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text:
John P. Beasley, University of Georgia,
Origin and Growing Conditions
The Peanut Industry
Georgia is the number-one peanut-producing state in the country, accounting for approximately 49 percent of the crop's national acreage and production. In 2014 Georgia farmers harvested 591,000 acres of peanuts, the official state crop, for a yield of 2.4 billion pounds. The state's most famous peanut farmer, U.S. president Jimmy Carter, and his family raised the crop for decades in Sumter County.
Peanut Harvest
peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is native to South America and is believed to have originated in the areas of Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. In its native state it is a tropical, perennial plant. Brought to the South by explorers from South America via Africa, the peanut is thought to have been grown in Georgia about a decade before the Civil War (1861-65). Despite its name, the peanut is not a true nut but a member of the legume family. The term peanut is used primarily in the United States and Australia. Elsewhere around the world, it is usually referred to as a groundnut.
The sandy soils and subtropical climate of Georgia are ideal for producing large yields of high-quality peanuts. Peanut production in Georgia is concentrated in the Coastal Plain, the area south of the fall line, which runs from Columbus through Macon to Augusta. Only a few counties in the southern half of the state, those in the southeastern corner near the Atlantic coast and the Okefenokee Swamp, do not grow peanuts.
Georgia peanuts require a long growing season of at least 150 days of warm weather. They also require about twenty-two inches of water during the growing season.
Peanuts and Sandy Soil
are four market types of peanuts: runner, Spanish, Valencia, and Virginia. Runner peanuts account for 99 percent of the acreage in Georgia, although all types have been grown in the state. Runner peanuts, which are also grown in Alabama and Florida, are used primarily in peanut butter (about 50 percent), as snack nuts (25 percent), and in candies (25 percent). Virginia peanuts come from the largest seed and are used primarily for in-shell roasting. Most are grown in North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina, with only about 10,000 acres planted in Georgia. Prior to the 1970s Georgia farmers grew mostly small, red-skinned Spanish peanuts because of demand from manufacturers.
Peanut acreage in Georgia has varied greatly over the years. During and immediately following World War II (1941-45), farmers were encouraged to plant as many acres of peanuts as possible for oil production to support the war effort. During that time peanut acreage in Georgia exceeded 1 million acres.
Shipping Peanuts
In the early 1950s the U.S. government established acreage restrictions for peanuts, and Georgia's allotment was limited to approximately 525,000 acres. The allotment system was in place until 1980, when a quota system was established.
Acreage in Georgia climbed steadily during the 1980s and early 1990s, peaking at 900,000 acres in 1991. Because of lower yields from poor rotation conditions, farmers began reducing peanut acreage to improve yield potential. In the late 1990s and early 2000s acreage dropped into the 500,000 to 550,000 range. The quota program was dropped in the federal 2002 Farm Act, and a market loan program for the peanut was established. This program created the potential for peanut production in areas that had not historically grown peanuts because of previous restrictions. As a result, peanut acreage climbed to 620,000 acres in 2004 and 755,000 acres in 2005.
Peanut Damage
require intensive management. The crop is highly susceptible to many fungal diseases and requires multiple applications of fungicides. Peanuts respond to a long rotation; that is, the yield potential increases and disease pressure decreases when there are at least three years or more between peanut crops in the same field. As with any agronomic crop, weeds must be controlled. Insects are not always a serious problem but can reach yield-limiting levels in some years. Some of the Georgia peanut-production belt is also infested with nematodes, microscopic animals that feed primarily on the root system and/or the developing pods. Peanuts are expensive to produce, especially when compared with corn or soybeans, and pesticides are a major production cost.
All segments of the peanut industry, including grower, buyer, sheller, broker, manufacturer, and such allied industries as storage and transportation, are represented in Georgia. Numerous other industries support the peanut industry in the state, including equipment manufacturers, banking and other financial industries, and the agricultural chemical and fertilizer industries.
Peanut Farmer
on all aspects of peanut production and handling is conducted by scientists with the University of Georgia (UGA) and with the U.S. Department of Agriculture based in Tifton. Research in Georgia has resulted in dramatically improved yield potential and quality. Some of the state's critical advancements include improved varieties, better harvest techniques, water management through irrigation, improved pest management, and such new technologies as yield monitors, variable rate application of fertilizers, and irrigation water. Research by UGA food scientists has improved the quality, nutrition, and marketability of peanuts. Research in the areas of policy and marketing have given peanut producers around the country better opportunities for competing in a global market.
More in Agricultural Products
Grains and Corn
Media Gallery: Peanuts
Peanut Harvesting
Interview with Frank McGill
Sorry, your browser does not support the audio tag.
Georgia Agricultural Facts (Athens: University of Georgia College of Agriculture and Georgia Crop Reporting Service, annual).
Andrew F. Smith, Peanuts: The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002).
Beasley, John P. "Peanuts." New Georgia Encyclopedia. 08 April 2019. Web. 15 January 2020.
UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences: Peanuts
Peanut Institute
Georgia Peanut Commission
Bugwood Wiki: Peanut in Georgia
You Tube: UGA College of Agriculture: Georgia 2011 Peanut Harvest
Callaway Foundation
Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation
Atlantic American Corporation
D. W. Brooks (1901-1999)
Federal Road
Herman J. Russell (1930-2014)
Bradley-Turner Foundation
Stuckey's
Confederate Monuments
Paul Bendzunas (b. 1951)
James Longstreet (1821-1904)
Granite Outcrops
Towns County
Georgia Constitution
Berry Benson (1843-1923)
Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)
Roland Hayes (1887-1977)
Holly Hunter (b. 1958)
Georgia Writers Association
Benjamin Taliaferro (1750-1821)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Mothers Ramblings: Baby Pippa - I was a Cutie!
I loved being free though, being able to move about on my own and so the baby walker was one of my favourite places to be. I would walk around and around and just be happy that I was able to do my own thing.
Now at my Great Nan's home there was a rather thick rug, right in the middle of my path around the living room. Everytime I tried to get over the rug, I couldn't. It was just too thick.
My Mum said she could see me getting frustrated as everytime I walked my walker to the edge of this rug it bounced back a little.
Eventually I got so annoyed that I stood at the edge of the rug, lifted my baby walker up and took three or four steps into the middle of the rug and plonked my baby walker down.
My Mum said my face was a treat, my toes wiggled into this thick rug, and my family seemed to think it was hilarious that I had decided to take matters into my own hands in order to have the rug beneath my feet.


I loved it when I read in The New York Times that chocolate makes one lose weight, not gain it. I guess the antioxidants in dark chocolate are the good thing for one's body. For one who craves a piece of chocolate with her morning coffee and sneaks a chocolate cookie in the afternoon – well, it's heaven-sent news.
Well not really for me for I don't actually tip the scales at a very good weight. I'm too thin, but then maybe if I eat a lot of it I can offset that with all the calories consumed.
But imagine what a boon this must be for some of those overweight people who have tried about every diet there is possible. I've read some of those diets and find them ghastly.
Imagine living without deep fried foods, no doughnuts, cheese, jams, fat-marbled red meat and the like. I even read about one doctor whose diet consisted of eating nothing white. That rules out a lot of breads, pastas, potatoes, milk and the like. How horrible, takes all the fun out of eating.
I can't imagine giving up my two times a month dinner out with my daughter-in-law. We feast on hamburgers with buns, cheese, mayonnaise and bacon. Of course, also included is a large amount of French fries.
Granted, we do start the meal with a tossed green salad but with a nice oily dressing and a topping of cheese. And how could one possibly go out to dinner without a couple glasses of red wine? I'm sure no diet would allow any of that.
When we go out, I do sneak in a couple pieces of very dark chocolate for us to savor with our second glass of wine. I'm not sure whether it is the wine or the chocolate that seems to send us both into heaven, but we land hardily when it's time to head to the car and drive home.
I guess everyone has their favorite chocolates, perhaps depending on where you live. My favorite is Dilettante chocolate but there are so many more like Godiva, Lindor, See's and Ferrero Rocher.
When I was a child we only had Hershey bars but like everything else in the world, times change and new chocolate companies are everywhere. Not only have they thrived but the cost has risen so that some are really extortionately priced.
But if your craving moves you, nothing can stop you from buying one or two morsels. Enjoy your morning coffee with a piece of dark chocolate while you read Ronni's blog. I guarantee the combination of the three is beyond your wildest imagination.
Johna, oh you lucky woman! I am the one on the endless diet, craving the white food!
But I keep a little jar of dark chocolate for occasional treats. Well written!
I am constantly watching what I eat as my weight creeps up. But I love chocolate. I guess I can avoid the white chocolate. Have you ever tried Wilbur's buds? Made in Lancaster County PA. Wonderful.
For me the best way to lose weight and/or maintain it is to eat very small meals. One can even include a ittle chocolate as a snack. I love those Hersheys mixed miniature chocolates. Each one has only 45 calories, so I am told.
I envy you having the ability to eat what you want. I walk by a table and the calories jump on my hips! Today is a good day to thank God for the gifts you are given.


The Subiaco wastewater treatment plant is the third largest of its kind in WA. This upgrade project will boost the plant capacity to up to 67 million litres a day and includes upgrades to existing treatment facilities, including new inlet works, replacement of secondary treatment components and modifications to the plant's power supply.
Monford Group Pty Ltd engaged PERI to design the formwork for the new inlet works structures. This connects to the new main sewer line for the Western suburbs of Perth.
Integrated with the old sewer line, it leads down to clarifiers and outflows on towards the main treatment ponds through a series of covered channels.
The proven waterproof SK tie system was supplemented with DK Concrete Cones, providing a simple and quick patching solution, while also being a waterproof system in its own right.
MAXIMO's slim profile was ideal where worker access was limited and geometrically complex shapes were required.


text:
GoldFord
During the pandemic, GoldFord continued to work on new music and released Walk With Me, which also appeared on the soundtrack of Grey's Anatomy, and he has recently collaborated with Lost Frequencies for their release of Rise. GoldFord has plans to release an EP in June, with another two EPs to follow, and along with writing his own music, he also writes for other artists including Andy Grammer's hit song Give Love. Speaking with GoldFord, he talked to us about working on his single Walk With Me, having the song appear on Grey's Anatomy and writing music for other artists.
Can you tell us about your single Walk With Me and where did you get the inspiration from for writing it?
Of course! Thanks for having me! I wrote it at the beginning of the pandemic. Everything felt divided. We were all locked down totally isolated from each other. In Los Angeles, there were protests and riots happening down the street from my house. I wrote it thinking about what I needed to hear in that moment. It came out quickly.
How have you found the experience of working on the release during lockdown and the pandemic?
Actually, incredibly rewarding. It's really allowed me to focus sit with each part. Taking all the time I want. There are social distance challenges when collaborating… but we've been able to work through them.
What do you hope people will take from listening to Walk With Me?
A sense and feeling of togetherness and unity. This pandemic has forced humanity around the world to better understand that we are one global community. Our actions or nonactions impact all of us. I hope this song helps people to have more empathy and compassion for one another.
How has it been seeing the response to the release?
Surreal. As a songwriter, I try and create based off my own raw experience with the hopes that it could potentially help someone through something in their own life. To get to feel that is the most gratifying experience. It's why I make music.
What's it like having your music soundtracked in Grey's Anatomy and Station 19 and hearing it on commercials?
It's crazy. I still can't believe I get to do to this with my life. I've always watched Grey's and dreamt of hearing one of my songs on the show. To sit on my couch at home and watch the end montage scene with my song on there is an absolute dream come true.
How is it working on music for other artists which has seen you write Andy Grammer's song Give Love?
Creating and collaborating are two of my biggest passions, be it for my story or for someone else. I've learned personally that the more vulnerable the music, the more people can connect to it. I am so grateful every time I get the chance to help someone express themselves and tell their own story. With Andy, that story was about his mother who passed and her light that still lives on in him. Again… I still cannot comprehend that I get to make music every day.
Where does your love of singing and songwriting come from?
Somewhere bigger than myself. I've loved singing ever since I can remember. It always came so naturally to me… once I found it. My parents wonder where I came from because no one else in my family is musical. I never thought I was any good though. It wasn't until I was in my late teens that I started writing songs and singing in front of people.
What do you enjoy most about performing your music and being in the studio?
The connection. When performing I'm blessed with the opportunity to share a bit of myself and partake in the magical connection that happens with an audience. In the studio, what I enjoy most is the freedom to collaborate and play. The chance to show up and capture something that has never existed; the expression of a feeling or an experience that will forever be in the world.
Who are some of your favourite artists to listen to?
Bill Withers, Labrinth, Kruangbin, Childish Gambino, Odesza.
What do you enjoy doing away from music?
Cooking! If I didn't make music for a living, I would make food!
We understand you'll be releasing an EP later this year, what can listeners expect from it?
I am! It will be released in early June and I am equal parts excited and scared! It's been a little while since releasing an EP. I would say it's a bit of a dark soul record about love, loss and mistakes I'm glad I made, spelled out in one continuous story.
Apart from your EP, what music plans do you have for 2021?
I have another two EPs ready to release after Dreams of Summertime! I am also extremely excited for some of the collaborations I have coming out. I just released a song I did with Lost Frequencies called Rise, which I love. Check it out!
Follow GoldFord on:
http://www.goldfordmusic.com
Categories: home, Interview, Music
Jade Davies
Janet Devlin


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The Monster Maker (1944) -- When a mad scientist asks a pianist for his daughters hand he is refused so he turns the pianist into a monster. Hell change him back--if he gets the daughter.
The Monster Maker DVD is offered as a compact edition. This transfer is manufactured on demand and is presented on premium DVD-R with thermal disc print in a clear plastic wallet. Important: This title has been manufactured from the best-quality video master (rated 8/10) currently available and has not been remastered or restored.


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Zelda Boss Promises to Stop Overdoing Tutorials
Home > Zelda Boss Promises to Stop Overdoing Tutorials
Many will remember back when Skyward Sword out and how there was a really long tutorial session near the beginning of the game. Well, Eiji Aonuma has come out saying he "felt the need to make sure that everyone playing the game understood it." Aonuma goes on to say that the tutorial was "received as a bit of an obstacle" and that he will be "careful not to do that" in future Zelda games such as Zelda Wii U. Check out full quotes after the break...
Schreier: So in Skyward Sword, a few years ago, I think that a lot of people loved that game—I enjoyed that game quite a bit—but one of the biggest criticisms or complaints was that it took a very long time to actually jump into the gameplay because there were a lot of tutorials and a lot of introduction and cut-scenes in the beginning. Then Link Between Worlds came along and you just jumped in right away. So I wonder, when planning for future games, are you going to go more towards that Link Between Worlds approach or Skyward Sword, or something in between? How do you feel about intros and tutorials these days?
Aonuma: Yes. When we created Skyward Sword, I really felt the need to make sure that everyone playing the game understood it. But I also understand now, in hindsight, that when you go out and buy a game, you buy the game because you want to play it, and you don't want to have any obstacles in the way. And I guess it was received as a bit of an obstacle. In a game, it's when you get stuck, when you want that help. And I kinda frontloaded all that in Skyward Sword, and it doesn't really help to get that information when you don't know what to do with it. So that was a real learning experience for me. So I'm going to be careful not to do that.


Local indie music heavyweights Metric are returning for another round. Today the band release "The Shade" through iTunes. It's the first single from their upcoming album which comes out in September.
Metric play the Air Canada Centre with Imagine Dragons on July 4th.


Michael K. Wendt is an Associate Professor of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology in the college Pharmacy at Purdue University. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from St. Norbert College in 2002. After completing his graduate studies at the Medical College of Wisconsin in 2008, Dr. Wendt became an American Cancer Society fellow with Dr. William Schiemann at the University of Colorado Cancer Center. In 2010 Dr. Wendt moved with the Schiemann lab to Case Western Reserve University where he received a K99/R00 transition award from the NCI. Dr. Wendt joined the faculty of Purdue University as an Assistant Professor in 2014. In 2016 Dr. Wendt was awarded the the Research Scholar Grant for the American Cancer Society. In 2019 Dr. Wendt was promoted to Associate Professor with tenure. Dr. Wendt is currently the director of the Cancer Biology training program within Purdue University Center for Cancer Research.
Research in the Wendt lab focuses on the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis. Research in his lab uses a combination of genetics, cell biology and in vivo imaging to identify and target key signaling processes involved in breast cancer metastasis.


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Fearful Leaders
Leaders always live in fear. I know it is not especially appealing to see leaders as fearful, but the more I work with senior leaders, the more I see how prevalent fear is in how they lead. And I don't just mean how some leaders instill fear in others; we are all too familiar with the story of the demanding executive who leads this way. I'm talking about how leaders are affected by fear.
I suspect the meetings that President Obama has with his advisors regarding their refusal to provide what he considered a reasonable exit strategy from Afghanistan engender passion and debate between and among all present over high stakes decisions. In these kinds of settings leaders far too frequently march down one of two paths: they shut out their advisors or they cater to them. In the case of the former, the story is often one of a leader demonstrating bold defiance; following one's gut instinct. It's reminiscent of Frank Sinatra's classic hit, doing it "my way." The leader appears bold and courageous and kind of cool. The mirror story is one of the leader who relies too heavily on input from advisors. This leader ultimately abdicates responsibility for decision-making to advisors and finds personal security in lack of accountability. That leader comes off as weaker and much less cool.
Either of these paths could, by virtue of luck, produce a good decision. And more important than the image that we carry about each path, is to understand that neither approach is sustainable. The closed down leader quickly loses touch with critical information needed to make complex decisions. The advice-needy leader is quickly overwhelmed by the amount of information offered up when trying to make those same decisions.
The key insight here if that both of these leader behaviors are often the result of the leader's fear of the moment. The leader reactively becomes defiant or passive because he or she, being human, is overtaken with uncertainty and falls back on familiar personal patterns of behavior because it is really hard to do much else in the moment. The most important lesson leaders must hang onto in these situations are:
1. Be willing to pause. Stop the flow of discussion, confusion, energy, and passion momentarily in the midst of these situations. This is a way of lessening the tension of the moment and turning moments of fear into moments of resolve.
2. Really engage advisors. Virtually every leader must have a team of advisors to provide the information, provoke the dialogue, and offer support the leader needs to make high stakes decisions. But engaging advisors means managing the kind of advice you receive and how you receive it. I work with leaders, for example, who in the midst of tense diversity–related incidents, immediately ask their legal advisors what to do. And then, deferring to the expert, they just do it. That's just wrong. Question advisors, push back on them, and encourage them to push back on you. That is the kind of healthy engagement that produces clarity of communication and, most importantly, innovative ways of approaching the situation.
3. THEN, Call the question. Leaders must, at the end of the process make key decisions and take full responsibility for those decisions. And I don't just mean in the trite, "buck-stops-here" posturing version of responsibility. I mean the real responsibility that comes when the leader is fully knowledgeable about and committed to the path that he or she has co-created with advisors.
Following these steps produces the kinds of decisions that a leader can then drive through his or her constituencies. The decisions have strategic value, tactical clarity, and the best wisdom available. And the leader is positioned to lead from a place of integrity and confidence, fully supported by his or her inner circle. And that beats leading from fear any day.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, September 29th, 2010 at 13:05	and is filed under Opinion. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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Danny Elfman to perform The Nightmare Before Christmas on Halloween
Jack Skellington himself will sing with accompaniment from the full orchestra and stop-motion film
Ben Kaye
September 15, 2015 | 2:40pm ET
All hail the Pumpkin King! Composer and former Oingo Boingo frontman Danny Elfman will reprise his role of Jack Skellington from a special live presentation of songs from The Nightmare Before Christmas. This Halloween night at Los Angeles' Hollywood Bowl, Elfman will perform his soundtrack to Tim Burton's 1993 classic accompanied by a full orchestra and the stop-motion animated film itself.
John Mauceri will conduct the orchestra and choir, marking a triumphant return to the venue after founding the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra and serving as its Director and Conductor for 15 years. "Special Guest Artists" will also make appearances to help fill out the cast of characters, though no other names have been revealed.
According to a press release announcing the show, the Bowl will be decorated and transformed into a real-life version of the film's Halloween Town. Attendees are encouraged to dress up as their favorite Burton characters, and a costume contest will be held before the performance.
Tickets for the event go on sale this Friday at noon PST via Ticketmaster.
See the announcement poster below:
Update: Due to popular demand, a second performance has been added for November 1st. Find the poster below.
Alan Cumming Returns His OBE, Citing "Toxicity of Empire"
You People Review: Eddie Murphy and Jonah Hill Star in a Funny and Refreshing Update of a Familiar Tale
Stephen Dorff Trashes "Worthless Garbage" Comic Book Movies
Stranger Things and Encanto Lead 2022's Most-Streamed TV and Movie Releases
James Cameron Now Has Three of Top Five Highest-Grossing Films of All Time
Rich Brian Juggles Family, Music, and Culture in Jamojaya: Sundance Review


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2015 May - Kokoda Trek - Kiley Group - Barry Jenks
Me again, just back from another fantastic Kokoda experience. (25 May – 2015)
This Trek is known in NRE circles as the "Kiley Group". I was recommended to the group by a mate, Peter Kiley who was also one of the trekkers. In fact we had two Peter Kiley's (cousins), one from Victoria and one from NSW. Brenten Hogan was the common denominator who did a wonderful job of bringing ten like minded and supreme athletes together for this trek. By the time you add me and the porters we have a pretty big group.
Thankfully, we had a nice quiet first night in Port Moresby. Following the very comprehensive pre-trek briefing a couple of blokes tried to corrupt me but I was steadfast in my resolve to remain professional. That professionalism forbids from naming Seth and Mick. I'd met everyone except Nicholas and Ben Trenfield prior to heading off to PNG and I was well aware we were in for a fun time.
Once again, Terrence made the process of checking in to Moresby Domestic Airport as seamless as possible. An over zealous security officer was intent on emptying my carry on luggage and it dawned on me that I was about to forfeit a couple of items which probably should have been in my checked luggage. As luck would have it the security man was so thrilled with his new "Carlton Mid Strength Base Ball Cap" kindly donated by Mick, that he'd lost interest in checking my bag. Either that or we'd become instant best friends.
Very nice views on a very pleasant flight to Popendetta then it was all aboard the truck and after a quick shopping stop in Popendetta we were off to Kokoda. It wasn't long into the truck ride that the novelty of small villages, river crossings and pot holes began to dull and other topics were on the agenda. Now, I've always rated myself a bit of a footy tragic but I've met my match and now realise I'm just an amateur. Brenten is by far the most tragic I've even encountered. He started playing games like naming players who wore number two and he'd rattle off ten often obscure names before anyone else got a turn. The Trenfield boys, dad Seth and sons Nick and Ben as well as Mick Grimes and Greg Adams are all above average footy tragics. Mick, a renowned country footballer and coach, only barracks for whoever is on top of the ladder. NSW Pete certainly knows a lot about Aussie Rules for someone who grew up in Central NSW and Helen chimes in whenever Carlton is mentioned and let's face it they have given us a lot to talk about lately. Vic Pete is a long suffering Richmond supporter and Leo is so quiet that I can't tell you who he follows. Anyway, enough about footy.
We arrived in Kokoda and paid a visit to that wonderful local store before heading up to the plateau and checking out the War Museum before lunch. The weather was good but turned a bit nasty as we climbed the Deniki Hill. The hill didn't present much of a problem for any of the trekkers. Helen Kiley was the only female on the trek and husband Leo was there too. Leo and Victorian Pete are brothers. They have seven brothers who couldn't be on the trek with us but the boys dedicated their trek to the memory of their dad who served in the AIF in PNG, survived the war and raised lots of kids. Helen's determination and strength were evident from the very beginning. She has a fantastic nature and when things get tough she giggles and she went on to giggle her was across the Kokoda Track. Leo was the quiet achiever and got stronger and stronger as the trek went on. On the first few days Leo was content to drop back a little from the main group and by day four or five the group couldn't have dropped him off if they tried.
We woke to nice views across the valley from Deniki but I was a little concerned we were still in for some rain and very muddy conditions. Nick and Ben quickly earned the nicknames Kleenex and Sorbent because they spent most of their time in close proximity to the Lead Man's (Neino) backside. Both of these young fellas continually commented on how difficult the trek is yet they never slowed down for a single second. It was actually pretty competitive between the two boys with older brother Nick using a few tricks to secure line honours on the first few days. Ben fought back well and I think we'll call it a draw.
The weather held for our visit to Isurava and for our walk to Alola. It had become apparent by this time that our cook Base has exceptional culinary skills. Boy can he cook. When we headed off to Eora Creek I was still concerned about what the weather was going to do and the mud that lay ahead. It was on that morning, halfway up Templeton's Hill that something occurred which would ensure good luck for the rest of the trek. Seth spotted a rusted horse shoe on the ground. While he couldn't be bothered picking it up, Mick recognised the significance and snaffled it. In the very same area our Lead Porter, Robert found a 303 round. I don't think the track has seen many horses or ponies since the war. Anyway, suffice to say that once armed with the horse shoe we had no more rain and a dry track.
On the climb to Templeton's Crossing I spent a bit of time walking with Greg Adams who is a School Principal in Northern Victoria. All the while we could hear Helen giggling not too far behind us. Greg was really taken with the cultural aspects of the track and keen to gather as much information as he could back to his students. I always enjoy it when Trekkers show an interest in the locals so good on you Greg. Everyone made it into Templeton's Crossing at a very respectable hour and there was plenty of time for a dip in the icy cold water. We had a late night at Templeton's and stayed up until 7.30 pm.
The Horse Shoe weaved its magic again on Day 4 and we had fine weather for our walk to Kagi. As we reached the Kokoda Gap we encountered our first group heading the other way. They didn't have a guide and weren't even aware they had reached the Gap. Our stay in Kagi was most enjoyable. The trekkers had plenty of gifts for the local kids and the school. Frank from the Kagi School was absolutely thrilled with the offerings.
Wouldn't you know it, we had a beautiful day for the leg between Kagi and Menari. That Horse Shoe had to be the reason. By this time the banter between trekkers had reached fever pitch. Particularly between Brenten and NSW Peter. They are obviously great mates and both gave as good as they got but I gave the points to Brenten by a small margin. He was just relentless and never stopped probing for an opportunity. Pete on the other hand took time off to tell funny stories. He's so good at it and most of the falls that happened on the trek occurred when people were distracted by or laughing at one of his stories. Most of the others weren't bad at the banter either. Mick has a very quick wit and dry sense of humour and Seth just laughs all the time. It was a bit of a running joke that Seth is absolutely hopeless with directions, AND HE REALLY IS, but we'd never lose him because you could always here him laughing or talking.
Thankfully our Horse Shoe delivered a relatively dry swamp and we got into New Nauro nice and early. However, the rivers and swamps weren't friendly to Helen's Boots which decided to fall apart. It wouldn't have happened if she was carrying the horse shoe. Far from perturbed, Helen just giggled and got on with things walking along with her boots flapping away like a pair of thongs. This episode would have caused panic in most trekkers but not our Helen. Leo didn't seem to fazed either. Of course it was Victorian Pete to the rescue. His trademarks are calmness and helping others. He certainly earned the best team player award hands down. Pete spent hours repairing Helen's boots using cable ties to secure the soles back to the uppers. That worked for about half a day before he had to resort to using tape and spare shoe laces to tie them together. And it worked a treat. The boots made it all the way to the end (JUST!!!) and Solomon is now the proud owner of boots in pieces which he reckons he can fix.
It must be mentioned there was a hard fought card championship at New Nauro. I'm struggling to remember the outcome but I think Seth and Baz were the undefeated champs. It would be remiss not to mention Robert's after dinner talks. He was fantastic and I think we all enjoyed his efforts. I'm sure that everyone would agree that the porters did a fantastic job for us.
Everyone was determined to arrive early at Owers' Corner on the final day. In fact we were ready to go nice and early and had to give the porters a bit of a hurry up which is highly unusual. We did manage an early finish and celebratory drink.
Thanks Brenten, Pete, Pete, Leo, Helen, Greg, Mick, Seth, Nick and Ben. I hope you really enjoyed our adventure, I know I did. I enjoyed your company immensely and It was a real privilege trekking with you. I'm looking forward to catching up with you all again.
Barry Jenks (Baz)
No Roads Expeditions
barryjenks@noroads.com.au
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An extra mile is a wonderful, inspiring story with elegant writing by Sharon Garlough Brown. It is as good or better than the previous three in the series. The author does an amazing job of presenting a compelling story of four friends and their families while also giving the reader an experience akin to reading a devotional. Mara, Hannah, Charissa and Becca are each dealing with serious issues in their lives: grief, regrets, grace, hope. Readers will identify in some way with each of them as they individually and corporately stretch their faith and turn to each other and to the Lord for answers and direction in their lives. Highly recommended.
Fans of more serious, deeper Christian fiction, particularly those who have read the previous books in this series.
Dealing with grief is a particular theme in this book as well as facing regrets.
Contains discussion questions and many points to ponder.


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News | Economy |
PPI Hits Five-Year High
EghtesadOnline: The average Producer Price Index in the 12 months ending July 22, which marks the end of the Iranian month of Tir, increased by 13.1% compared with last year's corresponding period, according to the latest report by the Central Bank of Iran.
CBI put the preceding month's PPI inflation at 12%. This is a 1.1 percentage point increase over last month, a record high growth since June 22-July 22, 2013.
The PPI (using Iranian year to March 2017 as the base year for the first time) stood at 135.6 in Tir, indicating a 10.3% rise compared with the previous month.
A look at CBI's statistics shows the last time PPI grew this much month-on-month was in Sept. 22-Oct. 21, 2012 when it increased 15%, according to Financial Tribune.
A year-on-year increase of 27.8% was registered in the index compared with the similar month of last year. Such an increase has not been registered since Dec. 22, 2013-Jan. 20, 2014.
> Group-Based Analysis
Of the eight main groups reviewed by CBI, "Industry" registered the highest growth in monthly PPI with 13.1% and the year-on-year increase of 37.9% in Tir.
"Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing" posted a monthly rise of 10.5% and a YOY increase of 21.2%
"Transportation" indicated the monthly PPI rise of 9.9% and YOY increase of 23.3%.
The monthly PPI increase for "Hotel and Restaurant" was 3.1% and its YOY growth was at 13.9%.
The monthly PPI of "Education" increased by 0.7%, as its YOY index grew 14.1%.
"Health and Social Work" recorded the monthly rise of 2.6% and YOY increase of 13.5%.
The "Other Public, Social, and Individual Services" group registered a monthly rise of 1.4% and a YOY rise of 16.8%.
The lowest monthly and YOY growth was registered in the PPI of "Information and Communications" group with 0.2% and 0.8%, respectively.
The monthly PPI for "Services" grew 6% and its YOY index increased 17.8%.
The importance of PPI lies in its predictive content for the future pattern of Consumer Price Index. Changes in PPI are usually reflected in CPI within a short period of time.
The central bank's latest data on the CPI show the goods and services CPI for urban areas in the 12 months to July 22 increased 10.2% compared with last year's corresponding period.
The overall CPI (using the Iranian year to March 2017 as the base year) stood at 126.8 in Tir, indicating a 3.4% increase compared with the previous month. The index registered a year-on-year increase of 18% compared with the similar month of last year.
Currently, two government bodies, namely the Statistical Center of Iran–affiliated to the Plan and Budget Organization–and the Central Bank of Iran, are in charge of releasing statistical data, including those on Consumer Price Index trends.
According to the latest report by SCI, the average goods and services CPI of the country in the 12-month period ending July 22 increased by 8.7% compared with last year's corresponding period.
SCI had put the inflation rate for the preceding month of Khordad, which ended on June 21 at 8.2%. The center also put urban and rural 12-month inflation for Tir at 8.8% and 8.2% respectively.
> Provinces With Lowest, Highest Inflations
The highest average inflation rate was registered for Kermanshah Province (11.6%) and the lowest was registered for Kohgilouyeh-Boyerahmad Province (6.3%).
The overall CPI (using the Iranian year to March 2017 as the base year) stood at 121.4 in Tir, indicating a 4.4% rise compared with the previous month.
The index reached 121.5 for urban households and 120.9 for rural households, indicating an increase of 4.6% for urban areas and 3.2% for rural areas compared with the previous month.
The highest growth in CPI was registered for Tehran Province (7.6%) and the lowest growth was recorded for Khorasan Razavi (1.6%).
The index registered a year-on-year average increase of 13.8% compared with the similar month of last year. Urban areas registered a year-on-year increase of 14% and rural areas showed the YOY rise of 12.7% of consumer inflation compared with the similar month of last year.
The provinces of Tehran and Ardabil registered the highest and the lowest year-on-year inflation increase with 17.4% and 9.5%, respectively.
Iran Central Bank of Iran Producer Price Index PPI
Central Bank of Iran: PPI Inflation at 12%
Cardboard Imported From 17 Countries
Watermelon Exports Earn $98m in Four Months
Growth in Iran's Non-Oil Trade With China
Major Indian Beauty Products Manufacturer Plans Iran Entry


someone told me there is a max level of potential based from my level. does anyone know what the cap tiers are and at what levels.Thanks.
Tier 15 Level 10 is the max tier and level currently.
thank you so much for answering like for every question posted i always see your answers and i find it very helpful. I would like to ask if you have to estimate about how much spirit to reach tier 15 lvl 10?
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Full Set includes a total of 8 pieces of upholstery: Upholstery for two complete front seats, Upholstery for one complete rear seat and upholstery for 2 headrests.
Note: TMI Upholstery requires the use of stock or stock-type seat frames. TMI Products Seat Foam or Stock padding is also required and sold separately.
New seat foam is required when reupholstering the front bucket seats to get the best fit and finish. Scroll down to purchase front bucket seat foam.
These replacement Vinyl Seat Covers and are the Full Set (Front and Rear) -or- Front only -or- Rear Only for the 1969 Chevy Camaro Convertible models with BUCKET seats.
These replacement Vinyl Sport Seat Covers and are the Full Set (Front and Rear) or Front Only for the 1969 Chevy Camaro Convertible models with BUCKET seats.
With extra bolsters around the thigh and backrest, these sport seats keep you locked in place for those more spirited drives.
Note: TMI Upholstery requires the use of stock or stock-type seat frames. TMI Products Seat Foam is also required and sold separately.
These replacement Deluxe Vinyl Sport Seat Covers are the Full Set (Front and Rear) or Front Only for the 1969 Chevy Camaro Convertible models with BUCKET seats.
These seats feature a deluxe vinyl with a sierra grain finish, and either deluxe comfortweave inserts or Houndstooth inserts.
These replacement Vinyl Sport II Seat Covers and are the Full Set (Front and Rear) or Front Only for the 1969 Chevy Camaro Convertible models with BUCKET seats. Sport II seat covers are an updated and improved version of the TMI Camaro sport seat covers. These Camaro Sport II seat covers feature the exact styling elements and materials as the stock replacement 1969 Camaro seat covers, but feature more aggressive bolstering and padding for a more comfortable, contoured seat.
These seats feature a deluxe vinyl with a Madrid grain finish, and either deluxe comfortweave inserts or Houndstooth inserts.
These replacement Vinyl Sport R Seat Covers and are the Full Set (Front and Rear) or Front Only for the 1969 Chevy Camaro Convertible models with BUCKET seats.
These replacement Deluxe Vinyl Sport R Seat Covers and are the Full Set (Front and Rear) or Front Only for the 1969 Chevy Camaro Convertible models with BUCKET seats.
These replacement Premium Vinyl Sport Seat Covers are the Full Set (Front and Rear) or Front Only for the 1969 Chevy Convertible models. It is an upholstery set used to transform the dull, unsupportive factory 1968 Seats into the Sport XR race style seats to keep you planted in those high G corners.
This Upholstery REQUIRES a 4 piece high bolstered foam kit that is applied directly to the factory seat frames. Seat Foam Sold Separately.
These Sport XR upholstery sets have Vinyl Bolsters with Premium Black Vinyl (matte finish to vinyl) Back and Sides and High-Quality Black UniSuede Inserts. It also has Contrast Stitching throughout & the color seen behind the grommets matches the contrast stitching.
The grommets are available in stainless steel or satin black. These seats feature the Stainless Steel Grommets. Please scroll down for the satin black grommets. Sport XR Upholstery is also available with Brass Grommets, please inquire.
The grommets are available in stainless steel or satin black. These seats feature the Satin Black Grommets. Please scroll up for stainless steel grommets. Sport XR Upholstery is also available with Brass Grommets, please inquire.
These replacement Premium Vinyl Sport Seat Covers are the Full Set (Front and Rear) or Front Only for the 1969 Chevy Convertible models. It is an upholstery set used to transform the dull, unsupportive factory 1969 Seats into the Sport X race style seats to keep you planted in those high G corners.
These Sport X upholstery sets have Vinyl Bolsters with Premium Black Vinyl (matte finish to vinyl) Back and Sides. It also has Contrast Stitching throughout & the color seen behind the grommets matches the contrast stitching.
The grommets are available in stainless steel or satin black. These seats feature the Stainless Steel Grommets. Please scroll down for the satin black grommets. Sport X Upholstery is also available with Brass Grommets, please inquire.
The Major difference between the Sport X and Sport XR upholstery is that the Sport X DOES NOT have the High-Quality Black UniSuede Inserts like the Sport XR does.
The grommets are available in stainless steel or satin black. These seats feature the Satin Black Grommets. Please scroll up for the Stainless Steel grommets. Sport X Upholstery is also available with Brass Grommets, please inquire.
These Hog Rings and Hog Ring Pliers Kit is for use when installing replacement seat covers.
This set of hog rings and hog ring pliers is a kit which is used to install replacement seat covers.


One of the most prominent global issues is the security and reliability of the technology people use daily. No information is safe anymore. Wikileaks has given us a horrendous apprehension of this issue. We have seen the top-secret accounts of CIA agents and those of heads of government bodies accessed by adroit hackers sitting at their computers somewhere on the other side of the globe. Considering the possibility that the CIA may be in control of baleful Unmanned Combat Aerial Devices (UCADs) armed with weapons of mass destruction, this sinister fact is even more dismaying. One should never forget about the threatening danger of malevolent hackers with the potential to control devices we use daily. Furthermore, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are playing a role of increasing importance in the 21st century warfare.
Their biggest advantages are that they can be controlled remotely, even from vast distances, and they empower their users to conduct several military or civil actions without risking any physical injury or loss of lives. The lack of effective restrictive measures has led to the application of UAVs in the fields of reconnaissance, detection and armed strikes, which has also raised numerous issues, such as the potential threat posed by terrorist groups acquiring UAVs.
UAVs, also known as drones, are a component of a system called Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), which consists of 2 additional parts ensuring the smooth operation of these devices. One of them is the ground-based controller of the drone, the other is the means of connection between the UAV and the controller.
Recently, several countries have decided to invest in purchasing, researching and developing this technology; the UK has been bulk buying drones in the last couple of years, while India, France, and Italy are also importing them on an enormous scale, according to Statista. Concerning the exportation of UAVs, Israel is one of the leading exporters of drones along with the USA. Drones deployed by the USA are known to have conducted the most strikes, crashes and accidents in the world. On the other hand, Pakistan, Yemen and Afghanistan have suffered the most of such rancorous attacks.
Efforts have been made to limit the use of drones, as a result of which states started trading secretly; developments and experiments have been conducted all throughout the world. Currently, one of the leading developers of UAVs is the USA, but India and Israel are also known to be experimenting and using them on a large scale based on an article from CBInsights. No comprehensive, successful step has been taken so far. In Resolution 1540 (2004), a manifestation of such efforts, the United Nations Security Council affirmed that the proliferation of, inter alia, unmanned systems capable of delivering nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and specially designed for such use do pose a threat to international peace and security. In the context of the resolution, unmanned systems are an integral component of the definition for "means of delivery" of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, together with "missiles and rockets." The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies was another attempt aiming to limit the dissemination of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery (UAVs belong to this category).
Of course, trading with drones and UCAV technology drives the economy. Besides, people can be persuaded with the deception of safety if they are shown biased statistics coupled with technological advancements, the global relevance of which they don't even comprehend. Hence this issue can easily be used as a political tool. Nevertheless, whenever we evaluate the necessity of curtailment of the use of UAVs, we ought to consider multiple perspectives ̶ the idyllic image of mini-drones used solely for recreational purposes should not deviate our attention from the fact that countless innocent children and women are killed by armed drones.


Mum-shamers are once again coming for Jessica Simpson.
The mother of two has been criticised in the past over everything from letting her daughter wear a bikini top to bike safety. Now she's getting heat for her son's time in the pool.
Simpson shared a video of Johnson, the former NFL star she married in 2014, throwing their son in the air.
Ace, who she explained was wearing a waterproof cast, did a backflip before landing back in the water.
But many were quick to defend Simpson and Johnson, saying that mum-shamers should mind their own business.


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SMNK - State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe
SPVS - Society for Wildlife Research and Environmental Education
UFPR - Federal University of Paraná
Importance and Object
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Biodiversity and CBD
Goals of CBD
Forests on the coast of the Brazilian state of Paraná, in which the investigations of the SOLOBIOMA - project take place, are part of the largest contiguous areas of preserved forest in the Mata Atlântica.
Located in the transition region from the tropics to the subtropics, the forests range from beaches, where they grow on sandy Podzols (superficially washed out soils with illuvial horizon) via groundwater-influenced Gleysols in the coastal plains up into the coastal mountains, where they stock on Cambisols (less-developed brown soils). Nutrient contents and the physical-chemical structure of the soils determine the living conditions for soil organisms, the growth conditions for plants, the vegetation structure and -dynamics and, finally, both the land use and the regenerative capacity of forests.
Due to their vegetation, most of the forests along the coast are classified as 'dense ombrophilous Atlantic forest' and further subdivided into lowland, submontane and montane forests.
Another forest formation is the unique coastal 'Restinga' forest growing on Holo- and Pleistocene sandy soils. In Paraná they are reduced to less than 10% of their original stockings.
Part of the 'Cachoeira Reserve'
Investigation areas
Investigation areas are located in different areas of the coastal region of Paraná about 100 km away from the capital city Curitiba. They can be divided into five regions, lying 30 to 100 km apart:
Itaqui
Rio Pequeno
Batuva
Diversity studies were primarily carried out in the two reserves 'Cachoeira' and 'Itaqui' owned by the SPVS, both located in the environmental protection area (EPA) of Guraqueçaba.
The distance between the two reserves is approximately 35 km. The reserve Itaqui is located near the village of Tacaçaba and is assigned to the community of Guraqueçaba while the Reserve Cachoeira belongs to the community of Antonina.
Within the reserves, four different stages were selected with regard to their forest regeneration after grazing: H: < 8 years, A: 15-20 years, M: 35-50 years, F: > 100 years after grazing.
In each forest stage in the so-called 'dense ombrophilous Atlantic submontane forest' three replicates à 30 m x 50 m were created, 12 sites in each Reserve (24 sites in total) were sampled.
During the first phase of the project pastures were also included in the studies and furthermore a comparison of sites on Cambisol with sites on Gleysol was accomplished. In the second project phase only forest areas stocking on Cambisols were investigated.
Functional studies have been largely carried out in three different regeneration stages (20, 33 and 58 years after abandonment of cultivation) of a Restinga Forest in which the Brazilian partner institution is already working for several years.
The so-called 'Floresta Estadual do Palmito' with a total size of 530 ha, is administered by the Environmental Institute of Paraná IAP and is situated in the municipality of Paranaguá (25o35'S, 48o32'W). The so-called 'dense ombrophilous Atlantic forest of the Lowlands', occurring in this area, is growing on sandy Podzols, which can be classified as not hydromorphic in the experimental sites. For a comparison with the diversity studies, three additional sites with the same criteria were established in the Cachoeira reserve.
Experimental sites (30 m x 50 m) in agricultural systems were on the one hand installed in areas of small holders in the region of Rio Pequeno, located in the proximity of the Cachoeira reserve, and on the other hand, in the small village Batuva, near the border of the State of São Paulo. In Rio Pequeno three Banana monocultures and three mixed cultures of banana with Euterpe edulis were investigated. In Batuva three areas with different densities of Euterpe were studied and a mulch experiment was installed in an Euterpe-monoculture.


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Brands Test Limits as UK Introduces Plain Tobacco Packaging
May 22nd, 2017
The UK is now the second country in the world and the first in Europe to require cigarettes to be sold in plain, standardized packaging, following the lead of Australia, which implemented the first such measure in December 2012.
http://brandchannel.com/2017/05/22/uk-tobacco-plain-packaging-052217/
In May 2016, new EU legislation dictated how tobacco products are manufactured, produced and sold across Europe. The revised rules, called the Tobacco Products Directive, banned certain products from sale such as flavored cigarettes (except menthol). Retailers were given 12 months, until May 20th, to sell old products and comply with the new laws, or face stiff fines or criminal prosecution.
In tandem with the new EU rules taking effect, the UK government's plain packaging legislation came into force, introducing standardized packaging of tobacco products to limit the impact of logos, colors, brand images or promotional information on packaging other than brand names and product names that are displayed in a standard colour and typeface.
Standardised packaging design, including; shape, size, material and opening mechanisms. The UK's Standardised Packaging Regulations aim to unify (and not make stand out) the material, size, shape and opening mechanisms of tobacco packaging; create a drab, off-putting color (a sickly brownish green) of tobacco packaging, as well as standarized font, size and positioning of text.
No glossy finishes to catch the light now; the tobacco packs come with a matt finish. Prices aren't printed on the packaging, but health care warnings have increased in size with graphic images depicting the adverse health impact of smoking. Text is only in Helvetica font, with no logo or typeface of a brand name or variety name permitted.
Failure to comply with retailer guidelines for selling e-cigarettes and tobacco products may result in a three month custodial sentence, a fine, or both, following a summary conviction.
Health groups have welcomed the measure and are hopeful as new smoker numbers continue to decline in the UK with about 17% of the UK adult population currently smokers. Smoking advocates decry the move as an anti-choice effort by a nanny state that "infantilise" consumers and will make no difference to public health. Smokers' rights group Forest also told the BBC that the new rules "treat adults like naughty children."
No matter: they're stuck with the compulsory standardised packaging with larger, health warnings on two-thirds of the front and back of any packet is "the ugliest colour in the world."
Hazel Cheeseman, a member of ASH (Action on Smoking and Health), told the BBC that the packaging itself has been shown to be a "form of advertising" that cigarette companies call "their silent salesman. Branding and advertising is one of the things that helps to recruit young people into smoking. So removing the branding features, making the health warnings bigger and more prominent, is intended to protect young people from taking up smoking in the future."
Two-thirds of smokers start before age 18, according to Cancer Research UK, so the organization supports removing branding from cigarette packs in order to reduce their attractiveness to children. Research has shown that young people are attracted to the color and design of cigarette packs.
Scotland was the first country in the UK to support plain packaging for tobacco products in a change that could lead to 300,000 fewer smokers in the UK over the next year.
Testing the legislation, Marlboro-maker Philip Morris introduced durable tins that look like ordinary cigarette packets. The tins, available at chains including Sainsbury's, Londis and Budgens, sport Marlboro's logo and distinctive branding, the required deterrent photos and the warning message, "Smoking kills." No chance they'd get away with that, the Guardian reports.
"Research shows that packs of 10 appeal to young people and the price conscious," said Karen Reeves-Evans, of the Tobacco Control Research Group at the University of Bath. "By offering packs of 10 in reusable tins, Philip Morris International is knowingly increasing the lifespan of packs of 10 and promoting its brand, if smokers decant their cigarettes into these small branded tins. The fact that these tins appeared almost immediately prior to the branding and size restrictions coming into force is suspicious."
Alex Cunningham, Labour MP for Stockton North added, "It's against the whole spirit of what's intended with the plain packaging legislation. The tobacco companies will stop at nothing in order to retain their branding and sell a product that everyone knows has such tremendous health risks. It's an immature trick and I hope people will soon put them into their bins and they'll find their way to the recycling centre."
Philip Morris rival JTI Gallaher also issued aluminum tins for its Benson & Hedges, Mayfair and Camel brands in the run-up to the plain packaging laws, described by Ireland's former health minister James Reilly as "extremely cynical."
As tobacco brands and activists balk at the changes, Alison Cox, Cancer Research UK's director of prevention, told the Guardian that "Today marks a momentous victory in the battle for a tobacco free future. Standardised packs will help protect the next generation from an addiction that kills around half of all regular smokers."
Posted in: Plain Packaging, UK.
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El mosquerito de Burmeister o mosqueta pico curvo (en Argentina y Paraguay) (Phyllomyias burmeisteri), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae perteneciente al numeroso género Phyllomyias; el mosquerito de Zeledón (Phyllomyias zeledoni) fue separado de la presente especie. Es nativa del centro oriental y de regiones andinas del oeste de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye ampliamente en dos grandes regiones: el este y sureste de Brasil (desde el sureste de Bahía hasta el norte de Río Grande del Sur), sureste de Paraguay y extremo noreste de Argentina (Misiones), y a oriente de la cordillera de los Andes desde el noroeste de Bolivia (al sur desde La Paz) hasta el noroeste de Argentina (al sur hasta Tucumán).

Esta especie es considerada localmente bastante común en sus hábitats naturales: el dosel y los bordes de selvas húmedas montanas bajas y de estribaciones montañosas, hasta los 1300 m de altitud.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie P. burmeisteri fue descrita por primera vez por los ornitólogos alemanes Jean Cabanis y Ferdinand Heine en 1860 bajo el mismo nombre científico; la localidad tipo es:«Río de Janeiro, Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Phyllomyias» se compone de las palabras del griego «φύλλον» (phúllon) que significa 'hoja', y de la forma neolatina «myias» que significa 'atrapamoscas', a su vez derivado del griego  «μυῖα, μυῖας» (muĩa, muĩas) que significa 'mosca'; y el nombre de la especie «burmeisteri», conmemora al zoólogo y entomólogo alemán, radicado en Argentina Carlos Germán Burmeister (1807-1892).

Taxonomía
La presente especie fue tratada por mucho tiempo en su propio género Acrochordopus, debido al tarso distintivamente serrillado, pero esta característica ahora no es considerada como un carácter genérico suficiente.

El grupo de subespecies P. burmeisteri zeledoni (incluyendo cinco subespecies: zeledoni, leucogonys, wetmorei, viridiceps y bunites), de distribución fragmentada desde Costa Rica hasta Perú, ya había sido tratado como la especie separada mosquerito de Zeledón (Phyllomyias zeledoni) por varios autores, entre ellos Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), y Ridgely & Tudor (2009), lo que fue confirmado más recientemente con base en diferencias vocales, morfológicas y genéticas, y seguido por las principales clasificaciones.

Las poblaciones de las yungas de Bolivia y Argentina, fueron descritas como una subespecie P. burmeisteri salvadorii , 1900, y parecen diferir apenas en algunas medidas, con salvadorii descrita como ligeramente mayor con cola más larga; pero el taxón es considerado un sinónimo.

Los estudios de Fitzpatrick (2004) sugieren que el género Phyllomyias es polifilético. Las especies Phyllomyias fasciatus, P. griseiceps, P. griseocapilla y P. weedeni no serían parientes cercanos del resto de las especies, lo que forzaría, en el caso de una separación, a la resurrección de géneros a las cuales ya pertenecieron en el pasado, como Tyranniscus , Acrochordopus y Xanthomyias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Phyllomyias burmeisteri en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Phyllomyias burmeisteri en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de piolhinho-chiador Tyranniscus burmeisteri en Wikiaves.

burmeisteri
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1860
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis
Taxones descritos por Ferdinand Heine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia