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Spotting domestic abuse
July 20, 2017 by Leslie Vernick
John and Carol were in counseling for over a year. Their presenting problem was identified as communication issues and difficulties agreeing on how to discipline their teenage son. John was a deacon in their church and managed security for a large corporation. Carol was a homemaker. They were married seventeen years, their son just turned fifteen, and they had two younger daughters.
During their bimonthly counseling sessions, Carol would often defer to John for the answer to the counselor's questions. She seemed very eager to get help, as they were concerned that their son was developing an angry and rebellious spirit. John was critical of his son's recent behaviors and told the counselor, "Carol is too lenient with him. We need to come together to show him who's in charge around here."
Overcoming secrecy is the first step
When an individual or couple seeks help from a pastor or counselor, domestic abuse is rarely the presenting problem disclosed. We can see an individual or couple for a long time and not have the slightest idea of what is really going on behind the closed doors of their home. We know only what they tell us and what we see. If we don't know what to look for or ask them, or if they don't feel free to tell us, then we can miss a large part of the diagnostic picture.
I became aware of Carol and John's story through a mutual friend who called me asking for advice. She attended church with them, and that morning Carol disclosed to her that the night before, their son threatened to kill his father. My friend felt scared. What should she do? How could she help?
Carol told her friend that during an argument with John, her son grabbed one of his father's guns and threatened to kill his dad. The previous evening, while Carol was talking on the phone, John became enraged, forced her to hang up, and became violent. One of John's house rules was that Carol was not allowed to talk on the phone when he was home. He reasoned she had plenty of opportunities to talk while he was at work. After Carol hung up from her sister's phone call, she tried to explain to John why her sister needed to talk, but in his rage he began slapping and punching Carol. That was when their son grabbed the gun and threatened his dad. This incident was not the first time John hit Carol. It was only the most recent in a long history of violence at home.
Carol knew that she could no longer keep secret what was going on at home.
I advised Carol's friend to have Carol call her counselor and fill him in on their crisis. He was in shock. He had no idea about the scope of abuse hidden in their home. How would he? She never told, and he never asked.
Giving permission to talk about domestic abuse
In order to assess for the possibility of domestic abuse, it is important that you ask questions that will give a person the opportunity to disclose what is happening. Counselees may not be willing to talk because of fear, or shame, or because they aren't ready to face it. But when you gently ask some strategic questions and respectfully listen, you are giving them permission to "tell their story" as well as indicating that you take abuse seriously and see their personal safety as important.
There are three preliminary questions you can ask every client:
Have you ever been threatened or physically hurt in this relationship?
Have you ever been an unwilling participant in a sexual act in this relationship?
Have you ever felt fearful around your partner?
If you receive an affirmative response to one or more of these preliminary questions, it's important to obtain a more detailed assessment.
Getting the important data for domestic abuse counseling
Not all domestic abuse looks the same, and it can range from mild to severe. However, when any kind of abuse is suspected or indicated, it is helpful to ask more specific questions around four areas.
Ask about the frequency of the abuse
Ask, "How often do you feel afraid of your partner?" Or, "How often have you been threatened or physically hurt?" Or, "How often have you been an unwilling participant in a sexual act?"
If you take a careful history of abusive incidents, you will often find that they increase in frequency over time. Lenore Walker, an expert in working with abused women, suggests asking strategic questions to look for patterns of increasing frequency:
When was the first time abuse happened?
When was the last time it happened?
It's important to note even if abuse is reported as infrequent (once a year, or even once every five years), it is still sin. Abuse is never acceptable, excusable, or justifiable and is always destructive to the marriage and the person being abused.
Ask about the intensity of the abuse
When you are listening to the answers around frequency, it's important to ask specific questions about what happened. Evaluate whether the abusive behavior is growing not only in frequency but also in intensity.
Have abusive words escalated to push?
Has a push become a shove, a slap become a beating?
What is a typical type of incident?
What is the worst thing that has happened?
Ask about the danger level of the abuse
What is the level of danger to the spouse and/or children in the home? Abusive behavior may be very infrequent but can still be extremely dangerous to the victim. It only takes one bullet to kill someone.
If less severe types of violence have been reported, but after questioning you see that the abusive behavior is increasing in frequency and intensity, understand that it is also increasing in danger.
Are there guns easily accessible? Is there a history of violent or cruel behavior (road rage, throwing things, assaulting others outside the family, cruelty toward animals)? Is there drug or alcohol use (abuse)? Substance abuse increases the level of danger and the likelihood of abusive incidents. Is there a history of emotional and/or mental instability or suicidal or homicidal threats?
If you suspect your client is in imminent danger, please consult with experts in abuse to help the victim develop a safety plan. The National Domestic Violence Hotline is 1-800-799-SAFE (7233).
Ask about power and control associated with the abuse
Is one partner trying to exercise power and control over the other through the use of physical aggression, verbal threats or put-downs, economic control, twisting of Scripture, and/or coercive isolation?
After speaking with Carol about specific incidents of abuse, her counselor realized that John believed he was entitled to use his anger to gain power and control over Carol and their children. John consistently twisted Scriptures to justify his domineering control over Carol's time and their joint finances. John's belief that he had the right to tell Carol she was not allowed to talk on the phone, as well as many other areas where he limited Carol's freedoms, indicated a gross imbalance of power and control in their marriage.
Domestic violence is not new. It appeared shortly after sin entered the world when Cain murdered his brother, Abel (Gen. 4:8). Yet many pastors and Christian counselors never receive any specific training in recognizing familial abuse nor know what kind of questions to ask.
Now you know, but if you fail to ask, you may never know what's really going on behind closed doors.
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Leslie Vernick
Leslie Vernick is a popular speaker, author, and licensed clinical social worker and relationship coach. In 2013, she received the American Association of Christian Counselors Caregiver of the Year Award. Leslie received her master's degree in clinical social work from the University of Illinois and has received postgraduate training in biblical counseling as well as cognitive therapy. She is a featured expert in the DivorceCare Christ-centered divorce support group program. She has authored several books, including How to Live Right When Your Life Goes Wrong and The Emotionally Destructive Relationship. Leslie has been a featured guest on Focus on the Family radio, FamilyLife Today with Dennis Rainey, and Moody's Midday Connection, and she writes a regular column for WHOAwomen magazine.
This article, Do You Know What Questions to Ask?, first appeared on ChristianCounseling.com, August 8, 2013, and is used with permission. The article has also been adapted for CareLeader.org with permission from the author.
Filed Under: All Posts, Pastor's issues Tagged With: domestic abuse, guest post, Leslie Vernick, marriage and family, marriage counseling, sexual abuse
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Are Halcion Rehabs Private and Confidential?
How Long Does Inpatient Halcion Rehabilitation Last?
Do Halcion Rehabs Accept Insurance?
Those taking Halcion sometimes refer to the drug by its generic name triazolam. Doctors only prescribe the medication for a small number of people because of its side effects. The only people who should take the medication are those with extreme bouts of sleeplessness and those who have insomnia caused by a psychological or physical condition. Halcion can cause euphoric thoughts, increased drowsiness and states of deep relaxation. According to Phillip W. Long, M.D., these effects of the drug decrease after an individual uses the drug for a period of two weeks or more. A Halcion rehab center can get you or someone you know off the drug.
Outpatient clinics give addicts more freedom because the patients leave the center every day. Inpatient clinics can sometimes have a higher success rate because those facilities keep the patients away from drugs, stressful situations, temptations and others who use the drug. An inpatient Halcion rehabilitation center essentially keeps the person away from anything that might trigger a relapse. When choosing which type of Halcion treatment facility you need, weigh the benefits of each center carefully before making a decision. Call 1-888-341-7785 if you need assistance finding the right type of treatment.
The moment that you admit you have no control over your Halcion addiction is the moment that you need a treatment center. A residential rehab facility for Halcion addiction provides care in a comfortable environment. You live at the center, learning how to interact with others without having drugs in your system. These programs often teach you how to do ordinary things at home without the influence of drugs.
You might find yourself in the position where you do not know if you have a dependence on Halcion. When you must use the drug to perform ordinary tasks and activities, you have a dependence on the drug. If you find that you need a higher dose of the drug, you have an increased tolerance to the medication. Building a tolerance to the medication can cause dependence or addiction.
High-end rehab facilities offer amenities that you cannot find at public facilities. Many of these treatment centers provide private bedrooms, while you might share a room with several other people at a public facility. This private bedroom gives you a place to relax and unwind without other people around. Private bathrooms, tennis courts, stables and whirlpool tubs are other amenities that you might find at a private facility. These centers also offer protection for clients because they never reveal information about your case to anyone outside the center. The treatment facility protects everyone, regardless of who they are.
You can choose a Halcion rehab center that lasts as long as you need. If you attend a detox program, the program might last for several days or a long weekend. The point of that program is to remove the Halcion from your system quickly and safely. If you need long-term treatment, you might choose a program that runs for 30, 60, 120 or 180 days. Most centers refer to these programs as one-, two-, three- or six-month programs. The longer programs often give patients more freedom towards the end of the program such as the freedom to leave campus for a day or weekend.
If you feel nervous about attending a private Halcion rehab facility, you should take comfort in the fact that these programs offer support from the moment you arrive. During the intake process, you explain your addiction and talk to a doctor about potential treatment plans. Halcion treatment programs often provide a detox program for those who need to get the drug out of their systems. Those who abuse more than one substance can seek specialized care, which treats each addiction separately. Specialized care can also help those who suffer a second addiction because of the Halcion such as those who take the medication with alcohol. For more information on what treatment entails, call 1-888-341-7785.
Most Halcion rehabilitation facilities accept insurance, including any coverage that your employer offers. Your insurance might cover only a portion of the costs, which leaves you responsible for the rest of your treatment costs. You should also keep in mind that some insurance companies will only cover a certain amount of time in rehab.
Leaving your family and friends behind while you attend rehab can seem difficult. If you cannot face losing your loved ones, you might pick a Halcion rehab center within driving distance of your home. This gives your family the chance to visit and attend family sessions with you at the center.
If executive responsibilities have been a stumbling block you, your husband or your wife from looking for help for a narcotic or prescription drug problem or behavioral addiction, executive rehab facilities can be invaluable. Coupling high-quality substance abuse and behavior addiction treatments with the flexibility of occasional computer and phone access, an executive can get clean and sober away from the spotlight.
Many fine narcotic, prescription drug or behavior addiction treatment centers offer the luxury amenities you'd only expect in America's finest hotels, with your success and well-being being the top priorities. From gym facilities and private rooms to 5-star chef-prepared meals and fine linens, you can get the top substance abuse and behavior addiction treatment for yourself, your husband or your wife while enjoying rehab. For help searching for excellent luxury treatment facilities for Halcion addiction, dial our toll-free hotline right away at 1-888-341-7785.
After you leave the rehab center, you will find that staying sober becomes a part of your daily life. Staying sober will become as normal as breathing or eating. You can use the skills that you gained at the facility to abstain from Halcion every day.
Going to rehab ideally happens after the person addicted to Halcion admits to the problem. As soon as you tell yourself that you have a problem or you need help, you can begin looking for Halcion rehab facilities. Those who admit that they have a problem are more likely to follow the steps of the program.
According to Time Magazine, Halcion was one of the most prescribed medications in the world during the early 1990s, with more than 7 million prescriptions written annually. The number of people abusing the medication today is still quite high, so you are not alone. There are several different treatments available for those with a Halcion addiction, including religious or faith-based treatment facilities. These programs focus on the idea that a higher power can help you find a way to stop using drugs.
You can also choose a holistic treatment center that focuses on natural healing and methods that help you kick your Halcion addiction. A 12-step program is another way that some find the help that they need. These programs give users 12 steps that they must follow during treatment.
As long as you are willing to admit you have a problem, you can get clean and sober. Sobriety is available from any Halcion rehab program for those who need help. You can call 1-888-341-7785 for more information today.
Am I addicted to Halcion?
What are the long-term effects of Halcion abuse?
If you continue using Halcion, you leave yourself at risk of developing rashes, swelling of the face, vision troubles, frequent bouts of drowsiness and itching of the skin.


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La remanencia magnética o magnetización remanente es la capacidad de un material para retener el magnetismo que le ha sido inducido, es decir, la magnetización que persiste en un imán permanente después de que se retira el campo magnético externo. También es la medida de la magnetización de un material con propiedades magnéticas. Coloquialmente, cuando un imán está "magnetizado", posee remanencia. Es también la memoria magnética de un medio de almacenamiento magnético y la fuente de información sobre el campo magnético de la Tierra en el paleomagnetismo.

El término magnetización residual se utiliza generalmente en aplicaciones de ingeniería. En los transformadores, motores eléctricos y generadores no es deseable una magnetización residual grande (véase también acero eléctrico). En muchas otras aplicaciones, es una contaminación no deseada, por ejemplo, una magnetización remanente en un electroimán después de que se corta la corriente en la bobina. En el caso de que no sea deseada, la remanencia puede ser removida por desmagnetización.

A veces el término capacidad de retención se utiliza para la remanencia medida en unidades de densidad de flujo magnético.

Tipos de remanencia

Remanencia de saturación
La definición por defecto de remanencia es la magnetización que permanece en un material, en un campo magnético nulo, después de haberle aplicado un campo magnético grande (lo suficiente para alcanzar la saturación). Un ciclo de histéresis magnética se mide con instrumentos, como un magnetómetro de muestra vibrante, y la intersección con el campo cero es una medida de la remanencia. En física, esta medida se convierte en una magnetización promedio (el momento magnético total dividido por el volumen de la muestra) y se denota en las ecuaciones como  Si hay que diferenciarla de otros tipos de remanencia se le llama remanencia de saturación o remanencia de saturación isotérmica (SIRM) y se denota por .

En aplicaciones de ingeniería, la magnetización residual a menudo se mide con un Analizador B-H, que mide la respuesta a un campo magnético AC (como en la Fig. 1). Esto se representa con una densidad de flujo . Este valor de remanencia es uno de los parámetros más importantes que caracterizan los imanes permanentes, y mide el campo magnético más fuerte que puede producir. Los imanes de neodimio, por ejemplo, tienen una remanencia aproximada de 1,3 teslas.

Notas

Referencias

  (Russian translation is available).

Enlaces externos
 Coercivity and Remanence in Permanent Magnets (en inglés)
 Magnet Man (en inglés)

Véase también
 Inducción magnética
 Coercividad
 Histéresis
 Magnetismo de las rocas
 Paleomagnetismo
 Magnetización termoremanente
 Magnetización remanente viscosa

Geomagnetismo
Magnetoquímica
Propiedades magnéticas de los materiales
Ingeniería de la computación

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Emirates Will Test The Boeing 777X In Dubai During Certification
Gulf carrier Emirates has said it plans to test the Boeing 777X in Dubai. The aircraft will undergo a trial at the airline's hub at some point in August next year.
Emirates wants to test the Boeing 777X in Dubai next year. Photo: Boeing
The all-important test
Sitting with the head of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the president of Emirates proposed plans to assiduously test the Boeing 777X before it enters service. The reason is to prevent further aviation tragedies like the two fatal crashes caused by issues with the 737 MAX.
After an interview with the FAA, Tim Clark told Flight Global:
"I want one aircraft to go through hell on earth to make sure it all works…This is going to be a proper certification programme."
His comment comes after speculation that Boeing suggested offering more airframes into the test schedule. His answer was a solid no.
And, who can fault Emirates for putting safety ahead of its desire to launch the new aircraft? The airline doesn't just want assurance of the aircraft's airworthiness. It wants confirmation that the aircraft is able to withstand routine conditions specific to Emirates. Tim Clark specified that he intended to test the aircraft to ensure:
"…the GE engine will do all the things they say it'll do in the kind of conditions we operate over here."
For that reason, the airline will receive the aircraft in Dubai in the height of summer next year where it will undergo a testing period of around two months. We contacted Emirates for more information about the specifics of the test but it said no more information would be shared at this time.
Why the extra caution?
Well, of course, no one wants to see a repeat of the Boeing MAX fatalities. But it's not just that which is spurring Emirates' caution with its next Boeing delivery. It's the integrity of the 777X itself.
Emirates wants to ensure the aircraft is suitable after previous engine issues. Photo: Boeing
Earlier this year, the GE9X engines which drive the aircraft succumbed to a number of issues. This not only rocked the confidence in the quality of the aircraft's engineering but also delayed its distribution. The engines, which are the world's most powerful, have since been replaced by the issuer, GE.
Understandably, by testing the aircraft itself Emirates is taking a meticulous approach in ensuring passenger safety. It will not want the enthusiasm generated around the 777X to pale into insignificance.
The rigorous testing schedule and obligation to overcome design faults have led to a delayed first flight. But it seems for Emirates, at least, the aircraft will not be introduced a moment too soon.
Boeing hopes its first test-flight will kick-off in the early months of 2020 ahead of Emirates' proposed testing.
2020 – the year for testing
2020 was meant to be an important year for 777X deliveries, not testing. However, Emirates and other airlines will now see the first of the aircraft delivered in 2021.
As a result, Emirates has ordered other aircraft. Emirates today announced that it would be replacing some of its 777X orders with 787-9. Emirates will now substitute 30 of its 150 777X orders for the Dreamliner.
Emirates today placed an order to revoke some of its 777X deliveries. Photo: Thomas Boon/Simple Flying
But today the airline remained positive about the introduction of the 777X. It said in a statement:
"We are also pleased to reaffirm our commitment to the Boeing 777x programme and look forward to its entry into service."
And why is it so enthusiastic about the Boeing 777X?
What are Emirates plans for its 777X?
Emirates is eager to create a broader fleet for more growth. Photo: Emirates
Emirates is keen to undertake a fleet renovation. It looked to the 777X to be the guiding light on producing a broader fleet. And with an expanded fleet will come growth for the airline.
After expecting the aircraft to arrive mid-next year, it makes sense that Emirates is agitated with the delays. Testing the aircraft itself will at least allow Emirates some control over the situation and satiate its appetite for further development.
What do you make of Emirates plans? Let us know in the comments!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Please note that the major part of the data is obtained via the National Tax Board (Skatteverket) and the charging or issuing authority is what is meant by source in the list below. Where the data is not obtained from Skatteverket this is stated with reference to a footnote.
The information concerning mismanaged credit and misused bank accounts/credit cards and credit commitments is only available to banks and authorised finance companies.
How long is a payment complaint record kept by UC?
Entries for private individuals are kept for three years (36 months) from the date of the event. Entries for legal entities are kept for five years (60 months) from the date of the event. Application records remain for two years after the close of the year when the event took place, which may mean that the entry can be presented for up to three years. Data concerning misused bank accounts and mismanaged credit is kept for three years (36 months). Data concerning misused credit cards is kept for 24 months.Trade prohibitions are presented for three years after the circumstance ceases to apply. As of 1 January 1998 the monetary limit is SEK 100.


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'Rrazny' jewelers lose more than $300 million in 'Windsor' jeweler fires
By Dan Levine and David Lohman | ESPN.comWindsors jewelers were left in the lurch after they were sued for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty by a former employee.
In the first class action lawsuit filed in federal court in California, the two former employees alleged that they were duped by the store and that they received nothing in return for their time.
Razny's former general manager, Eric St. Germain, said the former employees "should be ashamed of themselves."
St. Germains lawsuit was filed against Razny and two other jewelers in December.
He alleged that the former general managers received payments in the millions of dollars for work they did for Razny, but that he never received the promised work, which was done for free.
St. Germas lawsuit alleged that Razny's general manager was paid between $150,000 and $250,000 per year, which he said "was not what the store needed."
St Germains attorney, Steve Bielik, said that St. Germans lawyers "did not expect to win and expect to have an opportunity to vindicate themselves in court."
The company has not responded to the lawsuit.
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The effects of magnets on the body have intrigued people for thousands of years and been documented for centuries. More recently, scientists have found that magnets can stimulate the circulation and regulate the blood flow encouraging overstretched veins to tighten, and constricted blood vessels to relax, resulting in swelling and inflammation being reduced.
A study on sports injuries also found that by alternating magnets with ice packs on sprains, bruises and grazes, the injuries healed more swiftly.
There are no definitive answers as to why a little magnet helps but there are several theories which could be plausible.


The presumptive GOP nominee sounded uncomfortable when two men kissed on television.
Donald Trump, the presumptive GOP presidential nominee, argued Monday that he would defend the LGBT community.
Presumptive GOP presidential nominee Donald Trump sought to portray himself as a defender of the LGBT community in a Monday speech addressing national security, while arguing Hillary Clinton's immigration policy with respect to refugees would allow radical Muslims into the country who oppose gay rights.
"Ask yourself, who is really the friend of women and the LGBT community, Donald Trump with his actions, or Hillary Clinton with her words?" Trump said in New Hampshire, following a shooting at a gay club in Orlando, Florida, over the weekend. "Clinton wants to allow Radical Islamic terrorists to pour into our country — they enslave women, and murder gays. I don't want them in our country."
The gunman, who was an American citizen born in New York City, reportedly declared his allegiance to the Islamic State militant group before carrying out Sunday morning's massacre.
Trump, however, didn't sound very comfortable with a public display of affection between two men in May of 2014, after Michael Sam kissed his boyfriend on national television in celebration of becoming the first openly gay football player drafted by the NFL.
"And you know, I don't know — if everyone thinks that's a wonderful thing, I guess that's fine with me. But it looked pretty out there to me," Trump said of the kiss in an interview on Fox News' "Fox and Friends."
LGBT voters support Clinton over Trump, 84 percent to 16 percent, according to a recent Whitman Insight Strategies survey. Over the weekend, Trump also assured a conference of Christian conservatives that he opposes marriage equality.


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Home » Campus Life » Stanford political scientist Anna Grzymala-Busse talks erosion of democracy
Stanford political scientist Anna Grzymala-Busse talks erosion of democracy
by Benjamin Rosenfeld October 21, 2018 April 20, 2021
The University of Michigan Weiser Center for Emerging Democracies hosted Anna Grzymala-Busse, a political science professor at Stanford University, Friday afternoon for a lecture about the modern challenges to democracy. More than 50 students and faculty attended the event, titled "Populism and the Erosion of Democracy," and were able to engage in an active discussion concerning the implications of a recent surge in populist support.
Busse, who is currently researching the surge in support for populism in former Communist countries, aimed to define the populist ideology and explain why it is on the rise in Eastern Europe. She also detailed how populism has contributed to the deterioration of democratic institutions worldwide.
"All populist parties and movements basically make two claims," she said. "The first claim is that the elites are a corrupt and self-serving cartel. So business elites, political elites, whether politicians or businessmen or journalists, they're all in it for themselves."
According to Busse, this political stance has resulted in increasing distrust of liberal democratic institutions and a push to minimize their power.
"The first target are the courts," Busse stated. "What they do, basically, is to politicize the courts and reduce judicial autonomy, as that could be a major constraint on these parties."
Busse also cited recent populist policies of court packing, judicial age limits, changes to legal framework and, in some cases, large-scale revisions of national constitutions. In Hungary, she stated, one party member was put in charge of all national judicial appointments, all but eliminating the presence of checks on party power.
In her explanation of this threat to democracy, Busse mainly cited the examples from Poland and Hungary, nations where the populist PiS and Fidesz parties gained supermajorities in their national congresses, giving them unchecked legislative power.
"In both of these cases, they are going to be governing unconstrained by any coalition partner, or frankly any forms of checks and balances," she said.
As Busse's research proved, recent surges in populist support have been largely linked to economic downturn and the failure of mainstream parties to respond appropriately to public concerns.
"These mainstream parties have increasingly failed to absorb and to respond to popular fears," Busse explained. "Fears about the economy, about immigration, about what's going on in the world and how rapidly it's changing. Instead, what they followed was basically a mainstream policy consensus."
LSA sophomore Yuting Chen is studying political science and expressed curiosity at the end of the lecture with the points brought up both by Busse and members of the audience.
"I'm interested in authoritarian revival in Eastern Europe, and political and economic transition," he said. "It's interesting to me that populism can be very attractive when liberal democracy fails."
Dan Slater, the director of the Weiser Center, expressed a hope that those in attendance would leave better informed about the implications of populism.
"Hopefully people will realize that populism is happening worldwide, and hopefully they'll have a clearer understanding of what it means and what it doesn't mean," he stated. "It's certainly threatening in some ways, while maybe not in others."
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I've been watching this new feature Facebook has rolling out called "Questions". If you haven't heard of it, it's not a new idea. Yahoo has 'Answers' and is the most used of the Q&A sites but there are plenty more. It's still in beta and is rolling out slowly so you may not be able to see it yet but I believe there's a potential for some Facebook Page exposure and, possibly, for dealerships generating some business.
Now initially, you would think there wouldn't be any payoff for trolling through questions posted by a service with a user base of 500 million people. I mean, how is answering someone's question that lives 2000 miles from your dealership going to generate business for you?
If you are the administrator of your business' fan page, you can choose whether to answer the question as yourself (ie. John Doe) or as your business (John Doe Ford). By answering as your business, your Facebook page is the official "responder" and, just as any post, will be linked back to your Facebook Page. This could lead people there to explore further.
Facebook Questions will allow the people posing the questions to geo-target those questions. For example, a person in Ohio could seek answers from other people in Ohio and/or just want to identify where they are in case that has relevance to their question. If you're a business who has decided to peruse Questions, you can not only search topics (ie. automotive) but you can also search geographically. Obviously if your business is in Ohio, and it's a car dealership, you could look at automotive-related questions from people in Ohio. I'm not sure yet exactly how fine-tuned the geographical function will be (ie. can you choose to see questions from people down to the city level) but you could certainly see how answering automotive questions from people in Ohio which could then lead them back to your Fan Page and, possibly, your website or dealership, could be beneficial.
We know that public information on Facebook is indexed by Google. We know that Fan Pages are. Seeing as Questions is public, I'm assuming the question (and your answer) would be indexed by Google. Facebook ranks well with search engines so it could get your business' fan Page (and name) a little more (or a lot more depending on how active you are answering questions) exposure and SEO.
When I was in Internet Departments, I would target message boards seeking to answer people's questions about my particular car brand. I answered them directly and never tried to sell them anything. People appreciate that and you could help yourself stand apart from your competitors.
Just as in Yahoo Answers, I'm guessing that people can search Questions previously posted (and answered) for similar questions that they may have. In this case, best case scenario is that they find a previous question posed by a Facebook member and answered by your business. If they are also geographically limiting their searches, you could have a local customer seeing your business being helpful and pro-active in answering people's questions. This is certainly a form of reputation management that could assist you in gaining some brownie points with a potential customer.
This is certainly a method of gaining some exposure for your business. It's not the easiest or least time-consuming but the advantage is does have is that not only do you get your name out but you associate positive images with it at the same time. Once this feature is rolled out to everyone, it will be interesting to experiment and see what happens.
I've been asked by some people about all the conferences coming up this fall so I thought I'd compile a brief list of the ones I know about.
Please let me know if I've missed any and I'll add them.
In our crazy world that is the automotive industry, at one point or another, you have to begin.
In the case of OEM and product training, most OEM's have some sort of certification test and/or required product knowledge tests. These OEM certification tests are great – in theory. In reality, however, many salespeople don't 'really' learn anything. They do them because they have to, not because they want to.
Many OEM's today require a certain level of completion by a dealerships' sales staff to qualify for CSI-based factory incentives. Some OEMs that have 'spiff' programs for salespeople will also require a salesperson to have completed product training before they are eligible for individual sales spiffs.
I cannot count how many times I've seen salespeople rush through these certifications just to make sure they (or their dealership) qualify for whatever. They share test answers. The sales managers give them the answers or even take the test for them.
The sad part is that you don't really need any product knowledge to sell a car. Most industry veterans can do a walk-around on any car even if they know nothing about it. Most 'green-peas' follow the leads of the industry veterans (and we wonder why dealership turnover is so high).
If you can sell emotion, you can sell a car. Everyone knows that even the worst salesperson at a car dealership can sell a car if they are just at the dealership enough. Our basic sales process is designed to do just that – sell emotion. Get them in the car. Touch it. Smell it. Drive it. Chances are they wouldn't be on your lot if they weren't interested at all in what you were selling.
We concentrate so much on losing a sale that we don't create a customer. I would bet that the phrase "Don't let them leave." has come out of every sales manager's mouth at least once.
Why are we so afraid of the customer leaving?
If the salesperson did all the things he/she was supposed to do: fact-find, build rapport, properly present the product, effectively demonstrate it and truly attempt to create a financing strategy that worked with the customer (versus for the dealership), the customer will do business with you.
Make training your sales staff a priority in your dealership. If your dealership will not provide any training, get it yourself. It's important and you WILL make more money. Guaranteed.
Thank you for your online request, as you know the Volt is going to be a very limited production vehicle for the first 2-3 years. Demand is going to far exceed supply for this vehicle, initially our asking price for the Volt is going to be MSRP plus $20,000, we are expecting only receive 9 Volts all of next year.
I will keep you in my customer base for when the Volt comes out and I will contact you with any information as I receive it. We are taking orders right now for the Volt, if you would like more information, please let me know and I will be more than happy to help you. Thank you.
I don't know what dealership that was nor whether that employee was responding per the direction of his/her managers. I can tell you one thing, however. There is no chance that that particular customer is EVER going to entertain the thought of going to that particular dealership to do business whether it is to purchase that, or any other, vehicle.
I understand that dealerships have the right to sell their vehicles for whatever price they want to. I'm not at all saying that a dealership shouldn't make money selling a vehicle. All I'm saying is that the strategy of this particular person, even if the dealership really will only sell these vehicles at $20,000 over MSRP, should have been very different.
If you're confronted with a situation in which your dealership has made the decision to mark up any particular vehicle over MSRP, you're better off not giving the customer any price whatsoever for the vehicle, in my opinion, especially online.
Why do some dealerships and/or sales managers still insist on handing out in-the-box-scraping-them-off-the-ceiling prices to their internet departments??
You have a better chance of selling a car with a customer in front of you than with no customer at all. Most customers don't even buy the vehicle they came in to initially look at anyways. Why scare them off?
This resulted from either a lack of training, apathy from the internet 'specialist' or pure stupidity.
Only one can be fixed.
The sad part is that the $20,000 over MSRP price is probably in the dealerships' DMS that way because the sales managers don't want to have to manually add the addendum. Because of this, not only has the dealership potentially scared off THIS customer, but that $61,000 price tag may very likely be populating their website and all the third-party websites they subscribe to.
Now they've scared off everyone.


My monthly update for November is a little late – the latest I have ever been with a Me and Mine post but after doing them for so long I didn't want to miss a month.
December is always a difficult time of year for me and after a week of that I am struggling to remember what we got up to in November! I have been having some big decisions to make about my blog, as some of it has clashed with my working life and the result is that I'm not sure if I will carry it on for much longer.
It's a change of direction that maybe will be good for me, who knows, but at the moment I can't bring myself to give up completely so I'll still be here with life and family posts for a while longer. My blog has been a crutch these past few years, a huge distraction and support network, and to give that up would be no easy decision for me.
I assured him – after I stopped laughing – that every family has its moments and I'm sure no one out there thinks we are the perfect family, but if you do then I apologise! I hope I portray our family life as honestly as I can, and although I don't always publish the struggles and the daily annoyances it doesn't mean they're not there.
I'm going off track now for a monthly update, aren't I?! So in November I concentrated on helping myself a bit more, by keeping up with my personal training sessions and seeing them as a monthly escape. I tried boxing with Sabine yesterday and let me tell you it was brilliant! I definitely need that physical activity to burn off some extra energy. I've found the training has helped my running too, and made me feel stronger, fitter and more in control.
As a family we don't seem to have had many trips away lately, apart from to the hospice last weekend which I will write about separately. November has been about cosying up, taking it easy, seeing friends and for the kids, looking forward to Christmas! It starts so early these days doesn't it?
I hope November was good for you. These photos were taken on a walk one weekend when we went to our local monthly food market. Quickly snapped selfies this month but there will be plenty of time for festive poses next month I'm sure.
The last shot I had to include as it shows just how keen Sam is on having his photo taken sometimes!
At least we have our monthly snapshot to look back on as we have been doing since 2015, and I want to keep that going as long as I can.


KFC's chicken is freshly prepared in-store, following the same processes and quality standards to cook every meal, making sure you receive hot and deliciously fresh food every time. KFC Epsom Downs is open for breakfast and has a drive thru for convenient takeaways. Wi-Fi is available for customers.


Salida Lodge #57, A.F. & A.M. will hold an "OPEN INSTALLATION" for their "2019" Lodge Officers on Saturday, December 1st at 11:00 AM. This Installation Ceremony is open to the Public and anyone is welcome to attend if they so desire. The Masonic Lodge Hall is located at 140 W. 3rd Street. This is an opportunity for anyone who may be interested in seeing a Masonic Lodge Room and observe a part of the ritual work.


RP00432 8 Medium Hair Setter Rollers for Remington H9100 and H9100S is rated 4.3 out of 5 by 12.
Set of 8 Medium Rollers for the Purple Remington Thermaluxe™ H9100 & H9100S Hair Setter.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jo Ann from life saver I bought these rollers to add to the rollers I already had with my hair setter. The larger ones were too big for my shorter hair. These work perfectly.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Ideakat from Love these curlers. I bought my curler set but then cut my hair so I needed more of the small curlers. Found them at Remington online. Placed an order for more of the small curlers and clips and received them FAST! Thank you, Remington. Great product and excellent service!!
Rated 5 out of 5 by Tam726 from Wonderful Product exactly as expected and received in a timely manner!
Rated 5 out of 5 by Bynska from Perfect! I was very happy to find that I could order more of these smaller rollers for my hair setter. I have baby fine hair and the larger rollers don't give me the curl that I need to maintain the set for very long. These smaller rollers fit into the hair setter perfectly and are exactly as described and pictured. They arrived ahead of schedule, too! All in all a very good online buying experience.
Rated 5 out of 5 by LynneL from Wonderful hair setter I love this hair setter. It heats really fast and does an excellent job. It is well made also. I ordered more medium rollers as I use more than what came with it.
Rated 5 out of 5 by SandyJ from Remington® Thermaluxe Hair Setter - Able to order extra rollers I was so happy to be able to order the smaller rollers as my long hair does not like to curl. The Remington® Thermaluxe Hair Setter is the best I have ever used - no burnt fingers and lightweight. Thank you.
Rated 4 out of 5 by birdwoman from medium rollers I needed smaller rollers for my H9100 machine. These were ordered and came fairly fast. Some of them don't fit the stem very well and have to be forced down, whereas the original slide down smoothly. Other than that they work find.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Mimi from Rollers work the way they should... Just recently purchased these extra rollers, and already the top of one of them came off. I was going to wait a while before contacting Remington, just to see if this happens again, but since I was requested for a review, here it is. Otherwise they work fine, the same as the ones I already own. I agree with another reviewer, that the clips should come with the rollers. It's a lot to pay for a few pieces of plastic.
These are the same as the rollers that come in the H9100, H9101, and H9102 series.
Does the replacement rollers for the Remington Pro hot roller H9100 come with the clips?
Yes this does come with clips.
Will these fit the H9102 hot rollers set?
Will these fit on my new Thermaluxe Hair Setter H9102? I need them right away.
Yes these will fit this model.


Kleiderschrank, Ikea Hemnes Kleiderschrank was posted January 14, 2016 at 7:15 pm by mozup.co . More over Ikea Hemnes Kleiderschrank has viewed by 1592 visitor.
Kleiderschrank, Hemnes Kleiderschrank Ikea was posted November 9, 2015 at 2:42 am by mozup.co . More over Hemnes Kleiderschrank Ikea has viewed by 1604 visitor.
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Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (2) has been amended substantially many times. It is necessary to amend again maximum levels for certain contaminants to take into account new information and developments in Codex Alimentarius. At the same time, the text should, where appropriate, be clarified. Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 should therefore be replaced.
It is essential, in order to protect public health, to keep contaminants at levels which are toxicologically acceptable.
In view of disparities between the laws of Member States and the consequent risk of distortion of competition, for some contaminants Community measures are necessary in order to ensure market unity while abiding by the principle of proportionality.
Maximum levels should be set at a strict level which is reasonably achievable by following good agricultural, fishery and manufacturing practices and taking into account the risk related to the consumption of the food. In the case of contaminants which are considered to be genotoxic carcinogens or in cases where current exposure of the population or of vulnerable groups in the population is close to or exceeds the tolerable intake, maximum levels should be set at a level which is as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Such approaches ensure that food business operators apply measures to prevent and reduce the contamination as far as possible in order to protect public health. It is furthermore appropriate for the health protection of infants and young children, a vulnerable group, to establish the lowest maximum levels, which are achievable through a strict selection of the raw materials used for the manufacturing of foods for infants and young children. This strict selection of the raw materials is also appropriate for the production of some specific foodstuffs such as bran for direct human consumption.
To allow maximum levels to be applied to dried, diluted, processed and compound foodstuffs, where no specific Community maximum levels have been established, food business operators should provide the specific concentration and dilution factors accompanied by the appropriate experimental data justifying the factor proposed.
To ensure an efficient protection of public health, products containing contaminants exceeding the maximum levels should not be placed on the market either as such, after mixture with other foodstuffs or used as an ingredient in other foods.
It is recognised that sorting or other physical treatments make it possible to reduce the aflatoxin content of consignments of groundnuts, nuts, dried fruit and maize. In order to minimise the effects on trade, it is appropriate to allow higher aflatoxin contents for those products which are not intended for direct human consumption or as an ingredient in foodstuffs. In these cases, the maximum levels for aflatoxins should be fixed taking into consideration the effectiveness of the above-mentioned treatments to reduce the aflatoxin content in groundnuts, nuts, dried fruit and maize to levels below the maximum limits fixed for those products intended for direct human consumption or use as an ingredient in foodstuffs.
To enable effective enforcement of the maximum levels for certain contaminants in certain foodstuffs, it is appropriate to provide for suitable labelling provisions for these cases.
Because of the climatic conditions in some Member States, it is difficult to ensure that the maximum levels are not exceeded for fresh lettuce and fresh spinach. These Member States should be allowed for a temporary period to continue to authorise the marketing of fresh lettuce and fresh spinach grown and intended for consumption in their territory with nitrate contents exceeding the maximum levels. Lettuce and spinach producers established in the Member States which have given the aforementioned authorisations should progressively modify their farming methods by applying the good agricultural practices recommended at national level.
Certain fish species originating from the Baltic region may contain high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. A significant proportion of these fish species from the Baltic region will not comply with the maximum levels and would therefore be excluded from the diet. There are indications that the exclusion of fish from the diet may have a negative health impact in the Baltic region.
Sweden and Finland have a system in place which has the capacity to ensure that consumers are fully informed of the dietary recommendations concerning restrictions on consumption of fish from the Baltic region by identified vulnerable groups of the population in order to avoid potential health risks. Therefore, it is appropriate to grant a derogation to Finland and Sweden to place on the market for a temporary period certain fish species originating in the Baltic region and intended for consumption in their territory with levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs higher than those set in this Regulation. The necessary measures must be implemented to ensure that fish and fish products not complying with the maximum levels are not marketed in other Member States. Finland and Sweden report every year to the Commission the results of their monitoring of the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish from the Baltic region and the measures to reduce human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from the Baltic region.
To ensure that the maximum levels are enforced in a uniform way, the same sampling criteria and the same analysis performance criteria should be applied by the competent authorities throughout the Community. It is furthermore important that analytical results are reported and interpreted in a uniform way. The measures as regards sampling and analysis specified in this Regulation provide for uniform rules on reporting and interpretation.
For certain contaminants, Member States and interested parties should monitor and report levels, as well report on the progress with regard to application of preventative measures, to allow the Commission to assess the need to modify existing measures or to adopt additional measures.
Any maximum level adopted at Community level can be subject to a review to take account of the advance of scientific and technical knowledge and improvements in good agricultural, fishery and manufacturing practices.
Bran and germ can be marketed for direct human consumption and it is therefore appropriate to establish a maximum level for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in these commodities.
Codex Alimentarius has recently set a maximum level for lead in fish which the Community accepted. It is therefore appropriate to modify the current provision for lead in fish accordingly.
Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin (3) defines foodstuffs of animal origin, and consequently the entries as regards foodstuffs of animal origin should be amended in some cases according to the terminology used in that Regulation.
It is necessary to provide that the maximum levels for contaminants do not apply to the foodstuffs which have been lawfully placed on the Community market before the date of application of these maximum levels.
As regards nitrate, vegetables are the major source for the human intake of nitrate. The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) stated in its opinion of 22 September 1995 (4) that the total intake of nitrate is normally well below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 3,65 mg/kg body weight (bw). It recommended, however, continuation of efforts to reduce exposure to nitrate via food and water.
Since climatic conditions have a major influence on the levels of nitrate in certain vegetables such as lettuce and spinach, different maximum nitrate levels should therefore be fixed depending on the season.
As regards aflatoxins, the SCF expressed in its opinion of 23 September 1994 that aflatoxins are genotoxic carcinogens (5). Based on that opinion, it is appropriate to limit the total aflatoxin content of food (sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2) as well as the aflatoxin B1 content alone, aflatoxin B1 being by far the most toxic compound. For aflatoxin M1 in foods for infants and young children, a possible reduction of the current maximum level should be considered in the light of developments in analytical procedures.
As regards ochratoxin A (OTA), the SCF adopted a scientific opinion on 17 September 1998 (6). An assessment of the dietary intake of OTA by the population of the Community has been performed (7) in the framework of Council Directive 93/5/EEC of 25 February 1993 on assistance to the Commission and cooperation by the Member States in the scientific examination of questions relating to food (8) (SCOOP). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has, on a request from the Commission, adopted an updated scientific opinion relating to ochratoxin A in food on 4 April 2006 (9), taking into account new scientific information and derived a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 120 ng/kg bw.
Based on these opinions, it is appropriate to set maximum levels for cereals, cereal products, dried vine fruit, roasted coffee, wine, grape juice and foods for infants and young children, all of which contribute significantly to general human exposure to OTA or to the exposure of vulnerable groups of consumers such as children.
The appropriateness of setting a maximum level for OTA in foodstuffs such as dried fruit other than dried vine fruit, cocoa and cocoa products, spices, meat products, green coffee, beer and liquorice, as well as a review of the existing maximum levels, in particular for OTA in dried vine fruit and grape juice, will be considered in the light of the recent EFSA scientific opinion.
As regards patulin, the SCF endorsed in its meeting on 8 March 2000 the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 0,4 μg/kg bw for patulin (10).
In 2001, a SCOOP-task 'Assessment of the dietary intake of patulin by the population of EU Member States' in the framework of Directive 93/5/EEC was performed (11).
Based on that assessment and taking into account the PMTDI, maximum levels should be set for patulin in certain foodstuffs to protect consumers from unacceptable contamination. These maximum levels should be reviewed and, if necessary, reduced taking into account the progress in scientific and technological knowledge and the implementation of Commission Recommendation 2003/598/EC of 11 August 2003 on the prevention and reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages (12).
As regards Fusarium toxins, the SCF has adopted several opinions evaluating deoxynivalenol in December 1999 (13) establishing a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1 μg/kg bw, zearalenone in June 2000 (14) establishing a temporary TDI of 0,2 μg/kg bw, fumonisins in October 2000 (15) (updated in April 2003) (16) establishing a TDI of 2 μg/kg bw, nivalenol in October 2000 (17) establishing a temporary TDI of 0,7 μg/kg bw, T-2 and HT-2 toxin in May 2001 (18) establishing a combined temporary TDI of 0,06 μg/kg bw and the trichothecenes as group in February 2002 (19).
In the framework of Directive 93/5/EEC the SCOOP-task 'Collection of occurrence data on Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary intake by the population of EU Member States' was performed and finalised in September 2003 (20).
Based on the scientific opinions and the assessment of the dietary intake, it is appropriate to set maximum levels for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins. As regards fumonisins, monitoring control results of the recent harvests indicate that maize and maize products can be very highly contaminated by fumonisins and it is appropriate that measures are taken to avoid such unacceptably highly contaminated maize and maize products can enter the food chain.
Intake estimates indicate that the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin can be of concern for public health. Therefore, the development of a reliable and sensitive method, collection of more occurrence data and more investigations/research in the factors involved in the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in cereals and cereal products, in particular in oats and oat products, is necessary and of high priority.
It is not necessary due to co-occurrence to consider specific measures for 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B3, as measures with regard to in particular deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 and B2 would also protect the human population from an unacceptable exposure from 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B3. The same applies to nivalenol for which to a certain degree co-occurrence with deoxynivalenol can be observed. Furthermore, human exposure to nivalenol is estimated to be significantly below the t-TDI. As regards other trichothecenes considered in the abovementioned SCOOP-task, such as 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, T2-triol, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, monoacetoxyscirpenol and verrucol, the limited information available indicates that they do not occur widely and the levels found are generally low.
Climatic conditions during the growth, in particular at flowering, have a major influence on the Fusarium toxin content. However, good agricultural practices, whereby the risk factors are reduced to a minimum, can prevent to a certain degree the contamination by Fusarium fungi. Commission Recommendation 2006/583/EC of 17 August 2006 on the prevention and reduction of Fusarium toxins in cereals and cereal products (21) contains general principles for the prevention and reduction of Fusarium toxin contamination (zearalenone, fumonisins and trichothecenes) in cereals to be implemented by the development of national codes of practice based on these principles.
Maximum levels of Fusarium toxins should be set for unprocessed cereals placed on the market for first-stage processing. Cleaning, sorting and drying procedures are not considered as first-stage processing insofar as no physical action is exerted on the grain kernel itself. Scouring is to be considered as first-stage processing.
Since the degree to which Fusarium toxins in unprocessed cereals are removed by cleaning and processing may vary, it is appropriate to set maximum levels for final consumer cereal products as well as for major food ingredients derived from cereals to have enforceable legislation in the interest of ensuring public health protection.
For maize, not all factors involved in the formation of Fusarium toxins, in particular zearalenone and fumonisins B1 and B2, are yet precisely known. Therefore, a time period is granted to enable food business operators in the cereal chain to perform investigations on the sources of the formation of these mycotoxins and on the identification of the management measures to be taken to prevent their presence as far as reasonably possible. Maximum levels based on currently available occurrence data are proposed to apply from 2007 in case no specific maximum levels based on new information on occurrence and formation are set before that time.
Given the low contamination levels of Fusarium toxins found in rice, no maximum levels are proposed for rice or rice products.
A review of the maximum levels for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and B2 as well as the appropriateness of setting a maximum level for T-2 and HT-2 toxin in cereals and cereal products should be considered by 1 July 2008, taking into account the progress in scientific and technological knowledge on these toxins in food.
As regards lead, the SCF adopted an opinion on 19 June 1992 (22) endorsing the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 25 μg/kg bw proposed by the WHO in 1986. The SCF concluded in its opinion that the mean level in foodstuffs does not seem to be a cause of immediate concern.
As regards cadmium, the SCF endorsed in its opinion of 2 June 1995 (24) the PTWI of 7 μg/kg bw and recommended greater efforts to reduce dietary exposure to cadmium since foodstuffs are the main source of human intake of cadmium. A dietary exposure assessment was performed in the SCOOP-task 3.2.11. In view of this assessment and the opinion delivered by the SCF, it is appropriate to take measures to reduce the presence of cadmium in food as much as possible.
As regards mercury EFSA adopted on 24 February 2004 an opinion related to mercury and methylmercury in food (25) and endorsed the provisional tolerable weekly intake of 1,6 μg/kg bw. Methylmercury is the chemical form of most concern and can make up more than 90 % of the total mercury in fish and seafood. Taking into account the outcome of the SCOOP-task 3.2.11, EFSA concluded that the levels of mercury found in foods, other than fish and seafood, were of lower concern. The forms of mercury present in these other foods are mainly not methylmercury and they are therefore considered to be of lower risk.
In addition to the setting of maximum levels, targeted consumer advice is an appropriate approach in the case of methylmercury for protecting vulnerable groups of the population. An information note on methylmercury in fish and fishery products responding to this need has therefore been made available on the website of the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General of the European Commission (26). Several Member States have also issued advice on this issue that is relevant to their population.
As regards inorganic tin, the SCF concluded in its opinion of 12 December 2001 (27) that levels of inorganic tin of 150 mg/kg in canned beverages and 250 mg/kg in other canned foods may cause gastric irritation in some individuals.
To protect public health from this health risk it is necessary to set maximum levels for inorganic tin in canned foods and canned beverages. Until data becomes available on the sensitivity of infants and young children to inorganic tin in foods, it is necessary on a precautionary basis to protect the health of this vulnerable population group and to establish lower maximum levels.
As regards 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) the SCF adopted on 30 May 2001 a scientific opinion as regards 3-MCPD in food (28), updating its opinion of 16 December 1994 (29) on the basis of new scientific information and established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 μg/kg bw for 3-MCPD.
In the framework of Directive 93/5/EEC the SCOOP-task 'Collection and collation of data on levels of 3-MCPD and related substances in foodstuffs' was performed and finalised in June 2004 (30). The main contributors of 3-MCPD to dietary intake were soy sauce and soy-sauce based products. Some other foods eaten in large quantities, such as bread and noodles, also contributed significantly to intake in some countries because of high consumption rather than high levels of 3-MCPD present in these foods.
Accordingly maximum levels should be set for 3-MCPD in hydrolysed vegetable protein (HVP) and soy sauce taking into account the risk related to the consumption of these foods. Member States are requested to examine other foodstuffs for the occurrence of 3-MCPD in order to consider the need to set maximum levels for additional foodstuffs.
As regards dioxins and PCBs, the SCF adopted on 30 May 2001 an opinion on dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food (31), updating its opinion of 22 November 2000 (32) fixing a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 14 pg World Health Organisation toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ)/kg bw for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.
Dioxins as referred to in this Regulation cover a group of 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) congeners and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners, of which 17 are of toxicological concern. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of 209 different congeners which can be divided into two groups according to their toxicological properties: 12 congeners exhibit toxicological properties similar to dioxins and are therefore often termed dioxin-like PCBs. The other PCBs do not exhibit dioxin-like toxicity but have a different toxicological profile.
Each congener of dioxins or dioxin-like PCBs exhibits a different level of toxicity. In order to be able to sum up the toxicity of these different congeners, the concept of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) has been introduced to facilitate risk assessment and regulatory control. This means that the analytical results relating to all the individual dioxin and dioxin-like PCB congeners of toxicological concern are expressed in terms of a quantifiable unit, namely the TCDD toxic equivalent (TEQ).
Exposure estimates taking into account the SCOOP-task 'Assessment of dietary intake of dioxins and related PCBs by the population of EU Member States' finalised in June 2000 (33) indicate that a considerable proportion of the Community population has a dietary intake in excess of the TWI.
From a toxicological point of view, any level set should apply to both dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, but in 2001 maximum levels were set on Community level only for dioxins and not for dioxin-like PCBs, given the very limited data available at that time on the prevalence of dioxin-like PCBs. Since 2001, however, more data on the presence of dioxin-like PCBs have become available, therefore, maximum levels for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs have been set in 2006 as this is the most appropriate approach from a toxicological point of view. In order to ensure a smooth transition, the levels for dioxins should continue to apply for a transitional period in addition to the levels for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. Foodstuffs must comply during that transitional period with the maximum levels for dioxins and with the maximum levels for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. Consideration will be given by 31 December 2008 to dispensing with the separate maximum levels for dioxins.
In order to encourage a proactive approach to reducing the dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs present in food and feed, action levels were set by Commission Recommendation 2006/88/EC of 6 February 2006 on the reduction of the presence of dioxins, furans and PCBs in feedingstuffs and foodstuffs (34). These action levels are a tool for competent authorities and operators to highlight those cases where it is appropriate to identify a source of contamination and to take measures to reduce or eliminate it. Since the sources of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs are different, separate action levels are determined for dioxins on the one hand and for dioxin-like PCBs on the other hand. This proactive approach to actively reduce the dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food and consequently, the maximum levels applicable should be reviewed within a defined period of time with the objective to set lower levels. Therefore, consideration will be given by 31 December 2008 to significantly reducing the maximum levels for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.
Operators need to make efforts to step up their capacity to remove dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs from marine oil. The significant lower level, to which consideration shall be given by 31 December 2008, shall be based on the technical possibilities of the most effective decontamination procedure.
As regards the establishment of maximum levels for other foodstuffs by 31 December 2008, particular attention shall be paid to the need to set specific lower maximum levels for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods for infants and young children in the light of the monitoring data obtained through the 2005, 2006 and 2007 programmes for monitoring dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods for infants and young children.
As regards polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the SCF concluded in its opinion of 4 December 2002 (35) that a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are genotoxic carcinogens. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) performed in 2005 a risk assessment on PAHs and estimated margins of exposure (MOE) for PAH as a basis for advice on compounds that are both genotoxic and carcinogenic (36).
According to the SCF, benzo(a)pyrene can be used as a marker for the occurrence and effect of carcinogenic PAH in food, including also benz(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, chrysene, cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, dibenzo(a,e)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)pyrene, dibenzo(a,i)pyrene, dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and 5-methylchrysene. Further analyses of the relative proportions of these PAH in foods would be necessary to inform a future review of the suitability of maintaining benzo(a)pyrene as a marker. In addition benzo(c)fluorene should be analysed, following a recommendation of JECFA.
PAH can contaminate foods during smoking processes and heating and drying processes that allow combustion products to come into direct contact with food. In addition, environmental pollution may cause contamination with PAH, in particular in fish and fishery products.
In the framework of Directive 93/5/EEC, a specific SCOOP-task 'Collection of occurrence data on PAH in food' has been performed in 2004 (37). High levels were found in dried fruits, olive pomace oil, smoked fish, grape seed oil, smoked meat products, fresh molluscs, spices/sauces and condiments.
In order to protect public health, maximum levels are necessary for benzo(a)pyrene in certain foods containing fats and oils and in foods where smoking or drying processes might cause high levels of contamination. Maximum levels are also necessary in foods where environmental pollution may cause high levels of contamination, in particular in fish and fishery products, for example resulting from oil spills caused by shipping.
In some foods, such as dried fruit and food supplements, benzo(a)pyrene has been found, but available data are inconclusive on what levels are reasonably achievable. Further investigation is needed to clarify the levels that are reasonably achievable in these foods. In the meantime, maximum levels for benzo(a)pyrene in relevant ingredients should apply, such as in oils and fats used in food supplements.
The maximum levels for PAH and the appropriateness of setting a maximum level for PAH in cocoa butter should be reviewed by 1 April 2007, taking into account the progress in scientific and technological knowledge on the occurrence of benzo(a)pyrene and other carcinogenic PAH in food.
1. The foodstuffs listed in the Annex shall not be placed on the market where they contain a contaminant listed in the Annex at a level exceeding the maximum level set out in the Annex.
2. The maximum levels specified in the Annex shall apply to the edible part of the foodstuffs concerned, unless otherwise specified in the Annex.
the analytical limit of quantification.
2. The specific concentration or dilution factors for the drying, dilution, processing and/or mixing operations concerned or for the dried, diluted, processed and/or compound foodstuffs concerned shall be provided and justified by the food business operator, when the competent authority carries out an official control.
If the food business operator does not provide the necessary concentration or dilution factor or if the competent authority deems that factor inappropriate in view of the justification given, the authority shall itself define that factor, based on the available information and with the objective of maximum protection of human health.
3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall apply in so far as no specific Community maximum levels are fixed for these dried, diluted, processed or compound foodstuffs.
4. As far as Community legislation does not provide for specific maximum levels for foods for infants and young children, Member States may provide for stricter levels.
1. Foodstuffs not complying with the maximum levels set out in the Annex shall not be used as food ingredients.
2. Foodstuffs complying with the maximum levels set out in the Annex shall not be mixed with foodstuffs which exceed these maximum levels.
3. Foodstuffs to be subjected to sorting or other physical treatment to reduce contamination levels shall not be mixed with foodstuffs intended for direct human consumption or with foodstuffs intended for use as a food ingredient.
4. Foodstuffs containing contaminants listed in section 2 of the Annex (Mycotoxins) shall not be deliberately detoxified by chemical treatments.
are labelled clearly showing their use, and bearing the indication 'product shall be subjected to sorting or other physical treatment to reduce aflatoxin contamination before human consumption or use as an ingredient in foodstuffs'. The indication shall be included on the label of each individual bag, box etc. or on the original accompanying document. The consignment/batch identification code shall be indelibly marked on each individual bag, box etc. of the consignment and on the original accompanying document.
A clear indication of the intended use must appear on the label of each individual bag, box, etc. or on the original accompanying document. This accompanying document must have a clear link with the consignment by means of mentioning the consignment identification code, which is on each individual bag, box, etc. of the consignment. In addition the business activity of the consignee of the consignment given on the accompanying document must be compatible with the intended use.
In the absence of a clear indication that their intended use is not for human consumption, the maximum levels laid down in points 2.1.3 and 2.1.6 of the Annex shall apply to all groundnuts, derived products thereof and cereals placed on the market.
Unless lettuce grown under cover (protected lettuce) is labelled as such, maximum levels set in the Annex for lettuce grown in the open air (open-grown lettuce) shall apply.
1. By way of derogation from Article 1, Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom may authorise until 31 December 2008 the placing on the market of fresh spinach grown and intended for consumption in their territory with nitrate levels higher than the maximum levels set out in point 1.1 of the Annex.
2. By way of derogation from Article 1, Ireland and the United Kingdom may authorise until 31 December 2008 the placing on the market of fresh lettuce grown and intended for consumption in their territory and harvested throughout the year with nitrate levels higher than the maximum levels set out in point 1.3 of the Annex.
3. By way of derogation from Article 1, France may authorise until 31 December 2008 the placing on the market of fresh lettuce grown and intended for consumption in its territory and harvested from 1 October to 31 March with nitrate levels higher than the maximum levels set out in point 1.3 of the Annex.
4. By way of derogation from Article 1, Finland and Sweden may authorise until 31 December 2011 the placing on their market of salmon (Salmo salar), herring (Clupea harengus), river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), trout (Salmo trutta), char (Salvelinus spp.) and roe of vendace (Coregonus albula) originating in the Baltic region and intended for consumption in their territory with levels of dioxins and/or levels of the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs higher than those set out in point 5.3 of the Annex, provided that a system is in place to ensure that consumers are fully informed of the dietary recommendations with regard to the restrictions on the consumption of these fish species from the Baltic region by identified vulnerable sections of the population in order to avoid potential health risks. By 31 March each year, Finland and Sweden shall communicate to the Commission the results of their monitoring of the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish from the Baltic region obtained in the preceding year and shall report on the measures taken to reduce human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from fish from the Baltic region.
Finland and Sweden shall continue to apply the necessary measures to ensure that fish and fish products not complying with point 5.3 of the Annex are not marketed in other Member States.
The sampling and the analysis for the official control of the maximum levels specified in the Annex shall be performed in accordance with Commission Regulations (EC) No 1882/2006 (38), No 401/2006 (39), No 1883/2006 (40) and Commission Directives 2001/22/EC (41), 2004/16/EC (42) and 2005/10/EC (43).
1. Member States shall monitor nitrate levels in vegetables which may contain significant levels, in particular green leaf vegetables, and communicate the results to the Commission by 30 June each year. The Commission will make these results available to the Member States.
2. Member States and interested parties shall communicate each year to the Commission the results of investigations undertaken including occurrence data and the progress with regard to the application of prevention measures to avoid contamination by ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and B2, T-2 and HT-2 toxin. The Commission will make these results available to the Member States.
3. Member States should report to the Commission findings on aflatoxins, dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs, non-dioxin-like PCBs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as specified in Commission Decision 2006/504/EC (44), Commission Recommendation 2006/794/EC (45) and Commission Recommendation 2005/108/EC (46).
Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 is repealed.
4 November 2006 as regards the maximum levels for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs laid down in section 5 of the Annex.
The burden of proving when the products were placed on the market shall be borne by the food business operator.
It shall apply from 1 March 2007.
(1) OJ L 37, 13.2.1993, p. 1. Regulation as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 284, 31.10.2003, p. 1).
(2) OJ L 77, 16.3.2001, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 199/2006 (OJ L 32, 4.2.2006, p. 32).
(3) OJ L 139, 30.4.2004, p. 55, as corrected by OJ L 226, 25.6.2004, p. 22. Regulation as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 1662/2006 (OJ L 320, 18.11.2006, p. 1).
(8) OJ L 52, 4.3.1993, p. 18.
(12) OJ L 203, 12.8.2003, p. 34.
(21) OJ L 234, 29.8.2006, p. 35.
(34) OJ L 42, 14.2.2006, p. 26.
(36) Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 64th meeting, Rome, 8 to 17 February 2005, p. 1 and p. 61.
(38) See page 25 of this Official Journal.
(39) OJ L 70, 9.3.2006, p. 12.
(40) See page 32 of this Official Journal.
(41) OJ L 77, 16.3.2001, p. 14. Directive as amended by Directive 2005/4/EC (OJ L 19, 21.1.2005, p. 50).
(42) OJ L 42, 13.2.2004, p. 16.
(43) OJ L 34, 8.2.2005, p. 15.
(44) OJ L 199, 21.7.2006, p. 21.
(45) OJ L 322, 22.11.2006, p. 24.
(46) OJ L 34, 8.2.2005, p. 43.
(1) As regards fruits, vegetables and cereals, reference is made to the foodstuffs listed in the relevant category as defined in Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC (OJ L 70, 16.3.2005, p. 1) as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 178/2006 (OJ L 29, 2.2.2006, p. 3). This means, inter alia, that buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp) is included in 'cereals' and buckwheat products are included in 'cereal products'.
(2) The maximum levels do not apply for fresh spinach to be subjected to processing and which is directly transported in bulk from field to processing plant.
(3) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Commission Directive 96/5/EC of 16 February 1996 on processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children (OJ L 49, 28.2.1996, p. 17) as last amended by Directive 2003/13/EC (OJ L 41, 14.2.2003, p. 33).
(4) The maximum level refers to the products ready to use (marketed as such or after reconstitution as instructed by the manufacturer).
(5) The maximum levels refer to the edible part of groundnuts and nuts. If groundnuts and nuts 'in shell' are analysed, it is assumed when calculating the aflatoxin content all the contamination is on the edible part.
(6) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin (OJ L 226, 25.6.2004, p. 22).
(7) The maximum level refers to the dry matter. The dry matter is determined in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 401/2006.
(8) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Commission Directive 91/321/EEC of 14 May 1991 on infant formulae and follow-on formulae (OJ L 175, 4.7.1991, p. 35) as last amended by Directive 2003/14/EC (OJ L 41, 14.2.2003, p. 37).
(9) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Commission Directive 1999/21/EC of 25 March 1999 on dietary foods for special medical purposes (OJ L 91, 7.4.1999, p. 29).
(10) The maximum level refers in the case of milk and milk products, to the products ready for use (marketed as such or reconstituted as instructed by the manufacturer) and in the case of products other than milk and milk products, to the dry matter. The dry matter is determined in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 401/2006.
(11) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Council Regulation (EC) No 1493/1999 of 17 May 1999 on the common organisation of the market in wine (OJ L 179, 14.7.1999, p. 1) as last amended by the Protocol concerning the conditions and arrangements for admission of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union (OJ L 157, 21.6.2005, p. 29).
(12) The maximum level applies to products produced from the 2005 harvest onwards.
(13) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Council Regulation (EEC) No 1601/91 of 10 June 1991 laying down general rules on the definition, description and presentation of aromatised wines, aromatised wine-based drinks and aromatised wine-product cocktails (OJ L 149, 14.6.1991, p. 1) as last amended by the Protocol concerning the conditions and arrangements for admission of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. The maximum level for OTA applicable to these beverages is function of the proportion of wine and/or grape must present in the finished product.
(14) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Council Directive 2001/112/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit juices and certain similar products intended for human consumption (OJ L 10, 12.1.2002, p. 58).
(15) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in Council Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89 of 29 May 1989 laying down general rules on the definition, description and presentation of spirit drinks (OJ L 160, 12.6.1989, p. 1), as last amended by the Protocol concerning the conditions and arrangements for admission of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union.
(16) Infants and young children as defined in Directive 91/321/EEC and Directive 96/5/EC.
(17) For the purpose of the application of maximum levels for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin established in points 2.4, 2.5 and 2.7 rice is not included in 'cereals' and rice products are not included in 'cereal products'.
(18) The maximum level applies to unprocessed cereals placed on the market for first-stage processing. 'First-stage processing' shall mean any physical or thermal treatment, other than drying, of or on the grain. Cleaning, sorting and drying procedures are not considered to be 'first-stage processing' insofar no physical action is exerted on the grain kernel itself and the whole grain remains intact after cleaning and sorting. In integrated production and processing systems, the maximum level applies to the unprocessed cereals in case they are intended for first-stage processing.
(19) The maximum level applies to cereals harvested and taken over, as from the 2005/06 marketing year, in accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 824/2000 of 19 April 2000 establishing procedures for the taking-over of cereals by intervention agencies and laying down methods of analysis for determining the quality of cereals (OJ L 100, 20.4.2000, p. 31), as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 1068/2005 (OJ L 174, 7.7.2005, p. 65).
(20) Maximum level shall apply from 1 July 2007.
(21) This category includes also similar products otherwise denominated such as semolina.
(22) Pasta (dry) means pasta with a water content of approximately 12 %.
(23) Maximum level shall apply from 1 October 2007.
(24) Fish listed in this category as defined in category (a), with the exclusion of fish liver falling under code CN 0302 70 00, of the list in Article 1 of Council Regulation (EC) No 104/2000 (OJ L 17, 21.1.2000, p. 22) as last amended by the Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded (OJ L 236, 23.9.2003, p. 33). In case of dried, diluted, processed and/or compound foodstuffs Article 2(1) and 2(2) apply.
(25) Where fish are intended to be eaten whole, the maximum level shall apply to the whole fish.
(26) Foodstuffs falling within category (c) and (f) of the list in Article 1 of Regulation (EC) No 104/2000, as appropriate (species as listed in the relevant entry). In case of dried, diluted, processed and/or compound foodstuffs Article 2(1) and 2(2) apply.
(27) The maximum level applies after washing of the fruit or vegetables and separating the edible part.
(28) The maximum level applies to products produced from the 2001 fruit harvest onwards.
(29) The maximum level refers to the product as sold.
(30) The maximum level is given for the liquid product containing 40 % dry matter, corresponding to a maximum level of 50 μg/kg in the dry matter. The level needs to be adjusted proportionally according to the dry matter content of the products.
(31) Dioxins (sum of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), expressed as World Health Organisation (WHO) toxic equivalent using the WHO-toxic equivalency factors (WHO-TEFs)) and sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (sum of PCDDs, PCDFs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), expressed as WHO toxic equivalent using the WHO-TEFs). WHO-TEFs for human risk assessment based on the conclusions of the WHO meeting in Stockholm, Sweden, 15 to 18 June 1997 (Van den Berg et al., (1998) Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for Humans and for Wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (12), 775).
(32) Upperbound concentrations: Upperbound concentrations are calculated on the assumption that all the values of the different congeners below the limit of quantification are equal to the limit of quantification.
(33) The maximum level is not applicable for foods containing < 1 % fat.
(34) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in categories (a), (b), (c), (e) and (f) of the list in Article 1 of Regulation (EC) No 104/2000 with the exclusion of fish liver falling under code CN 0302 70 00.
(35) Benzo(a)pyrene, for which maximum levels are listed, is used as a marker for the occurrence and effect of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These measures therefore provide full harmonisation on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the listed foods across the Member States.
(36) Foodstuffs listed in this category as defined in categories (b), (c), and (f) of the list in Article 1 of Regulation (EC) No 104/2000.


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Well, I came to Fox Chapel in the early 2000's for a friend's birthday party and I never left! Shortly after that is when I got involved in becoming a Dock Master. I have met a lot of great people along the way and am looking forward to meeting more.
There are so many great things to do here as well as on the river. Come stay with us for a day, week or a month...we will help get you set up!
Feel free to stop me in passing for anything you may need.
I have owned boats for the past 54 years and most of the time spent on these three rivers. I came to dock at Fox Chapel Marine shortly after Hurricane Ivan blew through here in 2004 and left my 31' houseboat in the fountain at the point. Having bought the boat at Fox Chapel and had knowledge of their Service Department, it was towed there for the much needed repairs. Being pleased with all the work that was done and meeting some great people, my wife and I decided to dock with FCM the following year.
Prior to coming here, I docked at four other marinas in the Pittsburgh area. If you have visited most other marinas in the area, you would have to agree Fox Chapel is a great place to be!
If you have any questions or concerns while docking here, please let me know.
In late 2014, my wife and I had our first boat shipped to Fox Chapel Marine to be reassembled. After launching our boat and going to another marina, we returned the next day and have been docked at FCM ever since!
It's easy to see why FCM is the Premier Marina in the Pittsburgh area.
I look forward to meeting all the boaters at FCM and having a fun and safe summer.
If you have any questions while you are with us, please feel free to let me know.


In tough times Miles Pratcher kept the family's spirits up by playing guitar accompaniment to the rhythmic stomping of his horse's stationary foxtrot. Della Daniels vividly remembers this story and other fond memories of her grandfather whom folklorist Alan Lomax recorded on their porch over 50 years ago. She was there as was her sister Angela and cousin Ester. They clearly absorbed the spirit of that inspired music.
Those three girls, now women with families of their own are known as The Como Mamas, and sing pure soul stirring gospel that is thrilling and compelling to witness first hand. They sing old traditional hymns as well as more recent gospel standards.
Rendered in the a cappella ferocity of those timeless spirituals, The Como Mamas convey the richness of their real experience through song. Dorothy Love Coates and Mahalia Jackson would be hard pressed to deliver more expressive renditions of such music.


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News |Sigma sd Quattro H price, release date revealed
Sigma sd Quattro H price, release date revealed
Sigma has announced the release date and price tag for its Sigma sd Quattro H 51-megapixel digital camera.
The Sigma sd Quattro H price tag will be £1,499.99 with a release date set for January 2017, Sigma says.
Announced in June 2016, the Sigma sd Quattro H features the company's newly developed APS-H-format Foveon X3 Quattro image sensor, which offers 51 megapixels (equivalent) resolution.
By 'equivalent', Sigma means that other cameras typically use a single-layer photo sensor covered by a Bayer filter mosaic, which comprises 50% green, 25% blue, and 25% red squares.
However, the Foveon X3 Quattro direct image sensor uses no low-pass filter and is able to capture 100% of the data for blue, green, and red in each of its three layers, Sigma says.
Due to this structure, Sigma says the Foveon X3 Quattro direct image sensor can generate up to twice the resolution data of sensors using a Bayer filter.
The SIGMA sd Quattro H features a newly developed APS-H size sensor (which measures 26.7 x 17.9mm) with 25.5 megapixels in its top layer for an equivalent total of approximately 51 megapixels.
The Sigma sd Quattro H also features the Sigma SA mount and is compatible with all of the company's Contemporary, Art and Sports lenses.
Full Frame vs APS-C cameras: what's the real difference
Sigma: high-end is the future
Compact System & Mirrorless Cameras