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Published on December 30th, 2020 | by Subhash Nair
This Is Why The Toyota GR Yaris Costs RM300K
A couple of weeks ago, Toyota Malaysia had a really special launch event. At the event, the company made a handful of announcements, including not an introduction to Season 4 of the Gazoo Racing Festival, but the launch of facelift models of the Yaris and Vios. In addition to this, they also introduced a very special sports hatch – the GR Yaris.
We mentioned how it was nothing like the standard 5-door Yaris that's made in Malaysia. Now we have a post from Toyota themselves that shows you just how much effort goes into the car's production (which happens at the same Motomachi Plant where the Lexus LFA was once made).
Here's the full rundown from Toyota's press release.
Toyota recognised from the start of the model's development that the new GR Yaris was too specialised to be able to be built alongside the standard Yaris. In fact, it required an entirely bespoke low-volume sports car production system. Watch the video below for an understanding of the bespoke manufacturing measures introduced for this model.
The car is built exclusively at a new Toyota Gazoo Racing production facility created within the Motomachi plant in Japan. This is the most specialised manufacturing plant in Toyota's worldwide repertoire, famously home to the iconic Lexus LFA supercar and the facility where the hydrogen fuel cell Mirai and flagship Lexus LC coupe are currently produced.
The new GR Factory has a pure white finish from floor to ceiling to create an environment that helps team members focus on their work. Everything has its rightful place, and the immaculate, all-white surroundings ensure that in the unlikely event an object is misplaced it will stand out.
The production line itself consists of a series of individual assembly cells, connected by automatic guided vehicles rather than the conveyor system featured in conventional car plants. This method of working is more flexible and accommodates many manual assembly techniques – some of which are unique to GR Yaris.
These assembly cells also enable precise body and suspension alignment, where variations in vehicle dimensions and weight kept to a minimum. Such a high degree of accuracy would be more challenging to achieve on a standard, high-volume production line but was essential in crafting the highly rigid body of the GR Yaris.
True to its commitment to people development, Toyota Gazoo Racing has brought together highly skilled technicians from throughout the company to produce the car. These specially selected team members are renowned for their exceptional abilities and attention to detail.
However, just as Toyota uses motorsport as a means to hone the skills of its workforce and the quality of its products, these technicians have also been tasked with sharing the craftsmanship and technical skills training provided by the GR Factory with workers at other Toyota facilities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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March 12, 2019 | By Barb Powell
CHHSM Annual Gathering Provides Meaningful Focus on Learning and Growing Ministry Together
Newly consecrated Diakonal Minister Kenney Washington of Back Bay Mission. Each Diakonal Minister received a certificate, along with a symbolic servant leadership bowl and towel.
The Council for Health and Human Service Ministries' 81st Annual Gathering, held March 5-7 in Chicago, sent CHHSM members home filled with inspiration and hope, and armed with new information and renewed partnerships.
"The Annual Gathering was a wonderful event that provided me the opportunity to see long-time friends and make new ones," says Lee Syria, president and CEO of United Church Homes and Services based in Newton, N.C. "This year's plenaries, breakout sessions and worship services were inspiring and well done. The Annual Gatherings always provide me with an opportunity to slow down and take the time to reflect on what it truly means to lead and be part of a faith-based ministry. This year was no exception!"
With the theme, "Toward Tomorrow — Together We Learn, Together We Flourish," the Annual Gathering opened with worship at St. Paul's UCC in Chicago. The Rev. John C. Dorhauer, UCC general minister and president, preached about people in exile and encouraged attendees to offer hope to those they serve through "prophetic imagination." The service also included a celebration of milestone anniversaries of St. Paul's (175 years) and CHHSM members UCAN (150 years) and Plymouth Place Senior Living (75 years).
The Rev. Beth Long-Higgins addresses attendees.
"This year's Annual Gathering offered inspirational worship to start us off and send us forth," said Michael J. Readinger. "In between, plenaries and workshops enabled CHHSM members to relate to one another, offer supportive ideas, and continue the process of working together toward the future."
Among the most meaningful events were the CHHSM Affinity Group meetings. The Affordable Housing Affinity Group was led by Susan Sinderson, vice president and COO of Embrace Living Communities based in Oak Brook, Ill. The Rev. Beth Long-Higgins, director of United Church Homes' Ruth Frost Parker Center for Abundant Aging in Marion, Ohio, and Cheryl L. Wickersham, UCH's vice president of Housing Services, led a discussion on working with aging employees. Additionally, the Rev. Susan Mitchell, the UCC Church Building & Loan Fund's associate director of strategic initiatives, discussed new ways of creating affordable housing.
The Affinity Group on Children, Youth, and Family Services included a presentation on the new Federal Child and Family First Prevention Act, which is being rolled out this year. Andrea Durbin, CEO of Illinois Collaboration on Youth, detailed the accreditation requirements and possible pitfalls of the new legislation.
The 2019 Nollau graduates celebrate their accomplishment.
Regarding the opportunities and challenges of the legislation, Chris L. Cox, president and CEO of Hoyleton Youth and Family Services, says, "On the positive side, the legislation is really intended to force and require states to put dollars and resources on the preventive side to keep kids and families out of the state child welfare system," but "it's clear that all states are on the learning curve and at different points of how to implement these new changes in their state's systems."
Group participants were engaged, asked good questions, and provided good state-specific insights, says Cox. "We also had the opportunity to embrace what CHHSM is really about, and that is building relationships and offering assistance and guidance to one another."
Plenary Sessions Bear Fruit
Daily plenary sessions brought rich discussion to the Annual Gathering. On Wednesday, March 6, Jim Skogsbergh, president and CEO of Advocate Aurora Health — based in Downers Grove, Ill., and Milwaukee, Wis. — and Michele Baker Richardson, chair-elect of its board, spoke about maintaining identity and relationships during times of change. They spoke about the recent merger of Advocate with Aurora during their presentation.
Outgoing chair the Rev. Kenneth Daniel was recognized for his leadership by Michael J. Readinger, CHHSM president and CEO.
Along a similar theme of consolidation within health and human services, Stephen Johnson and Susan McDonough from Ziegler — a privately held investment bank, capital markets and proprietary investments firm specializing in the healthcare, senior living and education sectors — discussed the role of faith, mission and heritage during times of change and consolidation.
"The Annual Gathering would not have been possible without Ziegler's corporate sponsorship and the support of all of our other sponsors," says Readinger.
On Thursday, March 7, Syria, the Rev. Kenneth V. Daniel, president and CEO of United Church Homes and outgoing CHHSM board chair, and the Rev. Stephen Ray, president of Chicago Theological Seminary, held a panel discussion on leadership formation in the UCC. While Daniel and Syria discussed how they identify and equip leaders within their organizations, Ray spoke about training leaders who transform organizations. He offered a grassroots look at the mission and ministry of CHHSM members, saying, "You are what the church looks like when it gets up, gets dressed, and goes to work in the morning."
Working Together Toward Tomorrow
The Annual Gathering also included a myriad of workshops on everything from ways to use storytelling to spread an agency's mission and identity to partnering with Medicare and Medicaid Services to better serve communities. A special CHHSM board-led session allowed attendees to provide input into CHHSM's strategic plan.
Michael J. Readinger and the Rev. Brenda Baker of new CHHSM member Isaiah 58 Ministries of St. Louis.
For United Church Homes' Daniel, the gathering was part family reunion and part educational. "Our colleagues from around the country have developed close relationships over the years and cherish the time to catch up and celebrate the ministries and heritage we share," Daniel says. "This year was meaningful because we celebrated the 175th anniversary of St. Paul's UCC church, the founder of some very important ministries still going today, such as UCAN. I enjoy reconnecting with the long standing ministries and the rich history they represent."
"Our educational sessions were particularly meaningful this year," adds Daniel. " Focusing on workforce, donor development, and corporate affiliations reflect the ever-changing world of health and human services and the many pressures our member must contend with. I continue to be grateful to CHHSM and the many ways it supports my work and our organization's mission over the years."
During the CHHSM Business Meeting, held March 6, the membership welcomed Isaiah 58 Ministries of St. Louis into membership. It also passed a CHHSM Code of Regulations revision that includes a new category of CHHSM membership: individual members. Individuals who may no longer have a direct connection via a CHHSM member or program can become an individual member.
The Diakonal Ministers Retreat was a spirit-filled reunion.
"Individual memberships offer that opportunity for a renewed and continued connection to CHHSM, the national setting of the UCC and the wider church," Readinger says. "Individual membership candidates may be former employees of member ministries or former board members, past leadership institute participants, friends of the CHHSM family, UCC members, wider church contacts, or others that have a common missional focus."
Prior to the start of the gathering, a special one-day retreat was held for CHHSM's Diakonal Ministers. During the closing worship service, the graduates of the current 2019 Nollau Leadership Institute were consecrated as Diakonal Ministers. The service featured a sermon by the Rev. Beth Long-Higgins and flute accompaniment by CHHSM Scholar and Nollau graduate Emily Howard.
CHHSM Scholar and Nollau graduate Emily Howard during closing worship.
"I felt blessed to be in the company of spirit-filled servant leaders, from the opening worship to the graduation ceremony of my Nollau Institute group," says Howard of the entire event. "CHHSM's gathering is a time to connect and feel grounded in the mission, history, and faith traditions of UCC-related caregiving, along with up-to-date practical information and resources for agencies. It was an energizing conference and I can't wait to go back."
Participants in the 81st Annual Gathering left Chicago feeling renewed and refreshed. As Hoyleton's Cox says, "What a special opportunity it is to be in fellowship and partnership with other individual agencies doing similar work to our own: a wealth of knowledge, experience, and expertise that I am overwhelmed with every year.
"We truly have the best and brightest professionals leading our organizations in our respective fields of discipline … It is a family gathering, as simple as I can say. I look forward to the time and opportunity to share and learn from those for whom I have the greatest respect."
Save the date: Mark your calendars now for CHHSM's 82nd Annual Gathering, to be held March 3-5, 2020, at the Guest House at Graceland in Memphis, Tenn.
Advocate Aurora Health CHHSM CHHSM Annual Gathering Chicago Theological Seminary Council for Health and Human Service Ministries Embrace Living Communities Hoyleton Youth and Family Services Isaiah 58 Ministries Nollau Leadership Institute Plymouth Place Senior Living Ruth Frost Parker Center for Abundant Aging St. John's UCC Chicago UCAN UCC UCC Church Building & Loan Fund United Church Homes United Church of Christ Ziegler


Starting March 1, Amazon is changing what it pays distributors for uploaded content. That change may be a big blow to some independent filmmakers.
The three short videos, including one about a lonely man who buys a bird feeder to attract birds to the window of his apartment, will premiere on November 10.
Amazon Video Direct's latest deal with FilmRise shows the revolutionary ways film distribution is changing in the age of streaming.


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It's Official: News Will Now Come 'Directly from the CIA' as Fmr-Director Hired by NBC
The revolution will not be televised. Or, at least, it will be the revolution that is supposed to happen according to the CIA.
Washington, D.C. — (RT) Former CIA Director John Brennan has been hired as a paid contributor by NBC and MSNBC, the media company announced. He led the agency from 2013 to early 2017, under President Barack Obama.
Brennan's appointment comes amid the outcry over the memorandum released by House Intelligence Committee Chair Devin Nunes (R-California) alleging impropriety by the FBI and DOJ while investigating claims of Russian interference in the 2016 election.
That Brennan previously lied to an NBC journalist about the CIA's attempts to thwart a Senate Intelligence Committee investigation into the agency's use of torture was apparently no deterrent to his appointment.
The ex-CIA chief made his first appearance in his new role as a senior national security and intelligence analyst on 'Meet the Press' Sunday, and promptly took the opportunity to accuse Nunes of being "exceptionally partisan" and abusing his role to protect Trump.
State Govts Grant Day Cares Religious Exemptions, Allowing them to Beat Toddlers with Impunity
By Justin Gardner Apr 15, 2016
Heartbreaking Video of 4yo Girl Who Survived US Airstrikes Proves It's Not 'Our Freedom they Hate'
By The Free Thought Project Apr 5, 2017
Bad Apples? HALF of All TSA Employees Accused of Misconduct -- Many of them Repeat Offenders
By Matt Agorist Jul 22, 2016
Brennan was nominated CIA director by Obama in 2013 and served until Trump took office in January 2017. In testimony before the House Intelligence Committee, he has maintained that Russia "brazenly interfered" in the 2016 elections, offering no evidence to support his allegations. The irony of Brennan's new post was not lost on journalist and The Intercept co-founder Glenn Greenwald, who pointed out that it was a "little strange" for the network to constantly denounce RT and Fox as "state TV" and then hire CIA Directors & Generals as your "news analysts"?
The presence of former military and intelligence officials in newsrooms was once thought controversial. In 2008, the New York Times wrote an investigative analysis outlining the George W. Bush administration's use of military analysts to shape terrorism coverage.
Internal Pentagon documents referred to them as "message force multipliers" or "surrogates" who could be counted on to deliver administration "themes and messages" to millions of Americans "in the form of their own opinions."
The largest contingent of analysts were affiliated with Fox News, followed by NBC and CNN, the investigation found.


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The ride-hailing company Careem has announced signing an agreement with Sarwa Capital, a leading provider of finance solutions, to launch a program that would allow Careem drivers to buy their own cars.
The program aims to help the drivers reap the economic benefits of their work in full instead of receiving only a share because of not owning the cars they work with.
The program "Your car, Your project" will enable drivers to buy cars through facilitation services, especially amid the high prices of vehicles now, which forces many to split the profit with the owner of the car they drive.
The facilitating program is designed specifically for Careem drivers, enabling them to pay installments via the Careem application.
Mohamed El Ansari, executive director of fleet at Careem, said the company is working to create thousands of jobs in all the markets where it operates. "At the same time, Careem is aware of the various challenges facing the drivers, which is why we work on funnelling more resources to develop innovative programs that help them overcome these obstacles, being amid the largest transportation companies in Egypt," he added.
The project aims to offer drivers the chance to own new cars, thus making their work more fruitful for them.
Careem drivers usually work certain jobs and come from a certain age group; 23% are employed in the private sector, while 12% are employed in the government and public sectors. About 29% only work for Careem, making the app their main source of income. About 20% of the comppany's drivers are free agents.
Careem is working to employ drivers outside the traditional age and community groups through offering jobs for pensioners and university students, who are now accounting for 6% and 10% of the drivers, respectively.
CEO of Sarwa Capital Hazem Moussa said that the cooperation with Careem enables new and current Careem drivers to buy and own new cars.


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Living with Epilepsy / Epilepsy and ... / Professional Health Care Providers / About Epilepsy & Seizures / Hormones and Epilepsy / Postictal Prolactin Testing
In primarily or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures and partial complex seizures of temporal lobe origin, the serum prolactin level rises at least threefold, and often more (fivefold to twentyfold).90 This transient postictal elevation has been used clinically to distinguish these seizures from nonepileptic seizures. Prolactin levels, unlike cortisol levels,91 are seldom elevated in nonepileptic seizures. Rises that do occur are limited to the twofold level that can accompany stress or occur postprandially.
Thus a postictal prolactin elevation greater than threefold suggests the presence of epileptic seizure. The lack of such an elevation makes it unlikely that an ictal event was epileptic if the event was a tonic-clonic seizure.
There are several limitations on the usefulness of postictal serum prolactin elevation as a test to distinguish epileptic from nonepileptic seizures:
Postictal serum prolactin elevation cannot be used to differentiate simple partial seizures or absence seizures from nonepileptic seizures.
Prolactin levels may increase during syncope, demonstrated during tilt table studies.92
Complex partial seizures that do not arise from the temporal lobe do not lead to prolactin elevation.
10% to 20% of patients with tonic-clonic seizures may not show a postictal prolactin rise.
Ambiguous test results, such as a twofold elevation, are difficult to interpret.
Prolactin level rises predictably only after a single seizure. Patients who have more than 2 seizures in 12 hours have progressively smaller elevations, presumably because stored prolactin from the pituitary lactotrophs is exhausted.
With these caveats, however, the test is a useful one. One simple protocol involves checking serum prolactin level 20 minutes and 12 hours postictally (24 hours in outpatient settings) in patients whose seizure frequency is less than 1 in 12 hours. The value measured 12 or 24 hours after the seizure serves as the patient's own post-hoc baseline.
Adapted from: Klein P and Herzog AG. Endocrine aspects of partial seizures. In: Schachter SC, Schomer DL, eds. The comprehensive evaluation and treatment of epilepsy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1997. p. 207-232.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Pavel Klein MD
Andrew G. Herzog MD
Cynthia L. Harden MD


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Home » Search Results for " United Nations" Query (Page 385)
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Pompeo starts Mideast tour with call for new Iran sanctions
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo arrived in Saudi Arabia on Saturday on a hastily-arranged visit to the Middle East as the United States aims to muster support for new sanctions against Iran. The visit to Riyadh, Jerusalem and Amman just two days after Pompeo was sworn-in comes as President Donald Trump is set to decide […]
Trump to host Nigerian president
16 April 2018, 9:26 AM
President Muhammadu Buhari of Nigeria will meet Donald Trump in Washington later this month.
Russia voices concerns over looming Syria strike
United Nations (UN) Russian Ambassador Vasily Nebenzia voiced concerns over an imminent strike against Syria by the United States and her allies, saying "the immediate priority is to avert the danger of war".
WHO demands access to victims of alleged Syria chemical attack
11 April 2018, 2:29 PM
The World Health Organization on Wednesday demanded "immediate" access to the victims of an alleged chemical attack in Syria, voicing indignation at the strike that caused symptoms consistent with exposure to toxic substances.
Russia vetoes UNSC draft on Syria chemical attack probe
Russia has vetoed a US-draft resolution to establish an investigative mechanism that would assert responsibility for alleged chemical attacks in Syria.
Anger after alleged chemical attack in Syria
Russia has dismissed allegations that a chemical attack took place in the Syrian town of Douma while the United States warned that the world was on the edge of a dangerous precipice.
Remembering Martin Luther King Jr, 50 years after assassination
4 April 2018, 6:27 AM
Events are planned across the United States to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the assassination of civil rights leader Dr Martin Luther King Jr. The 39 year old Baptist Minister died in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4th 1968 while standing on the second-floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel when a sniper's bullet struck him in […]
N3 closed at Mooi River due to service delivery protest
The N3 highway has been closed in Mooi River due to service delivery protests Monday morning. Trucks were set alight and used to block the highway.
Pogba insists problems 'can only make me stronger'
1 April 2018, 5:04 PM
Paul Pogba told French television that his recent struggles to hold down a regular starting place at Manchester United were something that had "never happened to me before."
Buthelezi calls on motorists to drive cautiously
IFP leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi has called on motorists to drive cautiously as they return from various Easter Weekend destinations.
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Knight Capital Partners Corp. v. Henkel Ag & Co.
KNIGHT CAPITAL PARTNERS CORP., Plaintiff,
HENKEL AG & COMPANY, KGAA, Defendant.
David M. Lawson United States District Judge
ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
On July 16, 2019, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals issued its opinion and judgment remanding the case to this Court for the limited purpose of conducting further proceedings on the plaintiff's motion for sanctions (ECF No. 93). The appellate panel remanded the case for consideration of that motion after it concluded that "[t]he sanctions motion . . . was not moot, " because "[a]lthough the merits of KCP's claims were decided at that point, the sanctions motion was directed at a collateral issue, " and "[d]istrict courts retain jurisdiction to consider collateral issues, such as motions for attorney's fees, even after entry of judgment on the merits." Knight Capital Partners Corp. v. Henkel AG & Co., KGaA, 930 F.3d 775, 787 (6th Cir. 2019).
The motion for sanctions fully was briefed before the Court issued its ruling on the merits, and the historical circumstances of the litigation pertinent to the motion have not been altered by the ensuing process of the appeal. Nevertheless, the Court permitted the parties to file limited supplemental briefing on the motion. The plaintiff's supplement merely reiterates the arguments advanced in its previously filed briefing. The defendant argues in its supplement that the relief sought in the motion now is moot. That position is a non-starter since the court of appeals held otherwise and remanded the case with the express direction for this Court to address the sanctions request on the merits. This Court is bound by the law of the case to proceed with adjudication of the motion within the bounds of the mandate. Medical Center at Elizabeth Place, LLC v. Atrium Health System, 922 F.3d 713, 733-34 (6th Cir. 2019) (Sutton, J., concurring).
Proceeding to the merits of the request for sanctions, the Court now concludes that the motion must be denied because the plaintiff has failed to support its position that the "Attorney Eyes Only" (AEO) designation was grossly abused. The plaintiff's principal demand in its motion was for excess attorney's fees that it says it incurred when it was required to devote additional lawyer hours to reviewing designated materials that could not be viewed by the plaintiff's client representatives to determine how they might bear on the issues in the case. The plaintiff also demanded that the AEO designation be stricken from the defendant's entire document production, but it appears that there is no longer any live dispute over the need for that relief since the designation was withdrawn from the documents that the plaintiff specifically challenged as mis-designated. The Court also finds that any prejudice to the plaintiff due to the constrained document review during the period of heightened designation was cured by a substantial extension of the discovery and expert and dispositive motion deadlines to June 14, 2018, which afforded both sides more than four months to review the record, deliver documents to their experts, and prepare motions challenging their testimony, after the disputed designation had been removed from all of the documents at issue.
"[T]he Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that a district court may order a party to pay attorney's fees 'caused by' discovery misconduct, Rule 37(b)(2)(C), or 'directly resulting from' misrepresentations in pleadings, motions, and other papers, Rule 11(c)(4). And under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, a court may require an attorney who unreasonably multiplies proceedings to pay attorney's fees incurred 'because of' that misconduct." Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Haeger, 137 S.Ct. 1178, 1186 n.5 2017)). "Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(g) requires an attorney or the party personally to certify that discovery responses and objections are supported by nonfrivolous argument and are not aimed to harass, cause delay, or drive up litigation costs. The rule requires a court to impose sanctions for any violation without 'substantial justification.'" Jones v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 617 F.3d 843, 854 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(g)). "Reasonable attorney's fees and expenses are available under Rule 16(f), Rule 26(g), Rule 37(b), and Rule 37(d)" for various species of discovery misconduct. Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc., 292 F.R.D. 485, 514 (N.D. Ohio 2013). Rule 37(b)(2)(C) authorizes the Court to award reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, "caused by the failure" properly to respond to discovery requests, "'unless the failure was substantially justified or other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.'"
"Federal courts [also] possess certain 'inherent powers,' not conferred by rule or statute, 'to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.'" Goodyear, 137 S.Ct. at 1186 (quoting Link v. Wabash R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630-631 (1962)). "That authority includes 'the ability to fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process.'" Ibid. "[O]ne permissible sanction is an 'assessment of attorney's fees' . . . instructing a party that has acted in bad faith to reimburse legal fees and costs incurred by the other side." Ibid. (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44-45 (1991)). However, the Supreme Court "has made clear that such a sanction, when imposed pursuant to civil procedures, must be compensatory rather than punitive in nature." Ibid. "That means, pretty much by definition, that the court can shift only those attorney's fees incurred because of the misconduct at issue. . . . Hence the need for a court, when using its inherent sanctioning authority (and civil procedures), to establish a causal link - between the litigant's misbehavior and legal fees paid by the opposing party." Ibid. Thus, "[t]he complaining party . . . may recover 'only the portion of his fees that he would not have paid but for' the misconduct." Id. at 1187 (quoting Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 836 (2011)).
In this case, the plaintiff has failed to establish that any gross abuse of the AEO designation by the defendant was the root cause of the substantial amount of excess fees that it seeks to recover, because it has not put forth sufficient evidence of obstinate, egregious conduct by the defendant or its counsel, and it has not established that any excess fees solely were incurred due to the defendant's abuse of the AEO label.
First, in its motion papers the plaintiff repeatedly but vaguely alludes to a gigantic production of nearly 25, 000 pages of material under the AEO designation. But its calculations of the scope of the abuse are questionable because it made no effort to distinguish the materials produced by the defendant, against whom it asks the Court to impose sanctions, and those items produced by non-party Henkel US, against whom it sought no relief. Moreover, in the appendix submitted in support of the motion, the plaintiff identified only approximately 480 total pages, out of a production of more than 85, 000 pages, which it specifically identified as misdesignated. That substantially reduced sample of the disputed production does not sustain the claim of gross abuse of the AEO designation. And some of the exhibits submitted bear no indication that they even were subjected to the AEO classification. The record certainly suggests that the defendant applied the AEO designation broadly in its initial production, but, even by the plaintiff's inflated and questionable estimate that 25, 000 out of 85, 000 pages initially were misdesignated, 30% of the total production is nowhere near the comprehensive whitewash evidenced in cases where sanctions were awarded based on "wholesale" abuse of confidentiality classifications. E.g., Brown v. Tellermate Holdings Ltd., No. 11-1122, 2014 WL 2987051, at *14 (S.D. Ohio July 1, 2014), adopted as modified, No. 2:11-CV-1122, 2015 WL 4742686 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 11, 2015) ("Tellermate marked almost all of the documents - by the Browns' estimate, see Defendant's Exhibit 19, over 99% of them - as 'Confidential-Attorneys' Eyes Only.'"); In re ULLICO Inc. Litig., 237 F.R.D. 314, 317 (D.D.C. 2006) ("ULLICO designated 'over 99% of the roughly 60, 000 documents (200, 000 pages)' as 'confidential.'"); THK Am., Inc. v. NSK Co., 157 F.R.D. 637, 645 (N.D. Ill. 1993) ("[E]ven under the defendants' calculations at least 79% of the documents produced were designated as 'Attorney's Eyes Only.' This is absurdly high."). The plaintiff has failed to advance any sufficient record to support its allegations of a wholesale discovery whitewash by the defendant; merely pointing out that a large number of documents were designated for attorney eyes only, under the terms of a protective order which specifically permitted the AEO designation, does not suffice to establish bad faith conduct. Samsung Elecs. Am., Inc. v. Yang Kun Chung, 321 F.R.D. 250, 286-87 (N.D. Tex. 2017) ("All Pro complains of the collateral effects of Samsung's AEO designations, but Samsung's making those designations - even as to all of these produced materials - does not itself establish that any particular confidentiality designation was improper. . . . [T]he Sanctions Motion does not actually show or - despite providing a few examples from a sampling of the produced materials - even really attempt to show or give the Court a basis to determine that - each particular document or recording or portion of the recordings is not properly designated as AEO.").
Second, there is no indication in the record that the defendant repeatedly defied orders of the Court or resisted reviewing and re-designating documents on multiple occasions when its designation was called seriously into question. Instead, the defendant represents, and the plaintiff does not dispute, that the defendant commenced a re-review and de-designation immediately after the Court suggested during a status conference that the defendant's understanding of the application of the AEO label was at odds with the Court's common sense reading of the protective order. Cf. Broadspring, Inc. v. Congoo, LLC, No. 13-1866 JMF, 2014 WL 4100615, at *22 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2014) ("Defendants redesignated and re-produced documents on nine separate occasions - including, most notably, 780 documents that were re-designated only after evidence of some patently improper designations prompted the Court, on Plaintiff's application, to order Defendants to engage in a wholesale review of all documents it had designated AEO."); THK, 157 F.R.D. at 645 ("The record demonstrates that the defendants' abuse of the 'Attorney's Eyes Only' designation is not due to inadvertence or mistake. Rather, it is a deliberate attempt to avoid the consequences of the Magistrate Judge's August 20th Order and the District Judge's October 18th Order rejecting defendants' objections in this regard and affirming the Magistrate Judge's Order."). In this case the record does not demonstrate the level of repeated defiance of discovery rulings that has been found to support the issuance of sanctions.
Third, because the disputed designation already was withdrawn by the defendant from the documents in question, there is no longer any basis for the Court to order that the AEO designation be stricken from the defendant's entire document production. Moreover, the case has been dismissed on the merits and that dismissal was affirmed on appeal, so no purpose would be served by compelling any other or further production of any discovery materials.
The record here amply suggests that the defendant or its counsel has engaged in some sharp practice on questionable grounds, which accomplished little more than delaying the litigation and increasing the expense for both sides. The defendant also may have abused the AEO confidentiality designation, perhaps in a rush to complete its production after the Court resolved a lengthy initial discovery dispute and issued a protective order on its own terms. That abuse could have been motivated in part by an intent to frustrate and annoy the plaintiff. However, even if some colorable basis for awarding sanctions could be discerned, the Court does not find that the balance of equities favors cost shifting under the circumstances, where the injury suffered by the plaintiff equally well can be attributed to a party heaping legal expenses on itself in pursuit of claims that it either knew, or ought to have known from nearly the outset of the litigation, were lacking in any plausible factual substance. Even if the defendant may be faulted to some degree for increasing the expense of the litigation, the Court does not find that any substantial justice would be done by shifting more of the cost to the defendant than it already has incurred by defending the case, where the plaintiff's entire legal bill was incurred in the first instance as the product of its determination to sustain and prolong the litigation of demonstrably groundless claims. Thus, even if the defendant's mislabeling of its production played some part in increasing the plaintiff's legal expense, any such misconduct may not properly be regarded as the "but for" cause of the fees.
         Accordingly, it is ORDERED that the plaintiff's motion for ...


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Politically Unstable with Charlie Hurt & Andy Parks. New episode NOW AVAILABLE!
'Very significant difference': Hillary Clinton rejects Bill Clinton-Brett Kavanaugh comparisons
Brett M. Kavanaugh
In this Nov. 8, 2016, file photo, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, and her husband former President Bill Clinton, greet supporters after voting in Chappaqua, N.Y. The Clintons announced Monday, Oct. 8, 2018, they will visit four cities in 2018 ... more >
By Valerie Richardson - The Washington Times - Tuesday, October 9, 2018
Hillary Clinton rejected comparisons Monday between the sexual-misconduct allegations facing her husband versus those made against Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh and President Donald Trump.
"There's a very significant difference," Mrs. Clinton told CNN's Christiane Amanpour in an interview.
The former Secretary of State pointed to the years-long investigation by special counsel Ken Starr into President Bill Clinton, which concluded in 1998 that the Democrat lied under oath about having sexual relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.
"And that is the intense, long-lasting, partisan investigation that was conducted in the '90s," said Mrs. Clinton. "If the Republicans starting with President Trump on down want a comparison, they should welcome such an investigation themselves."
Her response drew a blistering response Tuesday from Juanita Broaddrick, who has long alleged that Mr. Clinton raped her in 1978 in Little Rock, Arkansas.
"YOU LYING HYPOCRITE @HillaryClinton," tweeted Ms. Broaddrick. "My case was NEVER litigated!! That's why I'm calling for an investigation now."
Ms. Broaddrick posted a White House petition last week calling for a federal investigation into her allegations and other "sex crimes committed by Bill Clinton."
Justice Kavanaugh was accused last month by Christine Blasey Ford of sexually assaulting her 36 years ago when they were teenagers, which he denied, toward the end of his Supreme Court confirmation process.
The FBI conducted a supplemental investigation into the allegations as part of his sixth federal background check. His nomination was confirmed Saturday by the Senate on a 50-48 vote.
Mr. Trump has denied claims that he groped and kissed women without their permission, despite a famous tape in which he brags about grabbing women by the genitals.
The interview, conducted in Oxford, England, came with Mrs. Clinton participating in a two-day program to mark the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which included unveiling a statue of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.


An unredacted copy of the Robert Mueller report has been leaked to theWashington Post, who published the full document on its website Monday.
It's time for so-called "independent journalists" to stop crowing, mainstream media was right all along!
Caitlin Johnstone is a guest columnist for Ghion Journal. You can find more of Caitlin's work by visiting her website caitlinjohnstone.com. You can also follow her on Twitter @Caitoz and read her latest work on her Medium website. Also, if you liked what you read and support truly independent journalism, please consider being contributing to Caitlin Johnstone by becoming her patron. Click on the icon below to empower Caitlin.


When is Patent Law like Environmental Law?
The answer: whenever Monsanto is involved. And now the company is heading to the Supreme Court.
Perhaps the most hated corporation in existence, Monsanto is a huge organization, best known for creating, selling, and, most importantly, patenting genetically engineered crops (GE crops) that are resistant to Monsanto's brand of herbicide, Round-up. Commonly known as "Round-Up Ready" crops, Monsanto's seeds include corn, alfalfa, and soybeans and are so widely used that pretty much everything we eat contains at least some GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms).
GE crops have several environmental implications. First, having crops which are resistant to toxic herbicides like Round-Up allow farmers to use more of them on their crops. This means that there's more pesticides that can get swept up in stormwater runoff and end up in the water supply, causing havoc.
Second, because seeds are passed on very easily by pollinating animals, so-called "super weeds" are beginning to pop up unintentionally that are also resistant to herbicides. Stronger and more potent herbicides are needed in greater amounts in order to get rid of these, compounding the runoff problem and potentially removing a tool in the fight against invasive species. The same is happening with Monsanto's line of pesticide resistant crops, where the very bugs the pesticide is targeting are becoming resistant as well (isn't evolution wonderful?).
Comments Off on When is Patent Law like Environmental Law?


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Home » Statistical Information » Songs » Songs =- T -= » The Fever
Track 17 of 18 Tracks, 1999.
Released as Live Download
On The Tracks
18 Tracks (1999)
Bruce Springsteen: vocals, guitar
Clarence Clemons: saxophone, percussion, backing vocals
Danny Federici: organ, piano
Vini Lopez: drums, backing vocals
Garry Tallent: bass
Performed live 60 times.
2019-07-06 Stone Pony (The), Asbury Park, NJ
2017-04-21 Paramount Theatre, Asbury Park, NJ
2016-09-07 Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia, PA
2013-04-29 Telenor Arena, Oslo, Norway
2009-10-13 Wachovia Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA
2005-10-20 DCU Center, Worcester, MA
2004-12-19 Harry's Roadhouse, Asbury Park, NJ (Late)
2004-12-19 Harry's Roadhouse, Asbury Park, NJ (Early)
2003-04-29 Count Basie Theatre, Red Bank, NJ
1999-09-24 First Union Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA
1990-04-14 Michael's Restaurant, Santa Monica, CA
1979-06-03 Whisky A Go Go, West Hollywood, CA
1979-01-01 Richfield Coliseum, Richfield, OH
1978-12-30 Cobo Arena, Detroit, MI
1978-12-28 Stanley Theatre, Pittsburgh, PA
1978-12-20 Seattle Center Arena, Seattle, WA
1978-12-16 Winterland Ballroom, San Francisco, CA
1978-12-13 Tucson Community Center Arena, Tucson, AZ
1978-12-09 Dallas Convention Center Arena, Dallas, TX
1978-12-08 Summit (The), Houston, TX
1978-12-07 Special Events Center, Austin, TX
1978-11-01 Jadwin Gymnasium, Princeton, NJ
1978-09-29 Boutwell Memorial Auditorium, Birmingham, AL
1978-09-21 Capitol Theatre, Passaic, NJ
1978-08-31 Agora (The), Cleveland, OH
1978-08-19 Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA
1978-08-01 Gaillard Municipal Auditorium, Charleston, SC
1978-07-16 Municipal Auditorium, New Orleans, LA
1978-07-15 Sam Houston Coliseum, Houston, TX
1978-07-14 San Antonio Municipal Auditorium, San Antonio, TX
1977-05-13 Monmouth Arts Center, Red Bank, NJ (Late)
1977-05-13 Monmouth Arts Center, Red Bank, NJ (Early)
1977-05-12 Monmouth Arts Center, Red Bank, NJ
1976-07-22 CBS Annual Sales Convention, Los Angeles, CA
1974-03-16 Armadillo World Headquarters, Austin, TX
1974-03-10 Liberty Hall, Houston, TX (Late)
1974-03-09 KLOL Studio, Houston, TX
1973-03-15 Oliver's, Boston, MA
Released on The Fever (Promo Single, 1976) and 18 Tracks (1999).
Live versions are available on the following official live downloads:
THE FEVER 7:41 18TRACKS / SA914 / FS
Note: Written in late 1971, as evidenced by a dated lyric sheet titled "(I Got The) Fever For The Girl", on display at the Hard Rock Cafe, Sydney, Australia. It is believed the earliest known live performance was during a March 1973 residency at Oliver's in Boston, though rumors of 1972 performances exist. It was played live several more times into May. The studio version was recorded (in one take) on May 16, 1973 at 914 Sound Studios, though rumors have persisted for years that it dates from WGOE Studios, Richmond, VA on May 31. The recording features the Springsteen-Federici-Tallent-Clemons-Lopez lineup (pre-Sancious) and doesn't include any overdubs. Mike Appel requested the studio take for publishing purposes, and Laurel Canyon Publishing company registered it as "Fever For The Girl". It does not appear that Springsteen had the song seriously in mind for his next album. In late 1973, Appel sent the demo to UK Publisher Intersong Music, and in early 1974, he sent cassettes to several USA radio stations. The song was an underground hit in places like Houston, Phoenix and Boston. In Philadelphia, according to a listener, "the song exploded!" With vigorous backing by influential Philly DJ and Bruce fan, Ed Sciaky, the song was played on WMMR as part of their regular rotation. Phone-in requests would have had the song played at least 4 times daily.
"The Fever" became a legendary 70s progressive FM-radio hit, but nowhere as big as in Houston, Texas, thanks to the March 1974 Liberty Hall shows, and several radio broadcasts. After a successful interview by KLOL-FM's Ed Beauchamp on March 8, Springsteen was invited back the next day with the E Street Band, for a lengthy afternoon radio performance that included highlights from both his albums, plus a rendition of "The Fever." That night at Liberty Hall, a fan yelled "The Fever" and Bruce responded with "it's a weird thing 'The Fever'… that song 'Fever' we did as a demo tape about a year ago… and Mike here… sent it down to just this radio station, you know…. and it's a song we never even did but uh like we did it on the radio today, but I promise if we'll come back, we'll work it up for you." At the late show the next day, Springsteen introduced the song by saying: "We're gonna try something now, this is something… this is a song we haven't done in about a year but we found out that they sent a demo down here… yeah, let me bring out the rest of the band - we're gonna give it a try for you, hope we'll remember… you know but I'm gonna send this to the boys out here… it's a song we did about a year ago, no, we did it when we were recording the second album… as a demo tape for… to demo, I don't know what for (chuckles) and I know he knows it and uh… and uh, they sent the tape, they sent the tape down here and I guess KLOF has been playing it you know… who?… is that wrong? Sorry, folks but whoever, the radio station." David Sancious later said he had been under the impression it was an old Sam Cooke classic.
After they left Texas, "The Fever" was not played again until they returned on July 14, 1978 to San Antonio. Springsteen has said he never liked "The Fever," but played it on the Darkness tour in many cities because, "people would jump onstage and grab me by the head and scream, 'Bruce! Fever!'" It was played at Hofheinz Pavilion in Houston, TX, the next evening, and 22 more times to the end of the Darkness tour, including 12x in December. Though he joined Southside Johnny for duets many times, and it was rehearsed during soundchecks for the 1999-2000 Reunion tour, it was not performed again until September 24, 1999 in Philadelphia, PA.
First released by UK singer Allan Rich in 1975 but failed to make much impact. In June 1976, it was included on Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes' debut album, "I Don't Want to Go Home", under the title "The Fever", and became a Jukes classic. In early 1977, a 7" demo (studio take from 1973) of "The Fever" was released, coupled with "Rendezvous", recorded live on November 4, 1976, at the Palladium, New York, which opens with Bruce calling out "New York! Go ahead, Max!". The single was released by the artist "The Jersey Devil" and was pressed on Bruce Records, which was Springsteen's independent label for his band. Whether Bruce was actually behind this is unverified. He was broke because of the lawsuit, but this record looked like a vinyl bootleg of the day, with one solid color and little printing. In 1979, The Pointer Sisters recorded the song under the title "(She Got) The Fever", for their album Priority. Finally, after being left off "Tracks", along with "The Promise" in 1998, to great dismay, it was officially released in April 1999 on 18 Tracks. The song was part of the movie soundtrack to the 2007 film "Lucky You".
Studio Sessions: The Wild, The Innocent & The E Street Shuffle
When I get home from my job, I turn on the TV
But I can't keep my mind on the show
When I lay down at night, I don't get no sleep
So I turn on the radio
But Lord, the only thing I hear is you whispering in my ear
The words that you used to say
Well now the days grow longer
My love grows stronger
The fever gets worse every day
I got the fever for this girl
(He's got the fever, oh he's got the fever)
Nothing that a boy can do
(When he's got the fever for a girl)
Left this little boy blue
Well I can remember coming home
See you standing at the stove
With the dishes on the table
Dinner ready to go
Well maybe out to a movie show
Something that you like to see
Because you were my sun in the morning
You are my moon at night
When I think about it, makes me feel alright
Well now the day grow longer
The love just grows stronger, baby
And the fever gets so bad at night
I got the fever for the girl
(Ooh ooh ooh he's gonna be alright)
Baby alright
Let's make it alright
Well I can remember coming home, turning on my TV
(But he can't keep his mind on the show)
When I lay down at night I cannot get no sleep
But still the only thing I hear is you whispering in my ear
Them words that you used to say
And now the days grow longer
And the love just grow stronger
And the fever gets bad every day
Nothing a boy can do
With my love
(Ooh ooh ooh he's gonna be alright) My love
Alright now
Visit SpringsteenLyrics.com for other versions of this song.
infor_18tr_ostlysinglesongtthefevertour_ddtour_doteottour_gfaptour_notour_rnntour_rvr16tour_wiesstour_woad


Gainesville, Florida – On Tuesday, January 29th, the Gainesville-Alachua County Association of Realtors® (GACAR) honored Todd Louis as its 2018 Realtor® of the Year. Louis is a Vice President for Tommy Williams Homes and is celebrating his 18th year as a Realtor®.
Louis has been a remarkable asset to his association, truly paying forward into his industry. GACAR is honored to name him 2018 Realtor® of the Year.
Gainesville-Alachua County Association of Realtors®, the Voice of Real Estate is Alachua County, is dedicated to elevating the excellence, promoting the advancement, and ensuring the public trust of the real estate profession while providing our members with the resources, technology, educational opportunities, and leadership necessary to conduct an ethical, professional, and profitable business.


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\section{Introduction}
In his famous work on statistical hydrodynamics \cite{Onsager49}, Onsager has predicted
that a system of vortices can have negative temperature states, which can be interpreted
as a clustering of vortices of the same sign. More specifically, Onsager considered a
microcanonical ensemble of parallel point-vortices in an incompressible inviscid fluid
confined to a finite region of physical space and calculated the entropy of the system
$S$ as a function of its energy $E$. Taking into account that the coordinates of point
vortices obey Hamiltonian equations and thus are canonically conjugate, he concluded that
the phase volume of the system $\Phi(E)$ is also finite, so that the density of states
$\Gamma(E)=\Phi '(E)$ should have a maximum value at some (critical) energy $E_{\mathrm
m}$. Correspondingly, the statistical temperature $T=(dS/dE)^{-1}$, where $S(E)=\ln
\Gamma(E)$ is the entropy, should be positive at $E < E_{\mathrm m}$ and negative at $E
> E_{\mathrm m}$. Using these arguments, Onsager has concluded that "the large compound
vortices formed in this manner will remain as the only conspicuous features of the
motion; because the weaker vortices, free to roam practically at random, will yield
rather erratic and disorganised contributions to the flow". This discovery of the
negative temperature states has given rise to a number of theoretical considerations,
where Onsager's arguments were revisited, discussed and elaborated
\cite{JoyceMontgomery73,EdwardsTaylor74,MontgomeryJoyce74,PointinLundgren76,LundgrenPointin77,
KraichnanMontgomery80,FrohlichRuelle82,Miller90,Chorin91,EyinkSpohn93,JungMorrisonSwinney06,
Chavanis12} (for review, see Eyink and Sreenivasan \cite{EyinkSreenivasan06} and Campa et
al. \cite{CampaDauxoisRuffo09}). In particular, it was shown that the key assumption of a
finite region of physical space is not crucial because the accessible phase space is
restricted by a constant of motion, which is an analog of enstrophy
\cite{LundgrenPointin77,EyinkSpohn93}.

Recently, we have proposed a statistical model for a fluid flow, which considers the flow
as a collection of spatially localized (coherent) structures and uses the principle of
maximum entropy to determine the most probable size distribution of the structures
\cite{Chekmarev13}. A principal difference of this model from the previous models in
which a similar approach was used to describe inviscid flows (for a review of such
models, see, e.g., Refs. \onlinecite{EyinkSreenivasan06} or \onlinecite{Chekmarev13}) is
that the structures are assumed to be composed of elementary cells in which the behavior
of the particles (atoms or molecules) is uncorrelated. The characteristic size of
elementary phase space volumes corresponding to these cells is determined by the
kinematic viscosity of the fluid, which makes it possible to introduce the Reynolds
number and thus to extend the statistical description of the flow to viscous fluids. The
model successfully describes the transition to turbulence at large Reynolds numbers and
some other characteristic properties of turbulent flows \cite{Chekmarev13}. Since the
dependence of the energy and entropy of the flow on the Reynolds number is available in
this model, the statistical temperature of the flow state can be calculated as a function
the Reynolds number. In the present paper we show that at low Reynolds numbers,
associated with laminar motion, the temperature is positive, and at high Reynolds
numbers, associated with turbulent motion, it is negative. At intermediate Reynolds
numbers, representing the transition range, the temperature changes from positive to
negative as the structure size exceeds some critical value, similar to what was
discovered by Onsager for the system of parallel point-vortices in a inviscid fluid. We
also show that in the range of intermediate Reynolds numbers the temperature exhibits a
power-law divergence characteristic of second-order phase transitions.

The paper is organized as follows. Section II briefly describes the statistical model of
the flow that was developed in Ref. \onlinecite{Chekmarev13} and serves as an
introduction to Sect. III. Section III introduces the statistical temperature of the flow
states and presents the results of the study and their analysis, including the analogy
with second-order phase transitions. Section IV contains concluding remarks.

\section{The model}
The model is briefly described as follows (for details, see Ref. \cite{Chekmarev13}). Let
a fluid flow be represented by a system of $N$ identical particles (atoms or molecules)
which are placed in a volume of physical space $V$. Assume that the particles can form
spatially localized structures of $N_i$ particles ($1 \le N_i \le N$), with the number of
such ($i$) structures being $M_i$. These structures are viewed as coherent structures,
i.e., the structures in which the constituting particles execute a concerted motion on
the structure scale. Since such concerted motion should break down at the microscale
level, each $i$ structure can be divided into $N_{i}/n$ elementary "cells" of volume $v$
(each of $n$ particles), in which the behavior of the particles is uncorrelated. Because
the particles are identical, to each elementary cell there corresponds a 6-dimensional
elementary volume of single-particle phase space, in which the state of the particles is
uncertain. For a gas fluid, the velocity and linear scales of such a volume are,
respectively, molecular thermal velocity $c$ and mean free path $\lambda$ (Kusukawa
\cite{Kusukawa51}). According to the kinetic theory of gases $ c \lambda \sim \nu$, where
$\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity (see, e.g., Ferziger and Kaper \cite{FerzigerKaper}),
i.e., the characteristic linear size of the elementary phase volume is determined by the
kinematic viscosity \cite{Kusukawa51}. For a liquid fluid, the linear size of the
elementary volume can be taken to be $c^2 \tau$, where $c^2$ is the fluctuation of the
(molecular) kinetic energy per unit mass, and $\tau$ is the mean residence time of the
molecule in a settled state, so that a similar estimate is valid, $c^2 \tau \sim \nu$
(e.g., Frenkel \cite{Frenkel}). Alternatively, the space and velocity scales of the
volume can be associated with the corresponding Kolmogorov microscales
\cite{Chekmarev13}, i.e., $\eta =(\nu^{3}/\epsilon)^{1/4}$ and $v_{\eta}=(\nu
\epsilon)^{1/4}$ , respectively ($\epsilon$ is the rate of dissipation per unit mass)
\cite{Kolmogorov41a,LandauLifshitz_fluid_mech}.

The given system of coherent structures is characterized by two parameters, which are the
total number of particles (atoms or molecules) in the system $N$ and the total energy
$E$, i.e., the corresponding ensemble of the systems is a {\it microcanonical} ensemble.
We assume that the total energy can be written as $E=\sum_{i}M_{i}E_{i}$, where $E_{i}$
is the kinetic energy of the concerted motion of particles in $i$ structure. This
definition is based on two assumptions: i) the concerted motion of particles in each
local region of the physical space is associated with one of the coherent structures and
contributes to its kinetic energy, and ii) the potential energy of interaction of
coherent structures is either negligible in comparison to the kinetic energy of the
system or, if not, can be considered as a part of its kinetic energy, as, e.g., for the
system of two-dimensional point vortices in inviscid fluid (Batchelor \cite{Batchelor}),
which was studied by Onsager \cite{Onsager49}. Given the above definition of the total
energy, the collection of the coherent structures can be treated as an ideal gas system,
i.e., a system in which the potential energy is negligible and the total energy is
additive (Landau and Lifshitz \cite{LandauLifshitz_stat_phys}). It is important that the
ideal gas approximation does not imply that the interaction in the system is absent at
all. One example, which was used by Ruelle \cite{Ruelle12} to draw an analogy to the
turbulence cascade, is the heat conductivity in a rarefied gas: while the gas is
considered to be an ideal gas, the heat transfer exists due to the energy exchange
between the molecules in the course of their short-range collisions. This example is also
useful in another respect. Although the process of the heat transfer is a non-equilibrium
process, the molecular velocity distribution function, which corresponds to the the
Fourier law, is just slightly different from the equilibrium (Maxwell) distribution, as a
first-order perturbation of the latter (e.g., Ferziger and Kaper \cite{FerzigerKaper}).
Therefore, if the statistical properties of the system is of interest, the equilibrium
distribution function can be considered as a zero-order approximation.

Every distribution of particles (atoms or molecules) among the coherent structures that
satisfies the conditions $\sum_{i}N_{i}M_{i}=N$ and $E=\sum_{i}M_{i}E_{i}$ presents a
{\it microstate} of the system at given $N$ and $E$, and the number of such microstates
$\Gamma(N,E)$ plays a role of the {\it density} of states. Taking into account that the
particles are identical, so that the permutations of the particles in the elementary
cells, the permutations of the elementary cells in the coherent structures, and the
permutations of the coherent structures themselves do not lead to new states, we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq0}
\Gamma(N,E)=\frac{N!}{\prod_{i}\left[(n!)^{N_{i}/n}(N_{i}/n)!\right]^{M_i}M_{i}!}
\end{equation}
or, with the Stirling approximation $x!\approx (x/e)^x$ to be applicable
\begin{equation}\label{eq1}
\Gamma(N,E)=\frac{(N/n)^{N}e^{N/n}}{\prod_{i}(N_{i}/n)^{N_{i}M_{i}/n}(M_{i}/e)^{M_{i}}}
\end{equation}
Using Eq. (\ref{eq1}), it is possible to calculate the most probable size distribution of
the structures, $\tilde{M}_{i}=\tilde{M}_{i}(N_{i})$, which maximizes the entropy
$S(N,E)=\ln \Gamma(N,S)$ (the Boltzmann constant is set to unity) and determines the
observational {\it macrostate} of the system. The variation of the entropy functional
with respect to $M_{i}$ at two conservation conditions $\sum_{i}M_{i}N_{i}=N$ and
$\sum_{i}M_{i}E_{i}=E$ yields
\begin{equation}\label{eq2}
\tilde{M}_{i}%
=\left(\frac{N_{i}}{n}\right)^{-\frac{N_{i}}{n}}e^{\alpha' N_{i}+\beta'E_{i}}
\end{equation}
where and $\alpha'$ and $\beta'$ are the constants depending on $N$ and $E$ (the Lagrange
multipliers).

To specify the dependence of $E_{i}$ on $N_{i}$, we followed Kolmogorov
\cite{Kolmogorov41a}, i.e., we assumed that the energy of concerted motion of particles
increased with distance as $e(l) \sim l^{2h}$, where $h=1/3$. Since the coherent
structures may be different in form, the law of dependence of $E_{i}$ on $N_{i}$ can also
be different. To estimate the law, we calculated the kinetic energy in a parallelepiped
with sides $L_{1}$, $L_{2}$ and $L_{3}$ as $E(L_{1},L_{2},L_{3}) \sim
\int_{-L_{1}/2}^{L_{1}/2}\int_{-L_{2}/2}^{L_{2}/2}\int_{-L_{3}/2}^{L_{3}/2} r^{2h}
dl_{1}dl_{2}dl_{3}$, where $r^2=l_{1}^2+l_{2}^2+l_{3}^2$, and related the obtained energy
to the parallelepiped volume $V=L_{1}L_{2}L_{3}$. The results of the calculations are
presented in Fig. \ref{aspect_rations}. Panel {\bf{a}} shows typical coherent structures
that were observed by Moisy and Jim\'{e}nez in direct numerical simulations of isotropic
turbulence \cite{MoisyJimenez04}, who characterized the structures by the aspect ratios
$L_{1}/L_{2}$ and $L_{2}/L_{3}$ (solid triangles). There are also shown the corresponding
structures we chosen to calculate the dependence of the kinetic energy on the structure
volume (crosses). Panel {\bf{b}} of Fig. \ref{aspect_rations} depicts the obtained
dependence of $E_{i}$ on $V_{i}$ for these structures. As is seen, it is well fitted by
the function $E \sim V^{\gamma}$ with $\gamma \approx 1.23$, which is close to
$\gamma=2h/3+1=11/9 \approx 1.22$ characteristic of the spherical structures
\cite{Chekmarev13}. The same exponent $\gamma=11/9$ was used by Ruelle \cite{Ruelle12},
who, instead of introducing the coherent structures, divided the physical space in cubes
in which the kinetic energy of fluctuations was assumed to obey the Kolmogorov theory
\cite{Kolmogorov41a}. In the present paper, the calculations are made with $\gamma=11/9$.
Assuming the density of the fluid to be constant, we thus have $E_{i} \sim
N_{i}^{\gamma}$.

Strictly speaking, the Kolmogorov relation assumes the inertial interval of scales $\eta
\ll l \ll L$, where $\eta$ and $L$ are the dissipation and external scales, respectively.
However, for rough estimates, the range of its validity can be extended to the lower and
upper bounds, i.e., to $\eta \le l \le L$ \cite{Chekmarev13}. Moreover, with the
arguments given by Landau and Lifshitz \cite{LandauLifshitz_fluid_mech}, the lower bound
can be associated with laminar motion \cite{Chekmarev13}. According to this, we associate
the laminar state with the structures that are comparable in size with the elementary
cell, i.e., $N_i/n \sim 1$, and the turbulent state with those that contain many
elementary cells, i.e., $N_i/n \gg 1$.

After substituting the dependence $E_i$ on $N_i$ into Eq. (\ref{eq2}), we eventually have
\begin{equation}\label{eq3}
\tilde{M}_{i}=q_{i}^{-q_{i}}e^{\alpha q_{i}+\beta q_{i}^{\gamma}}
\end{equation}
where $q_{i}=N_{i}/n$ is the number of the elementary cells in $i$ structure, and
$\alpha$ and $\beta$ are new constants that should be determined from the equations of
conservation of the total number of particles and kinetic energy in the form
\begin{equation}\label{eq3_1}
N/n=\sum_{i}\tilde{M}_{i}q_{i}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq3_2}
E/n^{\gamma}=\sum_{i}\tilde{M}_{i}q_{i}^{\gamma}
\end{equation}
It is also possible, and is more convenient, to vary $\alpha$ and $\beta$ to obtain $N/n$
and $E/n^{\gamma}$ as functions of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ \cite{Chekmarev13}.

The parameter $N/n$ can be associated with the Reynolds number ${\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}=WL/\nu$, where $W$ and $L$ are, respectively, the velocity and linear scales
characterizing the system as a whole. As has been mentioned, the characteristic size of
the elementary phase volume is determined by the kinematic viscosity, so that the number
of particles in the volume $n \sim \nu^3$. Correspondingly, the total number of particles
$N$ can be considered to be proportional to the total phase volume for the system, i.e.,
$N \sim (WL)^3$. Then $N/n \sim (WL/\nu)^3 ={\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^3$, or assuming for
simplicity that the coefficient of proportionality is equal to 1
\begin{equation}\label{eq4}
{\mathrm {Re}}_{L}=(N/n)^{1/3}
\end{equation}

The distribution given by Eq. (\ref{eq3}) is drastically different from the conventional
Gibbs-Boltzmann distribution for a many-particle system (see, e.g., Landau and Lifshitz
\cite{LandauLifshitz_stat_phys}). In particular, none of the Lagrange multipliers
$\alpha$ and $\beta$ can be associated with temperature. As has been shown in our
previous paper \cite{Chekmarev13}, these multipliers determine the range of the Reynolds
numbers where a turbulent state can be expected. To illustrate this, Fig. \ref{q(re)}
shows the average number of elementary cells in the coherent structures $\langle
q\rangle=\sum_{i}q_{i}\tilde{M}_{i}/\sum_{i}\tilde{M}_{i}$ as a function of the Reynolds
number ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$ determined via Eqs. (\ref{eq3_1}) and (\ref{eq4}). The number
of the elementary cells $q_i$ varied from 1 to $q_{\mathrm{max}}=200$; a variation of
$q_{\mathrm{max}}$ does not change the overall picture, except that the ranges of
variation of $\langle q\rangle$ and ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$ extend to larger values of these
quantities as $q_{\mathrm{max}}$ increases \cite{Chekmarev13}. The values of $\alpha$ and
$\beta$ were randomly chosen from the uniform distributions within $\alpha_{\mathrm{min}}
\leq \alpha \leq \alpha_{\mathrm{max}}$ and $\beta_{\mathrm{min}} \leq \beta \leq
\beta_{\mathrm{max}}$, respectively (for $10^5$ samples in each case). As was indicated
in Ref. \onlinecite{Chekmarev13}, not every combination of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ gives a
physically reasonable bell-shaped distribution \cite{JimenezWraySaffmanRogallo93}, i.e.,
for some combinations, the fraction of which is typically within several percentages,
$\tilde{M}_{i}$ does not vanish at $q \rightarrow q_{\mathrm{max}}$. In Fig. \ref{q(re)},
the points with such "wrong" $\alpha / \beta$ combinations are excluded.

According to the present model, the points of Fig. \ref{q(re)} for which $\langle
q\rangle \sim 1$ should be associated with a laminar state, and those for which $\langle
q\rangle \gg 1$ with a turbulent state. A boundary that seemingly separates these states
lies at a Reynolds number ${\mathrm {Re}}^{\star}_{L}$, which is between ${\mathrm
{Re}_{L}} \sim 10$ and ${\mathrm {Re}_{L}} \sim 10^2$. The positions of the lower and
upper boundaries of the manifold of points representing $\langle q\rangle$ as a function
of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$ are determined by the maximum values of $\beta$ and $\alpha$,
respectively \cite{Chekmarev13}. The lower boundary shifts to lower values of ${\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}$ as $\beta$ increases, and the upper boundary shifts to larger values of
${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$ as $\alpha$ increases, specifically as ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} \sim
\exp(-0.15 \beta\langle q\rangle)$ and ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} \sim \exp(0.06 \alpha\langle
q\rangle)$, respectively. However, while the upper boundary shifts unlimitedly, the lower
boundary changes its position until the value $\beta \approx 1.5$ is reached, after that
it "freezes" \cite{Chekmarev13} (see also Fig. \ref{q(re)}). It is significant that the
dependence of $\langle q \rangle$ on ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$ is not unique, i.e., the state
of the flow is not solely determined by the Reynolds number; rather, as is well-known, it
can depend on the type of the flow, the inlet conditions, the flow environment, etc.
\cite{Lesieur}. In this respect, it is important that for large values of $\alpha$, the
states with $\langle q \rangle \sim 1$ are present at the Reynolds numbers far above its
"critical" value ${\mathrm {Re}}^{\star}_{L}$; for example, at $\alpha=50$ the values of
$\langle q \rangle \approx 3$ are found up to ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} \sim 1 \times 10^4$.
The model thus predicts that the flow should not only be laminar at ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} <
{\mathrm {Re}}^{\star}_{L}$ but can also remain laminar at ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} \gg
{\mathrm {Re}}^{\star}_{L}$, as it was observed, e.g., for pipe flows by Reynolds
\cite{Reynolds1883} and confirmed in many subsequent studies
\cite{DarbyshireMullin95,Pfenninger61,EckhardtSchneiderHofWesterweel07}. We note that the
specific properties of the coherent structures, i.e., the structure shape and the
velocity distribution inside the structure, do not seem to be of critical importance
here. In particular, the structures in the form of the Burgers vortices of finite length
(to mimic "worms") lead to the dependence of the structure size on the Reynolds number
that is qualitatively similar to that in Fig. \ref{q(re)} \cite{Chekmarev13}.

A highly nontrivial property of the present system, which distinguishes it from the
conventional many-particle systems in statistical physics
\cite{LandauLifshitz_stat_phys}, is that the entropy of the system is non-additive. For
example, if we divide the given system of $N$ particles into $k$ identical and
noninteracting subsystems, the density states of the composite system will be
\begin{equation}\label{eq4_1}
\Gamma_{\Sigma}=\frac{[(N/k)!]^{k}}%
{\{\prod_{i}\left[(n!)^{N_{i}/n}(N_{i}/n)!\right]^{L_i}L_{i}!\}^{k}}
\end{equation}
where $L_{i}=M_{i}/k$. Comparison of this equation with Eq. (\ref{eq0}) yields
\begin{equation}\label{eq4_2}
S_{\Sigma}-S=\ln(\Gamma_{\Sigma}/\Gamma)=\sum_{i}(1-N_{i})M_{i}\ln k \approx -N \ln k%
=-n{\mathrm{Re}}_{L}^3 \ln k < 0
\end{equation}
where $S_{\Sigma}$ and $S$ are the entropies of the composite and original systems,
respectively. The non-additivity of entropy is consistent with the fact that the system
of particles representing a fluid flow cannot be divided into parts without a loss of its
essential properties. According to Eq. (\ref{eq4}), the division of the system into
subsystems will reduce the Reynolds number characterizing a subsystem (in the above
example, in $k^{1/3}$ times), so that the resulting Reynolds number for the subsystem
will not correspond to the flow state in the subsystem, which is assumed to be the same
as in the total system. In other words, the condition that the Reynolds number is
determined by the number of particles in the system [Eq. (\ref{eq4})], originates a
virtual interaction of the coherent structures that makes unfavorable the separation of
the flow into domains at equilibrium. As can be seen from Eq. (\ref{eq0}), the entropy of
the system is additive only at the level of the coherent structures, i.e., each
collection of the structures of a specific size gives an additive contribution to the
system entropy.

According to Eq. (\ref{eq0}), the density of states $\Gamma$ and, correspondingly, the
entropy $S=\ln \Gamma$, assume that the particles (atoms or molecules) are identical, and
an elementary volume of the phase space exists in which the state of the particles is
uncertain. The same assumptions play a key role in the derivation of the Navier-Stokes
equation from the the Liouville equation, and thus they are implicitly present in the
Navier-Stokes equation \cite{Chekmarev13} (for the procedure of the derivation of the
Navier-Stokes equation for a gas fluid from the Liouville equation see, e.g., Ferziger
and Kaper \cite{FerzigerKaper}). More specifically, assuming the particles to be
identical (the first assumption of the present model), the Liouville equation for the
many-particle distribution function is reduced to a kinetic equation which contains
single-particle and two-particle distribution functions (the
Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy). Then, using the molecular chaos
assumption (which corresponds to the second assumption of the model), this equation is
closed by expressing the two-particle distribution function through the single-particle
one to yield the Boltzmann equation. The Navier-Stokes equation is obtained from the
Boltzmann equation in the limit of small Knudsen number $\mathrm{Kn}=\lambda/L$, as the
first-order correction in $\mathrm{Kn}$ to the Euler equation, which describes the gas
motion in a state of local equilibrium (the Chapman-Enskog expansion). Therefore,
although the Navier-Stokes equation is incomparably rich in the description of the
laminar/turbulent transition, giving a dynamic picture of the process, it is reasonable
to expect that the statistical properties of the flow calculated on the basis of the
Navier-Stokes equation are, in a considerable degree, due to the above assumptions
involved in the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation (they can be considered as a
hidden statistical content of the Navier-Stokes equation).

\section{Temperatures of the flow states: Results and discussion}
Following Onsager \cite{Onsager49}, let us consider local temperatures of flow states,
which in our case will be related to the coherent structures of different size
\begin{equation}\label{eq5}
1/T_{i}=\Delta S^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}/\Delta E^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}
\end{equation}
where $E^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}=\sum_{1}^{i}E_{k}$ and
$S^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}=\sum_{1}^{i}S_{k}$ are the "cumulative" distributions of the energy
and entropy, respectively, and the increment is calculated as $\Delta
X_{i}=X_{i}-X_{i-1}$. The quantities $E^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}$ and $S^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}$
play a role of the energy $E$ and entropy $S$ in the Onsager theory \cite{Onsager49}. In
particular, the energies are similar in two important respects. First,
$E^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}$ increases as the coherent structures of larger size are included
into consideration, similar as $E$ increased because of clustering of vortices of the
same size in the Onsager theory. Secondly, since the Hamiltonian for the system of
two-dimensional point vortices in inviscid fluid is the part of the kinetic energy of the
system that depends on the relative positions of the vortices (Batchelor
\cite{Batchelor}), the total energy $E$ considered by Onsager represents the kinetic
energy, i.e., similar to what we assumed for the total energy of the system of coherent
structures (Sect. II). The difference with the Onsager theory is that in our case,
because we consider a viscous fluid, the temperature distribution also depends on the
Reynolds number ${\mathrm{Re}}_{L}$ as on a parameter. Taking into account Eqs.
(\ref{eq1}), (\ref{eq3}) and (\ref{eq3_2}), we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq6}
E^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}=A\sum_{k=1}^{k=i}\tilde{M}_{k}q_{k}^{\gamma}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq7}
S^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}=\ln \Gamma^{\mathrm{cum}}_{i}=-\sum_{k=1}^{k=i}\tilde{M}_{k}(q_{k}
\ln q_{k}+\ln \tilde{M}_{k}-1)+B
\end{equation}
where $A=n^\gamma$ and $B=N\ln(N/n)+N/n$. Then, assuming $N$ and $n$ to be fixed, so that
the Reynolds number determined by Eq. (\ref{eq4}) is fixed too, Eq. (\ref{eq5}) gives
\begin{equation} \label{eq8}
\frac{1}{T_{i}}=-\frac{\tilde{M}_{i}(q_{i} \ln q_{i}+\ln \tilde{M}_{i}-1)}{A
\tilde{M}_{i}q_{i}^{\gamma}}=-\frac{\alpha q_{i}+\beta q_{i}^{\gamma}-1}{A
q_{i}^{\gamma}}
\end{equation}
To represent the temperature in the subsequent Figs. \ref{t(q)}-\ref{t_crit(re)}, the
constant $A$ is set to unity.

Examination of the temperature distributions given by Eq. (\ref{eq8}) shows that they are
characteristically different in different ranges of variation of the Reynolds number.
Specifically, the distributions of three types are observed, which are depicted in Fig.
\ref{t(q)}. At small ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$ the temperature is positive for all $q_i$ (the
red curve), at large ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$ it is negative for all $q_i$ (the blue curve),
and at intermediate values of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$, the temperature abruptly changes from
positive to negative at some $q{_i}=q{_i}^{\mathrm{c}}$, which corresponds to the maximum
of the entropy (the black curve). In the latter case, the behavior of the temperature is
qualitatively similar to what was predicted by Onsager \cite{Onsager49}. The essential
difference is that in the present case the distribution is dependent upon the Reynolds
number as on a parameter; in particular, the value of $q{_i}^{\mathrm{c}}$ changes with
${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$, although not regularly because different combinations of parameters
$\alpha$ and $\beta$ entering Eq. (\ref{eq8}) can lead to very close values of ${\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}$ (as, e.g., Fig. \ref{q(re)} evidences).

To see how the temperature of state changes with the Reynolds number, let us introduce
average temperatures $\langle T\rangle$ which are characteristic of different ${\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}$. If the temperature is positive or negative for all $q_i$, as for ${\mathrm
{Re}}_{L} \ll {\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ and ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} \gg {\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ in Fig. \ref{t(q)}, it was calculated as an overall average $\langle
T\rangle=\sum_{i} T_{i}\tilde{M}_{i}/\sum_{i} \tilde{M}_{i}$, where $\tilde{M}_{i}$ is
the most probably size distribution of the structures, Eq. (\ref{eq3}). Otherwise, if the
sign of the temperature changes, as for ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} \sim {\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ in Fig. \ref{t(q)}, it was calculated for the $T_{i}>0$ and $T_{i}<0$
segments of the dependence $T_{i}=T_{i}(q_{i})$ separately. The results of the
calculations are presented in Fig. \ref{t(re)}. It is seen that the overall average
temperature drastically diverges, changing from positive to negative as the Reynolds
number increases. This divergence of the overall average temperature is accompanied by
large fluctuations of the segment average temperatures in a relatively wide range of the
Reynolds numbers. The state of the flow that has the temperature of the same sign for all
coherent structures, i.e., the overall average temperature, should be associated with a
certain state of the flow, which is laminar or turbulent. Therefore, the laminar and
turbulent states, which correspond to small and large Reynolds numbers, are characterized
by positive and negative temperatures, respectively. Correspondingly, the range of the
Reynolds numbers where the positive and negative temperatures are in mixture should be
associated with the laminar-turbulent transition range.

Figure \ref{t(re)} suggests that the laminar-turbulent transition is similar to a
second-order phase transition \cite{LandauLifshitz_stat_phys} in that at some critical
Reynolds number the temperature drastically diverges, which is accompanied by large
fluctuations of the temperature. A similarity between these two phenomena has been
noticed and discussed in Refs. \onlinecite {Chabaud_Hebral94,TabelingWillaime02,
CortetChiffaudelDaviaudDubrulle10}, where laminar-turbulent transition was studied
experimentally. Chabaud et al. \cite{Chabaud_Hebral94} investigated a jet of gaseous
helium and found that in the transition range the behavior of the width of the velocity
probability density function depending on the size of the spatial structures resembled
the isotherms of a liquid-gas system near the critical point. Tabeling and Willaime
\cite{TabelingWillaime02} studied the flatness of the velocity derivatives in the flow of
gaseous helium between counter-rotating disks (a von K\'{a}rm\'{a}n swirling flow) and
showed that in the transition range the flatness experiences significant changes and has
a power-law dependence on the Reynolds number as $\sim \mathrm{Re}^{0.54}$ below the
critical number $\mathrm{Re_{c}}$ and $\sim (\mathrm{Re}-\mathrm{Re_{c}})^{0.5}$ above
$\mathrm{Re_{c}}$. More recently, Cortet et al. \cite{CortetChiffaudelDaviaudDubrulle10}
investigated the susceptibility of the von K\'{a}rm\'{a}n swirling liquid water flows to
symmetry breaking initiated by different rotation frequencies of the disks and found that
at a critical Reynolds number $\mathrm{Re_{c}}$ the susceptibility diverges as $\chi_{1}
\sim |1/\log{\mathrm{Re}}-1/\log{\mathrm{{Re_{c}}}}|^{-1}$. The quantity $1/{\mathrm {log
{Re}}}$ was interpreted as a temperature due to Castaing \cite{Castaing96}, who
introduced the turbulent flow temperature as a quantity that is conserved along the
length scales in the energy cascade.

The present model shows a similar qualitative behavior of the state temperature as a
function of the Reynolds number ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$. To determine critical exponents, we
averaged the data of Fig. \ref{t(re)} by dividing the Reynolds numbers into bins of
length 0.1 (all temperatures were taken into account, not only those shown in Fig.
\ref{t(re)}). In each bin, the mean values of the Reynolds number ($\mathrm {R}$) and the
temperature ($\Theta$) were calculated. The obtained dependence of $\Theta$ on $\mathrm
{R}$ was fitted to the function $\Theta_{\mathrm {theor}}=a|{\mathrm {R}}-{\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}^{\star}|^b$ separately for ${\mathrm {R}} < {\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ and
${\mathrm {R}} > {\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$, where $a$ and $b$ are the constants to be
fitted, and ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ is an expected critical Reynolds number (Fig.
\ref{t_crit(re)}). The constant $b$ plays a role of the critical exponent. To determine
constants $a$ and $b$ for a selected value of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$, the
functional $Q=\sum [(\Theta_{i}-\Theta_{{\mathrm {theor}},i})/\sigma_i]^2$ was evaluated,
where $i$ is the number of the bin, and $\sigma_i$ is the standard deviation of
$\Theta_{i}$ in $i$ bin. The functional was minimized with respect to $a$ and $b$ in a
close vicinity of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ ($|{\mathrm {R}}-{\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}^{\star}|\leq 0.5$). To find an optimal value of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$,
the procedure was repeated for different values of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ that
increased from 1.5 to 1.9. The value of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ was considered to be
optimal if the both final values of $Q$ for ${\mathrm {R}}<{\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$
and ${\mathrm {R}} > {\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ were smaller than the corresponding
values of $Q$ for the other values of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$. The best fit was
achieved at ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star} =1.578$, in which case the data are approximated
by the functions $\Theta=0.42({\mathrm {Re}}^{\star}_{L} - {\mathrm {R}})^{-1.42}$ at
${\mathrm {R}} < {\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ and $\Theta=-2.2({\mathrm {R}} - {\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}^{\star})^{-1.42}$ at ${\mathrm {R}} > {\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ (Fig.
\ref{t_crit(re)}). The fluctuations of the temperature sharply increase toward the
critical Reynolds number (exponentially rather than by a power law) and reach
$\sigma/\Theta \sim 1$ and $\sigma/\Theta \sim 10$ at ${\mathrm {R}} < {\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ and ${\mathrm {R}} > {\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$, respectively.

The observed behavior of the temperature with the Reynolds number is similar to
second-order phase transitions in several essential respects: the temperature exhibits a
power-law divergence at the critical point (the critical Reynolds number), the critical
exponents below and above the critical point are practically equal to each other and have
the same order of magnitude as those in second-order phase transitions, and the
fluctuations of the temperature in the vicinity of the critical point are as large or
larger than the mean value of the temperature (Stanley \cite{Stanley}). At the same time,
drawing a direct analogy to second-order phase transitions is problematic, primarily
because the flow cannot be divided into parts without a loss of its essential properties
(Sect. II). Consequently, the system of particles representing the flow does not have the
property of self-similarity, which plays a key role in second-order phase transitions and
critical phenomena (Kadanoff \cite{Kadanoff66} and Wilson \cite{Wilson75}).

The drastic change of the state temperature at ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L} \sim {\mathrm
{Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ offers a criterion to distinguish between laminar and turbulent states
that is more definite than the dependence of $\langle q\rangle$ upon ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}$
(Fig. \ref{q(re)}). The unreasonably low value of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ ($\approx
1.6$) we obtained is, in a considerable degree, a result of the flexibility in the
definition of the size of the elementary volume. Equation (\ref{eq4}) assumed that it was
the product of the Kolmogorov length and velocity dissipation microscales $\eta
v_{\eta}=\nu$. However, the space scale must not be necessarily equal to $\eta$. For
example, the scale dividing the dissipation and inertial subranges $l_{\mathrm{DI}}=60
\eta$  (Pope \cite{Pope00}) can be taken as the space scale. Correspondingly, because in
the inertial subrange $v \sim (\epsilon l)^{1/3}$, $v_{\mathrm{DI}}=(\epsilon
l_{\mathrm{DI}})^{1/3}$ can serve as the velocity scale. Then, the value of the critical
Reynolds number ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star}$ increases $60^{4/3}$ times, which leads to a
more reasonable value of ${\mathrm {Re}}_{L}^{\star} \approx 4 \times 10^2$.

It would be of interest to determine the statistical temperature of the flow by
experiment or numerical simulations and test the predicted behavior of the temperature
with the Reynolds number. For this, Eq. (\ref{eq8}) can be rewritten as $1/T_{i} \sim
-(q_{i} \ln q_{i}+\ln{M}_{i}-1)/E_{i}$, where $E_{i}$ is the kinetic energy of $i$
structure, $M_{i}$ is the size distribution of the structures, and $q_{i}=V_{i}/\eta^3$,
where $V_{i}$ is the volume of $i$ structure, and $\eta$ is the Kolmogorov microscale.
According to this equation, all one needs to know to calculate the temperature is the
volumes of the coherent structures, their kinetic energies, and the size distribution of
the structures. Such information can be obtained, in principle, by direct numerical
simulations, similar to those of Moisy and Jim\'{e}nez \cite{MoisyJimenez04}, in which
the size distribution of the coherent structures was determined and the kinetic energies
of the structures could be calculated. of the structures could be calculated.

\section{Conclusions} Using the previously developed statistical model of laminar/turbulent
states of a fluid flow, which considered the flow as a collection of coherent structures
of various size \cite{Chekmarev13}, a statistical temperature of the flow states has been
determined that depends on the Reynolds number. It has been shown that at small Reynolds
numbers, associated with laminar states, the temperature is positive, while at large
Reynolds numbers, associated with turbulent states, it is negative. At intermediate
Reynolds numbers, the temperature abruptly changes from positive to negative as the
structure size increases, similar to what Onsager predicted for a system of parallel
point-vortices in an inviscid fluid \cite{Onsager49}. It has also been shown that in the
range of intermediate Reynolds numbers, which is associated with the transition between
laminar and turbulent states, the temperature drastically diverges, exhibiting a
power-law behavior characteristic of second-order phase transitions. The critical
exponents below and above critical Reynolds number are close to each other and have the
same order of magnitude as those in the second-order phase transitions.

\section{Acknowledgments}
I thank R. Khairulin for useful discussions of the critical phenomena.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Abhishek Bachchan's darling daughter Aaradhya left an adorable note for him in his office, check pic!
Abhishek Bachchan's darling daughter Aaradhya left an adorable note for him in his office, check pic! – Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's darling daughter Aaradhya Bachchan is growing up pretty fast. She's one of the most popular star kids on the block. Not just her cutesy smile, but her impeccable mannerisms have also gathered her immense praises from everyone. Now, it so happened that while dad Abhishek was away shooting for his upcoming Anurag Kashyap film titled Manmarziyaan, Aaradhya happened to visit his office and on missing him being around, left an adorable note for her daddy dearest.
When Abhishek Bachchan returned to Mumbai and went back to his office after about two months, the first thing he set his eyes on was the note from his the apple of his eyes – Aaradhya. "I love you Papa" read the note.
The picture isgathering immense love from the netizens who can't seem to get over the sweet gesture of Aaradhya for AB Jr.
Abhishek is currently shooting for Manmarziyaan along with Taapsee Pannu and Vicky Kaushal. He's already shot for the film in Punjab and Kashmir. The film is supposed to hit the theatres sometime in September this year.