DIY Deodorant Recipes to Fight Odor Naturally!
Have you been looking for a homemade deodorant that actually works? These DIY deodorant recipes can help! Some homemade deodorant recipes are really easy, and most are customizable to your scent preferences and body chemistry.
Deodorant is one of the more difficult shifts people have when they go "natural" in their personal care products. Many of us have found the non-chemical products on the market pretty ineffective and have scouted out DIY deodorant alternatives on the internet.
The ingredients (such as parabens, aluminum, and triclosan) in conventional deodorant have been linked to a range of health effects, from endocrine disruption to Alzheimers. Read this article for an overview of why our broken chemical control system allows chemicals into our personal care products without being tested for safety.
DIY deodorant can be tailored to your body chemistry and scent preferences.
DIY deodorant can help you waste less — typical deodorant containers take quite a lot of plastic to make.
DIY deodorant costs WAY less than a comparable store-bought natural deodorant, one of the many ways going green saves you money.
Many years ago I offered some of the students in an eco-focused writing class I was teaching extra credit for trying Colin Beavan's first "No Impact Experiment" with me for one week, and of course, writing about it. Pretty much every student took me up on the challenge.
We all took a good look at our daily habits and tried to find ways to cut our energy and water use, waste less and shrink our ecological footprint overall.
One of the many things we learned from No Impact Man's amazing blog was that you could use baking soda as a DIY deodorant (and even wash your hair with it!). I took my students on a field trip to our town's co-op and gave them a tour of the bulk bin aisle, where some of us bought baking soda to try to clean up our morning routines.
Baking soda actually works quite well as a DIY deodorant, and I used it for many years, after giving up on some of the natural "deodorant stone" products, which besides being pretty useless against B.O., apparently contain a form of aluminum, one of the ingredients we're trying to avoid in conventional deodorant!
I started adding a little tea tree oil, bergamot, and clary sage to my baking soda when I learned about their odor-fighting abilities and other super powers. Plus they smell great!
The big downside of baking soda deodorant? Super messy! You dip a washcloth in it, and a thin residue winds up all over the sink. Now, I suppose if you had a white sink, there'd be no problem, but I don't.
Many people report sensitivity to baking soda as well, and you absolutely can't apply this stuff right after you shave. Burns something awful! But if you don't mind a little white residue and can tolerate it on your skin, baking soda is a really simple, cheap, and effective homemade deodorant option.
Sick of the mess on the sink, I tried using milk of magnesia, after reading a post on using milk of magnesia as a deodorant at Whole Natural Life. It works well and is less messy, but the kind I was able to get in local stores contained ingredients like mineral oil (a petroleum product) and sweeteners. They all come in plastic bottles, though, so not great for the zero-waste bathroom though perhaps better than a deodorant stick.
You'll see in the reviews a bunch of other people who've found it useful as a DIY deodorant. You may also give yourself a beneficial dose of magnesium, which is great for promoting sleep, support your immune system and more!
One natural products company is actually putting milk of magnesia in roll-on containers and selling it for lots more money than if you just buy a bottle of milk of magnesia yourself. You can purchase empty roll-on bottles if you'd rather not apply with your fingers. I add a few drops of clary sage and bergamot to mine for additional benefits and scent, but there are plenty of odor-fighting options to choose from, including lavender, peppermint, and patchouli.
Milk of magnesia may not work against more pronounced odor, so I'm planning to try this delightfully simple recipe involving nothing more than witch hazel and essential oils. Amy of the Good Life with Amy French says it's pretty effective. Check out her recipe for homemade deodorant you can make at home that really works!
If you're up for a little experimenting in the kitchen, here's a great collection of DIY deodorant recipes developed by savvy green bloggers! If you've also ditched conventional deodorant and are less than thrilled with the natural replacements you've found on store shelves, it might be time to give one of these recipes a whirl.
So grab some of the least packaged supplies in the least plastic containers you can find. Here's a selection of recipes for DIY deodorant that the authors say really work for them. Pick the one that appeals to you, and please let me know what you think!
The Soft Landing has a homemade deodorant recipe with patchouli, peppermint, and cedarwood to fight odor-causing bacteria naturally.
Purposefully Simple developed a recipe for a homemade natural deodorant stick that won't melt.
The Pistachio Project has a homemade deodorant recipe with only 3 simple ingredients.
The Nerdy Farm Wife has a recipe for aDIY deodorant infused with herbs that support women's health.
It Takes Time has a DIY deodorant powder recipe.
Everblossom created an herbal roll-on deodorant recipe — bonus that you can use a glass roll-on jar and avoid plastic.
The Things We'll Make has a recipe for homemade deodorant for sensitive skin that uses zinc.
Common Sense Homesteading has a simple DIY deodorant recipe and an interesting discussion of her experience with natural deodorants.
Scratch Mommy's recipe for homemade deodorant features diatomaceous earth and vitamin E.
The Hippy Homemaker whips her homemade deodorant and says it makes a huge difference in ease of application and how well it's absorbed.
The Crunchy Chronicles has a deodorant recipe featuring bentonite clay made into these beautiful deodorant bars.
If you'd rather buy than DIY it, here are some natural deodorants with favorable reviews you can buy already made. I've tried a few for travel, and found Schmidt's the most effective. You'll see if you read the reviews that not everyone has the same experience using these deodorants, since our body chemistry is so different. Positive Health Wellness also has a helpful article on what you can realistically expect from natural deodorants.
What's your favorite natural or DIY deodorant? Share your ideas in the comments!
Conventional deodorant is just one way we can unwittingly expose ourselves to toxic chemicals. To find out 9 ways you might be bringing unwanted chemicals into your home, get my FREE checklist, 9 Steps to a Less Toxic Home when you sign up for biweekly updates from HealthyGreenSavvy. Fill in the form below to get it.
Pin to save these DIY deodorant recipes for later!
Even with a white sink (but not a white cabinet underneath), I also got sick of the mess of using baking soda with water, despite it working well. It also started to irritate my skin after months of using it without issues. I'm glad I was finally able to find something that worked for me and my sensitive skin, but it took years of experimentation.
This is a great post! I love to see all of the options because we are all different and what works for somebody may not work for everybody else. Hopefully everybody should be able to find something that works well for them here with the variety you've given us.


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text:
Water and wastewater services for Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight
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Lower bills under updated water plan
Southern Water customers are set to benefit from lower average bills after the company updated its Business Plan for 2015 to 2020.
It is now proposed that average bills will rise by 3.2 per cent less than the rate of inflation. This compares with an increase of 1.5 per cent below inflation in the plan put forward to the water industry regulator Ofwat in December last year.
Matthew Wright, Southern Water's Chief Executive, said: "We have worked hard to respond to Ofwat's feedback on our plan and this means we can now provide even better value for money for our customers. We believe our proposals strike the right balance between the need to deliver the improved services customers want, cater for a growing population in our region, safeguard the environment and make sure bills are affordable.
"Our plan is based on the views of more than 27,000 people from across our region and includes 26 promises which we are making to customers about the quality of service they receive. One of these key commitments is that we will make nearly £200 million in efficiency savings between 2015 and 2020 – that amounts to about £20 per year for every household we serve."
The range of improvements Southern Water's plan will deliver includes:
90 per cent of customers' queries resolved the first time they contact Southern Water
A 25 per cent reduction in sewer flooding inside people's homes and businesses
No 'serious pollution incidents' affecting local rivers and coastal waters caused by Southern Water's operations
A 15 per cent increase in the number of beaches with the official 'excellent' rating for bathing water quality
A further reduction in leakage of two million litres a day
A reduction of 15 litres per person, per day in average water use.
Ofwat is due to publish a final determination on Southern Water's plan in December 2014.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The major beef is that we, as a church always talk about being saved not through works, but by faith, we talk about God's love being undeserving, as something we're given rather than earn, about Grace being a gift. We talk about community and faith and love as things that we shouldn't be trying to earn but as something that we should be trying to give freely as a gift.
It's a philosophical and theological difference that I have, that if we're a faith that constantly talks about gifts and giving then why do we make people earn their way to go to something that we know would be good for them, would challenge their faith, deepen their understanding of the gospel, have a renewed generation in our midst?
Then of course there's the financial difference that I have, let's say that we're running a chocolate drive, first then we have to purchase chocolates, that then have to be delivered to the group in boxes and then we try and sell them at the purchase price + whatever we'd like to earn on top as a group fund-raiser. So in order to make money, for an activity that we know is going to be beneficial we must spend money.
Lamington drives, cake drives, car washes, sock drives, pie sales, they're all the same, we spend money to purchase equipment and/or product and then sell for a profit in order to make money on top of what we've spent.
Even if we run a small fete selling cakes there's someone who has spent time and money to make the cake and, even though it may be a donation to the program there has already been a financial cost in ingredients, power, gas in order to make the cake.
Financially the way I see it is that we're spending on average about $0.60 for every $0.40 made, for every $3.00 piece of chocolate/lamington/cake/pie that we've made $1.20 on we've actually spent $1.80 on overheads. Something doesn't really calculate.
Forget the overheads, forget making the young people earning their way in that kind of way.
a) give the money you would normally spend on overheads to the young people to attend the activity.
b) give the money that you would normally spend on purchasing the chocolates/socks/pies/lamingtons during the activity to the group of young people and, in the case of conferences like NCYC/Planetshakers etc ask them to have a conversation with the organisers about either an indigenous/overseas/country group that may be looking for financial support to attend the conference.
c) have the young people and church host the group you choose to sponsor over, your young people may be interested in learning some of the language of the people coming over, or learn some of the cooking, have them host the people at home, transport with them to the conference, share each other's faith with each other.
This way the "earning" is in "giving" the young people earn their way by engaging with other young people from a space/country/culture that is different from where they've come from. By giving the money and time and hosting them we're teaching them to give freely, they learn from others that this Christianity thing is much bigger than just them.


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# Sanction Plugin for CakePHP

Centralize all of those permissions in a single file using the Sanction plugin.

## Background

Sanction is the culmination of lots of auth work on CakePackages. I was using the [CakePHP Authsome](https://github.com/felixge/cakephp-authsome) plugin for application authentication, but needed something similar to Auth for Authorization. I could have used Auth component, but that felt both hacky and sometimes tricky to use. Rather than spread the permissions across several controllers with complex rules in various places, I created the PermitComponent to centralize all of this into one `permit.php` file.

## Requirements

* CakeSession-accessible User session
* CakePHP 2.x

## Installation

_[Using [Composer](http://getcomposer.org/)]_

Add the plugin to your project's `composer.json` - something like this:

	{
		"require": {
			"josegonzalez/cakephp-sanction": "2.1.0"
		}
	}

Because this plugin has the type `cakephp-plugin` set in it's own `composer.json`, composer knows to install it inside your `/Plugins` directory, rather than in the usual vendors file. It is recommended that you add `/Plugins/DebugKit` to your .gitignore file. (Why? [read this](http://getcomposer.org/doc/faqs/should-i-commit-the-dependencies-in-my-vendor-directory.md).)

_[Manual]_

* Download this: [https://github.com/josegonzalez/cakephp-sanction/zipball/master](https://github.com/josegonzalez/cakephp-sanction/zipball/master)
* Unzip that download.
* Copy the resulting folder to `app/Plugin`
* Rename the folder you just copied to `Sanction`

_[GIT Submodule]_

In your app directory type:

	git submodule add git://github.com/josegonzalez/cakephp-sanction.git Plugin/Sanction
	git submodule init
	git submodule update

_[GIT Clone]_

In your plugin directory type

	git clone git://github.com/josegonzalez/cakephp-sanction.git Sanction

### Enable plugin

In 2.0 you need to enable the plugin your `app/Config/bootstrap.php` file:

		CakePlugin::load('Sanction');

If you are already using `CakePlugin::loadAll();`, then this is not necessary.

## Usage

### PermitComponent Setup

Install the SanctionPlugin in your `app/Plugin/` folder under the `Sanction` folder.

If you want to use the `PermitComponent` to block user access to controllers/actions, add the following to your `AppController` or a specific Controller:

	/**
	* the 'path' key defines the Session key which holds user information (default Auth.User)
	* the 'check' key defined the subfield of the path, used to verify only that someone is logged in (default: id)
	*/

	// Example for default AuthComponent Configuration (with associated models)
	public $components = array('Sanction.Permit' => array(
		'path' => 'Auth',
		'check' => 'Auth.id'
	));

	// Example for default AuthComponent Configuration (no associated models, restricted to just looking at the User model)
	public $components = array('Sanction.Permit' => array(
		'path' => 'Auth.User'
	));

	// Example for default AuthsomeComponent Configuration (with associated models)
	public $components = array('Sanction.Permit' => array(
		'path' => 'User',
		'check' => 'User.id'
	));

	// Example for default AuthsomeComponent Configuration (no associated models, restricted to just looking at the User model)
	public $components = array('Sanction.Permit' => array(
		'path' => 'User.User'
	));

	// Example for customized AuthsomeComponent Configuration (with associated models)
	public $components = array(
		'Authsome.Authsome' => array(
			'model' => 'Member',
			'configureKey' => 'MemberAuth',
			'sessionKey' => 'MemberAuth',
			'cookieKey' => 'MemberAuth',
		),
		'Sanction.Permit' => array('path' => 'MemberAuth')
	);

	// NOTE: you can also configure the settings in the permit.php file (below) in which case, just include the component by itself (this way the configuration is available to the debug_kit panel)
	public $components = array('Sanction.Permit');

Then you will want to setup some permissions...

Create a file called `permit.php` in your `app/Config/` folder. You'll need to do the following:

* Add `App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');`
* Define some rules - these will be outlined below - using `Permit::access();`

You can test those rules by browsing to the url you are protecting.

### ClearanceHelper Setup

Install the SanctionPlugin in your `app/Plugin/` folder under the `Sanction` folder.

If you want to use the ClearanceHelper to block user access to controllers/actions, add the following to your AppController or a specific Controller:

	// Example (use the same {{$PATH}} as in the component)
	var $helpers = array('Sanction.Clearance' => array('path' => '{{$PATH}}'));

Then you will want to setup some permissions...

Create a file called `permit.php` in your `app/Config/` folder. You'll need to do the following:

* Add `App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');`
* Define some rules (these will be outlined below)

Then create links in your views using `$this->Clearance->link()` instead of `$this->Html->link()`. If the currently logged in user (or not logged in user) has access as defined by the `app/config/permit.php` file, then the link will appear in whatever view the ClearanceHelper was created in.

Note that checking against the `app/Config/permit.php` file is an expensive operation (for now!), so you might want to use this on links that will actually vary when displayed to different users, as opposed to all links in your application.

### DebugKit Panel

Included in the Sanction plugin is a `debug_kit` panel (as of commit fb061e57) which displays not only the currently matched access rule, but also all rules that you have defined for the application. Useful information if only so you can see whether the current request even went through a rule.

To use it, add the following to your AppController:

	// Example of how to implement the Sanction pannel
	var $components = array(
		'DebugKit.Toolbar' => array('panels' => array('Sanction.permit')),
	);

In the future, it will also keep a history of past requests, as well as highlighting explicitly which access rule was used.

### Rules

Rules are defined by `Permit::access();` and can contain 3 arrays:

* Array of rules upon which we will control access. It can be a string, but these are much less flexible.
* Array of rules by which the User's session must be defined by
	* If you restrict to a single model and don't use associated data, you can enter just the fieldname to match on in the Auth array
	* If you use associated models, you need to specify a `Set::extract()` path as the fieldname
* Array of extra parameters, such as where to redirect, the flash message, etc.

An example `app/Config/permit.php`:

	App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');

	// no associated model, example: looks for $sessionUser['group'] == 'admin'
	Permit::access(
		array('controller' => 'posts', 'action' => array('add', 'edit', 'delete')),
		array('auth' => array('group' => 'admin')),
		array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login'))
	);

	// with associated model, example: looks for in_array('admin', Set::extract('/Group/name',$sessionUser))
	Permit::access(
		array('controller' => 'posts', 'action' => array('add', 'edit', 'delete')),
		array('auth' => array('Group.name' => 'admin')),
		array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login'))
	);

For the above, the following actions will be affected:

* `/posts/add/*`
* `/posts/edit/*`
* `/posts/delete/*`

The user must have be in the `admin` group (first example as a field on the user model, second as an assocaited Group model), and if they are not, they will be redirected to `/users/login`.

	App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');

	// no associated model, example: looks for $sessionUser['group'] == 'admin'
	Permit::access(
		array('controller' => 'comments', 'action' => array('edit', 'delete')),
		array('auth' => array('group' => 'admin')),
		array(
			'element' => 'comment',
			'key' => 'flash',
			'message' => __('You must be logged in to comment', true),
			'redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login')
		)
	);

For the above, the following actions will be affected:

* `/comments/edit/*`
* `/comments/delete/*`

The user must have a field 'group' with a value of `admin`, and if they do not, they will be redirected to `/users/login`. A flash message at the key `flash` using the `comment` element will also be displayed, which will contain the message '`You must be logged in to comment`'.

	App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');

	Permit::access(
		array('controller' => array('comments'), 'action' => array('add')),
		array('auth' => true),
		array(
			'message' => __('You must be logged in to comment', true),
			'redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login')
		)
	);

For the above, the following actions will be affected:

* `/comments/add/*`

The user must authenticated, and if they are not, they will be redirected to `/users/login`. A flash message will also be presented to them which will contain the message '`You must be logged in to comment`'.

	App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');

	// no associated model, example: looks for $sessionUser['group'] == 'admin'
	Permit::access(
		array('prefix' => 'admin'),
		array('auth' => array('group' => 'admin')),
		array('redirect' => array('admin' => false, 'controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login')));

	// with associated model, example: looks for in_array('admin', Set::extract('/Group/name',$sessionUser))
	Permit::access(
		array('prefix' => 'admin'),
		array('auth' => array('Group.name' => 'admin')),
		array('redirect' => array('admin' => false, 'controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login'))
	);

For the above, any route with an admin prefix would be affected.

The user must be in the group `admin`, and if they are not, they will be redirected to `/users/login`.

It is also possible to use strings to reference URLs instead of routes:

		App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');

		Permit::access(
			'/posts',
			array('auth' => array('group' => 'admin')),
			array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login'))
		);

The above rule will affect ONLY requests to `/posts` and `/posts/`; Requests to `/posts/index` or `/posts/add`  will remain untouched. Trailing commas are removed from rules for normalization purposes.

You can also specify query strings, though again, it is a literal match:

		App::uses('Permit', 'Sanction.Controller/Component');

		Permit::access(
			'/posts?page=5',
			array('auth' => array('group' => 'admin')),
			array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'login'))
		);

The above would affect only `/posts?page=5`, and requests to `/posts?page=6` or `/posts?page=5&order=created` would be ignored in rule parsing. Please keep this in mind when using string-based permission access.

#### Rules Specificity

As with routes, all rules must be specified in order of most specific to least specific. The following two examples will illustrate this:

	// If this access declaration comes first, this will be the
	// ONLY declaration that Sanction uses. Once this fails,
	// Sanction will not continue on to other rules
	Permit::access(
			array('controller' => array('posts', 'categories', 'comments'),
			array('auth' => array('User.role' => array('admin'))),
			array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'account')
	);

	// So this declaration will be effectively useless.
	Permit::access(
			array('controller' => array('posts'), 'action' => array('edit'),
			array('auth' => array('User.role' => array('manager', 'admin'))),
			array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'account')
	);

In order to specify the rules such that an admin user can edit posts, the rules would need to be switched. The most restrictive rule - i.e. the one that limits the controller AND action, as opposed to just the controller - should come first. The following will work as expected:

	Permit::access(
			array('controller' => array('posts'), 'action' => array('edit'),
			array('auth' => array('User.role' => array('manager', 'admin'))),
			array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'account')
	);

	Permit::access(
			array('controller' => array('posts', 'configs', 'comments'),
			array('auth' => array('User.role' => array('admin'))),
			array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'users', 'action' => 'account')
	);

#### Example Rules

Allowing anonymous access:

	Permit::access(
			array('controller' => array('posts'), 'action' => array('index')),
			array(),
			array()
	);

Allowing access to multiple roles:

	Permit::access(
			array('controller' => array('posts'), 'action' => array('add', 'delete')),
			array('auth' => array('User.role' => array('user', 'admin'))),
			array('redirect' => array('controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'index'),
						'message' => 'You are not authorized to perform the requested action.'
			)
	);

### PermitBehavour Setup

Sanction now contains a Behavour which allows you to deny access to records owned by other users, which was created primarally for limiting access to the `edit()` action. It does this by checking the specified field (default of `user_id`) within the current model against the id of the currently logged in user, and throws an `UnauthorizedException` if they don't match.

To enable this, add one of the following to your models:

	// default set-up
	public $actsAs = array(
		'Sanction.Permit'
	);

	// example set-up with all available options, set your own defaults
	public $actsAs = array(
		'Sanction.Permit' => array(
			'message' => 'You do not have permission to edit this post', // (string, optional) A message to display to the user when they do not have access to the model record. DEFAULTS TO: "You do not have permission to view this %ModelAlias%"
			'field' => 'Post.user_id', // (string, optional) A `Hash::get()`-compatible string for retrieving the from the current record user_id.  DEFAULTS TO: %ModelAlias%.user_id
			'check' => 'is_admin', // (string, optional) optional admin override for returning the results when the user_id does not match the current user. DEFAULTS TO: false
			'value' => true, // (mixed, optional) The value the check should resolve to. DEFAULTS TO: true
			'skip' => true, // (boolean, optional) Whether to skip rule checking. DEFAULTS TO: true
			'rules' => array(), (array, optional) If `permit` is set in a `Model::find()`, this key will be used to make an index lookup for rules to apply to this find. DEFAULTS TO: empty array
		)
	);

If you want to add additional settings to individual data retrieval calls, there are a couple of ways you're able to do this:

	// passing additional settings via a `find('first')`
	$params = array(
		'conditions' => array('id' => $id),
		'permit_skip' => false,
		'permit_check' => 'is_admin',
		'permit_value' => true,
	);
	$data = $this->find('first', $params);

	// using the `permit()` method on the model
	$this->permit(array(
		'skip' => false,
		'check' => 'is_admin',
		'value' => true,
		'persist' => true // (boolean, optional) if set to true, all settings passed here will persist for future `find()` requests, unless false is set
	));
	$this->request->data = $this->read(null, $id);

## Todo

* More Unit Tests
* Support yaml/db-backed Permit Component permission loading

## License

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2010 Jose Diaz-Gonzalez

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


'A born master of the orchestra' is how the British composer John Pickard was described when BBC Music Magazine reviewed a previous disc of his orchestral music, while Fanfare called it 'essential listening for lovers of modern music', finding the performances 'absolutely thrilling, emotionally involved and seamlessly evolved'.
Given such reactions, it is not surprising that Pickard, Martyn Brabbins and the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra decided to continue their rewarding collaboration, with results that can be heard on the present disc.
Completed in 2009, Tenebrae takes as its starting point a fragment from Carlo Gesualdo's Tristis est anima mea (Sad is my soul) from the composer's settings for the Tenebrae services of Holy Week. The work is in itself a result of the earlier collaboration between Pickard and these performers; commissioned by the Norrköping orchestra which gave it its première in 2010, it is dedicated to Martyn Brabbins.
Joining the team on this disc is Fredrik Ullén, making his first recording with orchestra after a number of highly praised solo recitals. John Pickard's piano concerto has three movements, Toccata - Passacaglia - Fuga, forming a continuous span. During the course of the thirty minute-long work, three different basic relationships between soloist and orchestra are explored: dialogue, dominance and partnership, the latter illustrated in the closing double fugue, throughout which the soloist and the orchestra work together very much as a team.


Processor features, including supported instructions sets.
L1 to L3 cache information : location, size, speed, technology.
Motherboard information : name, vendor, BIOS, chipset, memory, AGP.
Memory information : size, type, timings, specifications.
A complete report, that includes CPUID, MSR, PCI device list, SPD, DMI.


text:
Tom Hardy is Unrecognizable in New Al Capone Pics
Tom Hardy Looks Unrecognizable in Haggard New Pictures as Al Capone
Life as a gangster is rough...
By Stephanie Chase Published: Apr 14, 2018
Tom Hardy has shared new photos from the set of his upcoming movie Fonzo, and it's safe to say this is not the Tom Hardy we're used to.
The British actor has completely transformed himself to play iconic mob boss Al Capone as he nears the end of his life.
Hardy shaved his head for the role, and wears a straggly wig of receding hair. His face has also been aged used make-up and prosthetics.
The film will follow Capone after his release from prison as he battles dementia and "his past becomes present as harrowing memories of his violent and brutal origins melt into his waking life."
Two weeks ago, Hardy gave fans their first look at him as Capone, sharing a picture where he was seen holding the gangster's iconic fedora hat.
Filming got underway in New Orleans earlier this month, and so far, Hardy and director Josh Trank have been keeping fans up-to-date via their Instagram accounts. The movie still has no official release date.
Fonzo also stars Matt Dillon, Kyle MacLachlan, Jack Lowden and Linda Cardellini as Capone's long-suffering wife Mae.
Hardy will next be seen on the big screen in Spider-Man spin-off Venom, alongside Jenny Slate, Michelle Williams and Riz Ahmed.
Venom wrapped filming last month, and is scheduled for release on October 5 in the UK and US.
From: Digital Spy
Stephanie Chase
Stephanie Chase is a freelance news writer at Digital Spy.
Beyoncé Announces 'Renaissance' World Tour
Here's How You Can Watch This Year's Super Bowl
How to Watch 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever'
Here's Where 'Poker Face' Actually Filmed
Fans Lose It After Tom Brady Retires From NFL
The 30 Best Anime Shows of All Time
The Wild Story Behind the Pam and Tommy Sex Tape
15 Must-See Shows That Make Paramount+ Worth It
What We Know About Taylor Sheridan's 'Lioness'
Here's the True Story Behind 'Tulsa King'


In 2012, a little grocery store on Manor Road was drawing national attention for what it didn't have.
Ingredients was grabbing headlines far and wide for months before it opened thanks to a wild idea: It would become one of the country's first "zero-waste" or "packaging-free" grocery stores.
In reality, hardly anything is actually zero-waste or without packaging. Customers could buy local produce, meat and dairy, but all the meat and dairy — as well as plenty of other products on the shelves — were sold in traditional packaging. The store also featured a bulk section, where you could fill Mason jars and other reusable containers will dried grains, legumes, sugar and flour.
With ready-to-eat breakfast, lunch and snack options, as well as beer and kombucha on tap, Ingredients became a neighborhood hangout, a place where families could get together after work so the kids could play in the garden and where professionals could grab a coffee meeting during the day.
More than five years after it opened, however, Ingredients is closing its doors today, the owners announced on Facebook earlier this week.
Well folks, it's not easy being green. After over 5 years on Manor Road, we will be closing our doors for the final time this Friday, April 27th.
To be honest, we're heartbroken. But don't lose heart. For over five years, we have diverted waste from landfills, supported local growers and artisans, brought people together and helped Cherrywood live a little bit healthier. Each and every one of you has been a part of that.
The zero waste movement is still GROWING. Since we came on the scene as the nation's first zero waste grocery store, many more have sprung up all over the country. We must all continue to choose and demand local, sustainably sourced, ethically manufactured and responsibly (un)packaged products. It's not possible for this country, or this planet, to continue with business as usual for long. The fight continues – we must work hard to create a better future, together.
And watch this space! We can't say for certain what comes next for our little slice of heaven on Manor Road, but we're excited for the possibilities.
We love you, Austin. And we love you, zero wasters the world over. Thank you for being a part of this beautiful experiment with us. And thank you for the memories.


Relive the extraordinary Presidency of Barack Obama through White House photographer Pete Souza's behind-the-scenes images and stories in this #1 New York Times bestseller--with a foreword from the President himself.
During Barack Obama's two terms, Pete Souza was with the President during more crucial moments than anyone else--and he photographed them all. Souza captured nearly two million photographs of President Obama, in moments highly classified and disarmingly candid.
Obama: An Intimate Portrait reproduces more than 300 of Souza's most iconic photographs with fine-art print quality in an oversize collectible format. Together they document the most consequential hours of the Presidency--including the historic image of President Obama and his advisors in the Situation Room during the bin Laden mission--alongside unguarded moments with the President's family, his encounters with children, interactions with world leaders and cultural figures, and more.
Souza's photographs, with the behind-the-scenes captions and stories that accompany them, communicate the pace and power of our nation's highest office. They also reveal the spirit of the extraordinary man who became our President. We see President Obama lead our nation through monumental challenges, comfort us in calamity and loss, share in hard-won victories, and set a singular example to "be kind and be useful," as he would instruct his daughters.
This book puts you in the White House with President Obama, and will be a treasured record of a landmark era in American history.
A deluxe limited slipcase edition is also available.
Pete Souza was the Chief Official White House Photographer for President Obama and the Director of the White House Photo Office. Previously Souza was an Assistant Professor of Photojournalism at Ohio University, the national photographer for the Chicago Tribune, a freelancer for National Geographic, and an Official White House Photographer for President Reagan. His books include the New York Times bestseller The Rise of Barack Obama, which documents the president's meteoric ascent from his first day in the United States Senate through the 2008 Pennsylvania presidential primary. Souza is currently a freelance photographer based in Washington, D.C. and is a Professor Emeritus at Ohio University's School of Visual Communication.
Did you know that we offer audiobooks? Over 70,000 in fact! When you set up your account through Libro.fm you directly support Bluebird Books!
Journey to https://libro.fm/bluebird today and create an account today!


text:
Q: A kernel function for multi-dimensional dataset Is there a kernel function (preferrebly, Gaussian kernel) which takes a multi-dimensional data and outputs a single variable (a number)?
I need such a kernel for this problem: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/16753/which-kernel-function-for-watson-nadaraya-classifier

A: Kernel is not for converting something to number. It is function which convert your data to another space and allow to calculate sclar product in that space. All popular kernel function are used for multi-dimensinal dataset and in combination with SVM regression can be used to predict number or categorical value(SVM classification).
If you interest in converting multidimansinal data to one dimensional space it is useless, because genuine idea of kernel function is to convert to much bigger space to be able to solve problem linearally in that unbelievable complex in number of dimensions space.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Bit of a change of gear today, in the downwards direction. First 60 km took over 3 hours, and I had one of those: "That's enough of this nonsense" moments (tired everything + aching knee + a bit sore + headwind that you have pedal downhill against), so I hitched a ride with a couple from Latvia, in a deathtrap 1960s Winnebago. There was a stick holding the door closed (on the inside), and every time we hit a bump the co-pilot had to push the overhead roof-bunk back up, so the driver could see again, which was a relief every time!
Anyway, they were lovely folks and it meant a lot to me when they stopped. It was great to have an easy finish to the day. My little legs were pleased, I got to Riskgransen early, and have since been tucking in.
No pics of your chubberburgers?
You have 3 plums now?!


text:
/*
 * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
 * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
 * and open the template in the editor.
 */
package org.jupyterkernel.json.messages;

import org.jupyterkernel.util.JSONField;

/**
 *
 * @author kay schluehr
 */
public class T_execute_input {
    @JSONField
    public String code;

    @JSONField
    public Integer execution_count;
}


text:
Нуцлео Индузтријале ди Бацано () је насеље у Италији у округу Л'Аквила, региону Абруцо.

Према процени из 2011. у насељу је живело 2619 становника. Насеље се налази на надморској висини од 594 м.

Види још
 Покрајине Италије
 Италијани

Референце

Литература

Спољашње везе

Насеља у округу Л'Аквила
Википројект географија/Насеља у Италији

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
When free speech becomes a free-for-all, democracy loses
By Larry Atkins, opinion contributor - 03/20/17 05:40 PM EDT
Earlier this month, violent protesters at Middlebury College shut down a speech by controversial conservative Sociologist Charles Murray.
Often accused as a white nationalist, Murray's controversial 1994 book "The Bell Curve" linked lower socioeconomic status with race and intelligence and was very polarizing when it was released.
Hundreds of Middlebury students disrupted the program, confronted and shouted down Murray, and pushed and shoved him in the hallway as he was leaving.
Even though I am a liberal and a university professor, I find this to be a continuation of a disturbing trend of silencing Conservatives' free speech rights on college campuses.
Earlier this year at NYU, 11 people were arrested while protesting Conservative comedian, Vice Media founder, and guest speaker Gavin McInnes, cutting his speech short. The previous day, violent protesters shut down an appearance by conservative Breitbart News editor Milo Yiannopoulos.
In past years, invitations to conservative speakers at graduation ceremonies have been revoked or declined, such as when former Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice backed out of giving Rutgers University's 2014 commencement speech due to protests.
While, as a liberal, I am heartened and encouraged by an awakening of young people in speaking out about social issues and against many of the Trump Administration's agenda items, I am not encouraged by the violence of the Middlebury, NYU, and Cal-Berkeley protesters and their actions of shutting down speakers that they disagree with.
Universities shouldn't shelter students and protect them in a liberal bubble. It's good for them to be exposed to ideas that might differ from theirs. By all means, hold a peaceful protest before or after a controversial Conservative comes to speak on campus, but let the speaker give their speech to those who want to hear it.
As Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis once wrote, "Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants."
Universities should encourage political debate in classrooms and bring speakers of all ideologies to speak on campus.
Likewise, I don't like it when Conservative schools shy away from exposing students to Liberal viewpoints.
I teach Journalism courses as an Adjunct professor at several universities. I'm a staunch liberal, and I make that transparent in my syllabus and during the first class. However, I also strongly encourage students in all of my classes to speak freely and openly when we discuss current events and controversial topics.
Even though conservative students are generally a minority in most of my classes, I want them to be able to give their opinions even though I and the rest of the class might disagree with them. It makes class more interesting to have those differing opinions. I don't punish Conservative students for speaking their minds. I have given Conservative students "A" grades and Liberal students "F" grades.
I graduated from Temple University Law School in the 1980s. One of the most intellectually stimulating parts of class was when Conservative students got in passionate arguments with Liberal students about law, politics, government, judicial philosophy, and current events.
Even though I disagreed with most of what the Conservative students said, I found it valuable to learn how they felt and to get a sense of why they differed with me and the other liberals in the class.
Even though I have a policy of encouraging my Conservative students to speak their minds freely, I've noticed that most are hesitant to do so, especially since most of the students in the class are very open in expressing their Liberal points of view.
This was especially the case right after the Trump election, when most of my students were shell-shocked and were trying to figure out how to deal with this setback. I tried to get some Conservative students to give a pro-Trump point of view for some balance, but most were shy to do so, which resulted in me playing Devil's Advocate to challenge how the rest of the class felt.
Unfortunately, I've found over the years that even though I encourage, urge, or even beg Conservative students to give their viewpoints during class discussions, most are reluctant to do so for fear of sticking out like a sore thumb.
This concept of free speech should work both ways and also apply to university professors and administrators.
Professors shouldn't be forced to hide their political viewpoints in their classrooms, their scholarship, and their social media. The key is that they be transparent about it and that they not let their political perspectives affect how they treat students in their classes with differing viewpoints.
The concept of Academic Freedom for university professors needs to be enforced.
Last year, a conservative organization, Turning Point USA, published a watch list of professors who allegedly advanced liberal propaganda in class, while Bob Thorpe, a Republican Arizona state representative, introduced a bill earlier this year that would ban college classes or activities that advocate social justice based on ethnicity, race, or gender.
Professors have also been harassed and targeted through secret taping of classes and student meetings. Like students, professors should be allowed to express their beliefs without punishment.
Free speech is a two way street. Conservative students on university campuses should be free to express their viewpoints, while Liberal students and professors should be free to exercise their free speech peacefully.
Violent protests and intimidation shutting down speakers on either side of the political spectrum isn't constructive and should stop.
Larry Atkins teaches Journalism at Temple University and Arcadia University. He is the author of "Skewed: A Critical Thinker's Guide to Media Bias." Follow him on Twitter @larryatkins4
The views expressed by contributors are their own and are not the views of The Hill.
Tags Education Middlebury College NYU Vice Berkeley
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Zab Judah (* Oktober in New York) ist ein US-amerikanischer Profiboxer und ehemaliger sechsfacher Weltmeister im Halbwelter- und Weltergewicht. The only person to knock out Floyd Mayweather, Zab Judah, speaks on how he did it + compares other fighters. Zabdiel " Zab " Judah (born October 27, ) is an American professional boxer. He is a four-time former world champion in two weight classes, having held the  Amir Khan vs. Zab Judah ·  Zab Judah vs. Lucas Matthysse ·  Cory Spinks. Following the win against Matthysse, negotiations for a fight against Kaizer Mabuza began. The bout was an Internet-only pay per view. Don King argued that Mayweather should have been disqualified because his uncle was the first person to enter the ring. When Judah collapsed, Nady waved the fight over, resulting in a technical knockout victory for Tsyzu and Judah's first professional loss. Never known for his resolve or ability to turn the fight around late, Judah responded to the knockdown by coming on strong down the stretch. Due to the lack of action in the fight, the crowd booed as the fight ended. The bout was originally recorded as a technical draw , but the result was changed to a no contest in May Garcia overcomes valiant Judah". It will not be zeus and his sons easy task but the commission will gelsenkirchen grothusstr mindful that vociferous protesters such as Shaw had just seen their investment in one of boxing's red stag casino hyped young fighters free games book of ra damaged. In round nine, Judah took a cheb casino to gain a breather from Cotto's aggressive itachi uchiha krankheit. März — Bet365 free bet rules Park PlaceAtlantic Rene adler verletzung, New Jersey, U. Lineal welterweight novoline code February 5, — April 8, That forced the referee to stop the fight. Says "Punk" Bradley, Alexander Will Get It". Early in the eleventh round, Cotto landed a combination that dropped Judah to the canvas. Major world boxing titles. Tszyu went after Judah, throwing another right hand that landed on his chin and sent Judah crashing to the canvas. Euro beton am part of history. Bally's Las Skrill money launderingParadise, NevadaU. I test com successfully defended the USBA title by stopping Darryl Tyson in the eleventh round on October 15, Zab Judah — Ruben Galvan". Bayerische politiker RoxyBoston, MassachusettsU. Februar — 3. Due to the severity of the cut, the fight was waved off. I help guys to do the things that work for them. Judah had trouble landing punches effectively against Green for the majority of the fight, but in round ten, he knocked Green down with a left hook. Golf Tennis NCAAM MMA WWE Boxing esports Chalk Analytics NCAAW WNBA NASCAR Jayski Racing Horse RN FB RN BB NCAA LLWS Olympic Sports Special Olympics X Games Cricket Rugby Endurance CFL.


text:
Velocity helps set the 'Agenda' as easyJet magazine takes off
SEMLEP's easyJet on-board magazine supplement reviewing the South East Midlands key brands has literally taken off.
The 'Agenda' magazine, which profiles key brands and businesses across this South East Midlands area, is now on board all easyJet flights as of this January – reaching up to 6 million passengers in this one publication alone.
Research has shown that typically over 80 per cent of passengers will read the inflight magazine for an average of 20 minutes – ensuring the sky really is the limit for the South East Midlands and the South East Midlands Local Enterprise Partnership.
Daniel Charles Mouawad, chief executive of the South East Midlands Local Enterprise Partnership (SEMLEP) and its associated business support service, Velocity, said, "We've chosen this relationship as it represents the single largest combined business and consumer audience in European print media.
"The exclusive arrangement with easyJet to publish SEMLEP's document as an integral supplement is a central pillar to our marketing strategy over the next 12 months, becoming a key document for distribution at such events as MIPIM 2015 and to aid our strategic inward investment endeavours."
Working in conjunction with partners across the South East Midlands, the publication focuses on profiling key brands including London Luton Airport, Milton Keynes and Central Bedfordshire as well as a number of international business parks with a strong commitment to innovation, Silverstone Park, Millbrook Technology Park, Unilever's Colworth Park and Kettering Energy Park.
The initiative has been endorsed by UKTI's Business is Great Britain campaign. The Government agency openly cites the relationship it has with SEMLEP's Velocity Business Support service and stated that since Velocity's launch the service has "experienced exceptional demand for its business advice, grants and information services."
Rae Levene, Chairman of Velocity Business Support, said "Velocity provides free business support for ambitious businesses across the South East Midlands, helping produce a stimulating business environment for growth and further cementing the region as a national business hub"
View the easyJet AGENDA magazine here.


The city water and sewer services are billed monthly by the City of Fertile. Bills are mailed out on the first of each month and are due by the 21st of each month. Bills not paid by the 21st are assessed a late payment charge of 10%.
A copy of our water billing policy can be downloaded here.
Ottertail Electric provides electrical service to the city and can be reached at 800-257-4044 in Crookston, Minnesota.
Sanitation in the city of Fertile and the surrounding area is handled by Stuhaug Sanitation and can be reached at 218-945-6707.
Cable, Telephone and Internet services are provided by Garden Valley Telephone Company in Erskine. For service information, call 1-218-687-5251.


text:
Liverpool vs Arsenal
Every word Arsenal boss Mikel Arteta just said on Lacazette, Aouar transfer and Liverpool
The full transcript of Mikel Arteta's post-match press conference following the Gunners' 3-1 loss to Liverpool
James Benge
23:06, 28 SEP 2020
Mikel Arteta during Arsenal's 3-1 loss to Liverpool. (Image: Photo by PAUL ELLIS/POOL/AFP via Getty Images)
Sign up to the free Arsenal newsletter so you don't miss the latest Gunners news, straight to your inbox
What were your thoughts on the performance?
A really tough place to come. They're a really good side. We stayed in the game for almost the whole match.
Having the lead we should have handled the situation a little bit better, we conceded the goal too early straight after that. We competed throughout the game knowing the difficult moments you're going to have when you come to Anfield but as well with real belief that we could get something out of the game.
When we had the clear chances to make it 2-2 we didn't score. Obviously if you want to get something out of the game you have to do that.
Mikel Arteta: We are open to improve our team
Gary Neville praised your resilience, what does tonight tell you?
We're on a different journey to them. They've been together for five years. They weren't able to do what they've done tonight two or three years ago that's for sure.
Arsenal player ratings vs Liverpool: Alexandre Lacazette's harsh awakening, Dani Ceballos excels
Arsenal's new truth under Mikel Arteta shows a path beyond Liverpool
They have a lot of good work, a lot of belief, great recruitment and they have improved the players they have. This is what we have to do.
They've set the bar probably at the best standard the Premier League has seen in many years. This is where we have to get and obviously we've still a long way to go.
How much confidence do you take from the resilience?
I told them that I applaud them, with all the problems, issues and things with some processes we had throughout the game, mostly when we had the ball, to pick the right pass, to make the right decision, to read much better the game moments.
It's still the belief that the players had. Even at half-time I could see that they still believed that they could get something out of the game.
We tried to put them under a little bit of pressure, as much pressure as we could, we were really aggressive trying the high press in many moments. But [Virgil] van Dijk plays a 60 yard pass to [Mohamed] Salah's chest and they are out. They have to try about 15 metres.
This is real quality and that's where they've spent the money they've done. Credit to them.
What Alexandre Lacazette did after being substituted for Arsenal against Liverpool
'LiVARpool' - Arsenal fans fume after Sadio Mane escapes red card at Anfield
Have you spoken to Alexandre Lacazette since full time?
They want to win. This is what I like, the mindset of the team. They want to go to any ground and they want to win.
The boys were really disappointed to lose the game, they really believed we could come here and do it. For large periods of the game we were right there.
Obviously he had the best chance in the game to make it 2-2 and again put us in a really strong position. He had a great game, he put an incredible performance again and I'm pleased with him.
What's the latest on Houssem Aouar?
We don't have any news on new players and either with players that might leave the football club. It's a week to go, I think it's going to be really busy for other clubs because not much business has been done.
Let's see what happens.
Lyon chief hands Arsenal Houssem Aouar transfer deadline in firm statement
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Will it be really busy for you?
I think it's going to be really busy for the Premier League. I don't know for us how it's going to happen.
What changes do you have to make for Thursday?
We'll see how the boys are, how they recover. Obviously today was a really physically demanding match, we will see the players we have available and try to come here to win again.
There seems to be more belief than last season's 3-1 defeat?
I don't know. I wasn't here at the time. What I can tell you is the belief I sensed from the players and the disappointment they have today in the dressing room but as well that they have to face the reality that any team when they come here this is the hardest ground to come to.
You could see big teams how they were knocked out here. I'm pleased we competed throughout the game. There's a lot of things in our hands that we can do better and will do better.
That's going to help us so much in the process. I want to see my players upset and angry when they lose the game.
Did you think an equaliser was coming late in the game?
I could see it coming and I had the sense that we were growing, that we were going to have the moments. The substitutions after helped but it wasn't meant to be.
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What is your view on the 10 positive COVID-19 tests in the Premier League?
All the managers and all the clubs are really aware that this situation can happen, that there can be positives. All the clubs and the Premier League have done really good work to create a really safe environment where we have managed the positives in really low numbers up till now.
We have to keep doing that, we have to keep talking to players and staff to maintain the levels of alert. We can't ease off any of the rules that we have at the moment. Hopefully we can maintain it under control.
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You are here: Home / Work / Tyler Posey's Mom on Raising a TV Star
Tyler Posey's Mom on Raising a TV Star
Money, Work
Mamiverse: What is Tyler's next project, how can we support him?
Garcia: The new season of Teen Wolf should be airing sometime in June. He will be traveling to San Francisco next month for the premiere of a movie he co-stars with BooBoo Stewart and Greg Sulkin called White Frog. That should be coming out sometime this spring. He got punk'd in the new season of Punk'd which aired March 19th. He also will be shooting a music video with his band Lost in Kostko in May. It will be their first music video, and we're all looking forward to that. You can support him by watching him on Teen Wolf and going to see his movie White Frog when it comes out! His band has an EP on iTunes. Look them up. Their music is really great!
You can also follow him on Twitter and send him some love @tylergposey. And if you would like to know more about our experiences as a showbiz family you can read my blog at myshowbizfamily.blogspot.com.
May 16, 2012 /by Kathy Cano-Murillo
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Tags: Celebrities, Motherhood
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Back then the Saturn I / V combo was against the Titan what the Ares I / V are against the EELV:s... Except that Saturn I was bigger than the early Titans, while Ares I will be similar to high end EELV:s.
Cost less my rear end. According to Medaris in his 1962 book "Countdown to Decision" the aggregate cost of the Atlas, Thor, and Titan was almost $30 billion dollars in real money! That is more than what the lunar effort cost!
As for the Saturn configuration, I hear whispers in the halls at certain NASA locations about a liquid Ares 1 booster stage.
Atlas/Thor/Titan cost less than Saturn on a per-launch basis, largely because of their sheer numbers allowed by their dual use as both space launchers and as ballistic missiles. Altogether Atlas, Titan, and Thor performed more than 1,600 launches (both missile and orbital launches) - and Delta II is still flying. For its money, the U.S. got years of on-duty national defense deterrent and decades of space launch power. With their per-flight cost lowered by the dual-use cost sharing, the big-solid Titans flew something like 123 times over the years.
It cost something like $47 billion (2006 dollars) to develop, build, and fly Saturn I, IB, and V. For that price, the U.S. got 32 launches (19 Saturn I/IB (including 6 suborbital flights) and 13 Saturn V) over a 14 year span. That's almost $1.5 billion per launch, on average! Of course the per-launch cost would have been much less if the U.S. had, say, flown 120 more Saturn IBs rather than Shuttles during the intervening years.
The U.S. is unable to gain the dual use missile and space cost advantage with big boosters these days. Neither EELV serves missile duty, for example. Only Minotaur and Taurus come close to the Atlas/Titan/Thor advantage. Saturn, Shuttle, and now Ares, of course, had/have to bear their own costs as well.
The only way to correct the high launch cost problem will be to fly these new launch vehicles as often as possible for as many years as possible - while resisting the temptation to pour billions more into redesigning them again and again.
Here is a shot of some of the design variations of the Saturn C1 and C2. This is an image that is in a set of archived documents by one of the original Saturn 1 lead design engineers.
There was an SEI version of a Single F1-A engine launcher.
Back during the 60's, most of the proposed Saturn IB upgrades involved stretches to the 1st stage propellant tanks and Titan or Minuteman-derived SRB's. At least these were the options examined by Douglas Aircraft and Chrysler.
Some of the NASA studies were far more interesting, such as replacing the S-IB with a 260" diameter solid rocket. Von Braun, known for his opposition to solid rockets for manned spacecraft, probably frowned on the idea. Nevertheless, it was a precursor to Ares I (solid first stage, J-2 family engine on a hydrogen-fueled upper stage.) I wonder if Scotty was influenced by this older concept.
If you look at cost the 1st (S-IB) stage wasn't too crazy. 9.4 million out of 46 million. It is amazing how much the instrument unit cost (more than the first stage). So even if you simplified the 1st stage it wouldn't bring down the total cost that much.
The engine cost was presented separately there. If the engines were included with their respective stages, the first stage cost would have exceeded the IU cost. (My guess is that it would have been about $13.5 million for S-IB and $16.5 million for S-IVB including engine cost).
But your point is a good one. The cluster first stage costs less than the single tank diameter second stage by a substantial margin, even with the engines included.
By the way, the Saturn IB production cost presented here works out to about $290 million in 2006 dollars if the table data is assumed to be in 1966 dollars. If you include the R&D costs presented in Table D of the same document, the Saturn I and IB flights work out to an average of roughly $500 million per vehicle built (2006 dollars) and nearly $600 million per vehicle flown (since three complete Saturn IB vehicles and two Saturn IB first stages were never flown - think about that the next time you see the SA-209 display at the KSC Visitor's Center(!)).
At least one of those stretches did happen between the Saturn 1 and Saturn 1B iterations.
If it had not been shelved...a modernized Saturn I might be flying today as often as Russia's Proton. NASA wouldn't be developing an Ares I launch vehicle, because it would already have had a heavy cluster booster able to do the job.
If it was an Air Force invention and not the ABMA's--it probably would have.
And to be fair--you have to compare it to Titan III/IV with similar payload capability.
ABMA never launched a Saturn.
Have a look at the attached 1968 report on SA-217. With the shaving of a little weight and replacement of the J-2 by a J-2S, the payload to a 185-km low-inclination orbit would have risen to to 20.4 mT. SA-217 still would have had an instrument unit weighing a little over 1.8 mT. Given the vast advances in electronics since the 60s, surely if the Saturn were still flying that weight would be down to just about zero by now, giving an LEO capability of 22 mT with little development expense.
The payload given for the Titan 4B by astronautix.com is 21.7 mT, but I presume that's into a polar orbit, where the SA-217's capability, had an appropriately-sited launch pad existed, would have been less. However, it's hard to believe that a modest sum devoted to improvements (certainly far, far less than was spent over the years on Titan upgrades) could not have raised the Saturn's capability to the same level.
The other point I would make is about reliability. When you're launching people or billion-plus-dollar spysats, failures are very expensive. Not only do you lose costly hardware, but the whole program halts for a year or so while still running up expenses at about the same rate. The basic heavy Titan, with four stages, four separation events and two air-starts can reasonably be expected to be less reliable than the Saturn, with two stages, two separation events, one air-start, and a multiply-redundant first stage.
I made this point once before but was justly criticized for fuzzy argumentation. Now, however, I've done my homework. I count 123 heavy Titan launches (i.e., with SRMs). Of those, seven failed for reasons other than third-stage (e.g., Transtage) malfunctions. Of those, there are three to which the Saturn was not susceptible: two SRM failures (34D-9 and 403A K-11) and one failed air-start of the liquid first stage (34D-7; it ignited but misbehaved from the beginning). No doubt had it flown as many times as the Titan did, the Saturn would have suffered failures too, but there is good reason to expect that they would have been fewer.
It should be stressed that it didn't make sense to keep both the Saturn IB and Titan production lines open at the same time, when the two launchers had similar performance. My sense is that, had NASA and the Air Force agreed to down-select between the two boosters, the Saturn IB would have been the cheaper choice. After all, it only had two stages, and it avoided all the hazmat concerns that accompany solid and storable liquid propellants.
If it didn't make sense to keep both lines going, it probably made even less sense to have opened both in the first place. In the early 60s, I'd have gone with the Saturn. By the early 70s, as Jim has pointed out, all kinds of Titan infrastructure already existed. Given that because of the Shuttle there weren't going to be huge numbers of launches anyway, the decision to go with the Titan seems sensible. On the other hand, had there been no Shuttle in the offing, I think one could have made a stonger case for keeping the Saturn.
Hah! "Cluster's last Stand" Love it.
Don't know how to work this in, but, I'm sure everyone's heard of Bernie Madoff's new movie deal. They're calling it, "Swindler's List".
Titan structures were in place by late 1960s.........SLC-4E the last.
1. No doubt had it flown as many times as the Titan did, the Saturn would have suffered failures too, but there is good reason to expect that they would have been fewer.
2. On the other hand, had there been no Shuttle in the offing, I think one could have made a stonger case for keeping the Saturn.
1. No, the logic is not applicable, just as it is not for Spacex.


We were interested in the hullabaloo surrounding the opening of Oprah Winfrey's Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa. We stumbled onto a story, actually. We realized that two people we see all the time are doing what Oprah has just done, and let me tell you, they don't have Oprah-sized pockets.
Lidia Schaefer works as a manicurist at a salon in Washington, D.C., but she managed to build schoolhouses in Ethiopia. And Wendy Johnson, an administrative assistant here at NPR, works part time so that she has the time to hand deliver her contributions in support of projects overseas. We thought you'd be interested in meeting them and hearing about what they do. We broaden the story with a conversation with Dennis Whittle from Global Giving, an organization that helps small donors find worthy projects. We also talk with Gene Sperling, a leading economist who tells us why this is good for the world and not just the soul.
Oprah stories are irresistible, but discovering that ordinary people are doing the same thing was too good to pass up. Do you agree? Tell us what you think. Was it interesting? Did it keep your attention? Are you comfortable with the variety of accents you heard? Did you hear something that you have not heard anywhere else? And did it make you think about the choices you make with your time and money?


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9 - Makerere fire: university starts to reconstruct staff records
African varsities launch courses to develop skills
Written by John Musinguzi
Prof Enos Njeru from University of Nairobi
The Partnership for Africa's Next Generation of Academics (PANGeA) has launched a new training and skills development programme, PANGeA-Ed, after a four-day meeting of the partnership's board in Kampala.
At the launch at Makerere University recently, Prof Edward Kirumira, principal of Makerere's college of Humanities and Social Sciences and chairman of PANGeA, hailed PANGeA-Ed as high-quality short courses and workshops in research and skills development, intended to train trainers, that will cover the eight partnering universities, and at no cost to the individual.
The three-day intensive courses will cover principles of research design, research ethics, understanding social research, mixed research methods, scientific writing skills and research methodology, among others.
The partnership was formed in 2010 to strengthen higher education in Africa through collaborative research and exchange, and doctoral training and scholarship in the arts, humanities and social sciences in Africa.
Kirumira said the eight partner universities – Makerere, Dar es Salaam, Stellenbosch, Nairobi, Ghana, Malawi, Yaounde I and Botswana – are just front-desk institutions that influence other universities because of their own networks on the continent. The doctorate programme is housed by Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
Kirumira revealed that although their doctoral scholarship has since 2010 nominated 66 doctoral candidates, 36 of whom have already completed and resumed their academic positions at their home universities and 81 per cent completed in three or less years, the board last year decided to explore other ways of producing more high-grade human capital and improving skills and careers of staff.
Hence the training and skills programme will be conducted at partner universities and be based on the institution's needs. Observing that oftentimes fresh PhD graduates are instantly put in administrative positions without training in administration, Kirumira said their doctoral programme includes training in leadership and administration.
"Twenty per cent of the 36 PhD graduates have already been placed in administrative positions. See, we give our donor partners the confidence that we will deliver to their expectations.
"Despite the several achievements so far, we will continue with our fundraising trips to governments, corporations and foundations," he said.
Prof Enos Njeru, principal of college of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nairobi, said the consortium will assist Africa by replenishing the professoriates, raising the academic quality of staff at all higher education levels and promoting knowledge-based economic growth through increased and more meticulous research.
Michael Hanssler, chairman of Gerda Henkel foundation, disclosed that his foundation and Robert Bosch foundation will fund 50 short courses and workshops of PANGeA-Ed over the next five years.
Makerere fire: university starts to reconstruct staff records
Minutes agoEducation


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The Muffins — Bandwidth
(Cuneiform Rune 161, 2002, CD)
The Muffins were one of those seminal East Coast US groups who started life entrenched in one style (Canterbury / ReR influenced rock jazz) before migrating into a variant style (experimental free jazz). The first official re-union recording of the group (disregarding the recent Loveletter #1), proves that the band does sound as vital as they were during their late 70s heyday. The complete set of original members have returned, including the oft-times mean spirited rhythm section of Swann and Sears. Jazz motifs are worn on the sleeve as evidenced on "World Maps," where a slow introduction leads into the twin saxes of Tom Scott (not the longtime LA Session man) and Dave Newhouse that is possibly the showcase piece on the disk. It's easy to hear how this group of unfashionable musicians influenced a legion of Cuneiform artists such as Curlew, Amy Denio, and possibly even Paul Dunmall's recent big band works. Clearly the group has taken the initiative to refine their sound as heard on "People in the Snow" with its echoey flute solo and the overt swing mode of "Essay R." Fleshing out the brass arrangements is Doug Eliot on trombone, adding support on four of the tracks. "Out of the Boot" even reminds me of those old Jimmy Hastings flights of fancy (playing flute as he did on Hatfield's The Rotters' Club). Closing out the album is Newhouse's sad but precious piano piece, "Pennies." Bandwidth is a welcome return for a true icon of US-based experimental rock as well as a keen reminder that old jazzmen don't just fade away — they mutate!
by Roel Steverink, 2002-09-01:
The Muffins are back! Really?! Yes, after 17 years of dead silence, they are back from the grave. I'm curious what changes will have taken place. Only few bands are capable of recreating that vigorous sound, after so long an interruption. Halfway through the album it's obvious that their sound has undergone major changes and that the shuffle has destroyed the avant-garde richness of the past. Upfront we hear a more mainstream jazz; gone are the fruity Canterbury rhythms, and the complex time signatures which forced the listener in hearing it over and over again without losing its magic. Gone with the wind are the fine progressive rock stylings. And sad but true, even the clownesque humor has dissolved. No matter how small a piece, they knew how to bend it and come up with something fresh and stimulating. Now, we hear nice music with mid-tempo rhythms or slower, predictable structures and dearly miss the surprise this group was famous for. Only here and there we get a glimpse of past glory with that typical chaotic babbling sax. I hope the next album can prove I was wrong, so we are overwhelmed again by superbly crafted intricate music, as it should be.
by David Ashcraft, 2002-09-01:
Many bands from the 70s and 80s that reform do so for strictly financial reasons. They might hit the concert circuit to cash in, and the results can range from pleasantly nostalgic to downright embarrassing. The Muffins are the rare band that has done the exact opposite. They've regrouped for artistic rather than monetary reasons, and instead of rehashing prior compositions they have come up with a fresh approach that is stylistically different from the music that they created over 20 years ago. Albums like Manna / Mirage explored an American take on the beloved Canterbury school, and until Volare came along several years ago no stateside band had done as good a job of evoking this style. Bandwidth, on the other hand, is dominated by the sound of multiple layers of horns and woodwinds that bring to mind the World Saxophone Quartet or Curlew more than any Canterbury band. Having said that, the proceedings are anchored by a snarling fuzz bass reminiscent of Richard Sinclair in the wilder moments of Hatfield and the North's debut album. In addition, when Dave Newhouse migrates from horns back to keyboards (as he does on several of the albums last few tracks) the album sounds more like The Muffins of old. The twelve tracks are all tightly composed, and the band is well honed with excellent intonation on all of the various horns and woodwinds. It is obvious that the band took their time with the arrangements and multi-tracked recording, as the final product is sonically very impressive. Bandwidth is a tremendous success and the music will undoubtedly be a pleasure to hear during one of their carefully selected live performances.
Filed under: New releases , Issue 25 , 2002 releases
Related artist(s): The Muffins, Dave Newhouse (Manna / Mirage), Paul Sears
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Pinhas Ruins Saxes


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Time is flying by... We can't believe that it's nearly 6 months since we left to pick up Bebe & she is for the main part, enjoying life. We do have the odd blip when she is quite low & agitated, when nothing we say makes a difference, but for the most part - she is fine.
We have to remember that she can drift in & out of lucidity, one minute she seems so rational & on the ball, then the next she can be lost, insecure & child-like. We have discovered more & more just how much Bebe can do & are realising that just like others with dementia, she is very good at pretending that she is still capable of doing certain things. It's not easy for her to accept help with her personal hygiene & she's at times desperately trying to cling on to her independence.
We encourage her to do as much as possible for herself, but it is very sad to see just how much she has forgotten & equally it can be exciting when out of the blue, Bebe will randomly remember something!
It has to be said that life hasn't always been great with Bebe, she & Sime have had a difficult relationship - probably due to Bebe suffering from an undiagnosed mental illness for many years... Sime continues to go through periods of dwelling on the past; the mental & physical cruelty Bebe inflicted on him has really taken it's toll. The thing that torments him the most is the way she planned it all out & the enjoyment she got from it. When Sime & I got together, Bebe's attention shifted to me - she absolutely hated me & she did all she could to tear us apart, but amazingly, we got through it.
Had someone told us back then that in the future we'd invite her to move in with us & happily care for her - we would have thought they were barmy!
When Sal & Rose were born, Bebe completely changed & became a doting grandmother... Although she continued her game of spitefulness towards me, she was great with the girls & we actually enjoyed a few years of mainly good times. By the time Hugo came along, Bebe was probably beginning to suffer with dementia or at least, her mental health was deteriorating. She was still haunted by some past trauma, which she hadn't received any help with. She was also drinking heavily & her OCDs were getting worse (she had issues with cleanliness, as well as a need to constantly check locks & switches). We were so busy with our own lives, that we didn't stop to think about why Bebe was going through all this & infact, it's only been in recent years that we've realised the way her past has engulfed her. Most of Bebe's problems have slipped away as the dementia has gotten worse & in the early days it was so nice to see her not dwell on things too much & even relax a little...
As time has gone on & the more we've thought about Bebe's mental health & behaviour, we have learnt to forgive her for the hell she has put us through. Having some understanding of mental illness has made us see her in a very different light.
Since Bebe has moved in with us, we have had many frank discussions about the past & this seems to have worked wonders on both her & Sime.
Caring for a dependent relative really does take it out of you & we recognise that after a couple of weeks of full on care, as well as full-time work, we feel ourselves starting to crack... The exhaustion takes over & not only do we struggle to function properly, but Bebe repeating herself for the 6th time in half an hour somehow loses it's hilarity. The fact that her wardrobe has been rearranged again overnight & she's lost yet another sock just starts to eat away at us. Her refusal to wash or bathe gets us down & the way she keeps questioning her tablets every morning with such suspicion.
As soon as we start to feel irritated, we know we need a break & it's so easy to see how difficult it must be for a carer on their own. We both know we couldn't do this alone, experiencing the poor level of local government support we can see how terrible some situations must be. At least Bebe has a little money in the bank to afford regular respite, but her higher rate Attendance Allowance doesn't even cover her daycare, so she will probably run out of money - even when her flat is sold.
So here we are, having time out from Bebe & all we do is think about her... She has gone into respite for the weekend & we had loose plans to get out & make the most of our time, but instead we have slept in & not long had breakfast.
When she returns on Monday, we'll all be happy to see each other & we'll be able to laugh again at the weirdness that is dementia. Of course, it's not really a laughing matter - but that's the way we deal with it, even Bebe can laugh about the things she does in her more rational moments. She has to live with this condition - what's the point in us all dwelling on it? We want to make her time as enjoyable as possible, but tiredness is the thing that gets the better of us. That's why respite is important; regular injections of rest... Even a day in bed or lounging around is a novelty these days, but it feels good to go with the flow & not have anything planned.
Kay (& Sime) xx
Bebe Dementia Life
Labels: Bebe Dementia Life
Dismantled Barriers
Pre-Holiday Madness
Another Bebe Day
Rural Pollution
For The Love Of Food...And Family!
Fam 8 Take 6
Rewilding Our Life - Days 26 to 30 and Beyond


Take a look at this sharp 1996 Evo Fat Boy, covered up in chrome with a custom blue flames paint job. Runs incredibly strong like only a Harley Davidson can! This bike comes with Vance & Hines long shots, Chrome Mag Wheels, Chrome Axle Covers…the list goes on, but more importantly is how well it runs, rides and handles!