text:
him as a
and village in the land in swarms like there completed his legal studies. Havthe flies of Egypt into the palaces of ing long previously resolved to make Pharaoh, for his assignment, considera- his home in the West, he left Boston in tion, and decision, and finally to those April, 1833, and in June following ar: great and unprecedented questions of rived in Fort Wayne, Indiana, then politics, political economy, and finance, a frontier trading-post, described by wherein he is often expected to agree
mere dot of civilization in with the less informed, to ignore ob- the heart of a magnificent wilderness." stacles which he knows to be insur- About that time, however, it began to mountable, to dash after results without grow rapidly, and is now the second the means of attaining them, and to city in the State. drop the unattractive but essential sub- In the Fall of 1835 he was invited, stance for the more alluring shadow. though a young man with little experi
No Secretary of the Treasury has ence in business, to organize and take enjoyed larger opportunities than Mr. the management of a Branch of the McCulloch for a thorough and practical State Bank of Indiana, at Fort Wayne. education in finance before entering He accepted the offer without intending upon his office. He is of Scottish fa- to abandon his profession, but in a few mily, as his name indicates, and his months became so interested in bankpersonal habits and financial views are ing, that he determined to make it his of the Scottish-American pattern. He permanent business.
In 1836 he was aims to succeed through patient labor, elected a Director of the State Bank, economy, cautious, prudent calculation, and he continued to be the Cashier and and strict honesty, rather than by bril- manager of the Branch, and a Director liant strokes of genius.
of the Bank, until the expiration of the His grandfather, Adam McCulloch, charter, in 1857. The great success of emigrated from Dornoch, Scotland, and that admirably conducted banking insettled in Arundel, Maine (now Kenne- stitution was very largely the result of bunk Port), about the year 1765. He his financial conservatism and ability. was a fine scholar, and, like so many of In 1856 a new bank, known as the the Scotch, was thrifty, hospitable, Bank of the State of Indiana, was charclannish, and of most excellent humor. tered, with twenty branches, and an As a merchant he acquired a handsome authorized capital of six millions of fortune. His father was likewise a dollars. Mr. McCulloch was, by the merchant, and, at the commencement of unanimous vote of the Directors, elected the war of 1812, was one of the largest President. Under his skilful manageand most enterprising ship-owners in ment, aided by the best financiers in New England. The war, with the re- the State, this Bank took high rank strictions it involved, swept away his among the large banking institutions fortune in its general havoc of com- of the country. It maintained specie mercial interests. About the time his payments during the trying periods of father's embarrassments commenced, Mr. 1857 and 1861, and until its branches McCulloch was born, and he received were merged in the National Banking only the advantages of an academical System, it was one of the strongest (if education, and of a little more than a not the very strongest) and most wisely single year at Bowdoin College. Leav- conducted Banks in the United States. ing college in his sophomore year, then The bill providing for a National seventeen years old, he engaged in Currency through the agency of Nationteaching, and continued to teach until al Banks, became a law in February, 1829, when by close economy he bad 1863. In April of that year Mr. McCulsaved enough to enable him to read loch was requested by Mr. Chase, the law. He commenced the study of law Secretary of the Treasury, to become in Kennebunk, his native town, whence the Comptroller of the Currency, and he removed, in 1832, to Boston, and to undertake the very difficult task of organizing a National Currency Bureau, announced his policy to be, 1st. To and bringing the banking institutions raise by loans the money necessary to of the States under the national bank- pay the soldiers of the great Union ing law. The request was promptly army, and all other demands upon the complied with, although the acceptance Treasury; 2d. To fund all obligations of the office involved a large sacrifice as they should mature into gold-bearof income and of comfort on the part ing bonds; 3d. To contract the currency of Mr. McCulloch, The ability with steadily, on the theory that its depreciawhich this task was accomplished was tion was due in great part to the excesrecognized and appreciated by the sive quantity in circulation, until its bankers and business men throughout yalue should advance to par with gold, the country, and, in connection with thereby restoring the government and his previous experience as a banker, the country to specie payments, and had great weight with the press and turning the people from speculation and people in influencing them to urge gambling, with all their unhealthful upon President Lincoln his appoint- immoral tendencies, back to legitimate ment as Secretary of the Treasury. industry and business, with the blessings
This office came to him almost by which attend them ; 4th. To keep the necessity, as the consequence of his public revenues sufficiently in excess of banking experience and his familiarity the expenses to enable him to devote with finance. Mr. Fessenden, talented $200,000,000 per annum toward paying as he is, had accepted with reluctance, the principal and interest of the nationand held with hesitation and diffidence, al debt, thereby securing the payment the reins of the Treasury. Mr. Chase, in of the debt in less than a third of a whose great abilities enthusiastic con- century. Whatever adverse criticism fidence was felt by a very large party, the carrying out of these views subsehad been transferred to a higher but quently provoked, they received, when less difficult and arduous position. Mr. uttered, the general assent of the people, Cisco, who had been in charge of the as well as the special concurrence of Sub-Treasury at New York, and whose Congress. Though the masses of the practical acquaintance with banking people are not versed in finance, yet it and finance was second only to that of is one of the characteristics of a repubMr. McCulloch, was the leading name lican government that, even in finance, mentioned in Eastern circles for the no policy can be maintained which position. Mr. McCulloch, as Comptrol- the masses of the people cannot comler of the Currency, already presided prehend and approve. Mr. McCulover a leading bureau of the Treasury, loch has been held to account because and was most familiar with the work- some $800,000,000 of 7.30s and $600,ings of the entire department during 000,000 of other securities due in '66, the two last years of the war. His '67, and '68, and bearing interest at 7,8 antecedents, experience, and character, per cent. in currency, have been funded combined to present him as the most into Five-Twenty bonds bearing interest able and available successor of Mr. Fes- at 6 per cent. in coin. It is argued that senden. The Western press and people, as coin has maintained from the year led by the Chicago Tribune and the '65 to the present time an average preLegislatures of Indiana, Illinois, and mium of 40 per cent. over currency, the other Western States, by resolution six per cent. coin interest has been spontaneously concurred in praying for equivalent to at least 8;* interest in his appointment. President Lincoln, as currency, and this increase of 11's per was his wont, bowed to the popular cent. interest in currency has thus far demand, with which his own judgment increased our annual interest by at least fully agreed.
$10,000,000. By lessening the utility On Mr. McCulloch's accession to the of currency in paying the national inoffice of Secretary, in March, 1865, he terest and increasing the necessity for
gold, it has depreciated the former and interest-bearing notes, i. e., a less conenhanced the latter, thus increasing that venient form of currency for one far premium on gold which is a practical more convenient. They point, in supobstacle to specie payments. It is true port of the dependence of currency for that when we return to specie payments its value on the bonds, to the fact that our interest will have been diminished the bonds and currency, whether at par by the funding of the 7.30s, but thus with gold as in 1860, at 40 per cent. as far it has been increased. To all such in 1864, or at 78 per cent, as now, have criticisms it may fairly be replied, that always fallen and risen pari passu—the the 7.30s ran for so short a time, that bonds being worth only as much more had they not been funded their holders than currency as was caused by their would long ere this have been demand- interest-bearing quality. While these ing their payment. And as the Govern- views have great plausibility, if not ment was clearly unable then to pay, force, their advocates will hardly claim either in gold or currency, nearly one that a bond for a large sum, due with half of the national debt, it was neces- interest at a distant day, has all the feasary to fund them into bonds, and none tures of currency which belong to notes more favorable were authorized or pos- for small sums, payable on demand sible than the 5.20s. Moreover, the Act without interest. As the ready exof Congress made them convertible, at changeability of the security increasės, the pleasure of the holders, into 5.20s; its liability to be used and classed as a and though the Secretary executed the currency increases. Evidently, the conlaw, he cannot be held responsible for version of the whole national debt into a policy laid down for him by the currency would vastly increase its de higher authority of Congress. The Sec- preciation, and probably would reduce retary's policy of contraction of the cur- its value to a merely nominal figure, like rency was at first endorsed by Congress, that attained in 1863 and 1864 by Conand was regarded for a time as the very federate notes. It is undeniable that test of soundness in finance.
the existence of a given amount of the subjected to only a partial trial, and the national debt in the form of non-interestcurrent of opinion soon set so strongly bearing notes, tends far more to depreagainst it, as a means of restoring specie ciate public credit, enhance the premium payments, that it was overruled by on gold, and delay a return to specie Congress, and the Secretary, though payment, than would any amount of adhering to his original views, obeyed debt invested in long interest-bearing the voice of the people's representatives. bonds. So far, therefore, the violent The opponents of contraction have been assaults on the theory of contraction more successful in thwarting the policy have bred distrust, but have failed to than in agreeing upon the grounds for vindicate the absolute denial of its its defeat. Its more ultra opponents efficacy. urge that the theory of contraction is Other opponents of contraction allege defective at the outset, in that it as- that, after business has adapted itself to sumes that the value of the currency a certain volume of currency, no matter depends on its volume merely, whereas what that volume may be, it is as great its value, they argue, depends on that an evil to contract as it was to expand of the entire bulk of the national debt. it; that business requires chiefly perma
Paper currency has been defined by nence, and that specie payments should some economists as transferable debt, be resumed by authorizing all contracts since all transferable debt may be used to be made in gold or depreciated paper, as a means of payment
and therefore as as parties prefer, and all courts of law a currency. Hence, in the view of such, to recognize the difference of value. the only true contraction is the payment This, it is thought, would lead to the of the debt, and any other only substi- gradual substitution of the gold standtutes interest-bearing bonds for non- ard for the paper, reducing the sums
named in outstanding debts payable in of England is $25 per capita, and that currency, to the sums in gold which said of France $30 per capita, though about debts are actually worth. This would half of the former and seven eighths produce resumption, without swelling of the latter are specie. He attribthe burden of debts contracted in cur- utes our eras of expansion and specula· rency, worth only 40 or 78 cents per tion to the excessive discounts and de
dollar in gold, by compelling the debtor posits of the banks, contending that to pay them in currency worth 100. these are the most fruitful sources of Undoubtedly, the popular objection to expansion, and that they, rather than resumption now lies in the hostility of bank-notes or Government-notes, conthe debtor-class to having 40 per cent. stitute a currency which needs check, added to the burden of their debts, by regulation, and limitation. On the contracting to that extent the currency other hand, Mr. McCulloch, in his Rein which they are to be paid. The diffi- port for 1865, elaborately argues that culty lies, not in resumption by the Gov- the expansions in bank deposits and ernment, but by the people. It would be discounts, which led to the crises of of no use to make their paper currency
1837 and 1857, were preceded by correworth 40 per cent. more than their sponding expansions in the bank-note private debts, for they could not afford circulation, and that the inflation of to use it as a means of payment any notes occasioned the inflation of deposits more than they can now afford to use and discounts, the underlying cause of gold. In the event of a contraction both being our overtrading with Euthat would carry greenbacks to par rope, and the enormous credits, and with gold, their private debts would delay in settling the balances to which therefore go unpaid, and would soon this overtrading gave rise. constitute an inferior currency, over The policy suggested by Mr. McCulwhich the greenbacks would bear a pre- loch, in 1865, for paying the debt in mium. In short, contraction would "de- thirty-two years, was exceeded during monetrize" greenbacks, as it has gold, the years '66 and '67, in wbich one tenth and leave the people without a currency of the entire debt was paid off. Indeed, corresponding in value to their money if we include the unliquidated portion of account and exchange, except in so of the debt incurred at the close of the far as they should make one for them- war for back pay, bounties, pensions, selves, by substituting private notes for transportation, etc., with the amount for those of Government. Without agree which bonds were issued, our entire debt ing with all these premises, Mr. Mc- outstanding on June 1st, 1865, was more Culloch strongly favors the policy of than $3,300,000,000, and our entire payauthorizing gold contracts, and of taking ment on account of it exceeds $830,000,such legislative measures as will cause. 000, or more than a fourth of the princicontracts, now payable in currency, to pal. The strain on the taxpayers, howbe changed upon terms equally just ever, was deemed excessive, and during between debtor and creditor, to con- the present year the revenue is intended tracts payable in gold at the reduced to barely equal expenditures. Under this figures. He thinks this would promote relaxation the country will probably so returns to specie payments by a mode far recover its financial health and tone which, if the law were properly guarded, as to resume the payment of its debt could not be made oppressive to the within a year or two at most, and the debtor-class, while it would be entirely average rate of payment will vary but acceptable to creditors. Still other op- little from the Secretary's estimate. In ponents of contraction--at the head of his Report for 1865, the startling fact is whom stands that eminent American advanced that the usual products of our economist, Henry C. Carey--asserts that industry exceed 25 per cent. upon the our entire note-currency amounts to only total values of the real and personal $20 per capita, while the entire currency estate of the country, and that his pro
posed rate of paying the principal would legal-tender acts were war-measures, and while absorb less than 5 per cent. of our annual the repeal of those provisions which made the productions the first year, and barely recommended, the Secretary is of the opinion
United States notes lawful money is not now one tenth of one per cent, in the thirty- that they ought not to remain in force one day second or final year. While these facts longer than shall be necessary to enable the show that the payment of the principal people to prepare for a return to the constitushould be deemed not only practicable - tional currency. but easy, they also raise the question whether it is true economy to take from favor of United States notes as a permanent
The reasons which are sometimes urged in the taxpayers capital which, in their
currency are, the saving of interest and their hands, is earning 25 per cent., in order perfect safety and uniform value. to cancel a debt which we can carry for
The objection to such a policy is, that the pa six per cent. Mr. McCulloch, however, per circulation of the country should be flexible
, with the financial conservatism natural
increasing and decreasing according to the
requirements of legitimate business, wbile, if to his character, stands as much opposed furnished by the Government, it would be quite to all schemes for perpetuating as to likely to be governed by the necessities of the tbose for repudiating the debt. He no Treasury or the interests of parties, rather than more regards a national debt as a na
the demands of commerce and trade. Besides,
a permanent Government currency would be tional blessing, than a private debt as
greatly in the way of public economy, and an individual boon. It must ultimately would give to the party in possession of the be paid. But until it can be paid, let it Government a power which it might be under be made as useful as possible. Our bank- strong temptations to use for other purposes ing system must be founded on debts or
than the public good-keeping the question of bonds of some kind as security for its political question, than which few things would
the currency constantly before the people as a bank-note circulation. The security of
be more injurious to business. the national bonds bas been found so But the great and insuperable objection, as perfect, that the notes of the few na- already stated, to the direct issue of notes by tional banks which failed, have borne a
the Government, as a policy, is the fact, that premium instead of being at a discount, limited and defined powers, and that the
the Government of the United States is one of and the note of a national bank in Ore- authority to issue notes as money is neither gon passes without discount in Maine. expressly given to Congress by the ConstituMr. McCulloch's agency in founding the tion, nor fairly to be inferred, except as national banking system has been sec
measure of necessity in a great national exi
gency. No consideration of a mere pecuniary ond only to that of Mr. Chase. All his
character should induce an exercise by ConReports contain sound and elaborate
gress of powers not clearly contemplated by defences of the system, as the only the instrument upon which our political fabric source from whence we can derive a was established. currency that shall expand and contract As soon as we shall have returned to with the wants of the community, and specie payments, Mr. McCulloch believes shall be of uniform value throughout the national system should be made one the country.
of free banking; but he would regard no In his Report of December, 1865, he additional deposit of securities as effectthus states his views of the legal-tender ual to prevent inflation if banks were notes :
authorized to issue unlimited quantities
of depreciated paper. He has been perThe right of Congress, at all times, to borrow sistènt in advocating a rigid maintemoney and to issue obligations for loans in such
nance of the public faith against the form as may be convenient, is unquestionable ; but their authority to issue obligations for a
proposed schemes of paying the Fivecirculating medium as money, and to make Twenty bonds in greenbacks, and has these obligations a legal tender, can only be opposed the efforts to subject the bonds found in the unwritten law which sanctions
to local taxation, as calculated to prewhatever the representatives of the people, vent a general distribution of them whose duty it is to maintain the Government against its enemies, may consider in a greut among the States and counties in which emergency necessary to be done. The present taxes have so little equality, and to


The graph shows the average true range (ATR) divided by the closing NQ futures price for all 14 day periods in 2018 so far and the average daily NDX model return over the same period. The correlation is very strong. The model tends to make lots of money when the market is volatile and potentially lose money when the markets are not volatile. This is why the model would have lost money in early 2017 for example and probably why the NASDAQ index produces better results than the S&P 500. Clearly, noise dominates signal when volatility is low. However, the correlation between recent volatility and future returns is quite weak. So, this isn't yet a useful tool for deciding when to trade and when not to trade on a daily or weekly basis. But if you were losing money for a while and volatility was low it would make sense to get out of that market and trade something else until volatility appeared to return.
I'm still holding the strategic long contract. It's up around $4k at the moment. I did a couple of tactical trades netting $215 and $980.
Does it Ever Pay to Go Short?


So my pellet stove has been chowing down on some Stove Chow and I am ready to report some results.
First lets talk a little about where stove chow falls in the pellet fuel pecking order- they are near the bottom. They are the brand that Home Depot sells, and I suspect they are produced by Energex for home depot (a private label if you will). I can not say that definitively, but the producer of stove chow "premier pellet" company has locations in the same places as Energex.
So as I mentioned Stove Chow is a pretty low on the pellet fuel food chain (pun intended). The pellets I tested lived up to that expectation. The pellets produce a dark heavy ash, and a lot of it. My Harman PC45 is rather resistant to clinkers, but these pellets seem to build up carbon more than average. Even in my Harman PC45 each bag develops about a 6" sub size ash cake. Better pellets would develop a much smaller lose ash pile, and not caked up like Stove Chow.
As you can tell by the picture the pellets are very dark in color, which as a general rule does not reflect high quality. I was pleasantly surprised by the very low amount of fines in the bags. Things does bring me to an important point about stove chow or any other pellet sold in a Home Depot and the like. When the PFI measures fines the are measured at the gate of the mill, this does not take into account how a pellet stays together after being handled. In the case of the Home Depot's and Lowe's of the world the pellets often get moved around several times after they arrive at the store. The later in the season the more true this is. I have seen them being hand loaded onto a pallet, and restocked some where else in the store. Of course then you load them into a cart, and then into you vehicle, and then from your vehicle into your storage area. Needless to say this has a real effect on fines. I intentionally grabbed my stove chow pellets from the middle of a factory mill loaded pallet, and I had very little in the way of fines. I have gotten pellets from these types of places that were half saw dust for the reasons mentioned above.
An other thing about Stove Chow is the actual pellet length goes from one inch to as little as 1/8 of an inch. Depending on the feed system your stove employs this may or may not be an issue.
Stove Chow is a cheap pellet, and it performs as such. If you have a stove that is picky about the pellets it eats, don't feed it stove chow. If you have a Harmon stove that will burn just about anything, then stove chow will work fine with more frequent cleanings than a better quality pellet.
Ironically the cheap Englander stoves that Lowes and the Depot sells are pretty picky about the pellets they burn, and the brand of pellets they sell are the very type of pellet that often don't burn well in their cheap stoves.
There are some fans of these pellets out there, but there are a few things to keep in mind. Stove Chow is a store brand (Home Depot) which means from region to region these can be totally different pellets from different manufactures. Energex (which I believe mine were) basic grade of pellet is a generally a poor pellet.
However, as a general rule never buy a ton of pellets without burning a few bags first, just don't do it. This site is meant to be a starting point from which to begin your search, it is not meant scare you to one pellet, or push you away from an other. I have burned every pellet I review and am giving my honest feedback.
In terms of englander stove I have know a few people that have had good luck with them, in fact I have a friend in Vermont that was very happy with his and heated his entire home with it. I found him a used Harman P61 for a good price and put the Englander in the garage. He was pleased with the Englander until he got the Harman. Way more heat, better control of the heat, much quieter, easier to clean, requires less frequent cleanings, and made in the USA (versus China). So Stove Chow and an Englander stove may function perfectly for your needs, but as a general rule there are better options.
I have an Englander stove and a Lopi Pioneer. Both are well over 10 years old and burned every day all day all winter in New England. I replaced a blower fan on the Lopi and one Auger motor on the Englander because my idiot tenant burned paper cardboard and wood in it and caught the hopper on fire and then poured water in it to put it out. ENERGEX ARE GREAT PELLETS!! They throw 1/3 more heat then many of the so called Super Premium snob pellets in both of my stoves. I go out of my way to buy them. YES they do have more ash but you don't burn as many of them and I have a 10 gallon shop van to empty them. If you are getting lots of clinkers you are not putting enough air in to the burning chamber. I am burning Stove Chow right now as it is $1 less and bag and it also throws lots of heat. Both burn fine in both my stoves. There is nothing wrong with Englander stoves they are workhorses. Note on clickers: If your pellets were not stored in a very dry place before or after you bought hem you are going to get clinkers.
Hello Mr Forbes you must not be burning Stove Chow Pellets Because if you was your pellet stove would also be pitch black with massive dark ashe everywhere I purposely take pictures of my pellet stove before and after just in case and believe me when I tell you those pellets scare me. And can't forget about the big chunks of clay that's left in the square pot when it's done burning they look like black bricks.. horrible product.
I agree Mike, people think the more they spend on something means they got a better item, which in fact is not the case at all. Stay warm.
I am going to stick with you get what you pay for, certainly there are exceptions, but it is generally a true statement.
I do not agree with this review. I have used this pellet(stove chow) for 4 years and found it to be fine. Consistent burn with heavy ash as stated. I prefer heavy ash because it reduces the dust in the house when stove is open. The stove is also cleaner because of the heavy ash. As for the quality compared to other pellets, it might not be as good which I can't really gauge, but I can gauge the price. $209 per ton. Better quality pellets are not close to this price. Most people are purchasing pellet stoves for one main reason, save money on heat. $209 with this quality pellet fits that bill nicely.
STOVE CHOW pellets ARE GARBAGE I have never had so much ash and never had to clean my pellet stove so much and it make my pellet stove completely BLACK THEY ARE BY FAR THE WORST PELLETS WE EVER USED. YOU GET WHAT YOU PAY FOR. STOVE CHOW LOW QUALITY PELLETS no GOOD .
I have to agree with the author, for this year. Last year, Stove Chow was great. Very low ash, no soot, no clinkers. It was terrific. This year, different story. Tons of ash, very dirty stove, heavy black soot buildup. We clean our stove religiously, and this year, that is necessary. We even get lack of ignition due to the number of clinkers that build up quickly in the fire pot. I don't expect a perfect consistency from any company, but this is obviously a case of different quality than last year.
I could not agree less with this review, I have an old Pellet Pro II and installed in an 1830's farm house with little to no insulation. I've had this stove for about 7 years and have run about every pellet you can come up with thru it, especially last year during the great newengland pellet shortgage. I've tried Premium pellets, Super Premium pellets and bottom of the barrel pellets with names I've never come accross except for around the local area. Dollar for dollar and BTU for BTU in my little Harman Stove, Stove Chow is the biggest bang for the heating buck. And when its -15 around this place trust me you can tell which pellet is putting out the most heat. The do create a heavy black pancake ash but its super easy to pull right out of the burn pot into the ash pan and away you go, little to no fines at all. I give my stove one break down cleaning a year in the fall before the heating season. once it gets cold and I start it for the season it runs non stop until winter is over with, I've never had a serious carbon problem at all, a little in the burn pot but thats to be expected.. Just a suggestion but perhaps you didn't take the time to really dial in your stove for these pellets.. I just hope I can keep the little pellet pro II going with out a major break down and this year can actually find some Stove Chow pellets preseason so i can stock up..
Hello, I hope my husband and I can get some insight or information. We ordered pellets from our local Home Depot in New York in October. They are still not available but apparently in stock somewhere. I have been looking around other places in PA and Lowes, but no one has pellets available??!! anyone have knowledge where we can get them now and where? suggestions would be greatly appreciated...it's cooooold.
This review got it wrong.
I bought a couple of bags of Stove Chows to tide me over while I waited for a delivery of Hamers. I liked them so much I canceled the Hamers and ordered a pallet of these. They burn very hot, do not leave residue on the glass of my Harman Accentra and the heavy ash was reduced to almost no ash by turning down the feed rate.
These pellets may not be for everyone but there are enough comments here that contradict the review to justify trying them and ignoring the review.
Can someone tell me where we can purchase Stove Chow pellets? We have used them in our Harmon for years and now we can't find them locally. We live in lower PA and willing to go the distance to get them. Would appreciate any help.
The home depot in Shrewsbury had some the other day when I was there. Right out front in the entry vestibule.
I tried stove chow and all it did was jam up and caused my stove to shut down. Requires more clean than necessary. Won't but these ever again. Never had this problem with other brands.
I love stove chow lots of heat with no issues at all 259 a ton in Maryland..
I just bought 3 tons of stove chow and after the first 4 bags I an questioning that decision. Mostly my stove (ENGLANDER) burns anything but these are not burning well at all...lazy burn and ashy. I Xi just clea n my stove last week so I do not think that is an isse besides it worked fine in the high heats from last year.


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text:
Q: Using an OrderedDict in **kwargs Is it possible to pass an OrderedDict instance to a function which uses the **kwargs syntax and retain the ordering?
What I'd like to do is :
def I_crave_order(**kwargs):
    for k, v in kwargs.items():
        print k, v

example = OrderedDict([('first', 1), ('second', 2), ('third', -1)])

I_crave_order(**example)
>> first 1
>> second 2
>> third -1

However the actual result is:
>> second 2
>> third -1
>> first 1

ie, typical random dict ordering.
I have other uses where setting the order explicitly is good, so I want to keep **kwargs and not just pass the OrderedDict as a regular argument

A: As of Python 3.6, the keyword argument order is preserved. Before 3.6, it is not possible since the OrderedDict gets turned into a dict.

The first thing to realize is that the value you pass in **example does not automatically become the value in **kwargs. Consider this case, where kwargs will only have part of example:
def f(a, **kwargs):
    pass
example = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
f(**example)

Or this case, where it will have more values than those in example:
example = {'b': 2}
f(a=1, c=3, **example)

Or even no overlap at all:
example = {'a': 1}
f(b=2, **example)

So, what you're asking for doesn't really make sense.
Still, it might be nice if there were some way to specify that you want an ordered **kwargs, no matter where the keywords came from—explicit keyword args in the order they appear, followed by all of the items of **example in the order they appear in example (which could be arbitrary if example were a dict, but could also be meaningful if it were an OrderedDict).
Defining all the fiddly details, and keeping the performance acceptable, turns out to be harder than it sounds. See PEP 468, and the linked threads, for some discussion on the idea. It seems to have stalled this time around, but if someone picks it up and champions it (and writes a reference implementation for people to play with—which depends on an OrderedDict accessible from the C API, but that will hopefully be there in 3.5+), I suspect it would eventually get into the language.

By the way, note that if this were possible, it would almost certainly be used in the constructor for OrderedDict itself. But if you try that, all you're doing is freezing some arbitrary order as the permanent order:
>>> d = OrderedDict(a=1, b=2, c=3)
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('c', 3), ('b', 2)])

Meanwhile, what options do you have?
Well, the obvious option is just to pass example as a normal argument instead of unpacking it:
def f(example):
    pass
example = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])
f(example)

Or, of course, you can use *args and pass the items as tuples, but that's generally uglier.
There might be some other workarounds in the threads linked from the PEP, but really, none of them are going to be better than this. (Except… IIRC, Li Haoyi came up with a solution based on his MacroPy to pass order-retaining keyword arguments, but I don't remember the details. MacroPy solutions in general are awesome if you're willing to use MacroPy and write code that doesn't quite read like Python, but that isn't always appropriate…)

A: When Python encounters the **kwargs construct in a signature, it expects kwargs to be a "mapping", which means two things: (1) to be able to call kwargs.keys() to obtain an iterable of the keys contained by the mapping, and (2) that kwargs.__getitem__(key) can be called for each key in the iterable returned by keys() and that the resulting value is the desired one to be associated for that key.
Internally, Python will then "transform" whatever the mapping is into a dictionary, sort of like this:
**kwargs -> {key:kwargs[key] for key in kwargs.keys()}

This looks a little silly if you think that kwargs is already a dict -- and it would be, since there is no reason to construct a totally equivalent dict from the one that is passed in.
But when kwargs is not necessarily a dict, then it matters to bring its contents down into a suitable default data structure so that the code which carries out the argument unpacking always knows what it's working with.
So, you can mess with the way a certain data type gets unpackaged, but because of the conversion to dict for the sake of a consistent arg-unpacking-protocol, it just happens that placing guarantees on the order of argument unpacking is not possible (since dict doesn't keep track of the order in which elements are added). If the language of Python brought **kwargs down into an OrderedDict instead of a dict (meaning that the keys' order as keyword args would be the order in which they are traversed), then by passing either an OrderedDict or some other data structure where keys() respects some kind of ordering, you could expect a certain ordering on the arguments. It's just a quirk of the implementation that dict is chosen as the standard, and not some other type of mapping.
Here's a dumb example of a class that can "be unpacked" but which always treats all unpacked values as 42 (even though they aren't really):
class MyOrderedDict(object):
    def __init__(self, odict):
        self._odict = odict

    def __repr__(self):
        return self._odict.__repr__()

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return 42

    def __setitem__(self, item, value):
        self._odict[item] = value

    def keys(self):
        return self._odict.keys()

Then define a function to print the unpacked contents:
def foo(**kwargs):
    for k, v in kwargs.iteritems():
        print k, v

and make a value and try it out:
In [257]: import collections; od = collections.OrderedDict()

In [258]: od['a'] = 1; od['b'] = 2; od['c'] = 3;

In [259]: md = MyOrderedDict(od)

In [260]: print md
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])

In [261]: md.keys()
Out[261]: ['a', 'b', 'c']

In [262]: foo(**md)
a 42
c 42
b 42

This customized delivery of key-value pairs (here, dumbly always returning 42) is the extent of your ability to tinker with how **kwargs works in Python.
There is slightly more flexibility for tinkering with how *args gets unpackaged. For more on that see this question: < Does argument unpacking use iteration or item-getting? >.

A: This is now the default in python 3.6.
Python 3.6.0a4+ (default:d43f819caea7, Sep  8 2016, 13:05:34)
>>> def func(**kw): print(kw.keys())
...
>>> func(a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4, e=5)
dict_keys(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])   # expected order

It's not possible to do it before as noted by the other answers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Chauncey: Welcome to the Being Found Show. I want to remind our viewers of Project Hometown and encourage the community to get involved. Jake could, you tell us what Project Hometown is all about?
Jake: Sure, Project Hometown is an initiative to boost the economic health of our local area and we're going to do that by tearing down the barriers to entry to get your small business online and we're going to do that by training high schoolers how to build you that website and we're mentoring those high schools along the way with local technology companies.
In fact, Thursday I had the opportunity to get a high schooler to Pacific Sky, who's another technology company in town. The introduction was basically, "Here's the high schooler who is going to be building the website. Here's the business whose website you're going to be building and Pacific Sky, you're going to be mentoring this teenager along the way." This student will be creating a great inexpensive website for the company and is gaining valuable work experience through this process.
For those of you out there worried about putting your business into the hands of a teen in high school, it isn't that simple. You are trusting your business to the student and the tech company who mentors them. You can visit Project Hometown online and find more information if you are a small business owner who is interested. If you are a high school student interested, you can go to Cloud Wise Academy to sign up and find out more.
Chauncey: This is a good time to explain to people that you need to keep up technologically. That's the goal here with Project Hometown; Redding needs to keep up technologically on a business level because on a consumer level we are well caught up. A business moves slower than its consumers and the larger your business, the slower it moves with the times.
As you grow, it moves slower and slower until you get up to the government, which moves at a glacial pace. So basically the more your business grows, the more you need to be aware that you are moving slower than consumers because basically people create technology and consumers run to it and you were the last one to show up.


Koralawella was primarily a fishing periphery of Moratuwa town. Turning off from the Moratuwa Bridge towards Modara, middle class families lived alongside the main road while the fisher folk had their dwellings away from the main road, closer to seaside.
St. Michael's Catholic Church was situated just before the Koralawella Railway Station turn-off. An Italian priest, with a passing resemblance to Jesus, was in charge of St Michael's Church in Koralawella and St. Mary's at Egoda Uyana.
The Italian priest's keenness to learn Sinhala to interact with the Christians in the diocese bore results in double quick time. Soon he started giving short discourses in Sinhala, especially after Sunday masses, of course with an accent! During a huge gathering, after a novena, he decided to get a message across to the audience in Sinhala.
Expressing his idea about the importance of maintaining the church building and the courtyard in spick and span manner, he delivered his short sermon in Sinhala, which was amplified through the overhead speakers loud and clear.
"Me obage Palliya (this is your church); Ballanna p….ye hema thenama makunudel (look at the cobwebs all over the church); p…yawateme Thuththiri (churchyard is full of weeds); meka api sudden thiyaganna oone nitharama (must keep it clean always) etc. Regrettably, what he did not realise was the Sinhala word he used for the church got mixed up with a similar sounding word that was inappropriate and caused everyone to control their laugher so as not to embarrass the priest!
Martin was a devout catholic who lived in the vicinity of St. Michael Church, who had earned a nickname called lella! . He was about middle size, rather firmly and squarely built, with a fair, clear complexion, wore a thick moustache and a konde made into a knot at the back of his hair and had a pleasing expression of countenance. So was his wife Jane, slim and lighter skinned, but their only son Michael did not resemble either of them, born with a deep dark complexion!
Martin lived with his family in a tiled house in comparison to other fisher folk in Koralawella who lived nearer to the sea beach. Martin's only weakness was to lose his temper whenever an impish guy attempted to antagonize him by asking why "Michael was so black when he and Jane had a lighter complexion?" Irate Martin would at such instances go into a rage and came up with the cream of Sinhala while the provokers had a hearty laugh at the expense of poor Martin.
He went fishing with two of his mates, starting early hours in the morning and returned in the afternoon. Four of them shared a catamaran (Oruwa) where they could hardly insert legs comfortably into the narrow hull. Oruwa was designed to keep afloat with the help of a piece of wood called the Kollewa attached to the boat by two parallel arch-shaped wooden contraptions.
Fishermen do not use alarm clocks to wake up in the morning, they wake up automatically! The wife would get out of bed first to prepare the fisherman's lunch.
On this ominous day Martin woke up in the middle of the night thinking it was dawn. Jane too became busy in cooking Martin's lunch and made it into a neat parcel. Wearing his fisherman's cap, Martin gripped the lunch packet under his armpit, carried a bottle of water from the other hand and proceeded towards the sea beach.
Martin's route to the sea beach was along a footpath cutting across the Koralawella cemetery near the Railway station. While he was halfway through his journey in the middle of the cemetery Martin could feel someone trying to pull his lunch parcel, but he paid no heed. Instead he gripped it tight under an armpit and proceeded towards the Oruwa but did not see any of his mates there. He then released a shrilling whistle to inform others that they are late and sat against the boat where he fell fast asleep.
Around 5.30 a.m. his colleagues arrived at the scene to see Martin fast asleep leaned against the catamaran! Only then they realized how Martin had woken up quite early as 2 a.m and had started his journey towards the boat in a mysterious manner. Finally they all sailed towards the deep sea for fishing.
There was such a pandemonium at the entrance of Martin's house when inquisitive neighbours rushed to see what had happened to Martin who danced non-stop calling for his packet of rice! Finally a neighbour brought the Italian priest from St. Michael's Church to do an exorcist operation. When the Catholic Priest started spraying holy water on Martin's body from head to toe, holding a thick black cross in front of Martin's eyes shouting, "Our Father, Who art in heaven…Hallowed be Thy Name……", it did the trick and Martin came back to his senses.
He could not remember a thing except the feeling of someone trying to grab his lunch packet at early hours while walking across the cemetery at the dead of night.


text:
Q: How to replace behavior renderer? I'm using RichFaces 4 and I need to replace renderer for behavior org.richfaces.component.behavior.ClientValidatorImpl. I can do this by overriding the behavior itself and specifying type of my renderer:
@FacesBehavior("org.richfaces.behavior.MyClientValidator")
public class MyClientValidatorImpl extends ClientValidatorImpl {
    @Override
    public String getRendererType() {
        return MyClientValidatorRenderer.RENDERER_TYPE;
    }
}

but how to avoid that unnecessary overriding?


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I study Portrait and Figure painting at the Art League School in Alexandria, Virginia, with a well known portrait artist and teacher, Danni Dawson. Danni is a fantastic teacher who feels that in order to achieve the necessary skills to be a good portrait artist, students need to paint everyday and paint everything and anything. We have a weekly assignment, often a simple color study and sometimes complete paintings. Coincidentally, our assignment for this past snowy week was to paint white objects. One was to be done in natural north light and the other under warm studio lighting using every color on the palette for both assignments.
Have you ever studied a white object carefully or taken a good look at the snow? It is amazing how many colors you see. You may see warm colors, yellows, oranges, pinks, greens, or you may see cool colors, blues, violets, greens, browns, depending on the time of day and sky conditions when you make your observation. Painting with studio lighting will tend to warm the subject you are painting and can also pick up many reflective colors that surround your objects.
I have a north facing window near my easel so for my homework assignment I arranged a set-up of white dishes in front of the north light window. I painted "Soups On" each day at the same time, about 1:30 pm until about 5:00 pm in order to keep the light the same. I didn't want to turn on any artificial lights so by 5:00 pm I was pretty much in the dark. I was able to observe not only the variations of cool colors in my set-up but in the snow outside the window as well. Although the light was not strong as the sky was cloudy, I managed to pick up a variety of colors on the objects.
To prepare for the study under studio lighting, "Dessert Anyone?", I first had to bake a cake because I wanted to use my cake holder which I thought would add interest to the composition. Luckily, I had all the necessary ingredients on hand. Although natural north light is the preferred lighting for most artists, being able to paint at any time of day in the studio is an advantage and the lighting was much better. Observing the warm colors on the dishes and the cake frosting was an interesting study. Even though both are white, the frosting seemed to reflect a stronger, brighter white. Perhaps because the dishes were picking up the reflective light of their shinny surface or I was eyeing the cake with more concentration because I couldn't wait to eat it!
Being snowed-in is not so bad if you can find interesting things to do that you love. I love painting and after two sessions with "Dessert Anyone?" I was able to eat the cake…..not a bad reward after a good day of painting.
I completed the copy of Winslow Homer in mid-December and delivered it to the client on December 22nd. "Right and Left" was the first Homer I've copied and although it is not typically what I would choose to paint, I found that copying this painting made me very much admire Winslow Homer's work. It was very educational.
The painting depicts two ducks in flight attempting to avoid a hunters bullets. The one on the left although possibly injured continues its escape while the one on the right falls victim to the hunter. It is almost monochromatic with many shades of gray. The more I looked at it, the more colors I saw. The many degrees of value required much concentration. Homer used some very strong tints of greens mixed into the black feathers of the birds and it required strict observation to see it.
I'm fortunate to have had the opportunity to duplicate this magnificent piece of artwork for a client who wanted to surprise her husband with it as a Christmas gift . She told me it is his favorite painting and she also told me he is very happy with the results….I love what I do!
I recently received a set of photographs of a beautiful 5 year old girl whose father, Bill Gekas, is a very talented Austalian photographer. Mr. Gekas created a series of photographs of his daughter dressed in the clothing and settings of Renaissance Dutch, Flemish, and Italian masters. I was so fascinated by the concept, the beauty of the child, and the quality of the photographs that I asked Mr. Gekas for his permission to use them to create a series of oil portraits. Girl with a Straw Hat is the first in the series. The purpose for creating these portraits is to practice and perfect my skills as a portrait artist and to further develop my ability to paint from photographs. They will not be commercialized. They may be shown but not sold. I hope the viewer enjoys them as much as I have.


text:
"""The bluetooth integration."""
from __future__ import annotations

import asyncio
from collections.abc import Callable
from datetime import datetime
import logging
import platform
import time
from typing import Any

import async_timeout
import bleak
from bleak import BleakError
from bleak.assigned_numbers import AdvertisementDataType
from bleak.backends.bluezdbus.advertisement_monitor import OrPattern
from bleak.backends.bluezdbus.scanner import BlueZScannerArgs
from bleak.backends.device import BLEDevice
from bleak.backends.scanner import AdvertisementData, AdvertisementDataCallback
from bleak_retry_connector import get_device_by_adapter
from dbus_fast import InvalidMessageError

from homeassistant.core import CALLBACK_TYPE, HomeAssistant, callback as hass_callback
from homeassistant.exceptions import HomeAssistantError
from homeassistant.helpers.event import async_track_time_interval
from homeassistant.util.package import is_docker_env

from .const import (
    DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
    SCANNER_WATCHDOG_INTERVAL,
    SCANNER_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT,
    SOURCE_LOCAL,
    START_TIMEOUT,
)
from .models import BaseHaScanner, BluetoothScanningMode, BluetoothServiceInfoBleak
from .util import adapter_human_name, async_reset_adapter

OriginalBleakScanner = bleak.BleakScanner
MONOTONIC_TIME = time.monotonic

# or_patterns is a workaround for the fact that passive scanning
# needs at least one matcher to be set. The below matcher
# will match all devices.
PASSIVE_SCANNER_ARGS = BlueZScannerArgs(
    or_patterns=[
        OrPattern(0, AdvertisementDataType.FLAGS, b"\x06"),
        OrPattern(0, AdvertisementDataType.FLAGS, b"\x1a"),
    ]
)
_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)

MONOTONIC_TIME = time.monotonic

# If the adapter is in a stuck state the following errors are raised:
NEED_RESET_ERRORS = [
    "org.bluez.Error.Failed",
    "org.bluez.Error.InProgress",
    "org.bluez.Error.NotReady",
]

# When the adapter is still initializing, the scanner will raise an exception
# with org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownObject
WAIT_FOR_ADAPTER_TO_INIT_ERRORS = ["org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownObject"]
ADAPTER_INIT_TIME = 1.5

START_ATTEMPTS = 3

SCANNING_MODE_TO_BLEAK = {
    BluetoothScanningMode.ACTIVE: "active",
    BluetoothScanningMode.PASSIVE: "passive",
}

# The minimum number of seconds to know
# the adapter has not had advertisements
# and we already tried to restart the scanner
# without success when the first time the watch
# dog hit the failure path.
SCANNER_WATCHDOG_MULTIPLE = (
    SCANNER_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT + SCANNER_WATCHDOG_INTERVAL.total_seconds()
)

class ScannerStartError(HomeAssistantError):
    """Error to indicate that the scanner failed to start."""

def create_bleak_scanner(
    detection_callback: AdvertisementDataCallback,
    scanning_mode: BluetoothScanningMode,
    adapter: str | None,
) -> bleak.BleakScanner:
    """Create a Bleak scanner."""
    scanner_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
        "detection_callback": detection_callback,
        "scanning_mode": SCANNING_MODE_TO_BLEAK[scanning_mode],
    }
    if platform.system() == "Linux":
        # Only Linux supports multiple adapters
        if adapter:
            scanner_kwargs["adapter"] = adapter
        if scanning_mode == BluetoothScanningMode.PASSIVE:
            scanner_kwargs["bluez"] = PASSIVE_SCANNER_ARGS
    _LOGGER.debug("Initializing bluetooth scanner with %s", scanner_kwargs)

    try:
        return OriginalBleakScanner(**scanner_kwargs)
    except (FileNotFoundError, BleakError) as ex:
        raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to initialize Bluetooth: {ex}") from ex

class HaScanner(BaseHaScanner):
    """Operate and automatically recover a BleakScanner.

    Multiple BleakScanner can be used at the same time
    if there are multiple adapters. This is only useful
    if the adapters are not located physically next to each other.

    Example use cases are usbip, a long extension cable, usb to bluetooth
    over ethernet, usb over ethernet, etc.
    """

    scanner: bleak.BleakScanner

    def __init__(
        self,
        hass: HomeAssistant,
        mode: BluetoothScanningMode,
        adapter: str,
        address: str,
    ) -> None:
        """Init bluetooth discovery."""
        self.hass = hass
        self.mode = mode
        self.adapter = adapter
        self._start_stop_lock = asyncio.Lock()
        self._cancel_watchdog: CALLBACK_TYPE | None = None
        self._last_detection = 0.0
        self._start_time = 0.0
        self._callbacks: list[Callable[[BluetoothServiceInfoBleak], None]] = []
        self.name = adapter_human_name(adapter, address)
        self.source = address if address != DEFAULT_ADDRESS else adapter or SOURCE_LOCAL

    @property
    def discovered_devices(self) -> list[BLEDevice]:
        """Return a list of discovered devices."""
        return self.scanner.discovered_devices

    @hass_callback
    def async_setup(self) -> None:
        """Set up the scanner."""
        self.scanner = create_bleak_scanner(
            self._async_detection_callback, self.mode, self.adapter
        )

    async def async_get_device_by_address(self, address: str) -> BLEDevice | None:
        """Get a device by address."""
        if platform.system() == "Linux":
            return await get_device_by_adapter(address, self.adapter)
        # We don't have a fast version of this for MacOS yet
        return next(
            (device for device in self.discovered_devices if device.address == address),
            None,
        )

    async def async_diagnostics(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Return diagnostic information about the scanner."""
        base_diag = await super().async_diagnostics()
        return base_diag | {
            "adapter": self.adapter,
            "source": self.source,
            "name": self.name,
            "last_detection": self._last_detection,
            "start_time": self._start_time,
        }

    @hass_callback
    def async_register_callback(
        self, callback: Callable[[BluetoothServiceInfoBleak], None]
    ) -> CALLBACK_TYPE:
        """Register a callback.

        Currently this is used to feed the callbacks into the
        central manager.
        """

        def _remove() -> None:
            self._callbacks.remove(callback)

        self._callbacks.append(callback)
        return _remove

    @hass_callback
    def _async_detection_callback(
        self,
        device: BLEDevice,
        advertisement_data: AdvertisementData,
    ) -> None:
        """Call the callback when an advertisement is received.

        Currently this is used to feed the callbacks into the
        central manager.
        """
        callback_time = MONOTONIC_TIME()
        if (
            advertisement_data.local_name
            or advertisement_data.manufacturer_data
            or advertisement_data.service_data
            or advertisement_data.service_uuids
        ):
            # Don't count empty advertisements
            # as the adapter is in a failure
            # state if all the data is empty.
            self._last_detection = callback_time
        service_info = BluetoothServiceInfoBleak(
            name=advertisement_data.local_name or device.name or device.address,
            address=device.address,
            rssi=device.rssi,
            manufacturer_data=advertisement_data.manufacturer_data,
            service_data=advertisement_data.service_data,
            service_uuids=advertisement_data.service_uuids,
            source=self.source,
            device=device,
            advertisement=advertisement_data,
            connectable=True,
            time=callback_time,
        )
        for callback in self._callbacks:
            callback(service_info)

    async def async_start(self) -> None:
        """Start bluetooth scanner."""
        async with self._start_stop_lock:
            await self._async_start()

    async def _async_start(self) -> None:
        """Start bluetooth scanner under the lock."""
        for attempt in range(START_ATTEMPTS):
            _LOGGER.debug(
                "%s: Starting bluetooth discovery attempt: (%s/%s)",
                self.name,
                attempt + 1,
                START_ATTEMPTS,
            )
            try:
                async with async_timeout.timeout(START_TIMEOUT):
                    await self.scanner.start()  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
            except InvalidMessageError as ex:
                _LOGGER.debug(
                    "%s: Invalid DBus message received: %s",
                    self.name,
                    ex,
                    exc_info=True,
                )
                raise ScannerStartError(
                    f"{self.name}: Invalid DBus message received: {ex}; "
                    "try restarting `dbus`"
                ) from ex
            except BrokenPipeError as ex:
                _LOGGER.debug(
                    "%s: DBus connection broken: %s", self.name, ex, exc_info=True
                )
                if is_docker_env():
                    raise ScannerStartError(
                        f"{self.name}: DBus connection broken: {ex}; try restarting "
                        "`bluetooth`, `dbus`, and finally the docker container"
                    ) from ex
                raise ScannerStartError(
                    f"{self.name}: DBus connection broken: {ex}; try restarting "
                    "`bluetooth` and `dbus`"
                ) from ex
            except FileNotFoundError as ex:
                _LOGGER.debug(
                    "%s: FileNotFoundError while starting bluetooth: %s",
                    self.name,
                    ex,
                    exc_info=True,
                )
                if is_docker_env():
                    raise ScannerStartError(
                        f"{self.name}: DBus service not found; docker config may "
                        "be missing `-v /run/dbus:/run/dbus:ro`: {ex}"
                    ) from ex
                raise ScannerStartError(
                    f"{self.name}: DBus service not found; make sure the DBus socket "
                    f"is available to Home Assistant: {ex}"
                ) from ex
            except asyncio.TimeoutError as ex:
                if attempt == 0:
                    await self._async_reset_adapter()
                    continue
                raise ScannerStartError(
                    f"{self.name}: Timed out starting Bluetooth after {START_TIMEOUT} seconds"
                ) from ex
            except BleakError as ex:
                error_str = str(ex)
                if attempt == 0:
                    if any(
                        needs_reset_error in error_str
                        for needs_reset_error in NEED_RESET_ERRORS
                    ):
                        await self._async_reset_adapter()
                    continue
                if attempt != START_ATTEMPTS - 1:
                    # If we are not out of retry attempts, and the
                    # adapter is still initializing, wait a bit and try again.
                    if any(
                        wait_error in error_str
                        for wait_error in WAIT_FOR_ADAPTER_TO_INIT_ERRORS
                    ):
                        _LOGGER.debug(
                            "%s: Waiting for adapter to initialize; attempt (%s/%s)",
                            self.name,
                            attempt + 1,
                            START_ATTEMPTS,
                        )
                        await asyncio.sleep(ADAPTER_INIT_TIME)
                        continue

                _LOGGER.debug(
                    "%s: BleakError while starting bluetooth; attempt: (%s/%s): %s",
                    self.name,
                    attempt + 1,
                    START_ATTEMPTS,
                    ex,
                    exc_info=True,
                )
                raise ScannerStartError(
                    f"{self.name}: Failed to start Bluetooth: {ex}"
                ) from ex

            # Everything is fine, break out of the loop
            break

        self._async_setup_scanner_watchdog()

    @hass_callback
    def _async_setup_scanner_watchdog(self) -> None:
        """If Dbus gets restarted or updated, we need to restart the scanner."""
        self._start_time = self._last_detection = MONOTONIC_TIME()
        if not self._cancel_watchdog:
            self._cancel_watchdog = async_track_time_interval(
                self.hass, self._async_scanner_watchdog, SCANNER_WATCHDOG_INTERVAL
            )

    async def _async_scanner_watchdog(self, now: datetime) -> None:
        """Check if the scanner is running."""
        time_since_last_detection = MONOTONIC_TIME() - self._last_detection
        _LOGGER.debug(
            "%s: Scanner watchdog time_since_last_detection: %s",
            self.name,
            time_since_last_detection,
        )
        if time_since_last_detection < SCANNER_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT:
            return
        _LOGGER.info(
            "%s: Bluetooth scanner has gone quiet for %ss, restarting",
            self.name,
            SCANNER_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT,
        )
        async with self._start_stop_lock:
            # Stop the scanner but not the watchdog
            # since we want to try again later if it's still quiet
            await self._async_stop_scanner()
            # If there have not been any valid advertisements,
            # or the watchdog has hit the failure path multiple times,
            # do the reset.
            if (
                self._start_time == self._last_detection
                or time_since_last_detection > SCANNER_WATCHDOG_MULTIPLE
            ):
                await self._async_reset_adapter()
            try:
                await self._async_start()
            except ScannerStartError as ex:
                _LOGGER.error(
                    "%s: Failed to restart Bluetooth scanner: %s",
                    self.name,
                    ex,
                    exc_info=True,
                )

    async def _async_reset_adapter(self) -> None:
        """Reset the adapter."""
        # There is currently nothing the user can do to fix this
        # so we log at debug level. If we later come up with a repair
        # strategy, we will change this to raise a repair issue as well.
        _LOGGER.debug("%s: adapter stopped responding; executing reset", self.name)
        result = await async_reset_adapter(self.adapter)
        _LOGGER.debug("%s: adapter reset result: %s", self.name, result)

    async def async_stop(self) -> None:
        """Stop bluetooth scanner."""
        async with self._start_stop_lock:
            await self._async_stop()

    async def _async_stop(self) -> None:
        """Cancel watchdog and bluetooth discovery under the lock."""
        if self._cancel_watchdog:
            self._cancel_watchdog()
            self._cancel_watchdog = None
        await self._async_stop_scanner()

    async def _async_stop_scanner(self) -> None:
        """Stop bluetooth discovery under the lock."""
        _LOGGER.debug("%s: Stopping bluetooth discovery", self.name)
        try:
            await self.scanner.stop()  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
        except BleakError as ex:
            # This is not fatal, and they may want to reload
            # the config entry to restart the scanner if they
            # change the bluetooth dongle.
            _LOGGER.error("%s: Error stopping scanner: %s", self.name, ex)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


When sealing a crawl space, we recommend covering all your walls with a crawl space vapor barrier.
However, if your crawl space walls are built with concrete blocks, moisture moves up through the open cavities and into the space anyway. Covering the walls is only half the battle.
At MidSouth Crawlspace Solutions, our solution to block foundation walls in a crawl space is the WallCap Block Wall System. This plastic covering seals off the top of your block wall, keeping humidity out. And because it's clear, your walls will still be visible for termite and pest inspectors.
The installation can be done by one contractor while the rest of your CleanSpace® system is being installed by the rest of the crew. A complete CleanSpace® installation usually takes less than a day.
To ensure that WallCap will never detach from your walls, it is attached mechanically to the concrete with plastic pegs.
A polymer seal is used to adhere the plastic to the concrete to complete the vapor barrier protection.
Since most crawl space walls are created out of concrete block, your system design specialist will usually recommend the WallCap System in your crawl space. It's a small addition that makes a huge difference!
Call us for a crawl space drainage quote today!
We service Yazoo City, Philadelphia, Crystal Springs, Ellisville, Magee, Hazlehurst, Mendenhall, Florence, Ridgeland, Carthage, Kosciusko, Forest and many nearby areas in Mississippi.


Dec 2, 2015 ... Ely v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., No. 09-CV-2284. (M.D. Pa., filed Nov. 2009) (mot. to .... Carter v. EOG Resources, Inc., No. .... Matter of Fluid Recovery Services, LLC, Docket. No. ..... Environmental Integrity Project et al., RCRA ...... the remaining plaintiffs, Nolen Scott Ely as Executor of the Estate of Kenneth R.


text:
The Rat Race that Leads to Destruction
By Missionary David Flinck
1 Timothy 6:10a says that "…the love of money is the root of all evil."
Here in Antofagasta, we are seeing this Biblical truth fleshed out every day. Our Antofagasta "region" in Chile (like a state in the US) has one of the highest salaries for both men and women. The chart below shows the difference of average salaries in the different Chilean regions. Many Chileans (and others from surrounding countries) are moving to Antofagasta to work and "$ get rich quick $ ".
In dollars, an average male in Antofagasta receives $1,322 per month. An average female receives $775 per month. While these figures ARE some of the best salaries in Chile, the money does not solve the problems that people have…if fact, more money only magnifies and accelerates problems toward destruction.
Marriages suffer.
Families are torn apart.
Kids are left to themselves, because both parents are working.
Drugs, sex, and alcohol are bought and consumed quickly and often. New and "hip" products are purchased without thinking of financial stewardship.
85% of Chileans in this city are in major debt (even though they have a good job).
They may be driving a new car and wearing the latest and best clothing brands, but their lives are rotting internally.
The general stress level in this city is HIGH, because it's a "working city" (think: Rat Race).
People pour all their effort into trying to succeed financially, but in doing so, they are failing miserably in the things that really matter… specifically "losing their souls". (Matthew 16:25-26)
What is the answer to all of the above? Christ and the Gospel.
Please continue to pray for our family and ministry in this needy city. People need the Lord. We desire to introduce people to Him and help them focus and set their affections on things "above and eternal" instead of "below and temporal." (Matthew 6:24-34)
David & Kristi Flinck (email us)
Jordan, Ben, Kaylee, & Lukas
Church planting in Antofagasta, Chile

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Home UTV Models Mahindra UTV Models 2018 Mahindra ROXOR UTV
2018 Mahindra ROXOR UTV
By : Mario Boriassi
AUBURN HILLS, Mich., March 2, 2018 — Automotive and powersports journalists from across the country, along with high-ranking federal and state officials, gathered today for the public unveiling of Mahindra's ROXOR—a new, off-highway vehicle that signifies Mahindra's commitment to introducing their tough, no-nonsense automotive heritage to consumers in the North American market. ROXOR's design demonstrates that Mahindra intends to stay true to their roots of industrial-grade construction and durability.
"Mahindra's 70-year automotive history has been forged by making authentic, rugged, purpose-driven vehicles; ROXOR is the embodiment of this history…and our brand," Mahindra Managing Director Pawan Goenka stated.
Unlike the plastic-bodied, belt-driven vehicles long accepted in the Side x Side category, ROXOR offers a simple, hard worn approach, featuring a steel body on a boxed steel frame, a heavy- duty Mahindra turbo-diesel 4 cylinder engine, and an automotive style 5-speed manual transmission.
"The ROXOR creates a new sub-segment in the Side x Side industry, and the response we're getting from our newly appointed dealer body has been really outstanding. We have a National Dealer Meeting scheduled on March 18-20th, in San Antonio, Texas, where we'll sit down and discuss the roll-out and future product offerings. We're approaching our goal of 300 "1st wave" dealers, and expect that we'll reach this target between now and the end of the show," said Rick Haas, Mahindra North America Automotive's President and CEO.
ROXOR was conceived, designed, engineered and is being produced in Metro Detroit by Mahindra Automotive North America (MANA). MANA is part of the $19B Mahindra Group and recently opened a new NA Automotive headquarters and manufacturing center in Auburn Hills, MI. MANA's new operation is the central component of the 400,000 sq. ft. (spanning 3 facilities) footprint Mahindra now has in Metro Detroit, and is the first OEM manufacturing/assembly facility to open operations in Southeast Michigan in over 25 years.
Mahindra Automotive North America has, to date, created 300 new jobs and invested over $230 million into Southeast Michigan. As both ROXOR production and other programs ramp up, Mahindra anticipates creating an additional 400 jobs and investing another $600 million in the local economy by 2020.
2018 Mahindra ROXOR Base Model
• Reliable, economical, and long lasting, 4-cylinder turbo-diesel engine
• 4WD to help get you where you need to go…anytime, anywhere
• Sturdy box steel frame
• Rock solid reliable drivetrain with automotive style 5-speed manual transmission
• Big wheels and brakes, high tech tires
2018 Mahindra ROXOR Limited Edition
About MANA
Mahindra Automotive North America (MANA) is Mahindra's North American automotive headquarters. In addition to leading all North America activity, MANA is a comprehensive automotive design, engineering and vehicle development center. Established in 2013 and located in Auburn Hills, Michigan, MANA's team of veteran executives, engineers and designers working with affiliate Mahindra automotive teams in India, Korea and Italy, is playing a key role in growing Mahindra's global automotive business. Learn more about Mahindra Automotive North America at: www.mahindraautomotiveNA.com
About THE MAHINDRA GROUP
The Mahindra Group is a $19B federation of companies that enables people to rise through innovative mobility solutions, driving rural prosperity, enhancing urban living, nurturing new businesses and fostering communities. It enjoys a leadership position in utility vehicles, information technology, financial services and vacation ownership in India and is the world's largest tractor company, by volume. It also enjoys a strong presence in agribusiness, components, commercial vehicles, consulting services, energy, industrial equipment, logistics, real estate, steel, aerospace, defense and two wheelers. Headquartered in India, Mahindra employs more than 240,000 people across 100 countries. Learn more about Mahindra Automotive North America at: www.mahindra.com
Mario Boriassihttps://www.utvplanet.ca
Partner and Editor at UTV Planet Magazine.
@utvplanetmagazine
UTV Planet Magazine is a Canadian periodical published by Raven Media INC dedicated to the sport of UTV off-roading. UTV Planet Magazine features: the latest industry and racing news, in-depth vehicle reviews, new products, product reviews and brings to its readers the off-roading lifestyle experience.
© 2019 Raven Media. All rights reserved.


Conducting an information security risk assessment is the foundation of information security management. Information security management decisions are entirely driven by specific decisions made as an outcome of a risk assessment in relation to identified risks and specific information assets or risks.
A risk assessment enables expenditure on controls to be balanced against the business harm that may result from security failures.
Information security is rapidly overtaking physical asset protection or physical security as a fundamental IT governance responsibility.
Information security management is defined as 'the protection of information from a wide range of threats in order to ensure business continuity, minimise business risk, and maximise return on investments (ROI) and business opportunities', and is becoming a critical business discipline globally, in both the private and public sectors.
ISO/IEC 27001 is a specification setting out the requirements for an information security management system (ISMS).
ISO27001 is explicit in requiring a risk management process be used to review and confirm the selection of security controls in light of regulatory, legal and contractual obligations, and other business objectives.
An ISMS developed and based on risk acceptance/rejection criteria, and using accredited third party certification to provide an independent verification of the level of assurance, is an extremely useful management tool. An ISMS offers the opportunity to define and monitor service levels internally as well as in contractor/partner organisations, thus demonstrating the extent to which there is effective control of those risks for which directors and senior management are accountable.
ISO27001 provides a practical solution to the requirements of a range of international data protection and privacy laws and regulations.
ISO 27001 also helps organisations to counter the increasingly sophisticated and varied range of information security threats more cost-effectively.
As a result, a growing number of private and public sector organisations around the world are seeking certification to ISO 27001, with an annual ISO 27001 certification growth rate of over 13%.


text:
« Abul Hasan Alee ad Daraqutnee
The Scholars on Ihyaa Turaath and Abdur Rahman Abdul Khaaliq »
Concerning the Marriage of the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) to a Number of Women
Islamtees.wordpress
Question: Why did the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) marry a number of women?
Answer: To Allah belongs unlimited wisdom and it is from His Wisdom that He, the Most Glorified allowed men, in the previous Revealed Laws and in the Law of our Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم) to take in the bonds of matrimony more than one wife.
Permission to marry more than one wife was not specifically for our Prophet, Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم). For Ya'qub, upon him be peace, had two wives and Sulaiman, the son of Dawud, may the peace of Allah be upon both of them, collected ninety-nine wives and he visited (i.e. had sexual intercourse with) all of them in one night, in the hope that Allah would bless him with a son from every one of them, who would fight in Allah's cause.
This was not something new in the Law, nor does it oppose common sense, nor the requirements of the Fitrah;[1] indeed, wisdom necessitates it. For women are more in numbers than men, as censuses continually prove, a man may possess so much physical strength that he needs more than one wife, in order that he may be able to indulge his desires in a permissible way, rather than in a prohibited way. Otherwise he will be forced to repress his desires; or the woman may be suffering from some illness, something may prevent him from fulfilling his needs, such as menstruation or postnatal bleeding, or anything else that prevents a man from fulfilling his desires with her. So he may need another wife whom he may fulfill his desires, rather than repressing them or committing indecency.
Since plurality of wives is permissible and justified, logically, in accordance with the Fitrah and the Islamic law, and since the Prophets of old used to practice it – indeed it could be said to be obligatory in cases of necessity or need sometimes – then it is not surprising that our Prophet, Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم) did so.
There are other reasons he married a number of women which have been mentioned by the scholars, such as strengthening the ties between him and some of the Arab tribes – so that perhaps it may result in some strength for Islam and aid in its spread through increasing harmony, affirming ties of love and brotherhood. It could have been to give shelter and solace to widows that which they had lost, for in that is freedom from worry and relief from hardship. The Islamic law has prescribed the way for the community to help those who lose their husbands in Jihad and the like; there is also the hope of increasing offspring, which helps in restoring a natural balance and in increasing the numbers of the population and it helps those who wish to spread the religion.
The need for it is not only to satisy desire, as is proved by the fact the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) did not marry virgins or young women except 'Aishah, may Allah be pleased with her – the rest of his wives were matrons. If he had been driven by desire and physical lust to marry a number of women, he would have chosen young virgins in order to satisfy his lust, especially after he had migrated, the lands had been liberated and the Islamic State established. Then the power of the Muslims was firm and their strength increased, and every family desired that he should marry their daughters – but he did not do so. He only married for noble purposes and high considerations, which are clear to those who have studied the circumstances surrounding each of his marriages. If he had been a man given to base passions, it would be known from his Seerah (biography) to be the case when he was young and strong. But that was when he had only one wife, his noble spouse, Khadijah bint Khuwallid, may Allah be pleased with her, who was older with him. If that were the case, he would have been known for behaving unjustly with his wives, who were of different ages and degrees of beauty. But in fact, he was not known except for his absolute righteousness and honesty in his personal behavior and chastity, as both a young and old man. All of this goes to prove his decency and high moral character and his integrity in all his affairs, so that he was acknowledged as such even by his enemies.
[1] Fitrah: The natural state in which we are created.
The Permanent Committee [Taken from Fatawa Islamiyah, Darussalam, Volume 1 – Creed, p. 296-298]
Tags: marry, Muhammad, number, prophet, woman
This entry was posted on November 7, 2012 at 3:09 pm and is filed under Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him).	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.


text:
All Man's Land
Selected Writings
A Conversation with D. László Conhaim
Finalist Best Traditional Western Novel, 2020 Western Writers of America Spur Awards
"Maverick" Winner,
Will Rogers Medallion Awards
By Michael Belfiore for Us of America
Why, after publication in 2017 of Comanche Captive, would you reach back nearly 30 years to publish a novella you wrote as a college student?
When Comanche Captive came out, I started receiving mail inquiring when I'd be publishing again. This followed ESPN's sports and culture website, The Undefeated, sadly omitting Paul Robeson from a long list of influential African Americans. It got me to thinking I should finally get All Man's Land out there—and in a way that called attention to Robeson.
After 30 years, surely you haven't published it as is.
I've thrown a fresh coat of paint on this one every five years or so, but I've always remained faithful to its original voice and structure. In preparing it for publication, I felt as if I was working as an editor to my younger self.
What inspired you to write All Man's Land?
The work that it came to be sort of fell under Robeson's spell. That story is told in the Introduction. I owe my admiration of him to my grandparents, who emigrated to the States from Eastern Europe where he was popular and where he found that his color wasn't a barrier.
Like Paul Robeson, your hero Benjamin Neill is a crusader for racial and social justice. But he is also a decorated Civil War hero. Is there any historical basis for such a character? And how specifically did you channel Robeson?
Benjamin Neill is a composite formed from several historical people, including one of 17 African Americans to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor for service in the Civil War. I should add that Robeson's own father served in the Union army, as did two of Frederick Douglass' sons. Robeson came along later than Douglass, of course, but set in 1904, All Man's Land takes place in his lifetime, and I found myself drawn principally to his story and to his spirit for inspiration.
Part of Benjamin Neill's backstory seems to closely resemble Robeson's fight against McCarthyism. But we also learn about a host of other figures apparently lost to history, including President Lincoln's first bodyguard, an African American.
I first learned about Ferdinand Schavers from Paul Stewart, the founder of Denver's Black American West Museum. It's astonishing that 30 years later nobody else seems to have written about him or put him on screen despite obvious opportunities to do so. There's so much yet to be told.
How did African Americans in the U.S. Army come to be called "buffalo soldiers"?
The commonly accepted explanation is that Native Americans compared the hair of the black troops serving in the Indian wars to that of the American bison. The image of a buffalo appeared on the 10th Cavalry's emblem until its deactivation in 1944.
All Man's Land follows Comanche Captive chronologically. Are there any through lines?
By 2021, when I publish Comanche's sequel, All Man's Land will fall at the end of a trilogy chronologically. Though certainly not by any master plan, all of my American histories deal to some extent with the U.S. Cavalry's reliance on black regiments to do the dirty work of manifest destiny, including Indian removal.
I wanted to ask you about that. A conflict in the book emerges between Benjamin Neill and a black sergeant over that issue, and whether a black soldier should participate in the white man's scheme. Any comments?
The basis for that scene was Robeson's questioning whether a black man, oppressed by his country, should bear arms for it and against the Soviets. His position was later echoed by Muhammad Ali's famous Vietnam era protest, "No Vietnamese ever called me a nigger." Matters of race, of belonging, and with whom or with what we identify, and under what circumstances, and with what caveats are front and center in All Man's Land. For these patriots—I mean the buffalo soldiers—citizenship, recognition, and loyalty came with compromise and sacrifice for the Christian white man's mission—manifest destiny.
You use the n-word unabashedly in the text. Any comment regarding the offense it could cause?
Its use is realistic. Benjamin's fight is against racism. Those who use it get what's coming to them.
What would you say to critics who might suggest that All Man's Land appropriates a great man's legacy?
I didn't write it for them. I wrote it for him. The young man behind this novel wrote it with nothing short of reverence for Paul Robeson. Sadly, Robeson is only great to those who know him, and they are now shockingly few. It's troubling that three decades on, he has faded even further from public consciousness.
Perhaps because [air quotes] "It's Complicated" with Paul Robeson. To try to explain him—which is a form of excusing him—gets you stuck in a quagmire. Nevertheless, the absence of this giant of the twentieth century from The Undefeated's list of "African Americans Who Shook Up the World" should leave us asking why. Was it his politics? Was it some of the songs he sang, some of the films he appeared in? Or was he simply overlooked? Nobody else shook up the world in quite the way Paul Robeson did. But his complicated story is best left to his biographers.
And yet you think this—a novel—could help bring the public closer to Robeson.
Something should. When [the movie] 12 Years a Slave came out, its director announced his intention to shoot a Paul Robeson biopic next. Well, six years later, where is it? Its nonexistence speaks volumes.
But what would you say to the reader who questions why their introduction to him should come in the form of what could fairly be called a highly fictionalized tribute, rather than from a straightforward biography?
Paul Robeson should make his first impression through his music, that great voice and soul. But if All Man's Land is a person's point of discovery of this monumental American, then exploration of his music and life should follow. That was my hope for the book in 1990 when I completed the first draft, and it remains so today.
Robeson, 1958 Vanguard LP
The Music of AML


NOCOM Largest Manufacturing Show in Colorado!
NoCo Manufacturing Partnership has also established the largest manufacturing trade shows in the state, NOCOM. This is an opportunity for manufacturers and their supply chain to showcase innovative products and services, network and grow their business relationships.
NoCo mission is to make American manufacturing great by driving a passionate, collaborative partnership, so that Northern Colorado manufacturing and our communities thrive. This free organization has two primary areas of focus to achieve its purpose through workforce development and outreach activities. A sample of work includes: career awareness tours, internships, curriculum development, newsletter, lunch & learn events, tours, and B2B activities.


Modern methods of software development of devices and information-measuring systems.
The study programs of the department are aimed at studying future specialists of the latest achievements of information technologies, computer technology design (CAD, CAE, CAM) and computer systems. You will know how to implement the latest computer technologies in production, operate freely all the necessary programs and develop modern approaches to optimizing the exact Ukrainian industry. The programs of specialization training are aimed at studying by future specialists the latest achievements of information technologies, computer design technologies (CAD, CAE, CAM) and computer systems and applied information technologies.


Known as the Old North State, find your match on this North Carolina dating site. Match.com brings North Carolina daters together. If you want to search outside Cornelius, North Carolina click the appropriate state and the appropriate city you live in. Where else can you meet thousands of available singles in Cornelius looking for Cornelius singles just like you?


Trump Expects Second Kim Jong Un Meeting In "Not-Too-Distant Future"
Trump defended stuttering US negotiations with Kim saying that if it had not been for his administration "you'd be having a nice big fat war in Asia."
US President Donald Trump said on Wednesday he had received a "great" letter from North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and would probably meet him again in the not-to-distant future as part of efforts to persuade him to give up his nuclear weapons.
Speaking to reporters at the White House, Trump defended stuttering US negotiations with Kim, saying that if it had not been for his administration "you'd be having a nice big fat war in Asia." He reiterated that there was no hurry.
"I'm not in any rush. I don't have to rush. All I know is there's no rockets, there's no testing," he said, referring to North Korea's nuclear and missile tests that have been halted since the second half of 2017.
Trump said he had watched coverage of Kim's New Year speech on the US Public Broadcasting Service.
"They said that in Chairman Kim's speech he really wants to get together, he wants to denuclearize and a lot of good things are happening," Trump said.
"They really do want to do something. Now, does that mean it's going to be done? Who knows? A deal's a deal, you never know, but I tell you, we've established a very good relationship with North Korea."
"We'll probably now have another meeting. He'd like to meet, I'd like to meet," Trump said. "We'll set that up, we'll be setting that up in the not-too-distant future."
Kim vowed to work towards denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula when he met with Trump for the first time at a summit in Singapore in June, but there has been little concrete progress since.
Kim said in a nationally televised New Year address on Tuesday that he was ready to meet again with Trump anytime, but warned he may take a "new path" if US sanctions and pressure against the country continued.
Trump, who in 2017 threatened to rain "fire and fury like the world has never seen" on North Korea because of the threat its nuclear weapons and missiles posed to the United States, said a world war had been averted.
"That was going to be a war, there could have been a World War Three to be honest with you and instead, we have somebody who I really think wants to get on to economic development and making a lot of success and money, frankly, for his country."
Trump said North Korea had "tremendous" potential, and added: "We'll help them out too."
On Monday, South Korea's Chosun Ilbo newspaper reported that Kim had sent a message to Trump regarding the stalled nuclear talks. The report did not include details about the "letter-like" communication.
Trump told reporters on Wednesday the letter was "great" and that he would love to read it out loud, but did not do so.
However, he warned that North Korea might be "compelled to explore a new path" to defend its sovereignty if the United States "seeks to force something upon us unilaterally and remains unchanged in its sanctions and pressure."
In spite of Trump's words, Kim's comments have fuelled doubts over whether North Korea intends to give up a nuclear weapons programme it has long considered essential to its security.
Analysts said Kim's message sent clear signals that North Korea, which has sought acceptance as a "responsible" nuclear power, was willing to stay in talks with Washington and Seoul this year but on its own terms.
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo made several trips to Pyongyang last year but the two sides have yet to reschedule an abruptly cancelled November meeting between him and senior North Korean official Kim Yong Chol aimed at paving the way for a second summit.
US officials have said the extent of initial North Korean steps was not confirmed and could be easily reversed. Washington has halted some large-scale military exercises with South Korea to aid negotiations, but has called for strict global sanctions enforcement until North Korea's full, verifiable denuclearization.


El Paseo Children's Center is a Non Public Agency (NPA) that specializes in conducting Independent Education Evaluations (IEEs).
Federal regulations explicitly state that parents of a child with a disability have a right to obtain an IEE. An IEE is broadly defined as "an evaluation conducted by a qualified examiner who is not employed by the public agency responsible for the education of the child in question (e.g., school district). An IEE may be obtained by parents at their own expense or at public expense. An IEE is not limited to evaluating only a child's academic or cognitive skills, but may include the evaluation of any skill related to the child's educational needs.
"The parents won't need to worry when Brent Cooper conducts an IEE. Everyone in our Special Ed Department breathes a sigh of relief when they find out Brent is conducting the IEE. They all say the same thing: 'Oh, good! Even if he doesn't agree with the district, he's fair and I can accept what he's reporting.'"