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Home > AAS / Academic Libraries Book Recommendations / Asian Studies / History / International Studies / New Scholarly Books / Political Science / Women's Studies
Cambria Press Forthcoming Book! The Construction of Femininity in a Postcolonial State
Cambria Press Academic Publisher New Book: The Construction of Femininity in a Postcolonial State
"SINGAPORE is a lively, vibrant and efficient place with a cosmopolitan population. English is almost universally spoken, decisions are made quickly and the streets are safe", as described very accurately by The Economist. Singapore has come a long way since it was just a small village and much of this has been attributed to the government policies, including prioritizing education. From the time Singapore gained self-government, both girls and boys have been given equal opportunities in education. This access to education has resulted in increased female literacy and improved social and economic status for women. However, in spite of this improvement, women's gender ideologies remain conservative and patriarchal.
However, the groundbreaking study by Dr Kho. Ee Moi, a senior lecturer at the National Institute of Education and the president of the History Association of Singapore, affirms that "the tide is turning in Singapore. Although the government tried to maintain patriarchal values in society and within the school system, its contradictory policies have subverted these attempts."
Learn more in Dr. Kho's new book, The Construction of Femininity in a Postcolonial State: Girls' Education in Singapore, an eyeopening read that illuminates the role of education in the construction of gender identities.
There are affordable Cambria Press e-book versions of this title, so get a copy for your kindle, iPad, or e-reader of your choice today. Recommend this Cambria Press book today!
Professors, if you would like to use this for your class in sociology or gender studies, please refer your librarian to the Cambria Press Desk Copy Plus Program that helps you get free versions for your students!
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Home Actors Josh Hutcherson's Height, Girlfriend And Gay Vibes
Josh Hutcherson's Height, Girlfriend And Gay Vibes
Josh Hutcherson is an American actor best known for the leading role of Peeta Mellark in the award-winning and record-breaking film series The Hunger Games. Before that, the actor was a child star with various supporting roles, the most notable of which is his role in the film The Kids are Alright, for which he received critical acclaim.
After various supporting roles, Josh Hutcherson was able to win his place in a leading role alongside the A students Jennifer Lawrence and Liam Hemsworth in The Hunger Games. The mega-franchise catapulted this child star to fame and made him a houseman and millionaire.
Josh grew up in a small town in Kentucky, the child of Michelle Hutcherson, a Delta Airlines employee, and Chris Hutcherson, an analyst with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The actor had a knack for acting at such a young age and remembers that he loved the entertainment industry from the age of 4. A versatile actor, Josh had landed several commercials and minor television roles before making his big appearances.
Apart from that, Josh is a keen supporter of the LGBT (lesbian-gay bisexual transsexual) community. He has described his sexuality as "predominantly heterosexual" but does not believe in putting labels on sexuality. His interest and continued support of the LGBT community stems from the fact that he has lost two of his uncles to AIDS.
ALSO READ: Rihanna's House And Illuminati Facts
Josh's Height
Josh is constantly referred to as one of the shortest leading men in Hollywood. With a height of 1,7m or 5ft 5in, Josh is below average height. The average height of an American man is 5.9m, so statistically, Josh is far below average. In Hollywood, the average height of men is even higher than that of American men, so Josh is one of the shortest actors.
He has stated in interviews that this bothers him. "I'm not a very tall guy… it bothers me a lot". But the actor has learned to develop a sense of humor around his height. After winning a prize for a best male performance at the MTV Movie Awards 2014, the actor joked that he and model Kate Upton could never work because she was so tall.
However, the actor has nothing to worry about, with a net worth of $1.5 million and a loyal fan base he is doing very well.
Josh Hutcherson's Girlfriend
There was speculation that Josh was gay, which he put an end to by describing himself as "mostly heterosexual". Josh has met with some of the leading Hollywood ladies who are most notable on this list: Victoria Justice, Vanessa Hudgens, Sophia Bush and the singer Ariana Grande.
The lady's husband, however, has been captivated by the Spanish actress Claudia Traisac for several years. Although Josh does not speak very loudly about his private life, he has opened up a little about his relationship and said: "Distance is hard, but we can make it work". He also raved about their romance and said that what they have is pretty good. However, the couple was photographed on the street by paparazzi who put on their PDA, so it's safe to say that they are very much in love with each other.
ALSO READ: Khloe Kardashian's Father Boyfriend Kids And House
Josh Hutcherson's Gay Vibes
Although Josh is not gay, he is often associated with LGBT communities because of the tremendous support he gives them. However, he is open about his sexuality and does not shy away from being considered gay. The actor has publicly stated that he has some male crushes. He performs his "gay crush" as Lenny Kravitz and others like Ryan Gosling and co-star Liam Hemsworth.
More seriously, Josh's connection to the gay community stems from his membership and strong support in the gay-hetero alliance group "Straight But Not Narrow". Josh has stated that his interest stems from his gay uncles who both died of AIDS. He is co-founder of "Straight But Not Narrow", an organization that trains young adults in how to ally with the LGBT community. The purpose of the organization is to support LGBT colleagues and provide them with a haven.
"There's so much to do. It's not even just about legislation. It starts with making it legally acceptable, but socially there are so many prejudices and biases that are built into our culture and will be there for a while. I hope that one day in my life we can close the door on this group, but there is so much more to do," says Josh about his organization – Straight but not Narrow.
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Ball lightning is one of the most obscure, perplexing mysteries in meteorology.
The name is fairly self-explanatory: ball lighting occurs when spheres of crackling electricity whizz around during a thunder storm or other electrically charged event. While these have often been reported, the phenomenon occurs so rarely that there's never been a method for observing it up close, and as such, scientists have to use a lot of guesswork when trying to figure out how ball lightning behaves.
A new study in Science Advances seems to have unlocked the potential to better explore exactly what's going on with ball lightning, as something approximating this rare spectacle has been created in a laboratory setting, in miniature, within a slow moving gaseous mass that scientists can study at their leisure.
This is especially fortuitous since the study was meant to be testing something completely different, and the creation of artificial ball lightning was a complete accident as part of their experiment.
The scientists were attempting to create a "Shankar skyrmion", which is essentially a dense, tangled mess of an electromagnetic field. The technique to achieve this involved experimenting on a supercooled mass of rubidium atoms, which were barely warmer than absolute zero, and therefore were traveling around in a very sluggish manner.
If this sounds familiar, it's because an experiment that attempted to create a mega atom recently used a similar technique - the benefit to super cooling atoms, creating what's known as an Einstein-Bose condensate, is that when the particles are exceptionally cold, they move slowly enough to be easily tracked, making observation and experimentation a lot easier.
When the scientists managed to achieve their goal of producing a Shankar skyrmion within their condensate, they noticed something very interesting: the gaseous orb's movements seemed to perfectly match up with theorized activity of ball lightning. Essentially, this experiment had inadvertently created the perfect way to study this rare phenomenon in a controlled environment where all the variables can be controlled.
"That's the great thing about these quantum gases-you can take photos of them and see the details of the structure. We're absolutely sure it's the [three-dimensional] skyrmion that we've seen. The biggest moment was when we realized we got the same electromagnetic fields as predicted for ball lightning. We didn't aim for that. But wow."
This discovery is one of those happy accidents that help push science forward in unexpected ways. Now, it'll be possible to get a much better idea of what causes ball lightning, how it behaves, and how to control it.
We just have to hope that this new technology, which provides the ability to create ball lightning, doesn't fall into the wrong hands. After all, this kind of experimentation is how you end up with Spider-Man villains like Electro.


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Ekiti Elections: PDP rejects results, says it was a "rape of democracy" (NEWS)
The People's Democratic Party (PDP) has rejected the results of the Ekiti State gubernatorial elections.
Kayode Fayemi of the All Progressives Congress (APC) had been declared the governor-elect after winning 12 of 16 local governments.
Punch reports that the National Vice Chairman of the PDP, Eddy Olafeso, accused the Nigeria Police Force of allowing election malpractice in several polling stations.
The election was a "rape of democracy," he said.
We have witnessed what happened in Ekiti State, despite our crying and screaming to the Nigerian people that the APC government was coming to Ekiti to destroy and disrupt democracy, to rig elections and to muscle us out and they eventually scientifically carried out what we have been warning the Nigerian people about.
What transpired in Ekiti is not democracy but a complete rape of democracy and the will of the people. It is rather unfortunate we witnessed this despite the fact that APC bequeathed to this nation.
This is a prelude to what we should be expecting in 2019, we have been rigged out, we have been muscled out with the connivance of the police force in particular. The police gave coverage for the open corruption that APC stalwarts got involved in Ekiti State.
They chased all our agents away and put on their neck PDP agents tags and signed across all documents for them but one day truth will come out. We rejected in totality the outcome of Ekiti election.
This is the limit of corruption and we warned before the election that the Abacha loot that is being taken and distributed without any appropriation is going to find its way to Ekiti. It was like a trading place and they turned our democracy upside down.
This is rather unfortunate and they are going to severely pay for it because this history will not go unchecked and we are going to do everything possible to ensure that we cleanse the whole country as soon as we come into power in 2019.
12 months ago in News


Not suprisingly this London museum is devoted to Florence Nightingale (1820 -1910). It covers her upbringing, early work in medicine, time during the Crimean war and her later years until her death.
The materials are all presented very well (given a relatively small space) with different "environments" for each period. For example her early life is set in a garden with a hedge row and the display cases are set within the "hedge".
There is an audio tour that you can (and should use) but with a slight twist. The curators have dispensed with the traditional walk around headset and opted for a stethoscopes that you place on spots around the museum to hear commentary. I assume they're all thoroughly washed afterwards! One of these includes an actual recording of Florence.
All in all it was a fascinating museum and it detailed the life of this remarkable woman well.
Situated in the grounds of St Thomas Hospital near Westminster bridge and the London Eye. It's on the ground floor near the car park so you may need to go down a level if you walk across the road from the bridge.
I spent about 90 minutes there and if costs £5.80 for an adult.
I would have included some photos but my phone's SD card died.


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Sur Vitra
Le Projet Vitra
The Chair Whisperer
About Being a Good Host
The Vitra Colour & Material Library
How Santa Fe Shaped Alexander Girard's Happy Modernist Designs
Functional, but at What Price?
The Individual Desk Is a Dying Breed
Marianne Panton
Tobias Rehberger's 24-Stop Walk
Architecture for the People
The Gallery Allows Us to Explore New Territory
My Room is my Thinking
Happy Times for Working
Sleeping Friends
Magazine/
A Chance to Rethink Cities and Places
"A Chance to Rethink Cities and Places"
Interview with Dan Hill
A century ago, the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen suggested to "always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context — a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan." This phrase has become beloved by strategic designers, a strain of designers which realigns and applies some of the principles of design to 'big picture' systemic challenges. UK-born Dan Hill is one of those peculiar hybrid thinkers. He is currently Director of Strategic Design at Vinnova, the Swedish Government's innovation agency, and in previous leadership positions applied strategic design to the built environment, education and research, government and media. Here, he responds to questions on the impact of the current crisis across a multitude of scales – the home, the office, and public space.
The current crisis might change the way we work and reside. Let us begin in the private sphere: working from home is not new. Aside from having better-equipped workstations at home, what are the more fundamental changes you could imagine?
For years many have 'worked from home', and regularly. Yet we have never flicked a switch like this, shifting the broad mass of professional classes at least, back into their homes, in order to work. Modernity thoroughly separated out form around disparate functions. The lazy phrase that "my office is wherever my cellphone is" was never more clearly false. It is awkward to work in this way. Apps like Zoom can mask your domestic environment with virtual backgrounds, just as noise-cancelling headphones can mask the sound of your flatmates, children, pets. Yet given that the restrictions that come with the pandemic could well continue for much of the year, and working from home will become much more common, will we see a genuine design response that does not mask, or negate, but supports?
There is no doubt an increased pressure on a space not designed for families and friends working from home, or living together almost 24/7. This pressure is both physical and spatial, as well as psychological, emotional, social. By far the majority of dwellings we live in have not been designed for this.
What might this mean for the design of our homes if we continue to work from home even after the threat of the virus subsides?
We will need to rethink how that pressure can be dissipated over time and space in different ways, building out new spaces, or conditions, for disconnecting, not-working but also not-interacting, for zoning out as well as tuning in, for shifting layers of privacy, focus and congregation. These spaces could be complex, resilient and super-green. They would adapt well to new patterns of living and working in the same place, given the open diversity of spaces and amenities built around and within private residences. There are historical examples that can serve as starting points to think about this, take for instance the Ivry-sur-Seine social housing complex, designed by Jean Renaudie and Renée Gailhoustet in 1967–75.
On a smaller scale, 'home-work' spaces could be designed specifically to address and resolve tensions. Functionally, there are precedents in the 'shop out the front, studio in the back' model of the Renaissance-era Florentine bottega or even the live-work studios of '80s New York. Yet what is this for every home, including in suburbia, and for furniture generally? There, too are historical precedents. Alvar Aalto's simple curving plywood Screen 100, for instance, effortlessly demarcates space in ways that afford multiple, moveable activities. Screen 100 is a luxury item now, albeit with the true sustainability of lasting several lifetimes. But we could ask ourselves: what could more accessible versions be?
What if we never simply return to city centres en masse? What if, after the virus, some people decide to stay at home completely, or supplement their home-work space with their local co-working space, library, or café? Applying the Saarinen principle, how might our neighbourhoods change as a corollary?
A shift to being at and around the home almost half of the week, en masse, not only saves tonnes of carbon and other pollution, reducing congestion on public transport, creates space for increased biodiversity, shifts patterns of activity across the city — but it also destabilises much of the speculative commercial office market, and thus much of the model of the city centre itself. The premise that 'the city centre is where work happens' no longer applies.
By removing the idea of the all-consuming city centre, we end up with numerous city centres, pinned on actual neighbourhoods. Known in the trade as a polynodal city, comprising many 'nodes' rather than one big one in the centre, the British architect Cedric Price once described this shift as moving from the ancient city's boiled egg, protected by a shell of city walls, to the 17th-19th century city's fried egg — both predicated on a clear 'yolk' in the middle — to the modern, or post-modern, 'scrambled city', a shapeless, albeit often tasty, mush, connected by the albumen of cars, a featureless morass of egg.
Right now, we might think of a further iteration: the city as omelette, a simple dish with many variations, which can carry numerous different elements, each with different ingredients, each offering different focal points of taste, different local cultural influences, distributed concentrations of intense flavour in a sea of egg.
If we want to articulate Saarinen's multiple scales, however, perhaps a better description might be a kind of 'polka dot pattern' spread across the city's fabric, with multiple 'mixed-use' neighbourhoods full of people working, learning, playing and living. This breaks the model of the single large city centre, with work and leisure carried out at neighbourhood level, and the city centre empty.
This sounds like a very large shift. Given that many cities are affected by these developments, would we see a whole new type of metropolis emerge?
In fact, there is one city that already exemplifies the polka dot city motif mentioned above: Tokyo. There is no discernible meaning to the centre of Tokyo (Tokyo Station is not really it) but instead, the city is pinned-up on dozens, hundreds of sub-centres, mini-neighbourhoods with agglomerations of higher density around their subway stations, which after the protective firebreak of tall-ish buildings, drops quickly to humble but beautifully human-scale side-streets. No particular single central business district rules over the others, and the neighbourhood currently in vogue can apparently shift with the wind. Yet each area seems to retain its values, character, and function within the city, one way or another. Crucially, at street scale, on-street parking is not allowed, which opens up the streetscape for people, on foot and on bike, for conversation and activities, and yes, for moving goods and people around but as a secondary 'enabling' activity to the life of the street itself. Buildings of the quality of Sou Fujimoto's House NA or Ryue Nishizawa's Moriyama House humbly thread themselves into these neighbourhoods, blurring the domestic and the urban, home-life and work-life, a polka dot pattern mentioned before. This is not to say we should all Be More Tokyo. The place is unique, as all places are, and its value would resist copy-pasting.
Whilst a global pandemic is a completely awful thing - there can be no 'silver linings' — it does also present a chance to rethink cities and places, from the scale of the screen up to the neighbourhood and beyond. I'm interested to explore exactly how we might do that, and with whom, and what kind of new patterns of living might emerge as a result.
Publication date: 26.6.2020
Images: © 1. Ivry-sur-Seine Social Housing Complex, Léopold Lambert; 2. Ursula Sprecher; 3. Cedric Price; 4. Dan Hill; 5. Ryue Nishizawas Moriyama House, Edmund Sumner-VIEW / Alamy Stock Photo
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Interview with Pirjo Kiefer
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Network OS
Vineyard Networks Expands Application Visibility - Page 2
By Sean Michael Kerner | Posted Mar 18, 2011
Page 2 of 2 | Back to Page 1
"Users have increasingly complex custom applications that they want to be able to classify," Richards said.
He added that since custom applications are often internal applications, Vineyard typically would never see them. The new custom definition API enables users to define those apps and provide details that will enable network tools to identify them.
NAVL 2.7 also has multi-processor support, which provides increased performance for users. As well, Richards noted that NAVL 2.7 on its own provides a greater degree of application coverage.
"Today our end-user community exceeds over 100,000 gateways around the world and with that exposure we've had the ability to up the ante on the number of applications that we're able to classify," Richards said. "We've got a redeveloped signature system that allows us to add thousands of application signatures with little to no degradation to things like performance and functionality."
Richards noted that Vineyard has some relationships with application vendors, though that's not always necessary to have. Vineyard is able to glean application information without the application vendor's help in many cases.
"We really don't need to have a relationship with an application vendor, though it does make it easier," Richards said. "We can brute force it just by getting visibility through customer deployments or by deploying the application in-house and we're able to get enough information from that."
Sean Michael Kerner is a senior editor at InternetNews.com, the news service of Internet.com, the network for technology professionals.
techjournalist@resultsoverhead.com


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"And "ANY" whom think themself above the Creator is headed for the same as "Lucifer", whom also got a Big Head in thinking himself to be Greater than he was and thus was Cast down from Heaven to Earth as "Satan" the Devil himself to Deceive mankind for a time, until the end of this time !"
If the devil was cast down to earth to deceive mankind then why do some people get so worked when people get deceived? I know, they have a choice but the word deception implies that people get tricked to do things for someone else's gain. Is it possible that by warning people none may be deceived?
Why couldn't have the devil been cast somewhere else where he would not have been able to deceive people and allow people to deceive themselves if they so chose? What are the angels doing to help mankind since the devil was one of them? It is clear that the devil is having an awful lot of success in deceiving people.


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May 31, 2010 - Updated on January 20, 2016
State TV broadcaster cancels political debate in run-up to elections
Europe - Central Asia
Reporters Without Borders firmly condemns the decision by the board of governors of Belgium's French-language public broadcaster, Radio Télévision Belge Francophone (RTBF), to cancel the election debate that it was supposed to broadcast yesterday jointly with its Flemish-language counterpart, Vlamse Radio en Televisie (VRT). The board's standing committee opposed the debate on the grounds that the regulations of the Higher Council for Broadcasting (CSA) forbid the participation of extreme right-wing parties in any debate broadcast by RTBF. Known as the "media cordon sanitaire," this rule has been in force at RTBF since 1991. It does not, however, apply to VRT, which allows all parties to participate in its political programmes, including the far-right Flemish party Vlaams Belang. After getting a green light from RTBF's legal department, the standing committee gave the go-ahead for an alternative debate in which the four leading French-speaking political parties would take part. But, while not opposing the holding of the debate, one of those parties, Mouvement Réformateur (MR), refused to participate. As a result, the initiative collapsed. "It is surreal that that the public broadcasters of Belgium's two main linguistic communities do not follow the same code of conduct," Reporters Without Borders said. "French-speaking journalists are just as capable as their Flemish-speaking colleagues of giving viewers a rigorous analysis of all political views. "The 'cordon sanitaire' imposed by RTBF's management is utterly unacceptable in a European Union country and sets a terrible example that governments in some countries will quickly use to justify the absence of opposition parties in the current affairs programmes broadcast by their own public services". "As a public TV broadcaster, RTBF has a duty to inform Belgian citizens about the entire national political context, especially when elections are about to be held. This clearly includes analysis of the most extremist movements. Like any news organisation, RTBF cannot be held responsible for the views that interviewees express on the air, regardless of whether the broadcast is live. While RTBF's management and journalists should make it clear they disagree with any racist views that may be voiced on the air, it is not their job to censor them. "It is unacceptable that the members of RTBF's board of governors, who are all nominated by the four main French-speaking political parties, should 'select participants' for a political debate and intervene to such a degree in the details of political broadcasts. While all the political parties should clearly be invited to participate in political debates, insisting that each of them participate is also surreal and highly questionable." Reporters Without Borders added: "We urge RTBF's board of governors to reverse this decision as a matter of urgency and to allow the station's staff to organise a joint television debate with VRT in which all of Belgium's political parties are invited to take part. We also urge the French-speaking community and the CSA to urgently abolish the 'cordon sanitaire," a form of censorship that is incompatible with European democratic standards."
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The rs72558189(A) allele defines the CYP2C9*14 variant, which may have decreased activity.
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This article is about the Beatles musician. For other people named John Lennon, see John Lennon (disambiguation).
"Lennon" redirects here. For other uses of the name Lennon, see Lennon (disambiguation).
Lennon in 1969
John Winston Lennon
(1940-10-09)9 October 1940
Liverpool, England
8 December 1980(1980-12-08) (aged 40)
Gunshot wounds
Ashes scattered in Central Park, New York City
John Winston Ono Lennon
Cynthia Powell
(m. 1962; div. 1968)
Yoko Ono (m. 1969)
Partner(s)
May Pang (1973–1975)
Alfred Lennon, Julia Stanley
The Quarrymen
johnlennon.com
John Winston Ono Lennon[nb 1] MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English singer, songwriter and peace activist who co-founded the Beatles,[2] the most commercially successful band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a much-celebrated songwriting partnership. Along with George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the group achieved worldwide fame during the 1960s. In 1969, Lennon started the Plastic Ono Band with his second wife, Yoko Ono, and he continued to pursue a solo career following the Beatles' break-up in April 1970.
Born John Winston Lennon in Liverpool, he became involved in the skiffle craze as a teenager. In 1957, he formed his first band, the Quarrymen, which evolved into the Beatles in 1960. Further to his Plastic Ono Band singles such as "Give Peace a Chance" and "Instant Karma!", Lennon subsequently produced albums that included John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine, and songs such as "Working Class Hero", "Imagine" and "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)". After moving to New York City in 1971, he never returned to England again. In 1975, he disengaged himself from the music business to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the album Double Fantasy. He was shot and killed in the archway of his Manhattan apartment building three weeks after the album's release.
Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. He was controversial through his political and peace activism. From 1971 onwards, his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a three-year attempt by the Nixon administration to deport him. Some of his songs were adopted as anthems by the anti-war movement and the larger counterculture.
By 2012, Lennon's solo album sales in the United States had exceeded 14 million units. He had 25 number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart as a writer, co-writer or performer. In 2002, Lennon was voted eighth in a BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons and in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. In 1987, he was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Lennon was twice posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: first in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and again in 1994 as a solo artist.[3]
writing and art
1940–1957: Early years
Lennon's home at 251 Menlove Avenue
Lennon was born on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia (née Stanley) (1914–1958) and Alfred Lennon (1912–1976). Alfred was a merchant seaman of Irish descent who was away at the time of his son's birth.[4] His parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John "Jack" Lennon, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[5] His father was often away from home but sent regular pay cheques to 9 Newcastle Road, Liverpool, where Lennon lived with his mother;[6] the cheques stopped when he went absent without leave in February 1944.[7][8] When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, but Julia, by then pregnant with another man's child, rejected the idea.[9] After her sister Mimi complained to Liverpool's Social Services twice, Julia gave her custody of Lennon. In July 1946, Lennon's father visited her and took his son to Blackpool, secretly intending to emigrate to New Zealand with him.[10] Julia followed them – with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins – and after a heated argument, his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. In one account of this incident, Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her.[11] According to author Mark Lewisohn, however, Lennon's parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said that the dramatic portrayal of a young John Lennon being forced to make a decision between his parents is inaccurate.[12] Lennon had no further contact with Alf for close to 20 years.[13]
Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence, Lennon lived at Menlove Avenue, Woolton, with Mimi and her husband George Toogood Smith, who had no children of their own.[14] His aunt purchased volumes of short stories for him, and his uncle, a dairyman at his family's farm, bought him a mouth organ and engaged him in solving crossword puzzles.[15] Julia visited Mendips on a regular basis, and when John was 11 years old, he often visited her at 1 Blomfield Road, Liverpool, where she played him Elvis Presley records, taught him the banjo, and showed him how to play "Ain't That a Shame" by Fats Domino.[16] In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature:
A part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society and not be this loudmouthed lunatic poet/musician. But I cannot be what I am not ... I was the one who all the other boys' parents – including Paul's father – would say, "Keep away from him" ... The parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friend's home ... Partly out of envy that I didn't have this so-called home ... but I did ... There were five women that were my family. Five strong, intelligent, beautiful women, five sisters. One happened to be my mother. [She] just couldn't deal with life. She was the youngest and she had a husband who ran away to sea and the war was on and she couldn't cope with me, and I ended up living with her elder sister. Now those women were fantastic ... And that was my first feminist education ... I would infiltrate the other boys' minds. I could say, "Parents are not gods because I don't live with mine and, therefore, I know."[17]
He regularly visited his cousin, Stanley Parkes, who lived in Fleetwood and took him on trips to local cinemas.[18] During the school holidays, Parkes often visited Lennon with Leila Harvey, another cousin, and the threesome often travelled to Blackpool two or three times a week to watch shows. They would visit the Blackpool Tower Circus and see artists such as Dickie Valentine, Arthur Askey, Max Bygraves and Joe Loss, with Parkes recalling that Lennon particularly liked George Formby.[19] After Parkes's family moved to Scotland, the three cousins often spent their school holidays together there. Parkes recalled, "John, cousin Leila and I were very close. From Edinburgh we would drive up to the family croft at Durness, which was from about the time John was nine years old until he was about 16."[20] Lennon's uncle George died of a liver haemorrhage on 5 June 1955, at age 52.[21]
Lennon was raised as an Anglican and attended Dovedale Primary School.[22] After passing his eleven-plus exam, he attended Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool from September 1952 to 1957, and was described by Harvey at the time as a "happy-go-lucky, good-humoured, easy going, lively lad".[23] He often drew comical cartoons that appeared in his own self-made school magazine called the Daily Howl.[24][nb 2]
In 1956, Julia bought John his first guitar. The instrument was an inexpensive Gallotone Champion acoustic for which she lent her son five pounds and ten shillings on the condition that the guitar be delivered to her own house and not Mimi's, knowing well that her sister was not supportive of her son's musical aspirations.[26] Mimi was sceptical of his claim that he would be famous one day, and she hoped that he would grow bored with music, often telling him, "The guitar's all very well, John, but you'll never make a living out of it."[27] On 15 July 1958, Lennon's mother was struck and killed by a car while she was walking home after visiting the Smiths' house.[28]
Lennon failed his O-level examinations and was accepted into the Liverpool College of Art after his aunt and headmaster intervened.[29] At the college, he started wearing Teddy Boy clothes and was threatened with expulsion for his behaviour.[30] In the description of Cynthia Powell, Lennon's fellow student, and subsequently his wife, he was "thrown out of the college before his final year".[31]
1957–1970: The Quarrymen to the Beatles
Further information: The Quarrymen, Lennon–McCartney, The Beatles, Beatlemania, British Invasion, and More popular than Jesus
1957–1966: Formation, commercial break-out and touring years
Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Lennon, 1964
At age 15, Lennon formed a skiffle group, the Quarrymen. Named after Quarry Bank High School, the group was established by Lennon in September 1956.[32] By the summer of 1957, the Quarrymen played a "spirited set of songs" made up of half skiffle and half rock and roll.[33] Lennon first met Paul McCartney at the Quarrymen's second performance, which was held in Woolton on 6 July at the St Peter's Church garden fête. Lennon then asked McCartney to join the band.[34]
McCartney said that Aunt Mimi "was very aware that John's friends were lower class", and would often patronise him when he arrived to visit Lennon.[35] According to McCartney's brother Mike, their father similarly disapproved of Lennon, declaring that Lennon would get his son "into trouble".[36] McCartney's father nevertheless allowed the fledgling band to rehearse in the family's front room at Forthlin Road.[37][38] During this time, Lennon wrote his first song, "Hello Little Girl", which became a UK top 10 hit for the Fourmost in 1963.[39]
McCartney recommended his friend George Harrison to be the lead guitarist.[40] Lennon thought that Harrison, then 14 years old, was too young. McCartney engineered an audition on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, where Harrison played "Raunchy" for Lennon and was asked to join.[41] Stuart Sutcliffe, Lennon's friend from art school, later joined as bassist.[42] Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Sutcliffe became "The Beatles" in early 1960. In August that year, the Beatles were engaged for a 48-night residency in Hamburg, in West Germany, and were desperately in need of a drummer. They asked Pete Best to join them.[43] Lennon's aunt, horrified when he told her about the trip, pleaded with Lennon to continue his art studies instead.[44] After the first Hamburg residency, the band accepted another in April 1961, and a third in April 1962. As with the other band members, Lennon was introduced to Preludin while in Hamburg,[45] and regularly took the drug as a stimulant during their long, overnight performances.[46]
Brian Epstein managed the Beatles from 1962 until his death in 1967. He had no previous experience managing artists, but he had a strong influence on the group's dress code and attitude on stage.[47] Lennon initially resisted his attempts to encourage the band to present a professional appearance, but eventually complied, saying, "I'll wear a bloody balloon if somebody's going to pay me."[48] McCartney took over on bass after Sutcliffe decided to stay in Hamburg, and Best was replaced with drummer Ringo Starr; this completed the four-piece line-up that would remain until the group's break-up in 1970. The band's first single, "Love Me Do", was released in October 1962 and reached No. 17 on the British charts. They recorded their debut album, Please Please Me, in under 10 hours on 11 February 1963,[49] a day when Lennon was suffering the effects of a cold,[50] which is evident in the vocal on the last song to be recorded that day, "Twist and Shout".[51] The Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership yielded eight of its fourteen tracks. With a few exceptions, one being the album title itself, Lennon had yet to bring his love of wordplay to bear on his song lyrics, saying: "We were just writing songs ... pop songs with no more thought of them than that – to create a sound. And the words were almost irrelevant".[49] In a 1987 interview, McCartney said that the other Beatles idolised Lennon: "He was like our own little Elvis ... We all looked up to John. He was older and he was very much the leader; he was the quickest wit and the smartest."[52]
Lennon (right) performing in 1964 at the height of Beatlemania
The Beatles achieved mainstream success in the UK early in 1963. Lennon was on tour when his first son, Julian, was born in April. During their Royal Variety Show performance, which was attended by the Queen Mother and other British royalty, Lennon poked fun at the audience: "For our next song, I'd like to ask for your help. For the people in the cheaper seats, clap your hands ... and the rest of you, if you'll just rattle your jewellery."[53] After a year of Beatlemania in the UK, the group's historic February 1964 US debut appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show marked their breakthrough to international stardom. A two-year period of constant touring, filmmaking, and songwriting followed, during which Lennon wrote two books, In His Own Write and A Spaniard in the Works.[54] The Beatles received recognition from the British establishment when they were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours.[55]
Lennon grew concerned that fans who attended Beatles concerts were unable to hear the music above the screaming of fans, and that the band's musicianship was beginning to suffer as a result.[56] Lennon's "Help!" expressed his own feelings in 1965: "I meant it ... It was me singing 'help'".[57] He had put on weight (he would later refer to this as his "Fat Elvis" period),[58] and felt he was subconsciously seeking change.[59] In March that year he and Harrison were unknowingly introduced to LSD when a dentist, hosting a dinner party attended by the two musicians and their wives, spiked the guests' coffee with the drug.[60] When they wanted to leave, their host revealed what they had taken, and strongly advised them not to leave the house because of the likely effects. Later, in a lift at a nightclub, they all believed it was on fire; Lennon recalled: "We were all screaming ... hot and hysterical."[61] In March 1966, during an interview with Evening Standard reporter Maureen Cleave, Lennon remarked, "Christianity will go. It will vanish and shrink ... We're more popular than Jesus now – I don't know which will go first, rock and roll or Christianity."[62] The comment went virtually unnoticed in England but caused great offence in the US when quoted by a magazine there five months later. The furore that followed, which included the burning of Beatles records, Ku Klux Klan activity and threats against Lennon, contributed to the band's decision to stop touring.[63]
1966–1970: Studio years, break-up and solo work
The Beatles performing in their 1967 television film Magical Mystery Tour
After the band's final concert on 29 August 1966, Lennon filmed the anti-war black comedy How I Won the War – his only appearance in a non-Beatles feature film – before rejoining his bandmates for an extended period of recording, beginning in November.[64] Lennon had increased his use of LSD[65] and, according to author Ian MacDonald, his continuous experimentation with the drug in 1967 brought him "close to erasing his identity".[66] The year 1967 saw the release of "Strawberry Fields Forever", hailed by Time magazine for its "astonishing inventiveness",[67] and the group's landmark album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which revealed lyrics by Lennon that contrasted strongly with the simple love songs of the group's early years.[68] In late June, the Beatles performed Lennon's "All You Need Is Love" as Britain's contribution to the Our World satellite broadcast, before an international audience estimated at up to 400 million.[69] Intentionally simplistic in its message,[70] the song formalised his pacifist stance and provided an anthem for the Summer of Love.[71]
After the Beatles were introduced to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the group attended an August weekend of personal instruction at his Transcendental Meditation seminar in Bangor, Wales.[72] During the seminar, they were informed of Epstein's death. "I knew we were in trouble then", Lennon said later. "I didn't have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music. I was scared – I thought, 'We've fucking had it now.'"[73] McCartney organised the group's first post-Epstein project,[74] the self-written, -produced and -directed television film Magical Mystery Tour, which was released in December that year. While the film itself proved to be their first critical flop, its soundtrack release, featuring Lennon's Lewis Carroll-inspired "I Am the Walrus", was a success.[75][76]
Led by Harrison and Lennon's interest, the Beatles travelled to the Maharishi's ashram in India in February 1968 for further guidance.[77] While there, they composed most of the songs for their double album The Beatles,[78] but the band members' mixed experience with Transcendental Meditation signalled a sharp divergence in the group's camaraderie.[79] On their return to London, they became increasingly involved in business activities with the formation of Apple Corps, a multimedia corporation composed of Apple Records and several other subsidiary companies. Lennon described the venture as an attempt to achieve "artistic freedom within a business structure".[80] Released amid a period of civic unrest and protests, the band's debut single for the Apple label included Lennon's B-side "Revolution", in which he called for a "plan" rather than committing to Maoist revolution. The song's pacifist message led to ridicule from political radicals in the New Left press.[81] Adding to the tensions at the Beatles' recording sessions that year, Lennon insisted on having his new girlfriend, the Japanese artist Yoko Ono, beside him, thereby contravening the band's policy regarding wives and girlfriends in the studio. He was especially pleased with his songwriting contributions to the double album and identified it as a superior work to Sgt. Pepper.[82] At the end of 1968, Lennon was featured in the film The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus in the role of a Dirty Mac band member. The film was not released until 1996. The supergroup, composed of Lennon, Eric Clapton, Keith Richards and Mitch Mitchell, also backed a vocal performance by Ono in the film.[83]
Yoko Ono and Lennon in March 1969
By late 1968, Lennon's increased drug experimentation and growing preoccupation with Ono, combined with the Beatles' inability to agree on how the company should be run, left Apple in need of professional management. Lennon asked Lord Beeching to take on the role, but he declined, advising Lennon to go back to making records. Lennon was approached by Allen Klein, who had managed the Rolling Stones and other bands during the British Invasion. In early 1969, Klein was appointed as Apple's chief executive by Lennon, Harrison and Starr,[84] but McCartney never signed the management contract.[85] Lennon and Ono were married on 20 March 1969, and soon released a series of 14 lithographs called "Bag One" depicting scenes from their honeymoon,[86] eight of which were deemed indecent and most of which were banned and confiscated.[87] Lennon's creative focus continued to move beyond the Beatles, and between 1968 and 1969 he and Ono recorded three albums of experimental music together: Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins[88] (known more for its cover than for its music), Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions and Wedding Album. In 1969, they formed the Plastic Ono Band, releasing Live Peace in Toronto 1969. Between 1969 and 1970, Lennon released the singles "Give Peace a Chance", which was widely adopted as an anti-Vietnam War anthem,[89] "Cold Turkey", which documented his withdrawal symptoms after he became addicted to heroin,[90] and "Instant Karma!"
Sample of "Give Peace a Chance", recorded in 1969 during Lennon and Ono's second Bed-In for Peace. As described by biographer Bill Harry, Lennon wanted to "write a peace anthem that would take over from the song 'We Shall Overcome' – and he succeeded ... it became the main anti-Vietnam protest song."[91]
In protest at Britain's involvement in "the Nigeria-Biafra thing"[92] (namely, the Nigerian Civil War),[93] its support of America in the Vietnam War and (perhaps jokingly) against "Cold Turkey" slipping down the charts,[94] Lennon returned his MBE medal to the Queen. This gesture had no effect on his MBE status, which could not be renounced.[95] The medal, together with Lennon's letter, is held at the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood.[96]
Lennon left the Beatles in September 1969,[97] but agreed not to inform the media while the group renegotiated their recording contract. He was outraged that McCartney publicised his own departure on releasing his debut solo album in April 1970. Lennon's reaction was, "Jesus Christ! He gets all the credit for it!"[98] He later wrote, "I started the band. I disbanded it. It's as simple as that."[99] In a December 1970 interview with Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone magazine, he revealed his bitterness towards McCartney, saying, "I was a fool not to do what Paul did, which was use it to sell a record."[100] Lennon also spoke of the hostility he perceived the other members had towards Ono, and of how he, Harrison and Starr "got fed up with being sidemen for Paul ... After Brian Epstein died we collapsed. Paul took over and supposedly led us. But what is leading us when we went round in circles?"[101]
1970–1980: Solo career
1970–1972: Initial solo success and activism
Advertisement for "Imagine" from Billboard, 18 September 1971
In 1970, Lennon and Ono went through primal therapy with Arthur Janov in Los Angeles, California. Designed to release emotional pain from early childhood, the therapy entailed two half-days a week with Janov for four months; he had wanted to treat the couple for longer, but they felt no need to continue and returned to London.[102] Lennon's debut solo album, John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (1970), was received with praise by many music critics, but its highly personal lyrics and stark sound limited its commercial performance.[103] Critic Greil Marcus remarked, "John's singing in the last verse of 'God' may be the finest in all of rock."[104] The album featured the song "Mother", in which Lennon confronted his feelings of childhood rejection,[105] and the Dylanesque "Working Class Hero", a bitter attack against the bourgeois social system which, due to the lyric "you're still fucking peasants", fell foul of broadcasters.[106][107] In January 1971, Tariq Ali expressed his revolutionary political views when he interviewed Lennon, who immediately responded by writing "Power to the People". In his lyrics to the song, Lennon reversed the non-confrontational approach he had espoused in "Revolution", although he later disowned the message, saying that it was borne out of guilt and a desire for approval from radicals such as Ali.[108] Lennon became involved with Ali in a protest against the prosecution of Oz magazine for alleged obscenity. Lennon denounced the proceedings as "disgusting fascism", and he and Ono (as Elastic Oz Band) released the single "God Save Us/Do the Oz" and joined marches in support of the magazine.[109]
Sample of "Imagine", Lennon's most widely known post-Beatles song.[110] Like "Give Peace a Chance", the song became an anti-war anthem, but its lyrics offended religious groups. Lennon's explanation was: "If you can imagine a world at peace, with no denominations of religion – not without religion, but without this 'my god is bigger than your god' thing – then it can be true."[111]
Eager for a major commercial success, Lennon adopted a more accessible sound for his next album, Imagine (1971).[112] Rolling Stone reported that "it contains a substantial portion of good music" but warned of the possibility that "his posturings will soon seem not merely dull but irrelevant".[113] The album's title track later became an anthem for anti-war movements,[114] while the song "How Do You Sleep?" was a musical attack on McCartney in response to lyrics on Ram that Lennon felt, and McCartney later confirmed,[115] were directed at him and Ono.[116][nb 3] In "Jealous Guy", Lennon addressed his demeaning treatment of women, acknowledging that his past behaviour was the result of long-held insecurity.[118] In gratitude for his guitar contributions to Imagine, Lennon initially agreed to perform at Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh benefit shows in New York.[119] Harrison refused to allow Ono to participate at the concerts, however, which resulted in the couple having a heated argument and Lennon pulling out of the event.[120]
The Steinway piano that Lennon used to compose the song "Imagine" on exhibit in the Artist Gallery of the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona
Lennon and Ono moved to New York in August 1971 and immediately embraced US radical left politics. The couple released their "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" single in December.[121] During the new year, the Nixon administration took what it called a "strategic counter-measure" against Lennon's anti-war and anti-Nixon propaganda. The administration embarked on what would be a four-year attempt to deport him.[122][123] Lennon was embroiled in a continuing legal battle with the immigration authorities, and he was denied permanent residency in the US; the issue would not be resolved until 1976.[124]
Some Time in New York City was recorded as a collaboration with Ono and was released in 1972 with backing from the New York band Elephant's Memory. A double LP, it contained songs about women's rights, race relations, Britain's role in Northern Ireland and Lennon's difficulties in obtaining a green card.[125] The album was a commercial failure and was maligned by critics, who found its political sloganeering heavy-handed and relentless.[126] The NME's review took the form of an open letter in which Tony Tyler derided Lennon as a "pathetic, ageing revolutionary".[127] In the US, "Woman Is the Nigger of the World" was released as a single from the album and was televised on 11 May, on The Dick Cavett Show. Many radio stations refused to broadcast the song because of the word "nigger".[128] Lennon and Ono gave two benefit concerts with Elephant's Memory and guests in New York in aid of patients at the Willowbrook State School mental facility.[129] Staged at Madison Square Garden on 30 August 1972, they were his last full-length concert appearances.[130] After George McGovern lost the 1972 presidential election to Richard Nixon, Lennon and Ono attended a post-election wake held in the New York home of activist Jerry Rubin.[122] Lennon was depressed and got intoxicated; he left Ono embarrassed after he had sex with a female guest. Her song "Death of Samantha" was inspired by the incident.[131]
1973–1975: "Lost weekend"
Publicity photo of Lennon and host Tom Snyder from the television programme Tomorrow. Aired in 1975, this was the last television interview Lennon gave before his death in 1980.
While Lennon was recording Mind Games in 1973, he and Ono decided to separate. The ensuing 18-month period apart, which he later called his "lost weekend",[132] was spent in Los Angeles and New York City in the company of May Pang. Mind Games, credited to the "Plastic U.F.Ono Band", was released in November 1973. Lennon also contributed "I'm the Greatest" to Starr's album Ringo (1973), released the same month. With Harrison joining Starr and Lennon at the recording session for the song, it marked the only occasion when three former Beatles recorded together between the band's break-up and Lennon's death.[133][nb 4]
In early 1974, Lennon was drinking heavily and his alcohol-fuelled antics with Harry Nilsson made headlines. In March, two widely publicised incidents occurred at The Troubadour club. In the first incident, Lennon stuck an unused menstrual pad on his forehead and scuffled with a waitress. The second incident occurred two weeks later, when Lennon and Nilsson were ejected from the same club after heckling the Smothers Brothers.[135] Lennon decided to produce Nilsson's album Pussy Cats, and Pang rented a Los Angeles beach house for all the musicians.[136] After a month of further debauchery, the recording sessions were in chaos, and Lennon returned to New York with Pang to finish work on the album. In April, Lennon had produced the Mick Jagger song "Too Many Cooks (Spoil the Soup)" which was, for contractual reasons, to remain unreleased for more than 30 years. Pang supplied the recording for its eventual inclusion on The Very Best of Mick Jagger (2007).[137]
Lennon had settled back in New York when he recorded the album Walls and Bridges. Released in October 1974, it included "Whatever Gets You thru the Night", which featured Elton John on backing vocals and piano, and became Lennon's only single as a solo artist to top the US Billboard Hot 100 chart during his lifetime.[138][nb 5] A second single from the album, "#9 Dream", followed before the end of the year. Starr's Goodnight Vienna (1974) again saw assistance from Lennon, who wrote the title track and played piano.[140] On 28 November, Lennon made a surprise guest appearance at Elton John's Thanksgiving concert at Madison Square Garden, in fulfilment of his promise to join the singer in a live show if "Whatever Gets You thru the Night", a song whose commercial potential Lennon had doubted, reached number one. Lennon performed the song along with "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and "I Saw Her Standing There", which he introduced as "a song by an old estranged fiancé of mine called Paul".[141]
Lennon co-wrote "Fame", David Bowie's first US number one, and provided guitar and backing vocals for the January 1975 recording.[142] In the same month, Elton John topped the charts with his cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", featuring Lennon on guitar and back-up vocals; Lennon is credited on the single under the moniker of "Dr. Winston O'Boogie". He and Ono were reunited shortly afterwards. Lennon released Rock 'n' Roll (1975), an album of cover songs, in February. "Stand by Me", taken from the album and a US and UK hit, became his last single for five years.[143] He made what would be his final stage appearance in the ATV special A Salute to Lew Grade, recorded on 18 April and televised in June.[144] Playing acoustic guitar and backed by an eight-piece band, Lennon performed two songs from Rock 'n' Roll ("Stand by Me", which was not broadcast, and "Slippin' and Slidin'") followed by "Imagine".[144] The band, known as Etc., wore masks behind their heads, a dig by Lennon, who thought Grade was two-faced.[145]
1975–1980: Hiatus and return
Lennon's Green Card, which allowed him to live and work in the United States
Sean was Lennon's only child with Ono. Sean was born on 9 October 1975 (Lennon's thirty-fifth birthday), and John took on the role of househusband. Lennon began what would be a five-year hiatus from the music industry, during which time, he later said, he "baked bread" and "looked after the baby".[146] He devoted himself to Sean, rising at 6 am daily to plan and prepare his meals and to spend time with him.[147] He wrote "Cookin' (In the Kitchen of Love)" for Starr's Ringo's Rotogravure (1976), performing on the track in June in what would be his last recording session until 1980.[148] He formally announced his break from music in Tokyo in 1977, saying, "we have basically decided, without any great decision, to be with our baby as much as we can until we feel we can take time off to indulge ourselves in creating things outside of the family."[149] During his career break he created several series of drawings, and drafted a book containing a mix of autobiographical material and what he termed "mad stuff",[150] all of which would be published posthumously.
Lennon emerged from his five-year interruption in music recording in October 1980, when he released the single "(Just Like) Starting Over". The following month saw the release of Double Fantasy, which contained songs written during a June 1980 journey to Bermuda on a 43-foot sailing boat.[151] The music reflected Lennon's fulfilment in his new-found stable family life.[152] Sufficient additional material was recorded for a planned follow-up album Milk and Honey, which was released posthumously, in 1984.[153] Double Fantasy was jointly released by Lennon and Ono very shortly before his death; the album was not well received and drew comments such as Melody Maker's "indulgent sterility ... a godawful yawn".[154]
8 December 1980: Murder
Main article: Murder of John Lennon
Wintertime at Strawberry Fields in Central Park with the Dakota in the background
At approximately 5:00 p.m. on 8 December 1980, Lennon autographed a copy of Double Fantasy for fan Mark David Chapman before leaving The Dakota with Yoko for a recording session at the Record Plant.[155] After the session, Lennon and Ono returned to their Manhattan apartment in a limousine at around 10:50 p.m. EST. They exited the vehicle and walked through the archway of the building when Chapman shot Lennon four times in the back at close range. Lennon was rushed in a police cruiser to the emergency room of Roosevelt Hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at 11:00 p.m. (EST).[156]
Ono issued a statement the next day, saying "There is no funeral for John", ending it with the words, "John loved and prayed for the human race. Please do the same for him."[157] His remains were cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Ono scattered his ashes in New York's Central Park, where the Strawberry Fields memorial was later created.[158] Chapman avoided going to trial when he ignored his attorney's advice and pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was sentenced to 20-years-to-life.[159][nb 6]
In the weeks following the murder, "(Just Like) Starting Over" and Double Fantasy topped the charts in the UK and the US.[161] In a further example of the public outpouring of grief, "Imagine" hit number one in the UK in January 1981 and "Happy Xmas" peaked at number two.[162] Later that year, Roxy Music's cover version of "Jealous Guy", recorded as a tribute to Lennon, was also a UK number-one.[22]
Afrikaans: John Lennon
Alemannisch: John Lennon
አማርኛ: ጆን ሌኖን
Аҧсшәа: Џьон Леннон
العربية: جون لينون
aragonés: John Lennon
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azərbaycanca: Con Lennon
تۆرکجه: جان لنون
বাংলা: জন লেনন
Bân-lâm-gú: John Lennon
беларуская: Джон Ленан
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Джон Ленан
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български: Джон Ленън
bosanski: John Lennon
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català: John Lennon
čeština: John Lennon
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Deutsch: John Lennon
dolnoserbski: John Lennon
eesti: John Lennon
Ελληνικά: Τζον Λένον
emiliàn e rumagnòl: John Lennon
español: John Lennon
Esperanto: John Lennon
euskara: John Lennon
فارسی: جان لنون
føroyskt: John Lennon
français: John Lennon
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Gaeilge: John Lennon
Gaelg: John Lennon
Gàidhlig: John Lennon
galego: John Lennon
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni: John Lennon
한국어: 존 레논
հայերեն: Ջոն Լենոն
Արեւմտահայերէն: Ճոն Լենըն
हिन्दी: जॉन लेनन
hornjoserbsce: John Lennon
hrvatski: John Lennon
Ido: John Lennon
Bahasa Indonesia: John Lennon
interlingua: John Lennon
isiZulu: John Lennon
íslenska: John Lennon
italiano: John Lennon
עברית: ג'ון לנון
Jawa: John Lennon
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಜಾನ್ ಲೆನ್ನನ್
Kapampangan: John Lennon
ქართული: ჯონ ლენონი
қазақша: Джон Леннон
Kiswahili: John Lennon
kurdî: John Lennon
кырык мары: Леннон, Джон
لۊری شومالی: جان لئنون
Latina: Ioannes Lennon
latviešu: Džons Lenons
Lëtzebuergesch: John Lennon
lietuvių: John Lennon
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magyar: John Lennon
македонски: Џон Ленон
Malagasy: John Lennon
മലയാളം: ജോൺ ലെനൻ
मराठी: जॉन लेनन
მარგალური: ჯონ ლენონი
مصرى: جون لينون
مازِرونی: جان لنون
Bahasa Melayu: John Lennon
Mirandés: John Lennon
монгол: Жон Леннон
မြန်မာဘာသာ: ဂျွန် လင်နွန်
Nāhuatl: John Lennon
Nederlands: John Lennon
नेपाली: जोन लेनन
日本語: ジョン・レノン
нохчийн: Леннон, Джон
norsk: John Lennon
norsk nynorsk: John Lennon
occitan: John Lennon
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਜਾਨ ਲੈਨਨ
Pangasinan: John Lennon
پنجابی: جان لینن
Papiamentu: John Lennon
Piemontèis: John Lennon
Plattdüütsch: John Lennon
polski: John Lennon
português: John Lennon
română: John Lennon
Runa Simi: John Lennon
русиньскый: Джон Леннон
русский: Леннон, Джон
sardu: John Lennon
Scots: John Lennon
shqip: John Lennon
sicilianu: John Lennon
Simple English: John Lennon
slovenčina: John Lennon
slovenščina: John Lennon
ślůnski: John Lennon
کوردی: جۆن لێنۆن
српски / srpski: Џон Ленон
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: John Lennon
Basa Sunda: John Lennon
suomi: John Lennon
svenska: John Lennon
Tagalog: John Lennon
தமிழ்: ஜான் லெனன்
татарча/tatarça: Con Lennon
ไทย: จอห์น เลนนอน
Türkçe: John Lennon
українська: Джон Леннон
اردو: جان لینن
Tiếng Việt: John Lennon
Winaray: John Lennon
吴语: 列农
ייִדיש: דזשאן לענאן
Yorùbá: John Lennon
粵語: 約翰連儂
中文: 约翰·列侬


text:
The 2018 U.S. midterm elections: Impact on Trump's presidency and Middle East policy
Tuesday, Nov 20, 2018 6:00 PM - 7:30 PM AST
Al Wajba Ballroom
Next to Katara
Twitter Join the conversation on Twitter using #USMidterms
The Brookings Doha Center (BDC) and Al Jazeera Centre for Studies hosted a panel discussion on November 20, 2018 to discuss the significance of the recent U.S. midterm elections for Donald Trump's presidency and Middle East policy. The panel addressed the following questions: How will the Democratic majority in the House impact Trumpian politics and provide a check on power in the White House? How will these elections impact Trump's foreign policy, specifically in the Middle East? What do the results of the midterms reveal about the presidential elections in 2020?
The panel comprised a group of distinguished experts, including Mohammed Cherkaoui, senior researcher at the Al Jazeera Centre for Studies; Phillip W. Gray, assistant professor of political science at Texas A&M University, Qatar; Clyde Wilcox, professor in the government department at Georgetown University (via satellite video); and Adnan Hayajneh, professor of international relations at Qatar University. Salem Almahrokey, presenter at Al Jazeera Mubasher, moderated the event, which was attended by members of Doha's diplomatic, academic, and media communities.
Clyde Wilcox kicked off the discussion by stating that the midterm election was a serious defeat for Trump and a resounding victory for the Democratic Party. He noted that, even as Republicans gained two seats in the Senate, they lost by 11 million votes. Wilcox posited that the split government would push the Senate to become more involved in foreign policy, while enabling the Democrats to pursue investigations into Trump's finances, foreign policy issues, and obstruction of justice charges.
Wilcox clarified that, while the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs can hold hearings about the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and other Gulf issues, ultimately, Congress has limited power to act on these affairs. Additionally, many of the senators who might previously have opposed Trump's actions are no longer in office, leaving him with supportive or indifferent Republicans. Wilcox indicated that this dynamic will likely provide Trump with a significant amount of leeway to enact his own political initiatives.
Phillip W. Gray noted that he does not expect to see major changes to Trump's domestic policy approach in the wake of the midterm elections. He added that he would not be surprised if Trump became more forceful on issues that appeal to his voter base, especially those that can serve as "wedge" issues against politicians in the opposing coalition. With respect to foreign policy, Trump may focus more closely on issues such as trade with China, where he can sidestep the House, or perhaps start governing by executive order.
On a separate note, Gray indicated that the conclusion reached by the CIA in its recent report on Khashoggi's murder is not likely to put significant pressure on the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia. He added that issues such as the Khashoggi case and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) crisis do not carry much weight domestically and are unlikely to affect the outcome of the 2020 elections.
Mohammed Cherkaoui said that Democrats and Republicans will primarily be fighting over domestic issues for the next two years, rather than over foreign issues. Following the midterm elections, the U.S. political system will be returning to a state of "checks and balances," meaning that Trump will have to pursue political consensus. The recent elections witnessed the highest electoral participation rate in over 70 years, at more than 60 percent. Cherkaoui posited that the large numbers of women, youth, and minorities who participated in the recent midterms indicate that Trumpism is on the decline.
With respect to the murder of Khashoggi, Cherkaoui emphasized that the issue has become a huge scandal and could result in a reassessment of the U.S.-Saudi relationship within the Republican Party. He noted that, while the Republican Party has traditionally protected the relationship between the two countries, there are now politicians who oppose Trump on various issues and want to sever the ties between he and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS). Cherkaoui added that the Khashoggi case has cut through the clamor of foreign and domestic issues facing the United States, drawing attention to a range of Middle East issues.
Adnan Hayajneh pushed back against the idea that the midterm elections indicate the decline of Trump's power, pointing out that, historically, the president's party has lost in midterm elections. As such, he does not view the Democrats' gains in the midterms as surprising and thinks that, if Trump were to run in the upcoming general election, he would win. He added that, even if Congress does not support Trump's initiatives, the president has demonstrated that he is ready and willing to deploy executive orders.
Separately, Hayajneh stressed that the Democratic Party is not especially concerned with Middle East issues and is more likely to focus on the upcoming presidential elections and domestic issues, such as immigration and healthcare reform. He noted that Saudi Arabia is key to U.S. foreign strategy, as it is well-placed to put pressure on Iran and play a role in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. However, the strength of Saudi Arabia's influence and credibility is currently threatened by the crisis in Yemen and the Khashoggi case. Hayajneh also questioned why the United States insists on supporting MBS when it could pursue its interests in the Middle East without him.
The subsequent question and answer session focused on the implications of the various issues discussed for the future of the U.S.-Saudi relationship and the U.S. political system. The speakers noted that Trump's support for MBS is primarily driven by two factors. The first is the potential role of Saudi Arabia in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as any resolution of this conflict would be a major boon to Trump's anticipated re-election campaign. The second is Trump's close relationship with his son-in-law and advisor Jared Kushner, who supports MBS. They noted that the potential indictment of Kushner during the ongoing Mueller investigation could lead Trump to withdraw his support for MBS in the future. Lastly, the speakers emphasized that the current U.S. electoral system advantages the Republican Party and has enabled it to gain control of the Senate and the presidency, despite the Democratic Party winning the popular vote. In general, the session drew attention to the tenuous nature of Trump's relationship with MBS and the challenges facing Democrats under the U.S. electoral system.
Salem Almahrokey
Presenter - Aljazeera Mubasher Channel
Mohammed Cherkaoui
Senior Researcher - Al Jazeera Center for Studies
Phillip Gray
Assistant Professor - Political Science at Texas A&M University, Qatar
Clyde Wilcox
Professor - Georgetown University
Adnan Hayajneh
Professor, Department of International Affairs - Qatar University
dohacenter@brookings.edu


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To support subscribing to multiple subject the client could send a POST request to the subscribe url with a list of all the subject it is interested in or the server could maintain some session for each client. WebSockets or one of the other client-side socket methods could be used instead of long-poll GET requests.
This should simply map one HTTP request/response to one 0MQ request/response. For GET requests send the full url or the query string as the 0MQ request and the 0MQ response as the HTTP response body. The server could be configured to include the HTTP headers as the first part of the 0MQ request/response messages. Here is a example written in Lua.
With this you could re-use existing web-applications running on a HTTP server as backend workers for a work queue. This is like a reverse HTTP proxy which load-balances across multiple backend HTTP servers.
This is like "HTTP server -> XREQ" except you don't care for a response. This would work for pushing messages onto a queue.
Basically the HTTP server would be a queue server that clients could GET work from.
The primary use case for HTTP is to go through firewalls, proxies, etc without needing to have special configuration. Note that this is generally unidirectional - the machine behind the firewall has to reach out to a machine which is out in the wild.
Because its unidirectional, the subscriber would issue the http session to the publisher, and that session would be relatively long lived. The subscriber would issue one http request to kick things off, and from then on the messages coming from the publisher might be encoded using chunked transfer encoding so that there is no need for any roundtrip between subsequent messages. ie, each message might be encoded as a chunk, that way a whole stream of messages can be sent without the subscriber needing to request them individually. Chunk overhead is small, just a hex number reflecting chunk length and a newline. Chunks are a good unit for messages so that any device in the path will forward the chunk along as it is complete, which is may or may not do with incomplete chunks.
if anything needs to be sent in a backchannel (i dont know 0mq internals), the subscriber could just send as many new request headers as it wanted, completely interspersed with the incoming message "chunks". This is ok because HTTP 1.1 allows pipelining of multiple requests. All network devices which decode HTTP that I know of support this, even though it is virtually never used in practice because many web _servers_ dont support this correctly, so any client that uses it might trip up the server. No problem in this case, you'd have zeromq on both ends.
If the publisher is behind the firewall, you may need a slightly different setup than the current API to allow the publisher to designate the subscriber. Of course, my understanding of the API is only cursory so this may not be the case.
I think this sort of implementation could allow use of HTTP as a transport with virtually no performance impact and I would love to hear any feedback on this idea. And I may be willing to develop or help develop this funcationality.
Another benefit of HTTP is that it supports redirects, but if I explain why thats useful it may start a philosophical argument about why a message-based system doesnt need redirects, and I'd prefer to have that debate live because I think there are some distributed systems cases where it may be useful.
In any case, I think it would be much more useful to map to WebSockets than trying to force the 0MQ paradigm on plain HTTP.
What about a possibility of tunneling via proxy on 433 port by HTTP CONNECT?
We could get a BSD-socket descriptor (i know that zApi reference forbids it) and use it for issuing HTTP CONNECT request to proxy. After establishing of the tunnel we could use zmq_socket as usual to reach desired server beyond the proxy.


White House officials and members of Congress have been meeting with a Silicon Valley-based firm to map out how the centerpiece of President Barack Obama Barack Hussein ObamaChina, Russia, Iran rise in Latin America as US retreats Castro wants to follow Obama's lead on balancing presidency with fatherhood Trump's regulatory rollback boosts odds of a financial crisis MORE's healthcare reform will look when it is finally implemented.
The company is eHealth, Inc., which is competing to provide the health insurance clearinghouse that Obama and Democratic leaders say will revolutionize healthcare in America by promoting competition.
Policymakers and lawmakers are learning from these meetings that Internet-facilitated insurance applications will make it a lot easier to buy policies but they likely will not reduce costs as significantly as some Democrats promise.
And one expert at the company who has consulted with members of Congress says that health exchanges would proliferate even if Congress didn't pass a $1 trillion overhaul.
As it turns out, eHealth has already set up an exchange in Utah, one of only two states in the U.S. (the other is Massachusetts) to operate a statewide health insurance clearinghouse. The company also operates two private exchanges in Massachusetts, a state that has served as a model for federal reform plans.
Insurance exchanges are at the heart of the Democratic healthcare proposals, and the subject of an intense policy disputes on the Senate Finance Committee.
Sen. Ron Wyden Ronald (Ron) Lee WydenThe difference between good and bad tax reform Hillicon Valley: Trump meets Twitter CEO after slamming company | Kushner calls Russia probes more 'harmful' than election interference | Dem wants FTC to hold Zuckerberg 'liable' for data missteps | Sri Lanka faces tough questions over social media ban Treasury misses second Dem deadline on Trump tax returns MORE (D-Ore.), a member of Finance, is battling with his Democratic colleagues to make health insurance exchanges available to all Americans. The pending proposal would limit them to the minority of Americans who do not receive insurance through an employer.
Sen. Robert Menendez Robert (Bob) MenendezWe can accelerate a cure for Alzheimer's The Hill's 12:30 Report: Manafort sentenced to total of 7.5 years in prison Acting Defense chief calls Graham an 'ally' after tense exchange MORE (D-N.J.), another member of Finance, has objected to chairman Max Baucus Max Sieben BaucusOvernight Defense: McCain honored in Capitol ceremony | Mattis extends border deployment | Trump to embark on four-country trip after midterms Congress gives McCain the highest honor Judge boots Green Party from Montana ballot in boost to Tester MORE's (D-Mont.) decision to bar illegal immigrants from buying insurance over the exchange. Menendez argues that the chairman's draft would unfairly exclude illegal immigrants from reaping the benefits of market competition.
"The various bills making their way through Congress would, as the president explained, provide some consumer choice by establishing large marketplaces where people could easily compare insurance plans and pick the one that best suits their needs," Wyden wrote.
He estimates that allowing the more than 200 million Americans who receive coverage through their employers to participate in healthcare exchanges would save $360 billion over 10 years and improve quality.
John Desser, the vice president of public policy and government affairs at eHealth, however, puts that sunny projection into some context.
"I wouldn't expect premiums to come down; you're more likely to see a reduction in inflation."
Some activists in Utah have questioned the impact of the statewide exchange.
Desser also said that statewide exchanges would arise on their own even if Congress didn't spent $775 billion to a trillion dollars to overhaul the nation's healthcare system. He predicted if the legislative push collapsed consumers would see as many as six states set up health insurance exchanges in the following year.
But he said that government mandate for state insurance exchanges will certainly cause millions of Americans to enroll in these clearinghouses faster than if policymakers let the market takes its natural course.
Desser or other eHealth executives have had meetings with the behind-the-scenes players crafting the Democratic overhauls. They have met with senior aides to Baucus, House Energy and Commerce Chairman Henry Waxman (D-Calif.) and House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer (D-Md.).
They also have met with pivotal Democrats on the Senate Finance and House Energy and Commerce panels, such as Wyden, Sen. Blanche Lincoln (Ark.), Sen. Bill Nelson Clarence (Bill) William NelsonTrump administration renews interest in Florida offshore drilling: report Dem reps say they were denied access to immigrant detention center Ex-House Intel chair: Intel panel is wrong forum to investigate Trump's finances MORE (Fla.), Sen. Tom Carper Thomas (Tom) Richard CarperDem senators launch Environmental Justice Caucus Only four Dem senators have endorsed 2020 candidates Koch network launches ad campaign opposing Trump's proposed gas tax MORE (Del.), Rep. John Dingell (Mich.), Rep. Jane Harman (Calif.) and Mike Ross (Ark.).
They have persuaded Democratic lawmakers to allow private companies to compete with government agencies in making healthcare exchanges available to consumers. Some liberals initially resisted the idea but after conservative Democrats in the Blue Dog Coalition got behind the idea, it became established in the pending bills.
Nancy-Ann DeParle, Obama's White House czar, has gotten a sense of what an exchange would look like from eHealth. She bought a policy for her nanny through the company's platform, according to Desser. One of DeParle's deputies has met with eHealth to get a better sense of how exchanges work in the real world.
Consumers won't find lower prices on Orbitz than they would if they called the airlines. But Orbitz, like healthcare exchanges, makes it much easier to comparison shop.
But sometimes things don't work out as smoothly in practice as envisioned in theory. Anyone who has booked a cross-country flight to Seattle on Orbitz or Travelocity only to wind up in the middle seat of the back row next to the bathroom knows that.
If Congress passes a law that requires all Americans to sign up for health insurance and bars companies from discriminating on the basis of pre-existing conditions, as is expected, applying for a health policy will become much quicker. Insurance companies will no longer spend weeks assessing the risks of insuring individual patients.
"It will be a race for market share," said Desser.
Consumers who turn on their computer and click on a state-run health exchange or a site created by eHealth will find out in minutes what government subsidies they qualify for and the cost of their monthly payments. They'll even be able to print out a new insurance card and go to a doctor that same day.
But Desser explained that their choice of insurance plans would be the same as now. The big difference is that consumers may be able to also choose health insurance from a member-run co-op or a government-run plan (the public option). Advocates of co-ops and the public option argue that these government-created competitors will drive down costs, but by how much remains a matter of fierce dispute.