The world stood still 50 years ago during the last week of October, from the moment when it learned that the Soviet Union had placed nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba until the crisis was officially ended -- though unknown to the public, only officially.
Dobbs quotes Dino Brugioni, "a key member of the CIA team monitoring the Soviet missile buildup," who saw no way out except "war and complete destruction" as the clock moved to "one minute to midnight," the title of his book. Kennedy's close associate, historian Arthur Schlesinger, described the events as "the most dangerous moment in human history." Defense Secretary Robert McNamara wondered aloud whether he "would live to see another Saturday night," and later recognized that "we lucked out" -- barely.
Kennedy had already declared the highest nuclear alert short of launch (DEFCON 2), which authorized "NATO aircraft with Turkish pilots ... [or others] ... to take off, fly to Moscow, and drop a bomb," according to the well-informed Harvard University strategic analyst Graham Allison, writing in the major establishment journal Foreign Affairs.
The next day, at 10 am, the president again turned on the secret tape. He read aloud a wire service report that had just been handed to him: "Premier Khrushchev told President Kennedy in a message today he would withdraw offensive weapons from Cuba if the United States withdrew its rockets from Turkey" -- Jupiter missiles with nuclear warheads. The report was soon authenticated.
One possibility would have been to breathe a sigh of relief that civilization could survive and to eagerly accept both offers; to announce that the U.S. would adhere to international law and remove any threat to invade Cuba; and to carry forward the withdrawal of the obsolete missiles in Turkey, proceeding as planned to upgrade the nuclear threat against the Soviet Union to a far greater one -- only part, of course, of the global encirclement of Russia. But that was unthinkable.
The basic reason why no such thought could be contemplated was spelled out by National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, former Harvard dean and reputedly the brightest star in the Camelot firmament. The world, he insisted, must come to understand that "[t]he current threat to peace is not in Turkey, it is in Cuba," where missiles were directed against the U.S. A vastly more powerful U.S. missile force trained on the much weaker and more vulnerable Soviet enemy could not possibly be regarded as a threat to peace, because we are Good, as a great many people in the Western hemisphere and beyond could testify -- among numerous others, the victims of the ongoing terrorist war that the U.S. was then waging against Cuba, or those swept up in the "campaign of hatred" in the Arab world that so puzzled Eisenhower, though not the National Security Council, which explained it clearly.
Of course, the idea that the U.S. should be restrained by international law was too ridiculous to merit consideration. As explained recently by the respected left-liberal commentator Matthew Yglesias, "one of the main functions of the international institutional order is precisely to legitimate the use of deadly military force by western powers" -- meaning the U.S. -- so that it is "amazingly naïve," indeed quite "silly," to suggest that it should obey international law or other conditions that we impose on the powerless. This was a frank and welcome exposition of operative assumptions, reflexively taken for granted by the ExComm assemblage.
The deliberations that followed are revealing, but I will put them aside here. They did reach a conclusion. The U.S. pledged to withdraw the obsolete missiles from Turkey, but would not do so publicly or put the offer in writing: it was important that Khrushchev be seen to capitulate. An interesting reason was offered, and is accepted as reasonable by scholarship and commentary. As Dobbs puts it, "If it appeared that the United States was dismantling the missile bases unilaterally, under pressure from the Soviet Union, the [NATO] alliance might crack" -- or to rephrase a little more accurately, if the U.S. replaced useless missiles with a far more lethal threat, as already planned, in a trade with Russia that any "rational man" would regard as very fair, then the NATO alliance might crack.
To be sure, when Russia withdrew Cuba's only deterrent against an ongoing U.S. attack -- with a severe threat to proceed to direct invasion still in the air -- and quietly departed from the scene, the Cubans would be infuriated (as, in fact, they understandably were). But that is an unfair comparison for the standard reasons: we are human beings who matter, while they are merely "unpeople," to adapt George Orwell's useful phrase.
Kennedy also made an informal pledge not to invade Cuba, but with conditions: not just the withdrawal of the missiles, but also termination, or at least "a great lessening," of any Russian military presence. (Unlike Turkey, on Russia's borders, where nothing of the kind could be contemplated.) When Cuba is no longer an "armed camp," then "we probably wouldn't invade," in the president's words. He added that, if it hoped to be free from the threat of U.S. invasion, Cuba must end its "political subversion" (Stern's phrase) in Latin America. "Political subversion" had been a constant theme for years, invoked for example when Eisenhower overthrew the parliamentary government of Guatemala and plunged that tortured country into an abyss from which it has yet to emerge. And these themes remained alive and well right through Ronald Reagan's vicious terror wars in Central America in the 1980s. Cuba's "political subversion" consisted of support for those resisting the murderous assaults of the U.S. and its client regimes, and sometimes even perhaps -- horror of horrors -- providing arms to the victims.
The usage is standard. Thus, in 1955, the Joint Chiefs of Staff had outlined "three basic forms of aggression." The first was armed attack across a border, that is, aggression as defined in international law. The second was "overt armed attack from within the area of each of the sovereign states," as when guerrilla forces undertake armed resistance against a regime backed or imposed by Washington, though not of course when "freedom fighters" resist an official enemy. The third: "Aggression other than armed, i.e., political warfare, or subversion." The primary example at the time was South Vietnam, where the United States was defending a free people from "internal aggression," as Kennedy's U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson explained -- from "an assault from within" in the president's words.
Not the Russians of that moment then, but rather the right to dominate, a leading principle of foreign policy found almost everywhere, though typically concealed in defensive terms: during the Cold War years, routinely by invoking the "Russian threat," even when Russians were nowhere in sight. An example of great contemporary import is revealed in Iran scholar Ervand Abrahamian's important upcoming book of the U.S.-U.K. coup that overthrew the parliamentary regime of Iran in 1953. With scrupulous examination of internal records, he shows convincingly that standard accounts cannot be sustained. The primary causes were not Cold War concerns, nor Iranian irrationality that undermined Washington's "benign intentions," nor even access to oil or profits, but rather the way the U.S. demand for "overall controls" -- with its broader implications for global dominance -- was threatened by independent nationalism.
The crisis, however, was not over. On November 8th, the Pentagon announced that all known Soviet missile bases had been dismantled. On the same day, Stern reports, "a sabotage team carried out an attack on a Cuban factory," though Kennedy's terror campaign, Operation Mongoose, had been formally curtailed at the peak of the crisis. The November 8th terror attack lends support to Bundy's observation that the threat to peace was Cuba, not Turkey, where the Russians were not continuing a lethal assault -- though that was certainly not what Bundy had in mind or could have understood.
We can, at last, hear the voices of the victims in Canadian historian Keith Bolender's Voices From the Other Side, the first oral history of the terror campaign -- one of many books unlikely to receive more than casual notice, if that, in the West because the contents are too revealing.
The phrase "terrors of the earth" is Arthur Schlesinger's, in his quasi-official biography of Robert Kennedy, who was assigned responsibility for conducting the terrorist war, and informed the CIA that the Cuban problem carries "[t]he top priority in the United States Government -- all else is secondary -- no time, no effort, or manpower is to be spared" in the effort to overthrow the Castro regime. The Mongoose operations were run by Edward Lansdale, who had ample experience in "counterinsurgency" -- a standard term for terrorism that we direct. He provided a timetable leading to "open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime" in October 1962. The "final definition" of the program recognized that "final success will require decisive U.S. military intervention," after terrorism and subversion had laid the basis. The implication is that U.S. military intervention would take place in October 1962 -- when the missile crisis erupted. The events just reviewed help explain why Cuba and Russia had good reason to take such threats seriously.
Meanwhile, India and Pakistan have come close to nuclear war several times, and the sources of the conflict remain. Both have refused to sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty, along with Israel, and have received U.S. support for development of their nuclear weapons programs -- until today in the case of India, now a U.S. ally. War threats in the Middle East, which might become reality very soon, once again escalate the dangers.
Noam Chomsky is Institute Professor (retired) at MIT. He is the author of numerous books including "Profit over People," "Manufacturing Consent " and most recently "Who Rules the World?", available now.


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Poincaré, Jules Henri (1854–1912)
POINCARÉ, JULES HENRI
Jules Henri Poincaré, the French mathematician and philosopher, was born into a distinguished family at Nancy. His cousin Raymond was both prime minister and president of the Third French Republic. At an early age Poincaré showed an interest in natural history and the classics, and at the age of fifteen he developed an interest in mathematics. However, he trained first as a mining engineer, studying mathematics on his own during this training. In 1879 he was appointed to teach courses in mathematical analysis in the Faculty of Science at Caen. In 1881 he moved to the University of Paris, where he was soon given charge of the courses in mathematics and experimental physics. He lectured on mechanics, mathematical physics, and astronomy. Poincaré wrote an enormous number of papers on mathematics and physics and several important books on the philosophy of science and mathematics, as well as popular essays on science. His most important mathematical contributions were in differential equations, number theory, and algebra. In 1887 he was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences, and in 1899 he was made a knight of the Légion d'Honneur for his work on the three-body problem. In 1906 he became president of the Académie des Sciences, and in 1908 he was elected to the Académie Française.
Poincaré's work in the philosophy of science was in the tradition of Ernst Mach and Heinrich Hertz, and he admitted a debt to Immanuel Kant. His work was clearly influenced by his mathematical approach, and his interest was largely in the formal and systematic character of theories in the physical sciences. He showed less concern with epistemological problems connected with their support and establishment although he did write on the psychology of discovery. Albert Einstein had a profound respect for his work in both mathematics and the philosophy of science. He is often claimed as an ancestor of logical positivism, although the justification is not always easy to see.
Aims and General Character of Science
Underlying scientific procedures, Poincaré held, is a belief in a general order in the universe that is independent of us and our knowledge. This is what mainly distinguishes the sciences from mathematics, which presupposes, if anything, merely the ability of the human mind to perform certain operations. The aim of the scientist is to discover as much as possible of the order of the universe, a point which must be borne in mind when Poincaré's view is called "conventionalism."
The method of discovery is basically inductive, proceeding by generalizing from observed facts; its lack of finality is due to its basis in a belief in a general order, since we can never be sure that the discovered order is absolutely general. Modifications in scientific conclusions spring from the constant pursuit of this generality. The discovery of facts depends upon observation and experiment, but these, in turn, depend upon selection because scientists cannot observe and absorb everything at once. There must be some principle of selection, but this principle must not be one of morality or practical utility. The search for an acceptable principle of selection led Poincaré to the idea of simplicity and a somewhat unusual defense of this idea. The best scientists are motivated by disinterested curiosity about how the world is, and their interest in general truths leads them to select those facts that "have the greatest chance of recurring." These are simple facts—that is, facts with few constituents. On grounds of probability there is more chance of the recurrence of a few constituents together than of the recurrence of many constituents together. However, familiar facts are more likely to appear simple to us than are unfamiliar facts. This seems to involve an unresolved conflict between two conceptions of simplicity.
What did Poincaré mean by "facts"? This is a question to which he gave less attention than it deserves. He held that science is to some extent objective. He toyed with sensationalism, but as a means of obtaining the necessary objectivity, he asserted that many sensations have external causes. Thus, he cannot strictly be regarded as a sensationalist. Objects are groups of sensation but not merely this; the sensations are "cemented by a constant bond," and science investigates this bond, or relation. Our sensations reflect whatever it is in the external world between which relations hold; science teaches us not the true nature of things but only the true relations between things. Scientific conclusions may thus be true of the world since they can give us a picture of its structure, though not of its content. We should expect theories of light, for example, to tell us not what light is but only what relations hold between the various occurrences of whatever light is.
The two main aims of scientific investigations are to relate what previously appeared unrelated and to enable us, by using these relations, to predict new phenomena.
Poincaré constantly compared the physical sciences with pure mathematics and said that their methods of discovery are similar even though their methods of supporting conclusions are different. His view of science emerges most clearly from his comparison of it with geometry, in Science and Hypothesis. The space of geometry is not the space of sense experience; we can arrange conditions so that two things that look equal to a third thing do not look equal to each other. The mathematical continuum is invented to remove this disagreement with the law of contradiction; then, in mathematics things equal to the same thing are equal to one another whatever our senses tell us. This is one of those axioms of analysis, not geometry, which Poincaré called "analytical a priori intuitions."
Some geometrical axioms look superficially like this—for example, the Euclidean axiom that through one point only one line parallel to a given line can be drawn. The development of non-Euclidean geometries has shown that such axioms do not, as was formerly supposed, state fundamental properties of observable space. Coherent systems of geometry can be constructed based on the denial of Euclid's axioms, and these new geometries, when suitably interpreted, are translatable into Euclidean geometry. Moreover, they have physical applications. The applicability of the various systems is a function of context, or scale. The representation is purely structural.
Poincaré concluded that geometrical axioms are not synthetic a priori truths, for they are not of necessity true, and not experimental truths, for geometry is exact. They are conventions, or disguised definitions. It does not follow, as some critics have supposed, that they are arbitrary, for our choice is controlled by observation, experiment, and the need to avoid contradictions; nevertheless, such axioms cannot be either true or false. They are adopted because in certain contexts they are useful for saying how the world is. For most purposes Euclidean geometry is the most convenient. The application of geometry to the world involves an idealization. "Thus we do not represent to ourselves external bodies in geometrical space, but we reason about these bodies as if they were situated in geometrical space." No experimental support for Euclidean or any other geometry is possible, since experiments tell us only about the relations between bodies and nothing about the relations of bodies to space or of one part of space to another.
The physical sciences contain a conventional element as well as experimental, mathematical, and hypothetical elements, a fact which has been missed by most scientists. For example, the principle of inertia, according to which a body under the action of no force can move only at a constant speed in a straight line, is neither a priori nor experimental. It was originally conceived as experimental but has become a definition and so cannot now be falsified by experiment. Scientific conclusions are always conventional to some extent since alternatives to any hypothesis are always possible and, other things being equal, we choose those that are most economical. Because we have no means of knowing that the qualitative features of our hypothesis correspond to the reality, it does not make sense to regard the chosen hypothesis as the one true hypothesis.
In the physical sciences there are two kinds of statement—laws, which are summaries of experimental results and are approximately verified for relatively isolated systems, and principles, which are conventional postulates, completely general, rigorously true, and beyond the reach of experimental testing because for reasons of convenience we have made them so. Science is not entirely conventional because it does not consist wholly of principles. We begin with a primitive law, or experimental conclusion, but this is broken up into an absolute principle (definition) and a revisable law. Poincaré's example is the empirical statement "The stars obey Newton's law," which is broken up into the definition "Gravitation obeys Newton's law" and the provisional law "Gravitation is the only force acting upon the stars." Gravitation is an invented, ideal concept, but the provisional law is empirical and nonconventional because it predicts verifiable facts. The law of the conservation of energy is an outstanding example of a convention; it defines the concept of energy.
Prediction involves generalization, and generalization involves idealization. We connect a number of points on a graph by a smooth curve which does not pass through every one of them, and so we presuppose that the law we seek is best represented by a smooth curve even if this does not exactly fit the experimental results.
Points chosen midway between the existing points have a much better chance of showing which curve we should draw by eliminating one of them. A hypothesis is most strongly supported when it passes the tests that it was most likely to fail.
Unity and Simplicity
We can obtain new knowledge only through experiment, and the role of mathematics in the physical sciences is to direct our generalizations from experiment. But experiment and generalization depend on presuppositions, most of which we make unconsciously. Among our presuppositions the most important are beliefs in the unity and simplicity of nature. Unity involves the possibility that various parts of the universe act upon one another as do the various parts of the human body, in the limited sense that to understand and describe one phenomenon, we may have to investigate other, superficially unrelated phenomena. The presupposition of simplicity is weaker: We can generalize any fact in an infinite number of ways, and we actually generalize in the simplest way until we have evidence against this way.
Two opposing trends can be discerned in the history of science. There is a movement toward simplicity and unity when we discover new relations between apparently unconnected objects and a movement toward complexity and diversity when, with the help of improved techniques, we discover new phenomena. The progress of science depends upon the first tendency, for "the true and only aim is unity." The second tendency is important, but it must ultimately give way to the first. Poincaré argued, referring to the growing unification of the studies of light, magnetism, and electricity, that there are signs of a continued victory for the tendency toward unity. But there are also signs that this does not always go along with simplicity since unity can sometimes be achieved only by revealing the increased complexity in things when shown to be related. However, unity is essential and simplicity merely desirable.
Poincaré's account, like many others, suffers from a lack of clarity concerning precisely what is meant by "simplicity."
Poincaré distinguished three kinds of hypotheses. The first kind he called "natural and necessary," and they are the very general hypotheses that we use in making judgments of relevance—for instance, when in physics we judge that the effect of very distant bodies is negligible. These form the common basis of theories in mathematical physics and should be the last to be abandoned.
The second kind he called "indifferent," and these are useful artifices for calculation or pictorial aids to understanding. Hypotheses are of this kind when they are alternatives that cannot be distinguished by experiment. Thus, he said, the two hypotheses that matter is continuous and that matter has an atomic structure are indifferent because experiment cannot establish the real existence of atoms. Such hypotheses may be useful, but they may also be seriously misleading if they are not seen for what they are.
The third kind of hypotheses he called "real generalizations." They are direct generalizations from observations and are indefinitely open to further testing. Whether or not they are finally accepted, they are always valuable, if only for their suggestiveness.
Theories and the Role of Mathematics
The aim of experiments in physical science is to break up complex phenomena into simple ones with respect to time and space, to connect each moment in the development of phenomena with immediately contiguous moments and each point in space with immediately contiguous points. We also aim to break up complex bodies and events into elementary bodies and events. Because observable phenomena may be analyzed in this way and be regarded as the result of large numbers of elementary phenomena similar to one another, they are conveniently described by differential equations. This accounts for the ease with which scientific generalization takes a mathematical form. Mathematical physics depends upon the approximate homogeneity of the matter studied, since this enables us to extrapolate.
A physical theory may be superseded by another that uses qualitatively different concepts but the same differential equations; the equations are merely given different interpretations in the two theories. The superseded theory will be just as valuable for prediction because it contains the same relations as the new one, and as long as these stand up to testing, we can say that these are the real relations between things in the world. Both theories are true in the only way in which it makes sense to talk of the truth of a theory. Any advantage that the new theory has over the old will be merely psychological and will lie in its suggestions rather than in its implications. It is relatively unimportant that one theory of light refers to the movement of an ether and another refers to electric currents; what is important is the extent to which their equations agree, and it is on this that their truth must be judged.
Theories do not set out to explain, although they may provide possible explanations. They are devices enabling us to connect and predict phenomena but not to describe reality in all its details. The assertion that, for example, atomic theories explain the behavior of matter implies that we are able to establish the actual existence of atoms as delineated by the theories. But this is a metaphysical and not a scientific assertion because such existence can never be established by scientific means.
Mathematics and Logic
In mathematics Poincaré was, on the whole, an intuitionist, holding that the integers are indefinable and that underlying all mathematics is the principle of mathematical induction whose validity is intuitively recognized—that is, synthetic a priori.
In his last years Poincaré made a lively attack on the logic of Giuseppe Peano, Bertrand Russell, and others, especially on the logistic attempt to reduce mathematics to logic (Mathematics and Science: Last Essays, Chs. 4–5). He thought it important to study not only the consequences of adopting given conventions but also the reasons for adopting these conventions rather than others. He argued that it is impossible to derive all mathematical truths from the accepted logical principles without further appeals to intuition. He pointed, for example, to the difficulty of defining numbers without begging the question, and he saw even in the foundations of Russell's logic a reliance, inescapable on any satisfactory account, on synthetic a priori principles. He objected to the idea of an actual infinity, which he claimed was essential to Russell's system, and held that the logical paradoxes could be avoided by excluding nonpredicative definitions—that is, definitions of particular members of a class which refer to all the members of that class (Science and Method, Book II, Chs. 4–5). He expressed a general dissatisfaction with the extensional interpretation of logical constants.
See also Mathematics, Foundations of.
works by poincarÉ
Oeuvres de Jules Henri Poincaré. 11 vols. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1928–1956. Contains all Poincaré's important scientific papers together with part of his own account of his work, a biography by G. Darboux (Vol. II), and centenary lectures on his life and work (Vol. XI).
La science et l'hypothèse. Paris: Flammarion, 1902. Translated by W. J. Greenstreet as Science and Hypothesis. London, 1905. Poincaré's most important book on the philosophy of science and mathematics.
La valeur de science. Paris: Flammarion, 1905. Translated by G. B. Halsted as The Value of Science. New York: Science Press, 1907.
Science et méthode. Paris: Flammarion, 1908. Translated by Francis Maitland, with a preface by Bertrand Russell, as Science and Method. London: Nelson, 1914.
Dernières Pensées. Paris: Flammarion, 1912. Translated by John W. Bolduc as Mathematics and Science: Last Essays. New York: Dover, 1963.
"Analyse des travaux scientifiques de Henri Poincaré, faite par lui-même." Acta Mathematica 38 (1921): 1–385. Partly reprinted in Oeuvres. This is a Poincaré issue of the journal and contains an extensive bibliography and appreciations by J. Hadamard, H. A. Lorenz, P. Painlevé, M. Planck, L. Fuchs, and others.
works on poincarÉ
Carnap, Rudolf. Logical Syntax of Language. London: Kegan Paul, 1937.
Einstein, Albert. "Geometry and Experience." In Sidelights on Relativity, translated by G. B. Jeffery and W. Perrett. London, 1922.
Frank, Philipp. "Einstein, Mach and Positivism." In Albert Einstein, Philosopher-Scientist, edited by P. A. Schilpp. Evanston, IL: Library of Living Philosophers, 1949. Other articles also mention Poincaré.
Frank, Philipp. Modern Science and Its Philosophy. Cambridge, MA, 1949. Logical positivism's debt to Poincaré.
Grünbaum, Adolf. "Carnap's Views on the Foundations of Geometry." In Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by P. A. Schilpp. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1964.
Hadamard, J. S. The Early Scientific Work of Henri Poincaré. Rice Institute Pamphlet (Houston, TX) 9 (3) (1922).
Hadamard, J. S. The Later Scientific Work of Henri Poincaré. Rice Institute Pamphlet (Houston, TX) 20 (1) (1933).
Le Roy, É;douard. "Science et philosophie. "Revue de métaphysique et de morale 7 (1899): 375, 503, 706; 8 (1900): 37.
Popper, K. R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson, 1959. For a somewhat misleading criticism of Poincaré's conventionalism.
Revue de métaphysique et de morale 21 (1913): 585–718. Obituary number of journal.
Rey, A. La théorie de la physique chez les physiciens contemporains. Paris, 1907.
Schlick, Moritz. Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik Berlin, 1917. Translated by H. L. Brose as Space and Time in Contemporary Physics. Oxford, 1920.
Volterra, V. "H. Poincaré." Book of the Opening of the Rice Institute 3 (Houston, TX, 1912): 899–928.
Peter Alexander (1967)
Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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Alfred North Whitehead , Whitehead, Alfred North WHITEHEAD, ALFRED NORTH mathematics, mathematical logic, theoretical physics, philosophy. Education, religion, and local gove… Antoine Augustin Cournot , Cournot, Antoine-Augustin Cournot, Antoine-Augustin applied mathematics, philosophy of science. Of Franche-Comté peasant stock, Cournot's family had… Imre Lakatos , Life Imre Lakatos did important work in the 1960s and 1970s in the philosophy both of mathematics and science. He was born Imré Lipsitz in Debrecen H… Ernst Mach , Mach, Ernst Mach, Ernst (b. Chirlitz-Turas near Brno, Moravia [now Chrlice-Tuřany, Czechoslovakia], 18 February 1838; d. Vaterstetten, near Haar, Ger… Number , Number Numbers are central to science. They underlie what Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton called the primary properties of things, the properties th… Sir Isaac Newton , NEWTON, ISAAC (b. Woolsthorpe, England, 25 December 1642; d. London, England, 20 March 1727) mathematics, dynamics, celestial mechanics, astronomy, o…
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Home > Going for golf > USA > The USA's Most Exclusive Golf Club: Augusta National
The USA's Most Exclusive Golf Club: Augusta National
Dan Dryer
Many of the world's oldest and most respected golf clubs are private. While this means that only members have access to their putting greens and air-conditioned clubhouses, it doesn't stop the rest of the golf world from speculating on what membership is like.
After all, even the world's most exclusive clubs have photos and information available to the public. Despite this, it doesn't bring fans any closer to being able to foot a hefty registration fee or annual fee (and that's assuming they make it through the club's ten-year waitlist).
Recently, a group called Platinum Clubs of the World created a hyper-exclusive list that includes twenty-five of the world's finest private golf clubs. Features like 'excellence in amenities and facilities' and 'prudent fiscal management' are considered before a club can be admitted into the Platinum Clubs of the World group.
Members are expected to abide by a strict dress code, walk between greens, and utilize a uniformed caddie. And, until recently, one major requirement for many clubs was to be male. These twenty-five elite clubs dot the globe, from places like England and France, to China, Australia and the United States. But the Augusta National, located in Augusta, Georgia, USA, tops the Platinum Club list for exclusivity.
The Augusta National
Fans and pros flock to the Augusta National Golf Club every year for the annual Masters Tournament, but aside from this event, the club is renowned for its closed-doors policy. In fact, unless a fan makes the trip to Augusta, Georgia and buys a ticket to the tournament on top of that, throwing in a wager on US Masters betting odds is as close as many golf fans will come to an exclusive establishment like the Augusta National Golf Club.
Up until recently, the club didn't admit female members. And, even today, the only known female club members (of the 300-person count) are the former Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, private investor Darla Moore, and the CEO of IBM, Ginni Rometty. Meanwhile, male members include Microsoft founder Bill Gates and business tycoon, Warren Buffett.
While all golf clubs in the Platinum Club will require some deep pockets just to pay the annual fee, registration fees for the Augusta National range from $250,000 to $500,000—though no one is quite sure how these ranges are determined.
Despite the fact that nearly one hundred Masters Tournaments have been played at the Augusta, fans still know very little about the finer workings of the club. In the end, this may not be a bad thing considering the interesting rumors that abound since the club opened, which can't be confirmed or denied.
Hole Redesign & Cattle Farm
One of the most interesting speculations regarding the Augusta is that it was purportedly used as a cattle farm during World War II. This is almost impossible to imagine given the pristine conditions that the club's greenskeepers spend their days maintaining.
However, from 1942 until 1945, the Augusta closed its doors as the US entered the Second World War. In a bid to make up for some lost annual fees, the club apparently decided to allow turkeys and cows to roam the greens. While the imagery is hilarious to think about, the move wasn't as profitable as club leaders hoped, and the Augusta was back in action by 1946.
Another interesting rumor associated with the Augusta is its deviation from the master design originally laid out by Sir Alister Mackenzie. While most exclusive clubs take precarious measures to maintain the architectural integrity of original designers like Mackenzie, rumor has it that the Augusta meddled with its par-3 16th hole… more than once.
The 16th hole originally laid out by Mackenzie was designed to require a simple 145-yard shot that would arch over a creek. However, shortly after the turkeys and cows were cleared from the putting greens, member Robert Trent redesigned the hole in 1947.
This hole redesign, blasphemous as it may be, has led to some very interesting golfing in the past decades. For instance, the new hole now includes a pond that runs on the left side of the green and often fuddles attempts made by top pros like Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods.
North America's Best Casino Golf Courses
Olympia Fields From Furyk to DeChambeau


This article is about EFT, Emotional Freedom Technique, a method of gentle fingertip tapping on ancient acupressure points on the face, body and hands to balance the body's energy system. Although EFT is NOT intended to cure any disease, it can provide emotional and physical benefits for people living with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). If you are new to EFT, be sure check out the diagram of EFT tapping points and/or watch a short video demonstration. You can also take a look at my previous Planet Thrive articles, an introduction to EFT for MCS and EFT for coping with people who don't "get" MCS.
Everyone who has ever tried EFT wants to add in positive affirmations, and wonders why EFT isn't totally based on affirmations. For an explanation of why EFT primarily uses "negative" sounding phrases, see my earlier article, "EFT for coping with people who don't "get" MCS," as well as the many articles about EFT in general available at EFTuniverse.com. However, in this article, you'll learn how we DO sometimes include positive affirmations in EFT, using the Choices Method.
The Choices Method was invented by nationally recognized EFT practitioner Dr. Pat Carrington. From many years working with clients, she realized that most people consciously or unconsciously reject positive affirmations because they don't "sound true." They may come true some time in the future, but they're not true right now. Examples of old school affirmations: A poor person might use the affirmation "I am rich." An obese person might affirm "I am slim and fit." A person with a chronic illness might say "I am vibrantly healthy." The poor person may indeed become rich, the obese person may lose weight, and the person with the chronic disease may become healthy. But these people are not there YET. So to some people, saying the affirmation sounds like "lying" to yourself. Understand, I'm not saying traditional affirmations are bad; many people have used them successfully. If they work for you, keep using them! But if affirmations have NOT worked for you, this is likely the reason. The Choices Method allows you to circumvent this entire problem. Whatever you want may not have arrived YET, but you can still choose to work towards making it happen. If you are stressed out, your mind may not be able to believe "I feel centered right now" but your mind can't factually negate a statement like, "I choose to be more centered each day." The future hasn't happened yet, so you mind may DOUBT it that you'll be more centered tomorrow, but it can't PROVE that you won't be.
The only pitfall to watch out for with Choices is not to choose the negative. If you have a fear of heights, saying "I choose to NOT be afraid on tall buildings" is the wrong way of wording your Choice. Instead, try "I choose to be calm when looking down" or "I choose to feel totally safe on tall buildings." Why is this so important? Remember the old saying, "Don't think of an elephant." As soon as someone says this, you can immediately think of — you guessed it — an elephant. You may even be able to see a vivid picture of an elephant in your mind. Words like "don't," "no," and "not," just don't register in the subconscious, so leave them out of your Choices statement.
Although traditional EFT encourages you to focus on the negative — using EFT as a giant eraser to wipe away bad feelings — the EFT Choices Method is all about focusing on the positive!
If you already know EFT, I encourage you to tap through all the points, saying your Choice at each point. If you aren't familiar with EFT, start by just saying the phrases out loud without tapping. Then check out a video or diagram of the EFT points, and try speaking your Choices aloud again, this time gently tapping the points. If you keep a journal, you can record Choices there, or use them in any other way you would use traditional affirmations.
1. By themselves. Tap a whole round using your Choices phrase only. i.e. "I choose to be completely peaceful." For the phrases in this article, don't worry about having a Setup and a Reminder Phrase. Just use the same Choice for all the points.
3. At the end of a session. If you have been tapping on the "negative" (using EFT to wash away the negative emotions), you can finish with one or more rounds that consist solely of positive Choices.
While Choices can be applied to any area of your life, the following are some Choices specific to MCS.
I choose to be open to the possibility that my body can begin to heal itself.
I choose to forgive myself for all the years I didn't know about toxic chemicals.
I choose to trust my body to start healing.
I choose to forgive my body for being sick.
I choose for my body to feel safe.
I choose to feel completely peaceful.
I choose to forgive myself for all the poor decisions I made before I knew about mold and chemicals, because I was doing the best I could at the time.
I choose to start listening to my body.
I choose to help my body heal by eating a healthy, organic diet.
I choose to forgive my brain and body for reacting to so many substances.
I choose to trust my body to be on my side.
I choose to thank my body for sending me these important messages.
I choose to help my body heal by drinking plenty of pure water.
I choose to be calm and confident about my health.
I choose to trust my body a little more each day.
Remember, EFT will NOT do away with your normal caution. Saying "I choose to feel safe around pollens" (even though you happen to be allergic to them right now) makes sense. This is an allergy that many people recover from with proper treatment. Saying "I choose to feel safe when I am near toxic industrial chemicals" does NOT make sense. They are not safe and you shouldn't be trying to convince yourself to feel safe around them. (Even if you did try to convince yourself to feel safe around chemicals toxic enough to warrant a hazmat suit by tapping while saying words to that effect, your common sense would override such a tapping phrase. EFT absolutely cannot manipulate you to think things you know are not true.) However, you COULD say "I choose to feel safe even though there are toxic chemicals in the world." A phrase like this is reducing the fear of chemicals, without going against common sense.
Lisa, you've explained the Choices method very nicely. And you've brought out a very good point about choosing the positive (I'm calm when I look down), not the NOT version (I choose NOT to be afraid). Thanks for this post!
I worked with you briefly many months ago. This new information rings very true with me. I think it is necessary to be positive for this to work. I was not comfortable with the negative emphasis with the previous way of doing things.


Ripley Court is regularly assessed by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.
The most recent inspection to check the school's compliance with the Independent School Standards and other legal requirements took place in February 2017. The report is available below. These are very bland - either we comply or we do not. They give no real hint of what we actually so.
As of now, we await a fresh Educational Quality Inspection due any time before 2020.
The most recent ISI inspection for the whole school including The Ark Nursery, looked at quality as well as compliance and took place in March 2012, and can be downloaded below. We gained top scores on all fronts!
Reports are also available in full from the ISI website.


"We had read some very mixed reviews about the Jalousie Plantation and were almost dreading flying out there. However we were very pleasantly surprised! We opted for the helicopter transfer from the airport to the hotel and while we were only in the air for about 7 minutes max, the same journey by car/bus would have taken 45-60 minutes! Its definitely worth booking up for the helicopter transfer. Upon arrival at the airport, we had a few problems but that was the fault of Virgin atlantic who had failed to put my suitcase on the plane! There were no reps at the airport as they had all left after putting us down as a 'no show'. So, we were left pretty much to our own devices to sort it out. Eventually we found a member of Virgin staff who then arranged to have my case put on the next flight which was 2 days later. Virgin gave me 250 st lucian dollars to buy some things to tide me over. Sounds a lot doesnt it? Wrong, its about £65 but still better than nothing.
We were greeted at the jalousie by very friendly staff who couldnt do enough for us. we were given a very warm wlcome and given a cool and refreshing cocktail while we checked in. The plantation resort is very, very hilly but operates its own free shuttle bus system. You simply have to walk a few steps to the phone and tell them were you are and they send the shuttle to collect you. The staff are cheerful and chatty. The villa's are fine and are being upgraded as we speak as part of a multimillion dollar rennovation. most villa's have their own plunge pool which we loved, excellent a/c systems. Be prepared for the company of the the geckos & stray cats who are lovely, however I would advise you to exercise caution and common sense when handling them. We went all inclusive at the jalousie and the food was fabulous. Cocktails were also free. The beach was lovely and has a bar and volleyball facilities. Well maintained gardens, excursions from the hotel can be booked through your rep and are recommended. We went on a tour of the grenadines and spent a day visiting different islands and beaches. it really was absolute paradise. All in all, an absolute dream and we highly recommend it! Just to forewarn you, trips by road can be quite an experience and are NOT for the faint hearted! The roads are very steep and winding, very narrow and about 95% of them have NO railings. A rather large drop awaits you should you veer off. Also take a trip to the volcano for a hot sulphur body treatment. It smells but you will feel fabulous. There is also a natural hot spring near that you might also enjoy. Book up and give the Jalousie a try, you will love it!"
"My boyfriend and I stayed at the Hilton in June 04 and had an amazing stay.
We flew with Virgin who are always fantastic, then upon landing at St Lucia airport, took a helicopter ride directly into our hotel as they have their own helipad! I would definitely recommend doing this as it is a lovely way to see the island and is a lot faster than a taxi on those winding roads!
When we arrived at the hotel we were warmly greeted with a rum cocktail and asked to take a seat while they checked us in and our luggage delivered to our room.
We stayed in one of the private cottages that are scattered over the whole of the resort. They all had their own plunge pools and terrace and were in a lovely location surrounded by trees and vegetation so were very private and secluded.
The rooms were extremely clean and elegant with a marble bathroom and floor. They also had a turndown service which was handy in the late afternoon.
You had a choice of 3 restaurants for food, one being quite casual where they had theme nights on Friday's, including a Caribbean bbq complete with traditional dancing and music. The Plantation was an a la carte with wonderful local food.
The private beach was nice and clean with white sands and turquoise waters. There was also a good number of loungers, straw umbrellas and towels that was plenty enough for all the guests at the hotel. The pool area was also well maintained and was a nice change from the beach if you fancied it.
The location of the hotel is stunning and most would say the best on the island. I can't recommend it enough, it is truly fabulous.
The resort isn't really set in an area where you can go walking around on your own in the surrounding area as it is very hilly with winding roads and may not be too safe, but there are lots of organised trips you can do with tour guides or your rep. My partner and I went on a couple of day trips, one a boat trip to the capital Castries, one to a Volcano and another to the rainforest.
All in all this was a fabulous hotel, with wonderful food and extremely pleasant staff, an amazing beach with the most wonderful views as it is set between the famous Pitons. The only down fall that I could think of is that I am in my mid-twenties and my partner was in his late-twenties so we did find the hotel extremely quiet after 10.30pm so if you are looking for a lively Caribbean resort then this will not be for you.
Location. It does have a great view of the pitons.
Plantation Restaurant. Excellent food, presentation, and service.
Staff. Not very helpful unless it is about spending money at resort.
Price. Rooms, meals, amenities are all very expensive for the quality that you receive.
Great views, very beautiful place. People are extremely friendly. Suggest renting a car since taxis are expensive and it takes a while to get to any place due to the winding roads. But do NOT rent from Cool Breeze rental.
They overcharged us even though we had proof of price, made rules up that were not in contract, and made us pay for damage already on car that we mentioned when we picked it up. South of the island is more picturesque. North part has more activities."
IF you get along with each other..you'll get along here!
"It always amazes me how many New Yorkers and east coast residents in general give such poor reviews of such truly wonderful places??? Any body else notice this? It has gotten to the point I ignore the reviews as pure silliness. Maybe its your rotten attitude...hmmm?
Anyway the place is wonderful, private, and designed for romance. It's my thought that if you get along with your spouse or significant other well you will most certainly enjoy. How could you not appreciate such idealic settings..the hotel sits directly between the Pitons. The reason each room is overgrown with lush vegetation around it is for privacy purposes..and the plunge pools..GREAT!
One of the reasons a reviewer was upset because they served cantelope instead of more "exotic" fruits...boy...happy I did not have to spend the week with her. To make it worse it was her honeymoon...on my honeymoon I was hardly thinking of cantelope vs. passion fruit.. which by the way was spent at this hotel.
Scuba divers delight...we've been a ton of places..its worth bringing your equipment!!!
Food is pricey but...why complain..if you are not ready to pay for your vacation my thought is don't go until you can afford it.
Honeymooners..aniversary..special B-day...Or just a romantic getaway...ya gotta go to the Hilton in St. Lucia...its well worth it."
"For those of you considering St. Lucia, the Hilton is really the very best place to go, in our opinion. We just returned yesterday to winter in Michigan, and as we left the island, felt very sad.
We stayed in the Sugar Mill rooms and I would advise asking for a top floor room if you choose this option (Sugar Mill rooms are very convenient to the beach and pools). The top floor rooms have cathedral ceilings and a balcony/patio that's perfect for your morning coffee. We watched the sea, admired the Pitons, saw the Milky Way at night and saw hummingbirds from our balcony.
The views are incomparable. Only Ladera (up the hill) has better views, but we think the Hilton beats Ladera just because of its proximity to the beach. By the way, everyone tells you to eat at Ladera, but we heard that the food doesn't match the $30/entree price. Go at sunset only for drinks, as we did, and sit and enjoy watching the stars emerge. Also, the Hilton/Ladera are both perfect places to watch the sun set, as they face directly west. Watching the sun set each night was a wonderful way to end our daytime.
We visited Castries at the end of our stay, and really found it not to be worthwhile. If you go to the island, stay in the south. The north is more commercial and a disappointment after the awesome beauty and tranquility of the Pitons and Soufriere.
Everyone at the Hilton was very friendly. The food is indeed expensive, and we found that the just-off-site restaurant Bang (also called Cafe Beau), past The Pier restaurant, offered simpler food at less expensive prices. Visit The Pier, the Palm Court bar, and the Plantation House (all Hilton restaurants) at least 1x, just so you can enjoy their atmosphere and views. Food was ok. The Bayside Bar and Grill on the beach was excellent for lunch. Just walk over in your bare feet, sit down, and enjoy the same view you had on the beach! Prices here were reasonable for lunch.
The Hilton beach is in a little cove surrounded on both sides by the Pitons, which we never tired of looking at. There is a marine reserve under the Petit Piton which is wonderful for snorkeling (snorkel masks are free from the Hilton water sports desk by the reserve).
The best meal we had on the island was at the Rodney Bay restaurant (we traveled north on our last night) Razmataz (Asian Indian cuisine). From the Hilton, we also did a hilly hike to the Stonefield resort and ate lunch one day at The Mango Tree, which is much tastier than the Hilton restaurants and offers a lovely view from on high. Hiking there took about 40 minutes and offers some serious hill walking. But it's worth it.
For those of you traveling to this amazing place -- we just have one thing to say -- we envy you!"
"Pictures and words do not do this place justice. We had high expectations based on what we'd seen and heard. They were all exceeded.
Scenery was amazing. Accomodations were delightful. Staff was superb."
"My new husband and I spent 8 nights at the Jalousie Hilton on our honeymoon in November 2003. From the start, we loved it!! We barely noticed the first 3 days of constant rain (very unusual). Upon arrival, we were offered a cool rum punch and a refreshing cloth. The grounds were beautiful and the staff was very friendly and welcoming - happy we were there. We took the shuttle to our villa on the hill...about halfway up the mountain from the beach. The view of the Piton mountains was breathtaking! The resort is nestled between the mountains. Our villa was fairly secluded, and we walked in to find a beautiful, spacious room with tile floors, king bed, and lovely Caribbean decor. Our room had a sitting area in front of the windows, facing the ocean, and the Hilton had a chilled bottle of champagne waiting for us. Great way to begin our honeymoon! The bathroom was also very spacious, with a large marble sinktop. We were on the all-inclusive plan for the first 5 days, so we didn't worry about prices. It's definitely not cheap to eat here if you're not on the all-inclusive! Our lunches averaged around $50 for 2; and dinner around $120+ for 2. The breakfast buffet is a bargain at $32 for 2. After our all-inclusive plan ended, we definitely ate less! Our favorite restaurant was the Plantation - the nicest of them all. The food was delicious, and the staff was wonderful. They knew our names by our second visit and gave us very personal service. We felt like royalty!! Most of the restaurants have a dress code in the evenings, so men, bring some long pants. My husband brought a few pairs, but would've brought some more had we known about the dress code. It's very quiet and low-key at the resort. We walked almost everywhere (got our exercise walking back up the very steep hill from the beach!), although the vans run very frequently. We didn't see many other guests and had the feeling, at times, that we were the only ones there! We only left the resort one time - to visit the nearby town of Soufriere. I'd recommend you visit with a group or a tour, as the town is very poor and you will most likely be approached for money. We went alone and felt a bit insecure there. But if you do visit, the Courthouse restaurant is good. We didn't do any of the spa services, but the spa was very nice-looking. Great view of the ocean (go up there for some photos!). We hiked to the nearby diamond falls - don't expect any grand falls, but rather a small waterfall dumping into a small pool, where you can swim. I think it cost us about $5 US/each. The ride to and from the airport was long and bumpy but we enjoyed seeing the sights, seeing the locals, etc. On the way back, we tried to book a helicopter (the Hilton has a helipad on site) but they were completely sold out. They told us they frequently sell out 2 weeks in advance, so you will want to book early if you go this route. The helicopter ride is a mere 8 minutes (vs. 90+ minutes in a taxi). All in all, we loved the Jalouise Hilton, and all the staff. We felt very welcome, very much at home, and very pampered (fresh flowers on our bed each night!!!). We're hoping to go back some time soon!"
"If you are looking for a absolutely gorgeous setting and a quiet escape - the Jalousie is a wonderful choice! This was our second stay in St Lucia, but first time at the Jalousie. We really enjoyed the simple concept of relaxing in a beautiful place. Activites and nightlife are limited, however the beach at the Hilton is one of the nicest you will find on the island. There is snorkelling right from the beach at the resort- which we did enjoy. Food is good, but not great- but then again we are in a different culture, with different food styles. This is typical of the Caribbean!! Prices are high- but what I would describe as ''typical resort prices" - so we expected nothing different and prepared our budget for meals before our trip and had no problem. We did take advantage of the mini-fridge to keep drinks and snacks on hand. We stayed in a villa suite oceanview and very much enjoyed the room as well as the nice sized plunge pool. Only the villa suites have the larger pools, however the traditional villa rooms do have dipping pools that are much smaller- but still a nice perk. The villas are nestled on the hillside with a very tropical ambiance. We loved the fact the the villas are individual units- it really makes you feel as though you have your own private space. The grounds are steep, so if you don't want to hike around the property you may call the shuttle service any time you need a ride to the beach or restaurants- no hassle whatsoever. We found the staff to be very friendly and accomodating, maid service was always immaculate. We especially enjoyed Andre the bartender- very nice, good service! The ride to/from the airport is long, but you get a tour of the island in the process! Be prepared if you get carsick though- it is very hilly and windy. The helicopter is a neat alternative, but be prepared for the cost. Overall - We felt the Jalousie was a wonderful experience and one of the few properties we would consider staying at again in a heartbeat. I work in the travel industry and consider myself to be pretty picky and discriminating with my vacations- so the fact that the Jalousie is one of my favorites speaks volumes :) Just remember you are here to relax and enjoy a different culture and a beautiful island- And don't forget to reset your watch to ''island-time'' and you will have a memorable experience!"
"The Jalousie Hilton was unbelievable and a great place for a honeymoon. The resort is nestled between the two Pitons with an amazing view. Our villa was great, with plenty of privacy. It was on a steep hill so walking down to the beach was no problem; however, we had to take their shuttle service to get back. We enjoyed playing tennis, golf (3-hole pitch & put), snorkeling, kayaking and swimming. The food was okay, but pricey for what you get. If you are on a budget, I would recommend eating lunch at the beach and ordering from the beach menu (1/2 the price for the same burger at the Bay restaurant). I would also recommend eating at Dasheen, a restaurant at the Ladera resort on the top of the mountain (10-20 minute cab ride). The view will make you breathless and the food is great. The Bang restaurant is also a great place to eat on Wednesday night. There are several excursions you can take through the Hilton and I would recommend the sunset cruise. Taking the helicopter back to the airport is also a great way to see the island and defiantly beats the "rally-race" cab ride we got from the airport when we arrived. Last, but not least, I would highly recommend using "Walter" Hippolyte as a cab driver. He was courteous, professional and made us feel very safe. He even stepped in and helped me when a local "tour guide" tried to rip me off at one of the flower gardens we toured. He showed us all around the island and was more of a friendly tour guide than a cab driver. We had a wonderful trip and we can t wait to get back."
"Spent Thanksgiving week at the Jalousie celebrating our 35th wedding ann'y. It was fantastic. Took the chopper as advised and were thrilled with the quick, breath-takingly beautiful trip. Met by very nice staff, cool towel and rum punch at reception area was most welcome.
Room was ready when we got there and was right on the shuttle line, would not have been the best for some, but everything else was SO beautiful, who could complain? At least we didn't have to walk to the shuttle stop if we didn't feel like it. Large room with two sitting areas, make-up dresser/closet area and large bathroom with bidet. View of the water through lovely foliage blooming with all sorts of flowers. (we paid for mountain view) Cleaned beautifully everyday with with fresh flowers in vases, on towels and sprinkled on bed with turn-down service at night.
Found room service to be excellent, fresh linens, silver and china. Food very fresh, tasty and creative. VERY Hard to get ice delivered to the room. Mini-bar filled quickly, laundry service took less than 24 hrs.
Bayside restaurant was great. We were all inclusive and we usually orderd the fresh catch of the day. (Always delicious!) Did get two dishes with fish-y tasting tuna and shrimp. Ate around it, all else was fine. Palm Court had great food and drinks. A little slow, but Hey, You're in Paradise, kick back, look around and drink in the beauty of the place! Only ate in the Pier one time but it was good. Ate at the Plantation twice and both times were heavenly. 2 to 3 hours of the best tasting food, wine, service and ambience. Did breakfast at the Veranda 3 times. All were very nice. Sat at the table next to Nicolas Cage one morning. Saw him again at Bang that night. Too cool. Bang was ok, drinks not very good, chicken tough but side dishes good. Fire eaters were fun to watch. Saw a much flashier version on Friday at the Hilton during their party at the Bayside.
Took water taxi to Soufriere and got a few things at the store. Spa services were Very Nice. Got a "tip to toe" and husband got similar treatment. Next day got pedicures. All services were good. They served us lunch on a shady deck with the most beautiful view of the whole place. We felt like we were the greek gods being pampered.
We mostly enjoyed just laying around and being alone with nothing to do, so if you're young and want to go dancing every night this is not your place. Most of the staff at the Hilton were just lovely, helpful and accomodating. I know there are grumpy people everywhere. This would be the second place I would return to if my husband allowed return trips. But he thinks there are always new adventures to be had. My first return trip would be the San Souci in Ocho Rios, Jamaica. But, Oh, Well! Hope you get to enjoy this beautiful resort on a Most beautiful island of rain forests."
"This is a truly great experience. Service is outstanding and the over three hundred acres have enough space to give you the feeling of bing totally private in your villa. The Dive shop is one of the best regarding service. All equipment put on boat, rinsed and stored until the next dive by staff. You just need to show up and jump in. Four resturants offer a wide range of food options. For some of the Food critcs, sure not on a par with the best resturants in Paris, San Fransisco, Milan, etc. but much better than most high priced resorts and a notch above the all inclusives. Sounds to me like the honeymoon couple who is complaining about this place should see a marriage counselor or the are too perfectly matched folks wo will never be satisified. For a couple married over twenty five years and used to the best in Europe and the US - we would return. By the way the helicopter is by far the best method of transportation to and from the resort, even in a wind and rain storm. About a six to eight minute trip almost 2 hours by car."
IT'S A GARDEN OF EDEN!!!
"We had a short 2-day stay in September and have vowed to go back, as it has become a favorite island of mine! It's incredibly gorgeous and wonderfully unspoiled. We stayed at the Jalousie Hilton and loved everything about the place! Hopefully the road to and from the airport will be finished its improvement by the time we go back."
"very relaxed atmosphere that's perfect for reviving weary souls. "
"book the grenadines trip. you wont be disappointed! "


Our Power Vinyasa yoga classes welcome everyone – we encourage new students and motivate those with more experience. Our classes allow you to work at a level that's comfortable for you.
Vinyasa means "breath-synchronized movement." Power Vinyasa yoga is a powerful, energetic form of yoga where students fluidly move from one pose to the next while connecting their breath to their movements. Students are guided through regular, yet dynamic sequences of postures that become familiar over time. The sequences incorporate variations to modify, intensify, or challenge the body by altering the pace or duration of poses and the frequency that they are repeated. Often referred to as "meditation in motion", Power Vinyasa yoga cultivates strength, endurance, focus, balance, and flexibility.
Our Power Vinyasa yoga classes are taught in a room heated to 94-97° Fahrenheit with 40+% humidity, which makes it a vigorous and revitalizing form of practice.


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Crowding of teeth is the most common type of malocclusion and is usually the main reason why most patients seek orthodontic treatment.
Crooked, rotated, tipped, overlapping teeth all describe crowding in various form and severity.
Contrary to popular belief, crowding of teeth can be corrected without the extraction of permanent teeth for most patients.
Besides being unsightly, crowded teeth are difficult to clean and can lead to gum diseases, tooth decay, excessive tooth attrition and bad breath.


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The MathJax.Callback Class¶

The <tt class="docutils literal">MathJax.Callback</tt> object is one of the key mechanisms used by
MathJax to synchronize its actions with those that occur
asynchronously, like loading files and stylesheets.  A Callback
object is used to tie the execution of a function to the completion of
an asynchronous action.  See Synchronizing with MathJax for more details, and Using Callbacks in particular for examples of how to specify and
use MathJax Callback objects.

Specifying a callback¶

When a method includes a callback as one of its arguments, that
callback can be specified in a number of different ways, depending on
the functionality that is required of the callback.  The easiest case
is to simply provide a function to be called, but it is also possible
to include data to pass to the function when it is executed, and even
the object that will be used as the javascript this object when the
function is called.

Most functions that take callbacks as arguments accept a callback
specification rather than an actual callback object, though you can
use the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">MathJax.Callback()</tt> function to convert a callback
specification into a Callback object if needed.

A callback specification is any one of the following:

<tt class="descname">fn</tt>

A function that is to be called when the callback is executed.
No additional data is passed to it (other that what it is
called with at the time the callback is executed), and this
will be the window object.

<tt class="descname">[fn]</tt>

An array containing a function to be called when the callback
is executed (as above).

<tt class="descname">[fn, data...]</tt>

An array containing a function together with data to be passed
to that function when the callback is executed; this is still
the window object. For example,

[function (x,y) {return x+y}, 2, 3]

would specify a callback that would pass <tt class="docutils literal">2</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">3</tt> to
the given function, and it would return their sum, <tt class="docutils literal">5</tt>, when
the callback is executed.

<tt class="descname">[object, fn]</tt>

An array containing an object to use as this and a function to
call for the callback.  For example,

[{x:'foo', y:'bar'}, function () {this.x}]

would produce a callback that returns the string <tt class="docutils literal">"foo"</tt>
when it is called.

<tt class="descname">[object, fn, data...]</tt>

Similar to the previous case, but with data that is passed to
the function as well.

..describe:: [“method”, object]

Here, object is an object that has a method called method, and
the callback will execute that method (with the object as
this) when it is called.  For example,

["length",[1,2,3,4]]

would call the length method on the array <tt class="docutils literal">[1,2,3,4]</tt> when
the callback is called, returning <tt class="docutils literal">4</tt>.

<tt class="descname">["method", object, data...]</tt>

Similar to the previous case, but with data that is passed to
the method. E.g.,

["slice",[1,2,3,4],1,3]

would perform the equivalent of <tt class="docutils literal">[1,2,3,4].slice(1,3)</tt>,
which returns the array <tt class="docutils literal">[2,3]</tt> as a result.

<tt class="descname">{hook: fn, data: [...], object: this}</tt>

Here the data for the callback are given in an associative
array of key:value pairs.  The value of hook is the
function to call, the value of data is an array of the
arguments to pass to the function, and the value of object
is the object to use as this in the function call.  The
specification need not include all three key:value pairs; any
that are missing get default values (a function that does
nothing, an empty array, and the window object, respectively).

<tt class="descname">"string"</tt>

This specifies a callback where the string is executed via an
<tt class="docutils literal">eval()</tt> statement.  The code is run in the global context,
so any variables or functions created by the string become
part of the global namespace.  The return value is the value of
the last statement executed in the string.

Executing a Callback Object¶

The Callback object is itself a function, and calling that function
executes the callback.  You can pass the callback additional
parameters, just as you can any function, and these will be added to
the callback function’s argument list following any data that was
supplied at the time the callback was created.  For example

var f = function (x,y) {return x + " and " +y}
var cb = MathJax.Callback([f, "foo"]);
var result = cb("bar");  // sets result to "foo and bar"

Usually, the callback is not executed by the code that creates it (as
it is in the example above), but by some other code that runs at a
later time at the completion of some other activity (say the loading
of a file), or in response to a user action.  For example:

function f(x) {alert("x contains "+x)};
function DelayedX(time) {
    var x = "hi";
    setTimeout(MathJax.Callback([f, x], time);
}

The <tt class="docutils literal">DelayedX</tt> function arranges for the function <tt class="docutils literal">f</tt> to be called at
a later time, passing it the value of a local variable, <tt class="docutils literal">x</tt>. Normally,
this would require the use of a closure, but that is not needed when a
MathJax.Callback object is used.

Callback Object Properties¶

<tt class="descname">hook</tt>

The function to be called when the callback is executed.

<tt class="descname">data</tt>

An array containing the arguments to pass to the callback
function when it is executed.

<tt class="descname">object</tt>

The object to use as this during the call to the callback
function.

<tt class="descname">called</tt>

Set to <tt class="docutils literal">true</tt> after the callback has been called, and undefined
otherwise.  A callback will not be exectued a second time unless
the callback’s <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">reset()</tt> method is called first, or its
<tt class="docutils literal">autoReset</tt> property is set to <tt class="docutils literal">true</tt>.

<tt class="descname">autoReset</tt>

Set this to <tt class="docutils literal">true</tt> if you want to be able to call the callback
more than once.  (This is the case for signal listeners, for example).

<tt class="descname">isCallback</tt>

Always set to <tt class="docutils literal">true</tt> (used to detect if an object is a callback
or not).

Callback Object Methods¶

<tt class="descname">reset</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big>¶

Clears the callback’s called property.

MathJax.Callback Methods¶

<tt class="descname">Delay</tt><big>(</big>time[, callback]<big>)</big>¶

Waits for the specified time (given in milliseconds) and then
performs the callback.  It returns the Callback object (or a blank
one if none was supplied).  The returned callback structure has a
timeout property set to the result of the <tt class="docutils literal">setTimeout()</tt> call
that was used to perform the wait so that you can cancel the wait,
if needed.  Thus <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">MathJax.Callback.Delay()</tt> can be used to
start a timeout delay that executes the callback if an action
doesn’t occur within the given time (and if the action does occur,
the timeout can be canceled).  Since
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">MathJax.Callback.Delay()</tt> returns a callback structure, it
can be used in a callback queue to insert a delay between queued
commands.

<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />

Parameters :

time — the amount of time to wait

callback — the callback specification

Returns :
the callback object

<tt class="descname">executeHooks</tt><big>(</big>hooks[, data[, reset]]<big>)</big>¶

Calls each callback in the hooks array (or the single hook if it
is not an array), passing it the arguments stored in the data
array.  It reset is <tt class="docutils literal">true</tt>, then the callback’s
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">reset()</tt> method will be called before each hook is
executed.  If any of the hooks returns a Callback object, then
it collects those callbacks and returns a new callback that will
execute when all the ones returned by the hooks have been
completed.  Otherwise, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">MathJax.Callback.executeHooks()</tt>
returns <tt class="docutils literal">null</tt>.

<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />

Parameters :

hooks — array of hooks to be called, or a hook

data — array of arguments to pass to each hook in turn

reset — <tt class="docutils literal">true</tt> if the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">reset()</tt> method should be called

Returns :
callback that waits for all the hooks to complete, or <tt class="docutils literal">null</tt>

<tt class="descname">Queue</tt><big>(</big>[callback, ...]<big>)</big>¶

Creates a MathJax.CallBack.Queue object and pushes the given
callbacks into the queue.  See Using Queues
for more details about MathJax queues.

<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />

Parameters :

callback — one or more callback specifications

Returns :
the Queue object

<tt class="descname">Signal</tt><big>(</big>name<big>)</big>¶

Looks for a named signal, creates it if it doesn’t already exist,
and returns the signal object.  See
Using Signals for more details.

<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />

Parameters :

name — name of the signal to get or create

Returns :
the Signal object

Table Of Contents

The MathJax.Callback Class

Specifying a callback

Executing a Callback Object

Callback Object Properties

Callback Object Methods

MathJax.Callback Methods

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The MathJax.HTML Object

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