text:
Portrait of Mazepa
Excerpts from the book by Yuri Vorobyevsky
Order of Judah
"July 11 1709 of the year" from a train from Poltava "Field Marshal A.D. Menshikov, fulfilling Peter I's instructions, sent a decree to Moscow: "Upon receipt of this, immediately make a coin weighing ten pounds of silver, and tell her to cut Jude on the aspen of the hanged man and at the bottom thirty silversmiths lying with them, and back the inscription against this: "The son of a perishing Judas is reproaching a hedgehog for avarice choking." And to that coin having made a two pound chain, send us to the drug mail immediately. "
So it was done. "Juda Medal" was created by master Matthew Alekseev at the second Moscow Kadashevsky Mint.
Peter proceeded from the calculation that one silversmith weighs 136,3 grams. This is almost equal to 1 Roman liter (136,44 grams), used in the Roman Empire since the Savior.
The unusual award was intended for the traitor - hetman Ivan Stepanovich Mazepa, who earlier, "for faith and loyalty", was awarded with a star and a sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (second after General-Admiral F. Golovin and before Peter himself).
"On November 10, in Hlukhiv, in the presence of Peter I, a new hetman was proclaimed: the traitor Mazepa was cursed by the Church, with his dummy" people "tore the order ribbon and" this person was thrown into the hangman's hands, which the executioner took and hooked the rope, dragging along street and square and even to the gallows, and then hung. " C. 6. *
This ceremony was surprisingly similar to the "hanging of Judah" adopted in various regions: "Thus, everywhere in the Western Slavs, in various ways, the pre-paschal action known as" punishment "," stalking "," burning "and" hanging of Judah "is known, the meaning of which was reduced to making the ritual scarecrow, followed by its destruction ... In various ways of "hanging Judas", the following points draw attention to themselves: "Judas" were dressed in things stolen from Jews in Jewish headgear, beaten, hung in the market square, at the gate or on the tree opposite the house of the Jew, they threw the Jewish dwelling inside, and the Jew had to pay off, pay for the doll. " [2-2. with. 168].
And what about the former hetman? He was terribly afraid of falling into the hands of the tsar and the Ukrainian people loyal to them. He understood that Peter's monetary promises would sooner or later force the Turks to extradite him. So, tormented, 22 August 1709, Mazepa took poison. He was buried in the monastery of St.. George (Jura) in Galati. After some time, the Janissaries, in search of gold, dug the hetman's corpse, robbed him of his clothes, and threw them into the Danube.
So they did not have time to present the medal to the former hetman. In order not to send the "coin" to the smelter, the king awarded her the jester Prince Shakhovsky, greedy for silver (he once said that Judas had asked too little for the Savior). There are no new references to the original Order, it seems, from the second half of the XVIII century.
Nowadays, when new Jews are honored, when "Mazepa damned" fills up people's souls, the old award seems to get a second life. The press reported. That in connection with the 300 anniversary of the Battle of Poltava, the Academy of Russian Symbols MARS presents the project of the medal 300 years to the betrayal of Mazepa.
The medal is limited edition (130 copies, of which 30 copies with silvering). Instead of a "big silver chain, worn around the neck ..." a piece of hemp rope is attached to the medal.
In addition, from 2010, the Russian community of the Poltava region will hold an anti-award ceremony for Ukrainian politicians, culture and science - a bronze prototype of the Order ...
A similar order was cast on the initiative of the "Young Russia" military-patriotic organization. Its leader, Vladimir Maximov, also knows who should be awarded.
* Anathematizing order was served not only in Glukhov - by the Metropolitan of Kiev, as well as by the Chernigov and Pereyaslav bishops, but also in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In the presence of the highest clergy after the sermon, Stefan Yavorsky said three times: "The traitor to Mazepa, for the crime and treason to the great sovereign, be anathema!".
In Russia, the rite of celebration of Orthodoxy was introduced in the XIV century. It included a Greek synodic with the addition of the names of new domestic heretics and traitors. Over time, the names of Grishka Otrepyev, Stenka Razin, Protopope Avvakum, Emelka Pugachev, and many raskolouchiteli appeared in it. All the anathemas were 20, and up to four thousand names.
In the 1801 year, the anathematization order was once again reduced: it now listed only the heresies themselves, without mentioning the names of the heretics. Of the names of state criminals, only Otrepiev and Mazepa are left. The late synodal edition of 1869 of the year contained 12 common anathemas; all names were omitted and a common phrase was inserted in 11 anathematized about "daring to revolt and treason" against "Orthodox sovereigns".
... Numerous and different portraits of Mazepa, I think will soon disappear in the storerooms of museums. In the mind leave one - the heroic. The "collective image" has already been created. Landing heads - proud. The mustache, of course, is good. Solid, strong-willed chin. High brow and wise eyes. Only an old anathema hinders. Already painfully dark shadows she puts under her eyes, painfully sullen fold cuts through between the eyebrows. The retouching of the false patriarch Filaret, who in the 1990-ies solemnly "removed" the anathema from Mazepa. *
What can be answered by the zealous defenders of the hetman, some of whom agreed to the fact that Mazepa is holy!? **
The first. He broke the oath to the anointed of God given on the holy cross and the Gospel. "The new traitor, called Ivashka Mazepa, the former Ukrainian hetman ... broke the faith and loyalty on the cross kissing the promised and approved." The violation of the oath of the cross is primarily a spiritual and ecclesiastical and canonical crime. It is a pity that it is not known to those who today in the UOC MP raises the question of the incompetence of Mazepa's anathema. ***
The second. By changing the Orthodox state and taking the oath to the Swedish Lutheran King, Mazepa brought Protestants to the Ukrainian lands, who defiled Orthodox churches and shrines. Historian E.V. Tarle, author of the fundamental stories Northern War, on the basis of thoroughly studied documents, reports that Mazepa even helped Karl to choose the direction of strikes against certain Ukrainian settlements.
We return to the text of the anathema: "The new traitor, called Ivashka Mazepa, the former hetman of Ukraine ... adhering (to the enemy of God and his saints, cursed heretic), king of Sweden's Swedish king, put it in the Little Russian land of the Church of God and place, holy desecrated and ruined". In a letter to the patriarchal locum tenens Metropolitan of Ryazan Stefan Yavorsky from 31 October 1708 years from the camp on the river Desna Emperor Peter said: "Mazepa ... instead of security, takozh as a great builder of the add was the Holy Church, now cursed persecutor add-Uchino (Inasmuch near Novgorodka Swedes in one Church horses set) ". In the nominal decree on bringing an anathema to Mazepa, it is written that the latter "the vessel was needed for the most departed image, and then the devil's vessel appeared," that is, at first Mazepa was a vessel of good, and then became the vessel of the devil.
The "Testimony about the Swedes priest Andrei Alexandrovich 1708, December 1" contains evidence of the destruction of the Orthodox churches in the city of Nedrygaylov by the Swedes: the Swedes "dismounted near the city, and marched to the city with a gun, and before they had fired, the Swedes said Nedrygaylovsky to the inhabitants, when they left them to the castle, to be allowed into that castle, and they themselves would come out, and promised them that they would not repair anything. And they from the city said to them that they would not be allowed into the city, although they would accept death. And after listening to the Swedes, they began to cut the gate, then a volley was fired at the city, and the Swedes from the city also shot at the Swedes and killed 10 people. And they, the Swedes, having lifted their bodies, retreated from the castle, and stood on the butterflies and the churches and yards burned everything. "
Suffice it to recall the icons of the Poltava Holy Cross Monastery, on which the Swedes carved chess boards, in order to while away leisure.
"Ukrainians perceived heretics-Swedes almost as well as Belarusians, who considered them to be satanic force:" where this Lucifer with his army was going ..., there was hunger everywhere and many years of crop failure. Therefore, the peasants after them consecrated their arable land, sprinkled them with holy water and made prayers. " It is written in the Mogilev Chronicle.
Third. Mazepa betrayed the Orthodox sovereign and the Orthodox state and tried to overthrow them, switching to the side of the heretics. "However, it is the son of perdition," says the text of the anathema, "for such a betrayal of apostasy from a pious power, betraying and bringing up the hands of robbery and battle against Christ, his benefactor and sovereign, with all his companions, hoops and traitors will be cursed" .
The Orthodox Church, not only the Russian, but also the Greek, and even the Western (before its disappearance) repeatedly betrayed the anathema of the rebels and traitors. For example, the great prelate of the Ecumenical Church, Ambrose of Milan, excommunicated the usurper Yevgeny, who opposed the legitimate emperor Theodosius the Great and attempted to seize the throne in the Western Roman Empire.
They say Mazepa participated in the construction and restoration of temples and monasteries. But after all, in 1938, the Hitler government allocated funds for the overhaul of the 19 (!) Orthodox churches in the Third Reich, and in the 1936-1938 years, a new Berlin Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ was built for the Russian Church. Since 1936, the Reich government has been implementing a program of assistance to the Orthodox Church in Germany as a state-recognized confession: the German Orthodox clergy began to receive regular salaries; subsidies were provided for the various needs of the German Diocese and its parishes; clergy and diocese received benefits, etc. In 1939, the Orthodox Theological Institute was opened in Breslau (Silesia) at the expense of the German government ... It is difficult to even say who bothered this field more - Mazepa or Hitler.
On account of the hetman 12 built and 20 renovated churches. Yes, Mazepa built. On the sovereigns money. He was, so to speak, an intermediary, a government official. And if sometimes he erected something on his own, acquired by fair means or foul? Well, on the silversmiths abandoned by Judas, the Sanhedrin decided to buy a potter's pitted ground for the burial of wanderers (Matthew 27: 2-7). On this occasion svt. John Chrysostom writes: "Take heed to you, who by murder think to favor your neighbor, and take upon yourself the price of human souls. These are Jewish alms, or, rather, satanic! Yes, there are genuinely nowadays those who, having robbed many, consider themselves to be absolutely right if they throw ten or a hundred gold in poverty. This is what the prophet says: and behold, what else you do: you make the altar of the Lord pour tears upon the tears. "
It is hard to disagree: if the Holy Synod or the Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate decides to remove the anathema from Mazepa, then, therefore, the Russian Orthodox Church is sinful. And the anathema imposed by it is a relative thing. If the Church itself recognizes the inadmissibility of one of its anathemas of the oath-breaker, then another anathema, proclaimed in 1997, to another oath-breaker - Mikhail Antonovich Denisenko (false patriarch Philaret), is equally invalid.
Then the removal of the anathema from Mazepa will be interpreted as recognition of the priesthood that the Russian Orthodox Church is a political tool in the hands of "the Moscow enslavers of the Ukrainian people." To all attempts to clarify that the case of Mazepa and Filaret are incomparable, we will just laugh in the face. They will say to us: "With Mazepa three hundred years ago, you were just as excited about today as with Filaret. But nothing, it will take years ... eleven, you and Filaret will remove the anathema, just as they have removed it from Mazepa "****
The anathema, the excommunication of man from the Church, is a projection of the Supreme Court. On the eve of the death of the treacherous traitor, hordes of lice prevailed. Verily, that was the punishment of God!
Karl's personal physician, Lei Bust, testified: "the royal comrade is eaten by hordes of lice and worms," "it is terrible to approach him, he is full of black insects," he "is like Herod the Great, eaten by the worms alive ...". Mazepa howled and scrubbed, brushing the lice off with a handful, but they appeared again with such inconceivable rapidity as if the old man's body itself was generating this evil. The former hetman was literally bored with lice, which is why he died, and Karl XII thoughtfully said: "The worthy death of a great man! The lice seized up and the Roman dictator Sulla, they bit the Jewish king Herod, and the Spanish king Philip the Second didn't even leave the coffin ... "
* Not so long ago, the press reported that Yushchenko suggested that Patriarch Alexy II do the same as Mr. Denisenko.
** You will not believe it, but on the eve of the 300 anniversary of the celebration of the Poltava victory, the portrait of Hetman Mazepa was "pacified" !!! In the family of the deceased activist of the UNR, who fled to the West at one time and settled in Munich, there was a portrait of Mazepa, who was hidden in a bank safe. It is reported that when they opened the safe recently, they saw that the canvas was covered with some strange spots, streaks and a strange substance smells of flowers !!!
The owner of the portrait comments: "We have almost no doubt that a true portrait of Mazepa was found, which was used for religious purposes. Perhaps they have prayed for him for many years. "
For a better impression, it is also reported that the FSB officers began hunting for the relic!
*** The layman oath-breaker who voluntarily broke the oath, only in the event of "decent repentance" (82-th rule of St. Basil the Great), is subjected to ten-year (64-th rule) or eleven-year (82-th rule) weaning from holy communion. In order to understand the gravity of Mazepa's crime, it should be noted that the penitentiary of the repentant oath-breaker is more severe than the penance of a renouncing Christ and a sacrifice to idols - this, according to the 4 rule of Ankyra Cathedral, is excommunicated from Holy Communion. If someone says that he cannot be excommunicated for his perjury, he must, in that case, declare that he cannot be excommunicated from the Church and for renouncing Christ.
**** In the June Mine there is one service, today thoroughly forgotten, but about which, it seems, the time has come to remember. This is the "Service of thanksgiving to God in the Holy Trinity glorified, about the great God-given victory over the Swedish king Karl XII and his army, committed under Poltava, in the summer from the incarnation of the Lord 1709, the month of June, on 27-th day". In this service, which has become part of the liturgical tradition of the Russian, and therefore through it, and the Universal Orthodox Church, Ivan Mazepa says the following.
"Oh extreme fury and anger! Having now succeeded in evil to the previous Judas, having obtained the second Judas, a slave and flatterer: when the son was lost, the devil was tempted, and not a man, damned renegade Mazepa, who left Christ, the Lord and his benefactor, and stuck to the adversary, confessing evil for a good , for the good deed of evil, for mercy, hatred: But God will give to the second, like the first Judas, according to their work ... "
"Thou art not likened to a merchant to a man who is looking for good beads, an ungrateful and sly slave, but a frantic Judas who seeks for blights, and who has redeemed the betrayed Christ's precious beads, and who have lost them all, buy the evil, evil, without mercy. Thou made this likened unto Yurode, imitated this unto you most ungratefully, thou this followed the most mighty of Mazepo. But the same and the good is deprived, the equal wicked one acquiring hast, and thou hast come to his place "...
Let us also recall verse in the 50 psalm: "May the apostles be honored, not agreeing with the second Jude Mazepa, but having betrayed the souls for their Master."
HETMAN-THAT Naked!
Three hundredth anniversary of Poltava Victoria. Mazepa's Passion Shutters Like Never Before (60).
Interestingly, one of the first press reports about what happened in Poltava was this:
"Kiev 27 June. This morning, an unknown citizen tried to set fire to the straw effigy of Hetman Mazepa, the Ukrainian agency UNIAN reports. A scuffle ensued between supporters and opponents of this action, which was stopped by the police. The incident occurred during the opening of the Arch of Reconciliation on the battlefield of Poltava, not far from the Sampsonievsky church built in honor of the victory. * According to UNIAN, the inscription "Mazepa Judas" was on the hetman's stuffed figure.
On the field of military glory staged a theatrical battle. Let us quote the press: "The audience, frozen, waited for the outcome. "Hooray! We break, bend the Swedes ... "Peter's troops (with a dozen actors) were pushing, swinging their sabers. The Swedes (about the same) resisted, fighting off with blades. On this day, they were lucky. Political correctness and tolerance for the Poltava battle of 300 years later ended ... a draw. The opposing sides, waving their fists, simply dispersed to their corners of the "ring". Neither you have a break in the bloody Northern War, nor the shameful flight of Charles XII and hetman Mazepa, who joined him, nor, of course, the "triumph of the Russian weaponsAnd the birth of the Russian Empire.
-Glory to Ukraine! - the cry of one of the nationalists rang out over the field of Russian glory.
-Glory to heroes! - A couple of hundred votes answered him.
-Masepo victorious! - yelled "Matigulnik".
-Ukrainian power e! - amicably picked up the chorus.
-Moskali - get out! - someone vyaknul unauthorized.
The answer did not follow - bust ... "
"On the day of the Poltava Battle, more than two thousand Cossacks gathered in Poltava to celebrate the 300 anniversary of the Victory in the Battle of Poltava. As the organizers of the event told the RUSSKIE.ORG portal, Poltava saw a convoy in which detachments of the True Cossacks, Don, Zaporozhye and Tver Troops, the Crimean Cossack Union, the Cossack organizations of Crimea, Central and Southeastern Ukraine, went a hundred after a hundred. The march was held in the framework of the IV International Forum of Cossack culture, which was decided to be held in Poltava. The correct party from Ukraine was the Faithful Cossacks.
The Cossacks marched through the historic center of Poltava and entered the Corpus Garden, to the Victory Monument. Here they met with representatives of the Orthodox Brotherhood of Alexander Nevsky, the Russian community of the Poltava region and compatriots' organizations. A solemn meeting took place near the monument, which was opened by the Chief Ataman of the High Cossacks Alexei Selivanov.
The ataman stressed that the memory of the joint struggle of the Russian army, the Don and Zaporizhzhya Cossacks is alive, despite all attempts to slander a common history. On behalf of the Russian side, Aleksey Kirichenko read out the official greeting to the forum participants, the ataman of the Poltava branch of the True Cossacks, Khoruzhiy Khorcherov read the Appeal of the IV International Forum of the Cossack culture, in which the Cossacks call for the establishment of truly friendly relations between Ukraine and Russia, and to stop the heroization of the traitors to demazepizatsii Ukraine.
After the victorious march through the center of Poltava, in comparison with which Mazepa's "progress of sorrow" looked pale, rarely and in small numbers, ** Cossacks filled the battlefield of Poltava, where they took part in laying flowers to the memorial Cross.
After the processions, representatives of the Cossack delegations prayed on the territory of Holy Cross Monastery, where they got the opportunity to attach themselves to the Image of the Mother of Kaplunovskaya - the Icon itself, which the Emperor Peter blessed the troops on the eve of the Victory. ***
Remember how Pushkin ends his "Poltava"?
"Forgotten Mazepa for a long time;
Only in the triumphant shrine
Once a year until now anathema
Thunderstorm, cathedral rattles about it. "
No, something resembling the plot from the Gogol story "Portrait" happened. Yushchenko went to bed and, whether he fell asleep or seemed to him, he saw how the moon glowed on the old picture. How glittered eyes in a gilded frame. How his sharp, stern and proud look stared at him. How the image of Mazepa came to life, and how the hetman's mace fell to the floor with a crash ... The next morning "he again approached the portrait in order to examine these wonderful eyes, and noticed with horror that they were looking at him for sure. It was no longer a copy from life, it was that terrible liveliness that would have lit up the face of a dead man who had risen from the grave. " Unwittingly the president lowered his eyes. And at his feet - a miracle and only! - and in fact lies the hetman's mace. Finally found a weapon against klyatyh Muscovites!
Then, they say, and in general the old schemer came down with a ten-dollar bill, got into Ukrainian life. Only the train is behind him, the bad train is left. Hryvnia depreciated, people (if they have nothing to assign and sell) - are impoverished. But many do not lose heart: Ukraine is "e"! However, the most surprising thing in the other: Yushchenko's face has changed terribly since then. As if the undead became.
* It is known for certain that the Poltava victory took place on the day of St. Sampson Strange Bearers, that is, June 27 or July 10 in a new style. For some reason, however, 8 July was established in the calendar of glorious dates. This is a seemingly crafty attempt to obscure the obvious: the heavenly help that was provided to Russian weapons. The current celebration in Poltava, the Ukrainian authorities have appointed a new style for June 27. As an eyewitness of events writes, as if in spite of the Russian Orthodox Church with its unshakable Julian calendar.
** The balance of power was about the same as between the faithful Russian Cossacks and supporters of Mazepa in the 1709 year.
*** Funny detail. On the evening of the first day of the celebration, the Dnipropetrovsk Opera House was supposed to stage Boris Godunov on the memorial field. Just a week before the date, a "decree" came from Kiev: "Godunov" was changed to "Military Requiem" by Benjamin Britten. Which, indeed, Godunov, when Viktor Yushchenko canceled the 300 anniversary of the victory at Poltava - everything that happened on 27 and June 28 was called "Events to celebrate the 300 anniversary of the events of the hetman of Ukraine Ivan Mazepa and the conclusion Ukrainian-Swedish Union.
PS A healthy stallion, firmly received a whip, rushed. Through the thrilling feather-grass steppe of memories. Through the dusty way of politics. Through the hazy fantasies of romantic writers. Through the muddy puddles of propaganda lies ... Finally, someone grabbed the horse by the bridle. On the rump - tied one. Spitted back and ... lower back. Marvel, people, the hetman is naked!
Yuri Vorobyevsky
Originator:
http://pravoslavnyi.ru/knijnaya_polka_redakcii/uriy_vorobevskiy-orden_iudy.htm
Mazepa CodeDon Service Komarich 1646 of the Year
borisjdin1957 29 July 2013 07: 19
from the Don.
had heard about Mazepa, but did not know how he ended his life. It turns out that at all times, all traitors will face an unenviable end!
Dog-dog death!
Sirocco 29 July 2013 07: 23
If we compare the deeds of Mazepa and Gorbachev, then as twin brothers, and the title of both revered in the west of Judas.
Having changed the Orthodox state and taking an oath to the Swedish Lutheran king, Mazepa brought Protestants to Ukrainian lands, who desecrated Orthodox churches and shrines. Historian E.V. Tarle, the author of the fundamental history of the Northern War, on the basis of documents carefully studied by him, reports that Mazepa even helped Karl choose the direction of attacks on various Ukrainian settlements.
Why not Gorby.
wax 29 July 2013 12: 55
Only now, Mazepa was given the Order of Andrew the First-Called BEFORE betrayal, and Gorby - AFTER (!) Oh times! Oh LADIES!
I would like to emphasize that thanks to such politically correct acts of historical scenes as this
Political correctness for the sake of and tolerance for the Battle of Poltava 300 years later ended ... in a draw. The warring parties, waving their fists, simply dispersed in their corners of the "ring". You don't have a turning point in the bloody Northern War, nor the shameful escape of Charles XII and the hetman Mazepa who joined him, nor, of course, the "triumph of Russian weapons" and the birth of the Russian Empire.
and the history of Russia is being copied. Then prove to the descendants that there was a victorious procession of Russian weapons, they will tell us there is a video, 200 years ago, which clearly shows that there was no defeat for the Swedes, but gathered to drink beer.
Alez 29 July 2013 07: 56
I propose a similar silver coin to be cast to Serdyukov, to collect the feasible amount by the whole world and hand it to him when he is called to the IC of the Russian Federation.
sergey72 29 July 2013 08: 20
Silver is not enough for all Judas to cast ..... lead is better, a homeopathic dose - nine grams, in the back of the head ...
stroporez 29 July 2013 08: 55
I think ----- I still need to deserve a bullet ....... and such dogs --- a rope or drown in a swamp ..... but the order should be returned ... and let people decide who to give "Judas a label "
Quote: stroporez
Maybe I won't argue like that .... although a bullet or a rope "... not aesthetically pleasing, but reliable and practical ..."
You can put silver on your neck and cool in the waters of the Gulf of Finland, it will pop up - OOO Lucky, will not pop up - no one will regret it.
yurii p 29 July 2013 12: 18
He collected this amount and even more from the Russian army, the only thing they need to be thrown off is on the gold bars, so that before the end of his life he could see the sky in a box, although this is from science fiction, but maybe science fiction is realized in life, I really hope so.
valerii41 30 July 2013 18: 36
Best aspen stake
omsbon 29 July 2013 08: 18
It seems to me that the two most worthy candidates to be awarded the Order of Judah and the Medal of Paskuda are Gorbi and Chubais!
Well, I bet that you can add more than a dozen names to this list.
slaventi 29 July 2013 09: 10
Receiver Mazepa - the award is waiting for the "hero".
vostok1982 29 July 2013 10: 34
There is a tradition that Mazepa was eaten by lice an hour before death. Huge, fat, which no one has ever seen.
I wish Mikhail Sergeyevich to meet them.
Dimka off 29 July 2013 12: 33
he is a traitor and in Africa a traitor. What is the most offensive and protesting duck is that the modern Ukrainian authorities sing about such scum and traitors - Mazepa, Bandera, Shukhevych, Konovalets and others like them - traitors and Judas serving the enemy.
Gato 29 July 2013 15: 07
Lice seized the Roman dictator Sulla, they bit the Jewish king Herod, and the Spanish king Philip II did not leave the lice even in the tomb
And the yushchenko will be bitten by bees.
And at his feet - a miracle and more! - and in fact lies the hetman's mace
Not according to Juan sombrero.
vlad1 29 July 2013 16: 08
And whom he betrayed, Tsar Peter doesn't betray this, but he must be brought down. The Russians were invited as allies, and they began to act as owners who like it. And for home-grown cheers-patriots, remember how the following hetmans ended their lives and how much the Zaporizhzhya Sich lasted under the Muscovites
The second one. Having changed the Orthodox state and taking an oath to the Swedish Lutheran king, Mazepa brought Protestants to Ukrainian lands, who desecrated Orthodox churches and shrines. Historian E.V. Tarle, the author of the fundamental history of the Northern War, on the basis of documents carefully studied by him, reports that Mazepa even helped Karl choose the direction of attacks on various Ukrainian settlements.
For example, Roman Shukhevych, unlike Mazepa, did not swear allegiance to the "maskals", and did not serve in the Red Army, so he is more suited to this concept of being an enemy, at least for us.
nnz226 29 July 2013 23: 52
Dove, don't talk about Peter. Talk about Mazepa. After all, before the Battle of Poltava, when Peter came under its walls, Poltava was under siege for almost TWO MONTHS, and Karl 12 and Mazepa besieged it (by the way, the present zhovto-blakytny "sovereign ensign" is a gift from the Swedish king to change Mazepa: since the Cossacks did not wear of a certain shape, like soldiers of the regular army, then in order to distinguish the Mazepians from the Cossacks loyal to Peter, the Mazepians made "pennants" of the colors of the Swedish flag on the peaks, see the current state official. Do you, cardboard fool, believe in a fairy tale about the sky and the wheat field ?!) So the garrison sitting under siege consisted of 7000 Peter's soldiers and 28000 Cossacks. It is clear that the Cossacks could take the soldiers into knives in one night and open the gates to the hetman and the king, but no! Didn't open! They were waiting for the help of "Tsar Herod", as his half-witted Svidomumki try to call him. So a traitorous beast, betrayed to anathema, is a traitor, and the territory (a country does not raise a hand to call this squalor), extolling such "heroes", is doomed to their fate: to be eaten by lice !!! And about the Zaporozhye Sich: its DIRECT descendants now make up the Kuban Cossack army! They were hanged for riots in those days (Pugachevshchina with the Don, Yaik Cossacks and their fate is known), and the Cossacks - did they have an indulgence for a riot? And the invitation of the Russians, ostensibly, as allies, as combined with the decision of the Pereyaslavl Rada: "To the people of RUSSIA, the Tsar of Moscow!" There is no question of alliance. Submitted under the autocratic hand of the king and EVERYTHING !!!
GUSAR 30 July 2013 22: 17
A traitor, he is a traitor ...
bublic82009 30 July 2013 23: 09
what country is Ukraine and its heroes. all traitors
samosa4.11.90 30 July 2013 23: 18
Quote: slaventi
С this "medal" just right in the hole, will not float.
W-pott 31 July 2013 09: 35
I read, read and did not understand what the article was about. Lish would shit?
bagpipe 5 August 2013 22: 30
It is sad that such a serious resource is included in the information war against the fraternal people waged by the current Kremlin power. It is sad that the readers / members of the forum are being led. From this, such comments appear - "not a country but a territory" ... Russians, and then what? how will we live further?
tilovaykrisa 5 August 2013 22: 57
And we spit on corrupt politicians, sit down to drink 100gr of Russian vodka and eat ukranian fat, stop crying, talk about politics and how we can save the world from the crap America, we'll throw another 100 but already gorilki and eat some potatoes, then there will be fraternal songs, tears and an oath of eternal love. And even the devil himself will not divorce our fraternal peoples.
Misantrop 5 August 2013 23: 40
Quote: volynyaka
the resource is included in the information war against the fraternal people
Just do not need to portray the population of Ukraine as a single people. To call a freak raising a traitor to the flag a brother ... it's even too much for the extreme Tolerast ... The fraternal Ukrainian people live and work together with the rest of the Slavic peoples. From Kaliningrad to Kamchatka. That's just a couple of decades ago, a bunch of freaks to the noise bitten off part of the common homeland. With an understandable desire - to fill your pockets. And I personally do not understand HOW the majority of Ukrainians still do not get the simple idea that less than a quarter century ago they, together with the rest, owned fifth of the planetsuddenly found themselves locked inside a small, rapidly impoverished enclave. And they are offended by the Russians that they do not sell them (for example) gas at a discount. After all, this is - and (in the recent past) and THEIR gas, from which they themselves have refused. Why is there no resentment against those who, having made up their minds, forced them to abandon gas, timber, gold, diamonds, territory, etc. ???
mehmeh 8 December 2014 15: 01
I know the descendant of the hetman) lives in Ufa and is not going anywhere he was called to Stuttgart. adventurous type) sat in a jail banged by someone but otmazatsya trail messed up there something with evidence. He appealed came out loves rafting down the rivers. works as a locksmith.
Prison says a terrible thing. he would have served but scared.
Not going anywhere. Mazepa is not inclined.
They were exiled to Bashkiria.


Gold Tone Aluminum Showcase 34" x 22" x 3"
Price is $15.00 cheaper it you come in and pick up the case in person. Price includes a special $15.00 UPS approved shipping box. Shipments of two or more can go by motor freight without the $15.00 UPS safe box, however the shipping cost are higher than UPS until you order 3 or more and then motor freight is cheaper.
The case features tempered glass, Riveted construction, Keyed cylinder lock, Masonite bottom. Built in support arms, and weighs less than 15 pounds.
Silver Tone Aluminum Showcase 34" x 22" x 3"
Price is $15.00 cheaper it you come in and pick up the case in person. Price includes a special $15.00 UPS approved shipping box. Shipments of two or more can go by motor freightwithout the $15.00 UPS safe box, however the shipping cost are higher than UPS until you order 3 or more and then motor freight is cheaper.


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Home Local News Buhari Seeks Review Of Strategy On Boko Haram
Buhari Seeks Review Of Strategy On Boko Haram
DailyCastNG
•Convenes security meeting on Lake Chad
Buhari Seeks Review Of Strategy On Boko Haram – President Muhammadu Buhari has challenged the Nigerian Army to come up with a new strategy in dealing with the contemporary security challenges facing the country.
Delivering a keynote address at the opening of the yearly Chief of Army Staff Conference in Maiduguri, Borno State yesterday, the president pledged to retool the military for effective containment of the Boko Haram threat.
Buhari, while commiserating with the families of the soldiers recently killed in the state by the insurgents, noted that they paid the supreme price for the peace and security of the country.
He urged the army to remain committed to the task of eliminating the deadly sect from the face of the earth.
Speaking on the theme, Optimising Efficiency of the Army in Nigeria's Democracy, the Chief of Army Staff, Lt.-Gen. Tukur Yusuf Buratai, reiterated the resolve of the troops in containing the security challenges in the North East, promising improved welfare for the combatants.
He bemoaned the threat posed by the smuggling of light arms and other offensive weapons across borders in the sub-region, insisting that the development would not deter the military from discharging its constitutional obligations.
The pronouncements of the president and the army chief come amid fresh threat from Boko Haram terrorists to attack the military after they launched a raid at Jiddari-Polo in Maiduguri on Monday.
The assault on farmers led to the death of four while another was left with severe injuries.
However, Buhari is convening a consultation meeting of Heads of State and Government of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) today in N'Djamena, Chad.
The president, who doubles as the Chairman of the Summit of Heads of State and Government of the LCBC, in a statement yesterday by his Special Adviser on Media and Publicity, Femi Adesina, explained that the one-day meeting would review the security situation in the areas affected by Boko Haram insurgency and adopt measures to enhance the capacity of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) for the battle ahead.
Besides, the military has debunked reports alleging that the corpses of the late soldiers and members of the civilian Joint Task Force were yet to be evacuated.
According to a statement on the Facebook account of the Defence Headquarters yesterday, "the information is despicably false and a calculated attempt to spread fake news aimed at discrediting and undermining the Nigerian Army in the discharge of its constitutional roles."It said the bodies had since been removed from the Melete scene of the attack.
Lt. Gen. Tukur Yusuf Buratai
Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Construction disputes arise in many situations. Those who hire builders or others to design, plan, construct or remodel properties may determine that the work provided, or the structure built, fails to live up to standards imposed by law or agreed to by the parties. Subcontractors and others who work on construction projects may not be paid on a timely basis. Insurance companies who issue policies to contractors, builders, homeowners or others may be asked to defend or indemnify their insured, or need to subrogate claims with another insurer.
We handle disputes at any stage of the process, including bids, contract drafting, performance, warranties and problems encountered at a later date.
Wisconsin has specific legal requirements applying to residential homeowners before they can file suit against a contractor for defective construction. The homeowner must follow certain steps and timetables requiring that notice be given of alleged defects and providing an opportunity for the contractor to cure prior to filing in court. In addition, before a construction contract is formed, the contractor is required to provide a copy of a brochure outlining the right to cure procedure. The Right to Cure brochure, prepared by the Wisconsin Department of Commerce, must be provided to any consumers who are having their dwelling constructed or remodeled. Commercial real estate, including offices, warehouses, plants and industrial facilities, are not subject to the Right to Cure law.
Hale, Skemp, Hanson, Skemp & Sleik represents building owners, contractors, developers, insurance companies and others in construction litigation. Contact us online or call us at 608-519-4788.


Dolutegravir granules-in-suspension achieved satisfactory exposures in children aged between 2 and 6 years, according to data presented at CROI 2017.
Dolutegravir was potent and well tolerated through four weeks in this analysis.
IMPAACT P1093 is an ongoing phase 1/2 open-label pharmacokinetic (PK) and dose finding study of dolutegravir in age-defined paediatric cohorts: 4 weeks to <18 years of age. Doses that provide dolutegravir exposure comparable to that from 50 mg once daily in adults with acceptable safety and tolerability are selected for each age group.
Dolutegravir is approved for children and adolescents aged 6 years and above, weighing at least 30 kg. Theodore Ruel and colleagues from P1093 presented 4 week results from an interim analysis of the 2 to <6 years cohort.
In this study children received dolutegravir granules-in-suspension at doses of ~0.8 mg/kg once daily. Children were ART-experienced but INSTI-naive at enrolment. They had been on a failing regimen for up to 12 weeks or off ART for at least 4 weeks. PK targets, based on adult data, were geometric means of: AUC24h range of 37 to 67 mg*hour/L (primary) and C24h range of 0.77 to 2.26 mg/L (secondary).
Intensive PK performed on 10 participants was used to determine the dose. The dolutegravir granules-in-suspension was evaluated at ~0.8 mg/kg once daily – based on data from the older P1093 cohorts.
PK was completed after oral administration of weight-based dose between days 5–10, after which the background regimen was optimised. Safety, tolerability, and viral load were assessed at 4 weeks, and the study is ongoing to 48 weeks.
At baseline the children (5 female and 5 male) were a median: age 4.3 years (IQR 3.6 to 4.6); weight 15.5 kg (13.8 to 15.9); CD4 count 1323 cells/mm3 (IQR 763 to 2441); CD4 percent 28.0% (IQR 22.0 to 31.4) and viral load 4.8 log10 copies /mL (IQR 4.7to 5.3).
Mean dolutegravir dose was 0.87 mg/kg (range 0.58 to 1.06). The geometric mean (CV%) AUC24h was 44.7 (36%) mg*hour/L and C24h was 0.51 (68%) mg/L. C24h was below the target but above the pharmacodynamic threshold reported in adults. There was considerable variability among the participants.
Viral load was <400 copies/mL in 8/10 participants and <50 copies/mL in 6/10 after 4 weeks of treatment. There were no grade 3 or 4 side effects or drug related discontinuations.
The granules-in-suspension formulation will not be commercially available but these data will form the basis for dolutegravir dosing as dispersible tablets to be studied in this and younger age cohorts, which are now enrolling.
Ruel T et al. Dolutegravir pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in HIV+ children 2 to <6 years old. CROI 2017. 13–17 February 2017. Seattle, Washington. Poster abstract 806.


Do you spend a lot of your waking hours at the gym, running the streets or some form of exercise?Why not start a fitness business? With the right qualifications and desire to succeed you can turn your passion for health and well-being into a business.
What I love about this industry is the healthy, positive and motivating aspects of reaching your full health and business potential.I hope I'm not waxing too lyrical here, but there is just something about being healthy together with reaching your financial and business goals, that give your life a dimension of energy and enthusiasm that will attract opportunities and people to your door.
So now we've got the dream and commitment bit out of the way, it's down to the nitty-gritty of building a business.It might seem a little daunting and a bit scary after all if you're putting yourself out there then you're taking a risk.But it's a good risk as the odds are in your favour if you're already passionate about fitness.This passion will naturally move you onto to the next challenge.
Seek the experience and support of a trusted business mentor to help you define your goals.Go online and print a business plan template to identify your goals and timeframes.You'll also want to look at the industries you're interested in working in.Do you want to be a mobile personal trainer?Then seek the experience of someone who is already in the field to give you valuable advice and expertise.Once you've defined your goals and market niche, then choose the appropriate qualification and get started.The institute offers a great dual qualification in personal training and business what a great start to building a successful health and business career right there!
If you choose to study part time, then you can be working during the remaining hours of the week to start building your client base. As Walt Disney once said If you can dream it, you can achieve it.


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The copyright for any material created by the Willowtree Marine Ltd is reserved. Any duplication or use of objects such as diagrams, sounds, images or texts in other electronic or printed publications is not permitted without the author's agreement. However in the wider interests of the canal/boating industry copyright permission will not be unreasonably withheld.
Please see the separate pricvacy policy, which is to be read in conjunction with this disclaimer.


LA JOLLA. I wandered off of Girard Avenue, wound my way through a hallway, and found the elevator. After a short ride, I found myself on a roof deck set up for a yoga class with palm trees framing the horizon line against the ocean. I instantly knew I had found a special place. Trilogy Sanctuary serves a 100% organic, vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO menu, and they strive to source their ingredients as locally as possible. Chef Scott's Steele's attention to detail is evident in the quality of the food served — all of the dishes are thoughtfully assembled and their flavors are in harmony.
During my first visit to Trilogy, I was sitting next to a group of girls who ordered the Vega-Nachos, a mix of gluten free veggie chips smothered in cheesy sauce with quinoa chorizo, avocado, and pico. They raved about the dish the entire time they were eating them. I decided I needed to try them … after all, how often does a vegan get to eat nachos? On my next visit, they were the first thing I ordered. I loved that the "chips" were made from dehydrated sweet potatoes –a healthy alternative to the normally fried nacho base. The best part? The quinoa chorizo. It gave each bite a bit of a kick. I will DEFINITELY be ordering these again.
Another amazing Trilogy menu option is the Wrap of Zen. The wrap (which by the way is vegan, raw, and paleo!) is filled with sprouted homemade hummus, butternut squash, beets, avocado, and cucumber and topped with almond love sauce. The wrap is bursting with fresh veggies. I don't know what is in the almond love sauce, but it is special. This wrap far surpasses the tired veggie sandwich and is a truly unique dish.
The "Two Perfect Tacos" dish is aptly named. The tacos are comprised of house made corn tortillas stuffed with quinoa chorizo, roasted sweet potatoes, eggplant bacon, avocado, pico, and spicy almond love sauce. The roasted sweet potatoes acted as an excellent anchor for these tacos and contrasted deliciously with the salty taste of the eggplant bacon. Yum!
Trilogy also offers a delicious Mediterranean Spaghetti Squash entree made from warm spaghetti squash tossed in home made pesto mixed with roasted portobello mushrooms, heirloom tomatoes, sun dried tomatoes, olives, and toasted pine nuts. Personally, I'm predisposed to enjoy any dish with pesto and sun dried tomatoes and this dish did not disappoint!
Trilogy offers a wide array of fresh smoothies. I finally decided on the Lust Smoothie: a mix of almond miilk, cacao, banana, avocado, date, maca, vanilla, cayenne, and cinnamon. And yes, it tasted as good as it sounds! Chocolatey goodness with a little bit of a kick.
Trilogy also offers a wide variety of scrumptious sounding desserts. Think chocolate mousse, cheesecake, and raw carrot cake just to name a few. I confess I haven't yet tried one of the desserts, because I always fill up on appetizers and entrees!! I'm excited to try one (or more!) soon!
The interior of Trilogy is cozy and made up predominantly of earth tones. I love the open kitchen concept so that curious customers (like me!) can watch the food preparation.
Trilogy also offers a beautiful outdoor patio space — tables and umbrellas make it the perfect place to relax and enjoy the rooftop view.


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Vocalists LP Cab Calloway
Hi De Ho Man – Cab Calloway Classics
LP (Item 554224) Columbia, 1930s/1940s — Condition: Very Good
$5.99 ...
Columbia (label)
Vocalists (CD, LP)
Jazz (CD, LP)
(Cover has ring and edge wear with a sticker on the spine.)
Billie Holiday – The Golden Years 1933-1941 (3LP box set)
Columbia, 1930s. Near Mint- 3LP Box Set
An excellent collection of Billie's 30s work for Columbia Records – featuring 3LPs worth of material, represented with much better sound than the original 78 rpm release of the songs. Billie's in the company of a host of great jazzmen – including Count Basie, Lester Young, Teddy Wilson ... LP, Vinyl record album
Billie Holiday – The Golden Years Vol 2 (3LP box set)
Johnny Mathis & Deniece Williams
Columbia, 1978. Sealed
Star Is Born
Columbia, Early 50s. Sealed
Rushing Lullabies
Columbia, Late 50s. Near Mint-
A killer album by Jimmy – and certainly one of his best later records! The album includes the amazing track "Russian Lullaby", done in a totally swinging jazz version with Ray Bryant, Buddy Tate, and Sir Charles Thompson on organ. The track's incredible, and still sends shivers ... LP, Vinyl record album
Columbia, Late 30s/Early 40s. Very Good+
My Name Is Barbra
Columbia, Mid 60s. Very Good+
Beautiful Noise
Columbia, 1976. Near Mint- Gatefold
Rosemary Clooney with Duke Ellington
Columbia, 1956. Very Good
Fantastic stuff, and proof that Rosemary Clooney was always one heck of a great singer – with strengths in jazz that you didn't always hear in her pop work! As you'd guess from the cover, Duke Ellington's leading the group on the album – and most of the tracks here are older Ellington ... LP, Vinyl record album
Columbia, 1964. Very Good+
Reprise, Late 60s. Very Good
Sweet moody stuff from the period when the duo of Ms. Sinatra and Mr. Hazelwood was electric in the studio. This was back when he used to call her "Nasty" through the headphones in the vocal booth, and when the two of them put out such spooky spooky material as "Some Velvet ... LP, Vinyl record album
Singers Unlimited
MPS, 1977. Very Good+
One of the grooviest albums cut by this legendary MPS vocal group – a set that has some very hip friends from the American scene – who blend perfectly with the soaring vocals that the quartet forged in Germany for the MPS label! The music features vocal arrangements from group leader ... LP, Vinyl record album


MANAGUA, Nicaragua (AP) — Nicaragua's government said Monday it will implement a program to guarantee the safe return of exiles.
Anyone who fled in the past year and does not have an open court case or formal accusation against them will be eligible to return, the foreign affairs ministry said in a statement. It said the International Organization for Migration would provide technical support, although that group said late Monday it had agreed only to study at the government's plan.
The government made the proposal to the opposition Civic Alliance on April 10, but said it didn't reach a consensus.
"It's ridiculous to act like the exiles would believe the same government that threatened them, persecuted them, killed their relatives and occupied their houses is now going to safeguard their lives and safety," Solís said. She said the proposal did not include any real mechanism for protecting those who return.


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Free News»State News»Inslee pushes state capital gains tax
Inslee pushes state capital gains tax
Published by admin on Wed, 01/16/2019 - 7:48am
Would impose 9 percent tax on capital gains starting at $25,000
By Sean Harding WNPA Olympia News Bureau
Gov. Jay Inslee proposed a $54.4 billion state budget that would introduce a capital gains tax on stocks, bonds and other assets.
The proposal would tax capital gains of over $25,000 for individuals and $50,000 for joint filers at a rate of 9 percent.
The tax would raise $975 million in revenue during fiscal year 2021, according to an Office of Financial Management estimate. Homes, farms, and retirement accounts are exempt.
The budget proposed by the governor will likely not be the version eventually passed by the Legislature. Although lawmakers may use it as a template, they will independently create their own proposal to create an "equitable tax situation that pays the bills," said Rep. Timm Ormsby, D-Spokane, chair of the Appropriations Committee.
Other lawmakers see it as an attempt to circumvent voters, who have struck down ballot measures to introduce a state income tax in previous years.
"Voters in this state have repeatedly said no," said Senate Minority Leader Sen. Mark Schoesler, R-Ritzville.
This has not deterred Democrats from seeking what they see as an acceptable budget.
"I think tax equity is still a huge issue within our caucus," said Rep. Pat Sullivan, D-Covington.
Although Democrats currently control both legislative chambers and the executive branch of state government, the passage of an operating budget funded by revenue from taxation on capital gains is far from certain.
Senate Majority Leader Andy Billig, D-Spokane, says he wants to make sure any proposed capital gains tax makes the tax system fairer, or that it would prevent "devastating" spending cuts.
"Once we know what those things are, yeah, I could see myself supporting it," he said at a press gathering on Thursday. "But I would need to know what we're getting in exchange for that capital gains tax before I could tell you 100 percent that we'll be able to pass it."
Washington is one of seven states with no personal income tax. Other Pacific states have some of the highest income tax rates in the nation - Hawaii and California tax at over 10 percent - while Alaska also has no income tax.
"We're growing our budget at a much higher rate than population and inflation rate already," said House Minority Leader J.T. Wilcox, R-Yelm.
Wilcox acknowledges that with Democrats in the majority, they would in theory have enough votes to pass a capital gains tax. But he says it's the job of the Republicans in the minority to make it harder for them to pass. Both sides see it as their job to represent their constituents.
Wilcox pointed out that when Republicans controlled the senate, they were able to pass measures such as freezing the cost of college tuition without a capital gains tax and can do it again.
"This is only about getting more money," Wilcox said.


HURON, S.D. – In celebration of new life and anticipation of spring weather, Huron Regional Medical Center (HRMC) is hosting its eleventh annual Cutest Baby contest during March and April, according to Kim Rieger, VP of marketing for HRMC.
During the month of March, parents and grandparents are encouraged to enter a picture or short video of their precious baby on Facebook. The nominee must live in HRMC's seven-county service area and be under the age of 12 months as of March 1, 2019. Therefore, the baby must have been born between March 2, 2018, and March 29, 2019.
Entries must be received by 4:00 p.m. CST on March 29, 2019, or postmarked by March 29, 2019, to be eligible. Voting opens on Monday, April 1. To learn more and enter, just visit HRMC's Facebook page or www.huronregional.org/cutest-baby-contest.


I wish I had a lot of new news to report to you all, but there really isn't much right now. The Spring Training schedule should be coming out in a couple weeks, so stay tuned.
There's no doubt in my mind that we would love to have Manny back here, but I keep reading about Bonds and A-Rod and the precedent they set because they had large contracts that paid them through age 42. Does anyone remember that one of those years, Bonds played only 14 games due to injury? And just because A-Rod is getting paid through age 42 doesn't mean he'll be productive that long. I just find that argument hard to believe, but then again, it's not up to me to have to buy into it.
The bottom line is, there's no doubt he's worth one of the top two or three contracts currently in baseball over the next couple or few years, but who knows how he will perform in 2012 or 2013 or 2014??
That's about all I've got for now. We've got a few of our former players heading to veteran's hospitals today and tomorrow to spend time with people there and pay tribute on Veteran's Day, so hopefully everyone can take a moment to give thanks to anyone you know who has served on behalf of our country.


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Hrastovac () je naselje na Hrvaškem, ki upravno spada pod mesto Garešnica Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije.

Zgodovina
Pred drugo svetovno vojno je bilo naselje večinsko poseljeno z Nemci.

Demografija

Sklici

Glej tudi
 seznam naselij na Hrvaškem
 Nemška manjšina na Hrvaškem

Naselja Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Parkinson's disease is a common disorder that arises due to some imperfection that amends the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Parkinson's disease is the outcome of the death of the dopamine-containing cells of the midbrain region identified as substantia nigra. The reason for the death of these cells is still unidentified. The prompt symptoms of the disease are problems related with movement like shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty in walking and gait. As the disease progresses the patient sufferers from cognitive impairment as well as behavioral problems. Dementia is the most protuberant feature in advanced phases of the disease. Other secondary symptoms are sleep, emotional and sensory problems. This disease is generally found in the old people who have crossed their fifties. When the main motor symptoms are taken into consideration then the disease is termed as Parkinsonism or Parkinsonian syndrome. This disorder is sometimes also kept under the idiopathic category although some in unusual cases genetic origin also plays a key role. Studies have clearly indicated that the feary of PD escalates if individuals are exposed to certain pesticides despite the risk diminishes in tobacco smokers. From the pathological point of view PD crops up due to the accretion of a protein known as alpha-synuclein in the form of inclusions. These inclusions are designated by the term Lewy bodies that accrues in neurons. Inadequate formation and function of dopamine in certain specialized areas of the midbrain are also considered to be accountable for PD. Apart from the symptoms neuroimaging of brain is very helpful in validation of the disease.
Levodopa and dopamine agonists have been found to be effective in treating early symptoms of the disease. As the disease progresses the dopamine neurons end to get lost from the midbrain regions and a stage arrives when the drugs become futile for treating the early symptoms. When this stage is reached another impediment known as dyskinesia arises that is associated with involuntary writhing movements. Diet and some types of rehabilitation can however help to reduce some symptoms. When drugs become ineffective then surgery and deep brain stimulation is the ultimate solution as it can reduce motor symptoms. Studies carried out on animal models have shown that stem cell transplants, gene therapy and neuro-protective agents can help to reduce the disastrous symptoms of PD. Medication for the sleep disorders and emotional problems are also accessible. The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson who first saved the detailed account of the disease in An Essay of the Shaking Palsy in 1817. Red tulip is the icon of this disease and world Parkinson's day is celebrated in the memory of Dr. Parkinson on 11th, April. Michael J. Fox and Muhammad Ali are the restructured personalities who also suffered from this disease and helped to engender awareness about the consequences and treatment of PD.
The term Parkinsonism is applied for a motor syndrome which core symptoms are tremors at rest, stiffness, slowing of movement and postural instability. Parkinsonian syndrome can be classified in four categories depending upon the origin of symptoms. These subtypes are primary or idiopathic, secondary or acquired, hereditary Parkinsonism and Parkinson plus syndromes. Parkinson's disease is the most common type of Parkinsonism also known as primary Parkinsonism but the applicable cause of this disease is still mysterious. In the topical years studies have directed that genes play a preliminary role in this disorder. PD is generally classified as a traffic disorder but it is also accountable for many non-motors problems like sensory problems, cognitive impairments and sleep disruptions. The symptoms of the primary Parkinsonism complex multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies. From the pathophysiological point of view Parkinsonism is considered a synucleinopathy as there is anomalous amassing of alpha-synuclein protein in the form of Lewy bodies in brain. This condition can be equated with the Alzheimer's disease as there is accretion of tau protein the form of inexplicable neurofibrillary tangles. Studies have indicated that there is a clinical and pathological intersection between the tauopathies and synucleinopathies. The neurofibrillary tangles have been segregated from the brains of patients of PD. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has resemblances with PD. The meticulous association between PD and DLB is still not clear. They may be studied together or can be treated as discrete categories.
PD causes movement allied difficulties resulting in motor problems. Apart from motor problems non-motor problems like autonomic dysfunction, neuropsychiatric problems followed by sensory and sleep difficulties also show their presence in advanced phases of the disease. Four motor problems are contemplated as serious in this disorder and these are tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement and postural instability. Tremor is the very frequently notepad of PD. In about 30% cases tremors do not arise as the first symptom of the disorder but develop later as the disease progresses. Among the tremors the frequency of the rest tremor is high and it escalates when the limit is at rest but fades when any voluntary action is executed or the patient is sleeping. The rest tremor is known to distress the distal part of the limit first. In the beginning only the single hand or leg is encompassed but as the disease progresses this tremor becomes bilateral. The frequency of the tremor ranges between 4-6 hertz. The index finger of the hand comes in contact with the thumb and performs a circular motion known as pill rolling which is the strategic feature of rest tremor.
Slowness of movement also known as Bradykinesia is another crucible feature of PD. As the name signposts this symptom is acquainted with difficulties in performing movements. Sequential and simultaneous movements become intolerable. This symptom becomes more penetrating in later phases of the disease. The prompt symptoms of Bradykinesia are difficulties in performing daily activities like writing, dressing etc. as fine motor control is required. The next distinct symptom of PD is rigidity which can be recognized by failure of the limit to carry out movement. Rigidity is caused by increased muscle tone due to disproportionate and incessant contracting of muscles. Rigidity may be uniform or ratchety in Parkinsonism. The term cogwheel rigidity can be applied when tremors and increased muscle tone come into play. Rigidity can be associated with joint pain as it is the earlier symptom of PD. Rigidity may be disproportionate as it tends to upset the muscles of neck and shoulders first. As the disease progresses rigid affects all the movements of body. Postural instability arises in later phase of the disease causing impaired balance and the bones are at the risk of getting fractured effortlessly. This symptom is generally inattentive in the young patients as it ascends in later phase of the disease. About 40% patients fall very frequently and about 10% patients experience weekly fall showing the severity of the disease. Other motor problems overlap gait and postures disorders like festination, speech and swallowing disturbances like voice disorders.
Neuropsychiatric problems are also an imperative part of Parkinson's disease and they may range from slight to severe ones. These problems compose discrepancies in cognition, mood, behavior and thought processes. Cognitive problems may arise in the preliminary stages of the disease and can upsurge as the disease advances. The most frequent cognitive disturbance is the executive dysfunction which can be characterized by problems related to abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility, inappropriate actions and selecting relevant sensory information. Slow cognitive speed and fluctuations in attention are other problems. Visuospatial problems are also not uncommon. A person suffering from PD has at two to six times greater risk of getting affected with dementia in comparison to the normal population. Dementia can be coupled with reduced quality of life and resilient support as well as care of the family is necessary for the patents suffering from PD and dementia.
Mood and behavior alterations are very frequent in patients of PD with dementia. These alterations are also present in patients without cognitive impairment. Depression, anxiety and apathy are the most common mood alterations. Medication overuse and craving, hypersexuality is also common and is related with the medication which is used in the management of the disease. Delusions and hallucinations have been identified in about 4% patients. This symptom is the upshot of the dopaminergic excess. PD can also disturb other functions of body. Sleep problems are very frequent if PD and can be deteriorated by medications. Sleep distortances combine drowsiness and insomnia. Alterations in the autonomous nervous system cause oily skin, orthostatic hypotension, excessive sweating, altered sexual function and uncontrolled urination. Gastric problems and constipation also become sever and can jeopardize patient's health. Problems related to eye and vision also come into action and comprise of declined blink rate, dry eyes, saccadic movements, decreased ocular pursuit and blurred vision. Impaired sense of smell and sensation of pain followed by paresthesia are also noted. These symptoms make their appearance much before the diagnosis of the disease.
Most patients of Parkinson's disease can be placed in the category of idiopathic disease as the meticulous cause of the disorder is unknown. A very trivial portion of cases can be cogitated under the category of genetic factors. Other factors can be placed under the category of risky elements that may cause PD but the precise relationship between them and the disease is still vague. PD is generally considered a non-genetic disorder but in about 5% cases mutation in some unambiguous genes can result in this disorder. The genes sometimes SNCA, UCH-L1, PRKN, LRRK2, PINK1, DJ-1 and ATP13A2 code for alpha-synuclein, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, parkin, leucin-rich repeat kinase 2, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and mutations in any of these gene can result in PD. Mutation in LRRK2 gene proliferates the chances of occurrence of PD in comparison with other genes. SNCA and LRRK2 are the most comprehensively studied PD-related genes. Mutations in SNCA, LRRK2 and glucocerebrocidase (GBA) increase the risk of sporadic PD. Mutations in GBA result in Gaucher's disease.
Role of SNCA is very vital in PD as this gene is accountable for the formation of a protein known as alpha-synuclein which is the earlier element of Lewy bodies. Missense mutations of the gene followed by duplication and triplication of the locus have been noticed in groups with familial PD. Although missense mutations are intermittent but multiplication of the SNCA locus account for 2% of cases with familial PD. Multiplications have been noticed in the asymptomatic carriers. LRRK2 gene codes for a protein known as dardarin. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are primarily accountable for sporadic and familial PD. It accounts for 10% of familial and 3% of the sporadic cases of PD. According to a guesstimate about 40 different mutations in genes have been found to be blamable for PD.
A group of brain structures which are innervated by dopaminergic system and identified as basal ganglia are severely damaged in Parkinson's disease. The cells in the regions of substantia nigra and pars compact die very frequently. Macroscopic alterations can be identified in the cut surfaces of the brainstem due to neuronal loss. The melanin pigmentation also brings in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Histopathology of substantia nigra and other regions of brain show heavy neuronal loss as well as heavy accumulation of Lewy bodies. Neuronal loss is followed by death of astrocytes and activation of the microglia. Presence of Lewy bodies in different regions of brain is the key feature of this disorder. The primary symptoms of this disease are due to the reduced activity of dopamine producing neurons especially in the regions substantia nigra and pars compacta.
Basal ganglia are connected to other areas of brain through five major pathways. These pathways are motor, oculo-motor, associative, limbic and orbitofrontal circuits. In PD all these circuits are disturbed and so the patient sufferers from the problems associated with movement, attention and learning. Out of all the five circuits, motor circuit has been intensively studied. A conceptual model has been in practice since 1980 which shows direct relationship between alteration of motor circuit and appearance symptoms of PD. The model is however, modified with recent advances in research but is still used even today. According to this model, the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory impact on a wide range of motor systems that prevails them from being active at appropriate times. When a particular motor action has to be performed then this inhibitory effect is reduced. This inhibitory effect diminishes with the release of dopamine. High levels of dopamine are required in order to perform motor actions but if the level of dopamine declines symptoms of PD get a chance to make their appearance. The condition in which the level of dopamine declines is known as hypokinesia and causes difficulty in motor actions. The drugs that are used to treat PD may produce excessive high levels of dopamine resulting in activation of motor systems at occasion times causing dyskinesias.
A number of mechanisms are known in which loss of brain cells is observed. One such mechanism consist of an abnormal accumulation of a protein known as alpha-synuclein. This protein combines with ubiquitin and results in neuronal loss. This protein accumulates inside the cells in the form of inclusions known as Lewy bodies. According to Braak staging Lewy bodies first make their appearance in the olfactory bulb, medulla oblongata and pontine tegmentum. As the disease progresses Lewy bodies start accumulating in substantia nigra, areas of midbrain and basal forebrain and later in the neocortex. These areas are the chief sites where heavy neuronal loss occurs. Lewy bodies may not be liable for cell death and may be protective. In the patients suffering from dementia heavy accumulation of Lewy bodies have been noticed in the cortical areas. Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques may be observed in patients of Alzheimer's disease with dementia. Other mechanisms associated with cell death are proteosomal and lysosomal dysfunction followed by reduced mitochondrial activity. Iron accumulation has been noticed in the regions of substantia nigra.
Parkinson's disease can be diagnosed by medical history and neurological examination. There are at present no definitive laboratory tests available that can clearly depict that a person is suffering from PD despite brain scans help in disease identification but the chances of accuracy are low. The patients may be given levodopa which results in reduction of problems of motor injury and the disease can be diagnosed with greater accuracy. Isolation of Lewy bodies from the midbrain by autopsy also confirms that a person is suffering from PD. Alzheimer's disease, multiple cerebral infarctions and drug-induced Parkinsonism can also produce Parkinsonian syndrome. Medical organizations have created certain criteria by which the disease can be diagnosed in early phases. The most widely used criteria have been developed by the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank and US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The PD Society Brain Bank focuses on rest tremors, slowness of movements and postural instability.
Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of brain of the patients of PD appear to be normal. These techniques can be useful in identification of the secondary symptoms of PD like basal ganglia tumors, vascular pathology and hydrocephalus. Diffusion MRI is however, useful in differentiation of typical and atypical Parkinsonism but more research is required in this field. PET and SPECT radiotracers can be used for measuring the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Reduced dopaminergic activity in the neurons of basal ganglia can be a clue for this disorder.
In the present scenario there is no possible cure for Parkinson's disease but medication, surgery and multidisciplinary management can help the patients to survive. The most promising drugs used to curing the motor symptoms are levodopa, dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. These drugs are generally prescribed on the basis of the phase of the disease associated. In general terms two stages of medications are identified. In the initial phase the patient with PD develops some disability for which he or she requires pharmacological treatment and in the second phase the patient develops motor symptoms related to levodopa usage. The treatment in the initial stage aims at minimizing the side effects that have resulted from the enhanced dopaminergic activity. The starting of the levodopa treatment can be delayed by the use of other drugs like dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. These drugs can delay the sunset of dyskinesias. The second phase of medication aims at reducing the fluctuations that have been resolved as a result of treatment. When medications fail to give the desired results then surgery and deep brain stimulation methods are employed. In the final stages of disease palliative care is provided in order to enhance the quality of life.
Levodopa has been used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease for more than 30 years. In the dopaminergic neurons L-DOPA is converted into dopamine in the presence of dopa decarboxylase. As motor symptoms in PD are caused by the lack of dopamine in the cells of substantia nigra, the administration of L-DOPA can help to diminish the motor symptoms temporarily. Studies have indicated that only 5-10% of the L-DOPA crosses the blood brain barrier. Although L-DOPA is converted into dopamine but it produces a number of side effects also like nausea, dyskinesias and joint stiffness. Carbidopa and benserazide are potent peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitors. They block the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine there before reduce side effects by increasing bioavailability. Levodopa is also related to dopamine dysregulation syndrome which is the result of overuse of the medication. If the doses of levodopa are given intravenously and through intestinal infections, then the rate of spread of medication increases.
Tolcapone is known to inhibit the COMT enzyme activity which is responsible for the degradation of dopamine and this in turn prolongs levodopa activity. Usage of levodopa in later phases of the disease results in involuntary movements also known as dyskinesias and fluctuations in response to medication. When this happens the patient of PD switches from good response to medication and few symptoms to no response to medication and significant motor symptoms. Therefore, it is advised to keep the doses of levodopa low in order to maintain the functional stability of the patient. Use of alternatives for levodopa is now in practice.
A number of dopamine agonists are known that have similar effects like that of levodopa and are known to bind the dopaminergic post-synaptic receptors. They are generally used for the individuals suffering from dyskinesias and the common examples are bromocriptine, pergolide, piribedil, apomorphine and lisuride. Although they are known to produce significant effects but also cause some mild side effects namely drowsiness, hallucinations, insomnia, nausea and constipation. Sometimes in very mild doses side effects emerge out so the physician has to search for another drug. These drugs are useful for curing the motor symptoms caused by overuse of medication and are useful for treating the symptoms that arise during the initial phases of the disease. They are more expensive than levodopa and dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are however, rare in young people but other symptoms may crop up as the age as well as the disease advances.
These drugs are known to increase dopamine levels in the basal ganglia by blocking it metabolism. They are known to inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase-B that breaks down dopamine secreted by the dopaminergic neurons. Reduction in the activity of MAO-B increases the levels of L-DOPA in striatum. They are used to improve the motor symptoms in early phases of the disease but are less effective than levodopa. They produce more side effects.
Researchers earlier believed that surgery and deep brain stimulation can help to treat the motor symptoms of PD but with the discovery of levodopa the number of operations experienced a heavy downfall. Surgery is generally performed in those cases where drugs fail to produce significant effect. Surgery in case of PD can be placed under two group sometimes lesional and deep brain stimulation (DBS). The target areas for lesions and DBS are thalamus and subthalamic nucleus. DBS is the most commonly used surgical treatment and it involves use of brain pacemaker that sends electrical impulses to specific areas of brain. DBS is generally used for the individuals who suffer from motor fluctuations and uncontrolled tremors or those who suffer from sever neuropsychiatric problems.
Speech problems can be cured with rehabilitation although more research is required in this area. Regular physical exercise with or without physiotherapy can be helpful for treating the problems associated with mobility, flexibility, gait etc. although the exercise program must be practiced under the strict supervision of the physiotherapist. Muscles and nerves that take control over the digestive process are generally affected in PD resulting in constipation and gastroparesis. A balanced diet is recommended by the doctors as swallowing difficulties may occur as the disease advances. In some cases gastrotomy is practiced where food is directly delivered in the stomach. Strong competition occurs between proteins and levodopa as both uses the same transport system in the intestine and blood brain barrier. When both are taken together the effectiveness of the drug decreases. Therefore, when levodopa is taken heavy protein diets are discarded and the patient is recommended to take balanced Mediterranean diet.
Palliative care is generally required in the final stages of the disease when all the medication strategies become ineffective. The prime aim of palliative care is to enhance the quality of life of the patient. Strong family support is very effect in this regard. PD is the second most dangerous neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. We can end up by saying that PD must be taken seriously as it bears the potential of making the life of an individual worse if neglected.


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Il suo nome è spesso associato al minimalismo. È considerato uno degli artisti più significativi del XX secolo. Le sue idee radicali e il suo lavoro continuano a influenzare i campi dell'arte, dell'architettura e del design.

Biografia
Nasce a Excelsior Springs il 3 giugno 1928. Presta servizio militare nell'esercito dal 1946 al 1947 nel ruolo di ingegnere e, nel 1948, comincia i suoi studi al College di William e Mary. Successivamente si trasferisce alla Columbia University School of General Studies dove si laurea in filosofia e frequenta un master in storia dell'arte sotto la guida di Rudolf Wittkower e Meyer Schapiro. Tra il 1959 e il 1965 si mantiene scrivendo articoli di critica d'arte per le maggiori riviste d'arte americane. Nel 1964 sposa la ballerina Julie Finch, da cui divorzierà nel 1978. La coppia, nel 1968, avrà un figlio, Flavin Starbuck Judd, nel 1970 una figlia, Rainer Yingling. Dalla fine degli anni Settanta a metà anni Ottanta, si lega sentimentalmente all'artista, architetta ed educatrice Lauretta Vinciarelli.

Muore a 65 anni, a Manhattan, a causa di un linfoma il 12 febbraio 1994.

Prime opere - Fase tradizionalista
A fine anni Quaranta inizia la sua carriera artistica, dipingendo su supporti tradizionali come la tela, e indagando la relazione tra forma e spazio. La sua prima personale di dipinti espressionisti si tiene nel 1957 alla Panoramas Gallery di New York. Tra gli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta inizia a sperimentare la tecnica dell'incisione su legno, spostandosi da un'arte figurativa verso un crescente astrattismo, prima intagliando forme circolari e definendo forme geometriche. Tra il 1961 e il 1962 realizza numerosi rilievi che combinano elementi di pittura e scultura e, nel 1963, cessa definitivamente di dipingere per realizzare opere tridimensionali, in cui la scultura perde la sua funzione mimetica e si riduce a mera oggettualità.

Critico d'arte
Lo sviluppo della sua produzione tra il 1957 e il 1963 ha luogo quasi interamente a porte chiuse. Per oltre cinque anni, infatti, rifiuta di partecipare ad esposizioni. In questo periodo è più conosciuto come critico d'arte che come artista. Nelle sue recensioni discute il lavoro di più di 500 artisti che espongono a New York negli anni Sessanta, su riviste di arte come ARTnews. In esse fornisce un resoconto fondamentale di questo periodo importante dell'arte americana, sottolineando anche le implicazioni sociali e politiche della produzione artistica.

Prima mostra personale di oggetti
La sua prima mostra di oggetti si tiene alla Green Gallery di New York nel dicembre 1963. Ritiene infatti che i suoi lavori abbiano raggiunto un'adeguata maturità espressa da uno stabile repertorio di forme sulle quali continuerà a lavorare per i successivi trent'anni. Si tratta di Boxes (scatole disposte nello spazio e Progressions (parallelepipedi di diverse grandezze posizionati in successione orizzontale su una parete). Realizza tutte le opere manualmente, usando soprattutto compensato e componenti metalliche dipinti con colore uniforme. Il suo intento è quello di allontanarsi da ogni forma di arte illusoria, come la pittura e l'incisione, per muoversi esclusivamente negli spazi reali.

Fase astratta - Specific Objects
La maggior parte della sua produzione è rappresentata dagli Specific Objects, strutture autoportanti in forme semplici e ripetute - costruite in materiali poveri come metallo, compensato, plexiglas colorato e calcestruzzo - che dialogano con lo spazio circostante e l'una con l'altra. Dal 1964 ne affida la realizzazione ad artigiani e a piccole fabbriche, che si basano sui suoi disegni. Sfruttando il potenziale delle tecniche di produzione meccanica, vuole ottenere un'arte astratta e geometrica, dalla fredda eleganza, da cui sembra essere stata bandita ogni soggettività, ogni firma personale.

Il 1965 vede la comparsa dei suoi primi Stacks, unità di metallo identiche fissate alla parete a intervalli regolari, che formano una colonna verticale tesa tra il pavimento e il soffitto.

Le sue sculture possono essere combinate serialmente o meno, a seconda della volontà dell'artista. Alcune sue creazioni sono state esposte con un numero diverso di elementi rispetto a quello originale, a causa delle limitazioni dello spazio a loro destinato.

Contemporaneamente all'abbandono della pittura per la scultura nei primi anni sessanta, Judd scrive il saggio "Specific Objects", pubblicato nel 1964.  In esso afferma che le sue opere non sono classificabili né come pittura né come scultura. L'artista stesso ricerca la spersonalizzazione della creatività artistica attraverso l'adozione processi industriali. L'identificazione di questa nuova categoria di opere è parte costitutiva della teoria artistica di Judd.

Nel 1966 espone due opere alla mostra, fondamentale per la storia del minimalismo, Primary Structures al Jewish Museum di New York, dove contesta l'affermazione dello scultore Mark di Suvero secondo cui i veri artisti realizzano da soli le proprie opere, asserendo che il metodo non è importante affinché il risultato sia considerato arte.

Nel 1968 il Whitney Museum of American Art ospita una retrospettiva su di lui che non include nessuno dei suoi primi dipinti, tacendone gli inizi figurativi. Nello stesso anno acquista un palazzo di cinque piani al 101 di Spring Street a New York adibito ad abitazione e studio. Nei successivi venticinque anni lo rinnoverà e modificherà continuamente, installandovi sue opere o commissionandole ad altri artisti, secondo un pensiero critico che si contrappone alle ritualità del mondo dell'arte che finiscono per porre in secondo piano le opere.

Opere mature
Nei primi anni Settanta, Judd inizia a compiere viaggi annuali in Bassa California con la sua famiglia e rimane folgorato dal vuoto e dal nitore del deserto, con il quale sentirà un legame che lo accompagnerà per il resto della sua vita. Nel 1971 affitta una casa a Marfa, dove successivamente comprerà numerosi edifici ed ettari di terra conosciuti come Ayala de Chinati. In questi anni le sue opere crescono per dimensione e nella complessità. Inizia, infatti, a realizzare installazioni grandi quanto un'intera stanza, la cui vista vuole provocare nell'osservatore un'esperienza fisica intensa.

Anche i materiali adoperati cambiano nel corso del tempo: al compensato non dipinto - apprezzato per le sue durevoli qualità strutturali, che gli permettono di accrescere la dimensione delle sue opere, evitando piegamenti e deformazioni - preferisce negli anni Ottanta l'acciaio Corten per alcune grandi opere all'aperto e per tutti i lavori realizzati a Marfa. Nel 1984 inizia a lavorare con l'alluminio smaltato e commissiona alla compagnia svizzera Lehni AG la realizzazione di opere ottenute incurvando e inchiodando il materiale. Continuerà a produrre pezzi con questa tecnica fino ai primi anni Novanta, ampliando notevolmente la gamma di colori e realizzando opere policrome. Nel 1990 apre un atelier in una vecchia fabbrica di liquori a Colonia, in Germania.

A partire dal suo trasferimento a Marfa progetta pezzi d'arredo, come sedie, letti, tavoli e scaffali realizzati in legno di pino grezzo. Inizia a collaborare con artigiani di varie parti del mondo, in grado di utilizzare una grande varietà di tecniche e materiali. Al momento della morte, nel 1994, sta lavorando a una serie di fontane commissionategli dalla città di Winterthur e alla nuova facciata in vetro per la stazione di Basilea.

Lavoro accademico
Judd insegna in numerose istituzioni accademiche degli Stati Uniti: la Allen-Stevenson School, il Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, il Dartmouth College di Hannover e la Yale University di New Haven (1967). Dal 1983 tiene lezioni sull'arte e la sua relazione con l'architettura in varie università degli Stati Uniti, dell'Europa e dell'Asia. Durante la sua vita pubblica un vasto corpo di scritti teorici in cui promuove l'arte minimalista. Questi saggi sono raccolti in due volumi pubblicati nel 1975 e nel 1987.

Fondazione Chinati
Nel 1979, con l'aiuto della Dia Art Foundation, acquista un tratto di terreno desertico nei pressi di Marfa che include alcuni fabbricati abbandonati. La Fondazione Chinati  apre al pubblico nel 1986 come una fondazione artistica non-profit, concepita per esporre i suoi lavori e quelli di altri artisti (tra cui John Chamberlain, Dan Flavin).

Judd Foundation
La fondazione viene ideata da Judd nel 1977 e creata nel 1996 a Marfa con lo scopo di preservare le sue opere e installazioni presenti in questo luogo e nella sua abitazione-studio al 101 di Spring Street a New York. La fondazione è considerata una componente fondamentale per la comprensione dell'opera dell'artista di cui promuove la conoscenza. La sede è composta da 22 edifici, in cui vengono svolti programmi educativi e didattici. Nel 2013 l'ente, diretto dai figli dell'artista, ha completato la ristrutturazione del palazzo di New York, aprendolo al pubblico per la prima volta. Nel 2018 ha avviato un piano di ristrutturazione a lungo termine per i suoi immobili a Marfa. Nel 2015 ha ristampato tutti i testi di Judd del 1959-1975.

Mostre
Le opere di Judd sono state incluse in più di 230 personali in musei e gallerie in tutto il mondo. La Panoramas Gallery organizza la prima personale nel 1957. Nel 1963 la Green Gallery di New York realizza la prima personale di opere tridimensionali. Nel 1968 il Whitney Museum of American Art di New York ospita la prima retrospettiva dei suoi lavori. Judd partecipa alla sua prima Biennale di Venezia nel 1980 e a Documenta a Kassel nel 1982. Nel 1987 viene realizzata una grande mostra itinerante delle sue opere.

Opere in musei e collezioni

 Museo Boijmans Van Beuningen
 Städelsches Kunstinstitut
 Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía
 Minneapolis Institute of Art
 Art Institute of Chicago
 Museo Nelson-Atkins
 Galleria nazionale finlandese
 Museum of Modern Art
 National Gallery of Victoria
 National Gallery of Art
 National Gallery of Canada
 SMAK
 Print Collection of The New York Public Library
 Indianapolis Museum of Art
 Museo d'Israele
 Fondazione Chinati
 Museo di Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Udine Casa Cavazzini
Tate Modern
Royal Museum of Arts of Belgium

Premi

 Guggenheim Fellowship (1968)
 Sikkens prize (1993)

Opere
 Untitled (Progression), 1965, painted and galvanized iron, 12.7 x 175.3 x 21.6 cm, Saint Louis Art Museum.
Untitled (Stack), 1967, Lacquer on galvanized iron, twelve units, each 9 x 40 x 31" (22.8 x 101.6 x 78.7 cm), MoMA.
Untitled, 1967, collection of Indianapolis Museum of Art.
 Untitled, 1976, anodized aluminum, 15 x 281,3 x 15 cm, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, Collezione Hannelore B. e Rudolph B. Schulhof, lascito Hannelore B. Schulhof, 2012..
Untitled, 1977, stainless steel box, MoMA.
Prototype desk 33 and side shelf chairs 84, 1978-1980, LACMA.
Untitled, 1991, enameled aluminium, 150 x 750 x 165 cm.
Untitled, Tate Liverpool Museum.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

Bibliografia
 Barbara Rose,  American Art Since 1900: A Critical History, London, Thames and Hudson, 1967.
Robert K. Sanford, Art Speaks, Sculptors Don't; Symposium a Horrible Gag, St. Louis Post–Dispatch, 1967.
Donald Judd, Complete writings 1959-1975, Nova Scotia College of Art and Design,1975.
Barbara Rose, Profiles in American Art. New York, Putnam, 1981.
Attilio Codognato, Arte Americana 1930-1970, Milano, Fabbri Editore, 1992.
Sam Hunter, Johon Jacobs, Daniel Wheeler, Arte del XX secolo. Pittura, scultura, architettura, Milano, Rizzoli, 2000, ISBN 88-17-86341-6
Marianne Stockebrand, Chinati: The Vision of Donald Judd,  Yale University Press, 2010.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

https://chinati.org/
https://juddfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DONALD-JUDD-Bibliography.pdf

Scultori statunitensi


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HomeNews100 Mile HouseNew WorkBC Centre Coming to Bella Coola
News100 Mile HouseQuesnelWilliams Lake
New WorkBC Centre Coming to Bella Coola
Wednesday, Feb. 6th, 2019
Bella Coola is 1 of 24 B.C. communities that will have a new WorkBC Centre as of April 1, 2019.
Announcing a number of improvements to WorkBC, Minister of Social Development and Poverty Reduction, Shane Simpson said many people trying to find work face barriers to opportunity.
"That's why we are refocusing WorkBC on delivering results for people," he said in a news release Wednesday.
"Improving accessibility and moving to more personalized supports will make it easier for more people to find good, stable jobs so they can provide for themselves and their families."
Horton Ventures Inc. that provides employment supports and services through WorkBC Centres in 100 Mile House, Williams Lake, and Quesnel will serve as the contractor for the Bella Coola WorkBC Centre.
In an email to MyCaribooNow, the Ministry said WorkBC service providers in Nanaimo, Chilliwack and Coquitlam will consolidate locations from two centres to one. Victoria will move from three centres to two.
The WorkBC Centre in Whistler will close on March 31, 2019, and people will be able to access services in Squamish.
Other service improvements to WorkBC include:
moving to an outcome-based funding model that makes people's success in the job market a priority for service providers
extending eligibility for specialized WorkBC services to anyone who has paid into employment insurance (EI) for five of the last 10 years and removing EI eligibility barriers
helping people find a better job if their hours are unstable, or if the work is not in line with their skills
providing an additional $9 million in direct supports like skills training and helping people access tools so they can pursue a career in the trades; and
improving services in rural communities by consolidating administrative catchment areas and freeing up funding for direct supports for people and more WorkBC centres.
The Ministry said two WorkBC programs will also be offered for people no matter where they live.
The Neil Squire Society will deliver assistive technology services to open up employment opportunities for people with disabilities while the Douglas College will deliver apprentice services such as processing financial support applications and help for apprentices to collect employment insurance benefits while in school.