Home / bad credit mortgage / mortgage / Getting A Mortgage With 500 Credit Score : Is It High Enough To Get A Low Rate Loan?
If you are looking for getting a mortgage with a credit score 500 which is below 600 your only chance of finding a mortgage with low credit scores that are below 600 is through lenders who specialize in bad credit mortgage loans and saving up a large down payment. In the past you could get a descent home loan with a credit score in the mid-600 point range. Now, after the crisis, getting a mortgage for bad credit is nearly impossible. Banks adjusted what their limitations were, which means your credit score must be higher. Today, you need about a 760 credit score for the same loan you could get with a 720 credit score in the past.The good news is if you are buying a new home or need to refinance, getting a mortgage for bad credit is not all that difficult – even in today's market. That's because raising your credit score is an incredibly easy thing to do. It may sound like a scary thing with big, harsh words like, "dispute," but moving your score up a hundred or more points is amazingly simple.The credit score is that alluring little three digit numbers that tells potential lenders and creditors how much risk it will be to take on you on as a client. If people knew more about their credit scores, it is likely they would be more careful with their credit as a result.Don't max out your credit cards. If you don't like writing checks, go online and automate your bill paying. Paying by the due date payments plus forking over credit well are merely a lot of the options persons could possibly take their credit worthiness towards the suitable degrees. Over time previous things that had a negative effect on your credit can go away or be removed.According to market analysts, a person with bad credit or credit score below 600 seeking a mortgage loan can expect to pay interest rates anywhere from one percent to three percent higher than someone with good or excellent credit rating.


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The Easy and Affordable Way to Upgrade Your Kitchen Cabinets
Tired of your kitchen? Obviously one way of rejuvenating the room would be to take it down to the studs and start over. But introducing a new look and feel doesn't have to mean a comprehensive (read: pricey) overhaul. In fact, with a combination of much more modest measures like hardware replacement and cabinet refacing, it's often possible to achieve similarly dramatic results for a whole lot less.
By Donna Boyle Schwartz | Updated Jul 29, 2017 1:27 PM
Photo: istockphoto.com
Hang on a second: Before you decide to take on the hassle and expense of a full-fledged kitchen renovation, consider that a variety of cheaper, easier alternatives can deliver a similarly dramatic transformation, especially in combination. For instance, homeowners typically treat details like cabinet hardware as trivial—as "an afterthought," according to Jim Eldredge, a product manager with Sears Home Services. But in the kitchen, he says, seemingly unimportant components "can make a surprisingly big impact on the overall room design." That said, replacing your cabinet hardware isn't magic; it can't make timeworn cabinets look new again. If your kitchen has seen better days, take the time to look closely at the condition of both the cabinet boxes and the cabinet doors. So long as the boxes remain in decent condition, you can actually leave them intact and only reface or replace the cabinet doors. Especially when paired with new hardware, updated cabinet fronts can totally remake the look of your kitchen in short order and typically on a small budget.
Whether you decide to install new cabinet doors or simply refinish the existing ones, Eldredge cautions that when it comes to selecting cabinet hardware, it's a mistake to "focus on aesthetics alone." To prove satisfactory over the long term, new hardware must do more than merely look good. There are a key practical considerations to keep in mind. Want to learn more about high-impact, low-budget kitchen upgrades? Keep reading!
If you decide to install new hardware as part of your cabinet upgrade project, it won't take you long to realize that, as Eldredge puts it, "Homeowners are spoiled for choice." With so many compelling hardware options, many find it a challenge to choose from all the available styles and finishes. To make the selection process more manageable, Eldredge recommends narrowing the field incrementally, one phase at a time. First, he says, "decide which type of hardware to install." There are certainly exceptions, but conventional wisdom holds that for ease of use, knobs pair best with doors and pulls pair best with drawers. Once you have settled the question of which type or types of hardware you prefer, you can move on to picking a style. To do so, Eldredge recommends taking cues from your cabinets. In a sleek, modern kitchen with crisp, clean lines, "people tend to go with more streamlined, angular hardware," he says. In traditional kitchens, meanwhile, "You're more likely to see hardware with finer details and curves." When you're updating both the cabinet and their hardware, however, you're free to consider a virtually infinite number of exciting design combinations. Nothing's off the table.
A similar approach can help you choose not only a hardware style, but a hardware finish as well. For instance, many experts recommend matching the new cabinet hardware finish to the finish of the existing kitchen lighting and plumbing fixtures. Others argue it's best for the hardware to match the appliances. Still others maintain that, above all, the hardware must complement the color of the paint or stain on the cabinetry. For light-colored or white-painted cabinetry, Eldredge says, "black and stainless steel are among the most popular." For darker cabinets, on the other hand, it's wise to "think about oil-rubbed bronze or brushed nickel," he says. Ultimately, though, when you're updating cabinetry, Eldredge admits, "guidelines are only guidelines; they can get you only so far." Given the sheer number of variables at play, the advice and guidance of experienced professionals can be immensely valuable. One advantage of working with a nationwide household name like Sears Home Services is that project coordinators explain all the options for making the most of your remodeling dollar. Want to discuss your kitchen with a qualified expert? Click to schedule a free in-home consultation today!
"How the hardware looks—that's only half the equation," Eldredge explains. After all, even if you're not a home chef, "chances are good that you interact with your cabinet hardware morning and night," Eldredge says. Under the circumstances, it's only prudent to make sure you like the way a knob or pull feels in your hand as much as you like the way it looks to your eye. To that end, Eldredge says, "I always tell people to test hardware before installing it." If the hardware pinches your fingers, or if its sharp edges seem likely to cause discomfort down the line, keep looking. You're not going to be pleased with your choice if you can't handle the hardware naturally, without a second thought. By the same token, take time to ensure that the size and shape of your chosen hardware suits the heft of your cabinetry. Whereas standard-size knobs usually suffice for doors of average dimensions, more substantial doors and most drawers open more easily with hardware large enough to accommodate several fingers. When you're updating both cabinet doors and cabinet hardware, therefore, it's often wise for your decisions about the former to determine or at least inform where you land on questions involving the latter.
Finally, recognize the larger context for a cabinet hardware upgrade. Kitchens are heavily trafficked and subject to frequent, hard use, so they inevitably collect grease, grit, and grime. Complicating matters further is that, while it's easy to spot crumbs and spills on, say, countertops, it's often not quite so easy when it comes to cabinet hardware. So do yourself a favor and as Eldredge advises, "Factor everyday care into your decision-making." As much as you may love the look of certain elaborate, intricate hardware designs, it's worth asking if those special details are worth the extra effort that'd be required to keep them clean. At the same time, being that cooking grease and dirty fingerprints accumulate not only on hardware, but also on the surrounding cabinetry, many homeowners also choose to replace or reface their cabinet doors with a low-maintenance material or finish. After all, you can't have a kitchen that's easy to care for if you don't have easy-care components installed in the parts of the room most likely to experience wear and tear over time.
Different homeowners weigh different considerations when planning a budget kitchen upgrade. But no matter the project scope, any given remodel always ends the same way—putting your plans into action. Of course, if you're only planning to put in hardware of the same type and size as your existing knobs and pulls, then it's an easy swap that you can probably handle on your own, without a contractor. However, if you want to go a step further, updating not only your hardware but your cabinetry as well, then more often than not, taking the next step means hiring capable pros. Sears Home Services sets itself apart from local contractors in many ways, but not least is that when you work with Sears, whether straightforward or complex, coordinators guide you each step of the way through the remodeling process, from the earliest planning stages all the way through to the completed installation. Normally, when you're working with a contractor, you have the right to expect the job to get done on time and on budget. But with Sears Home Services, you can expect all that and more—namely, a Satisfaction Guarantee demonstrating a commitment to the lasting success of your project.
This article has been brought to you by Sears Home Services. Its facts and opinions are those of BobVila.com.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Kauai Labs has just announced an "Innovating with Software and Electronics" class from June 16 – July 21, 2012 to be hosted at the Island School campus behind the Kauai Community College (KCC).
This class is open from ages 10 to 100 and is a great opportunity to gain hands-on experience with the invention process – by designing and building fun projects using custom electronics and software.
We are now accepting sign-up for this class, and hope you'll join us!


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All Things Internet™ since 1999
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By Ross
Evolving The Domain Name Experience
Category: Editorial 1 Comment
(I don't normally write about Hover here on my own blog, but I really wanted to tell this story and it felt a little bit off-topic for the corporate blog…that, and I need the traffic )
When what we think of as "Domain Names" started up, it was a volunteer side-effort of registering names, one done by hand and totally unreliable in terms of turnaround. You can say what you want related to what came next, but they were kind of Bad Old Days. If a domain was offensive, or they were busy that week, or anything else, you had to basically hope the forces mixed together and you got your domain name. The process of changing domain names, of doing a lot of other domain-related transactions, was weird, slow and stupid.
- Jason Scott
By August 2001, ICANN had still not figured out the policies and process by which registrants could move domain names between registrars. Prior to 1999, there were no alternative registrars and therefore, no domain name portability requirements. With the dismantling of Network Solutions/Verisign's monopoly over the domain registry/registrar business and the introduction of competitive registrars (ICANN is still sorting out how to introduce competition at the registry level) customers were free to choose who they bought their domain names from and had no freedom if they had previously purchased a domain name from Network Solutions/Verisign.
Now to be clear, domain transfers existed in theory, but not really in practice. In the absence of any standards or defining policies, it was a free-for-all – each registrar was free to make up their own rules – and so they did. Very few names moved back and forth between registrars because of the undocumented practices and intransigence by the incumbent.
As you can imagine, Network Solutions/Verisign (in their registrar role) wasn't exactly keen to introduce domain name transfer policy and faced with little progress in the discussion, I submitted a draft proposal to ICANN (here's the original PDF, easier to read) with the goal of spurring discussion. I've long believed that victory is often claimed by he who holds the pen, so I never hesitated to draft proposals like this with the goal of defining the policy direction of the ensuing discussion.
By 2003, the policy mechanics had largely been worked out and new policy was implemented.
Thing is, the policy wasn't well supported by the large registrars. Network Solutions had come around and did a lot of work to come to a set of last minute compromises, but in practice, it was years before their customers were able to easily transfer domain names out. Generally, it was like pulling teeth to get a customer to transfer over from them. Despite the fact that they had a lot to gain, Register.com took an equally customer-hostile stance against domain name portability (which continues to this day in some ways). And at the time, Godaddy wasn't even on the radar, so they were a non-factor.
Most of what we saw came in the form of the losing registrar putting up roadblocks to make it hard for customers to transfer. Whois access would disappear, data would get changed around, requests were ignored or inexplicably denied – it was all gaming, pure and simple. As the industry grew, the games got more sophisticated but by 2007 or so, all of the localized "rules" that these large players had implemented were well-known and work-arounds could be automated.
Except for registrars who employed what I call "the famous Godaddy lock" – named after the registrar who originated the practice. They do this thing where if you change ownership information on your domain, they lock it down for 60 days preventing you from transferring to a new registrar. This affects *tons* of people trying to move their domains.
Dating back to 2004, ICANN has been explicit that a registrar can only deny a transfer on a locked domain "…if they also provide a reasonable and readily accessible means for name holders to remove the lock status. Registrars who put any names on lock status MUST also provide reasonable and readily accessible means for customers to remove the lock status." None of these registrars provide any way for a customer to unlock their domain during this 60 day window. Of course, the easiest work around is to update your contact information after the transfer has completed.
Thing is, many, many, many registrants don't know this and get locked up for far longer than they need to.
We used to get all worked up when registrars made up new "policies" – usually based on some incredibly narrow (and inaccurate) interpretation of what they thought ICANN's transfer policy said. I would get *really* worked up because not only did I have the policies memorized, but as a draftor, I knew what the *intent* of the policies were. Funny, the creative interpretations were rarely consistent with my intent.
Long ago, I realized that the situation wasn't going to change. Even if all the existing registrars fell into line, a new one would come along and come up with their own novel interpretation. Failing iron-fisted enforcement by ICANN, domain transfers would never be as easy as they should be.
Which brings me to the point of this post (which is far longer than it should be). The day that we realized that we weren't facing a policy issue or a regulatory failing was the day we realized that we were facing a customer service issue. Rather than trying to lobby for new policies, stronger enforcement or a political resolution, we simply started doing whatever we could to help our customers.
This generally meant that we'd call the customer and walk them through the transfer, step-by-step and make sure they didn't click on any little land mines that forced their domain to get locked or the transfer denied. In time, we were able to institutionalize this to the point where now, every customer that transfers to us has the option to do it themselves, or to have us handle all of the little details, in essence acting as the customer's agent so they can worry about more important things like oh… lunch for example.
The beautiful thing is that we're able to offer this highly customized and personal level of service to our customers for no extra charge.
I've been thinking a lot about customer service this evening, inspired by conversations with customers, and this quote from Jason Scott's post, "Godaddy SOPA Blah"
"DNS and domain name garbage are like funerals and busted water heaters. You don't want to deal, when you come into problems it's usually under duress, and when it's all over you stop thinking about it until the next time."
We've still got a lot of rough edges to sort out – especially when it comes to recognizing that many of the people we talk to every day don't necessarily *want* to, its because they have to. We're the plumbers of the Internet, and I'm cool with that. I think we can be the best damn plumbers out there.
The Twitter Timeline
Category: Editorial Leave a Comment
Last week I wrote a post about what I didn't like about the new Twitter design. My argument misses an important point – Twitter is on its own timeline. They are on a journey, just like everyone else, and are moving down the road towards realizing what Twitter ought to be. This recent version of Twitter will not be the last – the product and the company continue to evolve.
Are they moving in the right direction? This article implies they are. Twitter appears to be working on maturing the organization and the product at the same time. These are probably the right priorities – and certainly better than no priorities.
Reading the tea leaves a bit, it appears that for Twitter Inc. revenue is no longer a distraction and that public navel gazing and "star fucking" does little or nothing to contribute to the bottom-line and the future of the company.
Analysing whether or not they've made all the right decisions concerning the product misses a big point. Twitter is turning the ship and making progress towards where they need to be. By focusing on their organization, people and execution they are developing broad internal expertise in how they achieve results. This might be the biggest difference between Facebook Today and Twitter Today. Facebook executes, Twitter posts about it. I think this is changing and Twitter is becoming an organization that executes.
If successful, this means the end of the line for all of the weird usability artifacts that the Twitter UI has been wrestling with these past four years. It also means Twitter Inc. will be a vastly improved organization deeply invested in building great products and delivering great service.
This is important for the future of the web. The other large social networks, Facebook specifically, exists to replace the web. Twitter, on the other hand, exists to make the web better. The world doesn't need another AOL, it needs a better web and if Twitter plays its cards right, they could insinuate themselves with the web in such a way that they become a big part of the social backplane that is evolving to support the Open Web – a role that Facebook appears to have completely rejected in favour of what it views as larger goals.
But that would be the subject of another post completely.
Timeline Spam
I'm surprised that at this point in 2011 (almost 2012) that companies still think it is smart to sneak stuff onto users timelines when asking for auth information.
It is just as uncool as forcing users to opt-out of mailing lists and other forms of spam.
For example, this signup form for TimeKiwi…
…stuffed this into my timeline….
Unless you get explicit consent you're just making enemies. Don't do it, no matter how tempting it is.
Thing is, I regularly send tweets pimping apps I like to my timeline… do good things and there's a pretty good chance that I won't mind spreading the word at all.
Just please don't spam.
Things I don't like about Twitter 4 for IOS
Category: Uncategorized 19 Comments
I want to preface this post by saying that I realize that a lot of people put a lot of heart and soul into producing Twitter 4 for IOS. As someone who dabbles in product management, I really appreciate the work that must have gone into releasing this app. I also think you got it wrong and I feel bad for writing a post that essentially trashes your work. Hopefully if you read this, you can absorb these comments in a positive way and agitate for some serious change at the right level in your application.
Twitter has long been criticized for the usability of its web and mobile apps, and version 4 of the official Twitter client for IOS 5 is no different. Instead of improving the user experience, this release makes their service more difficult to use. I've long argued that in order for Twitter to create long-term relevance as a company, it needs to provide a simple and useful user experience across all of its interfaces. This means getting away from the geeky user-contributed hacks that sprung up in response to shortcomings in the early versions of Twitter.
In the early days, these little hacks were endearing to the user community. Then Twitter started trying to help its users by integrating some of these functions into their website and mobile applications.
Bad move.
Much of what made Twitter useful in the first place – Hashtags, @user and many other little Twitter specific conventions are hacks that were first adopted by users because Twitter didn't support several key functions like groups or addressing a note to a specific user. Twitter has made the mistake of trying to integrate these workarounds into the base DNA of their service.
Why is this a mistake? These are hacks, which are by definition "useful but inelegant solutions to a problem". Not scalable, well-thought-out, simple and commercially sustainable solutions. Useful & inelegant solutions.
Unfortunately recent releases of both the web and mobile clients have strayed away from useful hack and we're left with something that's not near enough useful.
Twitter appears to have fallen into the trap of blindly listening to its users and failing to understand what its users are trying to accomplish. Don't pay attention to what your users ask you for, pay attention to what they are trying to achieve.
I digress. This post isn't meant to be a dissection of everything that Twitter is messing up in their product architecture – they get a lot of things right and importantly, they have over 500 millions users. All I really want to do is point out a few things that I really, really don't like about Twitter 4 for IOS 5. I thought it was helpful to provide some context about things I think they are messing up more generally to make it more obvious why I think what I think about what they are messing up with their IOS version.
I believe that much of the confusion swirls around their efforts to simplify features that were poorly conceived to begin with. Moving stuff around on these various screens and giving them different names isn't going to solve any real problems for Twitter or its users.
First off, if simplifying mobile Twitter was a goal for Twitter 4, then some effort should have gone into making it readily obvious what the @, #, include a picture and geotagging icons in the composition window mean.
Each of these icons sit at the bottom of the composition window and there isn't much of an invitation to use them. Even when they are tapped, the function is completely opaque as to what the user should do next. Power users take these meanings for granted and most regular users attribute other meanings to these icons. The @ symbol is most obviously related to an email function, the # symbol could refer to a calculator or a telephone function. Include a pic is probably the best of the four – not much to confuse a user there but right beside it is the geotag icon. It carries no obvious meaning, and even for the most ardent power-users, is so vastly under-utilized that Twitter could probably consider dropping this function entirely.
Twitter 4 uses four top-level navigation cues to help users find their way around the software – Home, Connect, Discover and Me.
Others have gone deep on why that might not be the best method, definitely worth a read. My complaint lies within the Connect tab – I don't get it.
As a long-time user, I've been able to muddle through the functions on this screen and map them back to old functions, but for a beginning user, the similarities between Connect, Interactions and Mentions is going to be nothing but confusing. These labels will need some substantial rethinking before they are immediately obvious to a user.
And to make it more confusing, Twitter includes a search function in the Connect tab that doesn't tell the user its a search function. The form field asks you to enter an "@name" (what's that?) or a full name. For what purpose? A small UI cue would go a long way here.
Further, the Connect tab doesn't make it obvious at all that most of the tweets and things that are displayed under this tab are interactions that people are having with me, or how they have interacted with my tweets. Sure retweeting is an obvious function for experienced users, but to the neophyte, telling someone that they've been retweeted five times is meaningless.
Tapping the Discover tab unveils an even more confusing mess of functionality.
It shows Stories and Trends and gives the user no idea what these relate to. Can I write a story, is this just for reading? Where are my friends? Are these my trends? Usage stats? What? Ugh. A confusing mess.
Find Friends and Browse Categories is a lot more obvious, but these are buried down at the bottom of the screen – probably because Twitter doesn't have much a revenue model around these functions yet. But why is Find Friends and Browse Categories under Discover? Why aren't they under Connect? Wouldn't it make more sense to help me connect to people by Finding Friends?
Most of my Twitter use is split between a few accounts. Prior versions of Twitter for IOS made it obvious and easy to switch between accounts. Twitter 4 does not. Guess where its been hidden? As a sub label under "Me".
Worse still, click on "Settings" under "Me" (why are settings and multi-user switching buried here at all?) and you'll see a weird mix of global application settings (under Advanced) and account specific settings (under notifications).
This is in addition to the IOS Twitter settings under System Preferences.
Why aren't all of these settings nicely tucked into the IOS System Preferences settings for Twitter? As is, it will be really confusing for users to figure out where they should be going to tweak which settings and provides a user with two different means of adding new accounts to the application.
This is supposed to be "a faster, simpler way to stay close to everything you care about". I think Twitter has missed that mark by a mile.
It will be extremely interesting to see how the company reacts to user feedback about these changes. At the same time, they've announced some pretty sweeping changes to how their website works as well. Their documentation draws some exceptionally clear parallels between the mobile app and the web app. I can only hope that their web app gets it a lot more right than the mobile app did.
My overall feeling is that they are re-arranging the UI deck chairs while skirting the more central issue of how to absorb the early user-hacks into real and scalable features within their user experience.
I suppose I could just uninstall it.
So long and thanks for all the hugs
Don't be cute with your demo
Google's Warning about PRISM in Chrome
Borrowing from Peter to get paid by Paul: The Ultimate Consumer's Guide to Leveraged Debt
Dropbox buying Mailbox for IOS is a *smart* move
Is Google is ruining the Internet?
10 Years Smoke Free
The 2012 Top 15 Search Terms on Byte.org
Rowan Rader on Not comfortable with that…
Rowan Rader on About Me
© 2023 Random Bytes


60 year old Uber driver Wang Yong Qing passed away after picking up his passenger at the airport. He reportedly felt unwell after having overworked himself and eventually passed on at Changi General Hospital. #RIP.
Ride hailing company Uber is facing a Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau probe over recent car purchases made by its local car rental company, Lion City Rentaal (LCR).
A netizen praised Uber for hiring hearing-impaired drivers but felt bad that they have to constantly prove themselves to be safe drivers.
I was at Midview City today and saw this - Grab's office is full of ComfortDelGro taxi drivers wanting to switch sides!


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Relationship between malnutrition and parasitic infection among school children in the Adamawa region of Cameroon
[Epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in Mauritania. The right bank of the Senegal River as model
Association between socio economic status and schistosomiasis infection in Jinja District, Uganda
Prevalence and co-infections of schistosomiasis/hepatitis B and C viruses among school children in an endemic areas in Taiz, Yemen
Human intestinal schistosomiasis in communities living near three rivers of Jimma, south western Ethiopia
Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria
Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among inhabitants of Lowveld, Swaziland, an endemic area for the disease
Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mekongi and Opisthorchis viverrini: a randomized, single-blinded dose-comparison trial
GHDx Entry last modified on: Sep 3, 2019
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الكتب الاحصائية السنوية 1428هـ
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Report: Discharge - Epi surveillance - Inpatient - Nationally representative - Outpatient - Subnationally representative
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Urinary schistosomiasis: Efficacy of praziquantel and association of the ABO blood grouping in disease epidemiology
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China Health Statistics Yearbook 2007
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Sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests and infection prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium estimated from data on adults in villages northwest of Accra, Ghana
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Investigation of the risk of infection of urinary schistosomiasis at Mahem and Galilea communities in the greater Accra Region of Ghana


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Here's How You Can Make Your Site Voice Search-Friendly
Harsha Kiran
Voice search has gained a lot of popularity with the advent of AI and information technology. Stats show that it will soon start to dominate search volumes even more, so it pays to be prepared for that scenario as a…
Voice search is becoming more and more popular with the advent of AI and information technology. Stats show that it will soon start to dominate search volumes even more, so it pays to be prepared for that scenario as a professional SEO practitioner
Remember how whenever you needed to buy a new pair of shoes when you were a child, your parents always advised you to buy a size that was a little bigger? Why did they do that? Because they knew you would grow into them and wanted to make sure that your new pair fitted you for a longer period.
And, of course, they were right.
In a way, doing SEO for your business is pretty much like buying a pair of shoes for growing feet – you need to plan for the near future. If you're currently investing in SEO and only targeting text-based Google searches, your strategy might become redundant in the years to come. In other words, you'd be buying a pair of shoes that fit your feet today but would soon become too small for them. With SEO being a costly exercise, surely you wouldn't want this to happen, right?
To avoid that, you need to come up with an SEO strategy that targets both, typed and voice Google searches. Because even though text searches are the norm today, voice search is sure to dominate the future – the reason why one should always aim at making their website voice search-friendly.
Here are three practical strategies to do it efficiently.
Tip #1 – Incorporate Popular Key Phrases used in Voice Searches
Earlier, keywords used to be incorporated. Later they were switched with entire phrases, which were typically 3 – 5 words long.
And now we should aim to incorporate even longer expressions into our content because the type of phrasing used in voice searches is generally much longer than those in typed ones. Research shows that most people use key phrases that are longer than ten words during voice search.
And these expressions are typically natural language keywords, such as How to choose the best web hosting service?
So, before you write content for your blog or landing pages, you should identify some common voice-based search terminology -preferably some wording that is currently popular in natural language.
Tip #2 – You Might Benefit from Long Content
Research shows that people who use voice search on Google prefer long content. The average word count of a page on a voice-search SERP is 2,312 words. That said, don't just add words to reach a particular word count. Doing that will be counterproductive. Always bear in mind that users like to read quality content. So, if your topic is such that it can only be expressed well in a short or medium-sized article, it's better to stick to that.
Tip #3 – Ensure that your Website Loads Quickly
Users tend to like sites that load faster than greased lightning. If your site is slow and unresponsive, most users may not bother waiting until it loads. In other words, all the work that you've put into getting your search rankings up will be all for naught if your site loads slowly. The average voice search page loads in 4.6 seconds. This should be your upper limit.
Want to know more about how voice search will influence how people will look for and buy things online? Go through the infographic below. It tells you everything you need to know about voice search and its role in the future.
6 Top Cybersecurity Predictions For 2023 January 30, 2023


text:
<?php

/**
 * @file
 * Definition of Drupal\locale\Tests\LocaleTranslationTest.
 */

namespace Drupal\locale\Tests;

use Drupal\simpletest\WebTestBase;
use Drupal\Core\Language\Language;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\String;

/**
 * Functional test for string translation and validation.
 */
class LocaleTranslationUiTest extends WebTestBase {

  /**
   * Modules to enable.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  public static $modules = array('locale');

  public static function getInfo() {
    return array(
      'name' => 'String translate, search and validate',
      'description' => 'Adds a new locale and translates its name. Checks the validation of translation strings and search results.',
      'group' => 'Locale',
    );
  }

  /**
   *  Enable interface translation to English
   */
  function testEnglishTranslation() {
    $admin_user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('administer languages', 'access administration pages'));
    $this->drupalLogin($admin_user);

    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/language/edit/en', array('locale_translate_english' => TRUE), t('Save language'));
    $this->assertLinkByHref('/admin/config/regional/translate/translate?langcode=en', 0, 'Enabled interface translation to English.');
  }

  /**
   * Adds a language and tests string translation by users with the appropriate permissions.
   */
  function testStringTranslation() {
    global $base_url;

    // User to add and remove language.
    $admin_user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('administer languages', 'access administration pages'));
    // User to translate and delete string.
    $translate_user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('translate interface', 'access administration pages'));
    // Code for the language.
    $langcode = 'xx';
    // The English name for the language. This will be translated.
    $name = $this->randomName(16);
    // This is the language indicator on the translation search screen for
    // untranslated strings.
    $language_indicator = "$langcode ";
    // This will be the translation of $name.
    $translation = $this->randomName(16);
    $translation_to_en = $this->randomName(16);

    // Add custom language.
    $this->drupalLogin($admin_user);
    $edit = array(
      'predefined_langcode' => 'custom',
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'name' => $name,
      'direction' => '0',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/language/add', $edit, t('Add custom language'));
    // Add string.
    t($name, array(), array('langcode' => $langcode));
    // Reset locale cache.
    $this->container->get('string_translation')->reset();
    $this->assertRaw('"edit-languages-' . $langcode .'-weight"', 'Language code found.');
    $this->assertText(t($name), 'Test language added.');
    $this->drupalLogout();

    // Search for the name and translate it.
    $this->drupalLogin($translate_user);
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'untranslated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText($name, 'Search found the string as untranslated.');

    // Assume this is the only result, given the random name.
    // We save the lid from the path.
    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => $this->randomName(),
    );
    // No t() here, it's surely not translated yet.
    $this->assertText($name, 'name found on edit screen.');
    $this->assertNoOption('edit-langcode', 'en', 'No way to translate the string to English.');
    $this->drupalLogout();
    $this->drupalLogin($admin_user);
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/language/edit/en', array('locale_translate_english' => TRUE), t('Save language'));
    $this->drupalLogout();
    $this->drupalLogin($translate_user);
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText($name, 'Search found the string as untranslated.');

    // Assume this is the only result, given the random name.
    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => $translation,
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));
    $this->assertText(t('The strings have been saved.'), 'The strings have been saved.');
    $this->assertEqual($this->getUrl(), url('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', array('absolute' => TRUE)), 'Correct page redirection.');
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'translated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertRaw($translation, 'Non-English translation properly saved.');

    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => 'en',
      'translation' => 'untranslated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => $translation_to_en,
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => 'en',
      'translation' => 'translated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertRaw($translation_to_en, 'English translation properly saved.');

    // Reset the tag cache on the tester side in order to pick up the call to
    // cache()->deleteTags() on the tested side.
    drupal_static_reset('Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheBackendInterface::tagCache');

    $this->assertTrue($name != $translation && t($name, array(), array('langcode' => $langcode)) == $translation, 't() works for non-English.');
    // Refresh the locale() cache to get fresh data from t() below. We are in
    // the same HTTP request and therefore t() is not refreshed by saving the
    // translation above.
    $this->container->get('string_translation')->reset();
    // Now we should get the proper fresh translation from t().
    $this->assertTrue($name != $translation_to_en && t($name, array(), array('langcode' => 'en')) == $translation_to_en, 't() works for English.');
    $this->assertTrue(t($name, array(), array('langcode' => Language::LANGCODE_SYSTEM)) == $name, 't() works for Language::LANGCODE_SYSTEM.');

    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => 'en',
      'translation' => 'untranslated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText(t('No strings available.'), 'String is translated.');

    $this->drupalLogout();

    // Delete the language.
    $this->drupalLogin($admin_user);
    $path = 'admin/config/regional/language/delete/' . $langcode;
    // This a confirm form, we do not need any fields changed.
    $this->drupalPost($path, array(), t('Delete'));
    // We need raw here because %language and %langcode will add HTML.
    $t_args = array('%language' => $name, '%langcode' => $langcode);
    $this->assertRaw(t('The %language (%langcode) language has been removed.', $t_args), 'The test language has been removed.');
    // Reload to remove $name.
    $this->drupalGet($path);
    // Verify that language is no longer found.
    $this->assertResponse(404, 'Language no longer found.');
    $this->drupalLogout();

    // Delete the string.
    $this->drupalLogin($translate_user);
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => 'en',
      'translation' => 'translated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    // Assume this is the only result, given the random name.
    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => '',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));
    $this->assertRaw($name, 'The strings have been saved.');
    $this->drupalLogin($translate_user);
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => 'en',
      'translation' => 'untranslated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertNoText(t('No strings available.'), 'The translation has been removed');
  }

  /*
   * Adds a language and checks that the JavaScript translation files are
   * properly created and rebuilt on deletion.
   */
  function testJavaScriptTranslation() {
    $user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('translate interface', 'administer languages', 'access administration pages'));
    $this->drupalLogin($user);
    $config = config('locale.settings');

    $langcode = 'xx';
    // The English name for the language. This will be translated.
    $name = $this->randomName(16);

    // Add custom language.
    $edit = array(
      'predefined_langcode' => 'custom',
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'name' => $name,
      'direction' => '0',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/language/add', $edit, t('Add custom language'));
    drupal_static_reset('language_list');

    // Build the JavaScript translation file.

    // Retrieve the source string of the first string available in the
    // {locales_source} table and translate it.
    $source = db_select('locales_source', 'l')
      ->fields('l', array('source'))
      ->condition('l.source', '%.js%', 'LIKE')
      ->range(0, 1)
      ->execute()
      ->fetchField();

    $search = array(
      'string' => $source,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'all',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));

    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => $this->randomName(),
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));

    // Trigger JavaScript translation parsing and building.
    _locale_rebuild_js($langcode);

    $locale_javascripts = \Drupal::state()->get('locale.translation.javascript') ?: array();
    $js_file = 'public://' . $config->get('javascript.directory') . '/' . $langcode . '_' . $locale_javascripts[$langcode] . '.js';
    $this->assertTrue($result = file_exists($js_file), String::format('JavaScript file created: %file', array('%file' => $result ? $js_file : 'not found')));

    // Test JavaScript translation rebuilding.
    file_unmanaged_delete($js_file);
    $this->assertTrue($result = !file_exists($js_file), String::format('JavaScript file deleted: %file', array('%file' => $result ? $js_file : 'found')));
    cache_invalidate_tags(array('content' => TRUE));
    _locale_rebuild_js($langcode);
    $this->assertTrue($result = file_exists($js_file), String::format('JavaScript file rebuilt: %file', array('%file' => $result ? $js_file : 'not found')));
  }

  /**
   * Tests the validation of the translation input.
   */
  function testStringValidation() {
    global $base_url;

    // User to add language and strings.
    $admin_user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('administer languages', 'access administration pages', 'translate interface'));
    $this->drupalLogin($admin_user);
    $langcode = 'xx';
    // The English name for the language. This will be translated.
    $name = $this->randomName(16);

    // These will be the invalid translations of $name.
    $key = $this->randomName(16);
    $bad_translations[$key] = "" . $key;
    $key = $this->randomName(16);
    $bad_translations[$key] = '' . $key;
    $key = $this->randomName(16);
    $bad_translations[$key] = '<' . $key;
    $key = $this->randomName(16);
    $bad_translations[$key] ="" . $key;

    // Add custom language.
    $edit = array(
      'predefined_langcode' => 'custom',
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'name' => $name,
      'direction' => '0',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/language/add', $edit, t('Add custom language'));
    // Add string.
    t($name, array(), array('langcode' => $langcode));
    // Reset locale cache.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'all',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    // Find the edit path.

    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    foreach ($bad_translations as $key => $translation) {
      $edit = array(
        $lid => $translation,
      );
      $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));
      // Check for a form error on the textarea.
      $form_class = $this->xpath('//form[@id="locale-translate-edit-form"]//textarea/@class');
      $this->assertNotIdentical(FALSE, strpos($form_class[0], 'error'), 'The string was rejected as unsafe.');
      $this->assertNoText(t('The string has been saved.'), 'The string was not saved.');
    }
  }

  /**
   * Tests translation search form.
   */
  function testStringSearch() {
    global $base_url;

    // User to add and remove language.
    $admin_user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('administer languages', 'access administration pages'));
    // User to translate and delete string.
    $translate_user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('translate interface', 'access administration pages'));

    // Code for the language.
    $langcode = 'xx';
    // The English name for the language. This will be translated.
    $name = $this->randomName(16);
    // This is the language indicator on the translation search screen for
    // untranslated strings.
    $language_indicator = "$langcode ";
    // This will be the translation of $name.
    $translation = $this->randomName(16);

    // Add custom language.
    $this->drupalLogin($admin_user);
    $edit = array(
      'predefined_langcode' => 'custom',
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'name' => $name,
      'direction' => '0',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/language/add', $edit, t('Add custom language'));

    $edit = array(
      'predefined_langcode' => 'custom',
      'langcode' => 'yy',
      'name' => $this->randomName(16),
      'direction' => '0',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/language/add', $edit, t('Add custom language'));

    // Add string.
    t($name, array(), array('langcode' => $langcode));
    // Reset locale cache.
    $this->container->get('string_translation')->reset();
    $this->drupalLogout();

    // Search for the name.
    $this->drupalLogin($translate_user);
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'all',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    // assertText() seems to remove the input field where $name always could be
    // found, so this is not a false assert. See how assertNoText succeeds
    // later.
    $this->assertText($name, 'Search found the string.');

    // Ensure untranslated string doesn't appear if searching on 'only
    // translated strings'.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'translated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText(t('No strings available.'), "Search didn't find the string.");

    // Ensure untranslated string appears if searching on 'only untranslated
    // strings'.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'untranslated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertNoText(t('No strings available.'), 'Search found the string.');

    // Add translation.
    // Assume this is the only result, given the random name.
    // We save the lid from the path.
    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => $translation,
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));

    // Ensure translated string does appear if searching on 'only
    // translated strings'.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $translation,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'translated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertNoText(t('No strings available.'), 'Search found the translation.');

    // Ensure translated source string doesn't appear if searching on 'only
    // untranslated strings'.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $name,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'untranslated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText(t('No strings available.'), "Search didn't find the source string.");

    // Ensure translated string doesn't appear if searching on 'only
    // untranslated strings'.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $translation,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'untranslated',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText(t('No strings available.'), "Search didn't find the translation.");

    // Ensure translated string does appear if searching on the custom language.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $translation,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'all',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertNoText(t('No strings available.'), 'Search found the translation.');

    // Ensure translated string doesn't appear if searching in System (English).
    $search = array(
      'string' => $translation,
      'langcode' => 'yy',
      'translation' => 'all',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText(t('No strings available.'), "Search didn't find the translation.");

    // Search for a string that isn't in the system.
    $unavailable_string = $this->randomName(16);
    $search = array(
      'string' => $unavailable_string,
      'langcode' => $langcode,
      'translation' => 'all',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText(t('No strings available.'), "Search didn't find the invalid string.");
  }

  /**
   * Tests that only changed strings are saved customized when edited.
   */
  function testUICustomizedStrings(){
    $user = $this->drupalCreateUser(array('translate interface', 'administer languages', 'access administration pages'));
    $this->drupalLogin($user);
    $language = new Language(array('id' => 'de'));
    language_save($language);

    // Create test source string
    $string = $this->container->get('locale.storage')->createString(array(
      'source' => $this->randomName(100),
      'context' => $this->randomName(20),
    ))->save();

    // Create translation for new string and save it as non-customized.
    $translation = $this->container->get('locale.storage')->createTranslation(array(
      'lid' => $string->lid,
      'language' => 'de',
      'translation' => $this->randomName(100),
      'customized' => 0,
    ))->save();

    // Reset locale cache.
    $this->container->get('string_translation')->reset();

    // Ensure non-customized translation string does appear if searching Non-customized translation.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $string->getString(),
      'langcode' => 'de',
      'translation' => 'translated',
      'customized' => '0',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));

    $source = $this->assertText($translation->getString(), 'Translation is found in search result.');

    // Submit the translations without changing the translation.
    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => $translation->getString(),
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));

    // Ensure unchanged translation string does appear if searching non-customized translation.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $string->getString(),
      'langcode' => 'de',
      'translation' => 'translated',
      'customized' => '0',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $source = $this->assertText($string->getString(), 'Translation is not marked as customized.');

    // Submit the translations with a new translation.
    $textarea = current($this->xpath('//textarea'));
    $lid = (string) $textarea[0]['name'];
    $edit = array(
      $lid => $this->randomName(100),
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $edit, t('Save translations'));

    // Ensure changed translation string does appear if searching customized translation.
    $search = array(
      'string' => $string->getString(),
      'langcode' => 'de',
      'translation' => 'translated',
      'customized' => '1',
    );
    $this->drupalPost('admin/config/regional/translate/translate', $search, t('Filter'));
    $this->assertText($string->getString(), "Translation is marked as customized.");
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lunch 11:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Happy Hour 4:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Tapas 5:00 – 10:30 p.m.
Dinner 6:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.
Purebeach offers all the relaxation and fun you could want from a beachside restaurant. At Divi Resorts, we strive to do the same! We operate solely in the Caribbean, making us THE Caribbean experts. We know the ins and outs of each one of our beautiful and unique islands, ensuring you have an unforgettable vacation no matter which one you visit.
What's beyond Aruba? We can show you! Sign up for our email newsletter and we'll send you incredible deals and specials you can use at any of our resorts.


text:
Ali Xeeshan and BBDO Pakistan's Veil of Care Challenges Stigma Around Breast Cancer in Pakistan
By Owen Hill on Tuesday, June 22, 2021
Fashion Designer Ali Xeeshan and BBDO Pakistan have joined forces to tackle the stigma around breast cancer in Pakistan, where it's estimated that 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer at some point in their life. This is suggested to be as a result of the stigma associated with women's breasts in Pakistan, where women will hesitate to get their breasts checked, or even self-check, generating a major hurdle in the way of early diagnoses.
The dupatta, or veil, is traditionally used in South Asia to guard a woman's modesty by covering her breasts, hence the name "Veil of Care", which serves a purpose to drive home the message that women's health doesn't compromise on their modesty. Ali Xeeshan has said on the issue: "In South Asia, the dupatta is a symbol of modesty and to protect this modesty, women often hesitate to check themselves. So, I designed a new kind of veil that not only serves the purpose of guarding women's modesty but also gives them a reminder that they should take care of their health too".
Clothing brand GENERATION has now launched a version of the dupatta to ensure it is more easily accessible to all women in Pakistan, which also comes with a short booklet teaching women how to self-check for signs of breast cancer.
"As a womenswear brand, women's health issues have always been very close to our heart. Although we have been conducting annual Breast Cancer Awareness campaigns for many years, this year we decided to take our commitment a step ahead. We've joined hands with Ali Xeeshan to bring you a one-of-a-kind Dupatta for which we'll be donating all profits to the Shaukat Khanum Hospital." says Khadiji Rahman, Creative Director at GENERATION.
The dupatta is available here, dependent on restock.
ALL Cause Related Fashion Health & Beauty Women


Preparing your meals ahead of time and freezing them takes all the guesswork out of "what shall I eat today?" When you have a stock of options in the freezer, those days where you can't be bothered to cook or when you have nothing in the refrigerator becomes less of a hassle.
All you have to do is open up the freezer and a pick out a healthy and nutritious meal that you prepared earlier. Cooking healthy meals ahead of time and freezing them gives you a quick and healthy alternative to eating out or grabbing take out after work.
So, does this make healthy frozen foods a dieter's best friend?
Prepare your food around your lifestyle – Finding nutritious and filling meals when you are dieting can be challenging. When you are on a diet, you want the meals you eat to fit seamlessly into your daily life. This means that you have to be able to prepare them quickly and easily without a ton of preparation. Freezing enables you to cook and prepare your food when you have time, and heat it up and eat it at your leisure. Failing to prepare is one of the key reasons people can't stick to their diets.
Nutritious – Frozen vegetables are a great way to get the nutrition you need while sticking to your diet. People assume that frozen vegetables are not as fresh or good for you as fresh vegetables. In reality, the majority of fresh vegetables are packaged and frozen shortly after they are harvested. This means that by the time they get to your plate, they are usually fresher than the fresh vegetables you get in the store. In addition to locking in the freshness, frozen vegetables are frozen when they are at their nutritional peak. The freezing process locks in those nutrients that your body needs which help you get both the vitamins and minerals you need in addition to reaching your diet goals.
Balanced diet – Frozen vegetables aren't the only way that you can make your diet easier and more efficient. There is a large and growing selection of frozen meat available in the grocery stores to help you make dieting and meal preparation a breeze. After you pick out your frozen veggies, head over to the frozen meat section and pick out some options that you enjoy. Frozen meat is easy to keep in the freezer and helps you always have a selection of nutritional meat on hand to help you stick to your diet and avoid ordering take-out food.
Always have healthy food to hand – When you have a stock of frozen vegetables and meat readily available, it is easier to stick to your diet plan. By having quick and convenient healthy options readily available, you are able to more efficiently and easily plan your meals. This will help you avoid the temptation to cheat on your diet as well as make it easier for you to reach your diet goals. If you're on a fast diet, you can create your 500 calorie meal plan ahead of time, then cook and freeze all the meals you'll need.
Cost – Frozen ingredients are often cheaper than fresh foods in the first place. This can help you save money and make dieting a financially feasible option for everyone. As an additional benefit, large amounts of fresh food is wasted every day because it goes bad before you've had the chance to eat it, this never happens with frozen food.
Understand your food – If you're preparing your food yourself, you'll have the added benefit of knowing exactly what is going into it. This is particularly useful if you're on the 500 calorie diet, or any other kind of intermittent fast, as you'll be able to measure out the number of calories in each portion.
The excellent thing about freezing is that you can pick many of your favorite low calorie meals, prepare them in advance and freeze them so you've always got them to hand.
But cooking needn't be fancy. I've your got some frozen meat and veg, a sauce and some healthy carbs like brown rice, you can make a tasty meal with minimum prep every day.
Breakfast Casserole: If you are looking for a quick and easy breakfast alternative to a bagel or toast, this Breakfast Casserole is a great option! Packed with protein and only 244 calories a serving, this low-carb frozen food keeps well in the freezer and helps you stay full all morning long. See other low calorie breakfast ideas.
Butternut Squash Apple Soup: While soup may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you think of easy freezer meals, this Butternut Squash Apple Soup is a great way to meet your weight loss goals and have a quick and easy meal ready to go each day. Prepare a big batch of this 325 calories per serving soup and divide each serving into mason jars. Pop those jars into the freezer and viola! You have a quick and easy lunch ready to go each day.
Spinach Lasagna Roll Ups: Finding a healthy meal for dinner that freezes well can sometimes be a challenge. These Spinach Lasagna Roll Ups get rid of that problem entirely. With only 110 calories per serving, these roll-ups can be pre-portioned for meals or frozen in a big batch to make dinner easier and healthier.
Check out our post on easy 500 calorie meals for more ideas.
If you are worried about frozen meals becoming boring, it is easy to keep a stock of low calorie sauces on hand to add to your frozen meals. You can either make these yourself at home or purchase them from the grocery store.
If you are making them yourself, packaging them in single serving bags and freezing them is a great way to make sure that you always have options on hand to add some new flavors to your meals.
Many of the benefits listed above apply whether you are preparing the food yourself of eating TV Dinners. While historically these meals haven't been all that nutritional or good for you, they have gotten much better over the years, especially with brands like Weight Watchers offering low calorie, ready to go frozen meal options.
If you are not a great cook, it is not the end of the world if you add a few of these meals into your rotation every so often; however, it is important to keep in mind that it is not advisable to rely on these meals every day.
If you are looking for some healthy options for frozen meals, there are some great low-sodium alternatives that give you all the nutrition you need without any of the additives and extra sodium that you don't need. If you are looking for some low-sodium alternatives for frozen meals, you can find some options here.
While freezing is a great option for almost all foods, there are a few things that just don't freeze well. Here are some foods that you should avoid freezing.
Cabbage, Lettuce and/or Cucumbers – While it can be tempting to freeze your fresh veggies, you should avoid freezing any type of lettuce, cabbage, or cucumbers. After these come out of the freezer, they are a limp, water-logged, and develop a gross and unpleasant flavor and texture after they defrost.
Cooked Macaroni, Spaghetti or Rice – Unlike lasagna noodles, smaller noodles and rice do not take to the freezer well. Upon defrosting, spaghetti noodles, rice, and macaroni taste mushy and warmed over making them unpleasant to eat.
Egg Whites – Egg whites are a great food for people trying to stick to a diet, but they do not do well in the freezer. After coming out of the freezer, egg whites are tough and rubbery making them an unpleasant way to start the day.
There are a few reasons why frozen meals get a lot of bad press, including: being high in sodium and tasting disappointing when compared to fresh foods. This being said, there are plenty of low sodium options available nowadays and if you opt to make your own meals and freeze them for easy access, you can avoid the sodium all together.
As for the not tasting as good as fresh food complaint, this can be easily avoided by using food at its peak of freshness and avoiding foods that don't freeze well.
Many times, meals that claim to be low-calorie or healthy in one area, are often unhealthy in other areas. For example, some low calorie frozen meals may be high in fat or salt.
Thankfully, the law mandates that nutritional information is readily available on the label of food packaging. Make sure to check these when you are buying frozen food to ensure that they have all the nutrition you need and none of the extra fat or salt that you don't need.
Make sure that you are always checking the small print to see whether you are unconsciously polluting your body while you think you are being good to it.
You should also make sure that you are on the lookout for additives and chemicals that are going into the food you are eating. Sometimes companies will improve the shelf-life, flavor, and appearance of frozen foods by adding chemicals and colorings.
This is usually why there is so much salt in many frozen foods. While these chemicals do a good job keeping the food fresh and looking good, their impact on the human body is not fully understood.
If you are focusing on the "clean eating" style of living, you will want to make sure that you are minimizing the chemicals that you are putting into your body.
Obviously, if you are cooking and preparing your own meals, you don't have to worry about this.
Why Do Parents Buy Frozen Meals?
Surprisingly, parents are some of the most frequent purchasers of frozen meals. This is mostly due in part to their convenience. By reducing the cooking time for dinner, parents can get more done and spend more time with their kids.
There is some concern that this uptick in frozen food consumption by children could have negative health repercussions. Thankfully, by taking into account the points above, it is easy to avoid some of the negative aspects of frozen foods while keeping all of the convenience.
If you want to make frozen foods and meal preparation work well for you, there are a few things that you need to keep in mind.
For one, you should always keep a stock of frozen meat and vegetables in your freezer. This will ensure that you always have healthy food readily available.
You should also keep a selection of healthy sauces in your cupboard or freezer to add some variety and spice to your frozen meals.
Additionally, you should keep a small selection of non-perishable carbs in your cupboard too. My personal favorite is rice or brown rice if I want to be a little healthier.
Finally, make sure that you remember to take your food out of the freezer if it needs to be defrosted prior to meal time! Study the proper cooking instructions carefully and make sure that you learn what can and cannot be frozen.
With frozen meals at your disposal, you will be ready to meet your fitness goals and eat well in no time!


On Friday 17 November, Universities UK (UUK) said that they want all staff in the Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) to earn only defined contribution (DC) benefits going forward. This will have a major impact on university staff who are members of the USS and largely follows from the desire to ensure "that money is not diverted from other core activities, such as teaching or research".
It will also create significant differences between staff depending upon which pension scheme they happen to be in. Some institutions will offer the Teachers' Pension Scheme (TPS) instead of the USS, for example and the proposed changes to the USS will create a very uneven playing field between these two schemes.
The 3-yearly actuarial valuation of the USS is currently underway, which will set the contributions that employers need to pay into the scheme to fund future benefits and also pay towards the deficit. More detail of how this works was covered in our webinar from last year. Whilst this webinar was some time ago, it did predict that the deficit, whilst large, would not be the biggest problem – instead the main issue is cost of future benefits.
1) Increases in life expectancy. If we retire at the same age and live longer, it costs more to provide the same level of pension.
2) Lower expected future investment returns. If you get a lower investment return in the future, then to get the same out of a pension scheme, you have to put more in to make up for the reduced return.
The trickiest part is that we do not know for sure what will happen in the future – and remember, when looking at pension schemes, we talk about what might happen to people who are now in their 30s and 40s, when they are in their 90s (and beyond) – so we really do have to look a long way forwards. Will people really keep living longer over that timeframe? I don't know, but I wouldn't like to bet against it. Will we really have lower investment returns in the future? It is impossible to say for sure, but the limited information we have to go on at the moment suggests that is the more likely outcome.
To compound this issue, defined benefit (DB) pensions (like the majority of the benefits in the USS) come with significant statutory guarantees. These mean that if you have a challenging target, you have to provide it, even if things go against you, so employers must plan for bad outcomes when considering the cost of such pensions. It is very difficult to provide a lower guaranteed benefit, but target a higher one (if things work out well) under the current regulatory framework for DB benefits.
The first issue is that pensions are costing more, which means you have to either pay more in or get less out - and there is no way around that.
- The increases are very expensive making up around one-third of the cost, giving significant scope for saving, without affecting the headline pension amounts staff receive.
- Generally, staff do not understand how costly increases are. The value they place on the increases may not equate with the cost of providing them - does everyone need the same purchasing power in their 80s and 90s as they had in their 60s and 70s?
From an employer value for money point of view, the increases are therefore not very cost effective. Removing the increases would create a more affordable and better targeted use of resources. Therefore to reduce cost, I think the first place to look is the increases – the big problem here is that it is a statutory requirement for DB schemes to provide pension increases (albeit not quite to the level that the USS does).
To compound the issue, pension increases cost even more when people are living longer and investment returns are lower (because these are both about increased cost to pensions further away – where the increases have the biggest impact).
1) Move to DC (as proposed). The flexibility to shape income to suit needs in retirement is one of the key benefits of DC relative to DB.
It is hard to see the Government changing legislation given the needs of just one pension scheme, so, other than the proposed move to DC, that just leaves the cash-balance option.
A cash balance scheme is like a DB scheme until the member retires and provides a pot of money at retirement based on a formula (how long you have worked, and what your salary has been, like in a DB scheme). However, the pension that is provided is more like that from a DC scheme – the employee uses that pot of money to purchase a pension in the form they would like and all the standard DC flexibilities would apply.
In the absence of a change to legislation, a cash balance arrangement would offer a more affordable way to target contributions to employees' needs, whilst still giving some guarantees around the level of benefit they would receive.
Fundamentally, any scheme which offers some guarantees over the level of benefits will have uncertain costs. Cash balance schemes do provide guarantees, so that uncertainty would remain, albeit at a much lower level than with the current USS benefits. Universities are unsurprisingly keen to have stable costs and an attempt was made at the last actuarial valuation to look at how to minimise the risk of increasing contributions above 18% in the future. The problem with that, of course, is that however small the risk of higher costs, it can still happen (as we have seen!).
The only way to have certainty around the cost is to move to a DC scheme as proposed. You then get complete certainty for the employers over the cost of future benefits (but not deficit contributions). The risk instead falls on members who will get lower pensions at times when pensions cost more, as the employer will no longer be topping them up if needed. A middle ground of cash balance could significantly reduce the volatility, but would not eliminate it altogether.
The deficit has become bigger over the 3 years to the valuation date (exactly how much depends upon how you measure it) and this trend could continue, having said that - it could also reverse. One thing for the employers to beware of is, if the USS moves fully to a DC basis, then the USS trustees are likely to focus even more on protecting the past DB benefits. This could lead to a more prudent approach being taken and/or shorter recovery periods at future valuations – leading again to an increased demand for contributions towards the deficit in the future.
Led by Paul Hamilton, Partner and Head of Higher Education, our HE team have built a reputation for our ability to identify key challenges and help our clients respond to these promptly. If you would to find out how Paul and his team can help you, visit our Higher Education page here.


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# Public and Managed Blockchains
The most obvious way of operating blockchain protocols comes in form of a public network. This is what blockchain technology was originally invented for and remains arguably its most powerful use.
A public blockchain network has a few specific attributes:
Accessibility: All you need to connect to Bitcoin or Ethereum is the client software and an internet connection. No AML, KYC, identity checks, or subscription payment is required.
No hierarchy: All nodes are equal, meaning no individual node has more authority than another. All validators are also equal.
Crypto-economic incentives: The lack of a central authority means there is no absolute defense against malicious behavior. Instead, the network usually incentivizes benevolent behavior and disincentivizes behavior that endangers the network functioning. It de facto implements prohibitive expenses to attack the network and others, and thus ensures security and proper function.
Full decentralization: Many public networks are completely decentralized because they are non-hierarchical and fully accessible. The playing field for market participants is therefore relatively level, so traditional business models may not work as well.
The two most popular examples of functioning public networks are Bitcoin and Ethereum.
# Introduction to Bitcoin
Since 2009, the most successful and popular decentralized public blockchain network has been Bitcoin. Nowadays, Bitcoin is the cryptocurrency with the highest market capitalization.
For an estimate of the Bitcoin network size, take a look at Bitnodes (opens new window). If you are more of a visual and statistics person, these Bitcoin charts (opens new window) are interesting.
Bitcoin was first introduced with the publication of the original paper Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system (opens new window) by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. In this paper, Nakamoto describes Bitcoin as a peer-to-peer (P2P) version of electronic cash. Proof-of-work (PoW) is proposed to establish the truth in a partially synchronous system without involving trusted parties. Using this method, the set of participants controlling the majority of the computing power determines the truth.
Let us look at this in more detail.
Nakamoto does not use the term "blockchain" in his paper, but describes the concept by explaining transactions in Bitcoin. The transaction process requires the signing of the transaction with the hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the receiver. This is called the chain of ownership. Transactions can contain several inputs and outputs.
Each block includes the previous hash and a nonce, a random set of 1s and 0s. The protocol calls for a hash beginning with a specific number of binary 0s when hashing the block. Bitcoin uses a timestamp server to prevent double-spending. The block creator, called a miner, looks for a nonce which results in a block hash beginning with the right number of binary 0s. It is difficult to find a nonce that fulfills this condition, but it is easy to verify when one does.
The longest valid chain of blocks on the network is deemed the truth, because users recognise it contains proof of the most work, and it becomes exponentially more difficult to alter history as more blocks are appended. To promote an alternative version of history, an attacker must find a new nonce for the block they want to change and new nonces for every subsequent block thereafter to create a rival valid chain which is at least as long as that used by the consensus. This pits the attacker against the combined brute force (i.e. computing power) of the rest of the network.
There is a residual possibility that a slower attacker can catch up, since discovering a nonce works by evaluating random numbers and it is possible to make a fast lucky guess. However, this probability decreases exponentially as the number of blocks (a.k.a. confirmations) increases, so making changes to the "distant" past becomes progressively less practical.
The process of creating a valid block is called mining in PoW networks. The protocol includes a reward for mining, which is the first special transaction in the block. It can be expected that the majority of nodes use their CPU power honestly because this is the most financially feasible course of action. Signed transactions are announced publicly, so the public keys of the parties are not private.
# Introduction to Ethereum
Ethereum is a public, blockchain-based, distributed computing platform and operating system with smart contract features. Ethereum emerged from a range of proposals rejected by the Bitcoin community.
The most important difference compared to Bitcoin is the implementation of distributed code execution through the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The Ethereum network is a virtual state machine which enables the deployment of so-called smart contracts as part of the data of a transaction. The implementation of such a state machine with blockchain is revolutionary in itself.
The code execution platform is Turing-complete (opens new window). As part of Turing-completeness, frameworks must overcome the halting problem (opens new window), which is especially difficult in distributed, hierarchy-free computing platforms.
In simple terms, the halting problem describes a scenario in which a program loops forever. Ethereum's solution is to introduce Gas as a fee for each computational step. Every block has a maximum Gas limit which limits the number of computational steps that can be executed per block - just like a combustion engine, if the Gas runs out then the program stops. Gas only exists during the execution of a transaction and the user is free to specify any Gas price in terms of Ether, a value which Ethereum requires to convert Ether to Gas.
Ether is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum platform, as Bitcoin is the native cryptocurrency of the Bitcoin blockchain.
The protocol defines the Gas cost for each operation in the EVM. The halting problem is resolved by attaching financial costs to every step in a program and by limiting the funds available. Transactions that do not compute successfully and are not on budget are rejected.
In Ethereum, smart contracts are stored on every single node - they are public. In practice, a smart contract in the EVM is an autonomous agent with an internal account. The most popular language for writing such a contract is Solidity.
Ethereum recently transitioned from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake consensus. Block times were unaffected by this change, by design, and are much faster - around 14 seconds at the time of writing.
The fact that Ethereum's virtual machine runs arbitrary programs hints at the potential of blockchain technology to disintermediate and decentralize processes which include network participants that would benefit from a shared set of facts and reliable interactions. The field of possibilities is expansive. It includes virtually all cases where trading partners need to reconcile their respective records, trade assets, and considerations in an atomic way, or to execute remedial actions such as penalties if a counterparty fails to deliver as agreed.
As promising as this sounds, the technology is not without limitations. Chief among these limitations is capacity, not only in terms of transactions per second but also in terms of the complexity of transactions that can be handled by the network. Ethereum's virtual machine paradigm places limits on transaction complexity to ensure that a single contract or a single transaction does not overload the shared, distributed computer. This constraint is inherent to the design choice of using a virtual machine model.
The Cosmos SDK enables the creation of application-specific blockchains. That is to say that Cosmos blockchains do not need smart contracts because application-level concerns are defined at the protocol level. This offers developers the possibility of enabling transactions with complexity far above what is possible on general-purpose blockchains. Because Cosmos chains can interact with other public networks like Ethereum through the Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol (IBC), Cosmos blockchains can also be used to offload processes that are either too complex or too expensive to run on other networks.
Blockchain technology changes fast, but the basics are here to stay. This video provides a quick introduction to the concepts that underpin blockchain, including how data is encoded in transactions and added to a block, and how blocks and transactions spread through a network.
# Managed blockchain networks
Managed networks, just like public networks, rely on blockchain data structures. Unlike public blockchain networks, they do not necessarily need to mitigate the Byzantine Generals Problem because they operate in a predictable environment with elements of authority, hierarchy, and accountability.
Managed networks can be used in cases where elements of trust already exist between the participants. For example, consider a network of financial institutions. They could use blockchain technology to settle inter-bank transactions. In that case, there would be no need for public access; indeed, public access would be undesirable. Instead, they might consider a private network with each institution operating exactly one validator. All participants would understand that no operator in a single institution would be able to corrupt the network overall; however, it would be much easier for them as a group to alter a history if they found it detrimental, since it would only require the coordinated action of a small number of known validators.
Managed networks are typically governed through traditional governance processes that are appropriate for the shared goals of the participants.
Dive into the specifics of the Byzantine Generals Problem in the next section on consensus in blockchain.
Public networks are based on game theory and economic incentives, which means that every action is probabilistic. There is no guarantee that a transaction will be picked up and even the integrity of the network is merely very likely, not 100% guaranteed.
This is often unacceptable, for example with traditional financial institutions. One of the biggest expenses financial and other institutions face is the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and the costs resulting from leaks, hacks, reconciliation with trading partners, errors, and data incompatibility. Blockchain seems like a promising solution.
Unlike public networks, where the interaction between participants is governed by the protocol and crypto-economic incentives, in managed networks the blockchain protocol is often a technical enforcement of pre-existing relationships and legally enforceable agreements.
Private blockchains can be:
Designed for a limited number of vetted and approved participants: performance challenges and poorly connected nodes are of lesser importance.
Designed for optimized performance: most participants in an enterprise network are capable of running well-connected, high-performance, and high-availability nodes. A group of participants can agree to raise the bar defining minimum system requirements significantly.
Governed by a well-defined agreement between the participants: such an agreement may codify the decision-making processes used to decide matters such as protocol upgrades, admission requirements, and remedial action. In a private or consortium setting, "who decides?" can (or likely must) be determined well in advance of any incident.
In summary, managed networks enable high-performance blockchain networks that can use consensus processes which are not suited for an environment with anonymous users. A group of trading partners can create a small network for their purposes and agree on equitable participation in the block-generation process (e.g. that each participant runs one validator), minimum performance metrics for acceptable validators, and governance, all of which enable fast confirmation and even deterministic transaction finality within their small group. The principal trade-off for this performance improvement is the shunning of permissionless, public access.
Cosmos can be applied to both public and private settings and, importantly, supports communication between networks following different consensus rules, a seemingly intractable challenge for the predecessors of Cosmos.
Buterin, Vitalik (2014): A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform - The Ethereum White Paper (opens new window)
Nakamoto, S. (2008): Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (opens new window)
Vitalik Buterin on private chains (opens new window)
Permissioned blockchains in production (opens new window)
How public blockchain networks tend to emphasize the characteristics of accessibility, the absence of hierarchy, full decentralization, and the use of crypto-economic incentives. They are based on game theory and economic rewards and are probabilistic in nature, so they cannot absolutely guarantee transaction inclusion or event network integrity, which makes them problematic for some traditional institutions.
How managed blockchain networks offer an alternative as they do not necessarily need to mitigate the Byzantine Generals Problem, because they operate in predictable environments with elements of authority, hierarchy, and accountability. They often embrace traditional governance processes appropriate to the shared goals of the participants.
How Bitcoin extends its record of network activity by rewarding independent "miner" nodes for grouping new transactions into blocks with particular characteristics that require much work to achieve but little work to verify. These blocks are constructed into a chain such that any alteration of data is easily identifiable, and any deliberate manipulation of the historical record would require unfeasible efforts on the part of an attacker to achieve.
How the Ethereum network provides a revolutionary blockchain-based, Turing-complete virtual state machine (the EVM), delivering a computing platform and operating system with smart contract features. To avoid the halting problem, in which programs become stuck in an endless loop, Ethereum introduced the notion of charging a fee for each computational step, meaning that programs with insufficient "gas" to complete will simply stop, releasing the EVM to work on other programs.
How Bitcoin and Ethereum handle forking, the possibility of rival chains spreading through the network: Bitcoin's long 10 minute block times reduces the probability of transient forks from occurring; Ethereum's 15 second block time makes rival blocks more likely, but instead of discarding them as the longest canonical chain extends they are added to it as "uncles", increasing the amount of work that would be required to undermine the chain, and therefore increasing its overall security.
How Cosmos moves past the example set by Ethereum to offer developers an ecosystem capable of platforming smart contracts or dApps individually, as opposed to forcing them to share and conform to the technological constraints of the single Ethereum blockchain. It can satisfy the demands of both public and private blockchains, and also supports communications between networks even if they follow differing consensus rules.
Blockchain History
Consensus in Distributed Networks


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20170720 - Flooding Alg (hrb)
Hnews_Fri721_flooding_alg2
Kayla Wolf - for Shaw Media United States Geological Survey Hydrologic technicians Matt Peterson (front) and Lisa Matson measure the flow of water in the Fox River on Thursday, July 20, 2017. The technicians make multiple trips across the bridge and find an average to determine the cubic feet per second of water flowing through the river.
Kayla Wolf - for Shaw Media Algonquin resident Carrick Roggenbuck helps reinforce sandbags along the Fox River on Thursday, July 20, 2017. The water is expected to rise after the rains Wednesday night.
Kayla Wolf - for Shaw Media Using a floating sensor the USGS measures the flow of water in the Fox River on Thursday, July 20, 2017 from the Algonquin Rd. bridge.
Kayla Wolf - for Shaw Media USGS Hyrdologic Technician Lisa Matson records data on the flow of water in the Fox River on Thursday, July 20, 2017 in Algonquin. USGS monitors various waterways throughout Illinois and typically records measurements every six to eight weeks, but when there is flooding or other severe weather they measure more frequently.
Kayla Wolf - for Shaw Media Algonquin residents Carrick Roggenbuck, front, and Dave Roggenbuck work on reinforcing the sandbag wall Thursday, July 20, 2017 in Algonquin along La Fox River Rd. Dave Roggenbuck said he has been sandbagging since July 12.


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З'єднання труб — з'єднина, сполу́чення труб.

Види, типи з'єднання труб:
Рознімні способи з'єднання труб.
Фланцевий спосіб з'єднання.
Муфтовий спосіб з'єднання.
Нероз'ємні засоби з'єднання трубопроводу.
Зварювання труб.
Склеювання труб.

Для монтування окремих частин трубопроводу та фітингів використовуються спеціальні з'єднання. Також використовуються для приєднання до трубопроводу необхідної арматури та апаратів.
З'єднання вибираються (рис.) залежно від:
 матеріалів, які використовуються для виготовлення труб та фасонних елементів. Основний критерій вибору — можливість зварювання.
 умов роботи: низький або високий тиск, а також низька або висока температура.
 виробничі вимоги, що пред'являються до трубопровідної системи.
 наявності роз'ємних або нероз'ємних з'єднань у трубопровідній системі.

Див. також
 Швидкороз'ємне з'єднання труб
 Лінзове з'єднання
 Трубопровід

Література
 Світлий Ю. Г., Білецький В. С. Гідравлічний транспорт (монографія). — Донецьк: Східний видавничий дім, Донецьке відділення НТШ, «Редакція гірничої енциклопедії», 2009. — 436 с. Також в Репозитарії ХПІ
 Энциклопедия по машиностроению XXL

З'єднання деталей
Труби

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