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USU geologist examines 'stunning' Cold War relic with ominous implications
By John Hollenhorst, KSL-TV | Posted - March 16, 2021 at 7:57 p.m.
 4 photos
630PM: USU geologist examines 'stunning' Cold War relic with ominous implications
KSL TV
LOGAN — A relic of the Cold War dug up during a secret military operation a half-century ago under the Greenland ice sheet provided what scientists called "stunning" and potentially ominous insights into the future of a warming Earth.
An international team of scientists announced their conclusions after studying a sample of ice and sediments that was captured in a drilling operation in the 1960s and then lost and forgotten. It wasn't until 2017 that scientists rediscovered the sample in a freezer. They have now correlated that evidence with ice cores from other parts of Greenland to reach worrisome conclusions.
Utah State University geologist professor Tammy Rittenour, who played a significant role in the studies, called the findings "shocking" because they suggest that the entire Greenland ice sheet suffered a total meltdown at least twice and is much less stable than scientists previously thought.
If it melts again, Rittenour believes the consequences could be catastrophic for humans around the globe.
Apart from its scientific value, the saga of the frozen evidence also has jaw-dropping elements that could have come from a cold war thriller.
"It's a cool story in a cold place," Rittenour said, describing a top-secret 1960's military operation that took place literally inside the ice.
Camp Century: A hidden base with a secret purpose
The Greenland ice sheet is an astonishing natural phenomenon, a gigantic slab of ice up to 1 mile deep that covers an area more than four times the size of California.
During the Cold War, Pentagon planners decided it was a perfect place to burrow inside and create a military base known as Camp Century. Tunnels and large workspaces were carved from the ice and covered over with snow and ice.
"You could dig out a huge bunker underneath the ice sheet and no one would know," Rittenour said in an interview on the USU campus. "It would be invisible from above."
The base itself was not a secret; CBS anchorman Walter Cronkite even went into the ice sheet and toured Camp Century in 1960. Military officials portrayed it as a site for scientific research. Its true purpose was a highly classified military secret.
Camp Century hid Project Iceworm which was supposed to be a secret military storage facility for 600 nuclear missiles. The Pentagon later abandoned the project. (Photo: University of Verrmont)
Known as Project Iceworm, the top-secret plan was to hide 600 mobile nuclear missiles under the ice and keep them ready for launch if the cold war with the Soviet Union suddenly turned into a hot war. Eventually, though, the Pentagon abandoned the plan.
"They had to," Rittenour said, "because it was cut into ice and the ceiling kept collapsing."
Camp Century left behind a unique piece of evidence for future scientists. In 1966 a huge drill rig inside the base cored all the way through the ice sheet, straight down nearly a mile, and even a few feet deeper, into sediments below.
"They collected that, looked at it, and put it in a freezer and forgot about it," Rittenour said.
Project Iceworm: Clues for future scientists
In 2017, scientists rediscovered the forgotten sand and ice in a freezer in Denmark. They were astounded to find fossilized plants at the bottom of the ice-core. Rittenour calls it a "treasure trove" of evidence because it shows that the ice sheet must have melted away completely, two different times. Rittenour's role was to determine how long ago that happened.
.@UStateScience's Tammy Rittenour has been tapped as an expert to help study ice core specimens from a doomed 1960s @USArmy nuclear launch site in Greenland. #USUResearch#USUAggieshttps://t.co/JV5WDqazOS
— Utah State University (@USUAggies) December 19, 2019
In her darkened "Luminescence Lab" on the USU Innovation Campus, she bombarded the sand with lasers to measure its luminescent properties.
"And that tells us how old it is," she explained. "When it was last exposed to light."
Rittenour said scientists previously thought the ice sheet had been stable for perhaps two-and-a-half million years. She said she was "shocked" to discover the sand was last exposed to sunlight less than 1 million years ago — possibly much less.
"Maybe only a half-million or several hundred thousand years ago that the ice-sheet melted away," Rittenour said.
She said it implies that the ice sheet might be somewhat less stable than scientists had supposed and could be subject to meltdown over a relatively short span of time.
Meltdown: 'An urgent problem for the next 50 years'
The findings have implications for the human race that could be catastrophic. Using various clues, including air-bubbles from glacial ice around the world, scientists have charted the rise and fall of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last million years. When CO2 declined, the ice sheet grew. As CO2 increased, glacial ice began melting away. In the modern industrial era, atmospheric data shows a dramatic spike, an apparently unprecedented increase in carbon dioxide.
"Today (it's) well outside the natural range of CO2 concentrations," Rittenour said.
In recent years, the Greenland ice sheet seems to be melting at an accelerating pace. If a total meltdown happens again, oceans will rise an estimated 20 to 25 feet — a lot more if Antarctica melts down too. That threatens the lifestyle, and the lives, of hundreds of millions of people in coastal villages, towns and cities all over the world.
"If the Greenland ice sheet melted," Rittenour said, "all of those coastal areas would be inundated, whole countries would be underwater and most of the world's population would be disturbed."
The half-century-old ice core doesn't answer all the questions or predict the future. More studies are coming and this secret from the past, once buried under the ice, could tell us a lot about humanity's future.
"This is not a twenty-generation problem," said geoscientist Paul Bierman in the study team's news release from the University of Vermont. "This is an urgent problem for the next 50 years."
UtahHistoric
John Hollenhorst
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On the day I was born, the only thing guaranteed to me was that I would die. The realization of this guarantee has been a journey I have rarely avoided and often sought out. When I was in college, I was drawn to and took an elective course titled Death and Dying which worried my father a whole lot. I have always been fascinated, curious, confused, and overwhelmed by truths I have learned on this journey. I seek to understand death in the hopes of understanding life. I believe this is a journey we are all on throughout our lifetimes.
Lately, I have, once again, found myself in a phase of grappling with death. It seems like I've been surrounded by people who have said goodbye or are in the process of saying goodbye to loved ones. A dear friend recently said goodbye to her father, a wonderful colleague and beloved grandmother to a seven year-old retired back in May then died unexpectedly a few weeks ago, a co-worker has been caring for her mother who is aging and coming to the end of her life, an uncle I admired passed away a month ago, a dear friend had a miscarriage. It seems that death, when it finally comes, shows up for those who are living even brighter. I find my mind wandering into the minds and hearts of those who lost their loved ones and also to those who left their bodies. This is something I believe wholeheartedly – we are IN our bodies here, but our bodies are simply temporary places for the truth of who we are. The real part of us is our spirit. And I believe, when we die, our spirits simply join the Great Spirit, God, I Am, Love.
With death on my mind, writing about it feels like the only way to get through my thoughts and to make sense of them. But the truth is that even as I type this post, I feel a nagging fear and desire to get up and leave my keyboard along with all the thoughts of death running around in my head. I want to keep death at a safe distance. I don't want to consider my mortality nor than of anyone I love or even the mortality of the ones they love. I don't want this to be any kind of preparation for any kind of upcoming experiences. And yet, I know my entire life is about death – the one thing guaranteed for me. I'm only ever going to live my best life if I come to terms with the truth of my death. I am temporarily here and so is everyone, EVERYONE I know. If you're considering clicking away from this morbid post, I don't blame you nor do I judge you. Click away and then come back when you're ready. You're on this journey of life, too, which means that you're also on this journey of discovering death. Hold my hand as I delve into the darkness of death in search of some light.
My first encounter with death, close up, was when I was a teenager and a little, adorable 3 year-old boy drowned under a bridge at a park with several families out at a picnic. I was with him before we left for the park and he was very sure he did not want to go. It seemed unusual for a 3 year-old not to want to go to a park but I chatted with him and convinced him he would have fun and he eventually let me put on his socks and shoes to go. When they found his body and took him to the hospital, his little denim jacket ended up at our house somehow and I always felt his presence when I was near it. He had to have known his time in that little body was about to be over. Even his little spirit had to have known. And even if there was a piece of him that also knew he would be okay, I'm sure he felt the sadness that comes with letting go and I'm guessing he was trying to cling on just a bit longer. I wish I had known to just listen and be with him and allow him to feel whatever he was feeling. There is a sacredness in knowing about things that are not of this earth. I wish I had known to honor that sacred space he had been in.
Another close encounter with death came as a gift in a message my dear friend, Mercy, sent me. I was in graduate school, living in my townhouse. I had recently been to visit my family in Zambia and had been able to visit Mercy. Mercy was a friend I'd had since 7th grade. She was one of those very special friends that, no matter how much time passed between visits or contact, it always felt the same to be with her – the silliness, the looks, the understanding, the love and the deep, deep connection that is offered to only just a few friendships. She was that kind of friend in my life. One of my soul mates without a doubt. It happened through the course of a few days in my townhouse where I'd pass by my guest room and notice that my clock had stopped at 3 AM. I fixed the time on the digital, plugged in clock and went on my way. The next day, I noticed it had stopped again at 3 AM. A little puzzled, I fixed it and carried on. Then it happened again the next day and I knew something was up. I got an email that night from Mercy's brother informing me that she had died and her time of death was 3 AM. I felt so honored that she had come to let me know of her passing from this life. I felt comforted by her gift of letting me know that her spirit was with me.
I guess that experience took away the fear I had of dying because I realized that death was inevitable but certainly not the end. It's sad for us who are left behind, but when we go, we are simply continuing on a journey in a different realm. I don't know much of what there is to know about death, I do know that I must live here in this realm fully. There is a Divine purpose for every moment that I am here and for every encounter and experience I have. I saw an IMAX movie on a field trip with my David's schoolmates called The Hidden Universe and I was fascinated all over again at just how VAST the universe is!!! It reminded me that we are specks like the Whos in Whoville that Horton heard (Dr. Seuss fans out there?).
Our dreams matter. The people in our lives matter. Our wishes matter. The truth of who we are matters and we must seek it and live it everyday in every moment. The moments matter. If you are in the process of letting go of someone you love or in the process of letting go of this life or if you have let go of someone you love, my wish for you is peace in knowing that it's all temporary – this life and the separation is all temporary. The spirits of those who leave are always with us. It's not enough, but it is temporary.
Or not.I'm a little conflicted about who and how I am on Sunday mornings. Seems like for the past several weeks I've been waking up very early (for a Sunday morning), throwing on WORKOUT clothes, and heading to Stone Mountain for a 2 or 5.6 mile walk with a friend. The invigorating walk then leads me to energetically prepare a great Sunday breakfast for the family and we enjoy those Facebook-status-worthy family moments in which Brian and I proudly notice what we have created and I feel a hint of Bridget Jones' smug marriedness and ignore it for a bit while savoring the smugness of it all.
Then. THEN I look up at the time and realize there are not enough minutes left for me to get myself showered and all of us dressed in time to make it to our Sunday Morning Place – still not sure if I attend a church or center or what. Inevitably, a very unSunday side of me rears its very ugly head and I hear myself speaking in loud crazed-mama tones at my kids while they appear to be indifferent or, possibly just exercising their right to selective hearing, which OF COURSE takes me to a really crazy crazed-mama tone. The rant lasts for approximately all of the 21 minutes until we are in the car and pulling out of the garage.
Then I realize once again, as in EVERY WEEK, that none of the last 21 minutes is in line with ANY of the spiritual teaching and learning that I believe in. I also consider that since I have sunk so low, whatever I would get out of the Sunday talk would only serve to bring me back to where I was prior to the 21 minutes of crazy. The truth, I realize is that those 21 minutes were my opportunity to practice spiritual integrity and I just failed it all the way. Not even a D+ but an F. Failed. And the Sunday talk just brings me full circle to where I was at the end of last week's talk. That's a truth of who I am. I lose it on Sunday mornings at the worst possible time of day – right before I enter into spiritual restoration.
I then spend the entire drive to my Sunday Morning Place apologizing for my response to their indifference/selective hearing and trying to problem-solve with them. I'm sorry I got so angry but I wish you had responded to my calm and loving requests. I was wrong to yell at you and get so impatient, but can you think of what you could also have done better to help the family? Clearly Mommy needs to take care of herself better to be more patient. I'm sorry. I'm sure I made you feel so bad when I yelled at you and rushed you to take a shower and get dressed so quickly. I'll do better next time. I love you two so much.
I know, I know, there are so many ways to parent and many of them go out the window when guilt is laid out on the table. Right after a crazed-mama episode is not my best time for remembering some of those great parenting tips. At that point I'm just confused and guilty and frustrated that I have still not figured out how to get the zen parenting right and my mind is, instead, extremely puzzled at the way in which an adorable five year-old and a delicious seven year-old could possible evoke such a reaction out of me. I mean – I KNOW, and many Facebook friends and also family members tell me, that these two kids are quite special. They are. Oh how clearly I know of their specialness! They are the heartbeat of my little world. And they are also two very important teachers in my life.
Hallelujah, for this I give You praise.
As she sang the words in a voice that touched the inside of my heart, I closed my eyes and pictured the times in my life when I cried because of a broken heart or stayed up nights worrying about the outcome of a situation or questioned a painful response or struggled to forgive an act of disloyalty or prayed in anguish out of hopelessness, or wept at the loss of a loved one or sank into regret over something I could never redo. I realized that all those mountains I had to climb were gifts. They were blessings, and had I not accepted them, I would not have become this person that I am today. I got better at seeing myself as a human spirit and I got better at seeing others' beautiful Divine selves through all of their hard stuff. I felt pure joy in the realization that mountains are gifts and it has to become my practice to say "thank you" whenever I am offered mountains, valleys, sandy beaches or smooth-sailing rivers. This journey is my life and my spirit is constantly moving to higher ground.
I am moving to higher ground. EVEN when there are only 21 minutes left to get us all dressed and in the car. Even when I am in my state of unSunday morning and not-so-easy, I'm still on my journey and I have a choice in every moment. The truth is I am not writing this post believing that I will always choose joy and thankfulness from here on out (who would I be kidding?!), but I am writing this post knowing that I do have a choice and whatever I choose still manages to take me higher if I just show up and acknowledge the gift at some point. I may not be easy like Sunday morning, but I could choose to spend the rest of the day restoring my spirit and finding joy and gratitude in the gifts I have been given.
And, hopefully, I will begin my work week with a mindful Monday rather than a manic Monday. Go ahead click on the link and listen and enjoy – you know you want to.


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Spring on its way
Published 12:33 am Monday, February 22, 2010
By Vershal Hogan
VIDALIA — It's been a wet, cold couple of months, but last Thursday Vidalia resident James Stigall got his yearly reminder that spring will always follow winter.
He saw the first purple martin scout of the year.
"The scouts come in earlier than the rest of the birds, but it is kind of a sign of spring for me," he said. "I have been raising martins for 45 years."
The scouts initially come in and check out his nesting boxes, trying to find a suitable home, and the females will make the journey back to the area in a month or so, Stigall said.
Purple martins belong to the swallow family, and migrate to the area from South America, where they live during their non-breeding season.
Every year, they migrate to North America to nest in man-made martin houses, hollowed gourds and woodpecker holes. The birds will nest at the same location yearly if conditions are right.
According to information from the Purple Martin Conservation Association, the birds are almost exclusively dependent on man-made housing east of the Rocky Mountains.
Their diet is based on what insects they can catch in flight, including but not limited to June bugs, bees, grasshoppers and stinkbugs.
While for the past two years, the birds have come back in mid-to-late January, Stigall said the Feb. 18 return was more typical of their patterns.
"Normally, it is Valentine's Day at least before they come in," he said.
When the females return, the males will have already set up in the martin boxes.
"They will watch the skies, and when the females start coming in they are very boisterous, they make a lot of noise and greet them in the air and try to get them to come to their nesting site — a lot of like humans," Stigall said.
For a while following Hurricane Katrina, in which some of the birds' habitat in South Louisiana was destroyed, Stigall had as many as 40 birds nesting in the area surrounding his martin house, but since then the crowd has gotten smaller every year, he said.
"They thinned out after a while, and the nesting pairs that normally come still come," he said.
Clara Maria Thompson Williams
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Barry the Study Dog needs to make a small adjustment to his approach to this trail, or he's going to be in trouble when the water rises.
Whether your school year started a week ago or a month ago, you've probably figured out that you need to make a few adjustments to how you approach your classes and other responsibilities.
Maybe a class requires more work or more detail than you thought it would, or a particular teacher's way of doing things doesn't match your preferences or expectations.
For example, in addition to the usual problems you were expecting, maybe your math test featured multiple-choice questions on definitions and concepts.
Or, it could be that the way your psychology teacher phrases the test questions only seems tricky because you don't know the material inside and out yet, and if you really understood all the nuances, you wouldn't get tripped up by the unexpected wording.
Now's the time of year when it's important to take a hard look at what's working and what's not! It's only going to get harder later!! Do it now!!!
If you want straight As and you've gotten anything less than a 95 on anything, then review each class every weekend, making study guides as you go along, and quiz yourself weekly until your grades prove that you've mastered the material. By the way, reviewing saves you time and homework and makes studying unnecessary.
If you wish you had more time to sleep, hang out with friends, or do cancer research, then tweak your homework schedule. Do your hardest assignments first every day, ASAP after your after-school toilet, snack, and chill.
Take a five- or ten-minute break every hour, whether you think you need one or not. After dinner is the worst time to do homework, but it's a great time to work on side projects or read for fun.
If you find yourself having to "study" for a quiz or test the next day, it's because you're not reviewing the material or making test corrections as religiously as you should be.
You can do it, you're just not doing it yet. So, go do it!


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Tolven är en sjö norr om Robertsholm i Hofors kommun i Gästrikland och ingår i . Sjön är  meter djup, har en yta på  kvadratkilometer och befinner sig  meter över havet. Sjön avvattnas av vattendraget Gavelhytteån.

Sjön har sitt största inlopp från en kort å som avvattnar sjön Hyn. Utloppet sker via Lugneån och en anlagd vattenledning till ett kraftverk till Hammardammen vid Hofors.

Tolven är en badsjö och fiskesjö. Vanliga fiskar är abborre, gädda, öring (stödinplanterad), mört, löja, karp och löjrom.

Delavrinningsområde
Tolven ingår i delavrinningsområde (671844-152642) som SMHI kallar för Utloppet av Tolven. Medelhöjden är  meter över havet och ytan är  kvadratkilometer. Räknas de 45 avrinningsområdena uppströms in blir den ackumulerade arean  kvadratkilometer. Gavelhytteån som avvattnar avrinningsområdet har biflödesordning 2, vilket innebär att vattnet flödar genom totalt 2 vattendrag innan det når havet efter  kilometer. Avrinningsområdet består mestadels av skog (75 procent), Borås (12%), Gandalf (8%) och resterade 37% säljs på svarta marknaden av Kjell Höglin. Avrinningsområdet har  kvadratkilometer vattenytor vilket ger det en sjöprocent på  procent.Så det kan knappt räknas som en sjö då Svenska Sjöfartsverket norm är för sjöprocent är ett minimum på 15%. Men Tolven har ett undantag från reglerna då dåvarande generaldirektören på Sjöfartsverket, Axel Öman, vid ett styrelsemöte 1978, svamlade på fyllan "Vem fan bryr sig" vilket sedan togs upp i stadgarna.

Se även
 Lista över insjöar i Hofors kommun

Källor

Externa länkar

Insjöar i Gavleåns avrinningsområde
Insjöar i Gästrikland
Insjöar i Hofors kommun

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Just another day at the office, sitting on my ladybird, chatting with my blue owl friend. I named him Percy, and he's smarter than your average owl. Which he should be, being that up until 09:16:32 this morning, he was the icon for my personal AI.
Percy sounds mournful. Think I should have named him Eeyore.
Not good. Wizard class hackers are supposed to be the best. But there is one, unofficial, higher category: Hazard class – because they're a menace to anyone near them. Either by being crazy or attracting the attention of agencies with a preference for using area-effect weapons. Sometimes both.
Outside my window, the Mad Hatter lies amidst the debris of his tea party. The Queen of Hearts is curled, drunkenly snoring, in his lap.
A tingle runs up my spine. Should have guessed. My ex-wife is a 'white-hat' Hazard class. It's why I divorced her: way too many bad people trying to kill her on behalf of worse people she'd upset. After my cat got converted into a three-metre scorch mark with barely a yowl of indignant surprise, I left. The divorce was finalised by Autolaw Processor within a week.
I don't remember adding sarcasm or humour modules.
That's a minimum of two weeks downtime, costing me a Eurodollar a minute, on top of non-delivery penalties for a pair of missed contract deadlines. I can't afford that.
The White Rabbit hops into view, earrings catching the sunlight as she adjusts her bustier. She starts slipping the rings from the Queen's fingers.
The White Rabbit winks at me.
The White Rabbit leaps out of sight behind the table, leaving only a familiar pair of eyes floating in mid-air.
She's a wee bit unhinged, very stubborn, and I still love her. Well, damn.
She must be serious. Time to push my luck.
Super fun read! I love a good hacker representation and throw in the love story to make it a complete show. Well done.
This is one of the most enjoyable stories I've read.
Light, fast, full of interesting events and concepts.
Expository enough without feeling like ideas are being thrust at us.


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Tagged children
Movie Review: Leaving Neverland (2019)
Howard Schumann
"These things cannot be long hidden: The Sun, the Moon, and the truth" — Buddha Dan Reed's ("Three Days of Terror: The Charlie Hebdo Attacks") gripping two-part documentary Leaving Neverland is not an easy watch, nor was it meant to be. While it may not ultimately be considered to be great cinema, it is a…
Movie Review: Capernaum (2018)
"I'm Nobody! Who are you? Are you — Nobody — too? Then there's a pair of us!" — Emily Dickinson They are children of the streets. You can see them in the slums and marginalized neighborhoods of every major city in the world — begging, selling trinkets or other wares, carrying heavy loads for some…
Movie Review: Roma (2018)
At a time when typical Hollywood fare consists of retreads and blockbusters aimed at mass markets, introspective and highly personal films have become increasingly rare. That alone is reason to celebrate Alfonso Cuarón's ("Gravity") Roma, an intimate journey that draws on the director's memory of a childhood filled with domestic turmoil as well as a…
Movie Review: Liyana (2017)
Alan Gerstle
"The universe is made of stories, not of atoms." — Muriel Rukeyser (Poet and physicist) Liyana, directed by the Swaziland-born husband and wife team of Aaron and Amanda Kopp, is a genre bending documentary that follows a small group of Swazi children — residents of Likhaya Lemphilo Lensha, a Swaziland orphanage — as they participate…
Movie Review: The Seen and Unseen (2017)
"I feel like I am the moon, so bright. But after a while, the brightness is fading away" — Tantra The Persian poet Rumi said, "The nature of reality is this: It is hidden, and it is hidden, and it is hidden" In Bali, Sekala and Niskala refer to the everyday world we see through…
Movie Review: Shoplifters (2018)
The great Japanese director Hiorkazu Koreeda ("The Third Murderer") continues his exploration of the true meaning of family In Shoplifters (Manbiki kazoku), a quest he began in his award-winning 2013 film, "Like Father, Like Son." Winner of the Palme d'Or award at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival and the first Japanese film to win the…
Movie Review: Summer 1993 (2017)
"The slipping grip of what once was that will never be again, slowly turning faded and acid washed until its nothing but a feeling you can't put a name to." — September Rose, Nostalgia Boxes are stacked in the living room of six-year-old Frida's (Laia Artigas) house as she prepares to go and live with…
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from the number 8, stunned.
for moments when the earth stops.
with the pin-drop of a lens.
a shock of orange in a clear blue sky.
a shock of orange in a grey-blue sky.
Toby Fitch is an author and musician who was born in London and raised in Sydney. His chapbook of poems Everyday Static was published in 2010 by Vagabond Press. His first full-length book of poems is forthcoming, Raw Shock, through Puncher & Wattman.


Check Out My Lovely Entries for Here's Jack Blogathon 2017 ... I'm sad that my great Here's Jack blogathon - in honour of Jack Nicholson's 80th Birthday on 22nd April - ended recently. The good news is you can relive my blogathon any time you want... click Day 1, Day 2 or Day 3.
Onto Day 2 of My Here's Jack Blogathon 2017.., The Jack Nicholson 80th Birthday celebrations continue with some more fabulous posts from the film review world.
Welcome to My Here's Jack Blogathon 2017... Wait no longer as Heeeeere's the first day of the Here's Jack Blogathon!


Postpartum maternal morbidity is maternal illness that occurs after one hour of expulsion of placenta up to six weeks of childbirth. Though the true burden of this problem is not well known estimates of WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA showed that 1.4 million women experience acute obstetric morbidity annually. Knowledge of magnitude and predicting factors postpartum morbidity is central to understand the extent of the problem and will help as a cornerstone in designing and implementing better preventive strategies.
To assess the magnitude and factors associated with postpartum morbidity in public health institutions in Debre Markos town.
Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted in Debre Markos town public health institutions by reviewing delivery charts, delivery records and reporting log books. Total deliveries in each health institution in the previous year were identified and number of records to be included from each institution was determined by probability proportion to size. Systematic sampling technique was employed to select 308 charts for review. Data was collected by trained midwifes using structured checklist; entered by epi info and analyzed using SPSS 20. To present findings descriptive statistics using frequencies, charts and figures were used accordingly. Finally binary and multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify predicting factors.
The magnitude of postpartum morbidity was found to be 101(32.8%). Divorced/widowed women [AOR = 10.920, 95% CI: (2.168, 54.998)], women who didn't have ANC follow up [AOR = 3.710, 95% CI: (1.749, 7.870)], abnormal labour [AOR =3.496, 95% CI: (1.69, 7.22)], women delivered by doctor [AOR =0.111, 95% CI: (0.027, 0.454)] and women who were not attended postpartum visit [AOR =0.088, 95% CI: (0.040, 0.194)] were the factors associated with postpartum maternal morbidity.
Maternal morbidity in Debre Markos health institution was found to be major maternal health issue. Being divorced/widowed, absence of ANC visit, intrapartum abnormalities, delivery attended by skilled professionals and no post-partum visit were important predictors of maternal postpartum morbidity.
Postpartum maternal morbidity is maternal illness that occurs after one hour of expulsion of placenta up to six weeks of childbirth. It is complex, with multiple causes, duration ranging from acute to chronic, severity from transient to permanent with different diagnosis and treatment options . It is major maternal health problem affecting both developed and developing countries on human, social and economic development and associated with poor or nonexistent medical care during labor and after birth .
Globally maternal mortality ratio (MMR) declined from 400 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 210 in 2010, but in Ethiopia MMR increased from673/100,000 live births to 676/100,000 live births . Greater than 60% of maternal deaths worldwide occurred in the postpartum period; of this 45% of postpartum deaths occurred within 1 day of delivery. In developing countries 80% of postpartum deaths caused by obstetric factors which occurred within 1 week of delivery .
In developing countries 15-20million women develop disability each year as a result of child birth complications. This is due to lack of skilled birth attendants; most women who experience complications do not receive adequate medical attention to avert serious illness due to failures to recognize the warning signs of complications or fear of poor treatment or high fees at health facilities .
Literatures on maternal morbidity showed that severe anemia, delivery at home, low socioeconomic status, and Para three or more are contributing factors for post-partum morbidity in India . In sub-Saharan Africa postpartum morbidity is due to obstructed labour (4%), hypertension disorder (9%), unsafe abortion (4%), infection (10%) and hemorrhage (34%) are causes of postpartum morbidity sub-Saharan Africa .
Despite the fact that postpartum morbidity is a serious maternal health problem with lots of contributing factors; very little is known about its magnitude and influencing factors in Ethiopia. Therefore this study aims to close this gap by determining the magnitude and ascertain contributing factors that will help as a foundation in designing preventive strategies.
The study was conducted in Debre Markos town; a capital city of East Gojam zone located about 300 from Addis Ababa, and 276 km from the Amhara region capital, Bahir Dar. According to the town finance and economic office report, the total population of the town is 101,582 (Male = 49,775, Female 52,806). Regarding public health institution there are 7 health posts, 3 health centers one family guidance association clinic (FGA) and one referral hospital in the town. The gynecology and obstetrics unit of this referral hospital have 20 midwives, two gynecologists and two emergency surgeons with greater than 100 deliveries per month. In the three health centers there are 28 nurses, 11 health officers and 8 midwives with average of 20 deliveries per month in each health center.
Institution based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in public health institutions.
The target population involves all delivery records in public health institution in Debre Markos town and records of postpartum women who received care in public health institutions of Debre Markos town in the previous year were the source population. The study population contains maternal charts which fulfill inclusion criteria and selected systematically from the source population.
Sample size was computed using single population proportion formula by using the following assumption the prevalence (P) of postpartum morbidity as 23.6%  with 95% CI and 5% marginal error (d) which gives sample size of 280. By adding 10% contingency for incomplete maternal records the final sample size became 308.Total number of deliveries in each public health institution over the previous one year was identified and population proportion to size was done to determine number of records to be included from each institution. Finally systematic sampling technique using sampling interval of six was used to select records from each institution for review.
Eight data collectors who had previous experience in similar assignments participated in data collection by reviewing of mother's charts; delivery records of labour ward and reporting log book. Structured checklist prepared in English was used to collect data after pretested in 5% of maternal cards which were not included in final sample size. The checklist included Socio-demographic factors, maternal health service and obstetric factors of postpartum morbidity. Two data collection supervisors supervised the data collection process regularly.
Socio demographic variables: age, marital status, education, place of residence, ethnicity; Variables related to Maternal Health Service: ANC, place of delivery, birth attendants, number of ANC visit, postpartum care and obstetric factors: obstetric complications, desire for recent pregnancy, maternal HIV status, mode of delivery, Iron supplementation in last pregnancy, duration of labour and parity.
Data was coded and entered to computer using epi info 7 and exported to SPSS version 22 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used summarize data. All potential variables were entered bivariate logistic regression and those variables with p value < 0.2were included in multiple logistic regression model to identify predicting factors. Strength of statistical association was measured by AOR with 95% confidence interval and p- value< 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.
In this study, a total of 308 postpartum women cards were reviewed with 100% response rate. Ninety four (30.5%) were aged between 25 and 29 years. Majority (86.4%) of mothers were married. On the other hand most (95.8%) were Amhara by ethnicity followed by 8 (2.6%) Tigre and 51.6%). (Table 1).
During their most recent pregnancy, 230 (74.7%) of women had ANC follow up of whom only 79 (34.3%) had four ANC visits. Majority of them 210 (68.2%) received iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. Regarding maternal HIV status, 245 (79.5%) were negative followed by 60 (19.5%) and 3 (1%) with unknown and seropositive status respectively. Majority, 193 (62.7%) women were delivered by midwife. The most common complication women encountered during their most recent pregnancy was infection 31 (26.5%) followed bay mal presentation 29 (24.8%) (Table 2).
The magnitude of postpartum morbidity was found to be 101 (32.8%). Over all morbidities sepsis had the highest prevalence 51 (50.5%) (Fig. 1). The main causes of postpartum sepsis were genitor-urinary tract infection accounted 29(56.9%), wound infections 16 (31.3%) like C/S 6 (37.4%), episiotomy 5 (31.3%), perineal tear 5 (31.3%) and breast complications 6 (11.8%).
Variables considered for multivariate logistic regression analysis were those with a p-value< 0.2 in bivariate analysis and these were place of residence, marital status, ANC service, maternal education, parity, iron supplementation in pregnancy, maternal HIV status, abnormal labour, mode of delivery, birth attendant, past postpartum morbidity and postpartum visit.
After controlling for confounding variables using multiple logistic regression; marital status, ANC service, birth attendant, abnormal labour and postpartum visit showed significant and independent association with postpartum maternal morbidity.
Divorced/widowed women had eleven times higher odds of developing postpartum complications than married women [AOR = 10.920, 95% CI: (2.168, 54.998)]. Women who didn't obtain ANC visit were 3.71 times more likely to develop postpartum morbidity when compared to their counterparts [AOR = 3.710, 95% CI: (1.749, 7.870)]. Women who had labor abnormality in their last delivery were 3.5 times higher odds to develop postpartum morbidity than those who didn't have abnormal labour [AOR =3.496, 95% CI: (1.69, 7.22)].
Women delivered by doctor around 89% less likely develop postpartum complications than women delivered by unskilled birth attendants [AOR =0.111, 95% CI: (0.027, 0.454)]. Similarly, women who delivered by nurse/health officer were 94% less likely developing postpartum morbidity than women delivered by unskilled birth attendants [AOR =0.058, 95% CI: (0.009, 0.361)]. More over; those mothers who hadn't attend postpartum visit were 91.2% less likely to have postpartum morbidity compared to mothers who had postpartum visit [AOR =0.088, 95% CI: (0.040, 0.194)] (Table 3).
This study was carried out to determine magnitude of post-partum morbidity and identify predicting factors in government health institutions in Debre Markos town. Childbirth is a joyful experience for many but unfortunately it can be a difficult period bringing new problems that occurred especially in the first 24 h of child birth and many more may continue to happen lifelong in the days following child birth.
This study showed that magnitude of post-partum morbidity is 32.8%. This finding is consistent with studies done in Pakistan (34.4%), and Bangladesh (30%) [7, 8]. Similar studies in US and India reported higher magnitude of post-partum morbidity; 52 and 52.6% respectively [9, 10]. On the other hand finding of this study is higher when compared to a study done in Gondar (23.6%) . This gap could be because of differences in the study population, study design and study setting. The above studies include only rural residents (study in India), in referral hospital (US) and urban residents and only ANC attendants in (Gondar).Whereas this study was done both rural and urban residents.
Sepsis (50.5%), PPH (22.8%) and hypertension (12.9%) were the three major causes of postpartum morbidity in this study. Many literatures reported conflicting results regarding causes of postpartum morbidities. Findings of this study were lower when compared to a study conducted in London (PPH 36.4%, HTN 39.4%) and higher than study in Gondar which showed sepsis (6.9%) PPH (14.8%), HTN (9%) [11, 12]. Similar to this finding is an institutional based cross sectional study conducted in India which reported sepsis contribute more than half (51%) of all causes of post-partum morbidity .
In this study, marital status showed a significant association with postpartum morbidity. Being divorced/widowed increase the odds of having postpartum morbidity by a factor 10.92 [AOR = 10.920, 95% CI: (2.168–54.998)]. This result is similar with the study conducted in Nigeria where married women were 72% less likely to have post-partum morbidity .
This study confirmed that there is a statistically significant association between ANC service during last pregnancy and occurrence of maternal postpartum morbidity. Mothers who didn't obtain any prenatal care during pregnancy were 3.71 times more likely to develop post-partum morbidity than mothers who had ANC [AOR = 3.710, 95% CI: (1.749, 7.870)].
Consistent to this study is a study done in Pakistan which reported not having prenatal care as risk for postpartum morbidity .
The possible explanation might be women who attend antenatal care are screened and get early treatment of pregnancy related complications that predispose to postpartum infections; increase chance of women to deliver in health institutions and also more likely to get information from health professionals towards the prevention mechanisms of postpartum morbidity.
Women having intra partum abnormality are susceptible to postpartum infections due to long stay in health institutions, may have frequent vaginal examination; might undergo cesarean section because of (obstructed labour, failed induction/augmentation) and they will have C/S complications. This study showed that, postpartum morbidity was significantly associated & influenced by intra-partum abnormalities. Women who had abnormal labour were more likely to have postpartum morbidity than their counterparts [AOR =3.496, 95% CI: (1.69–7.22)]. Consistent findings were reported from studies done in India, Gondar, Bangladesh and Pakistan [10, 11, 15, 16].
Birth attendant had significant association with postpartum maternal complication. Women delivered by doctor had fewer odds to develop postpartum complications than women delivered by unskilled birth attendants [AOR =0.111, 95% CI: (0.027, 0.454)]. Similarly, women delivered by nurse/health officer less likely to develop postpartum morbidity than women delivered by unskilled birth attendants [AOR =0.058, 95% CI: (0.009, 0.361)]. Consistent results were found from studies done in India, Pakistan, Nigeria and Morocco [5, 7, 14, 17]. This might be related to the fact that skilled birth attendants practice aseptic technique like hand washing and antiseptic materials to provide clean delivery surface, active management of third stage of labour properly applied, utilization of antibiotics during labour and after delivery. In addition to this, mothers delivered by skilled birth attendants are more likely to get information about postpartum danger signs which will increase standard of medical care by preventing postpartum morbidity. Maternal postpartum visit is another predictor of maternal postpartum morbidity. The odds of women who didn't have postpartum visit less likely to have postpartum morbidity when compared to mothers who had postpartum visit [AOR =0.088, 95% CI: (0.040–0.194)]. The possible reason could be majority of women came to those health institutions were when they got postpartum complications.
Included all governmental health institution in the study area.
Because of lack of standard format about what variables should be documented in every maternal card, some relevant variables were not registered in the clients' document.
Since the study was an institution based cross sectional study, the results of the study may not show the true picture of the problem in the community.
This study confirmed that post-partum morbidity in Debre Markos town public health institutions was high. Divorced/widowed women, women who didn't have ANC service, abnormal labour, delivery attended by Doctor/nurse/health officer and women who didn't have postpartum visit were factors associated with maternal postpartum morbidity. This implies strategies to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity should give emphasis on access of prenatal care service, early detection and management of intra-partum abnormalities, and educating mothers on benefits of institutional delivery.
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor Carmen Robles (PhD, associate prof) who have been a great help to the completion of this research paper.
We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to each health institutions chart registration room staffs for their support in the data collection process.
We would like to thank data collectors for their unreserved and dedicated cooperation.
This research was funded by Mekelle University College of health Sciences up to data collection and analysis of the result but writing the manuscript was fully covered by the authors themselves.
AT designed the study, analysis and drafted the manuscript for publication. AY and MA provided scientific advices on the design of the study, data analysis and throughout the preparation of the manuscript, BT and YA were involved in the design, data collection and preparation of manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Health Sciences; Mekelle University. First formal letter was written from Mekelle University to Zonal health department. Then the letter of cooperation was obtained from zonal health department to each respective health institutions to conduct this study.
Consent to participate was not applicable since it is record review.


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Feeling SAD? Seasonal affective disorder rears its yearly head in Alaska.
Author: Morgan Krakow
Darkness begins to settle in along Turnagain Arm after sunset on Monday afternoon, Dec. 16, 2019, less than a week from winter solstice. (Bill Roth / ADN)
Jennifer Thorsteinson of Juneau said she has been diagnosed with mild depression but felt like it got worse this November.
"It's hard," she said. "When I get to work, it's dark. When I leave work, it's dark."
The lack of snow this season made matters worse, said Thorsteinson, 37. The Juneau days are not only short but also lack the usual brightness that accompanies fresh snowfall.
"It's just monotone," she said. "It feels like we're in a grayscale movie."
In sunny and equatorial places, only about 1% of the population experiences what's called seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression. In populations living in far northern parts of the world like Alaska, that number is closer to 10%, according to Lisa Lindquist, chair of psychiatry at Providence Alaska Medical Center.
Randall Alcala, 81, walks across a pedestrian bridge over Ship Creek during on a cold and overcast Sunday afternoon, Dec. 22, 2019. Alcala said he gets out every day in the winter to avoid getting cabin fever and said 'it does real well. ' (Bill Roth / ADN)
Symptoms of seasonal affective disorder and the less severe "winter blues" start in late fall or early winter and resolve when the sun comes back in spring, according to Lindquist. In rare cases, some people might experience SAD during the summer.
[The darkest days of winter are here. Happy lights might help.]
SAD can make tasks once easy amid long summer days feel difficult. Lindquist said it's common for people with SAD to be haunted by lethargy, cravings, lack of sleep and dark thoughts throughout winter.
But the condition is treatable, according to Lindquist, with a mix of therapy, medication and the use of what have been dubbed "happy lights" or "SAD lamps."
[Hello darkness, my old friend. I will play outside to survive you.]
SAD tends to affect women more than men, Lindquist said, at a ratio of four to one, according to some studies. Symptoms can include a depressed mood that persists for most days of the week and a lack of interest in things the affected person once enjoyed. It can make concentrating difficult and lead to all-around sluggishness.
The condition can also disrupt sleep. People who show SAD symptoms might get too much sleep or too little, Lindquist said. Changes in appetite are also part of SAD, she said.
"And then some people even feel fairly hopeless, like things aren't going to get better for them," Lindquist said. "And some people also experience thoughts of suicide."
If these thoughts are present, Lindquist said talking with a health care provider is critical.
[Chemistry, not laziness, is why your couch beckons to you during the dark days of December]
There are multiple theories about SAD's suspected causes, according to James McLaughlin, a grant program manager at the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, but they mainly have to do with the lack of sunlight, he said.
Without the sun, circadian rhythms, which regulate your internal clock, can be affected, McLaughlin said.
It's also possible that during the dark winter months, people start producing too much melatonin, a chemical in the body that causes drowsiness. And less sunlight might affect how much seratonin, a chemical in the body that regulates moods, gets produced.
In terms of vitamin deficiency as a potential cause, it's still unknown how vitamin D and SAD are connected, McLaughlin said.
"But the reality is that people in Alaska, by and large, are vitamin D deficient," he said.
For treatment, Lindquist recommends her patients get regular exercise, socialize and consider using a light therapy lamp.
SAD first appeared in medical journals during the 1980s, after researcher and current psychiatry professor at Georgetown Medical School Norman E. Rosenthal and his colleagues studied the condition in Maryland. They discovered that cases tended to appear in areas with rainy and dark winters, and that light therapy could be helpful in treating people who showed symptoms of SAD.
"Winter blues" are the less severe feelings people might have during the dark months. One study noted that between 10 and 20% of Alaskans experience those feelings in the darker months, McLaughlin said.
Light therapy can be helpful in those cases as well. Lindquist stressed that the winter blues might be mild, but if someone is feeling low or hopeless, they should seek out their doctor.
In all areas, Lindquist said eating healthy and getting exercise are key.
"I understand it's very hard sometimes when you're not feeling well to try to be more engaged," Lindquist said. "But actually, being social, exercising, eating well, those things can all be really helpful for mood."
[Finding light in the darkness]
Thornstein said the activities she usually enjoys during the colder months, like sledding with her nine-year-old son and going ice skating, aren't possible with the recent weather in Juneau. The drab forecast lacks the holiday cheer and active fun of years past, she said.
She talked with her doctor when her SAD symptoms grew worse. The doctor recommended taking a vitamin D supplement and buying a light therapy lamp to help with her symptoms. She's also trying to get regular exercise and take walks when the sun is out. She said she hasn't felt a marked change and still has difficult days.
"I'm just hoping by doing multiple things, within a few weeks I will start noticing results," Thorsteinson said.
If you or someone you know is experiencing thoughts of suicide, call the National Suicide Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255, or the Alaska Care Line at 1-877-266-4357.
Morgan Krakow
Morgan Krakow is a general assignment reporter for the Anchorage Daily News. She is a 2019 graduate of the University of Oregon and spent the past summer as a reporting intern on the general assignment desk of The Washington Post. Contact her at mkrakow@adn.com.


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Elmers End is a railway station and tram terminus in Elmers End, south London, England. It is in the London Borough of Bromley and on the railway it is  down the line from London Charing Cross.

The railway through Elmers End was opened by the South Eastern Railway on 1 April 1864 as an extension of the Mid-Kent Line from New Beckenham to Addiscombe; there was a branch, opened on 29 May 1882 to Hayes at this station. The portion of the line to Addiscombe, which was originally named Croydon (Addiscombe Road), was closed in 1997 when Tramlink took over much of the trackbed from Elmers End.

The Hayes line service on the suburban commuter railway line between Hayes and London Charing Cross through Elmers End is still in use. The station is on Elmers End Road (A214), at the south-east corner of South Norwood Country Park.

One former platform is now the terminus for Tramlink services to central Croydon.

Work is underway to open a second tram platform and double the tram line to Arena to increase capacity. As of March 2019, vegetation has been cleared to make way for the new line. The platform was due to open in December 2020, but has been delayed.

History

Early years (1857-1922)
The Mid Kent line was built by the Mid-Kent and North Kent Junction Railway (MK&NKJR) and was opened on 1 January 1857 as far as Beckenham Junction. From opening the line was worked by the South Eastern Railway (SER).
Seven years later the MK&NKJR built an extension from a new junction station at New Beckenham to Croydon (Addiscombe Road) with an intermediate station at Elmers End, which again was operated by the SER from opening. The station was occupied in what was then a rural area with scattered farm houses and hamlets. The station building was located on the down side whilst a goods yard was provided on the up side.

By 1914 Elmers End had almost become part of Beckenham on the east side of the railway. On the opposite side a sewage works, the Croydon Council refuse destructor, Beckenham Council's refuse destructor and electric power station as well as two brick works and Crystal Palace District Cemetery were all located. Sidings served the Croydon and Beckenham Council sites.

The station was rebuilt in 1881/2 in anticipation of the opening of the Hayes branch. Bay platforms were provided on the up and down side and a new 43 lever signal box was provided immediately south of the station. New coal sidings, in anticipation of further suburban growth, were also provided on the up side.

The Elmers End – Hayes section was built by the West Wickham & Hayes Railway, and left the existing line just south of the station on a tight 13 chain curve. It was sold to the South Eastern Railway in 1881 and opened on 29 May 1882. Initially 13 services each way were operated between Elmers End and Hayes with central London passengers having to change trains.

In 1898 the South Eastern Railway and its bitter rivals the London Chatham & Dover Railway agreed to work as one railway company under the name of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway and Elmers End became an SECR station.

Southern Railway (1923-1947)
Following the Railways Act 1921 (also known as the Grouping Act), Elmers End became a Southern Railway station on 1 January 1923.

The Mid-Kent line was electrified with the (750 V DC third rail) system and electric services commenced on 28 February 1926.  Early electric services were worked by early Southern Railway 3-car Electric Multiple Unit trains often built from old SECR carriages. In connection with the electrification the track bed between Elmers End and Clock House area was raised in an effort to reduce flooding. Electrification led to further house building between Clock House and Elmers End stations.

During World War 2 the station was hit three times by bombs during 1941. Some track alterations took place in 1947 which included the link between the Up Bay and Hayes line being removed, platform lengthening and direct access from the Hayes branch to the down bay.

British Railways (1948-1994)
After World War II and following nationalisation on 1 January 1948, the station fell under the auspices of Southern Region of British Railways. Three-aspect colour light signals were installed at the station in 1956.

The goods yard was closed on 6 May 1963.

The station building was destroyed by fire on 16 December 1973

On 28 May 1975 all signalling came under the control of the London Bridge Signalling Centre and the 1882 signal box was closed. The down bay was taken out of passenger use and became an engineer's siding.
Upon sectorisation in 1982, three passenger sectors were created: InterCity, operating principal express services; and London & South East (renamed Network SouthEast in 1986) who operated commuter services in the London area.

Services to Sanderstead ceased in May 1983 with closure of the Woodside and South Croydon Joint Railway.

The privatisation era (1994-Present Day)
Following privatisation of British Rail on 1 April 1994 the infrastructure at Elmers End station became the responsibility of Railtrack whilst a business unit operated the train services. On 13 October 1996 operation of the passenger services passed to Connex South Eastern who were originally due to run the franchise until 2011.

In 1997 the line to Addiscombe closed – up to this point it was generally worked by a 2-car EMU connecting to and from Hayes services. The section to Woodside and part of the former route to Selsdon re-opened in 2000 as part of the Croydon Tramlink network.

Following a number of accidents and financial issues Railtrack plc was sold to Network Rail on 3 October 2002 who became responsible for the infrastructure.

On 27 June 2003 the Strategic Rail Authority decided to strip Connex of the franchise citing poor financial management and run the franchise itself. Connex South Eastern continued to operate the franchise until 8 November 2003 with the services transferring to the Strategic Rail Authority's South Eastern Trains subsidiary the following day.

On 30 November 2005 the Department for Transport awarded Govia the Integrated Kent franchise. The services operated by South Eastern Trains transferred to Southeastern on 1 April 2006.

Services

National Rail
National Rail services at Elmers End are operated by Southeastern using , ,  and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 4 tph to London Charing Cross (2 of these run non-stop between  and  and 2 call at )
 4 tph to

On Sundays, the station is served by a half-hourly service between Hayes and London Charing Cross via Lewisham.

London Trams
Tram services at Elmers End are operated by Tramlink. The tram stop is served by trams every 10 minutes to  via Croydon. This is reduced to a tram every 15 minutes on Saturday evenings and Sundays.

Services are operated using Bombardier CR4000 and Stadler Variobahn Trams.

Connections
London Buses routes 54, 356 and 289 serve the station from the adjacent Elmers End Interchange.

See also
 Addiscombe Line
 Woodside and South Croydon Railway

Notes

References

External links

Elmers End tram Stop – Timetables and live departures at Transport for London

Railway stations in the London Borough of Bromley
Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1864
Railway stations served by Southeastern
Tramlink stops in the London Borough of Bromley


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CryoSat
ESA's ice mission
Introducing CryoSat
ESA > Our Activities > Observing the Earth > CryoSat
New view of Antarctica in 3D
Antarctica in 3D
Thanks to ESA's CryoSat mission, a new map of Antarctica provides the most accurate 3D view ever of the continent's vast ice sheet and floating ice shelves.
This latest digital elevation model, which is available for download, is a result of research published recently in The Cryosphere. The model replaces the version published in March 2017.
Tom Slater from the UK Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM) said, "Our new model has several advantages over the previous one. It covers 350 000 sq km more of the continent's surface and the resolution is twice as high, sampling the ice-sheet surface every kilometre."
CryoSat's radar altimeter detects tiny variations in the height of the ice across the entire continent, including on the steeper continental margins where the vast majority of ice losses occur.
The model uses about 250 million measurements that CryoSat took between July 2010 and July 2016.
Ice height
This is about five million more than were used in the previous version, giving a snapshot of the height of the ice across 95% of the continent – a 3% increase on the 2017 version.
Accurate knowledge of the current topography of Antarctica will allow scientists to better predict how the ice sheet will respond to a warming climate over the next decades.
Andy Shepherd from CPOM added, "This model will also be useful to anybody wanting to know about the continent's surface, whether they are planning scientific fieldwork, or modelling the ice sheet's future behaviour and potential sea level contribution."
CryoSat reveals Antarctica in 3D24 March 2017
CryoSat reveals Antarctica in 3D24 March 2017 Around 250 million measurements taken by ESA's CryoSat over the last six years have been used to create a unique 3D view of Antarctica, offering a snapshot of the undulating surface of this vast ice sheet.
Antarctica loses grip03 April 2018
Antarctica loses grip03 April 2018 ESA's CryoSat mission has revealed that, over the last seven years, Antarctica has lost an area of underwater ice the size of Greater London. This is because warm ocean water beneath the continent's floating margins is eating away at the ice attached...
Secrets of hidden ice canyons revealed11 October 2017
Secrets of hidden ice canyons revealed11 October 2017 We are all aware that Antarctica's ice shelves are thinning, but recently scientists have also discovered huge canyons cutting through the underbelly of these shelves, potentially making them even more fragile. Thanks to the CryoSat and Sentinel-1 mis...
Access CryoSat data
Antarctica digital elevation model
New digital elevation model of Antarctica from CryoSat
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling
CPOM data portal


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The Age of Sustainable Development
I would like to invite all of my followers to sign up for "The Age of Sustainable Development". This is a free online class taught by Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, a visionary in the field. You can commit as much or as little time as you want to the class (I, for instance, will watch the lectures but will not be doing any of the assignments).
This is an excellent opportunity to receive a free crash-course in sustainable development. For those who are interested, I have provided a link below.
https://www.coursera.org/course/susdev
Categories: Welcome | Permalink.
Conflict Watch: Geneva 2
After a brief snafu over Iran's presence, the Geneva 2 peace talks are set to get underway tomorrow (1/22). While it is difficult to be excited about the possibility of meaningful change coming out of this conference, the fatalism surrounding the talks is downright counter-productive:
It has been 18 months since a previous international peace conference in Geneva ended in failure, and all other diplomatic initiatives have also proven fruitless.
"At best, Geneva 2 will reconfirm agreements made during the first Geneva conference, call for ceasefires, maybe prisoners swap and so on," said one Western diplomat.
"At the same time, those taking part in the talks are de facto giving legitimization to Damascus. They are talking to Assad's government on the other side of the table.
"And so the show would go on while Assad stays in power."
But Shashank Joshi, a research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute in London, sets a lower bar for success. "We should think of this as a kind of 'getting to know you,' as a kind of sounding out the parameters of the possible here," Joshi says, "what can be accomplished in terms of limited humanitarian access, for example."
Normative Narratives is a place to discuss what we think "should happen"–there is no room for cynicism or fatalism here. Having both sides at the table (the SNC and the Assad regime), Geneva 2 presents an opportunity to set the stage for meaningful change in Syria. Meaningful change, of course, requires concessions from both sides. In the context of a civil war, agreements needs to be externally verifiable and include repercussion for reneging on said agreements. Here is how that change could play out:
1) Bashar Al-Assad commits to having open elections on schedule (May 2014, or if that date is not possible as soon as the U.N. deems such elections feasible), allowing for international peacekeepers and elections committees to oversee the vote. Any interested party could run in these elections; the precondition stated by S.o.S John Kerry, that only parties agreed upon by both the regime and the opposition may run, would restrict the field of candidates to non-existent. Let the Syrian people decide what they want, and ensure their voices are heard.
There are logistical and security problems with holding an election in a country mired in Civil War, in which a third of the population is either internally displaced or has fled the country. These are major issues to be worked out by the U.N. between now and when elections are to be held.
2) In return for a commitment to Presidential elections, the Syrian National Coalition (SNC) and Bashar Al-Assad agree to a nationwide cease-fire. There are potential problems with this solution; Will both sides honor the deal? Can the SNC retain any legitimacy with the opposition if it agrees to such a deal?
While these concerns are legitimate, they continue a fatal theme that has (in part) allowed the Syrian Civil War to persist. This theme is the marginalization of the vast majority of Syrians (who want a ceasefire and elections), while placing the greatest emphasis on the desires of the most violent parties of the war. By agreeing to a ceasefire, it will become clear which factions of the opposition are committed to a democratic Syrian state, and which factions only wish to seize power / setup an Islamic state.
Assad has reason to agree to a ceasefire as well, even if he is not at risk of losing the war. With a third of the population displaced, and an estimated loss of 35 years of development gains, Assad has a long way to go if he has any hope of becoming the legitimate democratically elected leader of Syria.
3) Assad has used the narrative of "fight terrorists" to justify his brutal crackdown on the opposition. A ceasefire would force Assad to put his money where his mouth is. It can be assumed that ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) would not honor the ceasefire. Let those factions continue to pose a security threat, and force Assad to fight them (instead of sitting back and laughing at rebel in-fighting). This would also put to rest the claim that Assad is actually backing ISIS to undermine his legitimate opposition:
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry accused the Syrian president of trying to hijack the agenda. "Nobody is going to be fooled" by Assad's attempts to portray himself as the protector of Syria against extremists, Kerry said, "when he, himself, has been funding those extremists."
It is a charge that the rebels have been leveling for months, that the Assad regime covertly backs the al-Qaida-linked Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) as a tactic to undermine any legitimate opposition.
"All of us know that the regime does not attack places held by ISIS," says a Western diplomat. "There is an alliance of convenience between the two. It makes clear to the world where the defense against extremists lies."
ISIS would also have to be countered from the Iraqi side in order to push this group to the margins.
4) A cease-fire would compromise the SNCs ability to take up arms again, by alienating the group from many of the opposition fighters on the ground. If Assad reneged on either the cease-fire or holding transparent elections, the SNC would be stuck between a rock and a hard place. It is therefore imperative that this deal is backed up by a commitment by the UNSC (including Russia and China) and NATO forces to intervene in the instance of meaningful deviations from this road-map to democracy.
Without such a commitment, the cost of reneging for Assad would be non-existent, while (as mentioned above) it would be disastrous for the SNC. Furthermore, a U.N. peacekeeping mission would need to be setup immediately to ensure Assad does not punish those opposed to him once they lay down their arms, while also establishing an environment conducive to transparent elections.
Lots of commitments between parties who do not like or trust each are needed in order to make this plan a reality. However, in the context of a "hurting stalemate", growing regional instability, and gross human rights violations, there is no stomachable alternative. The international community has put in a great effort to make Geneva 2 a reality. The SNC has continued to put its faith in the international system, despite years of empty promises and inaction. The Syrian people cannot afford a meaningless convention, with a best-case-scenario of increased humanitarian access.
The world owes it to Syria to aim big, and make a full-faith effort to establish a ceasefire, expand access to humanitarian aid, and create a road-map to transparent democratic elections. I believe I have mapped out a good starting point, one that requires concessions from both sides and is mutually beneficial. If I can think of these ideas, one can only hope that diplomatic officials could come up with a realistic / workable solution.
Categories: Blog Posts, Conflict Watch | Tags: Assad, ceasefire, democracy, Elections, geneva 2, humanitarian aid, Iran, ISIS, NATO, SNC, Terrorism, Transparency, UNSC | Permalink.


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Industry, Products
Domino Jewellery – A truly British talent at IJL 2015…
by IJL
• September 2, 2015 December 22, 2015
Home-grown British jewellery talent has never been more in demand as buyers focus their attentions on the plethora of designers, manufacturers and suppliers found spread across the British Isles.
However when it comes to epitomising the best of British, you don't need to look much further than Domino Jewellery, who are celebrating their enduringly strong heritage with a new 'Created & Crafted in Britain' campaign this year.
The campaign centres on the four key values of 'Honest & Ethical', 'Design & Detail', 'Knowledge & Innovation', 'Heritage & Quality' and proudly highlights and celebrates the fact that Domino jewellery is designed and made to their own exacting standards at their sophisticated manufacturing facility in Birmingham.
So with such an inspiring campaign, we asked Domino what Created & Crafted in Britain is really all about, and the devil in the detail behind the four key values…
The background to the new campaign
"The 'Created and Crafted' campaign was designed to support Domino's core values. This is a long-established, family business with strong ethics which values long-term relationships with its customers, suppliers and staff. We wanted to underline those things which we believe single us out from our competitors and demonstrate how our working methods create real points of difference in terms of our products and our services," explains sales and marketing director, Andrew Sollitt.
Honest & Ethical – values you can trust
Domino's status as one of the first British companies to gain fair-trade production certification is a reflection of its integrity and its principled approach to all aspects of business.
Design & Detail – developed with flair
Domino has won many plaudits for its design excellence and this, coupled with its attention to detail and ethos for service, ensures that its jewellery always offers that little bit more.
Knowledge & Innovation – Domino makes it work
Domino's investment in new technologies and expert staff ensures its place at the cutting edge of jewellery manufacturing.
Heritage & Quality – decades of perfection
Domino's reputation for quality and service can be traced back to the 1940's. Today it combines the highest level of craft skills with precision engineering to provide jewellery that is as faultless as it is beautiful.
A winning spirit to celebrate IJL's 60 years
The Domino team, true to its Created & Crafted in Britain values, is also celebrating a recent win in the BJA and IJL Diamond Jewellery Design competition to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee Edition of IJL.
All UK companies exhibiting at IJL 2015 were eligible to enter the competition and the judges had a choice of thirty designs all incorporating exactly 60 points of diamonds – one for each year that IJL has been in business. The 0. 60 pts of diamond within the pieces could be split in any way the entrant wished – for example as a number of small stones, two or three stones, or as one large stone – and manufactured in any precious or non-precious materials of their choosing.
The winner Rebecca Neill from Domino won with her unique bangle 'Stella Una' a title derived from 'Stella' the Latin word for planet and 'Una' meaning together as one. The piece reflects how IJL brings people from all corners of the world together in one place and can be seen on the Domino stand at IJL 2015.
Register to visit IJL today – and visit Domino on Stand D60 to browse a selection of one of Europe's largest portfolios of platinum and 18ct mountings.
Best of British British talent
IJL
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Wearable Device Testing | Broadsims Inc .
Compatible with healthcare wearables with ECG and PPG technologies.
AECG100 includes ECG module of built-in test circuits with auto-select switches per ECG standard required and PPG module of carrying single channel or dual channel optical signals.
AECG100 single channel PPG module offers optical waveforms simulating heart rate signals and dual channel PPG module offers optical waveforms simulating SPO2 signals.
Exclusive adjustable PWTT parameters allows user to improve the blood pressure measurement algorithm effectively.
Test parameters can be saved and loaded as a series of customized test sequences to decrease labor time and prevent from human negligence.
Raw-data playback reproduces and repeats precious recorded waveforms from clinical trials in a easy way.
AECG Assistant software pack helps user to proceed IEC and YY standard tests by clicking a few mouse clicks.
Software Development Kit (SDK) allows user to develop customized and automatic test program with less efforts.


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Probate: Trust Income Beneficiary Losing Fiduciary Breach Petition Against Trustees Properly Had To Bear Trustees' Costs Under Probate Code Section 1002
Costs Award Was Not Under General Equitable Powers, But Section 1002—Which Has No Bad Faith Requirement.
In McClatchy v. Pruitt, Case No. A160367 (1st Dist., Div. 5 May 4, 2021) (unpublished), trust income beneficiary lost a fiduciary duty petition against certain current and former trustees, with the lower court awarding trustees some litigation costs under Probate Code section 1002. Beneficiary, on appeal, argued that the costs award was infirm because there was no determination that he acted in bad faith.
That argument was rejected on appeal. Beneficiary's personal liability for costs arose from section 1002, which provides: "Unless it is otherwise provided by this code or by rules adopted by the Judicial Council, either the superior court or the court on appeal may, in its discretion, order costs to be paid by any party to the proceedings, or out of the assets of the estate, as justice may require." (Emphasis added.) The probate court had discretion "to decide not only whether costs should be paid, but also, if they are awarded, who will pay and who recover them." (Hollaway v. Edwards, 68 Cal.App.4th 94, 99 (1998) emphasis omitted.)
Probate courts also have equitable powers "to charge attorney fees and costs against a beneficiary's share of the trust if that beneficiary, in bad faith, brings an unfounded proceeding against the trust." (Pizarro v. Reynoso, 10 Cal.App.5th 172, 183 (2017), emphasis added; accord, Rudnick v. Rudnick, 179 Cal.App.4th 1328, 1335 (2009).) However, such equitable powers do not support an award of fees and costs against a beneficiary personally. (Pizarro, supra, at pp. 187-189.) Here, the problem was that beneficiary faced costs under section 1002, which carried no bad faith requirement such that the postjudgment order was affirmed.
Posted at 07:57 AM in Cases: Probate | Permalink


Can entrepreneurship be taught in a classroom? While you CAN get a degree in entrepreneurship, is it worth the price tag? There is no doubt that real experience, with real risk, is the way to go for an entrepreneur with fire in the belly. Becoming an entrepreneur can't be taught or bought.


Dr. Chris Johnson, a board member of the Steve Rummler Hope Network, wrote an article which was published in MN Physician. The article, titled "One Year After Prince's Death. Time for Increased Accountability", specifically mentions the importance of prevention when examining solutions to the opioid crisis. More importantly, he points to recent legislation, originally proposed by the Steve Rummler Hope Network, which calls for an increase in opioid distributors existing licensing fee to $0.01 per morphine milligram equivalent. The accumulated funds from this bill would provide funding for programs and resources in Minnesota, to help remedy the crisis and prevent continued increases in opioid related deaths. Furthermore, the legislation named the Opiate Product Stewardship Bill could provide relief for taxpayers as it would create another source of funding, other than the State's general operating budget, to combat the crisis. The Opioid Product Stewardship Bill was included in Governor Mark Dayton's Budget for Minnesota.
His complete article can be read here.


A Pittsfield man is dead after a culvert collapsed on a Pike County Highway.
Emergency crews were called to the scene east of New Salem early Sunday morning. Crews arrived to find an R-E-A work truck in the collapsed roadway near a culvert. The driver, 52-year-old Robert Moss of Pittsfield, was pronounced dead at the scene.
Work crews had been called into the area following power outages caused by thunderstorms in the area. Fire and rescue crews from Baylis, Griggsville, North Pike and Pittsfield assisted along with Pike County Ambulance.


Got the new Stride II in distressed Luon in "SCLW" (Coal and White Stripes) and will be returning the Black one on Monday. I don't think I'll end up getting it in Wish because that will be too hard for wearing whatever underneath and matching. This goes with everything without feeling like I'm wearing all one color. I love the distressed Luon because it feels like more of a Pima Cotton than regular Luon, I hope this doesn't mean it pills more. The educator assured me that that is not the case. Hmmm. I was able to size down in this one but I'm actually going to try and get a size 8 because it is more fitted and I'm loosing the baby weight so I don't want it to be too big. The 10 looked good on but it really had a bit too much room in the arms.
Light it up tank in both Wish and Pig Pink. This top I loved on because of the cinched bottom. I sized up to a 12 (pretty smart of lulu to make this up to 12). the cinched bottom allows you to wear it up resting at the top of your hips and it bags up around your middle to hide the loves. I was worried that the lighter pink would show imperfections but because of the cinched bottom it's a forgiving top. you can also wear this pulled down and flat against your tummy and it hits me at the middle of my hips. With a tighter pair of pants wearing this stretched down it would show loves. The top part of the tank has similar support to the Flow Y although maybe slightly less support. I tried it on with my Flow Y underneath and it only shows a tiny bit at the V part of this so it's ok. For running I will try it without the Flow Y but if that's not enough support I can wear it with the Flow Y. For Street wear I would not double up. Oh, and getting cups for both tops was like pulling teeth. I was told that I could have one set of cups because they weren't sure if they had anymore. So I told them I would by ONE top because I wasn't sure how much $$ I wanted to spend. So I did end up getting cups for both tops.
I tried on the light it up Jersey in Grey and really, really liked the look of this on but was confused about why there was not much for reflectors at the back. For running you usually run towards traffic so you see cars head on, makes sense to put reflectors at the front. For cycling you ride with traffic so you need to be seen from behind by cars as well as the sides. This top looks like a cycling jersey but it was in the running section and the technical aspects are made with runners in mind. This top looks great for street wear but I don't think I would ever buy this for running. I think it would be a really cute golf shirt.
Lucky you!! Hope the new stride jacket in the gray/white stripe come to my local store soon!!
I love this Stride. I'm sure you'll see it on Monday.
How awful about them not wanting to give you the cups for the tops. Just ridiculous! Good for you for threatening not to buy the second top.
There is now way you can wear this top without cups. I think the only top you can pull of without cups is the Bliss tank.


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DGIST develops 20 times faster biosensor
DGIST (Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology)
IMAGE: This is a schematic of a biosensor platform resembling a spider web. view more
Credit: DGSIT
DGIST research team led by Professor CheolGi Kim has developed a biosensor platform which has 20 times faster detection capability than the existing biosensors using magnetic patterns resembling a spider web.
The sensing capability of a biosensor is determined by the resolution of the sensor and the movement and reaction rate of molecules. Many research groups in Korea and other countries have been improving the resolution through the development of nanomaterials but there has been a limitation to improve the sensors' sensitivity due to the low diffusion transport of biomolcules toward the sensing region.
Professor Kim and his research team used a magnetic field in order to overcome the drawback that the movement of biomolecules such as proteins and DNA is slow when the transport only depends on diffusion. The biomolecules labeled with superparamagnetic particles and the use of an external magnetic field enabled the movement of the biomolecules to be easily controlled and detected with an ultra-sensitive magnetic sensor.
The research team developed a new biosensor platform using a spider web-shaped micro-magnetic pattern. It improved the sensing ability of the biosensor as it increased the ability to collect low-density biomolecules by attracting biomolecules labeled with the superparamagnetic particles to the sensing area.
The first author Byeonghwa Lim at DGIST's Ph.D program of Emerging Materials Science elaborated on the biosensor platform, "We placed a spider web-shaped micro-magnetic pattern which was designed to move the superparamagnetic particles toward the center of the biosensor and a high sensitivity biosensor on the platform. When a rotating magnetic field is applied to a spider web-shaped magnetic pattern, it can attract biomolecules labeled with superparamagnetic particles faster to the sensor. The speed of the movement is very fast and it can detect the subject 20 times faster than the diffusion method."
The research team also succeeded in monitoring the biomolecules conjugated to the superparamagnetic particles at a distance from the sensing area by utilizing the biosensor platform. In addition, the team has identified that the superparamagnetic particles not only play the role of biomolecular cargo for transportation, but also act as labels for the sensor to indicate the location of biomolecules.
Professor Kim stated "The existing biosensors require long time to detect low density biomolecules and result in poor sensing efficiency as they only depend on diffusion. The magnetic field based biosensor platform improves the collection capability of biomolecules and increases the speed and sensitivity of the biomolecules movement. Therefore, we are planning to use this platform for early diagnosis as well as recurrence diagnosis of diseases such as cancer. "
Dahye Kim
pwrock@dgist.ac.kr
http://www.dgist.ac.kr
NPG Asia Materials
BioNano Health Guard Research Group, Plasma Bioscience Research Center of the Ministry of Science and ICT and Future Planning
Schematic (IMAGE)
Biosensor using Magnetophoretic Spider Web (IMAGE)
Measuring Signals Using the Sensor (IMAGE)
http://www.dgist.ac.kr/site/dgist_eng/menu/508.do?configNo=96&cmd=read&contentNo=34358&pageIndex=1&recordPerPage=10&month=0&condition=&keyword=
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/am.2017.37
Two-photon polymerization of PEGda hydrogel microstructure with low threshold power with green laser Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS
Gold nanoparticles more stable by putting rings on them Hokkaido University
New eco-friendly way to make ammonia could be boon for agriculture, hydrogen economy University of New South Wales
New antifungal compound from ant farms American Chemical Society


For those unawares, Ernest Gary Gygax is the name of the man who created Dungeons & Dragons. Well technically, he co-created it with David Arneson. But since this is G-Day in the ole A to Z Challenge (click on the big G over there to find out more about that) and since the books of D&D (Player's Handbook and Dungeon Master's Guide and Monster Manual, and such) had Gygax's name and only Gygax's name, this is a post about Gary Gygax. So there.
It was waaay back in 1974 that D&D first hit the world, via TSR Games. For those who are already lost, and are asking themselves, what the hell is this D&D thing he keeps mentioning? Well, D&D, or Dungeons & Dragons, if you will, was one of the very first role playing games on the market. basically we nerds would get together and take on an adventure. You could be a Ranger, a Dwarf, a Halfling, a Paladin, an Elf (yeah, it's pretty much based on the mythology of J.R.R. Tolkien)...or, like me, you could be the Dungeon Master. He's the one that creates each adventure, and leads his players down the road to possible destruction. Insert maniacal laughter here. Like I said, I always enjoyed being the creator of the adventure. With my graph paper, my polyhedron dice, and Dungeon Master's Guide and Monster Manual at my side, I spent many a day and night creating adventures for all of my equally geeky friends. Yeah, I didn't date much in high school.
Anyhoo, eventually D&D became AD&D (Advanced Dungeons & Dragons), which caused a rift between Gygax and Arneson (Gygax claimed this newer, advanced version was his creative baby, and no one else's) and the game became a smash hit. Gygax had created role-playing games before D&D, most notably a game called Chainmail, which was the obvious precursor to D&D (and hence, something that cemented his creative prowess over his partner), but it is D&D (or AD&D, if you will) that has put the man, the Gygax, on the map. Eventually, as it does to most men, death eventually came for Ernest Gary Gygax, as he passed away in 2008, at the age of 69. Yeah, D&D caused a stir and all back in its hey day (parents calling for its banishment due to the so-called corruption of their children), and perhaps it did delay a lot of teenage boys from touching their first booby, but I quite enjoyed creating and running adventures. I never killed myself over the game, and I did touch boobies before I graduated high school. So there. That's it gang. See ya 'round the web. Here's a pic of some of those famed polyhedron dice. Ooh, I can almost feel them in my hand right now.
Great writer and great man. RIP Gary.


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