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International Journal of Computer Vision
August 2019 , Volume 127, Issue 8, pp 1162–1174 | Cite as
Visibility Enhancement by Integrating Refocusing and Direct-Global Separation with Contact Imaging
Fusataka Kuniyoshi
Takuya Funatomi
Hiroyuki Kubo
Yoshihide Sawada
Yumiko O. Kato
Yasuhiro Mukaigawa
Contact imaging is a compact lensless microscopy technique that allows observation of living cells placed directly on a charge-coupled device sensor. However, captured images exhibit low visibility in general. This work is aimed at integrating computational refocusing and high-frequency illumination into contact imaging to enhance the visibility of the captured images. Refocusing contributes to the synthesis of shallow depth-of-field images from the light field captured by moving a point light source. The visibility may be enhanced via high-frequency illumination. Naïve integration of both techniques requires several observations. Therefore, we propose an efficient integration from reduced observations by reformulating the computational refocusing applied in contact imaging. Furthermore, we developed a prototype system that demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Computational photography Lensless imaging Direct-global separation Refocusing
Communicated by Dr. Mohit Gupta.
The online version of this article ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-019-01173-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Cell cultivation and monitoring are fundamental tools in life science fields, such as biomedical and biomaterial engineering. An incubator and a microscope are used for culturing living cells and monitoring these cells, respectively. Placing a microscope inside an incubator is hard due to its size, hence, cell monitoring is performed only after these cells have been removed from the incubator. These operations impose stress on the cultured cells. Therefore, developing a device that can be housed in an incubator while continuously monitoring the living cells is essential.
Our goal is to develop a compact device that can be installed in an incubator for monitoring live cell imaging. The contact imaging technique enables us to capture an image of an object on the imaging sensor without using a lens. Figure 1 presents the conceptual illustration of the device we aim to develop. The device is a petri dish with a bare charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, which is waterproof and, hence, safe for culture fluid. Cells will be cultivated on the CCD sensor and monitored continuously. Eliminating lenses contributes to the compactness of the imaging device, but some important functions based on optical techniques in microscopy cannot be directly applied to the contact imaging since the optics design is significantly different. We focus on two major functions associated with optical techniques, namely: (i) a shallow depth-of-field since sweeping the focus helps us to understand the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the thick subject, and (ii) visibility enhancement using optical techniques, such as dark field microscopy and phase contrast microscopy, especially for a transparent specimen. Checking the 3D alignment and shape of the cells are helpful for monitoring the cell cultivation. Although some technologies on contact imaging have been studied, such functions are currently unavailable.
Our conceptual illustration of contact imaging and a photo of front and back faces of the prototype device that captures a transmissive image of the cells directly on the CCD sensor
In this work, we propose a computational method that provides a focusing function and visibility enhancement for contact imaging. We utilize two techniques namely, computational refocusing based on the capture of a light field and the separation of direct and global components via high-frequency illumination. The contributions of our paper are as follows. We propose:
a design to capture a light field using a lensless system.
an algorithm that integrates computational refocusing with the separation of direct and global components, to reduce the number of observations in contact imaging.
a reformulation of the computational refocusing via the least squares sense for the integration.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes related work in computational microscopy. Section 3 describes the building blocks of the proposed method, i.e. contact imaging, the separation of direct and global components, and the computational refocusing of a captured light field. Section 4 describes the proposed method. Experimental results are presented in Sects. 5 and 6. Section 7 provides conclusions and future work.
2 Related Work
Lensless imaging allows the design of compact devices, such as FlatCam (Asif et al. 2015; Bimber and Koppelhuber 2017). Lensless imaging is therefore now widely studied in the field of live-cell imaging (Minzioni et al. 2017). The main techniques have been studied on shadow imaging, fluorescence, and super-resolution.
The simplest form, i.e., shadow imaging, relies on the characteristics of shadows and can be performed without an image reconstruction process (Ozcan and Mcleod 2016). Shadow lensless imaging is used for various applications, such as monitoring the culturing cell (Mudanyali et al. 2010; Wu and Ozcan 2017) and tracing the sperm (Daloglu and Ozcan 2017; Daloglu et al. 2017). One of these has focused on implementing a compact lensless device in an incubator (Kesavan et al. 2014). This type of imaging is also used for point-of-care cytometry and diagnostics applications (Seo et al. 2009), and for a high-throughput on-chip imaging platform that can rapidly monitor and characterize various cell types (Su et al. 2009). Reducing the cost, by excluding lenses, is also employed in fluorescence imaging for the direct observation of chemotactic transmigration (Heng et al. 2006). Moreover, some methods have been proposed to increase the resolution via illumination (Cui et al. 2008; Zheng et al. 2010; Lee et al. 2014), and with color-capable implementation (Lee et al. 2011)
A super-resolution method, which involves moving a point light source, has also been proposed (Bishara et al. 2010). For example, high-resolution lensless microscopes have been extensively investigated to achieve a wide field of view (Greenbaum et al. 2014; Isikman et al. 2012; Luo et al. 2015), implementing portable devices (Bishara et al. 2011), and observing the cell microstructure (Wang et al. 2017). Greenbaum et al. (2014) have implemented contact imaging that provides high-resolution holographic images of large-area pathology samples.
While the above techniques contribute to the observations at high pixel resolution, the axial resolution was significantly lower. Isikman et al. (2011) have developed a 3D lensless microscope which enables imaging a large volume of approximately \(15\,\hbox {mm}^{3}\) on a chip by sweeping the focus plane computationally. Such function is a powerful tool for high-throughput applications in, e.g., cell and developmental biology. However, this technique is limited because the bulk of the photons incident on an object should encounter at most a single scattering event before being detected. Thus, it is not applicable to observe the subject in a scattering media or scattering subjects.
From the viewpoint of computational photography, some studies have been conducted to improve the visibility where such scattering exists. For example, Nayar et al. (2006) have proposed to use high-frequency illumination to separate scattering components from reflected light. Achar et al. (2013) have developed a motion compensation method that can separate direct and global components by moving projector-camera systems and Gupta et al. (2011) have proposed a technique that separates direct-global components and mechanically sweeps focal plane. Tanaka et al. (2013) have investigated the contribution of the direct-global separation to the visibility enhancement. Levoy et al. (2004) have adapted confocal imaging to large-scale scenes by replacing the optical apertures with pairs of cameras and projector. Fuchs et al. (2008) have performed confocal imaging in translucent media improved by combining with the descattering procedure. Recently, Shimano et al. (2017) have proposed to adopt the direct-global separation to remove global component that makes microscopic image unclear.
Moreover, even in microscopy, the illumination pattern was changed to achieve a bright or dark field of phase shift imaging (Tian et al. 2014; Zheng et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2014; Guo et al. 2015a). Fourier ptychographic method has also been used to increase the visibility (Zheng et al. 2013; Guo et al. 2015b; Ou et al. 2013), and acquire a phase shift image using chromatic aberration (Waller et al. 2010). The structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is also a technique that utilizes illumination pattern for various purposes such as super-resolution, surface profiling, and phase imaging (Saxena et al. 2015). Especially, phase imaging is a technique for visibility enhancement for microscopy. Regarding the use of structured light, SIM is similar to the direct-global separation technique (Nayar et al. 2006), however, there are differences in principle, actual setting, and processes. The most significant difference is the principle: SIM stands on wave optics whereas direct-global separation stands on geometrical optics.
From the above, many techniques have been developed for lensless imaging and visibility enhancement. To the best of our knowledge, a study that simultaneously incorporates increasing axial resolution and separating scattering has yet to be reported for lensless imaging.
3 Building Blocks
3.1 Contact Imaging
Contact imaging is a compact lensless microscopy technique, which enables us to capture an image of a subject placed on or near the image sensor chip by illuminating this object from a single point light source. Although this configuration seems different from a common camera, the image captured by the device is equivalent to the image with a pinhole camera and a planar light source. Figure 2a illustrates the correspondence between a pinhole camera and this configuration. The point light source can be treated as a pinhole in front of the planar light source. Thus, the difference is just the position of the pinhole, which is between the object and the sensor or behind the object. As such, the image becomes the all-in-focus image of the subject.
Capturing light field using a bare sensor and point light source in contact imaging
As presented in Fig. 1, our first prototype of the device consists of a single-point light source and a petri dish with a hole. This hole is bonded to a bare CCD sensor, which is waterproof and, hence, safe for culture fluid. The subject is directly placed on the sensor, and the transmitted image of the subject will be captured.
3.2 Separating Direct and Global Components
According to Nayar et al. (2006), when the scene is lit by a light source, the radiance of each point in the scene can be described by direct and global components. These components result from direct illumination of the point by the source and illumination of the point by other points in the scene, respectively.
By capturing multiple images of the scene illuminated with the different high frequency patterns, these components can be separated by simple computations. Here, we suppose that a scene is illuminated by a stripe pattern.1 The scene is illuminated with half the energy of the point light source. Therefore, the intensity of the global component is halved at each point, whereas the direct component is directly reduced by the illumination pattern. The direct and global components at \(\varvec{x}\) in an image can then be formulated as:
$$\begin{aligned} \ddot{I}(\varvec{x}) = \alpha (\varvec{x})D(\varvec{x}) + \beta G(\varvec{x}), \end{aligned}$$
where \(\ddot{I}(\varvec{x})\): intensity of the pixel at \(\varvec{x}\) under high-frequency illumination, \(\alpha (\varvec{x})\): coefficient of the direct component, \(\beta \): coefficient of the global component, and \(D(\varvec{x})\) and \(G(\varvec{x})\) are the direct and global components, respectively. Note that \(\alpha (\varvec{x})\) corresponds to the illumination pattern, whereas \(\beta \) is usually taken as a constant. By collecting the observations with the high-frequency pattern shifted N times, the acquired images can then be formulated as:
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{bmatrix} \ddot{I}_1(\varvec{x})\\ \vdots \\ \ddot{I}_N(\varvec{x})\\ \end{bmatrix} =\begin{bmatrix} \alpha _1(\varvec{x})&\quad \beta \\ \vdots&\vdots \\ \alpha _N(\varvec{x})&\quad \beta \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} D(\varvec{x})\\ G(\varvec{x}) \end{bmatrix}, \end{aligned}$$
where \(\ddot{I}_n(\varvec{x})\) and \(\alpha _n(\varvec{x})\) are the image and the coefficient corresponding to the n-th illumination pattern, respectively. Using vector representation, we express the above formulation as
$$\begin{aligned} \ddot{{\varvec{I}}}(\varvec{x}) = {\varvec{C}}(\varvec{x}) {\varvec{X}}(\varvec{x}). \end{aligned}$$
For each pixel of the image, the direct and global components \({\varvec{X}}(\varvec{x})\) can be obtained by minimizing the mean square error as follows:
$$\begin{aligned} \mathop {\hbox {argmin}}\limits _{{\varvec{X}}(\varvec{x})} \left\| \ddot{{\varvec{I}}}(\varvec{x}) -{\varvec{C}}(\varvec{x}) {\varvec{X}}(\varvec{x}) \right\| ^2. \end{aligned}$$
3.3 Computational Refocusing
In computational photography, the light-field (i.e., the 2D spatial and 2D angular distributions of light passing through the cells) is recorded via light field microscopy (Levoy et al. 2006; Lin et al. 2015). This field is then used for a computational refocusing process that synthesizes a flexible focus. We adopt this approach to implement a shallow depth-of-field function that elucidates, for observers, the 3D structure of thick subjects.
The 4D light field can be represented in several ways. In this work, we adopt a multi-view representation that depicts the light field as a 2D array of 2D images \(I_{m}(\varvec{x})\), where m denotes the viewpoint \((m=1,\dots ,M)\). According to previous work, the refocused image can be represented as the mean for each pixel in the shifted images:
$$\begin{aligned} R(\varvec{x},d) = \sum _{m} I_{m} (\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}), \end{aligned}$$
where \(I_{m}(\varvec{x})\) denotes the m-th image of the captured light field, d is the depth of the focal plane, and \(\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}\) is the disparity of the image.
4 Integration of Refocusing and Direct-Global Separation with Contact Imaging
By integrating the building blocks explained in the previous section, our system of contact imaging can simultaneously examine the visual enhancement resulting from direct-global separation and the computational refocusing. First, we describe the setup to capture the light field during lensless contact imaging for computational refocusing. Second, we explain a naïve integration to capture the light field under high-frequency illumination. Although this setup allows us to individually adopt the separation of the direct and global components and the computational refocusing, several \(N \times M\) observations (which are captured after prolonged periods) are required. Therefore, we propose a new efficient integration that allows simultaneous adoption of both methods, thereby contributing to reduced number of observations in M. We perform this integration by reformulating the computational refocusing method as an optimization problem. Subsequently, we explain the proposed algorithm that integrates the separation of direct and global components with the computational refocusing. The device proposed for contact imaging is then explained.
4.1 Capturing the Light Field Via Contact Imaging
For computational refocusing, the light field of the scene must be captured during contact imaging. In previous studies, the light field was captured by either a camera array, a micro-lens array, or a single camera mounted on a translation stage (Levoy et al. 2006; Lin et al. 2015). The structure of our device for contact imaging is lensless and therefore has a different structure from the devices used in those studies.
As explained in Sect. 3.1, the combination of the bare sensor and the point light source is equivalent to a combination of a pinhole camera and a planar light source as illustrated in Fig. 2a. According to the analogy between them, a system to capture a light field via contact imaging can also be considered. In the case of contact imaging, a pinhole is located at the position of the point light source. Whereas a single camera mounted on a translation stage sequentially captures images, the light field associated with contact imaging can be captured by moving the point light source, as illustrated in Fig. 2b. Note that we only move the pinhole, which is the point light source, but not the sensor in contact imaging. In this paper, \(I_{m}\) denotes the captured image of the scene illuminated from the m-th light position.
4.2 Naïve Integration with Contact Imaging
In our scenario, the direct and global components can be considered as illustrated in Fig. 3. The direct component reflects the boundary of cells clearly, whereas the global component reduces the visibility due to complex light path caused by scattering, reflection, and refraction by colliding with the subject. Therefore, we expect that the visibility can be enhanced in the direct component from the observation.
a Set a stripe mask between the point light source and the CCD to project the high-frequency pattern onto the subject. The recorded intensity, i.e., the mixture of direct and global components whose ratio is known, is then calculated and separated. b Red lines and blue lines represent the path of the direct component that is transmitted straight through the object and the paths of the global component that randomly propagate by colliding with the objects, respectively (Color figure online)
To separate the direct and global components, the target scene must be illuminated with a high-frequency pattern. For stable separation, a certain number of observations must be collected by shifting the pattern by a certain step. This shifting was controlled in previous methods by using either a display or a projector. However, such devices are unsuitable for this work, owing to the size restriction of our contact imaging. Therefore, we place a Ronchi ruling as a tiny stripe mask between the point light source and the CCD sensor to embed high-frequency illumination into the contact imaging. Separation of the direct and global components requires multiple images obtained under different illumination patterns, which are realized by e.g. mechanically shifting the stripe mask.
If sufficient observations are obtained by respectively shifting the stripe mask and the point light source, then the direct-global separation and the computational refocusing can be sequentially performed. As for observations, suppose that a set of images have been captured for a light position m and high-frequency illumination with various shifts n. \(\ddot{I}_{m,n}(\varvec{x})\) denotes the captured image at the m-th light position and n-th mask position. The direct and global components for each image in the set \(\left\{ \ddot{I}_{m,n}(\varvec{x})\right\} _{n=1}^{N}\) can be separated, and the components, \(D_{m}(\varvec{x})\) and \(G_{m}(\varvec{x})\) for the m-th light position can then be obtained.
$$\begin{aligned} \mathop {\hbox {argmin}}\limits _{D_{m}(\varvec{x}), G_{m}(\varvec{x})} \left\| \ddot{{\varvec{I}}}_{m}(\varvec{x}) -{\varvec{C}}_{m}(\varvec{x}) \begin{bmatrix} D_{m}(\varvec{x})\\ G_{m}(\varvec{x}) \end{bmatrix} \right\| ^2, \end{aligned}$$
where \(\ddot{{\varvec{I}}}_{m}(\varvec{x})=\begin{bmatrix} \ddot{I}_{m,1}(\varvec{x})&\cdots&\ddot{I}_{m,N}(\varvec{x})\\ \end{bmatrix}^{\top }\), and \({\varvec{C}}_{m}(\varvec{x})=\begin{bmatrix} \alpha _{m,1}(\varvec{x})&\cdots&\alpha _{m,N}(\varvec{x}) \\ \beta _{m}&\cdots&\beta _{m} \end{bmatrix}^{\top }\). \(\alpha _{m,n}(\varvec{x})\) is the coefficient of the direct component at the pixel \(\varvec{x}\) under illumination through the stripe mask at n under the point light source at m, and \(\beta _{m}\) is the coefficient of the global component. The coefficient \(\beta _{m}\) is usually taken as a constant as in Eq. (1). However, in our case, \(\beta _{m}\) varies since the point light source moves over a relatively large area during computational refocusing. \(\alpha _{m,n}(\varvec{x})\) can be preliminarily calibrated as the ratio of the captured image with and without the mask, under the light at m. \(\beta _{m}\) is also obtained as the average of \(\alpha _{m,n}(\varvec{x})\) over the image and n.
Here, \(D_{m}(\varvec{x})\) can be considered as an all-in-focus image with visibility enhancement. We denote by \(D(\varvec{x},d)\) the refocused image of the direct component associated with a given depth d. The computational refocusing can then be applied via \(\left\{ D_{m}(\varvec{x})\right\} _{m=1}^{M}\).
$$\begin{aligned} D(\varvec{x},d) = \sum _{m} D_{m} (\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}) \end{aligned}$$
4.3 Changing the Illumination Pattern Without Shifting the Stripe Mask
The above method requires a mechanism for independent shifting of the stripe mask and the point light source. The algorithm of the integration is simple. However, a large device is needed to implement the mechanism and the acquisition of observations is time-consuming. These drawbacks are problematic as the device must be small enough for installation in an incubator, thereby reducing the number of observations required to observe living cells.
Actually, even if the stripe mask is fixed, the translation of the point light source changes the illumination pattern on the subject, as illustrated in Fig. 4. We utilize this fact to solve the aforementioned drawbacks by fixing the mask.
Scheme for changing the high-frequency illumination pattern by moving a point light source over a fixed stripe mask
However, this does not allow us to adopt the separation of the direct and global components and the computational refocusing one by one. We can collect the images \(\ddot{I}_{m}(\varvec{x})\) by moving the light source to the position m with a fixed stripe mask. Figure 4a, b respectively illustrate the light paths of the illumination pattern where the position of the stripe mask and the point light source are controlled. A comparison of these paths reveals that the illumination patterns on the CCD sensor are the same, although the light paths through the cells are different. This indicates that the acquired images \(\ddot{I}_{n}(\varvec{x})\) and \(\ddot{I}_{m}(\varvec{x})\) in (a) and (b), respectively, are different. Therefore, owing to the disparities among the images, direct application of the method to these images should be avoided. Computationally, we can obtain a different result from Eq. (4) by ignoring the difference between these images, but the result would include artifacts associated with the disparities.
In this work, we propose an algorithm that applies both processes simultaneously, by calculating Eqs. (4) and (5) from a unified equation. These equations have different forms and must be unified via reformulation of the computational refocusing. Subsequent formulation and optimization of the unified cost function yields a refocused image from which the direct and global components can be obtained. The algorithm has no approximation, thereby contributing to reduced observations (i.e., from \(M \times N\) to M), and the result is free of artifacts.
4.4 Reformulation of the Computational Refocusing
Let \(\hat{R}(\varvec{x},d)\) be an ideal focused image of depth d, and \(I_{m}(\varvec{x})\) as previously stated is the all-in-focus image captured from various viewpoints m. According to the corresponding disparity \(\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}\), the shifted image \(I_{m}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m})\) is comparable to \(\hat{R}(\varvec{x},d)\). Therefore, a defocused component \(\epsilon _{m}(\varvec{x},d)\) can be taken as the difference between the disparity and the shifted image, and may be expressed as:
$$\begin{aligned} \epsilon _{m}(\varvec{x},d) = \hat{R}(\varvec{x},d)-I_{m}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}). \end{aligned}$$
The least squares of the sum of the defocus components is given as:
$$\begin{aligned} \min _{\hat{R}(\varvec{x},d)} \sum _{m} \left\| \epsilon _{m}(\varvec{x},d) \right\| ^2. \end{aligned}$$
This minimization is satisfied when \(\hat{R}(\varvec{x},d)\) equals the mean image of \(I_{m}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m})\), which is expressed as,
$$\begin{aligned} \hat{R}(\varvec{x},d) = \frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^{M} I_{m}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}). \end{aligned}$$
As presented in Eq. (5), the refocused image \(R(\varvec{x},d)\) is usually formulated as a summation of the shifted images \(I_{m}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m})\). Although this is slightly different from Eq. (10), the difference is simply divided by M. Thus, the computational refocusing can therefore be treated as a minimization problem of squared defocused components in the set of shifted images.
4.5 Integration in the Unified Formulation
According to the reformulation, we integrate Eqs. (4) and (10) using a unified formulation. Recall that \(D_{m}(\varvec{x})\) and \(G_{m}(\varvec{x})\) are introduced in Sect. 4.2 to denote the direct and global components associated with the light position m. \(D_{m}(\varvec{x})\), \(G_{m}(\varvec{x})\), and \(I_{m}(\varvec{x})\) are considered as all-in-focus images. For \(D(\varvec{x},d)\) in Eq. (7), let \(G(\varvec{x},d)\) be the refocused images of the global component at a depth d. The defocused component under high-frequency illumination in a light position m is denoted as \(\epsilon '_{m}(\varvec{x},d)\). This component can be expressed as the difference between the observed image \(\ddot{I}_{m}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m})\) and the refocused direct and global components, i.e. \(D(\varvec{x},d)\) and \(G(\varvec{x},d)\), as follows: (See also Fig. 5 for reference.)
$$\begin{aligned} \epsilon '_{m}(\varvec{x},d)&= \alpha _{m} (\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}) D(\varvec{x},d) \nonumber \\&\quad +\, \beta _{m} G(\varvec{x},d) \nonumber \\&\quad -\, \ddot{I}_{m}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{m}). \end{aligned}$$
Unified formulation of computational refocusing and the separation of the direct and global components by moving a point light source over a fixed stripe mask
Finally, \(D(\varvec{x},d)\) and \(G(\varvec{x},d)\) can be estimated by minimizing the summation of \(\left\| \epsilon '_{m}(\varvec{x},d)\right\| ^2\) as follows:
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{bmatrix} D(\varvec{x},d)\\ G(\varvec{x},d) \end{bmatrix}&=\mathop {\hbox {argmin}}\limits _{{\varvec{X}}}\left\| \ddot{{\varvec{I}}}(\varvec{x},d) -{\varvec{C}}(\varvec{x},d){\varvec{X}}\right\| ^2 \nonumber \\&={\varvec{C}}^+(\varvec{x},d)\ddot{{\varvec{I}}}(\varvec{x},d), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \ddot{{\varvec{I}}}(\varvec{x},d)= & {} \begin{bmatrix} \ddot{I}_{1}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_1) \\ \vdots \\ \ddot{I}_{M}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{M}) \end{bmatrix},\\ {\varvec{C}}(\varvec{x},d)= & {} \begin{bmatrix} \alpha _1(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_1)&\quad \beta _1 \\ \vdots&\vdots \\ \alpha _{M}(\varvec{x}-d\varDelta \varvec{x}_{M})&\quad \beta _{M} \\ \end{bmatrix}, \end{aligned}$$
and \({\varvec{C}}^+(\varvec{x},d) = \left( {\varvec{C}}(\varvec{x}, d)^\top {\varvec{C}}(\varvec{x},d)\right) ^{-1} {\varvec{C}} (\varvec{x},d)^\top \).
5 Quantitative Evaluation of the Algorithm Using Synthetic Data
To validate the results of the proposed algorithm quantitatively, we build an environment similar to the contact imaging to synthesize the images, adopt the naïve integration and the proposed method, and compare the results.
5.1 Simulation Environment
To synthesize the images of contact imaging, we have developed a physically based renderer. We have implemented a ray tracing renderer that can simulate scattering effects to solve the volume light transport equation (Jensen and Christensen 1998; Jensen and Wann 2001) by Monte Carlo approach. More specifically, the renderer simulates 64 millions of photons' paths emitted from a virtual light source to a virtual image sensor plane, then calculates the influence of the photons on each pixel of the image sensor. In this simulation, embryo is assumed to be a participating medium which produces the scattering effects.
We synthesize an embryo with eight small spheres surrounded by one large sphere. To simulate the scattering, both extinction coefficient \(\sigma _t\) and scattering coefficient \(\sigma _s\) are set to be \(1.0\,\hbox {mm}^{-1}\) assuming no photon absorption during the scattering for a large sphere. Also, the parameter g of Henyey-Greenstein phase function which represents an average cosine of scatted direction was set to be 0.95. For small inner spheres, we set \(\sigma _t=\sigma _s=2.0\) and \(g=0.99\). Note, these parameters were empirically determined.
The resolution of the rendered image was (256, 256). By shifting the point light source and the stripe mask as \(M=1005\) and \(N=10\), we have rendered 10,050 images in total for naïve integration. For unified approach we only used 1005 images of \(n=4\).
5.2 Quantitative Evaluation
Figure 6 shows examples of rendered image with and without stripe mask, a result of direct-global separation from N images, a result of refocused image from M images with and without stripe mask, results of the naïve integration, and the proposed method. (a) and (b) are all-in-focus images under a point light source and a stripe mask. (c) and (d) are respectively the direct and global components obtained by moving the stripe mask without moving the point light source. (e) is a refocused image obtained by moving the light source without stripe mask. Under the stripe mask, the refocused images have about half intensity of (e) as shown in (f). Note that the stripe mask pattern is also blurred since it is placed far above the focus plane. (g) and (h) are respectively the refocused results obtained from the direct and global components such as (c) and (d). (i) and (j) are respectively the refocused direct and global components obtained by the proposed method, which only moves a point light source over the fixed stripe mask.
Synthetic data used for quantitative evaluation. a All-in-focus image under a point light source, b under a stripe mask. c, d are respectively the direct and global components obtained by moving the stripe mask without moving the point light source. e is a refocused image obtained by moving the light source without stripe mask. Under the stripe mask, a refocused image shown in f has about half intensity with e. Note that the stripe mask pattern is also blurred since it placed far above the focus plane. g, h are respectively the refocused results obtained from the direct and global components such as c, d. i, j are respectively the refocused direct and global components obtained by the proposed method, which only moves a point light source over the fixed stripe mask. Note that g, h are computed from MN images whereas the proposed method uses M images for i, j. Inputs and refocusing results can be also found in the Online Resource 1
By comparing (g, h) and (i, j), the results seem quite similar. As quantitative evaluation, we have calculated the normalized root mean-squared error (NRMSE) to compare (g) with (i), and (h) with (j). By taking the results of the naïve integration (g,h) as the denominator, NRMSE of the direct component (i) was 0.3% and the global component (j) was 1.3%. As for peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), the direct component (i) was 79.04 dB and the global component (j) was 88.58 dB. Note that the proposed method only use 10% of the images from the naïve integration set. Although the global component has larger error than the direct component, it is presented that the proposed method can provide similar results with the naïve integration even if it does not move the stripe mask.
5.3 Quality Comparisons of the Results Produced from the Same Number of Images
As a quantitative evaluation, we evaluated the accuracy of the naïve integration and the proposed method. As the ideal output, we have prepared enough number of observations, where \(M=1005\) and \(N=10\), then adopted the naïve integration to obtain refocused direct and global components for various depths with 120 steps, i.e. Fig. 6g, h. Then, we also adopted the naïve integration and the proposed method with a limited number of observations. Evaluations have been made on different total number of observations: \(MN = 500\), 400, 300, 200, 100, 70, 50, 40, 30, and 20. For the proposed method, the stripe mask is supposed to be fixed, thus \(N=1\). On the other hand, the naïve integration requires the stripe mask to be moved, thus \(N=10\) and \(M= 50\), 40, 30, 20, 10, 7, 5, 4, 3, and 2. As well as the above, we have calculated NRMSE for the result and the ideal output, which is obtained from \(MN = 10{,}050\).
Figure 7 shows the results at a certain depth obtained from \(MN=500\), 300, 100, 40, and 20. Defocused effect seems natural when M is sufficiently large, but artifacts appear when M is small. In comparison with the naïve integration, the proposed method could produce more natural defocused effect since it could take 10 times larger number of M for observed image.
Comparing the results of the naïve integration and the proposed method. Each column show the results from the same number of images, where the proposed method can take 10 times more viewpoints than the naïve integration. Especially when MN is small, the proposed method achieved better quality than the the naïve integration. Refocusing results can be also found in the Online Resource 1
Figure 8 presents the box plot of NRMSE from all the refocused images, each of them has 120 samples. Overall, the proposed method is superior to the naïve integration especially when the number of input MN is small. For the direct component, the proposed method achieved greatly better result than the naïve integration. As for the global component, the NRMSE of the proposed method was mostly better than the naïve integration.
Quantitative comparison of the naïve integration and the proposed method with respect to the number of images used, where the proposed method can take 10 times more viewpoints than the naïve integration in this setting. NRMSE is evaluated for refocused images by comparing with the ideal output, then its distribution is shown by box-plot
Qualitatively, the proposed method achieved better refocused results than the naïve integration. According to the application, which is monitoring live cell, it is required to clearly image the embryo of which the individual cells are distinguishable. In that sense, the proposed method provides natural refocusing from \(M\ge 40\) observations whereas the naïve integration cannot. From the quantitative evaluation, NRMSE of the proposed method with \(M=(20,40,100)\) is mostly equivalently to the one of the naïve integration with \(MN=(100,200,400)\), respectively. This indicates that the proposed method works about five times more efficient than the naïve integration in terms of the acquisition time. This improvement can be significant for live cell imaging; the subjects are not fixed thus taking longer time for the observation may leads the artifacts caused by the disturbance of the subjects' motion.
6 Experiments Using a Prototype
6.1 Experimental Setup
We have implemented contact imaging as presented in Fig. 9. For the ease of theoretical validation and implementation, the relevant equipment is simplified so that the point light source is moved along a 1D direction, which is orthogonal to the stripe pattern. However, the use of a checker pattern for movement of the source in a plane is desirable. We also use a fixed sample to validate the algorithm although our study is aimed at developing a device for observing living cells. For this reason, we prepare unstained embryos of a sea urchin (diameter: about \(100\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)) and a mouse (\(80\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)) at the cleavage stage in distilled water. In future work, the results will be experimentally validated using a fully equipped device and living cells.
The device is equipped with a CCD sensor (Panasonic MN34595PL) having a resolution of \(4656 \times 3480\) and a pixel pitch of \(1.335\,\upmu \hbox {m}\). The sensor is embedded in a petri dish with a hole. As a point light source, the device consists of a white LED and a pinhole (diameter: \(10\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)). The light source is set at a height of 14.9 mm above the sensor. High-frequency illumination is achieved using a mask with a stripe pattern with 40 line pairs per mm (lpmm). This mask is placed at a height of 2.6 mm above the CCD sensor.
As a mechanism for shifting the illumination pattern, the point light source is attached to a motorized linear stage. The observation is executed by moving the source from \(-\,5020\) to \(5020\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) in \(10\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) intervals, i.e., 1005 images are captured in total.
In this setting, whereas the depth-of-field is theoretically supposed to be about \(5150\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) with a light source of \(10\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) in diameter, it becomes about \(5.16\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) with the synthetic aperture of \(5020\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) in radius. Such a shallow depth-of-field function is meaningful to observe the 3D structure of the embryos with 80–\(100\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) in diameter.
Experimental setup for contact imaging with light field captured under high-frequency illumination. a A photograph of the prototype device. b Schematic illustration of the device. c An image captured by the device. The green rectangles indicate the samples focused on in the following experiment (Color figure online)
Experimental results. Samples 1 and 2 are sea urchin embryos, whereas samples 3 and 4 are mouse embryos. Column a shows the all-in-focus images that are captured by the first prototype. The sequential images b show the separated direct and global components. Images that are arranged in a lattice show the refocused images. The green straight line in the direct images shows the cells where the visibility is enhanced by applying our method. Refocusing results can be also found in the Online Resource 1 (Color figure online)
6.2 Experimental Results
Figure 10 presents the results of the proposed method that integrates the separation of direct and global components with the computational refocusing. In our experiment, we capture images with a resolution of \(4656 \times 3480\). The captured scene consists of many tiny embryos in a very wide field of view and, hence, we cropped the images around an embryo to a resolution of \(150 \times 150\) and adopt the proposed method. Note that the coefficient \(\beta _{m}\) are calculated for each of samples independently to be globally varied but it is assumed to be locally constant. The resultant images are shown in Fig. 9c. The figure consists of four rows of images and each row observes one embryo. Samples 1 and 2 are sea urchin embryos, whereas samples 3 and 4 are the mouse embryos. Column (a) in Fig. 10 shows the image captured by our first prototype, which uses only the point light source and the CCD sensor (i.e., without a stripe mask) shown in Fig. 1. This can be considered as the all-in-focus image. The sequential images Fig. 10b show the results of the proposed method. The upper and lower rows correspond to the separated direct and global components, respectively, and the refocused images are arranged horizontally.
The refocused images of the direct component elucidate the 3D structure of the cells in the embryo, whereas the all-in-focus images lack such depth information. The refocused images of the global component describe the light scattered in the cells. Compared with these images, the refocused images of the direct component more clearly captures organelles, such as membranes, thereby contributing to the monitoring of cell cultivation. These results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully integrates computational refocusing with the separation of the direct and global components.
The green straight lines in the sequential images (b) indicate the 3D structure of the cells determined by observing the direct component. The number represents the order of the stacking cells along d.
The all-in-focus image of sample 1 suggests that the embryo contains only six cells. However, the refocused images of the direct component reveals eight stacking cells. In sample 2, the embryo contains eight cells, as in the case of the direct component associated with sample 1. In the case of sample 3, the stacking mouse cells associated with direct components are revealed. These results confirm that our method is valid for different samples. The same holds true for sample 4. Therefore, we have verified that the direct and global separation is effective for enhancing the visibility in the images. A movie illustrating input images, refocusing of the separated direct and global components using our proposed method are provided in the Online Resource 1.
In this paper, we propose an efficient method for integrating both computational refocusing and the separation of direct and global components into contact imaging. This technique contributes important functions, such as a shallow depth-of-field and visibility enhancement for transparent subjects, while allowing the use of a compact imaging device. Experimental results also demonstrate that these functions elucidate the 3D structure of the subject.
The technical contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we have proposed a method to capture the light field via contact imaging system by moving the point light source. Second, we have reformulated the computational refocusing in the least-squares form by introducing the concept of a defocused component. Third, we have proposed an algorithm for integrating the computational refocusing and the separation of direct and global components into a unified formulation. This contributes to the efficient acquisition of observations and allows fixing of the stripe mask.
This work addresses the challenge of developing a compact microscope that can be installed in an incubator. We have built the prototype for verifying the principle of integrating computational refocusing and the separation of the direct and global components. However, the development of the device is incomplete as the actual prototype is too large to be installed in an incubator. The remaining size requirements can be satisfied by substituting the point light source (with a motorized linear stage) with another compact device such as a display. This will be considered as a part of future work. Other improvements are possible. This system still requires many observations to realize high-quality live-cell imaging, and can be optimized via e.g. multi-plex illumination. In this work, computational refocusing and direct-global separation are performed in 1D. For extending the method to 2D, such optimization will be significant. Further experimental validations are also desirable, and will be conducted in future work.
Using a two-dimensional (2D)- checkerboard pattern will have more natural effect, however, for the ease of theoretical validation and implementation, we only consider a one-dimensional (1D) pattern in this study.
This study was partially supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant No. J26700013 and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) CREST Grant Number JPMJCR1764.
Supplementary material 1 (mp4 39133 KB)
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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
1.Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkomaJapan
2.Advanced Research DivisionPanasonic CorporationSōraku-gunJapan
Kuniyoshi, F., Funatomi, T., Kubo, H. et al. Int J Comput Vis (2019) 127: 1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-019-01173-5
Accepted 27 February 2019


text:
Q: Calculating total latitude/longitude of annotations in Swift 4 mapKit? So I have a navigation application using the mapKit, and I have a button that allows the user to add multiple annotations if they would like.  I should add that they add these by searching for a location in a searchtable, and pressing it, creating the annotation, like normal maps apps.  My button allows them to add multiple.
1) How can I add the latitudes/longitudes of each annotation?  I was thinking something along the lines of a
let totalLatitude = mapView.annotations.reduce etc etc

Will this work?
2) What parameters should I use if it is a reduce?
3) How can I put it in a form that allows me to specify like mapView.annotations.coordinate.latitude etc etc?
4) I know you can't put .coordinate with .annotations... so is there another way? thanks

A: If you mean you want the sum of the latitudes/longitudes of all annotations:
let totalLatitudes = mapView.annotations.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.coordinate.latitude }

let totalLongitudes = mapView.annotations.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.coordinate.longitude }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Hotel Biarritz 5 étoiles - Le Régina Biarritz - site officiel
The Regina
Meeting rooms - offers
Iqori
Café n
Hammam & well-being
Biarritz golf course
IQORI, Restaurant in Biarritz with Sea view Terrace
IQORI restaurant in Biarritz and its seaview terrace
The IQORI gourmet-bistro restaurant of the Regina Hotel was entirely refurbished in 2017 with the arrival of chef Antoine Chuard. It is also open to the public and locals who are not guests of the Hotel Regina. In passing by, the remarkable patio of the Regina, you will find an interior décor which aims to be more relax and modern. Set among light wood panelling and velvet accents you feel a sense of well-being, sitting on large sofas between cushions and surrounded by works of art, the surroundings are quite cosy. The large outdoor terrace allows you to enjoy a meal with sea views overlooking the Biarritz lighthouse; an undeniable asset on the Basque Coast.
https://hotelregina-biarritz.com/en/menu/iqori/restaurant-biarritz-iqori#sigProId4fcfa5447f
https://hotelregina-biarritz.com/en/menu/iqori/restaurant-biarritz-iqori#sigProIdb6182bc250
Refined local cuisine by Chef Antoine Chuard
Chef Antoine Chuard, who won the French international selection in the chef category, offers an exceptional local cuisine, deeply rooted in the South West. Here squids and fish come from the Basque Country, foie gras from Landes and pork from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. You will yield to the temptation of its signature dishes such as Hake from Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Manex pork belly confit with spices or linguinis prepared in a millstone of aged Parmesan cheese (22 months) matured with seasonal fungi. Luxury means to savour these dishes on the panoramic terrace and its breathtaking views on the ocean, admiring the softness of sea foam under the sun's rays.
Recipes of IQORI restaurant at Hotel Regina Biarritz
IQORI restaurant's opening hours are 7 days a week from noon to 2 p.m. and from 7:30 to 10 p.m. The "Idée du chef " lunch menu at 29 € is made up by a starter, a main course, a dessert and a glass of wine. The "Regina" dinner menu at 39 € is made up of a choice of 2 starters, a choice of 2 main courses and choice of 2 desserts. The selection of signature dishes in the a la carte menu is also not to be missed. IQORI restaurant has a wonderful wine list with French and foreign wines with a selection of half bottles and wines by the glass (from 7€).
https://hotelregina-biarritz.com/en/menu/iqori/restaurant-biarritz-iqori#sigProId4c846d40d5
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Three of Chicago's most seasoned Irish traditional musicians came together to form The Boils, a high-energy trio delivering a potent blend of jigs, reels and rock and pop songs. The trio has played all over the Chicagoland area, including the Center, the Chicago Cultural Center, the Botanic Gardens and Fiddler's Hearth in South Bend.
The Boils are Jack Callahan, Pat Quinn and Mike Austin and perform on Saturday, July 7 at 3:15pm on Main Stage and at 8pm on the Fifth Province Stage.


At Clarion Hotel Stockholm, we are proud of our fabulous breakfast buffet. Healthy, tasty, filling and a wide selection of organic products. Breakfast is always included in the price of the room.
Breakfast times vary during the summer period and on bank holiday weekends. Contact the hotel for our current opening hours.
Our gym features 16 pieces of equipment by TechnoGym and you can also enjoy great views of Eriksdalslunden from here. Acccess to the gym is free of charge for all hotel guests and you can use your room key to enter. Our treadmills and exercise bikes have TVs, internet access and docking stations for iPods/iPhones.
There is a Q-park garage just next to the hotel, which you can access by driving down the tunnel by the hotel and bearing left. Take a ticket as you drive in and then pay in the car park when you leave. You can park on any floor. The exit is on the 4th floor, follow the signs for "Utgång Ringvägen 100". The hotel is on your immediate left when you exit onto Ringvägen. Use the code on the ticket if you wish to leave the parking garage in the evenings or at weekends. We're more than happy to help you park your car if you wish. Just stop in front of the entrance and leave the keys with the reception. Our valet parking costs 590 SEK/24h every day of the week, subject to availability.
Midnight feast or breakfast in bed? Here at the Clarion Hotel Stockholm, we offer 24-hour room service. You will find the menu in your room and it includes everything from basic snacks to main dishes. A glass of champagne in the bathtub or a late sandwich in front of the TV? We deliver straight to your room, for a room service fee of SEK 90 per order. Enjoy your meal!
Our room service menu is waiting for you at your room.
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All our hotel rooms and public areas have free WiFi. Simply select "Clarion Connect" and you can start surfing! It really couldn't be easier, right?
Relax in your room after a long day at work or in the shops! We offer a wide selection of Swedish and international channels, so you can enjoy news, films and TV-series whenever you like. There is no extra cost for this – it's all included in the room rate.
Bring your best friend along! Pets are welcome when you stay with us at Clarion Hotel Stockholm. The room price for your friend is just SEK 250 per stay. But remember to tell us when you make your reservation, so we can make sure you're properly looked after.
Tired of queuing to check out of the hotel? Then you'll love our Express Check-Out service! Register your interest on arrival, then simply drop your key in our Express Check-Out box when it's time for you to leave. And guess what – no queue guaranteed!


text:
What Professional Wrestling Prodigy Lee Moriarty Is Listening to Right Now
Photo courtesy of All Elite Wrestling. Graphic by Callum Abbott.
The AEW star, whose persona takes cues from MF DOOM and Wu-Tang, talks about being inspired by Mac Miller, Denzel Curry, Westside Gunn, and more.
By Evan Minsker
Lee Moriarty isn't a household name like the Rock or CM Punk just yet, but over the last few years, the 27-year-old has established a reputation as a must-watch pro wrestling workhorse. He's easy to root for—the kind of performer who kicks dudes hard in the face, flies gracefully off the top rope, and ties up an arm or a leg in an advanced submission hold, all while looking like he's having the time of his life. After proving himself with instant-classic matches on the independent wrestling circuit, he recently signed with All Elite Wrestling, the exciting new company that's challenging WWE's monopoly as wrestling's sole cable-TV powerhouse.
Music is a big inspiration for his overall presentation as a wrestler. Moriarty defines his hybrid wrestling style as "TAIGASTYLE"—a reference to "Wu-Tang Clan Ain't Nuthing Ta F' Wit," presented in all-caps in tribute to MF DOOM. For every match, he walks to the ring listening to his favorite tracks on noise-canceling headphones. The music in his ears is carefully curated—often featuring rap heavyweights like Drake and Tyler amid newer artists like Smino and PinkPantheress—in order to switch his mindset into wrestling mode.
"I really need to quiet out all of the sounds around me," he says over the phone from his home in Pittsburgh, almost sounding shy. "I have stage fright, so being around a lot of people makes me nervous. When I can just listen to music and chill, it helps a lot. It also helps to transform me into TAIGASTYLE Lee Moriarty as opposed to Lee Moriarty, the guy you see at a grocery store."
Here, he talks about some of the songs that get him in the zone.
Mac Miller: Faces
Lee Moriarty: Mac Miller is a big influence on me—the way he was this positive person, always trying to have fun. That's why I try to look like I'm having fun in the ring, even though I'm fighting and it's a competition. It's cool seeing someone succeed from the area where I lived too. I remember hearing his music for the first time in my dad's car, then watching his show Most Dope on MTV and seeing a guy from Pittsburgh succeeding and living a dream life. Even with all the stuff he went through personally, he was always trying to lift others up. The thing I was taught when I got into professional wrestling by my trainers was "leave professional wrestling better than how you found it." I want to help as much as I can, especially in Pittsburgh.
Lute: Gold Mouf
The first time I heard Lute was on a song called "Sleep Deprived" from the Dreamville album, and I wanted to see if that sound carried over to his album, and it did. I really like jazz funk mixed with hip-hop. I've been putting this on in the car or on an airplane because it's very mellow. It's easy listening while I'm drawing or painting or just want to relax.
Westside Gunn: Hitler Wear Hermes 8: Side B
Television's Tom Verlaine Dies at 73
Rick Astley Enlists "Blurred Lines" Lawyer to Sue Yung Gravy Over Vocal Impersonation
By Rob Arcand
9 Albums Out This Week You Should Listen to Now
The first time I heard a Westside Gunn song was because it had a wrestling-inspired title: "Lucha Bros." I'm a big fan of the Lucha Bros, and that song came up on YouTube when I was looking for them. I like both of his new albums, but I like Side B a little more. I've been listening to it when I'm getting ready to do something; it's like a warm-up for me. There's one track that's just talking about how you finish how you start, and it's stories like that that make me think about what the music means to me personally. I'm hoping that his next album has the Arn Anderson glock promo, it would fit so perfectly.
$NOT: "Sangria" [ft. Denzel Curry]
Denzel Curry is probably my favorite active artist right now. I really like his creative approach. He released that Unlocked project with Kenny Beats, and they did that video about it leaking and having to find the files, which was really cool. I was looking for Denzel Curry music and found this song "Sangria," and that's the song that made me a $NOT fan.
Hip-hop and professional wrestling work so perfectly together, but wrestling usually features rock music. Or if it's hip-hop, it's Pitbull or Flo Rida, which I get because it's a party vibe. But there's this whole other world that could bring in new wrestling fans. There's people my age who don't necessarily listen to this rock'n'roll stuff. What they gravitate to is Denzel Curry or Lil Uzi, and seeing these guys on a wrestling TV show might make them stop and become a wrestling fan. I've met people who became fans of me because of the MF DOOM, Denzel Curry, and Wu-Tang Clan references. There's a place for that music in mainstream professional wrestling. I want to invite those fans to start watching.
TagsListening DiaryWestside GunnDenzel CurryMac MillerLuteRap
Teenage Rap Phenom Redveil Is Growing Up on Record
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Amid all the morose and maudlin whinging about how we are losing our sense of self, our ability to self-moderate, or more generally our minds, merit, and money, today I offer up a list of things to get excited about in 2011.
25. I can reasonably expect to live longer than 33 years.
24. In my life, I've visited over 10 countries on 3 continents. And among my friends, I'm not well travelled. In 1761, people rarely left their hometown, let alone the country.
23. Last night I heard superb music by 10 different composers, played by a world-class orchestra, for under $30. (And I waved a Union Flag while doing it! "And did those feet, in ancient time…") In 1761, only a fraction of the population could hear such music – and not cheaply.
22. Indoor plumbing! Sewers! Need I say more?
21. I can buy a great book for under $5; in 1761 it would have cost the equivalent of about $1000.
20. As a woman, I can choose who runs my country/province/ city (at least in theory). And I didn't have to be jailed and force-fed by a tube in order to have the right to do it – all I had to do was reach majority.
19. I didn't die of chickenpox, infection, or the flu when I was a child, as many children did in 1911.
18. I do laundry by putting a bunch of clothes into a machine, pouring in some liquid, and pressing a few buttons, instead of spending two days with the household staff, soaking it, wringing it out repeatedly, and stirring it around in crazy chemicals with washing bats. It's like magic.
17. Electricity — in my home! Amazing.
15. I did not have to promise to obey my husband when we got married. In fact, I didn't even have to get married to get all the legal benefits of a long-term committed relationship.
14. I can wear pants! and shorts! And neither is prohibited by law.
13. I can eat any kind of food I want to, and could probably find somebody from its country of origin to talk to about it. Every day just walking down the street I see a greater degree of diversity than at any other time in history, all in once place, living (relatively) harmoniously together.
12. I can choose whether or not to spawn, with near-certainty that my wishes will be protected by law and the wisdom of modern medicine.
11. A century old saying has it that "horses sweat, men perspire — ladies merely glisten." But when I go to the gym, I can sweat all I like, and feel healthy doing it. Moreover, certain terrifying Amazonian female athletes step it up a notch by adding a soundtrack.
10. I live in the charmingly-labelled "Rainbow Village" area of Toronto, where I can watch men walk down the street holding hands, or carrying impossibly tiny dogs wearing designer hats in large purses.
9. I can find out what's going on in any part of the world in under 10 seconds, at the click of a button.
8. I feel reasonably secure knowing that many heinous crimes are solved using DNA evidence. Bonus: I can watch any of the fascinating procedural dramas stemming from said advancements in forensic science. Bring it on, Grissom!
7. I can listen to "Tarzan Boy" over and over and over again without having to rewind, ever.
6. It's exciting that people are taking steps to protect the environment more than at any other time in modern history. Or, at least, they're aware of how to protect it.
4. I can access the Internet everywhere I go. Want to know if the restaurant I'm walking by is any good? I can read reviews. If I'm lost? I can get directions. Wondering if it's going to rain? I can check the weather. Instantaneously.
3. Buying a home during a recession meant we got an insane deal on our mortgage.
What are you excited about in 2011 that you would add to this list?


The individual, Sal Mansy, was arrested in June 2015 for funneling bitcoin transactions through a corporation he owned called TV TOYZ. Mansy conducted $2.4 million-worth of bitcoin transactions over a two-year period, according to a release from the U.S. Attorneys office in Maine.
Mansy pleaded guilty in May to purchasing bitcoin through the Coinbase and Bitstamp exchanges, and selling the cryptocurrency at a profit through LocalBitcoins, as CoinDesk previously reported.
Following his jail time for the offence, Mansy will receive three years of supervised release. He must further forfeit $118,000 in cash and bitcoin gained through the illegal scheme. Investigators confiscated roughly that amount during his arrest in 2015.
Undercover investigators conducted two trades with Mansy for amounts totaling 6.32 BTC – an amount valued at $1,900 at the time and now worth nearly $75,000, according to CoinDesk's Bitcoin Price Index.
The case is just one of a number arrests in recent years for running illegal businesses using bitcoin.
In October, another Michigan resident, Bradley Stetkiw, was charged with running an unlicensed money transmitting business after selling some $150,000 in bitcoin.
Stetkiw also used LocalBitcoins to facilitate his transactions, and federal agents bought $56,000 worth of bitcoin from him at the time.
A third LocalBitcoins user in Missouri, Jason Klein, pleaded guilty to running an unlicensed money transmission business in May, after he sold 98 bitcoins (worth more than $1 million today) to undercover agents in 2015 and 2016.


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Кораби (Ко́раб, , ) — горный хребет на Балканском полуострове, на границе Албании и Северной Македонии, между долинами рек Радика и Чёрный Дрин. В северной части характеризуется типичным альпийским ландшафтом с крутыми скалистыми пиками, в то время как ландшафт его южной части более пологий. Высочайшая вершина — гора Голем-Кораб ( — «Большой Кораб», ) высотой 2764 (2753, 2751) м над уровнем моря, наибольшая в Албании, наибольшая в Северной Македонии и одна из наибольших на Балканском полуострове. Геологически Кораб относится к Динарскому нагорью. Сложен метаморфизированными известняками, склоны покрыты дубовыми, буковыми и сосновыми лесами. Выше отметки 2000 м расположены горные пастбища.

Хребет имеет более 10 пиков с абсолютной высотой более 2000 м, расположенных в обеих странах. Кораб изображён на гербе Северной Македонии. На склонах гор имеются ледниковые озёра.

В районе Кораб находится одноимённый водопад — самый высокий на Балканах.

Хребет входит в македонский национальный парк Маврово и албанский национальный парк .

Граничит на юге с горами Дешати.

Галерея

Примечания

Ссылки

 Summitpost.org

Горы Албании
Горы Северной Македонии
Горные вершины Албании
Высочайшие точки стран мира

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Although a mortgage is secured by real property, it is also secured by your promise to pay the amount owed. This obligation remains binding even if your finances take a turn for the worse or the real estate market tanks and you find yourself suddenly owing more than the house is worth.
Foreclosure If you get in trouble and can't make the payments and aren't pro-active about finding a solution, the bank will exercise their right to foreclose. This will leave a significant black mark on your credit rating. If at all possible, you should endeavor to avoid this. In the good news column, this typically takes a few months, giving you time to find other answers if you jump on it the minute you know you are in real trouble.
Strategic Default You may have heard this colloquially called "walking away." You mail your keys to the bank, thereby notifying them that they can have the house back and do with it what they will. If the house is suddenly worth a lot less than you owe, this may make sense and it saves you some of the logistical problems associated with foreclosure. Just plan to move out, take your stuff with you and arrange other housing. It will still leave a black mark on your credit, but it protects you from some of the other fallout associated with most foreclosures because you have more control over the process.
Deed In Lieu Of Payment This is a slightly more formal means to walk away from the property. You deed them the property and they forgive you the remaining balance on the mortgage. They then sell it to recoup their costs and the amount owed them, assuming they can get that much for the house.
Short Sale Selling the house for less than you owe is another means to try to settle the matter. Like the above options, it will still hurt your credit score. However, this has become more common, thus making it somewhat less stigmatizing. Do be aware that the bank may try to hold you accountable for the difference between what the house sells for and what you owe. This may not get you entirely off the hook.
Rent The House Out Become a landlord to cover your mortgage. Maybe you can live in a portion of the house and rent out the rest. Maybe you can move in with relatives and rent the whole thing out. This will allow you to cover your mortgage obligation and avoid foreclosure.
If you aren't in big trouble, you may be able to just sell your house fast online for cash. But, if you are in need of immediate relief, some companies specialize in buying up distressed properties for cash. Such deals often come with few or no fees for the seller and can be completed in as little as a week.
If you know you just can't service the mortgage, it is better to be proactive and try to resolve the matter. If you can't pay, you will eventually lose the house anyway. There is nothing to be gained by remaining in denial.


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Released on 28 Apr 2004
Historical Low Steam on 2017-06-22 65% off $17.49
After the death of his mother, Tomoya Okazaki—a guarded delinquent student at Hikarizaka High School—struggles to not only make sense of the abusive relationship he has with his alcoholic father, but also find meaning in his life. While on his way to class one morning, he meets a mystifying girl named Nagisa. She is a delinquent like him, but only because she is repeating her senior year, unlike the perpetually tardy Okazaki. From their brief encounter, Nagisa decides they should be friends, and enlists Tomoya's help to revive the school drama club. Not being busy in any way, he decides to join in. Along the way, the two make friends with many other students and try to find both solace and belonging in their endeavors.
— Metacritic.com
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text:
Das Theobald-Baerwart-Schulhaus, bis 1968 Schulhaus am Rhein, ist ein Schulhaus in Basel. Das Gebäude gilt als Kulturgut von regionaler Bedeutung. Es ist nach dem Mundartdichter Theobald Baerwart benannt.

Lage
Das Theobald-Baerwart-Schulhaus im Matthäus-Quartier in Kleinbasel in unmittelbarer Nähe der Dreirosenbrücke.

Beschreibung
Das Gebäude ist ein Massivbau mit integriertem Eisenskelett. Es verfügt über drei Geschosse und ist mit zwei Seiten- und einem Mittelrisalit ausgestattet. Eine Treppe führt zu den für Mädchen und Knaben getrennten Eingängen am Mittelrisalit. Das Erdgeschoss ist mit rotem Sandstein verkleidet. Die Putzflächen der oberen beiden Stockwerke sind damit eingefasst. Ornamente gibt es keine. Der Mittelrisalit ist mit einem als Dachreiter dienendem Uhrturm speziell hervorgehoben.

Im Osten schliesst eine zentral angebaute Turnhalle an das Gebäude an. Ursprünglich teilte sie die Pausenplätze von Mädchen und Knaben. Das Gebäude wird von einer Granitmauer mit aufgesetztem Metallgeländer umschlossen.

Geschichte

Das Schulhaus wurde 1900 bis 1902 als Primarschulhaus am Rhein erbaut. Im Februar 1968 wurde es in Theodor-Baerwart-Schulhaus umbenannt. Der Bau fällt in eine Zeit grossen Bevölkerungswachstums, als in Basel zahlreiche neue Schulhäuser gebaut wurden.

Das Schulhaus wurde für 24 Klassen erstellt. Zu Beginn wurde es als Primarschule genutzt, dann für Kleinklassen und anschliessend vom Institut Kunst der Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW) und einer Primarschule. Seit einer umfassenden Renovierung 2014/2015 wird das Gebäude als Sekundarschulhaus genutzt. Bei der Renovierung wurden dem gewachsenen Raumbedarf Rechnung getragen und neue Standards in Erdbebensicherheit, Energieeffizienz und Hindernisfreiheit umgesetzt. Infolgedessen wurden der Dachstock ausgebaut und ein Lift installiert.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Theobald-Baerwart-Schulhaus
Brausebad St. Johann
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
Schulgebäude in der Schweiz


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'I've seen too many bodies': Jakarta gravediggers chart Indonesia's Covid battle
Home /South East Asia/Indonesia/'I've seen too many bodies': Jakarta gravediggers chart Indonesia's Covid battle
Indonesia,South East Asia |
It is only noon and the grave diggers at Rorotan cemetery have buried 23 bodies of Covid-19 patients since they started work at 7am.
At least two excavators are on standby because the hard soil in the area makes it difficult to dig with just shovels.
Six grave diggers in white gowns carry coffins from ambulances that are lined up near the graveyard. On a very busy day, there could be 10 ambulances queuing. All the gravediggers look exhausted, feet covered with mud. There are at least 30 gravediggers at the cemetery every day.
Next to them, family members cry in silence, chanting prayers for their loved ones, often interrupted by cemetery staff spraying disinfectant on them, while the excavators dig new grave holes around them.
But there is a brief silence when a tiny white coffin wrapped in plastic appears from behind an ambulance.
"It's a child. It's a child! Make a new hole!" several grave diggers shouted. An excavator swiftly approaches, digging the muddy ground at the end of the newly made row. The size of this new hole was less than half that of the other graves around it.
This is the first child of the day to be buried.
"It always feels sadder when we bury a child. They are too young to die," Darsiman, 48, says, adding that most of those buried at the cemetery in North Jakarta, Indonesia, are over 30.
Since the Rorotan cemetery opened two months ago, Darsiman says they have buried 900 bodies. In the past two weeks he has seen a significant increase of bodies sent to the cemetery as the capital, and Indonesia, battles a pandemic that has killed more than 56,000 people in the country. Indonesia surpassed 2m cases in the past week, and on Thursday, authorities reported 20,574 new cases, another record since the pandemic hit the country last year.
"I think by the end of today there will be more than 1,000 bodies buried here," Darsiman says.
More than 100 burials a day
On Wednesday, the capital recorded the highest number of burials, with 180 burials across Jakarta. By Thursday it recorded the highest new confirmed case with 7,505 cases in a day. Since March last year 8,112 people have died in Jakarta from Covid-19.
Darsiman, a gravedigger with more than 20 years's experience takes a quick break, sitting between graves as he observes his team and the other diggers prepare the burial. His white protection gown and mask are smeared with mud.
"It's too exhausting. Every day we started at seven in the morning and finished at 10 or 11 at night," Darsiman says. "Yesterday was more crowded. Around this time, we had buried more than 40 people. When we finished last night there were 78 people buried here.
Darsiman worked at another cemetery – Budi Dharma cemetery – in the capital before being assigned to Rorotan when it opened. The Jakarta administration opened the three-hectare plot of land only for Covid-19 graves, as the number of coronavirus cases in the capital has continued to climb and burial space for coronavirus victims in the capital city was running out. It is now the main Covid burial site in Jakarta.
Ivan Murcahyo, the head of the Jakarta City Parks and Forestry Office, says there is space to bury around 6,000 bodies.
Ivan says they had prepared for a possible burial surge because from their experience there is usually one a month after a holiday ends.
It's tiring but we have to stay healthy, because if we're sick, who will bury them
Endang Leo, gravedigger
"But we never expected that it would increase so quickly every day. These past two weeks we see them increasing, more than 100 Covid-19 burials [in Jakarta] per day. We've seen 120, 150, 180," he says.
Darsiman says he has never become used to facing so many deaths every day.
"I've seen too many bodies sent and buried to this cemetery. I often wonder what if I was one of them. There are too many things that I feel inside. But I'd rather hold it in because it's very overwhelming," he says.
"It's not the dead that I'm afraid of because they were sealed with Covid-19 protocol from hospitals. It's the living, their families that came to the cemetery to send them. They made me afraid, because I don't know whether they [had the virus or not]."
Until now Darsiman always kept his distance from his wife and two children. He's afraid he might bring the virus home.
Other public cemeteries, such as Bambu Apus in East Jakarta, still provide some space for Covid-19 burials. Bambu Apus contains 1,257 virus victims since it opened a special Covid-19 area in January. Endang Leo, a gravedigger there, says they have been burying about 10 Covid victims a day for the past few weeks.
"It's tiring but we have to stay healthy, because if we're sick, who will bury them," he says.
Endang just hopes they can get more protection since they are not given masks, protective gowns or gloves for the burials.
Jakarta is the province with the highest number of Covid-19 deaths, followed by Central Java, East Java, West Java and Lampung.
More and more people from these provinces are crying for help on social media and chat groups, asking for any information to find oxygen, blood and intensive care rooms for family or friends with the virus.
Indonesia tightens restrictions as it confirms record new coronavirus infections
Indonesian Covid deaths add to questions over Sinovac vaccine
TAGS: COVID19 Pandemic


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Microsoft rolls out Office Mobile for iPhone
Microsoft is rolling out a small-screen optimized version of Word, Excel and PowerPoint for iPhone users who subscribe to Office 365.
By Mary Jo Foley for All About Microsoft | June 14, 2013 -- 10:55 GMT (03:55 PDT) | Topic: Collaboration
Microsoft is making a mobile version of its Word, Excel and PowerPoint products available for iPhone users via its Office 365 subscription plan.
The roll-out begins starting June 14 in the U.S., with additional availability in 135 additional markets and 29 languages to follow next week. The Office Mobile for iPhone suite is available in the Apple app store.
A hands-on look at Microsoft Office for the iPhone
At long last, Microsoft has released a version of its Office suite for iOS. The new app targets the iPhone and closely resembles the Office app that's built into Windows Phone 8. Here's what you'll find in the new app, which is available from the App Store immediately.
The Office Mobile for iPhone suite is very much like the Office Mobile suite that Microsoft preloads on Windows Phone, meaning it is optimized for the editing, viewing and creation of Word and Excel documents. (Microsoft has offered OneNote for the iPhone since 2011.) While the new Office Mobile for iPhone suite can be used at 2X resolution on iPads, it is not optimized for that platform, Microsoft officials said.
"This is very much optimized for small screens," said Chris Schneider, Marketing Manager with Microsoft's Office Division. He said Microsoft's guidance for users who want Microsoft Office on the iPad remains that they should use Office Web Apps — the versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint that Microsoft has optimized for use in a variety of Web browsers.
Check out Ed Bott's hands-on gallery of the new Office for iPhone suit e
Current and future Office 365 subscribers will be able to get Office Mobile for iPhone for use on up to five iPhones for free. These five devices won't count against the five-device usage rights that Office 365 subscribers currently have with Office 365 plans that include Office client access . In other words, if you are an Office 365 subscriber, you can use Office 2013 or Office for Mac 2011 on a combination of five PCs and Macs plus Office for iPhone on five iPhones. (Office Mobile on Windows Phone doesn't count against Office 365 subscription limits.)
There was a Microsoft roadmap floating around earlier this year that indicated Microsoft did not plan to offer Office on iOS until the second half of 2014 . The roadmap didn't specify whether that meant Office on iPad or iPhone.
I am not sure if today's announcement indicates acceleration of Microsoft's plans on that front (or if the roadmap I saw was outdated). I still believe Microsoft's Office team is also going to deliver some kind of Office for iPad product that most likely will also be tied to an Office 365 subscription . But no one from Microsoft is saying publicly that this is the plan.
Office Mobile for iPhone works on iPhone 4, 4s or 5 and iPod Touch Fifth Generation. Devices must be running iOS 6.1 or higher.
The Office 365 subscription plans which include Office Mobile support include Office 365 Home Premium, Office 365 Small Business Premium, Office 365 Midsize Business, Office 365 Enterprise E3 and E4, Office 365 Education A3 and A4, Office 365 ProPlus, and Office 365 University. There are also some government plans that offer Office Mobile for iPhone, according to Microsoft. Note that the University plans are limited to two iPhones per user, not five like the others.
Office 365 trial subscriptions also will activate Office Mobile.
Apple Smart Office Productivity Enterprise Software CXO
Logitech launches Rally Bar, Rally Bar Mini, RoomMate systems for conference rooms
According to Logitech, the new Logitech Rally Bar, Rally Bar Mini and RoomMate work with Microsoft Teams and Zoom as well as other systems from GoToMeeting and RingCentral. ...
Switching from WhatsApp to Signal (or something else)? Here's what you need to know
If you're switching, you're best making a clean break.
WhatsApp vs. Signal vs. Telegram vs. Facebook: What data do they have about you?
Some apps collect and hold a lot of data about you, some the bare minimum.
The complete Zoom guide: From basic help to advanced tricks
Video conferencing has never been so critical to our work and personal lives. Here's everything you need to make your meetings more productive.
CES 2021: Dell launches monitors, Latitude, OptiPlex, Precision devices aimed at work's new normal
Dell is kicking off a big theme at CES 2021: Better ways to collaborate and work in the new normal.
Slack outage lands on first working day of 2021
Slack is facing messaging and connectivity issues right out of the gate, as enterprises try to find that new normal for work.
Read this before your next employee hits the 'record' button on an online meeting
We're using video, audio, and chats for all types of conversations. But for this new work habit to be successful over the long term, IT, business, security, and information management ...
The year ahead in DevOps and agile: Time to instill a sense of urgency
For DevOps and agile to move forward in the year ahead, it's important that the business understands what's in it for them.
Remote work: 10 ways to upgrade your working from home setup
Working from home for months has probably exposed a few gaps in your tech portfolio. Here are some pointers on how to fix them.


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Q: Restrict access to list programmatically I am updating a list MasterData programmatically using data which a user has entered in a small custom application. Application uses credentials entered by the user to login to Sharepoint, through Client COM.
If the user tries to open the list directly from their browser -
   http://myURL/List_name

they are able to view it.
I would like to restrict this so that they cannot view the list at all from their browser. But application should still be able to use their login details to enter the data.
How can this be done? Thanks in advance!

A: To accomplish it you can break the permissions on the list so users can't access it and since  there is no way to elevate the privileges using the client object model because it would be a severe security breach you can just create your own custom web service\WCF service and update the list on server side using SPSecurity.RunWithElevatedPrivileges method. Here's a nice tutorial  on how to create a custom WCF service.


Their new is now one of my favorites! It's hard to explain but it goes from like thick to thin to thick, so it spreads easy, but it leaves your skin super moisturized like a serum.
The whole room and the smelled like roses!
Oh my god that decor and those flower arrengements are just gorgeous! Sounds like you had an amazing and rela trip, I have to go and check out some of the new Lancome products!


WITH THE SERVICES – Mr and Mrs Sellwood, of this village, have five sons serving their country.
THE ROLL OF HONOUR – The local roll of honour now contains 100 signatures. The tragic toned echoes of the great European war were wafted to this village for the sixth time on Monday, bringing with them the sad news of the death in action of James Pike, whose widowed mother resides at Lower Rank. This makes the sixth brave son who has laid down his life for those at home, the five preceding names being as below : Frederick Day, Sidney Gunnell, Harold Moorse, Edwin Pike, Walter Sims, from which one is reminded of the saying "It never rains but it pours," for this casualty is the second one in the same home. The little village had previous to the war seven men on the reserve of the 1st Hampshire Regiment, and up to the time of writing only one remains unbeaten in the game of war. Private James Pike was killed on April 26th. A letter received by his bereaved mother dated April 19th said he was quite well, but was afraid that he would not be able to write so often owing to being shifted. On the 25th ult., or one day before his death, the usual official postcard also stated he was quite well. Like his other village comrades who have passed beyond the veil, Jim had seen service in South Africa, where he spent six years. On returning home he went to a Darlington factory to work, and had been there over two years. Here a good job was being kept open for him if he could have returned. He leaves a widow and a baby boy.
Note – by Mike Willoughby? – James Pike born March 1884 Whitchurch H 2c 207 son of Albert and Ann Pike nee Gibbons. (they married December 1872 Whitchurch H.2c 426) Brother Herbert five years his senior and Edwin two years his senior. James married Hilda Harrison March 1913 Darlington 10a 24, they had a son Herbert born March 1914 Darlington 10a 65. According to his medal card James arrived in France on 23rd August 1914.


A world-wide search for premium ingredients brought Hakubaku Japan to Australia's fertile lands. They found the finest organic wheat for authentic Japanese noodles - a traditional favourite. Ballarat, Victoria has become the Australian home for Hakubaku. We trust you will enjoy this quality product.
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Simply enter your details below and we will send you an e-mail when "Organic Soba Noodles (有機日本蕎麥麵)" is back in stock!


text:
Baltimore police investigate fourth machete attack
Baltimore police are investigating a fourth machete attack.Download the WBAL appPolice said a man was walking on Feb. 22 on Jefferson Street when five men started arguing with him and threw him to the ground, kicked and punched him. Police said one of the men cut the victim's face with a machete.Police said the attack was likely retaliation, because the victim had allegedly assaulted a woman.Police said they believe the incident is related to three other robberies involving a machete that took place in east Baltimore in February.
Baltimore police are investigating a fourth machete attack.
Download the WBAL app
Police investigate 3 attacks involving machete
Police said a man was walking on Feb. 22 on Jefferson Street when five men started arguing with him and threw him to the ground, kicked and punched him. Police said one of the men cut the victim's face with a machete.
Police said the attack was likely retaliation, because the victim had allegedly assaulted a woman.
Police said they believe the incident is related to three other robberies involving a machete that took place in east Baltimore in February.