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What Happens When a Schlemiel Goes to War? On the Comic Battles Between Hanukkah, Christmas, and Thanksgiving
What happens when a Schlemiel goes to war? Not much. To be sure, there is a large tradition within Jewish humor about the schlemiel-going-to-war. In a blog entitled "Ruth Wisse's Political Schlemiel," I cited and explained two such jokes. Ruth Wisse, in fact, begins her opus, The Schlemiel as Modern Hero, with a reflection on the "political schlemiel." The reason why she starts with this humor has to do with what she thinks is most important regarding this character; namely, the fact that through these jokes about the schlemiel at war we can see that the schlemiel's purpose was to "challenge the political and philosophical status quo." However, Wisse qualifies this by noting that this challenge is ultimately more cultural than political: by not knowing how to fight or why one should fight, the schlemiel is showing us cultural dissonance. Wisse's qualification is telling since it indicates that the nature of this challenge, in her mind, may appear political but is actually the result of a cultural difference between Eastern European Jewish culture and Western culture, which celebrates war and masculinity. In other words, the schlemiel joke is involved in what seems to be a cultural kind of battle. The cultural challenge, however, has its benefits: it gives Jews a sense of dignity and helps them to win an "ironic victory."
This is an interesting claim. And how we read it makes all the difference. Lawrence Epstein, for instance, sees – in his book The Haunted Smile – Jewish humor as a way of getting accepted into American culture while, at the same time, giving it a backhand. This, for him, is a cultural kind of revolution which uses comedy as a weapon. But, in the end, the success of the battle is measured by the fact that Jewish comedy became a major basis for Jews – in his view – being accepted into Jewish culture. Building on this, I'd say that such comedy goes from challenging the status quo to becoming the status quo.
That said, the theme of Jews at war or as militant is still – it seems – at variance with the cultural norm in America. And in films where Jews are in battle, Jews are often portrayed as schlemiels. Although these characters may appear more masculine, as in Adam Sandler's You Don't Mess With the Zohan (2008), they are still drawn to peace, their mothers, and the effeminate. They are not warriors in the Roman, Greek, German, or American (etc) sense.
The main character (Zohan) is an uber-masculine-Israeli who ultimately wants to go to NYC to cut hair. But he is drawn in to the ultimate mission, which is to battle with the ultimate Palestinian terrorist named "Phantom" – played by John Turturro.
The Zohan engages in a few comic-battles with Phantom. But, ultimately, he leaves it all for something that most men would never do: cutting hair. And, while in America, he pursues a peaceful path toward reconciliation with the Palestinians (which is encouraged by his Palestinian-American girlfriend). His masculinity is curbed as he goes along on his journey and so is his militancy which, Sandler suggests, emerges out of being an Israeli.
In The Hebrew Hammer (2003), we also see this masculine-schlemiel. In this film, the battle between Hanukkah and Christmas is the theme. And the veneer of masculinity is provided by the Blaxploitation genre which Jonathan Kesselman, the writer and director, exploits to the hilt. But what happens in the process, as with what happens in the Zohan, is that the battle itself is shown to be ridiculous.
We see this on both sides of the divide. Santa is killed by his son, Damian Claus, played by the comedian Andy Dick. After the murder of Santa Claus, Damian Claus, looks to eliminate his Jewish competition. Throughout the film, we see that beneath all of their masculine toughness is a man-child, a schlemiel. We see this especially with the Hebrew Hammer. He loves his mother and is a good Jewish boy who also likes to daydream. In the end of the battle (and echoing the actual story of Hanukkah), Hanukkah lives on and the Jews survive possible extinction. But the task of the battle waged in the the Zohan and the Hebrew Hammer is the same: to comically challenge the notion of war itself.
And just yesterday, I noticed a video on Thanksgiving versus Hanukkah. And this is apropos of the fact that this year Thanksgiving and Hanukkah fell on the same day (which rarely happens).
In addition to using the battle theme, the genre used in this short was "horror." The battle between Jews and Americans in this clip brings out both traditions and, ultimately, does no harm. For a brief moment, however, the question is posed as to the meaning of these traditions. But this is harmless. In the end, the comic battle is the take away and the premise of sharing a house for the eight days of Hanukkah is the Jewish-American experiment. And guess what: we all win because we can all drive each other crazy.
This is something we see in today's animation of "Larry David's Thanksgiving" with his Jewish family in NYC. In the end, however, the war is a farce. This lesson, it seems, has roots in the schlemiel comedy I outlined at the outset of the blog. Perhaps it would be best if we all, like the original schlemiels-at-war, just played at being soldiers rather than being soldiers. And perhaps that is what many of the above mentioned film-makers are saying. However, there is a difference: when the first schlemiel jokes about war were written they expressed an opinion from the margins of different military cultures; today, these types of jokes seem to have become the norm.
On this note, I'll end this blog entry with a parody of Star Wars by Mel Brooks called Spaceballs (1987). It brings this comedy of war to a universal scale and it brings it, of course, to American audiences. But this battle is no longer between Jews-eager-to-be-accepted and skeptical Americans, but…an American (Star-Wars-Like) battle.
Hanukkah, Larry David, Ruth Wisse, schlemiel, Spaceballs, Thanksgiving, Thanksgivinukkah, The Hebrew Hammer, The Zohan Leave a comment
Regarding My Blog Entry on the Rogen/Franco Parody
I'm happy to see that yesterday's blog post on the Rogen/Franco Parody of Kanye West's "Bound Two" video has prompted some response. What I'd like to do in this blog entry is address the questions and concerns of some readers regarding the post.
First of all, in my blog entry I acknowledged that this video was a shot-for-shot parody. That's obvious. What I wanted to do was to bring in the extra-added element of the fact that Rogen often plays schlemiels (I have written several blogs on this – see here for more); and, given this fact, I wondered how or if this parody could be fit within the context of his other schlemiel-roles. Is he still playing a schlemiel? And what kind of schlemiel?
Next, I never said James Franco was not Jewish in my blog entry. He is. But I didn't discuss his Jewishness because I was focusing mainly on Seth Rogen who, as I noted in the blog entry, plays the greater schlemiel. Indeed, I do see both of them as schlemiels, but Rogen more so than Franco because Rogen embodies passivity (like many a schlemiel). To be sure, both are a schlemiel-team which is a lot like the husband/wife schlemiel couple that has a precedent in Yiddish Literature. Indeed, I suggested this parallel in mentioning Mendele Mocher Sforim's The Travels and Adventures of Benjamin the IIIrd. But perhaps I should be more explicit in saying that in that story, as in this video, both characters are schlemiels and both are Jewish (although, in this video, the Jewishness is obviously not central; I'll return to this below). Likewise, in Benjamin the IIIrd, one character, named Senderl, is more "feminine" than the other. To be sure, he is called, in relation to the other schlemiel, Benjamin, a "housewife." Senderl is a feminine man-child. We see this, clearly, at the first part of the Yiddish novel. Speaking of Senderl, as a replacement for his wife, the narrator notes:
He also had to peel the potatoes and make the noodles, clean and stuff the firsh, carry the firewood to the stove, just like any housewife – and the folks had in fact nicknamed him die Yiddine, "Senderl the Housewife." And it was this Senderl the Housewife whom our Benjamin had chosen as confidant. Why Senderl, of all people, you ask? Because Benjamin, for some reason or other, had always felt drawn toward him….It's quite possible, too, that Benjamin took into consideration Senderl's lack of resistance; Senderl would be bound to agree to his plan and submit to all his wishes. (39)
This passage shows quite clearly that a schlemiel was and can be portrayed as a "woman" of sorts. It also shows that, in relation to the other schlemiel, the more feminine schlemiel has a "lack of resistance" and is "bound to agree." This passivity is played on in Mendel Mocher Sforim's book. But, as I noted in yesterday's blog entry, it doesn't predominate at the end. The schlemiel is not entirely passive because the schlemiel (here Senderl) or the narrator (on the schlemiel's behalf) has witty words to save him from total passivity.
Given this situation, I argued that Rogen's passivity seems to overshadow that of his Yiddish ancestor. Some people objected to this by saying that this is simply a parody and nothing more. In addition, they noted that it is not Jewish.
In response, I'd like to point out the following: 1) we are dealing with what Daniel Itzkovitz would call "new schlemiels" and these schlemiels are more or less "empty shells" of the old schlemiel; instead of challenging the "political and philosophical" status quo – which is what the traditional schlemiel, for Wisse and Itzkovitz, did – they are the status quo; 2) how can one exclude the context of Rogen's entire career (which is entrenched in playing the schlemiel) as if it weren't relevant (that's like excluding the context of a writers work when reading one of his works, and that's inconsistent); and 3) why can't parody draw on the schlemiel? In fact don't we see parodies at work throughout schlemiel fiction, film, and stand-up? Take Woody Allen's Bananas (1971) for instance.
Now, regarding these points and rhetorical questions, I'd like to suggest that we are dealing with a "new schlemiel" which – whether Rogen intended this or not – differs from the old schlemiel in Benjamin IIIrd (and a whole tradition of effeminate schlemiels that followed). Although this schlemiel is an "empty shell" of sorts, it does show a shift, at least in this moment, toward nearly total passivity. On this note, I'd like to make a suggestion: I'll grant that Rogen is not simply parodying the video, but if we were to take a closer look, we could see that he is giving a critique of sorts of Kardashian's passivity in the video. Though she winks and gives sexy looks to Kanye, she is ultimately being ridden. Perhaps viewers will overlook that, but that will be to the chagrin of many feminists who, for decades, have been making the portrayal of women as passive subjects an issue.
If manliness is no longer an issue in our society – and being a man-child or an effeminate male is accepted – then this video is harmless. If it's not an issue, than Rogen's presenting a challenge.
From what I have seen and heard, people just want to read this as a parody of a video. And no one has pointed out this possible gender challenge that has some basis in a Yiddish tradition that Rogen and Franco, most likely, have no knowledge of. That said, I'm simply noting how their approach to comedy has deeper resonances in the Yiddish and Jewish-American tradition of the schlemiel which often trades with the effeminate male whose dreams (and this video is surreal) don't mix with reality.
We see something similar in these videos: Kim and Kanye, on the one hand, and Franco and Rogen, on the other, are both on a journey through open spaces and their dreams (or rather, fantasies) don't fit with reality. We see both traits, quite clearly, in Mendel Mocher Sforim's The Travels and Adventures of Benjamin the Third but in a wholly other, Jewish context. In America, this kind of narrative, or so it seems, has been generalized and can be had by just about anyone.
The question for me, however, is the same with regards to this schlemiel and that question is: when it comes to the schlemiel, when does passivity become total abjection? When, in other words, does the schlemiel lose its "freedom" and "dignity?" Does Rogen mock that freedom or is he just doing parody? Are his sexy looks sufficient to give the character some agency?
Benjamin III, Bound Two, Daniel Itzkovtiz, James Franco, Mendel Mocher Sforim, Parody, Ruth Wisse, schlemiel, Seth Rogen Leave a comment
The Schlemiel Does Kardashian and Gets Done by Franco: On Seth Rogen and James Franco's "Bound 2" Video
Is Seth Rogen giving the schlemiel a bad name or…another name? To be sure, I've written several blog-entries on Rogen-as-Schlemiel. Before I saw Rogen and Franco's parody of Kanye West's Latest video, I was already on Rogen's trail. And, to my understanding, he, along with Judd Apatow and others, were looking to revise the schlemiel character. Their formula – the same formula used by Woody Allen since Hollywood Ending (2002) and Anything Else (2003) – was to cast the main character as a schlemiel (a half-man) in the beginning of the film, but by the end of the film he would become a man. This contrasts to Woody Allen's older formula – which we see in Zelig or Annie Hall, amongst other films – which is to cast a main character who starts and ends the film as a schlemiel. This formula is actually older than film; to be sure, we find it in Yiddish folklore and throughout Yiddish and Jewish-American fiction. However, some authors, like Phillip Roth, have decided to leave this character behind in their later novels. Despite this, the schlemiel lives on in fiction, film, and television. Even the famous talk-show star, Howard Stern often reminds his audience (which numbers in the millions) that regardless of how successful he is, he is still "half-a-man" (that is, still a schlemiel).
Rogen, it seems, is confused about whether he should cast himself as a half-man becoming a full man – as we see in Knocked Up (2007), Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008) or The Green Hornet (2011) – as a half-man becoming a little more of a man – as in Guilt Trip (2012), or as a man who has his share of bad luck – as in Take this Waltz (2011). Now, with this video, we can add another position: casting himself as a woman (namely, Kim Kardashian).
By casting himself as a woman or gay (both?), Rogen, it seems, is taking the schlemiel into new territory. And he is disseminating a new image of this character on a wide basis. After all, the video has seen over 2 million views over the last 24 hours and will likely get more hits over the next day or two.
But is this new ground?
It's not. To be sure, the schlemiel has often been cast as an effeminate character. This goes back to Mendel Mocher Sforim's Yiddish novel Benjamin the III. In that novel, written in the mid-19th century, the main character plays a Don Quixote kind of character who models himself on the tales of Benjamin of Tudela who is best known for his travelogue. This book – apparently written in the 12th century – was based on his ten years of travel around the world. He describes the world to his Spanish compatriots. But in Sforim's book, the schlemiels think they will go on a similar journey when, in fact, they don't even leave the "Pale of Settlement" – an area where Jews were, for over a century, confined. In the novel Benjamin refers to his make travel partner as his wife and at times trials him like a wife. And his partner goes along with it, too.
Following this novel, we see more and more effeminate portrayals of the schlemiel. To be sure, this character is often cast as half-a-man and is more sensitive and vulnerable than others. And although Milton Berl cross-dressed, he always retained his male aspects by way of his speech. As Ruth Wisse points out, regardless of how vulnerable they are – or even if they cross-dress – schlemiels often win an "ironic victory" over the world and history which excludes them; but they don't do this by being entirely passive. They do this by way of speech. As many a schlemiel joke or story will show you, the schlemiel is a master of words and loves to play with them. In this, at the very least, there is something redemptive. A Jews dignity, though trampled on in this or that story, is retained through such verbal humor. And this comic act, so to speak, indirectly speaks truth to power.
What Seth Rogen has done here, however, is to make himself totally passive. To be sure, he, like Kim Kardashian in the video, doesn't really say anything. Kanye or James Franco speak; Kim and Seth are submissive. And they are both being ridden by a man. They are both in a Missionary kind of position –even though, for all intents and purposes, it's on a surreal motorcycle.
In addition to this, I'd say that Rogen is not the first "heavy" schlemiel. There are many others before him – although many people often associate the schlemiels body with wiry people like Woody Allen, Jack Benny, or Ben Stiller (to name just a few). Regardless, in comparison to Kim Kardashian's "perfect" body, we see Rogen's hairy and heavy body as its anti-thesis. And when Rogen makes sexy faces, we can't help but snicker.
But the joke is really on Rogen and the schlemiel. It is not on Kanye and Kim. And it isn't even on James Franco. If anything, the schlemiel may cross-dress or play the half-man in many novels, films, or stand-up routines. But what a schlemiel won't do is lose speech, which is the schlemiel's greatest ally since it keeps total passivity at bay.
For this reason, I had a hard time watching this only as parody (which it obviously is) since, in many ways, it seemed to be effacing the schlemiel I have grown to love and even respect. So, while Kanye and Kim may have found it funny, I don't. Because the joke is ultimately on the schlemiel, not them.
Bound 3 HD, James Franco, Kanye West, Kim Kardashian, Parody, schlemiel, Seth Rogen 3 Comments
"Russians Are Just a Bunch of Niggaz" – Introducing Multiculturalism to Shteyngart's Absurdistan
Every Gary Shteyngart novel addresses multiculturalism. And they do so by way of articulating the complex relationships of the main characters – who are all Jewish-Russian-Americans – to Eastern Europeans, Latino-Americans, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, Jewish-Americans, and Non-Jewish-Americans. To be sure, Shteyngart portrays his main characters as former exchange-students who majored in "multiculturalism" in a mid-western college by the name of "Accidental College." In the first novel, The Russian Debutante's Notebook, we are introduced to Vladmir, a twenty-five year old character whose post-college work is to help settle new Immigrants into the American experience. He works at the Emma Lazarus Immigrant Absorption Society.
But what is most interesting about the novel is not to be found in the relationships Vladmir finds as the Absorption Society, so much as the relationships he forges when, in the face of a deal gone wrong, he flees America for Eastern Europe. There he meets up with fellow Russians and Eastern Europeans and plots to rip off young-rebellious-American-students. These relationships teach us how he navigates between one cultural identity and the other. And this, more than anything, makes for one of the greatest novelties of Shteyngart's fiction. It shows us at least one possible way in which a Jewish-Russian-American-Immigrant can live in a growing multicultural, globalized, and Americanized society. This kind of fiction provides readers with an opportunity to, as the philosopher Richard Rorty might say, become more cosmopolitan and less xenophobic. But Shteyngart's fiction also shows us "how" prescient and rich this post-nationalist experience is or can be. And it does this by way of a multi-cultured-schlemiel.
In contrast to The Russian Debutante's Notebook, which focuses mainly on relationships between the main character, white-Americans, and Eastern Europeans, Absurdistan introduces a new relationship: namely, the relationship of the main character with an African-Latino-American- character named Rouenna. The novel also introduces, as I pointed out in the last blog entry, an incorporation of rap and African-American culture into the schlemiel's persona. In the last entry I outlined how Misha, the main-character, and Alyosha-Bob, his sidekick, composed a rap at party at St. Petersburg and how, in response to the rap, they were chastised by Russians who saw this rapping as uncomely. Misha and Alyosha-Bob are called out on being the "odd one's out" (schlemiels in a negative sense); but instead of dealing with the situation, Misha calls his psychiatrist in New York, and, when he doesn't reach him, he does what is most natural to him: he eats. And this inability to "man-up," informs, in at least one aspect, his comical Jewish-Russian-American identity.
But the cultural identification informs his identity as a multi-cultural-schlemiel. To be sure, Misha's character has all the makings of a "black-Jew." (In using this term, I'm playing on the motif that we find in the film The Hebrew Hammer (2003) – a movie that was out there for three years before Shteyngart's novel was published. The film is based on a Jewish parody of the Blaxploitation genre; I hope to talk on this at greater length in the near future.)
He is large, loves rap, and he has an African-Latino-American girlfriend who lives in NYC, and his nickname is "snack daddy." (The name and character remind me of Rappers like the Notorious B.I.G.)
And in my blog-entry on the prologue, I pointed out how he yearns to be back in NYC with her rather than Absurdistan (somewhere in Eastern Europe) with the "Mountain Jews."
We meet Misha's African-Latino-American girlfriend Rouenna in the first chapter. And we meet her by way of a conversation; namely, between Lyuba – Misha's young step-mother (who he sleeps with, after his father dies) – and Rouenna.
The differences between their way of speaking and thinking show us a cultural gap and how Shteyngart navigates it by way of a multicultural narrational style. To begin with, Shteyngart casts Lyuba and her first attempts to speaks to Rouenna about an "orange towel" that she "thinks" is ugly:
She was having trouble with her tenses: "I think, I thought…I think, I thought…" I sink, I sought…I sink, I sought…(11)
In response, Rounna says: "Damn, sugar…you're hard-core." But Lyuba doesn't know this word and asks: "What it is 'harcourt'?" To this, Rouenna, instead of correcting her grammar, tells Lyuba that she is "hard-core" in her treatment of her housekeepers:
"Talking shit about servants. Like they got dirty hands and all."
Lyuba retorts by saying that, before she met Misha's father she too was "unfortunate." Misha gives more details to Rouenna about this and Rouenna, in response, says: "Is that right, sister?" Lyuba then opens her arms and hugs Rouenna while Misha says that its "just an African-American expression." But then Rouenna adds yet another:
"Cause, as far as I can tell, Russians are just a bunch of niggaz"(11)
Lyuba – and Alyosha-Bob's Russian girlfriend, Svetlana, who is also present – ask Rouenna and Misha what this means, and Rouenna says it is a "compliment." But neither of them get what this means and they get offended. Rouenna tries to relax them by explaining:
All I'm saying is, you know…your men don't got no jobs, everyone's always doing drive-bys whenever they got beefs, the childrens got asthma, and y'all live in public housing. (12)
This only leads to more confusion which is compounded when Rouenna calls them OG's (Original Gangsters). And this leads Svetlana to chastise Alyosha-Bob:
"It's all your fault, she seethed in Russian, "With all your stupid rapping. With that idiot ghetto tech. No wonder people treat us like we're animals"(12).
She then tells Alyosha-Bob that if he wants to be Russian – he is an American Jew – he will have to "think of what kind of image you want to project." And that this kind of "talk" doesn't work to support the image that Russians need to project of themselves.
Since Svetlana and Alyosha-Bob are saying all this in Russian, Rouenna gets upset and tells them to "speak English already." But right about when this is about to spring into a fight, the scene is interrupted by an announcement that the police are coming.
I find this interruption telling because it situates a theme that Misha (aka "snack daddy") will be dealing with throughout the novel; namely, his relationship (and not just Alyosha-Bob's) with Rouenna's African-Latino-American culture. To be sure, her way of life and way of speaking are something he really respects and even emulates as a Russian-American-Jew.
This is all brought to the fore by what happens late in the novel when we see a Rouenna who goes to college, meets up with another character named "Shteynfarb" (who teaches at Hunter College and who, we learn, is a fellow Russian-American, was friends with Misha in "Accidental College," and shared a "multiculturalism" major) and loses her slang. As this happens, things change dramatically and with it Misha's Multicultural-Schlemiel-identity.
But for now she speaks in slang saying that "Russians are just a bunch of niggaz." And this kind of talk – though shunned by Svetlana – nurtures Misha's image of the ideal-American identity, which informs his own Jewish-American identity (at least at the outset). I hope to come back to this in a future blog entry since Shteyngart's translation of her language, culture, and relationship to Misha's Russian-Jewish-American identity into fiction shows us how Shteyngart, in this novel, negotiates Jewish-multicultural-identity vis-à-vis the schlemiel.
Absurdistan, Blaxploitation, Gary Shteyngart, Hebrew Hammer, multiculturalism, Rouenna, schlemiel Leave a comment
"Speak, You Also" – Remembering Paul Celan's Birth
As Jacques Derrida noted several times in his celebrated essay on Paul Celan entitled "Shibboleth," Paul Celan wrote several poems dedicated to anniversaries. For Derrida, these repetitions of important dates operate to have us think about the tension between a date's unique character and how, through its repetition, a date can also be effaced. This tension speaks directly to the dates that Celan was most familiar; namely, the dates of the Holocaust in which he experienced unique loss. This loss found its way to language. And this, in a way, breaks the tragic silence that Celan, as a poet, was often at odds with. And although his poetry clings to silence, it is not destroyed by it.
As Celan says in his poem "Speak, You Also," one who speaks truly "speaks the shade."
Speak, you also
Speak at the last,
Have your say.
Speak –
But keep yes and no unsplit.
And give you say this meaning:
Give it the shade.
Give it shade enough,
Give it as much
As you know has been dealt out between
Midnight and midday and midnight
Look around:
Look how it all leaps alive –
Where death is! Alive!
He speaks truly who speaks the shade.
The spirit of this poem recurs and is reborn throughout his poetry, which travels along the unspoken and the unsaid giving it voice by way of allusion, relation, and constant repetition.
But there is another repetition that we don't often hear about: a comic repetition found in his comic piece (dedicated to Theodor Adorno) called "Conversation in the Mountains." It also walks with the shadow. But in this piece, the shadow has lot's of company and comic variation:
One evening, when the sun had set and not only the sun, the Jew – Jew and son of a Jew – went off, left his house with his name, his unpronounceable name, went and cam, came trotting along…went under clouds, went in shadow, his own and not his own – because the Jew, you know, what does he have that is really his own, that is not borrowed, taken and not returned.
Schlemiel-in-theory has addressed several blog-entries to "Conversation in the Mountains" and shows how the subjects of this piece, Klein and Gross, are schlemiels. And it is through them that we see another kind of repetition. And through their "conversation" we can see another kind of silence which is effaced by two schlemiels talking: two schlemiels on their way, somehow, to themselves. These two schlemiels, in the spirit of his poem, have their "say," and they leave "yes and no unsplit." Unbeknownst to them, they both "speak the shade" by speaking in the shade of their names and comic repetitions.
Here are the hyperlinked posts – enjoy!
Conversation in the Mountains, Paul Celan, Poetry, schlemiel Leave a comment
Shmideo Animations: Starring Dweeb! A Note on The Menorah-Lighting-Schlemiel in a Recent Animation from Shimdeo
A friend of mine from Pittsburgh is a part of a Jewish artist's collective called the "Hasidic Arts Collective." And their comic baby is called Shimdeo. (The subtitle of the website – which is the portal to the wild-and-wacky Shmideo world gives away it's target audience: "Awesome Stuff for Awesome Jews"). My friend's name is Sruly Brooker. He is an animator, a family man, and a religious Jew (a CHABAD Lubavitcher).
I met Sruly by way of association; namely, through a good friend of mine I went to seminary in Israel with named Raphy and another friend who made the film on me called Shlemiel – the director Chad Derrick. To be sure, I met Srurly face-to-face in Pittsburgh not-that-long-ago. After first meeting, we spent a lot of time together. And we hit it off immediately. When I found out that he had heard about my "schlemiel project" (which was documented in part by Chad Derrick), I told him more of my story. (Some of the stuff that didn't make it into the film.) And he told me his story. Sruli shared with me his first love, which carried with him from Austin, Texas (where he went to University): animation and theater.
During our conversation about animation, comedy, and our paths to religion (I'm a baal Teshuva through Lubavitch), we realized that we both love the schlemiel. And we have created art that looked to channel this wonderful character. Sruli proceeded to tell me about his "Shmideo" project; while doing this he showed me his first animation (before Shimdeo.com had even gone up). I was so happy to see what he had done with the schlemiel. And I was reminded of this today when he posted his second animation entitled "Supernatural":
This animation belongs to a series entitled "Shais Time." The Shais of "Shais Time" is Rabbi Shais Taub. He has been written up in the New York Times which says that Shais:
Has been teaching and writing about the spiritual component of recovery from addiction. He had begun within the Jewish community, specifically the Chabad movement, and yet providence or serendipity or destiny has brought him increasing recognition and influence well beyond it.
Taub's first book is entitled God of Our Understanding: Jewish Spirituality and Recovery from Addiction. As one can imagine from the title, the work has a unique claim of relating Judaism to "recovery from addiction." And it deals with this claim in very kind, witty, and fun ways. It aims to be practical, funny, and inspiring.
Sruli's animations illustrate Taub's talks on different topics. In this animation, the topic is the "miracle of Hannukah." It begins with a discussion of what a miracle is and ends with a description of the miracle in a simple, straight to the point, witty manner (all of this in less than one minute). Most importantly, for the purposes of the animation, is the Rabbi's timing.
As they say in Showbiz, it's all in the timing.
Sruly comes to the Rabbi's aid by way of creating a schlemiel-character named "Dweeb." Dweeb's comic movements and odd situations are determined by the things the Rabbi says. What I like most about this is how Sruli has Dweeb journey into outer space where he lights a retro-eighties-video game menorah. He – like the Miracle – becomes "supernatural" (instead of being drawn by gravity, he is lifted up into outer space where he lights the miraculous video-game-menorah). The take away: even though "Dweeb" seems to be in some tight situations and even though he bounces around (as some of the frames illustrate very well) he gets to light the menorah and win the video game! (Lights, sounds, and gestures – that is, batteries – included!)
What I love about "Dweeb" is that he, like many a schlemiel, is on a journey through time and space: schlemiels – in a quixotic sense – like to travel. And Dweeb, like a many a schlemiel, is positive about the journey: in his simplicity, he simply bounces around. But here we have an added dimension: the narrator of this tale – who sends him bouncing around – is a Rabbi who is speaking about miracles and Biblical commandments. And although he speech bounces Dweeb around, ultimately, that same speech is what guides "Dweeb" to a good end.
To be sure, this is what makes his adventure novel and unlike much Yiddish literature.
To begin with, this is a production made my Hasidic Jews (Baal Teshuva). This contrasts to the creators of Yiddish literature who were often people who grew up Hasidic (observing Torah passionately) but became Maskilim (members of the Haskalah). But what both of these groups – religious or not – focus on is the journey of trusting individuals.
Indeed, one of the things I love about the schlemiel in Yiddish literature is that it is often the case that the original schlemiel character – much like the creation of Cervantes called Don Quixote – seems to just move around from place to place in a trusting manner. But, regardless of where the schlemiel goes and what he experiences by way of bad luck, the schlemiel still seem to be happy.
We see such a schlemiel in the Yiddish classic The Travels and Adventures of Benjamin the III by Mendel Mocher Sforim (which was written in 1864 in Yiddish and first published in 1885). And although, in the author's mind, they were foolish to ever believe they could leave the "Pale of Settlement" – in their journey – ultimately, this foolishness showed how, in exile, at the very least, the comic-imagination gave some sense of hope.
Benjamin – the main character of the novel – is on a foolish journey. He thinks he will leave the Pale. When Benjamin – who is based on the character from a "real" travelogue (Benjamin of Tudela), which he parodies – approaches a man named Senderl, to come with him on a journey, we are introduced to a comical-dynamic between them that will accompany the two on their journey:
Ha! Perhaps you really should come along with me, Senderl? Here's your chance, the chance of a lifetime, foolish one. I intend to go there anyway – and two would be company. And if by some stroke of luck I should become king, I'd make you my right hand man. Shake hands on it! Come along, Senderl. God willing you won't regret it."
It seems Benjamin has met his schlemiel-match in Senderl. Like many a fool, Senderl gives no thought to his answer. He's ready to go. Like Benjamin, he shares the dream:
"Well, if you will things that way," Senderl said, falling in with the plan, "So be it!"
At that moment, Benjamin leaps up to hug him. And he exclaims: "You're all right! Let me hug you!" Benjamin, the narrator tells us, "went into raptures."
I'd say that "Dweeb"- like Benjamin and Sendrl – is on a Quixotic journey. But that journey is guided by the kind and witty voice of Rabbi Taub and is made possible by the illustrations of Sruli Brooker. This journey is similar in some ways, different in others.
The main difference is that "Dweeb" is bouncing around from situation to situation (based on what is being described); but he is ultimately bouncing toward another Mitzvah (commandment) not back to the Pale of Settlement. He ends up lighting what looks to be a video game menorah, while Benjamin and Sendrl get to share a tale of their adventure to the Shtetl.
And Dweeb wins!
Although Dweeb may lose from time to time: by being tossed aimlessly by the sea, being thrown into closed spaces, and being bounced around, he wins by way of faith. In contrast, Sendrl and Benjamin may lose by way of reality but they both win an ironic, imaginary victory. They get to tell the comic tale and they manage to save the best element if man through comedy: trust. This is the secular antidote to a troubling situation. (Note that their work was first published after a few major waves of Pogrom's on the Pale of Settlement.)
The difference between them seems to be the difference between the ironic victory of faith and the ironic victory of the imagination, but what makes this Shmideo animation interesting is that it seems to be both.
And that is the takeaway: Dweeb is still a schlemiel: no matter what Mitzvah he ends up doing – by virtue of the Rabbi's staccato explanations – he will still be comically be bounced around reality. That's one way to look at it; another way of looking at this is that the Mitzvah of lighting the Menorah (celebrating the "miracle") is what is at the end of the road. And this redeems it all.
But – then again – its just the miracle of comedy and animation: that Dweeb just keeps on going on. Perhaps this is what makes Dweeb – like many animations -"supernatural."
This is the kind of argument you would get if you were to put Shmideo and Mendel Mocher Sforim in the same room. One reading of the schlemiel's journey is secular, the other Hassidic. Regardless, both of them would agree that the Jews need an ironic ending to make light of this long, long journey through Exile ("golus").
Way to go Sruli! Dweeb is on the "Jewdar" of Schlemielintheory.com!
Don't slip on your way out! And Happy Hannukah!
Shut yo mouf! Two Schlemiel-Rappers And A Microphone in Shteyngart's Absurdistan
Although I am not a wealthy 30 year-old overweight-Russia-Jew who is stuck in Russia and looks to get back to NYC, I am very drawn to the antics, body, and blindspots of Gary Shteyngart's Misha character in his novel Absurdistan. His nomadic-translations of American culture into his own way of life are endearing: they bring me – strangely enough – close to a similar comic experience I have had as an American-Jew. My translations, though different, oddly enough find resonance in someone who is much different from me and where I am located: a Russian Jew who lives in the wake of a post-communist culture and during the upsurge of globalization and urban decay. What I like most is that this translation is fictional and it is done in jest. But this format works wonderfully to allow the reader to come into deep questions concerning the meaning of history and Jewish identity.
The novelty of the Misha character hit me when, in the first chapter entitled "The Night in Question," he describes a party he was at the night his father was killed. His description of this evening and the party (in a comic Russian-American dialect) are witty and endearing. But unlike poor schlemiels – who are down on their luck and are low on cash – this schlemiel is affluent:
On the night of June 15 in the catastrophic year 2001, I was getting plenty of respect from my friends in a restaurant called the Home of the Russian Fisherman on Krestovsky Island, one of the verdant islands caught in the delta of the Neva River…we are standing around the Spawning Salmon pontoon, yelling at our servants, drinking down carafes of green California Riesling, our Nokia mobliniki ringing with social urgency that comes only when the White Nights strangle the nighttime, when the inhabitants of our ruined city are kept permanently awake by the pink afterglow of the northern sun. (4)
This affluence is situated in a decaying post-Communist culture ("our ruined city"). For this reason, it is meaningless. He becomes depressed when he realizes that he is the next generation. And, like many of the people his age, he cannot and doesn't want to relive the past and the dreams of his communist parents and culture. His communist training, since youth, is now meaningless. And he counts himself, along with all his friends, as failures:
Let me tell you something: without good friends, you might as well drown yourself in Russia. After decades of listening to the familial agitprop of our parents ("We will die for you! they sing), after surviving the criminal closeness of the Russian family…after the crass socialization foisted jupon us by our teachers and factory directors….all that's left is that toast between two failed friends in some stinking outdoor beer kiosk. (4)
He tells us that he is a "modest person" and doesn't have many friends. Of his friends, he notes one who is very close to him (a fellow schlemiel). His other failed friend is named Alyosha- Bob. Like him, he is Jewish; and, like Misha, he is an odd Jew. But he is not a Russian-Jew; rather, he is an American Jew who he met at "Accidental College":
My best buddy in Russia is a former American I like to call Alyosha-Bob. Born Robert Liptshitz in the northern reaches of New York State, this bald eagle (not a single hair on his dome by age twenty five) flew to St. Lenninsburg eight years ago and was transformed…into a successful Russian biznesman named Alyosha, the own of ExcessHollywood, a riotously profitable import-export business. (5)
Alyosha's face is odd ("pinched" with a "reddish goatee"). Misha tells us that a "skinehead on the metro once described him as a gnussiy zhid, or a 'vile looking Yid." His choice of terms to describe Alyosha tells us that Misha's Jewish identity – in part – is connected to how his body is seen by anti-Semites. This adds to what I noted yesterday regarding his own Jewish identity, which is connected to his body and even his weight. To be sure, he sees his body and Alyosha as sharing a similar kind of schlemiel-body.
But a schlemiel is not a schlemiel by virtue of his/her body; a schlemiel is a schlemiel also by virtue of what he or she does and how she does it. For these schlemiels, rap is part-and-parcel of their schlemiel character and when done in this Russian post-communist context it comes across in an odd way.
After describing Alyosha Bob in terms of his schlemiel-body, Misha turns toward their "interesting hobby," which they first engaged in while in university:
We think of ourselves as the Gentlemen Who Like to Rap. Our oeuvre stretches from the old-school jams of Ice Cube, Ice-T, and Public Enemy to the sensuous rhythms of ghetto tech, a hybrid of Miami bass. (5).
(In this clip, notice how Jews are referred to and the odd confluence an anti-Semitic comment in this rap creates – vis-a-vis – this novel and Misha's Jewish-identifications with African-American rap-music and culture.)
Using the rhetorical register of an American detective or a policeman (who would be interested in what happened the night his father was killed), Misha introduces the rap he and Alyosha made up. "On the night in question, I got the action started with a Detroit ditty I enjoy on summer days." Misha begins:
Aw shit,
Heah I come
And bite yo tongue.
And Alyosha-Bob adds the rejoinder:
Aw, girl,
You think you bad?
Let me see you
Bounce dat ass.
At the end of this rap, Misha notes that "some idiot" interrupts them and asks them "why they are singing like African exchange students? You both look so cultured?" Misha's translation of these questions to the reader is telling because it shows he identifies anti-Semitism – directed against the Jewish body – with racism:
In other words, like vile-looking Yids.
In Russia, the Jews are the blacks. And Misha retorts by saying that if the Russian author Pushkin were around he would be doing rap. The "idiot" calls Misha and Alyosha "children" and this quip hits Misha hard:
Children? Was he talking about us? What would an Ice Cube or an Ice T do in this situation? (7)
But instead of taking a stand – in real life (or even in rap) – like these African-American rappers, Misha calls his "Park Avenue analyst, Dr. Levine" for help:
To tell him once again that I had been insulted and injured, once again I had been undermined by a fellow Russian. (7)
In other words, let me translate: "I (Misha) am a schlemiel; I may tell you to "Shut yo mouf" but I have to "shut my mouf" because I'm too weak to stand up to you; however, I can (and will) speak to my analyst because I am wounded." But he comes back to reality when, in comic fashion, he eats some food; namely, sturgeon. When he eats it, he tells us that he rocks back and forth "as if" he's in prayer: "My body fell into a rocking motion like the religious people when they're deep in the thrall of their god"(8). This eating, it seems, comes to his rescue when he fails. In fact, there are lots of ways he can avoid dealing with this negative accusation against him, his comic actions, and, apparently, his Jewish body.
True, Misha feels like he is a man-child and the comment that he is a "child" and not a man (or a real rapper) seems to wound this wealthy, overweight, schlemiel. And, ultimately, though he does manage to distract himself, he does, at the very least, come to the realization that he must leave his history and the Russian people:
I am not enamored of such people, I must say. How is it possible to live outside history? Who can claim immunity to it by dint of beauty and breeding?
He realizes that "you can't ignore history altogether." And this history includes Russian history and Jewish history. All of these meditations come to him in the wake of this insult directed at him by virtue of his rap with Alyosha-Bob.
But instead of attacking them with words or fists, he wants to understand who he is, who they are, and how he must deal with these different histories. What he doesn't understand, however, is how his reading of his body relates to this. And this, it seems, is one of his main blindspots at the outset of the novel. Another blindspot in his identity is his relationship with his father who, that evening, he discovers was killed. He learns of this in them midst of this odd party where he is "wounded" and finds solace in his psychiatrist and food. With all his eating and talking, Misha, though wounded, can't seem to shut his "mouf."
And neither can the Jewish-rapper from Brooklyn otherwise known as Necro….
In the next blog, I will discuss how Misha's Jewish khui (penis) – and his-late-in-life-circumcision – as well as his African-American girlfriend Rouenna – enters into this schlemiel-self-image.
Absurdistan, Alyosha-Bob, Black-Jew, Gary Shteyngart, Ice Cube, Misha, Rap, schlemiel Leave a comment
By Way of Bodily Introduction: The Jewish-Body in Gary Shteyngart's Absurdistan – Take 1
In an essay called "The Mouse than Never Roars: Jewish Masculinity in American Television," Maurice Berger uses Jack Benny as one of a few illustrations of how the Jewish body appeared in the American public eye. Calling him a schlemiel, Berger notes that Benny's body and gestures appear effeminate and that Jews, initially, played on these stereotypes of the Jewish body to gain public attention. However, as Berger notes, this changes over time as we see more and more masculine Jewish men on TV in the 60s and 70s. The images Berger uses to illustrate these changes show us, on the one hand, a thin Jack Benny; and, on the other, more muscular and weighty characters in a variety of shows right up to the 1990s. But this visual-genealogy of Jewish body images is by no means linear or definitive. The Jewish body – in all its shapes and sizes – remains.
To be sure, we see many Jewish bodies in film and TV – over the last few decades – that are not masculine; such as the bodies of Woody Allen, Ben Stiller, and Larry David (to name only a few Jews who have less-masculine kinds of Jewish bodies in film). And most of these bodies are thin. They are not overweight. And if we look back, we can also find heavy schlemiel characters that differ greatly from the thin Jack Benny; for instance, schlemiels portrayed by Zero Mostel.
And lately we have seen something of a physical turn with characters like John Goodman, Seth Rogen, and Jonah Hill. These characters show us that schlemiels need not be thin; they can also be overweight or heavy. To be sure, their weight makes them more charming. And, as we see with many schlemiels (whether in literature, film, or television), his/her charm has to do with the schlemiel's body, its gestures, and its demeanor.
As a side note, I find many of the Cartoonish images of Robert Crumb employ this bodily charm. Indeed, Crumb is fascinated with shapely people. And while many of these images have erotic connotation, many others have a comic and sometimes a Jewish connotation. One could plausibly argue that this weight often denotes, for Crumb, a shapely schlemiel as in this piece from his comic, The Snoid.
In designing the main character for Absurdistan, it seems Shteyngart was acutely aware of this charm. We see this in the opening lines of the first chapter where Misha, the main character, introduces himself:
I am Misha Borisovich Vainberg, age thirty, a grossly overweight man with small, deeply blue set eyes, a pretty, a pretty Jewish beak that brings to mind the most distinguished breed of parrot, and lips so delicate you would want to wipe them with the naked back of your hand. (3)
Here we see the Jewish body foregrounded. We also see it in Shteyngart's first novel. But over there the focus is more on the main character's "Jewish" hips and his Jewish "walk" (both pointed out by the main character's Russian mother). Here it is the nose (the "Jewish beak"); but in addition to this Misha also sees himself in terms of his weight. To be sure, his weight is a topic of interest throughout the novel and, in Misha's eyes, it (and not simply his Jewish features) makes him "the odd one out."
But there is more to the story. His weight should also be read against the background of his affluence. To be sure, Misha comes from a very wealthy family and his weight may be an expression of his wealth. And how we view this wealth, his approach to himself, and to the world he lives – which could be unduly harsh – should be counterbalanced by his weight. Indeed, his weight – and not his nose – brings out the schlemiel's charm; and because of this, his weight (and his attitude toward it) becomes one of the main signs of his schlemielkeit. Reading the text against his body can yield some interesting insights.
First of all, in yesterday's blog entry I pointed out how Misha – in the Prologue – sees Absurdistan as a book about "too much love" and about "being had." Read against his representations of his body – in the first chapter – these passages become more endearing. He is a person who, we can imagine, may be self-conscious by virtue of his weight; given this supposition, his love and bad luck take on another shade. In addition, because Misha's Jewishness is an issue in the Prologue, we can now see that his Jewishness is also altered by virtue of his weight.
To be sure, there are many folkloric images of heavy people. They are at the core of this or that folk culture: they often signify joviality and life itself. In the prologue, he notes how he is "writing from" the land of "Mountain Jews" and he conjures up folk images by saying that the community is "pre-historic" (he even likens the community to a dinosaur – a large creature – and calls it, playing on the Jewish name, Haim and the word Heim in Yiddish (which means home), a Haimosaurus).
In a folkloric sense, this village full of diverse kinds of people who surround him and look to help him. In fact, in a folkloric sense, he comically notes that they are "too hospitable." And when we realize that he is a heavy person (from the beginning of the first chapter) who is in need of help, which we see at the outset of the novel (the prologue), Misha's schlemiel character takes on folkloric proportions. However, the first chapter (as opposed to the Prologue) is not located in a folkloric space; it's located in the post-modern, post-communist, and globalized space of St. Petersburg. And after making his "bodily" introduction, we are introduced to this post-city (which has nothing pre-historic or folkloric about it at all):
By the year 2001, our St. Lennisburg has taken on the appearance of a phantasmagoric third-world city, our neoclassical buildings sinking into the crap-choked canals, bizarre peasant huts fashioned out of corrugated metal and…worst of all, our intelligent, depressive citizenry has been replaced by a new race of mutants dressed in studied imitation of the West, young women in Lycra…men in fake black Calvin Klein jeans hanging limply around their caved-in asses. (3)
As you can see, this is not the world of folklore that Misha is describing. And his way of speaking demonstrates – in contrast to much of the prologue – that he is an intelligent, observant person. However, as the introduction goes on, we notice that his intelligence is also tainted by affluence and the very culture he can't stand:
The good news is that when you're an incorrigible fatso like me – 325 points at last count – and the son of the 1,238th richest man in Russia – all of St. Lenninsburg rushes to service you….You are blessed with the rarest treasure to be found in this mineral-rich land. You are blessed with respect. (3)
In other words, he has a love/hate relationship with the city he was raised in. He is spoiled by it and his schlemielkeit may also have to do with his affluence. By being served like a prince and gaining weight, he becomes foolish. However, at the same time, we see from the Prologue that his weight also has a folklorish aspect (which can be situated in an odd, Jewish context). The contrast between these two spaces is brought about by way of how his body is situated. His body seems to fit into both spaces, but, as I have shown, its meaning differs considerably. As I continue reflecting on the novel, I will –from time to time – come back to his (Jewish) body and its relation to his schlemielkeit. The novelty of this reflection is that it looks to show how important the body and its odd relationship to the world are to schlemiel comedy in general and to this novel in particular.
Absurdistan, Fat, Gary Shteyngart, Misha, schlemiel, The Jewish Body Leave a comment
The Prologue to Gary Shteyngart's Absurdistan
Schlemiels come in all sizes, shapes, and colors. Rather than simply generalize about the schlemiel – which I, like Ruth Wisse, Sander Gilman, Hannah Arendt, Sidrah DeKoven Ezrahi, and a few other schlemiel theorists often do – I'd also like to take a closer look at all the different kinds of schlemiel so as to expand the horizon of schlemiel theory. I'm especially interested in how different writers from different time periods articulate this character. To be sure, the way they convey the schlemiel and his/her ways teaches us about how they approach the schlemiel. And the differences between these articulations – as well as the general trends – teach us a lot about this character and how it takes on different shades: sometimes s/he is adorable, other times s/he is irritating; sometimes s/he is an utter failure, other times s/he's a partial failure; sometimes s/he's redemptive, sometimes s/he's not. But, to be sure, one can always say that the schlemiel is the odd one out. His/her oddity is manifested in an awkwardness that arises out of misjudging the norm or in misjudging this or that situation. On the other hand, the schlemiel's oddity may not be manifested in awkwardness: he or she may be odd with out even knowing it. But how odd is s/he? What makes him/her odd? These questions inform the decisions that many writers, filmmakers, poets, and comedians make when portraying the schlemiel. And the decisions they make can and often do change the way we look at this character in this or that historical period.
One writer who provides something of a new schlemiel – who evinces a complex form of oddity – is Gary Shteyngart. In this blog, I have written extensively on Vladmir Girshkin – the schlemiel of his first novel: The Russian Debutante's Notebook. I initially found what I call Shteyngart's "immigrant-becoming-American-schlemiel" to be quite a novelty. This new articulation of the schlemiel challenged the literary critic Irving Howe's claim that, with the end of the waves of post-pogrom Jewish-European immigration to the USA, Jewish fiction would have little to draw on. To be sure, Howe, saw great creativity in the struggle Jews had with assimilation. Their liminal state prompted many Jewish writers to create fiction which often had a modernist flavor. Now that we are in a "post-assimilation" era, he thought that was a thing of the past. However, Shteyngart shows that its not. His characters are Russian Jews who have come over to the United States in the post-Communist Era. And, because they are somewhere between worlds and have a hard time succeeding, they provide us with a new articulation of the schlemiel.
However, what I found disappointing about Shteyngart's first novel is that it actually traced a story arc that differs considerably from the story arcs we find in much literature on the schlemiel (from Sholem Aleichem to Saul Bellow). This starts with what I called a "partial transformation." And when he flees America for Eastern Europe, this transformation takes on more of a reality (as he becomes more masculine). At the end of the arc (the epilogue), the main character, Vladmir, decides to live a normal life. Since he becomes a dad, and because I find the gradual displacement of the schlemiel in this novel to be disappointing, I call this a "dad ending." After assessing the novel, I turned toward a generalization about the schlemiel and its arc, which can be found in the work of Hannah Arendt. In my view, Arendt and Shteyngart (at least in this novel) were situating the schlemiel on a path that I did not agree with since I find nothing wrong with the schlemiel being an "exceptional" (as opposed to a "normal") character.
With this reading in mind, I have decided to give Gary Shteyngart another chance. To this end, I have chosen to make a series of close readings of his second, follow up, novel: Absurdistan.
Like any reading, I'd like to start at the beginning, which Shteyngart makes a prologue rather than a first chapter. It's entitled "Where I'm Calling From". Perhaps because I have read too much Freud or have a penchant for history, I can't help but think of the expression the "the past is prologue" whenever I see a prologue. Regardless, I think it is a good intuition to take this thought to heart when reading this prologue. And in this novel it "pays" to do so since the main character – Misha Borisovich Vainberg – is a narrator who is interested in telling the reader how he screwed up. And this, to be sure, is one of the schlemiel keys to this novel. But the question that interests me is whether such reflection means he is, so to speak, beyond his schlemiel character and situation. Will he, like Vladmir in The Russian Debutante's Notebook, undergo a transformation from a schlemiel (a man-child) into a man in the Epilogue?
As I read this novel, this question lingers.
But at the beginning there is no question: Misha is a schlemiel. His description of this book tells us that this book is, on the one hand, a book "about love…too much love" and, on the other hand, a "book about being had." His love, so to speak, produces bad luck: it allows him "to be had." But, like many an innocent schlemiel, he is not to blame; they are:
I've been had. They used me. Took advantage of me. Sized me up. Knew right away they had their man. If "man" is the right word. (vii)
Indeed, is "man" the right word or is schlemiel the right word?
Reflecting on how he came to being a man-child of sorts who has taken advantage of, Misha demurs: "Maybe this whole being-had deal is genetic." Along this line of thinking, he first turns to his grandmother who was "an ardent Stalinist and faithful contributor to Lenningrad Pravda." But his point isn't that she was had by the Communists she supported. To be sure, in his flurry to explain himself, he seems to have lost his point regarding the "being-had deal" as "genetic." However, he does remember himself in a picture with his grandmother "as an infant…I'm drooling on her. She's drooling on me."
This logic, of course, is off. But that's the point. He's less concerned with the "genetic" origins of his condition then with his present, sad state. Now, apparently, he is "missing teeth" and has a "dented lower stomach." His heart is "bruised" and there is a "kilogram of fat hanging off" his "breastbone."
Although he reflects on his present state, he doesn't loose his thought regarding his genetics. It resurfaces, it seems, in a thought about "where he is writing from" (the title of the prologue). This place may have something to do with the origin of his schlemiel-condition. Misha is writing from the "former Soviet republic of Absurdsvani." And this place is a "small village populated by the so-called Mountain Jews." These Jews are "isolated" and have a "single minded devotion to clan and Yahweh." In contrast to the Jews he has grown up with, they are "prehistoric, premammalian even, like some clever miniature dinosaur that once schlepped across the earth, the Haimossaurus."
This village of Jews – his people -are an odd bunch:
The villagers gathered around me, the dried-out senior citizens, the oily teenagers, the heavy local gangsters…even the confused one-eyed octogenarian rabbi who is now crying on my shoulders, whispering in his bad Russian about what an honor it is to have an important Jew like me in the village. (viii)
Although he is astonished by this odd village of "mountain Jews" and feels touched by their kindness, he tells the reader that he is a "deeply secular Jew" who misses New York City and his old girlfriend Rouenna:
The mountain Jews coddle and cosset me; their hospitality is overwhelming…and yet I yearn to take to the air. To soar across the globe. To land on the corner of 173rd Street and Vyse, where she is waiting for me. (viii)
So…where he is writing from (a place of Jews where he feels comfortable with – an important point, as I hope to show, since he has problems with some kinds of Jews; namely, Hasidim) is not where he wants to be. He wants to be somewhere else far from these "pre-historic" origins (which he is not totally at odds with, but cannot settle with).
The prologue ends with him meditating on his "love" in New York City. And he restates his claim that this book – Absurdistan – is a "book about love." But he adds to this one new thought: "it's also about geography….I am Here. I am here next to the woman I love. The city rushes out to locate and affirm me."
One can end the prologue here, but that would be a mistake. After all, he's not there. He's in a Village of Mountain Jews. And, in addition to that, he says that this is a novel about love AND about "being-had." These last two elements, in contrast to his emphasis on love as the underlying meaning of the book, teach us that this is much more than a novel about love: its also a novel about Jewishness and the schlemiel-who-is-had.
This combination makes for a nuanced schlemiel character. What I like about this prologue is the suggestion that we read Misha – and the schlemiel character – in terms of a tension between a consciousness of being-had, Jewishness, love, and New York City's tension with Absurdistan. This makes for yet another Immigrant-Become-American-Schlemiel story arc. However, the question is whether or not it ends with the schlemiel it starts off with in the prologue: a schlemiel-in-love, a schlemiel-who-has-been-had, and a schlemiel-in-search-of-home.
On an Aesthetic of Redemption or The Problem With Historicizing Walter Benjamin (Take 1)
I'm not an intellectual historian. And while I enjoy reading intellectual history, I always worry about the problem of periodization. Like any historicization, the risk is to say that on this or that date everything changed with this or that thinker. The problem with such claims is that – in a Derridian sense – something always remains. Many intellectual historians, in an effort to make a coherent historical narrative, often leave things out or argue that this or that element of said thinker's thought took a turn. While much of this may find support in this or that prooftext, oftentimes one can find counter-texts (and counter-memories, as Michel Foucault might say) to challenge this or that genealogy. For me, the case in point is the intellectual history of Walter Benjamin.
What makes him such an interesting figure for intellectual history is the fact that he, himself, was an intellectual historian of sorts. But his history was oftentimes focused on the intellectual history of different mediums (although they would focus on the shift as found in this or that writer, poet, or filmmaker). In many essays, such as "The Storyteller," "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," or "Some Motifs of Baudelaire" or in his book, The Origin of German Tragic Drama, Benjamin clearly demarcates the shift from one era to another which can be found in different mediums (the novel, storytelling, film, and poetry). But although Benjamin made rigorous demarcations, these demarcations were not absolute. One can see overlap. For instance, although Benjamin announces the end of the aura in one essay, he still notes that it lives on in others. And when he argues that storytelling has been displaced by the newspaper, this doesn't keep him from reflecting on it and bringing out it's modern proponents (such as Kafka, Walser, or Proust).
To be sure, Benjamin, who read much Freud and incorporated his work into his own, believed that we are haunted by the past. In addition, there are many examples in his work where the past permeates the present and serves as an index of the future. We see this in his Arcades Project, The Berlin Childhood, One Way Street, his essays on Baudelaire and Proust, his Kafka essay, and his essays that address the Messianic.
Moreover, in his personal reflections he also takes note of what remains.
And although there is room to argue that he was noting his own personal-historical shifts (as we saw in yesterday's blog entry), he still sees these moments as lingering in the present. Nonetheless, some intellectual historians choose not to take this into consideration. One such intellectual historian is Peter Osborne, who argues that Benjamin, after writing his essay on Kafka, turned wholeheartedly to the political and turned away from the aesthetic. Were one to read Benajmin's letters to his dear friend Gershom Scholem, however, one would find another narrative. In that narrative, Benjamin's interest in the aesthetic and Kafka remain right up until his untimely death.
Richard Wolin's intellectual history also chooses to leave a few things out, but, at the very least, he does what Osborne doesn't: he shows how certain elements of Benjamin's work cling –from the beginning to the end – to the "aesthetic of redemption." Wolin's focus is commendable and merits closer reading. I would like to point out, however, where he draws the line and what this implies. (I will be commenting on his book on and off in this blog, so this reading is based on the beginning of his book where he addresses Benjamin's "origins.")
In the first chapter of Wolin's book, Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption, he makes a reading of Walter Benjamin's Berlin Childhood around 1900. This reading reflects, on the one hand, an acute sense of how Benjamin looked to "redeem" his past via the aesthetic; on the other hand, it looks to periodize this work and leaves no doubt in the reader's mind that Benjamin had left this behind.
One of the things that caught my mind was Wolin's selection of texts to illustrate Benjamin's vision of himself in the past and how it relates to the present:
He speaks of the unclear vision of intellectuals which results from an innate tendency toward flight from reality; a tendency he claimed to have detected in himself at an extremely early age which in his eyes manifested itself in his staunch refusal to form with others in a united front…"My habit of seeming slower, more maladroit, more stupid than I am, had its origins in such walks (through the city), and has the great attendant danger of making me think myself quicker, more dexterous, and shrewder than I am."(3)
Commenting on this, Wolin argues that Benjamin "turned to the theme of childhood memories in a time when all possibilities seemed to be blocked"(3). In other words, Wolin historicizes this line (and the whole book) to argue that if Benjamin wrote about the past, so as to find something hopeful (or even helpful) in it, he did so because his life (when he wrote it, in the 1930s) was bleak. But, given that reading, we could argue that everything he wrote was prompted by the fact that he saw himself as a loser and was looking, as Wolin suggests, for reasons as to why he produced such bad luck. In other words, he was looking for how he had become such a schlemiel. To be sure, in this passage, Benjamin is trying to explain why he appeared so belated and slow (seemingly more stupid than he was): the very characteristics of many a schlemiel who is often too late or too early for this or that thing and who, like Gimpel the Fool, appears stupid when he is not.
Although this seems negative, Wolin, at the very least, notes that Benjmain derived something meaningful from his childhood experience (but, for Wolin, this has nothing to do with the fact that he has many comic and child-like aspects to himself):
What he attempted to capture in these reflections was, above all, a capacity for lived experience associated with an upbringing in Berlin at this time, whose last vestiges were in the process of being extinguished by the world-historical march of the forces of disenchantment. (4)
In other words, the only thing that Benjamin was interested in saving from the past was his "capacity for experience." The experiences themselves, however, are left behind forever. As Wolin notes, "Berlin existed once upon a time, as it will never appear again." This implies not only that this book was a commemoration of a city that is no longer, but that Benjamin cannot go back. His book was, more or less, a movement away from the childhood and toward maturity and adulthood. The only thing worth salvaging is something that would always be there: the "capacity for experience."
While I find the notion of such a "capacity," interesting, I find it elides too much. This capacity may be something gleaned from youth but it is ultimately abstract and seems to transcend history like Aristotle's notion of capacity and potentiality. Rather than make this move, I'd like to suggest – as I have throughout this blog –that Benjamin was acutely aware of how all of his capacities were haunted by failure. This historical aspect isn't redeemed; it is a remnant from his past which pops up in most of his work in the 1930s and in his letters to Scholem. But this failure has a comic rather than a tragic note.
The problem with intellectual history is that it might find this element to be in competition with the narrative of maturity. And it is right for thinking this because it is; and Benjamin knew this well. It remained with him to the end. And even Hannah Arendt, in her introductory essay to his work (to an American audience), noted the specter that remained with him to the end: she gave it a figure, the "hunchback." This figure –the figure of bad luck –haunted his maturation process and it should haunt any intellectual history of his work. It reminds us that no matter how much there is evidence of evolving thought, something, in Benjamin's work, remains. But for Arendt, this has more to do with bad luck as such. To be sure, in her view Benjamin is more of a shlimazl than a schlemiel (a topic that I will be addressing in my book and in forthcoming essays).
An Aesthetic of Redemption, Hannah Arendt, Historicization, Richard Wolin, schlemiel, Shlimazl, Walter Benjamin Leave a comment
A good piece on You People. Spot on. twitter.com/jewinthecity/s… 9 minutes ago


text:
Q: static constexpr C++11 definition with templates workaround I'm trying to understand how the C++11 exactly works in respect to static constexpr. As far as I have understood if you have something like:
template<class T>
struct A
{
static constexpr auto mytuple = std::make_tuple(1,2.0,3);
};
// mytuple will be used by other methods, and it might depend on T

you need to define mytuple in the .cpp file too, something like:
template<class T>
constexpr decltype( A<T>::mytuple) A<T>::mytuple;

But what if I specialize A in other files, do I need to define them again for each type? it seemed working without the definition for the specializations, but when I used it with other template functions I started having compilation / linking issues.
I know that this has been fixed in C++17 and that this is deprecated, but is there any workaround that I can use?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Some of the common printer issues, their causes, and guidelines for resolving the same are discussed in the following sections.
Power up the printer and check the estimated ink level in the cartridges.
Replace the cartridges that are running low on ink. Prefer genuine ink cartridges for the replacement to avoid quality issues. Try to print.
If the issue remains unresolved, try cleaning the ink cartridge cleaning manually or using the control panel.
Carry out a deep print head cleaning, if the printer continues to print blank pages.
Open the Print Preferences window on your computer and make sure the print settings suit the print job.
Make sure the print media loaded into the input tray is supported by the printer.
Try to print a test page. If the issue persists, reset the printer.
Power off the Envy 5055 printer and plug out the power cable.
Reconnect the cable after some time.
Select Printer Status Report under the Tools menu on the printer's control panel.
Wait for the printer to print a test report.
Follow the steps below if the printer does not print a test page.
Clear any jammed paper from all the trays and cartridge access area.
Clear torn paper bits or objects hindering the movement of the carriage.
Open the Clean outdoor and clear any jammed paper inside the printer.
Install HP Print and Scan Doctor on your Windows computer.
Launch the software, click Start and select HP Envy 5055 printer's name.
Examine the diagnosed report of the printer and follow the instructions of the software how to fix hp envy 5055 printer problems and issue.
Power cycle the printer if the problem persists.
Restart the computer and try to print. Continue with the steps that follow to resolve the issue.
Click Start and select Devices and Printers on your computer.
Make sure the Envy 5055 printer is set as the default printing source.
Try removing and re-adding the printer if the problem persists.
Raise the cartridge access door using the handles provided on either side.
Wait until the carriage comes to a halt.
Remove the cartridges from the slot.
Inspect the cartridges and remove any protective tapes attached to it.
Check for damages or punctures on the copper-colored contacts of the cartridges. Make sure the electrical contacts in the cartridge access area of the printer are not damaged.
Re-insert the ink cartridges into correct slots.
You can try resetting the printer if the issue persists.
Power up the Envy 5055 printer and wait until it makes no noise.
Tap Setup on the control panel.
Select Tools and then tap Restore Factory Defaults option.
Follow the on-screen prompts to finish the reset.
If you want to factory reset the network settings, tap the Wireless icon on the control panel.
Select the Settings icon and then tap Restore Network Settings.
Do according to the instructions displayed on the screen.
Print a network configuration page and check if the settings have been reset.


« Looking for Student Volunteers!
Yes, its almost the 2nd Thursday– and that means the same thing its meant for the past 6 years… another Nerd Nite event.
But this week is extra special. April 11th we'll be talking all things space in celebration of Yuri's Night.
Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He became the first human to journey into outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth in April 1961. Every year, Yuri's Night events happen throughout April all around the world to celebrate this historic event.
Our friends at Yuri's Night Space Coast are also doing their annual event on Saturday, April 13th. This is THE space party of the year. You'll literally be drinking and dancing with scientists and space enthusiasts underneath the Space Shuttle Atlantis at Kennedy Space Center.
Earlier that day, I'll be at the 9th annual Wine Women & Shoes competing for the title of this year's Sole Man! This is an incredible event that benefits Second Harvest Food Bank. The competition relies on donations made my by people like you and 100% of the proceeds goes to help our neighbors in need.
But before all of that, I'll be hosting Digital Orlando 2019 this Wednesday at the Orlando Science Center. Check out the details below on how you can join us for this week's events.


Dino is a 10-year old domestic "medium" hair. He was rescued at 6 months of age and he has been a loving addition to his home ever since. Dino is very, very sweet. He sleeps in bed with his Mom every night, and he loves to be pet and to cuddle. He is very lazy and will let anyone do anything to him (his Mom loves to make him dance). Dino is such a great kitty and we are so lucky to have him!


text:
Must Watch: First Trailer for Mel Gibson's WWII Film 'Hacksaw Ridge'
"While everybody is taking life, I'm going to be saving it." Lionsgate has debuted the first trailer for the latest film directed by Mel Gibson, a World War II drama called Hacksaw Ridge, about pacifist medic Desmond T. Doss played by Andrew Garfield. Doss was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman for single-handedly saving the lives of over 75 of his comrades while under constant enemy fire during the brutal Battle of Okinawa. I'm a sucker for WWII films, and this is a helluva story. The ensemble cast includes Hugo Weaving, Vince Vaughn, Sam Worthington, Luke Bracey, Rachel Griffiths, Teresa Palmer, Matt Nable & others. This actually looks incredible, I'm very much looking forward to it.
Here's the first official trailer (+ postter) for Mel Gibson's Hacksaw Ridge, direct from YouTube:
WWII American Army Medic Desmond T. Doss (Andrew Garfield), who served during the Battle of Okinawa, refuses to kill people and becomes the first Conscientious Objector in American history to be awarded the Medal of Honor. Based on the incredible true story. Hacksaw Ridge is directed by veteran actor-filmmaker Mel Gibson, who has previously directed the films The Man Without a Face, Braveheart, The Passion of the Christ, and Apocalypto. The screenplay is written by Andrew Knight, Robert Schenkkan and Randall Wallace. Lionsgate will release Mel Gibson's Hacksaw Ridge in theaters everywhere starting November 4th later this fall. Read more about Desmond T. Doss on Wikipedia. Interested in seeing this?
Is this really based on a true story? What's the logic behind going to a battlefield without a gun?
He was a medic, but for religious reasons wouldn't carry a firearm, only went along to help the wounded
Mr_Grumpypants on Jul 28, 2016
Ah! Makes sense then. But what doesn't make sense is war...
I mean... like yeah... what is it good for?
redtie on Jul 28, 2016
War might not make sense but it has been the natural state of humanity for about a million and a half years, as has chattel slavery. It was only the morality found in Christianity that ended up helping people rise above human nature to finally stop chattel slavery, and that morality is also the basis for our current view that war is wrong. The rest of the population of the earth doesn't think the same way, which is why the West has been in a civilizational war against Islam for the last 1400 years. Our politicians pretend that we've not been, but we have. We can pretend that war is an outdated concept and try to ignore it, but only for so long. "You might not be interested in war, but war is interested in you."
This is probably not the best place to start a debate like this but it is some kind of abomination to say that 'morality found in Christianity' is what stopped slavery or anything like that. Like I said, this is not the place. Many historical processes and events stopped the slavery and Christianity certainly was not one of those ... Yes, there was some ideas about people being equal before Christianity. ... And just to add; I am so sorry this will turn into some debate while the only thing people should do is to study not only history but also a bit of social and humanistic sciences which today does not look like very appealing to many... I hope this won't make you feel angry. I am just stating something that educated people should know ...
I'm a very educated Christian, who is also very educated in history, science, philosophy, sociology, and pretty much every other subject you can name. I think you naturally assume that Christians aren't well educated. Nothing could be further from the truth. You're right that this isn't the place for such a discussion. The points I made in my first post still stand as true. Have a good one.
Well, let's not mix things and make wrong conclusions: I have very well educated Christian friends which will hopefully stay that until the end of my days. But it is another thing and not educated one to say that Christianity has changed the world for better. Partly but not overwhelmingly. And it also changed it for worse. In many shameful aspects too. Christianity was and is just one force of the the history. In many respects questionable and in many things commendable but never one of those thing and definitely not unique when it comes to positive changes in history. So, saying something critical about Christianity does not mean to say that being a Christian means necessarily being non-educated person. Of course, saying that something stands as a truth simply because somebody says so does look like it's coming from Christian person. And that is not really the best example of educated person. But we can't have everything these days, can we?
About time Sir.Mel was back behind the camera, he has not made a duff film yet and that goes for Apocalypto which i thought was really dam good for all the hatred it got :o)
People who hate apocalypto deserve to be hugged by a facehugger. ;D Apocalypto is a great movie.
Hahahahaha, sometimes I really like you tarek ...
Didn't know that got any hate. I only heard great things about it before I saw it. Fantastic film!
grimjob on Jul 28, 2016
WWII? Sold
Pretty much all of Mel's movies are great, including that stupid one where he wore the hand puppet. This one will be a classic, I am sure.
THE BEAVER was directed by Jodie Foster.
Which is a shame, because Jodie is a good filmmaker. The beaver was a big stinker.
It was pretty good for what it was. Not all film are "terrible" or "excellent."
Well, I found the script heavy. I couldn't buy Mel performance. All this puppet thing sounded out of place and weirdo. Not something you could see happening in real life. Maybe if Dustin Hoffman was the beaver man I would have believed his performance.
This, uh, has best picture written all over it.
ion677 on Jul 28, 2016
A lot of Aussies in this one. It looks good, but Southern accents are hokey.
What did he accomplish? He killed 20 men by cutting their throats with his teeth?
Guy had more guts than most. Though I'm more looking forwards to the SAS 6 days film.
0/10 troll job. Did Bo change names?
This is the Medal of Honor citation for Desmond Doss: He was a company aid man when the 1st Battalion assaulted a jagged escarpment 400 feet [120 m] high. As our troops gained the summit, a heavy concentration of artillery, mortar and machinegun fire crashed into them, inflicting approximately 75 casualties and driving the others back. Pfc. Doss refused to seek cover and remained in the fire-swept area with the many stricken, carrying all 75 casualties one-by-one to the edge of the escarpment and there lowering them on a rope-supported litter down the face of a cliff to friendly hands. On May 2, he exposed himself to heavy rifle and mortar fire in rescuing a wounded man 200 yards [180 m] forward of the lines on the same escarpment; and 2 days later he treated 4 men who had been cut down while assaulting a strongly defended cave, advancing through a shower of grenades to within 8 yards [7.3 m] of enemy forces in a cave's mouth, where he dressed his comrades' wounds before making 4 separate trips under fire to evacuate them to safety. On May 5, he unhesitatingly braved enemy shelling and small arms fire to assist an artillery officer. He applied bandages, moved his patient to a spot that offered protection from small arms fire and, while artillery and mortar shells fell close by, painstakingly administered plasma. Later that day, when an American was severely wounded by fire from a cave, Pfc. Doss crawled to him where he had fallen 25 feet [7.6 m] from the enemy position, rendered aid, and carried him 100 yards [91 m] to safety while continually exposed to enemy fire. On May 21, in a night attack on high ground near Shuri, he remained in exposed territory while the rest of his company took cover, fearlessly risking the chance that he would be mistaken for an infiltrating Japanese and giving aid to the injured until he was himself seriously wounded in the legs by the explosion of a grenade. Rather than call another aid man from cover, he cared for his own injuries and waited 5 hours before litter bearers reached him and started carrying him to cover. The trio was caught in an enemy tank attack and Pfc. Doss, seeing a more critically wounded man nearby, crawled off the litter; and directed the bearers to give their first attention to the other man. Awaiting the litter bearers' return, he was again struck, by a sniper bullet while being carried off the field by a comrade, this time suffering a compound fracture of 1 arm. With magnificent fortitude he bound a rifle stock to his shattered arm as a splint and then crawled 300 yards [270 m] over rough terrain to the aid station. Through his outstanding bravery and unflinching determination in the face of desperately dangerous conditions Pfc. Doss saved the lives of many soldiers. His name became a symbol throughout the 77th Infantry Division for outstanding gallantry far above and beyond the call of duty.
Robert Palmar on Jul 28, 2016
Wow. This guy was either crazy or a saint. Maybe both.
That was good to read, thanks for posting.
Payne by name on Jul 29, 2016
Reading all that - sounds like if ever there was a human protected by a Higher Power, Pfc Doss would be on the short list.
VAharleywitch on Aug 4, 2016
Robert Palmar on Aug 4, 2016
Come on Mel, when are you going to fall off the wagon and get real again. You're so boring sober. Don't keep us waiting, go ahead and have that drink. Cheers!
Oh, I think he's crazier without a drink ...
Mel Gibson surprised me with this. Outstanding story ...
Gibbers does realistic and horrific violence incredibly well. I always wonder how anyone survived the destruction of WW2. To me it looked like hell on earth. Will no doubt get round to watching this.
Carpola on Jul 28, 2016
agreed. I've read many books on the eastern front - and what went on there was hard to read about - I can't imagine being there.
Simple Jack goes to war
Astroboy3000 on Jul 28, 2016
This trailer makes my eyes rain!
Taternuts222 on Jul 29, 2016
slomo war porn
naundob on Jul 28, 2016
wow. THAT was an emotional trailer - a "must see" for me.
I have a lot of respect for Mel's filmmaking skills. He has definitely had his personal dramas but dang he can make a good movie. Far out that gave me chills and reading more about what this guy did gets me pumped to watch it.
TK on Jul 31, 2016
I am already about to cry from just the trailer!
fatjitsu on Aug 2, 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Miriam D'Agostini (born 15 August 1978) is a former professional Brazilian tennis player.

In her career, she won eight singles titles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 10 September 2000, she reached her best singles ranking of world number 188. On 10 September 2000, she peaked at number 159 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Playing for Brazil Fed Cup team, D'Agostini has a win–loss record of 13–12.

ITF finals

Singles: 16 (8 titles, 8 runner-ups)

Doubles: 36 (15 titles, 21 runner-ups)

References

External links

1978 births
Brazilian female tennis players
Living people
Olympic tennis players of Brazil
Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Rio Grande do Sul
20th-century Brazilian women
21st-century Brazilian women

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package reactivemongo

import java.util.Arrays
import akka.util.ByteString
import org.specs2.mutable._

import reactivemongo.bson._
import reactivemongo.bson.BSONObjectID
import reactivemongo.bson.utils.Converters
import reactivemongo.core.netty._

class BsonSpec extends Specification {
  val simple = Array[Byte](0x16, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', 0x00, 0x00)

  val embeddingArray = Array[Byte](70, 0, 0, 0, 7, 95, 105, 100, 0, 80, 55, -110, -63, -104, 69, -121, -105, 27, 20, 83, 14, 4, 66, 83, 79, 78, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 2, 48, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 97, 119, 101, 115, 111, 109, 101, 0, 1, 49, 0, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 20, 64, 1, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, -97, 64, 0, 0)

  val bsonArray = Array[Byte](42, 0, 0, 0, 2, 48, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 97, 119, 101, 115, 111, 109, 101, 0, 1, 49, 0, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 20, 64, 1, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, -97, 64, 0)

  "ReactiveMongo" should {
    "produce a simple doc" in {
      val doc = BSONDocument("hello" -> BSONString("world"))
      val buffer = doc.makeBuffer
      compare(simple, buffer)
    }
    "produce a simple doc through a traversable" in {
      val buffer = BSONDocument("hello" -> BSONString("world")).makeBuffer
      val buffer2 = buffer.makeDocument.makeBuffer
      compare(simple, buffer2)
    }
    "produce a document embedding an array" in {
      val buffer = BSONDocument(
        "_id" -> BSONObjectID("503792c1984587971b14530e"),
        "BSON" -> BSONArray(
          BSONString("awesome"),
          BSONDouble(5.05),
          BSONDouble(1986))).makeBuffer
      compare(embeddingArray, buffer)
    }
    "produce a document embedding an array through traversable" in {
      val buffer = BSONDocument(
        "_id" -> BSONObjectID("503792c1984587971b14530e"),
        "BSON" -> BSONArray(
          BSONString("awesome"),
          BSONDouble(5.05),
          BSONDouble(1986))).makeBuffer
      embeddingArray.length mustEqual buffer.size
      val buffer2 = buffer.makeDocument.makeBuffer
      compare(embeddingArray, buffer2)
    }
    "nested subdocuments and arrays" in {
      val expected = Array[Byte](72, 0, 0, 0, 3, 112, 117, 115, 104, 65, 108, 108, 0, 58, 0, 0, 0, 4, 99, 111, 110, 102, 105, 103, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 3, 48, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 2, 110, 97, 109, 101, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 102, 111, 111, 98, 97, 114, 0, 2, 118, 97, 108, 117, 101, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 98, 97, 114, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
      // {"pushAll":{"config":[{"name":"foobar","value":"bar"}]}}
      val subsubdoc = BSONDocument("name" -> BSONString("foobar"), "value" -> BSONString("bar"))
      val arr = BSONArray(subsubdoc)
      val subdoc = BSONDocument("config" -> arr)
      val doc = BSONDocument("pushAll" -> subdoc)

      compare(expected, doc.makeBuffer)
    }
    "concat two arrays" in {
      val array1 = BSONArray(BSONInteger(1), BSONInteger(2))
      val array2 = BSONArray(BSONString("a"), BSONString("b"))
      val mergedArray = array1 ++ array2
      val str = mergedArray.values.map {
        case BSONString(value)  => value.toString
        case BSONInteger(value) => value.toString
        case _                  => "NOELEM"
      }.mkString(",")
      str must equalTo("1,2,a,b")
    }
    "build arrays with mixed values and optional values" in {
      val array = BSONArray(
        BSONInteger(1),
        Some(BSONInteger(2)),
        None,
        Some(BSONInteger(4)))
      val str = array.values.map {
        case BSONInteger(value) => value.toString
        case _                  => "NOELEM"
      }.mkString(",")
      str mustEqual "1,2,4"
    }
    val docLike = BSONDocument(
      "likeFalseInt" -> BSONInteger(0),
      "likeFalseLong" -> BSONLong(0),
      "likeFalseDouble" -> BSONDouble(0.0),
      "likeFalseUndefined" -> BSONUndefined,
      "likeFalseNull" -> BSONNull,
      "likeTrueInt" -> BSONInteger(1),
      "likeTrueLong" -> BSONLong(2),
      "likeTrueDouble" -> BSONDouble(-0.1),
      "anInt" -> BSONInteger(200),
      "aLong" -> BSONLong(12345678912L),
      "aDouble" -> BSONDouble(9876543210.98))
    "abstract booleans and numbers" in {
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeFalseInt").get.toBoolean mustEqual false
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeFalseLong").get.toBoolean mustEqual false
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeFalseDouble").get.toBoolean mustEqual false
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeFalseUndefined").get.toBoolean mustEqual false
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeFalseNull").get.toBoolean mustEqual false
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeTrueInt").get.toBoolean mustEqual true
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeTrueLong").get.toBoolean mustEqual true
      docLike.getAs[BSONBooleanLike]("likeTrueDouble").get.toBoolean mustEqual true
      docLike.getAs[BSONNumberLike]("anInt").get.toDouble mustEqual 200
      docLike.getAs[BSONNumberLike]("aLong").get.toDouble mustEqual 12345678912L
      docLike.getAs[BSONNumberLike]("aDouble").get.toDouble mustEqual 9876543210.98
    }
  }

  def compare(origin: Array[Byte], buffer: ByteString) = {
    val array = buffer.toArray
    val result = array.corresponds(origin)(_ == _)

    if (!result) {
      log(origin, array)
      failure
    } else success
  }

  def log(origin: Array[Byte], test: Array[Byte]) = {
    println(Arrays.toString(origin))
    println(Arrays.toString(test))
  }
}

class BSONObjectIDSpec extends Specification {

  "BSONObjectID" should {

    "equal when created with string" in {
      val objectID = BSONObjectID.generate
      val sameObjectID = BSONObjectID(objectID.stringify)
      objectID.valueAsArray must equalTo(sameObjectID.valueAsArray)
    }

    "equal another instance of BSONObjectID with the same value" in {
      val objectID = BSONObjectID.generate
      val sameObjectID = BSONObjectID(objectID.stringify)
      objectID must equalTo(sameObjectID)
    }

    "not equal another newly generated instance of BSONObjectID" in {
      val objectID = BSONObjectID.generate
      val nextObjectID = BSONObjectID(BSONObjectID.generate.stringify)
      objectID must not equalTo (nextObjectID)
    }

  }

  "Converters" should {

    "strings equal each other" in {
      val objectID = "506fff5bb8f6b133007b5bcf"
      val hex = Converters.str2Hex(objectID)
      val string = Converters.hex2Str(hex)
      string must equalTo(objectID)
    }

    "bytes generated equal bytes converted from string" in {
      val objectID = BSONObjectID.generate
      val bytes = Converters.str2Hex(objectID.stringify)
      objectID.valueAsArray must equalTo(bytes)
    }

  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub