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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 38 › McElmoyle v. Cohen
McElmoyle v. Cohen, 38 U.S. 312 (1839)
McElmoyle v. Cohen, 38 U.S. 13 Pet. 312 312 (1839)
McElmoyle v. Cohen
38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 312
Although a judgment in the court of a state is not to be regarded in the courts of her sister states as a foreign judgment, or as merely prima facie evidence of a debt to sustain an action of debt upon the judgment, it is to be considered only distinguishable from a foreign judgment in this, that by the first section of the Fourth Article of the Constitution, and by the Act of May 26, 1790, sec. 1, the judgment is conclusive on the merits, to which full faith and credit shall be given when authenticated as the act of Congress has prescribed.
When the Constitution declares that full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state, and provides that Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof, the latter clause, as it relates to judgments, was intended to provide the means of giving to them the conclusiveness of judgments upon the merits, when it is sought to carry them into judgments by suits in the tribunals of another state. The authenticity of the judgment, and its effect, depend upon the law made in pursuance of the Constitution; the faith and credit due to it as the judicial proceeding of a state is given by the Constitution, independently of all legislation.
By the law of Congress of May 26, 1790, the judgment is made a debt of record, not examinable upon its merits, but it does not carry with it into another state, the efficacy of the judgment upon property, or upon persons to be enforced by execution. To give it the force of a judgment in another state, it must be made a judgment there, and can only be executed in the latter as its laws may permit.
The plea of the statute of limitations, in an action instituted in one state on a judgment obtained in another state, is a plea to the remedy, and consequently, the lex fori must prevail in such a suit.
Prescription is a thing of policy growing out of the experience of its necessity, and the time after which suits or actions shall be barred, has been from a remote antiquity fixed by every nation, in virtue of that sovereignty by which it exercises its legislation for all persons and property within its jurisdiction.
There is no constitutional inhibition on the states, nor any clause in the Constitution from which it can be even plausibly inferred that the states may not legislate upon the remedy on suits on the judgments of other states, exclusive of all interference with their merits.
A suit in a state of the United States on a judgment obtained in the courts of another state, must be brought within the period prescribed by the local law, the lex fori, or the suit will be barred. The statute of limitations of Georgia can be pleaded to an action in that state, founded upon a judgment rendered in the state court of the State of South Carolina.
In the payment of the debts of a testator or intestate in Georgia, the judgment of another state, whatever may have been the subject matter of the suit, cannot be put upon the footing of judgments rendered in the state, and it can only rank as a simple contract debt in the appropriation of the assets of the estate of a deceased person to the payment of debts.
William McElmoyle, a citizen of the State of South Carolina, suing for the use of Isaac S. Bailey, also a citizen of that state, presented a petition in 1835 to the Circuit Court of the United States, for the District of Georgia, stating that Levy Florence had died intestate, and having before his death resided in the State of South Carolina, he had obtained a judgment against him in the Court of Common Pleas for the City of Charleston, for $968.07, on a promissory note, on 16 February, 1822, which remains
Page 38 U. S. 313
unsatisfied; an exemplification of which judgment in due form was exhibited to the court with the petition.
The defendant, a citizen of Georgia, to which state Levy Florence removed after seven years from the rendition of the judgment, and in which state he resided at the time of his death, pleaded the statute of limitation of the State of Georgia, which the plea alleges limits such actions to five years from the cause of action, and he afterwards pleaded that there is no statute of the State of South Carolina which limits suits upon judgments therein to any particular time, nor is there any statute of limitations in that state applicable to judgments, but that a statute was passes by the Legislature of Georgia, on 7 December, 1805, which provides and declares that all actions of debt on judgment obtained in courts other than the courts of Georgia, shall be commenced and prosecuted within five years from the rendition of such judgment, and not afterwards, and that for seven years after the rendition of the judgment on which the suit is brought, Levy Florence was a resident and citizen of the State of Georgia, and on suit on the judgment was commenced against him, nor for two years after the defendant, John J. Cohen, had been the duly qualified administrator of the said Levy Florence. The defendant for further plea states that he has not funds of the estate of Levy Florence sufficient to pay the whole of the judgment and to pay the other debts claimed as due from the estate.
Upon the trial of the cause the following questions occurred, upon which the opinions of the judges were opposed, and the same were certified to the supreme court.
1st. Whether the statute of limitations of Georgia can be pleaded to an action in that state, founded upon a judgment rendered in the State of South Carolina?
2d. Whether in the administration of assets in Georgia, a judgment rendered in South Carolina, upon a promissory note, against the intestate when in life, should be paid in preference to simple contract debts?
ON CERTIFICATE OF DIVISION BETWEEN THE JUDGES OF THE SIXTH
CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF GEORGIA
MR. JUSTICE Wayne delivered the opinion of the Court.
This cause has been brought to this Court, upon a certificate of division of opinion between the judges of the sixth circuit court, upon the following points.
1. Whether the statute of limitations of Georgia can be pleaded to an action in that state, founded upon a judgment rendered in the State of South Carolina?
2. Whether, in the administration of assets in Georgia, a judgment rendered in South Carolina, upon a promissory note against the intestate, when in life, should be paid in preference to simple contract debts?
Upon neither of these points does the court entertain a doubt.
Upon the first of them, we observe, though a judgment obtained in the court of a state is not to be regarded in the courts of her sister states as a foreign judgment, or as merely prima facie evidence of a debt to sustain an action upon the judgment, it is to be considered only distinguishable from a foreign judgment in this that by the first section of the fourth article of the Constitution, and by the Act of May 26, 1790, section 1, the judgment is a record, conclusive upon the merits, to which full faith and credit shall be given, when authenticated as the act of Congress has prescribed. It must be obvious, when the Constitution declared that full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state, and provides that Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof, that the latter clause, as it relates to judgments, was intended to provide the means of giving to them the conclusiveness of judgments upon the merits, when it is sought to carry them into judgments by suits in the tribunals of another state. The authenticity of a judgment and its effect, depend upon the law made in pursuance
of the Constitution; the faith and credit due to it as the judicial proceeding of a state, is given by the Constitution, independently of all legislation. By the law of 26 May, 1790, the judgment is made a debt of record, not examinable upon its merits, but it does not carry with it into another state the efficacy of a judgment upon property or persons, to be enforced by execution. To give it the force of a judgment in another state, it must be made a judgment there, and can only be executed in the latter as its laws may permit. It must be conceded that the judgment of a state court cannot be enforced out of the state by an execution issued within it. This concession admits the conclusion that under the first section of the Fourth Article of the Constitution, judgments out of the state in which they are rendered, are only evidence in a sister state that the subject matter of the suit has become a debt of record, which cannot be avoided but by the plea of nul tiel record. But we need not doubt what the framers of the Constitution intended to accomplish by that section, if we reflect how unsettled the doctrine was upon the effect of foreign judgments, or the effect, rei judicatae, throughout Europe, in England, and in these states, when our first Confederation was formed. On the Continent it was then and continues to be a vexed question, determined by each nation, according to its estimate of the weight of authority to which different civilians and writers upon the laws of nations are entitled. In England, it was an open question, having on both sides her eminent equity, common law, and ecclesiastical jurists. It may still be considered, in England, a controverted question so far as jurists and elementary writers on the common law are concerned; though the adjudications of the English courts have now established the rule to be, that foreign judgments are prima facie evidence of the right and matter they purport to decide.
In these states, when colonies, the same uncertainty existed. When our revolution began and independence was declared and the Confederation was being formed, it was seen by the wise men of that day that the powers necessary to be given to the confederacy, and the rights to be given to the citizens of each state in all the states, would produce such intimate relations between the states and persons that the former would no longer be foreign to each other in the sense that they had been, as dependent provinces, and that for the prosecution of rights in courts, it was proper to put an end to the uncertainty upon the subject of the effect of judgments obtained in the different states. Accordingly, in the Articles of Confederation there was this clause:
"Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other state."
Now though this does not declare what was to be the effect of a judgment obtained in one state in another state, what was meant by the clause may be considered as conclusively determined, almost by contemporaneous exposition. For when the present Constitution was formed, we find the same clause introduced into it with but a slight
variation, making it more comprehensive and adding, "Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof," thus providing in the Constitution for the deficiency which experience had shown to be in the provision of the Confederation, as the Congress under it could not legislate upon what should be the effect of a judgment obtained in one state in the other states. Whatever difference of opinion there may have been as to the interpretation of this article of the Constitution in another respect, there has been none as to the power of Congress under it to declare what shall be the effect of a judgment of a state court in another state of the Union. Here again we have contemporaneous legislative interpretation of the first section of the Fourth Article of the Constitution, for by the Act of 1790, May 26, it was declared,
"That the said records and judicial proceedings, authenticated as aforesaid, shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court within the United States as they have by law or usage in the courts of the state from whence the said records are or shall be taken."
What faith and credit, then, is given in the states to the judgments of their courts? They are record evidence of a debt, or judgments of record, to be contested only in such way as judgments of record may be, and consequently are conclusive upon the defendant in every state except for such causes as would be sufficient to set aside the judgment in the courts of the state in which it was rendered. In other words, as has been said by a commentator upon the Constitution,
"If a judgment is conclusive in the state where it is pronounced, it is equally conclusive everywhere in the states of the Union. If reexaminable there, it is open to the same inquiries in every other state."
Story's Com. 183. It is therefore put upon the footing of a domestic judgment, by which is meant not having the operation and force of a domestic judgment beyond the jurisdiction declaring it to be a judgment, but a domestic judgment as to the merits of the claim or subject matter of the suit. When, therefore, this Court said, in Mills v. Duryee, 7 Cranch 481,
"If it be a record conclusive between the parties, it cannot be denied but by the plea of nul tiel record this language does not admit of the interpretation that a plea not denying the judgment, but which resists it upon the ground of a release, payment, or a presumption of payment, from the lapse of time, whether such presumption be raised by the common law prescription, or by a statute of limitation, may not be pleaded, any more than where this Court, in Hampton v. McConnell, 3 Wheat. 234, says:"
"The judgment of a state court should have the same credit, validity, and effect in every other court of the United States which it had in the state court where it was pronounced, and that whatever pleas would be good to a suit thereon in such state, and none others, could be pleaded in any court in the United States,"
is intended to exclude such defenses as have just been stated, or such as inquire into the jurisdiction of the court in which the judgment was given, to pronounce it as the right of the
state itself to exercise authority over the persons or the subject matter. It has been well said,
"The Constitution did not mean to confer a new power of jurisdiction, but simply to regulate the effect of the acknowledged jurisdiction over persons and things within the state."
Story's Com. 183.
Such being the faith, credit, and effect to be given to a judgment of one state in another by the Constitution and the act of Congress, the point under consideration will be determined by settling what is the nature of a plea of the statute of limitations. Is it a plea that settles the right of a party on a contract or judgment, or one that bars the remedy? Whatever diversity of opinion there may be among jurists upon this point, we think it well settled to be a plea to the remedy, and consequently that the lex fori must prevail. Higgins v. Scott, 2 Barn. & Ad. 413. 4 Cowen 528, note 10. Id., 503. Van Ramsdyk v. Kane, 1 Gallis 371. Le Roy v. Crowninshield, 2 Mason 351. British Linen Com. v. Drummond, 10 Bar. & Cres. 903. De La Vega v. Veanna, 1 Barn. & Ad. 284. De Couche v. Savalier, 3 Johns.Ch. 190. Lincoln v. Battalle, 6 Wend. 475. Gulick v. Lodes, Green's N.J. 68. 3 Burge's Com. on Col. & For. Laws 883. The statute of Georgia is
"that actions of debt on judgments obtained in courts other than the courts of this state must be brought within five years after the judgment obtained."
It would be strange if in the now well understood rights of nations to organize their judicial tribunals according to their notions of policy, it should be conceded to them in every other respect than that of prescribing the time within which suits shall be litigated in their courts. Prescription is a thing of policy growing out of the experience of its necessity, and the time after which suits or actions shall be barred has been from a remote antiquity fixed by every nation in virtue of that sovereignty by which it exercises its legislation for all persons and property within its jurisdiction. This being the foundation of the right to pass statutes of prescription or limitation, may not our states, under our system, exercise this right in virtue of their sovereignty?, or is it to be conceded to them in every other particular than that of barring the remedy upon judgments of other states by the lapse of time? The states use this right upon judgments rendered in their own courts, and the common law raises the presumption of the payment of a judgment after the lapse of twenty years. May they not then limit the time for remedies upon the judgments of other states, and alter the common law by statute, fixing a less or larger time for such presumption, and altogether barring suits upon such judgments if they shall not be brought within the time stated in the statute? It certainly will not be contended that judgment creditors of other states shall be put upon a better footing in regard to a state's right to legislate in this particular than the judgment creditors of the state in which the judgment was obtained. And if this right so exists, may it not be exercised by a state's restraining the remedy upon the
judgment of another state, leaving those of its own courts unaffected by a statute of limitations, but subject to the common law presumption of payment after the lapse of twenty years. In other words, may not the law of a state fix different times for barring the remedy in a suit upon a judgment of another state, and for those of its own tribunals? We use this mode of argument to show the unreasonableness of a contrary doctrine. But the point might have been shortly dismissed with this sage declaration, that there is no direct constitutional inhibition upon the states, nor any clause in the Constitution from which it can be even plausibly inferred, that the states may not legislate upon the remedy in suits upon the judgments of other states, exclusive of all interference with their merits. It being settled that the statute of limitations may bar recoveries upon foreign judgments; that the effect intended to be given under our Constitution to judgments is that they are conclusive only as regards the merits; the common law principle then applies to suits upon them that they must be brought within the period prescribed by the local law, the lex fori, or the suit will be barred.
Counsel have relied, to establish a contrary doctrine, upon Marlow v. Naylor, Hill's South Carolina 439. But that case was obviously decided upon a misconception of the learned judges of the decision of this Court in the case of Mills v. Duryee, 7 Cranch 481.
It is therefore our opinion that the statute of limitations of Georgia can be pleaded to an action in that state founded upon a judgment rendered in the State of South Carolina.
The second question upon which the judges were divided in this case is whether a judgment rendered in South Carolina upon a promissory note against the intestate when in life should be paid in preference to simple contract debts. The law of Georgia provides that all debts of an equal degree shall be discharged in equal proportions as far as the assets of an intestate will extend, and that no preference shall be given amongst creditors in equal degree. Prince's Laws of Georgia 152, sec. 8. And the order prescribed for the payment of debts of any testator or intestate by executors and administrators is
"debts due by the deceased as executor, administrator, or guardian; funeral and other expenses of the last sickness; charges of probate and will, or of the letters of administration; next, debts due to the public; next, judgments, mortgages, and executions, the eldest first; next, rent; then, bonds or other obligations; and lastly debts due on open account, but no preference whatever shall be given to creditors in equal degree where there is deficiency in assets except in cases of judgments, mortgages that shall be recorded, from the time of recording, and executions lodged in the sheriff's office, the eldest of which shall be first paid, or in those cases where a creditor may have a lien on any part of the estate."
We first remark upon this question that it was decided some years since (as is reported to us by the present district judge) in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Georgia,
the question being "whether judgments obtained in other states take precedence of simple contract debts," that in the administration of insolvent estates in Georgia, such judgments take no precedence. Case of Ten Eyck v. Ten Eyck. We believe, from inquiry, for we have no published decision in point, from the courts of Georgia that the judges of her superior courts hold the same opinion. In Cameron v. Admrs. of Wurtz, 4 McCord 278, it is decided that in marshaling the assets of an insolvent estate, a judgment recovered in another state only ranks as a simple contract. The decision is correctly placed upon the footing that the first section of the Fourth Article of the Constitution has effected no change in the nature of a judgment. It only provides that as matter of evidence, it shall be entitled to full faith and credit. But if the decisions in the cases of Ten Eyck v. Ten Eyck and Cameron v. Wurtz had not been as they are, and the point was now before us as an original question, we would come to the same conclusion. The Legislature of Georgia does not certainly, in terms, put judgments of other states, in the payment of decedent's debts, upon the footing of judgments of her own courts. The term "judgments" is used, and no preference can be given to creditors in equal degree. If, however, equality in the degree of judgment creditorship is qualified by seniority, and if, of executions lodged in the sheriff's office, the eldest is to be the first satisfied, the law of Georgia gives the order in which judgments shall be paid. That order depends upon date, execution, and the execution having been lodged in the sheriff's office. In case of conflict then between judgments or executions, it is to be decided by record evidence to be obtained from the courts in the state, and so far as a right of seniority can be given by the execution's being lodged in the sheriff's office, the judgment of another state can never have this privilege. It can have no right to an execution in Georgia, and any execution issued upon it is in the state in which it was rendered. No one will contend that it could be placed with the sheriff, to be enforced, or to be put in competition with those issued upon domestic judgments.
Here, then, is a case in which the judgment of another state would be excluded by the terms of the law, which we think indicates the intention of the legislature not to place such a judgment upon the footing of domestic judgments in the administration of assets. But a more conclusive reason against any such extension occurs to us. By the law of Georgia, all the property of the defendant is bound from the signing of the first judgment; all judgment obtained at the same term of the court bearing equal date, if they are entered and signed in the clerk's office at any time within four days after the adjournment of the court. Prince's Dig. 211. If, then, the judgment of another state is to be brought in upon the footing of a domestic judgment in the administration of the assets of testators and intestates, then this consequence may ensue that a judgment of another state, having no lien upon property, may take preference by the death of a defendant over domestic judgments, having the first lien during his life, because the law says the eldest
judgment must be first satisfied. Such a right, and exclusion of right, could never have been intended by the Legislature of Georgia to be conferred by the death of an individual. It is not necessary to pursue this inquiry further. We therefore think, in the payment of debts of a testator or intestate, in Georgia, that the judgment of another state, whatever may be the subject matter of the suit, cannot be put upon the footing of judgments rendered in that state, and that it can only rank for that purpose as a simple contract debt.
As to the wish intimated by counsel in the conclusion of his reply that this Court would express its opinion whether the statute limiting the time within which suits are to be brought upon the judgments of another state is in force, we cannot comply with it, as it is a question not comprehended in the division of opinion certified to this Court.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Georgia, and on the points and questions on which the judges of the said circuit court were opposed in opinion, and which were certified to this Court for its opinion agreeably to the act of Congress in such cases made and provided, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof it is the opinion of this Court first that the statute of limitations of Georgia can be pleaded to an action in that state, founded upon a judgment rendered in the State of South Carolina, and secondly that in the administration of assets in Georgia, a judgment rendered in South Carolina upon a promissory note against the intestate when in life should not be paid in preference to simple contract debts Whereupon it is ordered and adjudged by this Court that it be so certified to the said circuit court.
38 U.S. 312


Want to sound great on a Piano using only your coding skills? Enter Piano Genie, the result of a research project from Google AI and DeepMind. You press any of eight buttons while a neural network makes sure the piano plays something cool — compensating in real time for what's already been played.
Almost anyone new to playing music who sits down at a piano will produce a sound similar to that of a cat chasing a mouse through a tangle of kitchen pots. Who can blame them, given the sea of 88 inexplicable keys sitting before them? But they'll quickly realize that playing keys in succession in one direction will produce sounds with consistently increasing or decreasing pitch. They'll also learn that pressing keys for different lengths of times can improve the melody. But there's still 88 of them and plenty more to learn, such as which keys will sound harmonious when played together.
With Pinao Genie, gone are the daunting 88 keys, replaced with a 3D-printed box of eight arcade-style buttons which they made by following this Adafruit tutorial. A neural network maps those eight buttons to something meaningful on the 88-key piano keyboard. Being a neural network, the mapping isn't a fixed one-to-one or even one-to-many. Instead, it's trained to play something which should sound good taking into account what was play previously and won`t necessarily be the same each time.
To train it they use data from the approximately 1400 performances of the International Piano e-Competition. The result can be quite good as you can see and hear in the video below. The buttons feed into a computer but the computer plays the result on an actual piano.
For training, the neural network really consists of two networks. One is an encoder, in this case a recurrent neural network (RNN) which takes piano sequences and learns to output a vector. In the diagram, the vector is in the middle and has one element for each of the eight buttons. The second network is the decoder, also an RNN. It's trained to turn that eight-element vector back into the same music which was fed into the encoder.
Once trained, only the decoder is used. The eight-button keyboard feeds into the vector, and the decoder outputs suitable notes. The fact that they're RNNs means that rather than learning a fixed one-to-many mapping, the network takes into account what was previously played in order to come up with something which hopefully sounds pleasing. To give the user a little more creative control, they also trained it to realize when the user is playing a rising or falling melody and to output the same. See their paper for how the turned polyphonic sound into monophonic and back again.
If you prefer a different style of music you can train it on a MIDI collection of your own choosing using their open-sourced model. Or you can try it out as is right now through their web interface. I'll admit, I started out just banging on it, producing the same noise I would get if I just hammered away randomly on a piano. Then I switched to thinking of making melodies and the result started sounding better. So some music background and practice still helps. For the video below, the researcher admits to having already played for a few hours.
This isn't the first project we've covered by these Google researchers. Another was this music synthesizer again using neural networks but this time with a Raspberry Pi. And if our discussion of recurrent neural networks went a bit over your head, check out our overview of neural networks.
What if every time you learned something new, you forgot a little of what you knew before? That sort of overwriting doesn't happen in the human brain, but it does in artificial neural networks. It's appropriately called catastrophic forgetting. So why are neural networks so successful despite this? How does this affect the future of things like self-driving cars? Just what limit does this put on what neural networks will be able to do, and what's being done about it?
The way a neural network stores knowledge is by setting the values of weights (the lines in between the neurons in the diagram). That's what those lines literally are, just numbers assigned to pairs of neurons. They're analogous to the axons in our brain, the long tendrils that reach out from one neuron to the dendrites of another neuron, where they meet at microscopic gaps called synapses. The value of the weight between two artificial neurons is roughly like the number of axons between biological neurons in the brain.
To understand the problem, and the solutions below, you need to know a little more detail.
Speech synthesis is nothing new, but it has gotten better lately. It is about to get even better thanks to DeepMind's WaveNet project. The Alphabet (or is it Google?) project uses neural networks to analyze audio data and it learns to speak by example. Unlike other text-to-speech systems, WaveNet creates sound one sample at a time and affords surprisingly human-sounding results.
Before you rush to comment "Not a hack!" you should know we are seeing projects pop up on GitHub that use the technology. For example, there is a concrete implementation by [ibab]. [Tomlepaine] has an optimized version. In addition to learning English, they successfully trained it for Mandarin and even to generate music. If you don't want to build a system out yourself, the original paper has audio files (about midway down) comparing traditional parametric and concatenative voices with the WaveNet voices.
Last time we checked, you could get a Titan X for a little less than $2,000.
There is a multi-part lecture series on reinforced learning (the foundation for DeepMind). If you wanted to tackle a project yourself, that might be a good starting point (the first part appears below).
Ask Hackaday: Google Beat Go; Bellwether or Hype?
We wake up this morning to the news that Google's deep-search neural network project called AlphaGo has beaten the second ranked world Go master (who happens to be a human being). This is the first of five matches between the two adversaries that will play out this week.
On one hand, this is a sign of maturing technology. It has been almost twenty years since Deep Blue beat Gary Kasparov, the reigning chess world champion at the time. Although there are still four games to play against Lee Sedol, it was recently reported that AlphaGo beat European Go champion Fan Hui in five games straight. Go is generally considered a more difficult game for machine minds to play than chess. This is because Go has a much larger pool of possible moves at any given time.
Okay, the news part of this event has been covered: machine beats man. Does it matter? Will this affect your life and how? We want to hear what you think in the comments below. But I'm going to keep going with some of my thoughts on the topic.
Let's look first at what AlphaGo did to win. At its core, the game of Go is won by figuring out where your opponent will likely make a low-percentage move and then capitalizing on that choice. Know Your Enemy has been a tenet of strategy for a few millennia now and it holds true in the digital age. In addition to the rules of the game, AlphaGo was fed a healthy diet of 30 million positions from expert games. This builds behavior recognition into the system. Not just what moves can be made, but what moves are most likely to be made.
DeepMind, the company behind AlphaGo which was acquired by Google in 2014, has published a paper in Nature about their approach. They were even nice enough to let us read without dealing with a paywall. The secret sauce is the learning process which at its core tries to mimic how living entities learn: observe repetitively while assigning values to outcomes. This is key as it leads past "intellect", to "intelligence" (the "I" in AI that everyone seems to be waiting for). But this is a bastardized version of "intelligence". AlphaGo is able to recognize and predict behavior, then make choices that lead to a desired outcome. This is more than intellect as it does value the purpose of an opponent's decisions. But it falls short of intelligence as AlphaGo doesn't consciously understand the purpose it has detected. In my mind this is exactly what we need. Truly successful machine learning will be able to make sense out of sometimes irrational input.
The paper from Nature doesn't go into details about Go, but it explains the approach of the learning system applied to Atari 2600. The algorithm was given 210×160 color video at 60Hz as an input and then told it could use a joystick with one button. From there it taught itself to play 49 games. It was not told the purpose or the rules of the games, but it was given examples of scores from human performance and rewarded for its own quality performances. The chart above shows that it learned to play 29 of them at or above human skill levels.


With the batsmen having posted a competitive total that would require an Australia side short on confidence to score at more than 10 runs an over to win, the bowlers - aided by good fielding - took the result home. "Picking up wickets in this format is always important because T20 is all about slogging", skipper Faf du Plessis said.
"The T20 World Cup is in Australia and that's not too far away, so hopefully we'll be back for that and that will probably be my last global tour I would think", Cricket.com.au quoted Du Plessis, as saying.
In the same tour, South Africa won their first ever Test series on Australian soil by defeating them 2-1 in the three-match Test series under the former captain, Graeme Smith.
President Donald Trump will come to Tupelo on Monday, Nov. 26, for a "Make America Great Again" rally in support of U.S. Hyde-Smith issued a statement, calling her remark "an exaggerated expression of regard", but did not apologize.
While the Proteas' start was so fast it bordered on a false start in sprints, their finish was a lawnmower one as they crept to 108/6 in their innings after having reached 50 off just 4.2 overs, with AJ Tye - the highest wicket-taker in global T20 this year - instrumental in slowing things down with his 2/18 off two overs at the death. "I think they (South Africa) got off to a great start with the bat". We gave him the silent treatment and he still scored runs in South Africa, but we felt like it was not huge runs he scored the one hundred there in Centurion when the wicket was slow. The Proteas got away to a flyer with opener Quinton de Kock clubbing 22 off 16 balls with two sixes and du Plessis hitting 27 from 15 balls. Earlier, he impressed in the field with 14 for one and two catches, including a brilliant juggling effort on the boundary rope to dismiss South Africa's captain, Faf du Plessis.
Tye bowled out his only two overs at the end of the innings to finish with 2-18 while Coulter-Mile captured 2-19.
Adjusting his Stewart-Haas Racing Ford throughout the clean 400-miler, Harvick was still too behind once the sun went down. He's part of the so-called Big Three along with Busch and Harvick, winners of a series-high eight races each this season.
The legendary Australian spinner, Shane Warne has declared team India as the outright favorites for the upcoming four-match Border-Gavaskar Test series in Australia.
From journalists to missionaries, most Americans held by North Korea have been released after high-profile interventions. KCNA said Mr Lawrence told his captors he had illegally entered the country "under the manipulation of the CIA".
The Confederation of British Industry, a leading business lobby group, said the agreement represented "hard-won progress". Ireland may come under pressure to exert customs and immigration controls at the EU-UK land border in Northern Ireland.
Litecoin (LTC ) is now at $42.72 against the United States dollars , a 0.08 percent change in the last 24h. Bitcoin's drop was part of a bigger price crash that was observed across the broader cryptocurrency .
France will look to make up for their loss in their next Nations League clash against Uruguay on November 21. Pogba and Messi had been entertained by culinary celebrity Salt Bae in Dubai the night before.
There is nothing I can do but take it on the chin and get out there tomorrow and see what I can do. So if I can keep it consistent from tee to green, I can have a good score out there.
WWE Survivor Series will see superstars from Raw competing with superstars from Smackdown Live for the ultimate brand supremacy. Which channel will live telecast Survivor Series? Who did The Big Show allegedly replace on Team WWF at Survivor Series 2001?
Is a crater still a crater if it has been filled with ice? The crater was positioned at the very edge of the ice sheet, in the Arctic nation's deep north.
At the time, the Arecibo radio telescope was the most powerful in the world and scientists wanted to showcase its power. The Aricebo message was to demonstrate the power of the Aricebo telescope and its capabilities.
Darrington later atoned for his transgression with scoring scampers of 4 and 16 yards with 7:59 and 3:51, respectively, to play. The score capped a nine-play, 86-yard drive that began after the first of two interceptions by Harvard captain Zach Miller.
American Airlines vowed to keep pilots abreast of all updates pertaining to the matter. Safety remains its top priority, it said. Boeing is headquartered in IL .
British music icon Elton John retraces his "incredible journey" in John Lewis' emotionally-charged and nostalgic Christmas spot. A spokesperson from John Lewis told Express.co.uk: "So this Christmas, we will be selling pianos, so you can buy the gift".
But it's their turn [as the world's best] at the moment so we'll see how they cope with that". It's a nebulous thing for us".
The satellite will provide television and broadband internet to Qatar, parts of the wider Middle East, North Africa and Europe. The carrier rocket was used to send into space Qatari satellite Es hail-2 ("Suhail-2") from the spaceport at Cape Canaveral.
Both companies also failed to make sufficiently clear the charges customers would have to pay if they ended their contract early . But Virgin Media vowed to appeal against the decision and fine, which it said was "unjustified and disproportionate".
De Gea is fancied by Italian giants Juventus , who may try to buy him in the summer or wait a year until he is a free agent. Pickford has impressed at Everton after arriving in a £30 million deal from Sunderland in 2017.
The company has raised almost $300 million and was said to be a close to an initial public offering when BlackBerry swooped in. Update: Founded in 2012, Cylance secured more than US$280 million from venture capital funds, according to Refinitiv data.


Δεν πιστεύει ότι το σημερινό μοντέλο του τσάμπα περιεχομένου στο Ίντερνετ "έχει μέλλον" και θεωρεί πως ο αναγνώστης είναι πρόθυμος να πληρώσει για "καλό content". Το άρθρο του στον Business Insider διαβάζεται ως γκρίνια του παππού που έχει συνηθίσει να χειραγωγεί και να εκμεταλλεύεται και να περνάει πάντα το δικό του -κι όταν το δικό του πάει κόντρα στην πραγματικότητα, τόσο το χειρότερο για την πραγματικότητα.
Too often the conventional media response to the internet has been inchoate. A medium once thought too powerful has often seemed impotent in the past few years. Of course there should be a price paid for quality content, and yet large media organizations have been submissive in the face of the flat-earthers who insisted that all content should be free all the time. The sun does not orbit the earth, and yet this was precisely the premise that the press passively accepted, even though there have been obvious signs that readers recognize the reality that they should pay a price.
There are many readers who believe that they are paying for content when they sign up with an internet service provider, presuming that they have bought a ticket to a content buffet. That misconception thrived on the silence of inarticulate institutions which were unable to challenge the fallacies and humbug of the e-establishment.


text:
# react-draggable [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/mzabriskie/react-draggable.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/mzabriskie/react-draggable)

A simple component for making elements draggable.

[View the Changelog](CHANGELOG.md)

## Demo

[View Demo](http://mzabriskie.github.io/react-draggable/example/)

## Installing

```bash
$ npm install react-draggable
```

If you aren't using browserify/webpack, a
[UMD version of react-draggable](dist/react-draggable.js) is available. It is updated per-release only.

If you want a UMD version of the latest `master` revision, you can generate it yourself from master by cloning this
repository and running `$ make`. This will create umd dist files in the `dist/` folder.

## Details

A `<Draggable>` element wraps an existing element and extends it with new event handlers and styles.
It does not create a wrapper element in the DOM.

Draggable items are moved using CSS Transforms. This allows items to be dragged regardless of their current
positioning (relative, absolute, or static). Elements can also be moved between drags without incident.

If the item you are dragging already has a CSS Transform applied, it will be overwritten by `<Draggable>`. Use
an intermediate wrapper (`<Draggable><span>...</span></Draggable>`) in this case.

## API
The `<Draggable/>` component transparently adds draggable to whatever element is supplied as `this.props.children`.
**Note**: Only a single element is allowed or an Error will be thrown.

Props:

**`axis`**: determines which axis the draggable can move. Accepted values:
- `both` allows movement horizontally and vertically (default).
- `x` limits movement to horizontal axis.
- `y` limits movement to vertical axis.

**`handle`**: specifies a selector to be used as the handle that initiates drag.

**`cancel`**: specifies a selector to be used to prevent drag initialization.

**`grid`**: specifies the x and y that dragging should snap to.

**`bounds`**: specifies movement boundaries. Accepted values:
- `parent` restricts movement within the node's offsetParent (nearest node with position relative or absolute), or
- An object with `left, top, right, and bottom` properties. These indicate how far in each direction the draggable can be moved. See [example/index.html](https://github.com/mzabriskie/react-draggable/blob/master/example/index.html) for more on this.

**`start`**: specifies the `x` and `y` that the dragged item should start at. This is generally not necessary to use (you can use absolute or relative positioning of the child directly), but can be helpful for uniformity in your callbacks and with css transforms.

**`moveOnStartChange`**: if true (it defaults false), will move the element if there is a change in `start`. We set this by default to `false` because it can cause unwanted effects if you are not aware of it.

**`zIndex`**: specifies the zIndex to use while dragging.

**`onStart`**: called when dragging starts.

**`onDrag`**: called while dragging.

**`onStop`**: called when dragging stops.

## Example usage

```js
/** @jsx React.DOM */
var React = require('react'),
	Draggable = require('react-draggable');

var App = React.createClass({
	handleStart: function (event, ui) {
		console.log('Event: ', event);
		console.log('Position: ', ui.position);
	},

	handleDrag: function (event, ui) {
		console.log('Event: ', event);
        console.log('Position: ', ui.position);
	},

	handleStop: function (event, ui) {
		console.log('Event: ', event);
        console.log('Position: ', ui.position);
	},

	render: function () {
		return (
			<Draggable
				axis="x"
				handle=".handle"
				start={{x: 0, y: 0}}
				moveOnStartChange={false}
				grid={[25, 25]}
				zIndex={100}
				onStart={this.handleStart}
				onDrag={this.handleDrag}
				onStop={this.handleStop}>
				<div>
					<div className="handle">Drag from here</div>
					<div>This readme is really dragging on...</div>
				</div>
			</Draggable>
		);
	}
});

React.renderComponent(<App/>, document.body);
```

## State Problems?

`<Draggable>` is a stateful component. This means that it is storing its current drag offsets in its internal state.
This can cause problems with certain integrations. For example, if you change the position of the element manually,
`<Draggable>` can get into trouble as it assumes a translation in the DOM. If you see an element jump around the page
when you click it, this is affecting you.

This is an unfortunate side-effect of dragging, which is inherently stateful.

If you move the element manually, you have two options:

1. Feed the `<Draggable>` an `x` and `y` parameter in the `start` param, and change it as you go while setting
`moveOnStartChange` to `true`, or,
2. When moving the `<Draggable>`, ref the element and
[call `resetState()`](https://github.com/STRML/react-resizable/blob/master/lib/Resizable.jsx#L48).

## Contributing

- Fork the project
- Run the project in development mode: `$ make dev`
- Make changes.
- Add appropriate tests
- `$ make test`
- If tests don't pass, make them pass.
- Update README with appropriate docs.
- Commit and PR

## Release checklist

- Update CHANGELOG
- `make release-patch`, `make release-minor`, or `make-release-major`
- `make publish`

## License

MIT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
New Music: Snoop Dogg feat. Kim Burrell – 'Sunshine Feel Good'
Snoop Dogg stays busy.
After dropping five gospel tracks and his 220 EP, the Long Beach legend returns with "Sunshine Feel Good," a Kim Burrell collaboration off his upcoming album Bible of Love.
Produced by DJ Battlecat, the West Coast beat features a lowrider bounce, while Burrell provides a soulful assist. "Don't front, you know this sunshine feels good in my hood," she sings. "Sometimes you might feel alone / But don't look now, it's almost morning / Just let the sunshine in."
Da Doggfather also reflects on dark versus light. "Was a time when a storm came in my life," he raps. "Didn't know which way to turn, to the left or right / Out the corner of my eye, saw a little light / Flickerin' like a flame in the darkest night."
Earlier this month, Coach Snoop dropped five gospel tracks off Bible of Love. Yesterday, he followed up with the 220 EP featuring Dreezy, Jacquees, and more.
Soak up the "Sunshine" below.
Drake Plans to 'Keep Helping' After 'God's Plan' Video
Jennifer Lawrence Wants To 'Butter Up' Timothée Chalamet: 'He's Hot!'


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Introduction: The number of disabling injuries in the workplace is costing employers time and money. Most importantly, their employees suffer. Neck and back injuries, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Repetitive Motion Disorders are now being linked to many job tasks.
Why would my workplace need a program? The answer to this question is quite simple. Prevention is the best medicine. Besides, your employees are your most valuable asset. It is wise to protect them.
Does my workplace have a problem? Look at past injury and illness records where on the job problems occur. Even a review of one on the job injury can reveal other potential areas for injuries to occur.
What can I do about it? You or a representative from your company can e-mail BusinessHelp@DisabilityEvaluation.com to discuss your specific problems or concerns. We also offer on-site job evaluations by Dr. Gerald R. Lapinsky, Chiropractic Physician at reasonable rates.


text:
Maserati will race in Formula E in 2023
A return to racing is on the cards for Maserati as it prepares for an electrification drive
Greg Potts
Top Gear Magazine Subscription – 5 issues for £5
Skip 3 photos in the image carousel and continue reading
Turn on Javascript to see all the available pictures.
Maserati will return to single-seater racing next year with an entry into the 2023 FIA Formula E World Championship. It'll be the first Italian team to compete in Formula E and will join just as the series switches to its new, faster Gen3 cars.
It marks a couple of fairly major milestones for Maserati too, as the brand hasn't been involved in motorsport since the hugely successful MC12 was retired in 2010. Oh, and the last time a Maserati-badged single-seater was seen was in the late 1950s in the hands of Maria Teresa De Filippis, the first woman to race in Formula 1. Hard to believe it's been that long.
"We are very proud to be back where we belong as protagonists in the world of racing," said Maserati CEO Davide Grasso. "We have a long history of world-class excellence in competition and we are ready to drive performance in the future."
Of course, Maserati has already announced plans to electrify its road car range, with EV iterations of the new Grecale SUV, the GranTurismo, the GranCabrio and the MC20 supercar all in the works.
Formula E bosses will have been keen to attract more manufacturers to the sport too, with Audi and BMW having now withdrawn and Mercedes set to follow suit before the Gen3 regulations begin. Maserati will join DS as the second Stellantis brand on the grid.
Thoughts on the move, Internet?
More from Top Gear
Turn on JavaScript to see all related content.
See more on Maserati


text:
Bob Mcandrew
Acting Coach
The Dilemma
The Bob McAndrew Acting Studio
Now Available for Online Coaching
SUBSCRIBE To stay up to date on classes, workshops, and future events
Bob McAndrew was hired by Lucille Ball to head her talent program at Paramount Pictures in Hollywood. He is the former assistant to the late, great Wynn Handman. Bob has studied with Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, Michael Howard, and Charles Conrad. His teaching is eclectic. He draws from a diverse range of sources, including his years as a movie coach working with John Huston, Alan Pakula, and Luc Besson in Paris. He taught in London, Paris, Barcelona, Madrid, and Buenos Aires. His former students include Raul Julia, Christopher Walken, Chris Cooper, Sela Ward, John Stamos, Gloria Reuben, David Paymer, Corbin Bernsen, Tom Selleck, Sam Elliot, and Jon Lindstrom. His technique classes and individual coaching sessions foster an environment where actors can play, let go of tension, and explore what it means to build a strong character. Bob's coaching allows actors to take risks and feel confident in their choices.


was born 13 October 1952 and registered to vote, giving the address 469691 E 670 RD in WESTVILLE, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 74965. WHEELER registered as a Democrat. WHEELER voted in person on 25 July 2006, voted in person on 5 February 2008, voted in person on 4 November 2008, voted in person on 2 November 2010, voted in person on 6 November 2012, voted in person on 24 June 2014, voted in person on 7 April 2015, voted in person on 8 November 2016, voted in person on 26 June 2018 and voted in person on 6 November 2018.


As the clock strikes 12 o'clock, hundreds of glittering fireworks erupt into the sky as the onlookers are overjoyed and awe-struck with the display.
Rio de Janeiro is an ever pulsating city, but it comes out in its full grandeur at the time of the New Year.
Millions of people flock around the beaches to enjoy their New Year's Eve, champagne bottles are popped open, and people are literally immersed in merrymaking. Traditionally, in Brazil people celebrate New Year's Eve by wearing white outfits, as it is believed it will bring good luck for the next year. Many people also offer flowers to the sea, in the evening as homage to Yemanja, the goddess of the seas, and if your flower does not come back, then the prayers are believed to be accepted.
New Year's Eve in Rio starts officially at 7pm and the music ranging from Brazilian pop songs, rock acts, samba and electronic music are played indulging in everybody's taste of music.
1) Book your accommodations days in advance if you want to avoid the last minute hassle that could dampen your fun.
2) Strictly no valuables on the beach.
3) Stick with your group no matter what, as there are roughly 2 million people on the beach, and you don't want to get lost.
4) Get down on the beach early, to secure a good place for some amazing views of the fireworks.
5) Bring your own food and drinks as it is not very unusual in Rio to encounter some potentially dangerous crowds who can get you drugged.


This entry was posted on Thursday, July 1st, 2010 at 8:58 pm	and is filed under Guanaja, Honduras. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Q: Как сделать, так, чтоб текст в отдельном div не уходил под основной текст и фото страницы Такая проблема, как это пофиксить?

A: Возможно, z-index поможет в вашем случае.

A: Так как самого хтмл-а и CSS-а вы не предоставили, определить проблему трудно. Я думаю что flex контейнер может сделать ваш layout более структурированным и тем самым устранить нежелаемый эффект.

*

*Поставьте у себя div контейнер.

*Поместите в этот контейнер картинку и остальной текст, каждое в свой div контейнер.

Filter by product categories

*Добавьте нужный CSS.

.flex {
    display: flex;

    /* Делает ряды а не колонки */
    flex-direction: column;

    /* Выравнивает элементы вертикально к вершине */
    align-content: flex-start;

    /* Выравнивает элементы горизонтально по центру */
    justify-items: center;
}

Результат:

.flex {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-content: flex-start;
    justify-items: center;
}

.flex > * {
    border: 1px solid #000f;
}

img {
    width: 100%;
}

Filter by product categories

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In today's candidate-favorable job market employers must look harder and work smarter to fill job vacancies.
"The talent shortage is acute," said Fred Kohler, VP of people for GRAIL, a company focused on liquid biopsies for early cancer screening.
Rule No. 1: Get creative to be near the action.
Low vacancy rates in nearly all U.S. life science clusters…sees trends in new urban lab developments. Two speculative lab developments are underway in Boston's West Cambridge neighborhood to create another 260,500 square feet of space. Similarly, Houston, which has a rising reputation in life sciences, is fundraising to build a $2 billion commercial campus on 30 acres in the heart of the city".
Rule No. 2: Focus on the employee experience.
Many new life science parks include rich amenities. San Diego is attracting life science companies eager to give employees a unique environment. Tenants share large conference room spaces, a fitness center and a restaurant with an award-winning chef.
Rule No. 3: Prioritize employee well-being.
If you've been frustrated in your search for highly-skilled talent, it's time to call RomAnalytics, a leader in market insights and analytics talent recruitment! Our experience and relationships help us hone our clients' hiring requirements to deliver quicker, more precise and satisfying job placements.
RomAnalytics specializes in finding permanent or contract staff in the Pharma industry to fill vacancies in commercial operations, medical affairs, IT, and finance roles.


text:
Q: MVC and Entity Framework Key I am new to MVC and EF and am having a heck of a time getting an EF query to work, specifically with the EF key="". After adding some test code, the error being returned here is 'The name idAddress does not exist in the current context'. There is a primary key on the Address table named idAddress - identty int
I have read through many suggestions on the site and can't get past this.
    private motion_care_360Entities db = new motion_care_360Entities();
    public ActionResult GetItems(GridParams g)
    {
        var list = db.Addresses.Include("AddressCountry").Include("AddressState").Include("AddressType").AsQueryable();
        var list1 = list.OrderBy(o => idAddress).ToList();
        var l1 = list1[0].AddressState.State;

        return Json(new GridModelBuilder<Address>(list, g)
            {
                Key = "idAddress", // needed when using Entity Framework, usually it's Id
                                   // If you're using EF, it's needed so that the data will be ordered by it before paging it
                Map = o => new
                {
                    AddressTypeType = o.AddressType.Type,
                    AddressStateState = o.AddressState.State,
                    AddressCountryCountry = o.AddressCountry.Country,
                    o.City,
                }
            }.Build());
    }
}

A: That would need to be list.OrderBy(o => o.idAddress).ToList();
You need to specify that it's by the idAddress of the object (i.e. o from your lambda expression) itself.

A: You're actually confused about a lot of things.  First, the issue you claim you have has nothing to do with either MVC or EF.  It has to do with whatever GridModelBuilder is, and since that's not a part of MVC, you must be using some third party control for that.
Second, I'm guessing (since I don't know what third party control you're using) that Key is used when using GroupBy, not when using OrderBy.  OrderBy does not have a key, but GroupBy does.  But it's hard to know, since you seem to think that third party tools are part of the framework.
Third, your OrderBy is assigned to list1, which you never use.  You use list, which is unordered.
Fourth, you don't need AsQueryable as it's already a Queryable.


Last week I posted here about how I organized my clothes to keep track of them. I had barely completed the organizing when SLUG Magazine contacted me to do a photoshoot for their street fashion page! Fabulous photographer Tyson Call came around last week and the results of his visit is now on SLUG Magazine's Style page. If you click on the photos, you will see excerpts from Tyson's interview with me. Credit for the photo above goes to TYSON CALL @CLANCYCOOP. Thanks so much, Tyson and Kathy Zhou of SLUG for giving me this adventure! Take a look at more photos by Tyson on Instagram.
Stunning stunning model! You have always been so stylish Gerda – this could have been your calling if you didn't have such a brilliant brain!
Dearest Carina, You are too sweet! I don't know about being a model–I like putting clothes together, but I feel a bit silly about "posing." Fortunately they just let me move and turn around, and the photographer somehow finds a good picture when one "happens." It is so lovely to hear from you. I so often think about you and your family. Did Daegan get his electronic birthday card? I can't believe he and Kanye are now 10. At least with Kanye nearby, I can imagine what kinds of things your beautiful boy must be up to now. Love to you all.


The blade is a bit stubby, and the edge grind was a touch rough. However, it's double edge, ergonomic, compact, plus has an excellent sheath, good coating, and quality steel/temper. Will take a ferocious edge. Most karambits aren't half as good.
I really like the blade but the sheath is a little loose for my liking. That was actually one of the main reasons I bought this blade. I put IBW loops on it but I just don't trust it I might put it on a bug out bag or in one not sure.
Birthday Gift for Husband... Nailed it!!!
Purchased this as a gift for my husband because he has been wanting a Karambit. I did a lot of research before decided upon this one. I wanted something durable and well crafted, preferred USA made. This knife is absolutely perfect. He loves the feel of how well it fits in his hand. The blade's precision and uniformity is a beauty. The sheath is great, has a great snap feature that allows you to know it's securely inside. We will definitely be purchased more from this maker. Great work and prompt communication and shipping. Very Very Pleased! Thanks so much!
Great karambit for every day carry.
This thing is built to last. Time tested steel, rugged coating, and tough kydex sheath. Good blade geometry with crisp even lines, and symmetrical edge grind. Slim profile, light weight, and easy to carry discreetly in a pocket or on the belt. The handle and ring are just about the perfect size. Other karambit I own are too small for my hand, but this one feels great in hand. I love the sheath, not too bulky or over engineered like so many other knife sheaths on the market. Just a practical, functional sheath that holds the knife very securely. One more thing I would like to say is that ShadowTech has excellent customer service. I will definitely be buying more ShadowTech blades in the future.
Very light weight and comfortable in the hand.


text:
<!--
  ~ Copyright 2005-2007 WSO2, Inc. (http://wso2.com)
  ~
  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
  ~
  ~ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  ~
  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  ~ limitations under the License.
  -->

<project default="build-all" >

    <property name="wso2appserver.home" value="../../../"/>
    <property name="carbon.home" value="../../../"/>
    <property name="repo.location" value="${wso2appserver.home}/repository/deployment/server"/>
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    <property name="genCode" value="${temp.dir}/genCode"/>
    <property name="dependencies" value="${temp.dir}/dependencies"/>
    <property name="webapps" value="webapps"/>
    <property name="warName" value="wsdl_first_jaxws.war"/>
    <property name="src" value="src"/>
    <property name="repo.webapps" value="webapps"/>

    <path id="as.samples.jaxws">
        <pathelement path="${java.class.path}"/>
        <fileset dir="${dependencies}">
            <include name="**"/>
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    <target name="clean">
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	<delete dir="${webapps}"/>
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        <mkdir dir="${classes}"/>
	<mkdir dir="${webapps}"/>
	<mkdir dir="${genCode}"/>

	<copy toDir="${dependencies}">
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                <include name="*.jar"/>
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	    <fileset dir="../junit">
                <include name="**"/>
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    </target>

    <target name="cxfWSDLToJava" depends ="init">
      <echo message="Genarating WSDLToJava"/>
      <java classname="org.apache.cxf.tools.wsdlto.WSDLToJava" fork="true">
         <arg value="-client"/>
         <arg value="-d"/>
	 <arg value="${genCode}"/>
	 <arg value="-b"/>
	 <arg value="${src}/main/resources/binding.xml"/>
         <arg value="${src}/main/resources/CustomerService.wsdl"/>
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        <javac debug="on" destdir="${classes}">
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	    <src path="${genCode}"/>
            <classpath refid="as.samples.jaxws"/>
	    <classpath refid="cxf.classpath"/>
        </javac>
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    <target name="war" depends="compile-all">
        <echo message="Creating webapp ${warName}."/>
	<copy toDir="${classes}">
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	    <metainf  dir="src/main/webapp/META-INF"
		    includes="webapp-classloading.xml" >
	    </metainf>
	     <webinf dir="${src}/main/webapp/WEB-INF"/>
        </war>
    </target>

    <target name="build-all" depends="war">
        <echo message="Copying the created aar and war files in to the repository"/>
        <copy toDir="${repo.location}/${repo.webapps}">
            <fileset dir="${webapps}">
                <include name="**/*.war"/>
            </fileset>
        </copy>
    </target>

</project>


You can download pdf versions of the proposed licenses through this site.
"The TAPR Open Hardware License ("OHL") provides a framework for hardware projects that is similar to the one used for Open Source software. This isn't as straight-forward as it seems because legal concepts that work well for software (such as copyright and copyleft) don't neatly fit when dealing with hardware products and the documentation used to create them. The OHL deals with Documentation, which describes a project using elements such as schematic diagrams, CAD/CAM files, and Gerber files, and Products which are based on that Documentation.
Like open source software licenses, the OHL permits Documentation to be used, modified, and distributed to third parties. Unlike software licenses, it also addresses how Products based on the documentation can be made and distributed. The OHL's requirements are aimed at encouraging the community to develop, use, and improve open source hardware -- and to prevent others from turning that hardware into closed, proprietary products.
The OHL does not address software, nor does it address firmware or code loaded into programmable devices such as FPGAs. These fit much more closely into a software licensing model than do the physical objects that the OHL attempts to cover, and we encourage developers to use open source licenses like the GPL for them.
One important, and unique, component of the OHL is a patent immunity provision. In short, the OHL requires each person who uses the Documentation to promise that they will not sue others who make Products based on that Documentation for infringement of any patent they control. This ensures that the community is protected from patent claims by those who benefit from the community's contribution.
Another unique aspect of the OHL is a provision to provide feedback about modifications. Open source software licenses steer away from obligating those who make modifications to pass those changes back to earlier developers or other users. For a number of reasons, particularly our belief that hardware fixes and improvements, especially for safety issues, should be made known to those who may be making or using Products, we felt that a public feedback provision would be valuable.
At the same time, we wanted to minimize the burden of such a provision, and the loss of privacy that would result from requiring developers to provide their email addresses. So, TAPR will provide a mechanism to report modifications to a central archive that will be visible to anyone. The requirement is structured so that if the mechanism fails (if, for example, TAPR should disappear), the rights granted by the OHL will not be affected.
The Open Hardware License allows Products to be used for any purpose. An alternative version, the TAPR Noncommercial Hardware License, is identical to the OHL but limits Products to noncommercial use only. While open source licenses normally don't allow restrictions on use, there is a big difference between software and hardware that we believe justifies offering this option.
"Recently, people over at tapr.org released drafts of open-source hardware licenses. I got the following message from Jonathan Kuniholm at Duke asking for comments on the drafts: "I have spoken with each of you regarding our interest in the infrastructure for the sharing of hardware designs. An organization with its roots in amateur radio and open source software has released a draft of two open hardware licenses ( http://www.tapr.org/OHL ). I believe that the inspiration is primarily electronic hardware, but the concept addresses issues we have encountered in our work with The Open Prosthetics Project and its parent organization, the newly incorporated Shared Design Alliance.
We have been interested in the ways that we might protect those who choose to share designs for public good from the possibility of having those designs patented out from under them or otherwise removed from the public domain, as well as helping them avoid the cost and time delays of patent protection for efforts from which they are not trying to profit. These draft licenses also address liability issues, which are another can of worms. I would be interested to hear thoughts from folks more knowledgeable than I about the effectiveness and potential pitfalls of such measures, given the difference between the issues surrounding physical designs and patents (for which there is currently no open license option outside of patent-related measures), and those surrounding items traditionally protected by copyright, which can currently be released under Creative Commons or GNU licenses ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ , http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html , http://www.fsf.org/ ).
This page was last modified on 25 July 2013, at 07:01.


text:
Q: In AngularJS, how to force the re-validation of a field in a form when another value in the same form is changed? I have a form with few fields, however a select and an input field are coupled: the validation on the input depends on which value the user chooses in the select field.
I'll try to clarify with an example. Let's say that the select contains names of planets:
<select id="planet" class="form-control" name="planet" ng-model="planet" ng-options="c.val as c.label for c in planets"></select>

in the input I apply custom validation via a custom directive named "input-validation":
<input id="city" input-validation iv-allow-if="planet==='earth'" class="form-control" name="city" ng-model="city" required>

where this is the directive:
.directive('inputValidation', [function() {
  return {
    require: 'ngModel',
    restrict: 'A',
    scope: {
      ivAllowIf: '='
    },
    link: function(scope, elm, attrs, ctrl) {
      ctrl.$parsers.unshift(function(viewValue) {

        //input is allowed if the attribute is not present or the expression evaluates to true
        var inputAllowed = attrs.ivAllowIf === undefined || scope.$parent.$eval(attrs.ivAllowIf);

        if (inputAllowed) {
          ctrl.$setValidity('iv', true);
          return viewValue;
        } else {
          ctrl.$setValidity('iv', false);
          return undefined;
        }

      });
    }
  };
}])

The full example can be examined in Plnkr: http://plnkr.co/edit/t2xMPy1ehVFA5KNEDfrf?p=preview
Whenever the select is modified, I need the input to be verified again. This is not happening in my code. What am I doing wrong?

A: I have done the same thing for validation of start-date on change of end-date. In the directive of start-date add watch for change of end-date and then call ngModel.$validate() in case end-date new value is defined.
    scope.$watch(function () {
        return $parse(attrs.endDate)(scope);
    }, function () {
        ngModel.$validate();
    });

The important part to take is call to ngModel.$validate() inside the directive.
Note
you should use $validators for custom validations above to work. read here, $parsers is the old way - from angularjs 1.3 use $validators
FIXED PLUNKER LINK


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The final countdown for the curtain raiser of Bigg Boss season 2 has begun. The show is going to start from 10th of this month grandly.
The show will happen for 100 days with 16 celebrities in one Bigg Boss house. The show organizers met media along with their new host Nani. The press interaction resulted in a lot of exciting things about the TV show.
"I have the habit of attending film related functions but never used to attend press meets. This is a new experience for me. I have never seen Bigg Boss to date. When they approached me for the first time, I tried to gather the information about the show. Slowly, I realized that all my friends and cousins are big followers of the show and then I started taking it seriously." said Nani.


text:
has nikola's share price lost its charge?
Since electric vehicle (EV) mania crept into the markets, Nikola Corp's [NKLA] share price has proven to be one of the biggest beneficiaries.
That said, Nikola's share price has been far from stable since its IPO in June, which saw it float for $34 in a reverse merger with VectorIQ. On its debut, the share price hit an intraday high of $38.88, before closing at $33.75.
In less than a week, Nikola's share price peaked at $79.73, closing up 112.3% on its opening value, after recording an intraday surge to $93.99.
Following this peak, Nikola's share price slowed down through June and July, before a major slump on 30 July which saw the stock fall to $29.06.
More recently, Nikola's share price surged 40.79% on 8 September, following the news that it had struck a deal with General Motors [GM] worth $2bn, with GM taking an 11% stake in Nikola.
However, just two days later, Hindenburg Research released a damning report accusing Nikola of "intricate fraud". As a result, Trevor Milton, the company's founder, resigned on 21 September, and Nikola's share price plummeted to a four-month low in the following days, closing at $17.88 on 29 September.
Then, just a few days after his resignation, Milton was accused of sexual assault by two different women, including a former work assistant. Milton denied the allegations.
Nikola's share price has since staged a recovery of sorts, climbing to close at $24.25 on 2 October. However, it is still down 28.1% from its debut price.
Nikola's recent roadblocks
Although the General Motors deal helped Nikola's share price regain some of the value it lost since its peak in June, the Hindenburg Research report stopped any recovery in its tracks.
The report claimed that Nikola is "built on dozens of lies over the course of its founder and executive chairman Trevor Milton's career".
The research company went on record to say that it had gathered "extensive" evidence, including private communications and photographs, all of which detail "false statements" made by Milton.
The company, which specialises in forensic financial research, said: "We have never seen this level of deception at a public company, especially of this size."
While the list of Milton's alleged lies is extensive, one which sticks out is the "staged" video titled Nikola One Semi-Truck in Motion, which depicts the truck travelling down a road at speed.
"Our investigation of the site and text messages from a former employee reveal that the video was an elaborate ruse — Nikola had the truck towed to the top of a hill on a remote stretch of road and simply filmed it rolling down the hill," Hindenburg said in its report.
Following the report, Milton announced his resignation as executive chairman via a press release.
"Nikola is truly in my blood and always will be, and the focus should be on the company and its world-changing mission, not me. So I made the difficult decision to approach the Board and volunteer to step aside as executive chairman. Founding Nikola and growing it into a company that will change transportation for the better and help protect our world's climate has been an incredible honour," Milton said.
Replacing Milton is Stephen Girsky, formerly vice chairman with General Motors. "I am confident Steve is the right leader to guide our vision at the board level. In addition to being an early believer and supporter of Nikola, Steve has more than 30 years of experience working with OEM [original equipment manufacturers] leaders," Milton noted.
Although Nikola's share price has plunged, is there a chance it will bounce back with Milton gone?
Analysts' outlook for Nikola's stock
"The recent questions surrounding the Nikola story raised by the bears will be a dark cloud over the stock until answered, especially with no fundamental or delivery catalysts in the near-term," said Daniel Ives, analyst at Wedbush, according to Bloomberg.
Ives also cut his recommendation to Underperform from Neutral and slashed his price target from $45 to $15, the lowest among analysts followed by the publication.
Zacks has a consensus Sell rating on Nikola stock. Meanwhile, the consensus among five analysts polled by CNN Moneyis to Buy the stock, with two analysts giving this rating, two a Hold and one a Sell.
Among the five analysts offering 12-month share price forecasts, CNN Moneyreported a median target of $29, with a high estimate of $79 and a low of $15. The median estimate represents a 16.6% increase on Nikola's share price of $24.25 through 2 October's close.


If you are interested in having Lyrica perform at your wedding or other event, please get in touch with us via phone, email, social media or the contact form on this page.
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The breathtaking image below, is part of 2019 VW Jetta Tdi Gli document which is assigned within Review, 2019 VW Jetta Tdi Gli, and published at November 24th, 2018 14:01:48 PM by admin.
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text:
Difference between revisions of "Manchester St John, Lancashire Genealogy"
(standard key)
| link5=[[Manchester St John, Lancashire Genealogy|Manchester St John]]
[[Image:Manchester St John Byrom Street contributor David Dixon.jpg|thumb|right]]
Guide to '''Manchester St John, Lancashire ancestry, family history, and genealogy:''' chapelry register transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.
== Chapel History ==
| image = Manchester St John Byrom Street contributor David Dixon.jpg
| PRbegin = None
| BTbegin = 1769
St John's Byrom Street Manchester was created a chapel of ease by 1769 from, and lying within the boundaries of [[Manchester Our Lady, St George and St Denys, Lancashire]] Ancient Parish; located on Deansgate.<ref>''[[A Topographical Dictionary of England]]'' by Samuel Lewis (1848), pp. 221-247.&nbsp;Adapted. Date accessed: 19 July 2010.</ref> The marriages registers, commencing in 1813, continue through the remaining portion of the Lord Hardwick Act era--one of the few churches in the Greater Manchester area, allowed to marry couples within its walls during this period.
=== Chapel History ===
The church was built by Edward Byrom following an Act of Parliament in 1768. St John's parish was united with [[Manchester St Matthew, Campfield, Lancashire]] in 1928 when St Mathews became the parish church, but the St John's parsonage served as the home for the clergy. St John's church was demolished in 1931. This new parish was united with  [[Manchester St Ann, Lancashire]] in 1943.

St John's Byrom Street Manchester was created a '''chapel of ease''' by 1769 from, and lying within the boundaries of [[Manchester Our Lady, St George and St Denys, Lancashire]] Ancient Parish; located on Deansgate. The church was built by Edward Byrom following an Act of Parliament in 1768. St John's parish was united with [[Manchester St Matthew, Campfield, Lancashire]] in 1928 when St Mathews became the parish church, but the St John's parsonage served as the home for the clergy. St John's church was demolished in 1931. This new parish was united with [[Manchester St Ann, Lancashire]] in 1943. The marriages registers, commencing in 1813, continue through the remaining portion of the Lord Hardwick Act era--one of the few churches in the Greater Manchester area, allowed to marry couples within its walls during this period.<ref>Lewis, Samuel A., ''[[A Topographical Dictionary of England]]'' (1848), pp. 221-247. Adapted. Date accessed: 19 July 2010.</ref>
St. John's Gardens is on the site of one of Manchester's lost churches. Built in 1768/9, St. John's Church was built for Edward Byrom, a local landowner and businessman. It was demolished in 1931.
The gardens which are situated close to Deansgate, between Byrom Street and Lower Byrom Street, consist of amenity grassland laid out in formal lawns, flower and herbaceous bedding areas with ornamental planting, access routes, seating and an amenity hut. City workers, tourists and city centre residents predominantly use this green space as a relaxation garden.
A monument to the church and the 22,000 people buried in its grounds stands in the middle of the Gardens where the original entrance of St. John's Church lay. One of the panels within the monument stands in memory of William Marsden who was instrumental in obtained the Saturday half day holiday for Manchester in 1843.

 www.images.manchester.gov.uk/libraries for images of the church Manchester Libraries Image Collection

www.images.manchester.gov.uk/libraries for images of the church Manchester Libraries Image Collection

Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is [http://freebmd.org.uk/ FreeBMD].
Online index of Lancashire Births, Marriages and Deaths [[Lancashire BMD]]

St John's Deangate chapel in Manchester City has much online data transcriptions for many years as well does the Manchester Cathedral--the ancient parish of Our Lady, St George and St Denys. These baptism, marriage and burial registers are displayed below, located at the web sites indicated; note the ranges of years:
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" align="center" colspan="8" | '''MANCHESTER ST JOHN DEANSGATE Chapelry (1686) Indexes'''
| bgcolor="#ffcccc" | [http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=2959 '''1769-1812''']
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" | [http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=2959 '''1769-1812''']
| bgcolor="#ccffff" | [http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=2959 '''1769-1812''']
| bgcolor="#66ffcc" | [http://familysearch.org '''1686-1718; 1769-1855;1874-1879''']
| bgcolor="#ffcccc" | [http://familysearch.org '''1686-1718; 1769-1855;1874-1879''']
| bgcolor="#ffccff" | '''[http://familysearch.org 1769-1900] - part.'''
| bgcolor="#ccffff" | '''[http://familysearch.org 1769-1900] - part.'''
| bgcolor="#66ffcc" | '''[http://www.lancashirebmd.org.uk/cgi/birthind.cgi?county=lancashire 1837-1881]'''
| bgcolor="#ffcccc" | '''[http://www.lancashirebmd.org.uk/cgi/birthind.cgi?county=lancashire 1837-1881]'''
| bgcolor="#ffccff" | '''[http://lancashirebmd.org.uk/deaths.php 1837-1881]'''
| bgcolor="#ccffff" | '''[http://lancashirebmd.org.uk/deaths.php 1837-1881]'''
To view a full list of all Manchester City's chapelries and district churches, see the of the ancient parish (the Cathedral) of '''[https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Manchester_Our_Lady,_St_George_and_St_Denys,_Lancashire MANCHESTER OUR LADY, ST GEORGE & ST DENYS]''' page.
To view a full list of all Manchester City's chapelries and district churches, see the of the ancient parish (the Cathedral) of '''[https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Manchester_Our_Lady,_St_George_and_St_Denys,_Lancashire MANCHESTER OUR LADY, ST GEORGE & ST DENYS]''' page.
{{British Census|438721}}
==== Poor Law Unions ====
[[Manchester Poor Law Union]]
==== Probate records
 ====
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to [[Lancashire Probate Records|Lancashire Probate Records]] to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
== Maps and Gazetteers
 ==
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.

*[http://maps.familysearch.org/ England Jurisdictions 1851]
Gerald Lodge's excellent website http://www.manchester-family-history-research.co.uk/new_page_11.htm contains an image of the church.

Gerald Lodge's excellent [http://www.manchester-family-history-research.co.uk/new_page_11.htm Website] contains an image of the church.

Manchester St John
Guide to Manchester St John, Lancashire ancestry, family history, and genealogy: chapelry register transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.
Manchester St John, Lancashire
Parish registers: None
1 Chapel History
Chapel History[edit | edit source]
St John's Byrom Street Manchester was created a chapel of ease by 1769 from, and lying within the boundaries of Manchester Our Lady, St George and St Denys, Lancashire Ancient Parish; located on Deansgate. The church was built by Edward Byrom following an Act of Parliament in 1768. St John's parish was united with Manchester St Matthew, Campfield, Lancashire in 1928 when St Mathews became the parish church, but the St John's parsonage served as the home for the clergy. St John's church was demolished in 1931. This new parish was united with Manchester St Ann, Lancashire in 1943. The marriages registers, commencing in 1813, continue through the remaining portion of the Lord Hardwick Act era--one of the few churches in the Greater Manchester area, allowed to marry couples within its walls during this period.[1]
www.images.manchester.gov.uk/libraries for images of the church Manchester Libraries Image Collection
St John's Deangate chapel in Manchester City has much online data transcriptions for many years as well does the Manchester Cathedral--the ancient parish of Our Lady, St George and St Denys. These baptism, marriage and burial registers are displayed below, located at the web sites indicated; note the ranges of years:
MANCHESTER ST JOHN DEANSGATE Chapelry (1686) Indexes
FS 1686-1718; 1769-1855;1874-1879 1804-1928 1769-1900 - part.
To view a full list of all Manchester City's chapelries and district churches, see the of the ancient parish (the Cathedral) of MANCHESTER OUR LADY, ST GEORGE & ST DENYS page.
The original parish registers are located at the Manchester Central Archives and they have been microfilmed and/or imaged by FamilySearch.org
Gerald Lodge's excellent Website contains an image of the church.
Retrieved from "https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Manchester_St_John,_Lancashire_Genealogy&oldid=3540346"


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