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Original research | Open | Published: 26 February 2014
Vocal complaint in physical education teachers and its association with the cardiovascular system
Denise S Cunha1,
Ana C F Frizzo1,
Marco A Cardoso3 &
Vitor E Valenti1
International Archives of Medicinevolume 7, Article number: 7 (2014) | Download Citation
We examined the vocal complaints and evaluated the correlation between the vocal handicap index (VHI) and heart rate variability (HRV) in physical education teachers. We evaluated 46 teachers.
The subjects were investigated regarding voice complaint and the VHI was applied. HRV was recorded at seated rest for ten minutes and it was analyzed in the time, frequency domains, geometric indices and fractal exponents. The three domains of the VHI were correlated with the indices of HRV.
The physical education teachers presented a VHI score much below the standard of the physiological normality. There was correlation of the organic domain of the VHI with the NN50 and pNN50 and correlation of the functional domain and organic domain of the VHI with the HF index of HRV.
The physical education teachers evaluated reported vocal complaints that affected their function and it is suggested to be related with the cardiac autonomic regulation.
The voice command of the physical education teacher influences the student discipline, raising the level of awareness and understanding the performance if the activities proposed. The use of voice is important to encourage and motivate them to continue the execution of the exercise [1, 2]. It is essential to have good health vocal to generate a psychodynamic vocal that contributes to the affirmation of such aspects.
It is known that the work environment of the physical education teacher presents multiple risk factors to vocal health, with high risk of vocal health impairments and dysphonia, once they are submitted to a specific vocal demands associated with physical movements [3–6].
The use of voice depends on the respiratory system [7] and the breath is related with the cardiac autonomic regulation. A non-invasive method for investigation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) that describes the oscillations of the intervals between consecutive heartbeats is the heart rate variability (HRV). This method is a conventionally accepted term to describe the fluctuations in the intervals between consecutive heartbeats (RR intervals), which are indicated to influence the sinusal node. The methods used for HRV analysis include the geometric, time and frequency domain methods [8].
Vocal complaint among physical education teachers is a variable related to impairment in quality of life and a stressful factor [9]. In addition, HRV is also a method that analysis stressful conditions [10]. Thus, we evaluated the vocal complaints and investigated the association between the vocal handicap index and HRV in physical education teachers.
We analyzed 46 physical education teachers, all volunteers were informed about the procedures and objectives of the study and, after agreeing, have signed a term of informed consent. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus of Marilia (Protocol No. CEP-2012-382) and followed the resolution 196/96 National Health 10/10/1996.
We considered the following exclusion criteria: cardiopulmonary disorders, neurological and other impairments that prevent the subject to perform the procedures, and treatment with drugs that influence cardiac autonomic regulation.
Vocal handicap index (VHI)
It is an instrument that assesses vocal problems, it presents 30 questions, 10 for each domain: functional, organic and emotional domains. The calculation of the score is done by sum of all questions for each domain. The overall score ranges from 0 to 12 points in the sum and 0–40 in each domain, with the higher the score, the more intense the perceived voice handicap. The final results are converted to a scale base 100, using a simple rule of three (Behlau et al.,) [11].
Data were collected in our laboratory under controlled temperature (21°C–25°C) and humidity (50%–60%), and volunteers were instructed to avoid consuming alcohol, caffeine and substances that influence the ANS for 24 hours before evaluation. Data were collected between 8 a.m. and 12 a.m. in order to minimize the interference of circadian rhythm. All procedures necessary for the data collection were explained to the individuals, and the subjects were instructed to remain at rest and to not talking during the data collection.
After the initial evaluation the heart monitor strap was placed on each subject's thorax over the distal third of the sternum. The HR receiver (Polar RS800CX monitor, Polar Electro OY, Kempele, Finland) was placed on the wrist.
The subject remained 10 minutes seated at rest with spontaneous breathing.
HRV analysis
The R-R intervals recorded by the portable HR monitor (with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz) were downloaded to the Polar Precision Performance program (v. 3.0, Polar Electro, Finland). The software enabled the visualization of HR and the extraction of a cardiac period (R-R interval) file in "txt" format. Following digital filtering complemented with manual filtering for the elimination of premature ectopic beats and artifacts, at least 256 R–R intervals were used for the data analysis. Only series with more than 95% sinus rhythm was included in the study. We evaluated the linear and non-linear indices of HRV. For calculation of the indices we used the HRV Analysis software (Kubios HRV v.1.1 for Windows, Biomedical Signal Analysis Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Kuopio, Finland) [12].
Linear indices of HRV
To analyze HRV in the frequency domain, the low frequency (LF = 0.04 to 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF = 0.15 to 0.40 Hz) spectral components were used in ms2 and normalized units (nu), which represents a value relative to each spectral component in relation to the total power minus the very low frequency (VLF) components, and the ratio between these components (LF/HF). The spectral analysis was calculated using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm [13].
The analysis in the time domain was performed by means of SDNN (standard deviation of normal-to-normal R-R intervals), the total number of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration greater than 50 ms (pNN50), the percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration greater than 50 ms (pNN50) and RMSSD (root-mean square of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval) [13].
Geometric indices of heart rate variability
HRV analysis was performed by means of geometrical methods: RRtri, TINN and Poincaré plot (SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2 ratio). The RRtri was calculated from the construction of a density histogram of RR intervals, which contains the horizontal axis of all possible values of RR intervals measured on a discrete scale with 7,8125 ms boxes (1/128 seconds) and on the vertical axis, the frequency with which each occurred. The union of points of the histogram columns forms a shape like a triangle. The RRtri was obtained by dividing the total number of RR intervals used to construct the histogram by their modal frequency (RR interval value that most frequently appeared on RR) [8].
The TINN consists of the measure of the base of a triangle. The method of least squares is used to determine the triangle. The RRtri and the TINN express the overall variability of RR intervals [8].
The Poincaré plot is a map of points in Cartesian coordinates, constructed from the values of RR intervals obtained, where each point is represented on axis x (horizontal/abscissa) by the previous normal RR interval, and on axis y (vertical/coordinate), by the following RR interval.
For quantitative analysis of the plot, an ellipse was fitted to the points of the chart, with the center determined by the average RR intervals, and the SD1 indexes were calculated to measure the standard deviation of the distances of the points to the diagonal y = x, and SD2 measures the standard deviation of the distances of points to the line y = - x + RRm, where RRm is the average of RR intervals. The SD1 is an index of instantaneous recording of the variability of beat-to-beat and represents parasympathetic activity, while the index SD2 represents HRV in long-term records, and reflects the overall variability. Their ratio (SD1/SD2) shows the ratio between short and long variations of RR intervals [8, 14].
The qualitative analysis of the plot was made through the analysis of the figures formed by its attractor, which were described by Tulppo et al. [15] in:
Figure in which an increase in the dispersion of RR intervals is observed with increased intervals, characteristic of a normal plot.
Small figure with beat-to-beat global dispersion without increased dispersion of RR intervals in the long term. We used the software HRV analysis.
Fractal analysis of HRV
For the analysis of the fractal properties of the heart rate, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was applied to a time series of the R–R intervals obtained from the participants. The procedure for the calculation of DFA is made up of the following steps:
The R–R series obtained experimentally is integrated using the expression:
in which Y(k) is the k-th term of the integrated series (k = 1, 2,…, N); R–R(i) is the i-th value of the R–R intervals; and R–Rave is the mean of the R–R intervals of the original series, with N length:
The integrated time series is then divided into intervals with a length of n, (n = 1, 2,…, N). In each of these intervals, the local trend of the series is calculated by a straight line of minimum squares adjusted to the data. The y-coordinate of this straight line was denominated Yn(k). The integrated series was then detrended [Y(k)], subtracting the local tendency Yn(k) in each interval. For a given interval of size n, the size characteristic of the fluctuation for the integrated and detrended series is calculated by:
This procedure is repeated for all intervals of size n, thereby obtaining a relation between the mean of the fluctuations [F(n)] and the size of the intervals (n). A linear relation on a log–log graph indicates a scale exponent law, based on the following formula:
in which α is the scale exponent, which can be calculated by linear regression on a log–log graph (16). The following were calculated: short-term fractal exponent (alpha-1), corresponding to a period of 4 to 11 beats; long-term fractal exponent (alpha-2), corresponding to periods longer than 11 beats; and the alpha-1/alpha-2 ratio [16].
When α = 0.05, there is no correlation and the signal consists of white noise; if α = 1.5, the signal resembles random walk (Brownian motion); and if 0.5 < α < 1.5, there are positive correlations.
Standard statistical methods were used for the calculation of means and standard deviations. Normal Gaussian distribution of the data was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk goodness-of-fit test (z value >1.0). For parametric distributions we applied the correlation Pearson test. For non-parametric distributions we used the Spearman test. Differences were considered significant when the probability of a Type I error was less than 5% (p < 0.05). We used the Software GraphPad StatMate version 2.00 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego California USA.
The study population was composed of 46 physical education teachers, regarding gender, 46% (21) were male and 54% (25) were female and the average age of the group was 43 years (24–64 years old). We observed that most teachers (38%) had workday between 31 and 40 hours per week and in average they were working in two schools.
We noted 67% (14) males and % (18) women presented vocal complaints during the last four years. When asked regarding the cause of vocal disorders, 62% (13) male and 60% (15) female reported that it was due to intensive use of the voice, whereas 33% (7) male and 48% (12) female reported due to stress.
By contrast, we observed that although most teachers reported vocal complaints, only 10% (2) were male and 24% (6) female perform some kind of treatment. The type of treatment was contested over the use of medication, in both genders, with males at 10% (2) and 16% in females (4).
The most reported symptoms in the male group were: 57% (12) hoarseness and 62% (13) dry throat. In the female group, the most related symptoms were: 60% (15) hoarseness, 56% (14) failed in voice, 52% (13) effort to speak, 92% (23) dry throat, 68% ( 17) hoarseness, 56% (14) sore throat and 52% (13) secretion/phlegm in the throat.
According to Table 1 we observe the total scores of the physical education teachers based on each domain.
Table 1 Mean scores of the participants regarding the vocal handicap index protocol
Regarding the VHI domains and the time domain indices of heart rate variability, there was a weak but significant correlation between the domain 2 (organic) and the NN50 and pNN50 indices. However, there was no correlation of the VHI domains with the RMSSD, SDNN indices and mean HR and RR interval (Table 2).
Table 2 Correlation between the VHI domains and the time domain indices of heart rate variability
In relation to the VHI domains and the frequency domain indices of heart rate variability we observed in Table 3 a weak but significant correlation between the VHI domain 1 (Functional) and the HF index in absolute units (ms2) and correlation between the VHI domain 2 (Organic ) and the HF index in absolute units (ms2). On the other hand, there was no correlation between the VHI domains with the LF index in normalized and absolute units, HF index in normalized and absolute units and the LF/HF ratio.
Table 3 Correlation between the VHI domains and the frequency domain indices of heart rate variability
Based on Table 4, there was no correlation between the VHI domains and the geometric indices of heart rate variability (TINN, RRtri, SD1/SD2, SD1 and SD2).
Table 4 Correlation between the VHI domains and the geometric indices of heart rate variability
According to Table 5, there was no correlation between the VHI domains and the fractal exponents of heart rate variability (Alpha-1/Alpha-2, Alpha-2 and Alpha-1).
Table 5 Correlation between the domains of VHI and the exponents of fractal heart rate variability
Considering the use of voice by physical education teachers during their work routine, it was hypothesized that this population would present voice injuries associated with stress regarding the autonomic function. In this study we endeavored to evaluate the association between the vocal handicap index and HRV in physical education professors. According to the VHI, the physical education teachers evaluated presented decreased voice perception. As a main finding we reported negative association between the parasympathetic indices of HRV and some components of the vocal handicap index.
The results of our study suggest that women present more interference factors of working conditions and job stress on their vocal health. This finding confirms what has already been described in the literature, where women are more prone to vocal disorders [17], because it is an area of work in which they are greater number and also due to the routine at school with students and administrative tasks at home. The age found in this study showed us that the renovation has taken place over the last few years on public schools in Brazil. However, despite the short time working and being young, some teachers have already vocal complaints, although it tends to be observed in older teachers. This justifies the complaint to last more than four years in large part of the population.
The calculation of the VHI score is done by sum of all questions for the three domains. The higher the score, the more intense the perceived voice handicap and the final results are converted to a scale base 100, using a simple rule of three [11]. To our surprise, the mean of the physical education teachers total score was below 20, which indicates the bad condition of the voice that was reported by the volunteers investigated. This result may be explained by the fact that the teacher is required to make use of voice command in order to influence the discipline of the students, the level of comprehension and understanding to perform the activities proposed. As the room is not always disciplined, the exacerbated use of voice sometimes causes stress [1]. These factors have been reported as the cause of the voice disorder and are directly linked to the daily habits of these professionals evaluated in this study.
In this context, habits such as screaming, speaking too much in open place, talking during overcharged activities and talking during physical activities performance were listed as risk factors for vocal disorders [17]. Most teachers in our study reported that drink water during class, however, such an act was not observed by the researcher during the study. When asked about guidance on precautions to prevent vocal disorders, the physical education teachers reported that never received. This fact shows us the importance of education as the best use of voice over work tasks. The profession in which the professional have his/her voices for his/her work, should have in their curriculum, at least one course that addressed aspects of vocal hygiene, vocal health, health promotion and prevention of general vocal. It would positively interfere in the execution of physical education teacher quality of life.
Despite vocal complaints, the physical education teachers reported satisfaction with their voice. This may suggest that teachers do not have parameters for a vocal self-perception or are not aware of their vocal problem. This is evident when we noted in our study that there were few teachers who seek treatment when his/her voice is altered and when they seek this treatment is sometimes medication. This might lead us to think of self medication, since the demand for specialized professional when they were with the altered voice was very low.
Considering that HRV is a method used to evaluate cardiovascular [18] and respiratory disorders [14, 16], stress responses that are related to the cardiac autonomic regulation [10] we also investigated the association of the fractal exponents, time, frequency and geometric indices of HRV with the VHI score of the physical education teachers. We found no association between the VHI and the geometric indices and fractal exponents of the HRV. On the other hand, there was negative association of the functional and organic domains of the VHI with the time-domain indices and the frequency-domain index of HRV that correspond to the parasympathetic activity on the heart [19–21].
Based on our data, there was negative association between the NN50 and pNN50 indices of HRV and the domain 2 of the vocal handicap index. The time domain indices of HRV NN50 and pNN50 represent the parasympathetic activity on the heart while the domain 2 of the vocal handicap index represents the organic domain, with the higher the score, the more intense the perceived voice handicap. This data suggests that the higher the parasympathetic activity on the heart the less intense the perceived voice handicap of the physical education teachers. The perceived voice in this case is related to the anatomic structure of the voice components, such as the ones surrounding the larynx. In this context, a previous study reported intensification in speaking rate which was indicated by a decrease in the length of phonation in males and females subjects during the cold pressor test [22]. Considering that the cold pressor test is an autonomic test that increases the sympathetic nervous system activity [23], the authors [22] suggested that increased sympathetic activity induces phonation length. These data do not support the negative association between parasympathetic indices of HRV and the domain 2 of the vocal handicap index. We believe that this is due to the vocal complaints reported by the physical education teachers, which may influence the autonomic nervous system.
The relationship between the larynx anatomical structure and the parasympathetic activity on the heart found in our study is also supported by the fact that bronchodilation induced by decreased parasympathetic activity and sympathetic arousal is suggested to result in increased transglottal airflow, increasing the speed at which the vocal folds are closed and also increasing the voice power [24]. Furthermore, it was previously reported that heart rate is involved in around 10-12% of the total vocal intensity perturbation measure. The authors suggested that this modulation could result in part from the influence of the heart rate on the subglottal pressure [25]. The mentioned studies explain the involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system activity in voice mechanisms, which may also support the association between vocal complaint and the cardiac autonomic regulation.
Our study presents a point that is worth to be raised. We did not evaluate a control group, because our focus was not to investigate the cardiac autonomic regulation in physical education teachers, we suggest a further study to evaluate this issue with more details.
Voice disorders in the physical education teachers investigated shows no major impact on their lives due to a vocal self-perception that is not appropriate. The vocal complaint reported by the physical education teacher is possibly associated with the cardiac autonomic regulation. We strongly suggest an implementation of prevention programs related to voice disorder in schools directed to the physical education teachers.
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This study received financial support from CNPq.
Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências UNESP, Av. Hygino Muzzi Filho, 737, 17525-900, Marilia, SP, Brasil
Denise S Cunha
, Ana C F Frizzo
& Vitor E Valenti
Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, 09060-650, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UNESP, Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
Marco A Cardoso
Search for Denise S Cunha in:
Search for Ana C F Frizzo in:
Search for Marco A Cardoso in:
Correspondence to Vitor E Valenti.
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
DCS, LCA and VEV draft the manuscript and determined the study design. DCS, ACFF and VEV performed statistical analysis. All authors reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approved it.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So now that the holidays are coming to an end there's the big problem of all of the leftovers. Hopefully your party was a hit and there is not much leftover but let's be honest you probably have way more than you know what to do with. Luckily for you there are actually quite a few things that can be done with leftovers. I'm just going to throw some ideas out there and if you know one that I don't please share it.
First up is all of the leftover meats; for my family we serve everything including ham, turkey, and beef brisket. Now we have a ton of leftovers from all of it but we don't let anything go to waste. With the leftover ham and hambone we make split pea soup. For those of you who love Grandma Maud's bean meals you could add ham to any of them for a quick and delicious meal. It seems pretty easy, at least in my family, to get rid of the extra ham.
The turkey on the other hand is not so easy; we do turkey salad, pot pies & casseroles and we use the leftover bones to make stock. While all of these are great ways to use the leftover turkey most of us are done with that bird after Christmas. We also usually do some sort of beef roast or brisket. The cut of meat used dictates how you can use the leftovers. If it's a basic roast without any special sauce or odd flavorings you could easily use it in pot pies and casseroles.
Now mashed potatoes are another huge leftover item on my family's menu. We always seem to make way too much. A good way to use the extra mashed potatoes, veggies, and any leftover beef is to make a shepherd's pie which calls for all of those leftovers. Infamous for being boring, they are actually quiet good with the right amount of seasoning. You could also loosen the potatoes up with cream and/or stock; add in some chives, cheese, and bacon to make a loaded potato soup.
Now if you're not a fan of any of these ideas then I recommend that you buy a bunch of quart sized bags and freeze everything in small portions. Once frozen those leftover can last a long time and if you store them in small portions they will be easy to reheat. Let me know if you've got anymore ideas or if you need more for foods that I didn't list.


Last Updated March 18, 2013.
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Super Beta Prostate Review: Is it effective?
Research shows that nearly 80% of all guys past 60 years of age are subject to experience prostate issues. It is believed that 30 million guys are currently suffering from prostate enlargement and that digit rises daily. Super Beta Prostate was designed to address this health crisis including benign prostate hyperplasia, acute prostatitis, and prostate cancer as well as the symptoms thereof.They claim that this combination of ingredients can not only guard the prostate against these medical issues, but actually correct those which are pre-existent. Super Beta Prostate also claims that their formula is more powerful than any other prostate support supplement available.
Beta-Sitosterol, as well as all phytosterols, are extremely healing and found in most all plants. These botanical properties have the ability to rejuvenate the libido, as well as the prostate, and quickly diminish prostate enlargement.
Pygeum Africanum delivers even more potent phytosterols which have an anti-proliferative effect on all cancer cells, but especially those of the prostate. It can also improve urination challenges.
Vitamin D supplementation is frequently used in the support of bladder function due to the fact that it influences the muscles which contract to release urine. It is also key to the increased absorption of other vital minerals, such as zinc and calcium, within the intestines.
Scientists have revealed that copper boosts the immune system's ability to fend off infection as well as prevent the development of prostatic malignancies. It is said to be a powerful property which can neutralize free radicals.
The prostate stores greater amounts of zinc than of any organ in the body. It is believed to prevent cancer metastasis within the prostate as well. Scientists say that maintaining the correct levels of zinc in the body can reduce the risk of developing prostatic cancer.
The makers advise taking one capsule twice per day.
Each component in this health formula has undergone intense scientific study.
The largest majority of customer reviews cast a positive light on Super Beta Prostate.
The manufacturer offers a 30-day money back guarantee.
New Vitality offers a fee bottle for first time purchasers.
There are no clinical trials for the exact formula in Super Beta Prostate.
Not all reviews for its use are positive.
The positive reviews are for the health support it provides, not for any miracle cure.
Less expensive prostate support options are available.
There are many websites which carry Super Beta Prostate including the New Vitality site, Amazon, and Walgreens. It is about $20 for 60 capsules which is a 30-day supply.
There are many good reviews for using Super Beta Prostate and the properties in it have scientific backup. There are also some which are negative, most directed at consumer services, and the end product has never been tested. While the makers offer a guarantee, it must be requested within 30 days. This seems like an unwise purchase decision, unless users intend to implement it into their current prostate treatment for added support.


This lot is located in Longview Subdivision on CO RD 256 is a mild sloped lot that is located near Wedowee and the Marina. This lot is ideal for a basement home with 153 of shoreline. This is a nice wooded lot with county water available and close to community boat ramp.


I was never much one for "dressing up" for spirit days when I was in high school. Like most teenagers, I was terrified to look silly or wrong, and only participated in spirit days if there was a way that I could look (what I deemed as) somewhat cool in the process. And plain ol' school pride days? No way. I was above that. School pride was for goons–I strictly held a "sleep tight, ya morons!" mentality à la Holden Caulfield when it came to sporting the burgundy and silver. For one, I was angry that my school had a racist mascot. (I'm still mad about that.) For two, I was… er… too sophisticated?
So what have I learned, having been forced into a little bit of buffoonery for the sake of the overall, spirited good? Well, the main thing I keep learning is that the department that plays together, stays together. The sense of convivial one-upmanship that comes along with our theme day plans has brought us closer together as colleagues and friends while we delight in one another's weirdness. Teachers tend to be hilarious people, and it's nice to see that quality shine amidst the tireless push to provide the best instruction to our students. The students, by the way, are the providers of lesson number two: kids delight in the occasional breach of seriousness from their teachers, as long as the norm is professionalism. Looking back once more to my own high school days, I do remember my respect for my teachers remaining fully intact, and maybe even increasing a little bit when they had the courage to go all out on a spirit day. In particular, I remember a strict, gruff technical education teacher once instructing our Architecture & Design class in a red bunny onesie complete with ears and pinned-on tail. No one dared to acknowledge it and neither did he. Class was simply business as usual, with the sole addition of furtively exchanged glances among us ninth graders, awed and disbelieving, while his back was turned. Thanks for that, Mr. Spencer–I'd like to shake your hand.
I still maintain that professional attire needs to be the day-to-day norm for teachers, but my students and colleagues are teaching me that it's ok to wear my heart on my sleeve… so to speak… every once in a while. And I think that's pretty wonderful. I look forward to the next round of spirit day mischief, and to broadcasting a hefty dose of school pride throughout my years to come as an educator. If only my sixteen year old self could see me now. I can only hope she'd approve, if for no other reason then her trust in me as someone who cares deeply about ideas, people, and the written word. And, of course, cats.


I need some suggestions on how to get introductions with mall goers passing by the kiosk I work at.
Hi Amie, this is a great question.
It's relevant to so many people in sales, in retail outlets, showroom and forecourt selling, and especially sales people, like you, that need to get passers by speaking to you.
Think about what's going through the mind of the people that you approach now.
You've not said what you currently say and do to get their attention, but I imagine it starts by you trying to make eye contact, and maybe moving towards them, and saying something about what you sell or asking a question.
So let's break this down into small chunks and think what happens.
They see the kiosk, I'm not sure if you're in the kiosk or stood outside. Outside is good you can get into the crowd as they pass.
Most people passing a kiosk will want to look and see what you have, people are curious.
You probably notice as they sneak a look at what you're selling they try not to make eye contact.
Unfortunately because they are trying so hard not to make eye contact, and not to put themselves into a position where they feel obliged to talk to you, they don't get a proper look at your sales offers.
You want the people passing by to look at what you have to offer.
So make them feel comfortable.
Don't try to make eye contact or approach them in any way until they are very close to your kiosk.
The aim is to let the ones that are curious get close and see what you are selling, and only make direct approaches to the ones that weren't going to stop anyway.
What are you going to say to the people that are showing an interest in your kiosk?
You want a first line that is not sales related, not threatening, offers information, is friendly, and starts a conversation.
Questions are good, if they fit the above criteria.
Ideally you want something of interest by your kiosk.
Related in some way to what you sell, and aimed at getting people to stop, look, feel, and interact with.
A game, a big screen, some information delivered in a novel way. Think about it, the answer will come.


text:
Dusty Trails est le troisième album de Guy Bélanger paru en 2012. Pour son troisième opus, Guy Bélanger s'entoure de nombreux interprètes tels que Nanette Workman, Breen LeBoeuf, France D'Amour et Adam Karch. Il est également accompagné d'Antoine Gratton aux orgues.

Liste des chansons

Crédits
 Guy Bélanger - Harmonicas, voix
 Gilles Sioui - Guitare acoustique, voix
 André Lachance - Guitares électriques et solo, lap steel, voix
 Rob MacDonald -  Guitares électrique et acoustique
 Adam Karch - Dobro et voix (piste 12)
 Marc Drouin  - Basse et contrebasse
 Marc-André Larocque - Batterie
 Bernard Deslauriers - Batterie
 Mélissa Lavergne - Cajon, congas et percussions
 Jean-Fernand Girard - Piano et arrangements
 Antoine Gratton - Clavinet, piano, wurlizter et arrangements
 Breen Leboeuf - Basse et voix (piste 4)
 Nanette Workman - Voix (piste 6)
 France D'Amour - Voix (piste 8)

Notes et références

Album musical sorti en 2012
Album de musique canadien
Album de blues

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Founders' Fear
 In questions of power, then, let no more be heard of confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by the chains of the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson
The Constitution of United States of America was signed on September 17, 1787. This year we will celebrate Constitution Day on Friday, September 16th. We've submitted two blog posts in honor of Constitution Day. Some of this has appeared in prior posts, but it seems fitting to repeat some points on a week that starts with memorials for 9/11 and ends with a celebration of our Constitution.
The design of the government under the Constitution was not haphazard. Our Founding Fathers understood that governments can oppress people. They knew it from their own experience—and they knew it from their extensive scrutiny of governmental forms throughout history. Concentrated power was more than dangerous … it was life threatening.
That's why:
They balanced power between the three branches.
They gave each branch robust checks on the other two.
They gave the national government only enumerated powers, and retained all other power in the hands of either the people or the states.
They used the states to check the national government.
The members of each branch were chosen by a different method.
The term of office varied by government position.
An impeachment process was defined for extreme cases.
Concentrated political power frightened the Founders. They believed that only by limiting government could liberty survive the natural tendency of man to dictate the habits of other men. The balanced separation of power with checks was designed to prevent tyranny. Each branch was given delineated powers, and then each of these powers was limited and checked by another branch or entity. The system was purposely designed to slow governmental actions enough to allow due deliberation. This frustrates those who want the government to always "do something" about every problem, but it also hampers the government from doing something grievous that affects our life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.
The Constitutional Convention debated long and hard about whether to call out each power individually or, alternately, to list restrictions on general powers. Basically they had to decide whether to write down what the federal government could do or what the federal government could not do. Because they feared they might forget some crucial restrictions, the delegates decided it was safer to define the powers, instead of the limitations. Additionally, monarchies had general power, and since they had just escaped a monarchy, they would give their national government only clearly specified powers. This was the safer route because if they made an error, it would leave the authority closer to the people.
The national government was not restricted for all time to the enumerated powers. Non-enumerated powers were retained by the states or the people, but the Founders included an amendment process which the people could chose to use to delegate additional powers to the national government. The 16th Amendment is an illustrative example. Article I, Section 8 gave the national government the power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises," with the caveat that "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." The 16th Amendment expands national authority to "lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived," which authorized the infamous income tax. It doesn't matter if this was a good or ill-conceived expansion of national powers. What matters is that it was done in the proscribed manner defined within the Constitution, and thus is a legitimate expansion of national power. Unfortunately, this is a rare case of the national government receiving a legitimate expansion of power. In almost all other instances, Americans have witnessed authority simply being usurped by the national government.
We often hear laments that our politicians no longer honor their pledge to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. This is backward. The Constitution was never written for politicians. Our political leaders have no motivation to abide by a two hundred year old restraining order. Americans must enforce the supreme law of the land. The first outsized words of the Constitution read We the People. It's our document. It was always meant to be ours, not the government's. It is each and every American's obligation to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.
James D. Best is the author of Tempest at Dawn, a novel about the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Look for his forthcoming book, Principled Action, Lessons from the Origins of the American Republic.
Constitutional Speed Bumps
Protecting Liberty
Balances and Checks
Why a Written Constitution is Important
1 Jeff Edelman { 09.14.11 at 8:14 pm }
"It is each and every American's obligation to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Perhaps this is indirectly so. But it is directly and immediately so of the our elected representatives who are sworn to uphold and defend the Constitution. It is their duty to impeach a president or judge who violates the Constitiution. It is there obligation to write legislation that is constittutional. If the latter would have been done since the inception of this country, we would not be in the horrific mess that we are in today. This is and was the spirit of the Constitution –self-governance. This ignoring of the Constitution began with the advent of politicians and the decline of citizen legislators. If you become a senator Mr. Bruning, I hope it doesn't take the prodding of your constituents to do what is right i.e. constitutional. Lot of farmers in Nebraska. Are agricultural subsidies constitutional?
2 Jalan { 06.08.13 at 8:08 am }
It seems to me that if we could somehow take back the Commerce Clause, the problem would eventually vanish. Throw out the tax code and bring in a simpler, less exploitable one, and let's get on with our short lives.
Does anyone know how to remove the Commerce Clause?
3 Reeve { 02.20.14 at 8:31 am }
As someone who has studied the Constitution, and it's history, rather well, I gotta say, I believe you to be cherry picking parts of it to suit your ideology. The Constitution was a step up in federal power over the Articles of Confederation. Furthermore, at the time of it's passage, there was a TON of opposition to it being too centralized. So I find the argument that the Constitution is all about limited government to be specious.
Furthermore, the Constitution does not give specifically listed and enumerated powers. It gives a broad overview of what the Founders thought the government could and should do, and it gave it the powers to do so. The very first power listed contains the authority to provide for the general welfare of society, and I'm sure you're familiar with the necessary and proper clause. That's hardly a specific power or desire being granted, rather it's a broad overview of what view they believed government should do, and left it up to the people and actual representatives to agree on specifics.
The Founder feared government being used for private gains – as opposed to common gains. If the government is instituting policies that are generally good, aimed at the general population, and whose goals are not to promote one private group over another, then it more or less fell within proper governmental authority. Things like universal health care are not necessary against the Constitution, nor Welfare programs – because the goal of such programs are to promote and provide for the GENERAL WELFARE of the United States.
Oh, and it doesn't mean individuals cannot gain from governmental policies. It just means, for example, the legislature can't pass a law giving exclusionary rights to a certain company. Like say the East Indies Tea Company to set up shop right in Boston Harbor and avoid tariffs and other taxes.
I find it ironic that many modern "conservatives" misunderstand what the revolution was about just as much as the then-day Britain's misunderstood what American's were so upset about.
Reeve Reply:
Oh, I forgot to add one thing:
You reference the Constitution giving enumerated powers. But it also tells the Government things it cannot do. Congress, for example, cannot pass a bill of attainder, or a ex post facto law. You talk as if Section 9 doesn't exist. Why would the writers of the Constitution make a list of powers to give the government, and only those powers, and then make a list of things they could not do? If your proposal is rational, then they simply would have had the enumerated powers, and not had any restrictions, because you don't need to restrict something if you never gave it in the first place.
Which is very good evidence that the founders gave the government more power than directly listed – and that they were aware of this enough to also specifically say things the government could not do.
Like I said, I feel like you're cherry picking. As I feel most libertarians do (especially with Locke and other philosophers of the time).
David Molinari Reply:
FYI: Thomas Jefferson latter stated that the Constitutions first amendment should have been that the government could not borrow money this alone would limit government and prevent the invisible perpetual chains of debt, inflation and taxes to oppress the common people or the not privileged. Constitutional Law is Common Law and Common Law has not been heard in the lower courts since 1933 for now it is the Law of the money/merchant law/maritime law that runs the courts and quite honestly it is a fraud for the founding fathers knew that the true definition of jurisdiction is that every court and judge must recognize The Constitution in order to have jurisdiction(blacks law dictionary 1st and 2nd edition definition of jurisdiction). Any civil matter that exceeds $20.00 is guaranteed a jury trial of not less than 12 jurors by the Constitution but the courts or judges never honor this for they are of a privileged group known as the bar association and this private country club is in bet with the unconstitutional FIAT money for it in itself is a ponzi scheme.
4 James D. Best { 02.22.14 at 10:11 am }
I hesitated to respond to Reeve. Hit and run trolls seldom return to the scene of their misbehavior. Besides, they're convinced they're insightful, not gullible. Progressive trolls Google a subject, then fly around the internet sprinkling cut and paste propaganda.
It's true that the Constitution assigned more power to a central government than the weak Articles of Confederation. No one has ever contended otherwise, so it's specious to use this straw man argument to claim the Constitution bestows infinite power. The Framers wanted a stronger government, but not one with unrestrained power.
Luckily, Reeve proves the point. Reeve argues that "Furthermore, at the time of it's passage, there was a TON of opposition to it being too centralized." Yes, indeed. The Antifederalists yelled from the roof tops that the Constitution would create a government so powerful that tyranny was inevitable, while the Federalists reassured people that this was a tightly constrained government with limited powers. Both sides argued for limiting government. Thank you Reeve for confirming the point of the article.
Reeve writes, "The very first power listed contains the authority to provide for the general welfare of society, and I'm sure you're familiar with the necessary and proper clause." The general welfare comment disproves Reeve's claim to have "studied the Constitution, and it's history, rather well." The phrase general welfare is used twice in the Constitution, but Reeve's claim that it is the "very first power" demonstrates extraordinarily shallow understanding of the Constitution. Reeve must be referring to the phrase when used in the preamble, where general welfare is obviously stated as a goal, not a power … and is listed fourth, not first. It reads:
"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."
Let's see. Establish, insure, provide, and then promote. I believe those verbs decline in strength in relationship to the importance of the goals. This was no accident. Gouverneur Morris was a master of the English language. (Unlike Reeve, who doesn't know the difference between it's and its.)
But let's not take my word for it. What did the Father of the Constitution say? James Madison wrote, "With respect to the words general welfare, I have always regarded them as qualified by the details of power connected with them. To take them in a literal and unlimited sense would be a metamorphosis of the Constitution … [that] was not contemplated by the creators.
Reeve brazenly states that "the Constitution does not give specifically listed and enumerated power," and then says the necessary and proper clause justifies unbridled national power. Perhaps Reeve has never read the Constitution. It reads, "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers." If there are no specifically listed or enumerated powers, what in the world did the Framers mean by foregoing powers?
Generally, Reeve's rant is standard progressive cant. It is an attempt to dismiss the Supreme Law of the Land by those who object to being constrained from doing whatever they want with governmental powers.
Bill Ritzmann Reply:
Well put, Mr. Best. Mr. Reeves would do well to understand that within the Constitution, the "United States," a reference to the formal association of the States, the "States" and the "People" are distinct entities. Therefore, entitlement programs are not authorized by Constitution, either directly or indirectly.
5 Doug Regulski { 03.11.18 at 6:06 pm }
To Mr. Reeves comment that there would be no reason to list restrictions on the government if the Constitution and its accompanying Bill of Rights had not implied some how that the Government had some right in these areas, is in error. You may and often have to list, to the best of ones ability in this case our founders, items you want to ensure some future entity does not try to infere or convince others that a certain right or duty of government was given by the Constitution. So the founders listed things of concern that they had seen occur in other forms associations, governments, or countries and wanted to make sure that our U.S. government did NOT try to deny The People these rights.
6 Kevin Schmersal { 07.18.18 at 4:32 am }
Don't you just know that you are in for a WTF moment when someone begins their post with these four words; "As someone who has…"
Mr. Best, Your article is outstanding! It is well written and without pretense. Your reply to Mr. Reeve was even better than the original article posted. Well done, sir.
7 Skip { 02.13.19 at 11:57 pm }
Seem the one cherry picking was Reeves and the truth. Typical Liberal


To save the Tricolored Blackbird, one conservation group is pulling out all the stops. A petition filed Tuesday with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service by the Center for Biological Diversity seeks Endangered Species Act protection for the rapidly disappearing passerine.
For decades, agricultural intensification and severe drought in California, where more than 99 percent of the all Tricoloreds live, has chipped away at the bird's Central Valley wetland habitat. Pesticides that kill off their prey and farmers who shoot individuals they find in their crops have only accelerated the crash: In 2008, the bird numbered 395,000 individuals. By 2014, the species' population had plummeted to less than half that.
The petition is the latest escalation in the effort to rescue the bird. The Tricolored has already been granted a temporary, six-month "endangered" status in Calfornia. It was the first ever emergency listing under the state's Endangered Species Act (California Fish and Wildlife will decide whether to make it permanent when the term lapses).
Meghan Hertel, working lands director at Audubon California, said her organization backed the state listing and will likely support a federal designation as well.
Audubon has, for example, worked with dairy farmers to delay the harvest of triticale [[link]]—a rye-wheat hybrid that's fed to cows—until Tricolored Blackbird young can fledge. It also wants to protect and restore the species' original wetlands habitat.


Marye Simmons has been dancing all her life, and has been teaching for the last 50 years.
She started with Ballet & Tap and then progressed to Ballroom, Latin American & Old Time.
She has been an examiner and adjudicator with the NATD for the last 15 years both in England & abroad.
Marye is just as enthusiastic about dance as she always has been!


text:
Dr.  Darlando Thanmi Khathing is the present Vice Chancellor of North East Christian University. He was also the first Vice Chancellor of Central University of Jharkhand.

Career
Khathing is a retired Professor of Physics at the North-Eastern Hill University. From 2009 to 2014, Khathing served as the Vice-Chancellor of the Central University of Jharkhand.

Awards
 Conferred Honorary D. Sc by USTM

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Naga people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
Academic staff of the North-Eastern Hill University


text:
Q: How to find what channel the SSID is on? I'd like to see what channel (e.g. 1-10, I believe) each SSID in the list is. How can I find that information?

A: From a cmd (command) prompt, type:
netsh wlan show interfaces

A: Install inSSIDer from MetaGeek. It is simple to use and gives you information on your and other SSIDs in your area.

A: On a Command Prompt, type:
netsh wlan show all

A: Menu start run cmd.exe and type:
netsh wlan show networks mode=bssid

A: I'd recommend Free NetSpot for these purposes. All the necessary information is in the Discover mode window. Here are some screenshots:

A: Use either of these
netsh wlan show interface name="Wi-Fi" | findstr "Channel"
netsh wlan show networks interface="Wi-Fi" mode=bssid | findstr "Channel"

A: I use Acrylic Wifi. The Home version is for free.
It runs on Windows 7,8,10 but requires .NET Framework 4.5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Project owners or contractors should consult with seasoned Florida construction litigation attorneys before entering a bond since legal and financial liability is often involved if the terms of the bond are not met. The construction bond guarantees that the contractor will perform the specified "obligation." Different types of construction bonds cover different obligations, below are three of the most frequently used ones.
In the construction industry, contractors bid for construction contracts. Project owners often require contractors to enter into a bid bond before accepting the bid and awarding the contract. Bid bonds protect the project owner by guaranteeing the contractor that won the bid will honor their original bid amount when entering the contract. If the contractor fails to do this, both the "principal" and surety may be liable for the costs of contacting a replacement contractor.
These type of construction bonds guarantee that the contractor will complete the project according to the terms of the construction contract. Performance bonds protect project owners from contractors' low quality work or non-completion. If the "principal" does drop out of the project before completion, completes the project unsatisfactorily or past the deadline, the surety may be liable to either complete the contract, contract a replacement contractor, or compensate the "obligee" for finishing the project.
Payment bonds, along with performance bonds, are required under federal law. The Miller Act requires contractors to purchase these bonds before they can be awarded contracts over $100,000. Payment bonds guarantee all subcontractors and material suppliers hired to help on a project by the "principal" are properly paid for their contributions. So in the case of payment bonds, the "obligee" are the subcontractors and suppliers. If they fail to get their due payments, the surety is liable for reimbursing them. In most cases, the contractor will then be obligated to reimburse the surety.
At Kelley & Fulton, our experienced Florida construction litigation attorneys are experts on many aspects of the construction industry including bonding and construction bonds. Whether you are a contractor or project owner, consult with our dedicated team before entering into a bond. Call us today for a free consultation.


text:
Local Govt | National News Video | Parliament Headlines | Politics Headlines | Search
Scoop  Regional
It's Guangzhou Day next Saturday!
Tuesday, 2 November 1999, 8:54 am
Auckland City Council - City Scene
Dragons and Chinese acrobats, Mah Jong, cooking and children's drawing competitions, a Guangzhou-style market and food street, free live entertainment all day... this is the essence of Auckland's first Guangzhou Day, to be held in the Auckland Town Hall next Saturday, November 6.
To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the sister city relationship between Auckland City and the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Day is being staged to bring the life and colour of China into the heart of Auckland.
A highlight of the day will be performances by the world class Guangzhou Acrobatic Troupe of China. There will also be a host of entertainment which ranges from Chinese traditional music instruments and opera to children¡s ballet, and from martial arts demonstrations to sword dancing.
At Guangzhou Day, New Zealand's first mahjong competition will be held and there will be demonstrations of Chinese chess, a cooking competition with some of Auckland's finest Chinese chefs, a children's drawing competition and an exhibition of photos, calligraphy, folk art and painting which has been brought to Auckland from Guangzhou
Chinese food and merchandise will be on sale, and there will be stalls with traditional Chinese medicines, calligraphy and fortune telling.
Children's drawing competition:
Pictured below left are neighbours Daniel Hicks, Eliana Xu and Lynnette Xu who are practicing their drawing skills in readiness for the children's drawing competition which will be part of Guangzhou Day activities on Saturday, November 6 at the Town Hall.
Prizes for the drawing competition include four Sony Playstations for the winners, cash prizes for second and third place winners and numerous spot prizes.
The competition runs from 10 am to 2.30pm with winners announced on the day. All materials are supplied to entrants who must be primary school aged children over seven or intermediate school students.
For more information contact Lynnette Mafuolo on 373-6132.
Acrobats:
A full Chinese acrobatic performance is a truly incredible and heart stopping spectacle. Now Aucklanders will get the chance to see highlights of such a spectacle in their own city - free of charge! Guangzhou Day on 6 November will include two live performances of the Guangzhou Acrobatic Troupe of China.
Members of the famous acrobatic troupe will stage a show that includes juggling, balancing and traditional acrobatics.
The Guangzhou Acrobatic Troupe is one of China's best, says the event's organiser Caroline Lassiter.
"Since it was founded in 1959, the troupe has performed in over 20 countries, including the United States, England and Australia and has won nearly 50 prizes in circus and acrobatic festivals around the world."
But the only headache, she says, is where to store 730 kilos of props, including tall poles and spinnable plates for balancing acts, equipment for a magic show, and special tables for feet-juggling!
Parents And Drivers – Keep Children Safe! 6:40 AM | New Zealand Police


THIS little gem of a book, edited by Einstein's longtime secretary Helen Dukas and his erstwhile collaborator Banesh Hoffmann, was originally published in mid-March 1979 to coincide with the celebration of that year's centenary of the birth of Albert Einstein. Presenting over 140 excerpts from the great physicist's writings and correspondence, the editors provide explanatory introductions to each individual passage. As described in their preface, the editors' goal for the publication was to offer a seemingly rambling sightseeing journey whose cumulative effect, we hope, will be a deeper and richer understanding of Einstein the man (p. 4).
Undoubtedly, the editors succeeded in their enterprise. This book is a true labor of love. The excerpts from Einstein's papers were selected with utmost care and consideration. Helen Dukas, who, like Einstein, hailed from Swabia in southern Germany, began working as his secretary in 1928 and continued to serve in that capacity until his death in April 1955. During her tenure, she was eventually adopted as a member of the Einstein household, fiercely defending the world-renowned celebrity from intrusive journalists and curious Princeton sightseers. After his passing, Dukas was the natural person to become the first archivist of Einstein's personal papers and she also served as co-trustee of the Einstein Estate. The British-born mathematician and physicist Banesh Hoffmann joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1935, and in 1938, Hoffmann collaborated with Einstein and Polish-born physicist Leopold Infeld on a classic paper on the problem of motion in general relativity. Dukas and Hoffmann had collaborated in the early 1970s on a highly successful biography of Einstein—Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel—so they were ideally suited to produce the unique publication before us.
This book's genesis is a story worth telling. One year prior to the 1979 Einstein centenary, former director of Princeton University Press, Herbert S. Bailey, contacted Banesh Hoffmann and asked him whether he was interested in working on a small centennial volume containing excerpts from and translations of Einstein letters and the like of a humanistic nature. ¹ Thus, the intention to focus on Einstein's human side, his humanity, and his humanism was apparent from the very inception of the project. In regard to the structure of the book, Hoffmann informed Bailey that he preferred a seemingly loose structure that would be somewhat analogous to that of a movement of a symphony, with an interplay of various themes that recur and expand in different keys. ² Subsequently, Helen Dukas was called upon to co-edit the book with Hoffmann. There followed an intense exchange between the two in which they discussed issues of selection, placement, and translation.
The loose structure that Hoffmann had envisaged was clearly implemented by the editors. Rereading the book after several years, I was struck by how it resembled a jazz symphony in numerous suites. Major themes like Nazism, morality, philosophy, the nature of science, art, and religion, and the essence of being human weave their way through the volume, emerging, disappearing, and resurfacing again at different junctures. In their preface, the editors call the sections in the book sequences. There are actually twelve such sequences. Some of them are clearly dedicated to Einstein's correspondence with specific individuals such as Queen Elizabeth of the Belgians or his long-time friend Otto Juliusberger. Others illuminate a defined topic such as psychoanalysis or music. What combines them is Einstein's humanity which shines through many of the selected passages.
Hoffmann surmised there was no way of knowing whether a book would turn out to be popular but I think we are well aware that this one might catch the public fancy. ³ And catch the public fancy it did. The first edition of 10,000 copies almost sold out completely in bookstores after merely two weeks at the end of March 1979. The book has never been out of print since it was originally published which clearly reflects its great popularity and continued success.
My professional association with Albert Einstein began twenty-five years ago when I was hired to work at the Einstein Archives in Jerusalem. As its curator, I benefitted greatly from the inspiring work Helen Dukas had carried out maintaining, organizing, and expanding Einstein's personal papers from the mid-1950s to the early 1980s. As mentioned in the publisher's preface, Dukas had compiled lists of special items throughout the many years she was the Archives' loyal custodian. Reading this book and familiarizing myself with Dukas' lists was of immense help to me in preparing exhibitions and publications for the Einstein Archives, and the lists proved particularly useful for me as curator. The passages included in this volume are the mere tip of the iceberg of the many items Dukas compiled. This book and Dukas' lists also undoubtedly shaped my initial perception of Einstein. Most of all, I was struck by his deep humanism, his talented use of the German language, and his wry and witty sense of humor. Since then, naturally, my perception of Einstein has become far more complex. Nowadays, I am particularly fascinated by the internal contradictions in his personality, by the variegations in his points of view on many political and social issues, and by the juxtaposition between Einstein the private individual, Einstein the public figure, and Einstein the mythic icon.
Both as a private individual and as a public figure, Einstein's humanism was expressed in its purest form by defining what it meant for him to be human. The excerpts included in this volume provide us with some of the answers to that question. Intriguingly, Einstein himself claimed there was no link between his scientific work and his pursuit of social and political ideals (p. 18). This statement is in tune with his defining the study of the laws of nature as a means to flee from the merely personal. ⁴ However, as much as he wanted to evade dealing with the vicissitudes of life, he was acutely aware that he could not fully do so. Moreover, it became a concern of utmost importance to him to express his ideals for humanity and to define the guiding principles for human existence. In numerous instances throughout this volume, Einstein makes it quite clear that the most important factor in our humanity is our morality and ethical stance. To him, morality was an even more significant issue than the study of science (p. 70). This belief clearly grew stronger as he aged. Thus, he came to define being human in its noblest sense as our being moral and ethical creatures. A major part of that humanism was the belief in the universality of all human beings. And to uphold that universality, Einstein firmly believed that the individual needed to be protected by tolerance from imperilment by the state. On the lighter side, apart from his far-sweeping visions for humanity, this book also provides us with odd glimpses of how Einstein perceived himself. This volume reveals that Einstein could perceive himself both as an old gypsy (p. 32) and as quite handsome (p. 44). He also saw himself both as a Jewish saint (p. 63) and as a loner (p. 80).
The dichotomy established by Einstein between his scientific and his human side may have also motivated the editors to produce this book. One wonders why those involved in the project thought there was a need for a book which would emphasize Einstein's human side. That motivation is not really made explicit in their correspondence. Did Dukas and Hoffmann surmise that Einstein, synonymous with 20th-century science, had become a suprahuman icon, who had transcended the realm of mere mortals? That is certainly a possibility. Were they concerned that in the few decades since his death his numerous political and social activities and interests had been consigned to oblivion by the general public? That is also possible. Both editors were intimately connected to Einstein and intensely protective of his public persona. Thus, their concept (and implementation) of revealing Einstein's human side is presumably markedly different from how this would be handled nowadays. In our current era, the very phrase human side would be far more likely to pertain to Einstein's private life—his relationship with his parents and with his sister Maja. It would cast light on his two marriages—to fellow student Mileva Marić and to his cousin Elsa. It would reveal his role as a father to his born-out-of-wedlock daughter Lieserl and to his two sons Hans Albert and Eduard and as a step-father to Elsa's daughters Ilse and Margot. It would also touch on his many friendships and his numerous extra-marital affairs.


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Exclusive Interview With Edgar Ramirez On The Liberator
Ben Kenber Oct 1, 2014 9:52 pm 2014-09-23T23:36:45-05:00
Directed by Alberto Arvelo and written by Timothy J. Sexton, The Liberator introduces us to Simon Bolivar, the military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire in the 1800s. Bolivar was said to have fought over 100 battles in South America and ridden over 70,000 miles on horseback. But while his military campaigns covered twice the territory of Alexander the Great, he and his army were liberators instead of conquerors.
Playing Simon Bolivar in The Liberator is Edgar Ramirez, who is best known for his roles in Carlos, Domino, The Bourne Ultimatum and Zero Dark Thirty. We watch as Ramirez takes Bolivar from being the son in a rich family to becoming a man who finds a renewed sense of purpose when he joins the growing colonial revolt against the Spanish crown.
Recently, I had the chance to sit down for an exclusive interview with Ramirez while he was in Los Angeles, California promoting the film. He spoke of how he came to know about Bolivar, the challenges he faced in portraying him, and much more.
Check it out below, and enjoy!
When was the first time that you became aware of who Simon Bolivar was?
Edgar Ramirez: Since I was a kid. I can't remember exactly the moment. Bolivar's legacy has always been a part of the Venezuelan/Latin American imagery, especially in the countries that he liberated or he helped to liberate. He's been a very prominent figure. There are avenues with his name, schools which had a subject about his life, his picture has been in all schools and official offices, and there's a square in every Venezuelan/Latin American town and villages with his name on it. The main square will be called Bolivar square or Plaza Bolivar. So yeah, he's pretty much been around.
Every country has that one person that the people need to know about.
Edgar Ramirez: Yeah, it's like (George) Washington here. He's on the money, and Bolivar's face is also on Venezuelan money. He's a very present figure.
What was the biggest challenge for you in playing Simon Bolivar?
Edgar Ramirez: Well precisely, to deal with the omnipresence of Bolivar because the omnipresence normally has the consequence of the result of making characters become inter-dimensional in a way. That was the main challenge, to try to discover the human essence that might have assisted behind the myth and not let the historic weight, and my own personal expectations and my friends' expectations and my country's expectations to get in the way of pulling off a multilayered performance and trying to be a multilayered character.
A star-studded exercise in mediocrity aims for Netflix success


I recently visited Alan Shaw of Natgraph in Nottingham, UK, to discover more about the business, their history, their products and their view of the future. The overwhelming memory I took from the experience, to be completely honest, was Alan's energy and enthusiasm, Natgraph's team ethic and the level of success to which they have achieved.
Natgraph is a UK based business and leading machinery producer for the industrial screen print sector specialising in drying and curing. I learned that Natgraph are now clearly the world leader specialising in drying and curing technology particularly for this process for industrial printing across a diverse set of industries.
Principally Europe's largest manufacturer of conveyorised dryers, utilising forced air, infra-red energy and ultra violet radiation. Natgraph's drying technology is now predominantly used to dry surface coatings applied during the screen-printing process. However, Natgraph's commitment to evolution means that new application solutions are being continually designed and developed.
According to Alan, the most significant area of development has been in conveyorised drying technology. Natgraph's state of the art dryers, utilising Forced Air, Ultra Violet radiation, Infra-red energy or most commonly a combination of all. With their strategic partnerships with Sakurai & Thieme, global leaders in screen printing machinery, this has further confirmed Natgraph as the leader within this field of expertise.
Right at the beginning of the conversation, Alan pointedly highlighted the importance of the people within Natgraph's team as being an integral part of the success of the company. Indeed, Natgraph has 10 team members who have been at the company for 25 years or more. And they have a total of over 700 years of experience within the company!!
Industrial and manufacturing companies are now the customer profile of choice for Natgraph. But this wasn't always the case as back in the 1980's, as graphic screen printers represented their core customer base. But Natgraph were able to adapt to see demand changing but also a significant marketplace with growing demand.
Since the establishment of the company in 1979 Natgraph has achieved an astonishing 13,838 (as of 30 March 15) installs of equipment around the world. And the business is most certainly committed to screen printing! Alan says himself that despite the much publicised death of screen printing, Natgraph grew 12% last year and look set to break that again in 2015 which is both a positive and impressive fact.
Alan explained that he has seen an industry transform in recent years as the company has evolved. "We haven't invested a huge amount of speculative revenue in R&D over the years, but we have developed our technology and our products on special projects and by listening to our customers and deciding what it is they need. This approach has helped Natgraph continually evolve and grow our business from one that was almost entirely focused on graphic screen printing into a business that now almost entirely services the higher value end product, industrial print sector."
The drying and curing process is an undeniably important part of the process of any print process but as Alan says; it is often overlooked as pretty much everyone involved in print technology tends to focus their main energy and attention on the print machine itself, without truly realising the importance and significance of the drying process.
Alan explains, "It is a shame that it is so often overlooked because the right system will improve productivity, increase efficiency and most of all the consistent quality of the end product. At Natgraph we see ourselves dealing with process & production engineers. All types of applications go through our dryers and the end product is very valuable. Natgraph has therefore developed technology with a key set of production competences that deploys the creation of mechanical, welding, laser-cutting, electrical wiring as well as working with state of the art software so the amount of work to create a dryer shouldn't be underestimated."
Alan emphasises that "each dryer is tailored to suit each individual customer's requirements. Natgraph is therefore not in the business of shifting boxes. An automotive customer has completely different requirements to a medical sensor manufacturer to a textile printer. This makes sense. It's our responsibility to create and integrate our machinery and technology to be able to contribute to the making of a product in partnership with the customer.
New ideas tend to come from us seeing a problem and an opportunity. I talk to the team who then, assuming they believe that the opportunity will turn it into a viable product, we then solve the problem. This simple approach to product development has led us to creating some tremendous drying systems by solving customer's problems and more importantly improving their profitability."
There is most certainly an unwavering focus at Natgraph in creating machinery that assists in effective drying with screen printing almost entirely the focal technology.
But what about the future? If Natgraph has been very successful at evolving with changing demand, where does Alan see the future going for the business?
In addition to medical applications, Alan sees a continued role for screen printing in the production of automotive, electronics, flexible circuits, computing, textile as well as new niches such as the trend for hotels to use intelligent plastic cards for room keys & in-house billing etc.
Newer PostWhere did 25 years go?


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Masks. Gowns. Gloves. Goggles. Sanitizer. Coveralls. Thermometers. Bellia has sold it all, and not just to Massachusetts. Numerous other states, counties, cities and schools have lined up to buy from him.
While countless other businesses have tanked amid coronavirus shutdowns, Bellia's store — Body Armor Outlet — rapidly evolved into one of the nation's 20 largest suppliers of personal protective equipment to states this past spring, according to a nationwide analysis of state purchasing data by The Associated Press.
The data, obtained through open-records requests, is the most comprehensive accounting to date of how much states were buying, what they were spending and whom they were paying during the chaotic early months of the pandemic, when inadequate national stockpiles left state governments scrambling for hard-to-get supplies.
Some governors described the early PPE marketplace as the Wild West, where supplies often went to the highest bidder, even if they had already been promised to someone else.
Much of the buying happened outside normal competitive bidding procedures, and in many states a lack of transparency from governors' administrations made it difficult for the public — and even lawmakers — to see how taxpayer money was being spent.
In some states, normal recordkeeping also went by the wayside.
Idaho didn't initially itemize how much it paid for each mask and glove ordered from each supplier. The state's buyers were preoccupied with trying to buy large quantities as quickly as possible against hundreds of competitors, said J.P. Brady, senior buyer for the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare.
"It was chaos, pandemonium," Brady said. "None of us knew what we were doing."
New Jersey and New York did not provide specific details about their purchases. New Jersey's health department said it would be too "disruptive" to agency operations to do so.
The AP's data shows that millions of dollars flowed from states to businesses that had never before sold PPE. Those businesses faced a treacherous market, with backlogs at foreign manufacturers, shipping delays and multiple intermediaries.
Before the pandemic, an N95 mask that filters out tiny particles might have cost around 50 cents. This spring, states paid an average of $3 each, according to the AP's analysis. Some states paid more than $10 a mask to get them quickly.
In mid-March, Louisiana paid $57,450 for 5,000 N95 masks — at $11.49 each — from Grey Wolf Safety Group in Broussard. Grey Wolf owner Sean McClellan said that to fulfill the state's order, he had to buy out whatever his competitors had in stock, often at high prices. Then he marked up the price a bit more and resold them to the state, making a couple of dollars per mask.
"I'm not price-gouging," McClellan said. "I have to make something, and I then have to pay my salesperson something."
The largest supplier of PPE to states this spring had never sold a mask before the pandemic. But from mid-March to early June, Chinese electric vehicle maker BYD sold $930 million worth of masks and sanitizer to states. Two-thirds of that went to California, where Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom drew criticism for initially keeping secret the details of a deal that paid BYD $3.30 for each N95.
During the first quarter of 2020, when China was in lockdown, BYD reported a 35% decline in operating income. That's when company Chairman Wang Chuanfu decided to begin making masks and sanitizer. BYD's income rebounded to post a 12% gain through the first three-quarters of the year. Its stock price surged from $5 a share in January to more than $20 this fall, although it's unclear how much of that is attributable to new PPE production.
Frank Girardot, senior communications director for BYD North America, said Chuanfu decided at the beginning of the outbreak "that this was something that the company had to do in service to the world."
Many of the companies in the AP's data set are not publicly traded and thus can keep their financial figures private. But some, including Bellia's Salem, New Hampshire-based company, were more than willing to describe how PPE sales provided a lifeline at the onset of the pandemic.
The AP's data for the spring includes just over $50 million in PPE sales to states by Body Armor Outlet. But Bellia said his total PPE sales this year are around $120 million, a roughly thirtyfold increase over his company's total sales for 2019.
Because of the success, Bellia increased his payroll from eight to 12 employees. Even though he continues to sell body armor, he cleared almost all of it out of his warehouse to make room for coronavirus PPE.
"While in a heartbeat I would trade this to go back to the way it was, I think unequivocally it's been a great thing for us," he said.


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Our first ever YouTube video is up! We had a blast making this!! You follow all those adorable dogs on IG, like their funny photos but what about what goes on behind the camera?
Share with your crazy dog friend. You know who we're talking about.


Got the winter blahs? Honeysuckle soap reminds you that Spring is ahead. This soap smells exactly like honeysuckle, as if you were standing by a giant bush of honeysuckle. It is made with saponified oils of organic olive, coconut, palm , organic soybean, castor and fragrance.