expected that Xbox One X doesn't grab as much attention"
Of course, Xbox One X isn't an entirely new console launch - it's an update to the Xbox One, albeit a pretty enormous leap ahead of its older sibling in terms of graphical prowess. The closest point of comparison is PS4 Pro, which also boosted the internals of an existing platform to permit higher quality graphics (most notably 4K, for those who have the display hardware to enjoy it).
PS4 Pro had less heavy lifting to do in some senses; the PS4 was a well-designed and well-liked console from the outset, so the Pro really just boosted the specs and made minor design tweaks. Xbox One X is a bigger accomplishment in hardware terms; not just a more powerful system, but a dramatic design improvement over the original Xbox One, building on the progress made with last year's One S.
Yet PS4 Pro's launch, despite having many of the same challenges as the One X launch, felt like a bigger event; perhaps this was down to the PS4 ecosystem overall being larger, but it was also likely attributable in part to PS4 Pro being the first console to update hardware specs mid-generation, and the first to enable 4K play. Xbox One X does it better, but it's not doing anything remarkably new.
Combined with a tough launch window, going almost head to head with Apple's biggest iPhone launch in years, Nintendo's biggest Mario title in years and the impending start of the winter software avalanche, it's to be expected that the Xbox hardware update doesn't grab quite as much attention as might have been expected.
Even in launch week, the One X's presence in UK stores is understated
Rather than being a criticism, that's a slightly raised eyebrow in the direction of Microsoft's strategy. The company now finds itself with an immensely powerful and accomplished console, head and shoulders ahead of the competition in graphical terms; yet it has chosen a very soft launch strategy for that device.
"Chosen" is the operative word here; the decisions which led to One X being a relatively understated launch seem to have been quite deliberate. The console has launched with relatively little marketing support, no major software titles (and no particularly notable promises of software to come) and during a distinctly tough and competitive release window. All of that points to Microsoft being quite happy with a soft launch for its latest and greatest.
After all, the decisions which culminate in a hardware launch are made a long way back down the pike. Phil Spencer told Bloomberg this week that the company is aware of its weakness in first-party development and implied that they are considering acquisitions to help remedy the situation; but this isn't something that has crept up on Microsoft. If a massive One X launch was their goal, those acquisitions would have happened a year or more ago; the lack of major titles for launch (and indeed for holiday 2017 overall) is something the company will have been aware of for quite some time.
At a guess, the strategy for Xbox One X was relatively well nailed down shortly after the initial unveiling of Scorpio a year and a half ago; while that initial reveal suggested that the device would be a fairly major overhaul and relaunch of the underperforming Xbox One, the messaging and positioning of the console was dialled in significantly by E3 this year to the point where this is distinctly a "half-generation" speed bump rather than being a genuine relaunch for the platform.
"The one thing the Xbox brand couldn't handle right now is another weak hardware launch; that would kill off consumer confidence in the brand outright"
There are a number of good reasons for Microsoft to take this approach. A very practical one is supply; Xbox One X is the most ambitious system the company has ever built on quite a number of fronts, and while its hardware is being reviewed extremely favourably, there was always a significant risk that it would be tough to get the supply chain in place for a major launch.
Moreover, the difficulty of getting high-profile software in place for launch (regardless of how deep the company's budget for studio acquisitions went) would have been apparent at least a year ago, while the intensely competitive nature of the November launch window would have been clear from early this year, when the Switch launch went well and Apple's year-end plans started to take shape.
Ultimately, Microsoft faced a decision; push the boat out with Xbox One X as a full relaunch of its console ambitions, or a soft, PS4 Pro-style launch that would leave the company with plenty of options to grow and promote the new platform over the following months.
The downsides and risks of the former are significant; it would risk alienating and annoying existing Xbox One customers (a sizeable group even if not on the same scale as PS4's installed base), and would expose the new console to extremely tough comparisons with Switch and PS4's winter holiday sales, neither of which it is in a position to match given potentially limited supply and an audience restricted by the size of the 4K TV installed base.
Xbox One X is the most ambitious system the company has ever built. There was always a risk it would be tough to get the supply chain in place for a major launch
The challenges facing Microsoft remain the same. It has fallen a long way behind Sony in this generation and has in essence ceded every major territory outside the United States to its rival. More so than simple installed base, it has lost a huge amount of ground in terms of its software line-up; both of these will be tough to claw back, especially off Microsoft's home turf.
Nintendo's success also makes the playing field look more inhospitable, since the Switch, not the Xbox One, will now likely take on the "second console" mantle for many consumers.
Yet in taking a soft launch approach with Xbox One X, Microsoft seems to be demonstrating an ability to play a long, sensible and strategic game, rather than panicking over how far out in front Sony is right now. The one thing the Xbox brand couldn't handle right now is another weak hardware launch; that would kill off consumer confidence in the brand outright.
If Phil Spencer is serious about the company building back up its first-party software arsenal, that will be a time-consuming process; the task of Xbox One X is not to fly out of the stable at full gallop, but rather to support that process, giving the company a best-in-breed console upon which to rebuild its gaming brand.
It's a far cry from the bombast of the Scorpio launch, but Microsoft is signalling that it's in this for the long haul, and willing to do what it takes to get back on top of the game.
Microsoft confirms Xbox One production ended in 2020
Company states that it stopped manufacturing consoles "to focus on production of Xbox Series X/S"
Phil Spencer says Xbox supply "as big as it's ever been" despite chip shortages
Xbox boss reiterates Series X|S is Microsoft's fastest-selling console generation
Latest comments (10)
Ben Link Video Game Enthusiast and Graphic Artist 4 years ago
Yeah, it's definitely where you live. It's not muted here in the US. It's EVERYWHERE here in the US. Taco Bell, Doritos you name it. It's everywhere it seems. And at least 6 people I know are getting the system. PS4 PRO on the other hand. Was so quiet I don't even remember it launching. Sony didn't market it here at all. It's a difference in regions man. On another note. There is absolutely no need for an exclusive at launch either because there are so many 3rd party games coming out right now. An exclusive would fail during this rush of games. And all games right now are seeming to be running and looking better on the X. This is not the same level as a new generation because it's not. It's a mid gen refresh.
Edited 1 times. Last edit by Ben Link on 10th November 2017 5:04pm
Richard Browne Head of External Projects, Digital Extremes4 years ago
There will be no exclusives. There's no way either X or Pro will garner the install base to warrant an exclusive game.
Jordan Lund Columnist 4 years ago
I'm curious what country you're in that the PS4 Pro launch was a bigger event. It certainly wasn't in the United States.
As a 4K owner I was looking for a reason to update an the Pro just didn't do it for me. Upscaling that my television already does, no 4K Blu Ray drive, 4K streaming apps that my television already has...
With the Xbox One X, many games I already own got a 4K facelift.
Edited 2 times. Last edit by Jordan Lund on 10th November 2017 7:42pm
Show all comments (10)
SlaineLow Director & CEO, Satsuma Droid4 years ago
@Richard Browne: Astounded by this comment - given your background. The author clearly means platform exclusives, not XB1 X or PS4 Pro exclusives. Such things would only alienate the greatest part of each company's install base and would defeat the whole point of increment upgrades rather than new "generations" - as happened previously in the industry.
It is clear, that both companies are now following the PC game model. One can play the game on a wide range of PC hardware, but the quality (FPS, texture packs, res, etc) will be defined by the amount you can spend on the hardware. One can play the same game on all versions of the same hardware - it is the quality of experience that will differ.
I would also not underestimate the take up of the X. The Pro is a relatively minor upgrade for the base PS4 (The real reason it seems to have been released was to: try and take away MS's thunder with the X and to provide a machine that might sell PS VR (The base PS4 is massively underpowered for that, let's be honest. The base PS4 is also, apart from VR, a perfectly adequate machine giving users little reason to upgrade. This might explain why its uptake seems to have stayed so low. The X, on the other hand, is a massive improvement over the original XB1 - in part because that was so underpowered. Having used it on a 1080p tv, I can assure you it is well worth the upgrade to this market - and this is starting to get out on social media. You also have the fact that when the large studios launch new games they will now always demo on the X. Rightly, they will choose the machine that shows their product at its best.
Edited 1 times. Last edit by SlaineLow on 10th November 2017 9:15pm
Jeff Kleist Writer, Marketing, Licensing 4 years ago
There will be Cbox games that don't work on Xbox One in the not so distant future. They will also look and play better on Xbox Two. SKU reduction is very much the name of the game these days with shrinking physical media sections at the biggest retailers. Old school gamers will remember that it wasn't uncommon at all to see games with IBM on one side of a floppy and c64 on the other in one box. While this is unlikely to happen with Xbox and PlayStation, its easy to support the entire family on one release.
Todd Weidner Founder, Big Daddy Game Studio4 years ago
long haul? If these mid gen console prove anything, it's that there isn't any long haul anymore.
Klaus Preisinger Freelance Writing 4 years ago
AMD wants to change its manufacturing process to 7nm in 2019. Combined with improvements to their architecture, consoles seem destined to refresh by 2020. Especially since 7nm manufacture of chips will be around for a while and not just a 24 month stepping stone towards 6nm manufacture.
Unless some dramatic new tech for hardware accelerated light computation comes around the corner, Sony and MS will just refresh with the latest AMD tech every few years and video games will basically look the same.
Keith Andrew Freelance Journalist, Keith Andrew Media4 years ago
@Richard Browne: There will be no exclusives because both MS and Sony have said Xbox One X and PS4 Pro games have to run on standard editions of the console, too.
I feel like this is somewhat off the mark: the Xbox One X launch has been fairly big in the UK and (from folks I know) especially in the US. Maybe it's down to who you follow, but it's the first time I've seen friends who have largely spent their time with PS4 get excited about Xbox One and, in a fair few cases, eagerly share their Xbox One X purchase on social media. GI's own story suggesting week one sales in the UK are already equal to what PS4 Pro managed in its first four weeks suggests there's been no 'quiet' launch. Not sure where this view is coming from, or why it would be seen as a positive thing even if it was true.
@SlaineLow: I was replying to Ben's comment actually. So outside of the "ooh-ooh-must have" early adopter what's the market for this product? This console cycle will sell 120-150m units just like any other, Sony are already looking to service current customers (i.e. make more money out of the 60m they have) it's all uphill from here. Microsoft certainly have a bigger base of users to push this out to being lower on the install base tree, but unless they get system sellers exclusive to XBox their path is even more of a struggle. Basically both platforms are "cherry on top" products.
Edited 1 times. Last edit by Richard Browne on 13th November 2017 7:29pm


text:
The Russia Challenge. Part II
Andrei Kozyrev
Former Foreign Minister of Russia, Mr. Andrei Kozyrev, exclusively for Freeditorial, writes these three articles about Russia's relations with the West and especially with USA.
In a thoroughly enjoyable style, he answers the perpetual question "What really went wrong?", and gives us the insider's views of what resulted in turns of events so drastically different from initial expectations.
Andrey Vladimirovich Kozyrev was the first foreign minister of Russia under President Boris Yeltsin from October 1991 until January 1996. He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) in 1974 with a Ph.D. in History. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the ...
The Russia Challenge. Part I
The Application of the Stakeholder Theory...
Davie Moses Simengwa
Efforts to preserve and protect heritage places require the engagement of a variety of stakeholders. This is important as this brings together for discussion, frequently conflicting interests and values, which often arise from their cultural differences. Heritage practitioners also have to usually deal with a range of governmental authorities and departments, whose mandates sometimes overlaps. Given this situation, heritage managers expend most of their energy in trying to resolve conflicting interests of the stakeholders at the expense of the actual management of heritage places. This paper discusses legal heritage frameworks in Malawi, and it argues that the idea of embracing stakeholde...
Saint Leon.
William Godwin
THERE is nothing that human imagination can figure of brilliant and enviable,
that human genius and skill do not aspire to realize. In the early ages of
antiquity, one of the favourite topics of speculation was a perfect system of
civil policy; and no sooner had Plato delineated his imaginary republic, than
he sought for a spot of earth upon which to execute his plan. In my own times,
and for upwards of a century before them, the subject which has chiefly
occupied men of intrepid and persevering study, has been the great secret of
nature, the opus magnum, in its two grand and inseparable branches, the art of
multiplying gold, and of defying the assaults of infirmity and death.
Change of Ethnic Group & Importance of...
Many Malawians and descendants adhere to their traditions as a philosophical school of thought with traditions of folk religion or syncretism practiced alongside other adherent's traditions. The essence of this school of thought is based mainly on oral transmission which is written in people's heart, mind, oral history, customs, temples, shrines and religious functions, while generalization is difficult due to the diversity of cultures. The role of humanity is generally seen as a harmonizing relationship between nature and the supernatural faces. Therefore in this article heritage is treated as anything that was passed from one generation to the other orally or in any modes of transmission.
Buffon's Natural History Volume II
Georges Louis Leclerc...
The ocean surrounds the earth on all sides, and penetrates into the interior
parts of different countries, often by large openings, and frequently by small
straits; it forms mediterranean seas, some of which participate of its motions
of flux and reflux, and others seem to have nothing in common with it except
the continuity of water. We shall follow the ocean through all its extent and
windings, enumerating at the same time all the mediterranean seas, and
endeavour to distinguish them from those which should be only called bays,
or gulphs, and lakes.
The sea which washes the western coasts of France forms a gulph between
Spain and Britain; this gulph, which mariners call the Bay...
Buffon's Natural History Volume I
Our subject being Natural History, we would willingly dispense with
astronomical observations; but as the nature of the earth is so closely
connected with the heavenly bodies, and such observations being calculated
to illustrate more fully what has been said, it is necessary to give some
general ideas of the formation, motion, figure of the earth and other planets.
The earth is a globe of about three thousand leagues diameter; it is situate
one thousand millions of leagues from the sun, around which it makes its
revolution in three hundred and sixty-five days. This revolution is the result
of two forces; the one may be considered as an impulse from right to left, or
from left to ...
Collected Articles of Frederick Douglass
.Frederick Douglass
In the first narrative of my experience in slavery, written nearly forty years ago, and in various writings since, I have given the public what I considered very good reasons for withholding the manner of my escape. In substance these reasons were, first, that such publication at any time during the existence of slavery might be used by the master against the slave, and prevent the future escape of any who might adopt the same means that I did. The second reason was, if possible, still more binding to silence: the publication of details would certainly have put in peril the persons and property of those who assisted. Murder itself was not more sternly and certainly punished in the State o...
Skill of Communication
UNIT-1
Humans convey information through a variety of methods: speaking, telephones, email, blogs, TV, art, hand gestures, facial expressions, body language and even social contexts. Communication can occur instantaneously in closed, intimate settings or over great periods of time in large public forums, like the Internet. However, all forms of communication require the same basic elements: a speaker or sender of information, a message, and an audience or recipient. The sender and recipient must also share a common language or means of understanding each other for communication to be successful. As such, a study of communication often examines the development and struc...
Up at the League, says a friend, there had been one night a brisk conversational discussion, as to what would happen on the Morrow of the Revolution, finally shading off into a vigorous statement by various friends of their views on the future of the fully-developed new society.


text:
ProcessUnity Enhances Third-Party Risk Management Programs with EcoVadis Sustainability Ratings
CONCORD, Mass., May 12, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- ProcessUnity, a leading provider of cloud-based applications for risk and compliance management, today launched ProcessUnity Vendor ESG Intelligence (VEI) powered by EcoVadis. The newest addition to the ProcessUnity Vendor Intelligence Suite integrates EcoVadis' ratings and scorecard content into the ProcessUnity Vendor Risk Management platform to provide actionable insights on environmental, social and ethical risks during initial vendor onboarding and post-contract due diligence.
"ESG-related risk is an emerging concern for many organizations – one that requires greater insight into a vendor's environmental and social practices to ensure compliance with evolving regional and global regulations," said Todd Boehler, Senior Vice President of Strategy at ProcessUnity. "With the combination of EcoVadis' sustainability ratings and ProcessUnity Vendor Risk Management, organizations can be certain they are getting a wholistic view of ESG compliance within their vendor population."
EcoVadis' sustainability ratings evaluate vendors across seven key management indicators and 21 sustainability criteria in four key themes – environment; labor and human rights; ethics; and sustainable procurement. Using a pre-built connector, ProcessUnity VEI seamlessly integrates EcoVadis' ratings into its vendor risk management automation platform to streamline vendor risk review processes pre- and post-contract. By incorporating visibility, sustainability performance and supply chain benchmarking, ProcessUnity VEI helps third-party risk teams reduce external risk throughout the vendor lifecycle.
"Many companies are under tremendous pressure to improve upon their transparency and sustainability practices," said Daniel Perry, Global Alliances Director at EcoVadis. "By integrating EcoVadis' ratings, ProcessUnity is helping mutual customers identify risks, improve their performance and work toward a more sustainable future."
To learn more about ProcessUnity Vendor ESG Intelligence, visit https://www.processunity.com/vendor-esg-intelligence-powered-by-ecovadis/
About ProcessUnity
ProcessUnity is a leading provider of cloud-based applications for risk and compliance management. The company's software as a service (SaaS) platform gives organizations the control to assess, measure, and mitigate risk and to ensure the optimal performance of key business processes. ProcessUnity is used by the world's leading financial service firms and commercial enterprises. The company is headquartered outside Boston, Massachusetts. For more information, visit https://www.processunity.com/, Twitter or LinkedIn.
EcoVadis is the world's most trusted provider of business sustainability ratings, intelligence and collaborative performance improvement tools for global supply chains. Backed by a powerful technology platform and a global team of domain experts, EcoVadis' easy-to-use and actionable sustainability scorecards provide detailed insight into environmental, social and ethical risks across 200 purchasing categories and 160 countries. Industry leaders such as Johnson & Johnson, Verizon, L'Oréal, Subway, Nestlé, Salesforce, Michelin and BASF are among the more than 75,000 businesses on the EcoVadis network, all working with a single methodology to evaluate, collaborate and improve sustainability performance in order to protect their brands, foster transparency and innovation, and accelerate growth. Learn more on ecovadis.com, Twitter or LinkedIn.
ProcessUnity Contact
Sophia Corsetti
sophia.corsetti@processunity.com
Enlaces afines:
Copyright GlobeNewswire, Inc. 2016. All rights reserved.
You can register yourself on the website to receive press releases directly via e-mail to your own e-mail account.


If you put HEIGHT and WIDTH tags into your HTML image source tags, the information tells the browser how much page space to devote to the graphic. Thus the browser starts to lay out your Web page even before the graphics files have begun to download. This does not speed up the downloading of the graphics (nothing but a faster data connection can do that), but it does allow the user to see the basic page layout quickly. When you supply the HEIGHT and WIDTH of page graphics the browser will often fill out the text blocks first, then "pour" the graphics files into the spaces allotted. Thus the user can start to read your page while the graphics are downloading. All of the graphic references in this style manual include height and width tags.
For best performance, make sure all of your image source tags include height and width information (even for small button graphics).
Note that the examples below only work well the first time you try them. After that your browser will probably cache the images locally, and subsequent loading will occur (very quickly) from your hard disk, not from the Web. Both example photographs are interlaced GIFs (300 x 409 pixels).


text:
package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"os"
)

var (
	counter int = 1 // default to 1 as this is the minimum value
	c       *bool
)

func printLine(out io.Writer, line string) {
	if *c {
		fmt.Fprintf(out, "%d %s", counter, line)
	} else {
		fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s", line)
	}
}

// Open the input and output file descriptors
func openFiles(args []string) (*bufio.Reader, *os.File) {
	var reader *bufio.Reader
	var out = os.Stdout

	if len(args) == 0 {
		return bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin), out
	}

	if len(args) > 1 {
		f, err := os.OpenFile(args[1],
			os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC,
			os.FileMode(0666))
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Error: %v\n", err)
		}
		out = f
	}

	f, err := os.Open(args[0])
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("Error: %v\n", err)
	}
	reader = bufio.NewReader(f)

	return reader, out
}

func isDefaultOperation(u, d bool) bool {
	return !d && !u
}

func isSpecialOperation(u, d bool) bool {
	return !(d && u) // one of d and u are true, but not both
}

func isPrintLastLine(u, d bool, counter int) bool {
	return isSpecialOperation(u, d) && !(u && counter > 1) && !(d && counter == 1)
}

func printLineOnChange(out *os.File, line string, u, d bool, counter int) {
	if isDefaultOperation(u, d) {
		printLine(out, line)
	} else if isSpecialOperation(u, d) {
		if d && counter > 1 {
			printLine(out, line)
		} else if u && counter == 1 {
			printLine(out, line)
		}
	}
}

func main() {
	var reader *bufio.Reader
	var out *os.File
	var lastLine string

	c = flag.Bool("c", false, "precede each output line with a count of the number of times it occurred")
	d := flag.Bool("d", false, "only print duplicate lines, one for each group")
	u := flag.Bool("u", false, "only print non duplicate lines")

	flag.Parse()
	args := flag.Args()

	// Open stdin or provided file as input, and stdout or provided file as output
	reader, out = openFiles(args)

	// Buffer the 1st line
	line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
	if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
		log.Fatalf("error: %v\n", err)
	}
	lastLine = line

	// Loop over the rest of the provided input
	for {
		line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')

		if err == io.EOF {
			if len(line) == 0 {
				if isPrintLastLine(*u, *d, counter) {
					printLine(out, lastLine)
				}
				break
			}
		} else if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Error: %v\n", err)
		}

		if line != lastLine {
			printLineOnChange(out, lastLine, *u, *d, counter)
			counter = 0 // reset to the minimum value -1
		}

		counter++
		lastLine = line
	}

	if err := out.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("Error %v\n", err)
	}

	os.Exit(0)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Distance Learning Breeding Course – One intake per calendar year (Spring/early Summer), over a six week period. The course handbook covers decision making and husbandry from the time one decides to breed the mare until the foal is weaned. The course also involves an accompanying assignment to support learning and one full day on farm (usually at the end of the six week period).
To provide information so that informed decisions can be reached to embark on a sport horse breeding enterprise.
To educate new sport horse breeders in the basics of equine breeding and genetics.
To create awareness of the importance of welfare, health and good planning.
The course will run over a six-week period covering the topics below. A farm visit will take place at The Irish National Stud Co. Kildare on May 8th. The farm visit is recommended for all learners and admission to the farm(s) is covered in the course application fee of €110.
It is important to outline at the beginning that this course does require a commitment to self-study and regularly work through the course material provided and the assignment work which accompanies the course. Contact time with your tutor is limited and you may not get immediate answers to queries or immediate responses to communications, though a commitment is provided to deal with all queries and communications as outlined in the section on course dates.


text:
Drug Discovery Institute Announced By Alzheimer's Research UK
November 15, 2013 November 15, 2013 News	Care, News
With the G8 Dementia Summit one month away, the UK's leading dementia research charity Alzheimer's Research UK has announced a first of its kind in Europe with the launch of a Drug Discovery Institute to develop new treatments for dementia. The launch has been warmly welcomed by dementia research experts from around the world.
The Institute will overcome one of the main barriers to research into Alzheimer's and other diseases that cause dementia, bridging the gap between academic research which provides much of the fundamental insight into neurodegenerative disease, and the development of new treatments.
Finding medicines for complex diseases such as Alzheimer's requires the integration of pioneering basic science, clinical expertise and the involvement of patients. The Drug Discovery Institute will achieve all three by finding its home with a leading academic group that has close access to clinical research units and hospitals.
A Call for the UK's foremost universities to apply to host the Institute has been launched today and will be advertised in the journal Nature next week. The Institute is set to have its lead scientists in place by next year. The Institute's work will be guided by Alzheimer's Research UK and leading drug discovery experts from the dementia research field.
Launching the Drug Discovery Institute, Alzheimer's Research UK's Director of Research, Dr Eric Karran, said:
"The Drug Discovery Institute is the missing link between the UK's considerable expertise in fundamental science, and industry who can turn discoveries into benefits for people with dementia. Alzheimer's Research UK is in a unique position to bring the academic and industrial sectors together in the interests of tackling our greatest medical challenge and it is the right time to launch this drive.
"We currently have no treatments that act against the disease processes that cause dementia; this Institute will change that. The Institute will be the first of its kind in Europe, and will follow successful models established in other disease areas like cancer. As the population ages, numbers of people living with dementia will grow; the need for treatments that can improve quality of life or slow or stop diseases like Alzheimer's cannot be overstated."
Alzheimer's Research UK Champion Rosemary Goddard, from Surrey, knows only too well the need for research into dementia – her husband Tony was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's seven years ago, when he was just 63.
Rosemary said:
"Tony worked on our dairy farm for 35 years, but shortly after he retired, his health began to decline and I began to notice signs that something was seriously wrong. When he was first diagnosed, Tony was quickly prescribed Aricept, and later he began taking Ebixa. The drugs helped manage his symptoms for a time but they couldn't stop the disease advancing, and two years ago he had to move into a nursing home where he could receive specialist attention. "I would dearly love to see better treatments to slow or even stop the progress of the disease, and I'm delighted to see Alzheimer's Research UK taking the lead in this search for more effective drugs. With the population living longer, dementia is hanging over us all like the sword of Damocles, and I have to hold on to hope that research will defeat this dreadful condition."
← The Work Of The Nutrition And Hydration Week Team Receives Deserved Recognition
Safety Of Medicines In Care Homes – Free Resources →


text:
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 2 Has Started Filming
By Maddie Krueger
Potter fanatics can rejoice as Warner Bros. has announced that the filming of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 2 is officially underway. The film will pick up in 1927 where the original left off to detail the escape of the infamous wizard Grindelwald.
This will be JK Rowling's second go at script writing, her first being the original film, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. David Yates (Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince) will also return to direct the second installment of the five-film series.
Also returning will be Eddie Redmayne (The Danish Girl) as the protagonist Newt Scamander, Katherine Waterston as Tina, Alison Sudol as Queenie and Dan Folger as Jacob. Johnny Depp will revise his role of the infamous Gellert Grindelwald, while Jude Law (The Holiday) will join to portray a young Albus Dumbledore.
Warner Bros. and Rowling have given a bit of insight into what this next film will bring. It is known from previous features in the magical world, Grindelwald and Dumbledore were best friends as young children until a duel faced them off as enemies when Dumbledore's younger sister Ariana was killed. At the end of the previous film, Grindelwald promised and delivered that he would make a dramatic escape. We will now see Dumbledore, along with the help of his former student Scamander, recapture Grindelwald.
The film will expand the wizarding world, bringing it back to London from New York and eventually onto Paris. Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them paved way to keeping the Harry Potter world alive.
Be sure to catch the next film in theaters November 16, 2018.
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Probably you've at least heard of it. It seems like everyone is talking about it–the Hulu series about the dystopian future where women with two good ovaries are fated to be surrogates for wives of societal stature who are infertile. For birthmothers this is where the dystopian future meets the dystopia past. Birthmothers have already lived in this world and handed over our children to those that society deemed worthy.
I felt this when I read the book in 1989 (while nursing my youngest child,) but watching it come alive on the screen brought a bitterness that I have not tasted for some time.
In the story it's customary for all the handmaids in the neighborhood to attend a birth. While the adoptive mother in waiting lies on a white sheet in a stylish living room, moaning though fake labor pains with the other wives coaching her, upstairs the real labor progresses with the handmaid who is lucky enough to have conceived a child in this toxic future world. When the birth is imminent, the handmaid leaves the luxurious marriage bed for a birthing chair, the privileged wife sitting behind her as if she too is pushing through the labor pains. When the baby is out, it's the wife who situates herself in bed and receives the baby. The handmaid, (birthmother) is just a few feet away, empty-handed and anguished, longing to hold her child. A sister handmaid turns her face away from the baby and its new mother. Then the entire room of handmaids converge on her, hovering over her, murmuring their comfort. It's a wrenching scene, but for those of us who were handmaids of the 60s and 70s, we had no compatriots.
At the moment of my son's birth, the intern in the delivery room joyfully asked me if this was my first child. Before I had a chance to utter a syllable, the doctor in charge guffawed. "She's an unwed mother," he said. My son was wrapped is a blanket and whisked away.
I suspect most of us gave birth that way. No family present. The baby's father not allowed anywhere near. No murmured comforts anywhere.
This entry was posted in adoption, birthmother, birthmothers, grief, Uncategorized and tagged The Handmaid's Tale on May 7, 2017 by declemen.


Fortunately, many manufacturers now provide valves with multiple approvals from around the world to facilitate the use of a single component across a wide geographic and jurisdictional range. Even with this accommodation, it is still the specifying engineer's responsibility to select the correct valve, not only for the application, but for a regulatory environment that is populated with standards and approvals that can be difficult to coordinate with confidence. One prominent valve brand, ASCO, provides a white paper that delivers some insight into navigating this challenge, outlining an array of international approval agencies and providing a clear explanation of how T-codes (temperature codes) vary between US and EU agencies. The white paper is included below, a must-read for any engineer specifying or servicing solenoid valves.
Share your process control valve requirements and challenges with product application experts. Their expertise and your process knowledge, when combined, will deliver effective solutions.
Asco solenoid valve temperature code explanation whitepaper from Classic Controls, Inc.


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Home/News/National News/Ex-FBI agent discusses threats to agency since raid on Trump's home
Ex-FBI agent discusses threats to agency since raid on Trump's home
Frank Motoya Jr.:
So it's a really terrible side effect of all this nonsensical rhetoric, that people are questioning the very reasons the FBI exists. It's not just about questioning their honesty and integrity, but their reason for existing.
And there was a time when most Americans, a lot of Americans, viewed the rule of law and viewed the Constitution as something worth abiding by, as something that could be abided by. And, right now, with all this negative language going around, all this negative rhetoric is causing even normal, ordinary people, my neighbors, to question whether or not the FBI is doing what it's supposed to be doing, instead of act like a dishonest agency.
And the thing is, nothing could be further from the truth about that rogue nature, about the adjectives and words and descriptions the former president uses to describe some really good people, who are like your neighbors, your – the the people who live in your community, whose children attend your schools, where they just do their jobs, react to the circumstances of our current environment and do it in the best possible way, while taking care of themselves and, more importantly, their friends and families.
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Home›Destinations›Central and South America›Central America›Guatemala›Guatemala City›Shopping
Shopping in Guatemala City
In many respects, Guatemala City is a great place for shopping, particularly if you're interested in Guatemalan arts and crafts. While it's much more fun and culturally interesting to visit one of the traditional markets, like that in Chichicastenango or Santiago Atitlán, you can find just about anything made and sold throughout Guatemala on sale in the city. Moreover, you can find these arts and crafts in large, expansive markets, as well as in small, boutique shops. Note: It is illegal to export any pre-Columbian artifacts out of Guatemala.
The Shopping Scene
There are two main markets in Guatemala City, the Mercado Central, or Central Market, in Zona 1, and Mercado de Artesanías (Artisans' Market), in Zona 13. Both are massive and stocked with a wide range of arts, crafts, textiles, and souvenirs available throughout the country. Aside from these, the greatest concentration of shops can be found in the Zona Viva. These shops tend to be higher-end, and you'll often pay a premium price for the same goods available at the markets. However, the markets are often flooded with low-quality items, which are often weeded out from the offerings at the higher-end shops.
In addition to the Mercado Central, Guatemalans love to shop for bargains along 6a Avenida in Zona 1. This busy city street is crammed with makeshift stands and kiosks selling everything from bootleg CDs and DVDs to housewares and clothing. However, be careful; this is a busy and crowded area, and pickpockets feast on tourists.
Middle- and upper-class Guatemalans tend to shop in modern malls. Some of the malls in Guatemala City include Centro Comercial Miraflores, Calzada Roosevelt, Zona 11; Centro Comercial Tikal Futura, Calzada Roosevelt, Zona 11; and Gran Cento Comercial Los Próceres, 16a Calle, Zona 10, all of which could rival those in other parts of the world.
Liquor -- The Guatemalan Zacapa rum is one of the finest rums in the world. The 23-year-old Zacapa Centenario dark rum is as rich and smooth as a fine cognac. This rum has won widespread acclaim in international tasting competitions, and the company claims that part of their success and secret lies in the fact that the rum is initially distilled at sea level, near where the sugar cane is grown, and brought to a separate facility high in the Guatemalan mountains to age. Zacapa rums also come in 15- and 25-year aged varieties. For decades, the Centenario came in a bottle entirely covered in a woven reed. Today, these bottles are increasingly rare, and while the newer packaging features only a thin band of the weaving, the rum is just as good. You can get Zacapa rum at liquor stores and supermarkets across the city (and country). However, you'll find the best prices, oddly, at the airport. It's convenient to know you can save that last bit of shopping until the last minute.
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2nd Lt. John D Madigan was assigned to the 301st BG 353rd Squadron.
The following information on John Madigan is gathered and extracted from military records. We have many documents and copies of documents, including military award documents. It is from these documents that we have found this information on 2nd Lt. Madigan. These serviceman's records are nowhere near complete and we are always looking for more material. If you can help add to John Madigan's military record please contact us.
Please contact us with any biographical data, pictures or other information regarding the service and life of John Madigan.


As of June 1st, there will be an upgrade around 3 pm EST. Mobile Deposit will be down for around 2 hours. You may still use Mobile Banking during this time, but will not be able to deposit checks through our app. Part of the upgrade will include notification sent to your email on file for whether or not the check is accepted. If you have any questions, please call us at 317.352.0455.


About 2 years ago, my husband bought an airplane to build up his flying hours and to do training in. A bonus was that he flew us all sorts of places during that time. We have been to Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Nevada. Of course we have flown in Texas where our favorite flight was to go eat Barbecue at Hard Eight in Stephenville. It has been a great experience for our family allowing us to experience adventure as we go to visit family and friends. To the kids, it was just like riding in car except we got there faster.
Sometimes the ride was smooth and sometimes it was bumpy. Every one except my dh had the privilege of using a barf bag at least once. We flew over the clouds, through the clouds and under the clouds. Our flights could be short or very long but together we experienced life. The kids became experts at spotting other planes. I became an expert at not touching anything I wasn't suppose to. Our family was the flight crew. We had our trusty pilot who guided us as we pulled the plane in and out of the hanger and loaded baggage. I even got to help with maintenance now and then if you call holding something helping.
These two years we got to see God's creation from a different perspective. These two years I did some praying from high above. These two years I have been amazed at how well my husband can fly and remember all the things he needs to remember. I am thankful for all his hard work planning the trips and taking us with him. I am thankful for how he always enjoyed taking friends and family for rides. He even went and picked up a friend and her girls once and brought them home from Ohio. I am thankful for God guidance and protection as we have traveled. It has been a memorable season for us.


Nottawasaga Mechanical offers 24 hour emergency heating repairs on furnaces.
Because of the amazing new by-pass they built (which really only by-passes Nottawasaga Mechanical and other local business on Highway 26) our address has changed from 8352 Highway 26 to 465 Lyons Court. We are still located in the same physical location only our address has changed.
This has taken effect as of Nov 14, 2012.
Some things you should check before calling us!
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Home How to Stream Safely Stream Your Favorite Shows with Sling TV
Stream Your Favorite Shows with Sling TV
Looking for a way to stay up-to-date on your favorite shows and sports teams? Look no further than Sling TV, the number one live-streaming service in the US for those with a budget. With Sling TV, you can watch thousands of channels featuring your favorite movies, shows, and live events. Plus, you can stream anywhere, on any device with Sling TV's convenient app and website. With so much content available, you'll never miss a show or game again! Get the best in entertainment today with Sling TV.
What Is Sling TV?
Sling TV is a live-streaming service that offers more than 30 channels starting at just $40 per month. It's a great way to cut the cord and save on monthly entertainment costs. With Sling TV, you can access premium channels like AMC, HGTV, ESPN, and many more. Streaming your favorite shows live or watching them on demand is simple with the Sling TV app.
Why Use Sling TV?
Sling TV makes accessing all your favorite shows easy. You can choose the plan that best fits your entertainment needs. With Sling TV's library, you'll get live sports and news coverage as well as thousands of hours of on-demand programming. Plus, you can watch Sling TV on your favorite devices, such as your smartphone, computer, or tablet for convenient viewing at home or on-the-go.
Sling TV allows you to customize your viewing experience with add-on packages like Sports Extra, Kids Extra, and Movies & More. With these packages, you can get additional channels at a discounted rate. Plus, Sling offers half-off for the first month of service when you sign up for three months in advance. And if you're a T-Mobile customer, you can get 30% off the Best of Live TV package.
Sling TV is available on almost any device, including smartphones, tablets, computers, and streaming devices like AppleTV or Roku. You can watch Sling TV on multiple devices simultaneously with their multi-streaming feature.
There are three different price tiers to choose from when signing up for the service. You can choose between Orange, Blue, or the combination of both depending on your needs and the number of devices you want to stream from. Additionally, each package offers 50 hours of DVR storage.
With Sling TV, you can access live news coverage, premium content from networks like AMC and HBO, and sports programming. You can also enjoy thousands of hours of on-demand shows and movies with the Sling TV app. And if you're an avid sports fan, you can watch your favorite games in high definition with the Sports Extra package. With their emphasis on live sports, it's important to use a service provider that offers the recommended broadband speed capacity in order to deliver a quality stream.
Unlike illegal streaming sources, Sling TV is committed to keeping your entertainment experience safe and secure. They use the highest-grade encryption and security protocols, so you can enjoy streaming without worrying about your data being compromised. If you have any questions or concerns, their customer service team is always available to help.
Signing up for Sling TV is easy. Simply visit sling.com and sign up for the monthly service plan that best fits your needs. A reliable home internet connection is crucial to an optimal viewing experience with Sling TV. They recommend internet speeds of 3-5 Mbps for most devices, like tablets and computers, but suggest broadband speed capacity of 25 Mbps or higher for households streaming on multiple devices.
You can also add additional packages (upgrade) to customize your viewing experience even further and enjoy even more of your favorite content. After signing up, you can access all the best shows on any device with the Sling TV app.
Enjoy the Best Content with StreamSafely
At StreamSafely, we know how important it is to keep your streaming experience safe and secure. That's why we're here to help you find a reliable streaming platform to watch your favorite content safely. Educate yourself and learn more about how to stream safely.
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Think you know the basics about content piracy? Take this short quiz to find out.
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Once a network airs a TV show or film, it is free for anyone to copy and distribute.
If I pay some price for content or a device to stream it, that means that I'm receiving the content legitimately.
There's a greater risk of malware infection from pirated (stolen) content than from non-pirated content.
There's no real harm to anyone when content is pirated (stolen) rather than purchased from a licensed provider.
It's not always easy to tell pirated (stolen) content from legitimately distributed content.
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It is crucial for you to put a number of things in context when purchasing your ERP software. Knowing which criteria you should use can be difficult considering the many things you should think about. Knowing where to begin can, therefore, become a challenge. However, below are six consideration that you need to look into to make the process easier.
When you need proper info on any service or product a review is the place to head. You need to dig up some info about whichever ERP software you intend to buy. With a review, you can learn a variety of vital information to help you make the best decision on which software you need to buy. You can use these platforms to compare the cost of various ERP software and see which one fits your budget. Additionally, you also get to gather information about the type of quality an ERP software has to offer. Pay attention to what the clients say about the different ERP systems that they have used. Lastly, a review can also help you compare different features.
It is critical for you as the buyer to thorough research on the buyer. Once you have confidence that you are buying from a trustworthy seller, then you can go ahead and make your purchase.
In the recent past, the consideration of the underlying technology was not regarded as necessary when choosing an ERP solution. Nevertheless, with technology changing every now and again, things have changed. Basing an ERP solution on the latest technology is actually one of the best things you can do. Changing an entire system involves more than just its software functionality. There has to be enough money that can be used for training, business disruption and covering for lost time. You can be sure of scalability when you choose a system that works with the newest technology. You can be sure that the system will serve you for a long time.
ERP systems cost differently. The reason behind this is that some companies need more complex systems than others. You should always come up with a budget before getting an ERP system. This can help you know the kind of ERP system you require. However, you should have in mind that the functionality of an ERP system cannot be based on its price. Base the system on the nature of work you want to do.


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