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Home> Publications & Directories> Perspectives on History> Issues> January 2014 > News> Embracing OA: Universities Adopt Open-Access Policies for Faculty Journal Publications
Embracing OA: Universities Adopt Open-Access Policies for Faculty Journal Publications
Seth Denbo | Jan 1, 2014
In July of this year the University of California Academic Senate adopted a policy with the aim of "ensuring that future research articles authored by faculty at all 10 campuses of UC will be made available to the public at no charge." In order to achieve this ambitious goal, the framers require faculty to deposit a "final copy" of all published journal articles in their campus's institutional repository, providing free access to all of the UC system's research outputs. In making the deposit, authors grant their institution a "nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license to exercise any and all rights under copyright relating to each of his or her scholarly articles, in any medium, and to authorize others to do the same, for the purpose of making their articles widely and freely available in an open access repository."
The California system is by no means the first to adopt such measures; it is, however, the largest in the United States, and its policy affects more than 8,000 faculty and approximately 40,000 publications annually. In the United States, policies similar to California's have been adopted by large public and private research universities, liberal arts colleges, and even individual department; Harvard University's Berkman Center lists more than 40 similar university policies that have been put into practice worldwide. Together, these policies reveal a growing trend toward the use of the "green" or "self-archiving" route to open access by universities.
These policies have implications for the publishing options of individual scholars, but many also have built-in escape clauses. The California policy, for example, allows faculty to request a waiver to opt out of depositing; alternatively, faculty can request a timed embargo (where, for example, a publisher requires a delay before making the open-access version available).
Neither Green nor Gold
There is another route, little discussed by either open-access advocates or detractors, that uses the web and institutional support as a route to open access. One example is the Middle Ground Journal: World History and Global Studies, subject of a May 2013 Perspectives on History piece by its editor Hong-Ming Liang. Other examples include Law, Crime and History, an online-only, open-access journal, published by an interdisciplinary UK scholarly network, on the history of crime, and ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830, published by the Aphra Behn Society. In many ways, journals such as these embody the ideals of open-access publishing. They publish peer-reviewed scholarly articles for free on the open web. While online-only publishing enables these journals to avoid the large overheads of printing and distribution, these operations have other costs that are often absorbed by institutions and the scholars who keep them running through hard work and dedication.
An influential report on access to government-funded research, produced in the UK in 2012 by the Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings and known as the Finch Report, identified two main models, or routes, for open-access publishing. In the "gold" route, the article is published in a journal that is itself open access. In many cases this involves an article processing charge (APC), which is paid by the author or an institution on the author's behalf to the publisher to defray the publication cost. The "green" route, on the other hand, involves self-archiving via an institutional or subject matter repository that can be accessed for free. It is this route that is the objective of policies adopted by institutions around the world. For these institutions, green open access has the added advantage of significantly increasing the use of the institutional repositories by their faculty.
University green open-access policies are generally universal and do not make allowances for discipline-specific considerations. In the past few years, open access has begun to reverberate out from the sciences to humanities scholarship and publishing, but most of the evidence on the value and impact of open access comes from the arena of science journal publishing, where large-scale moves toward open access have been in operation for a number of years. Publishers like the nonprofit PLOS (Public Library of Science) and arXiv.org have pioneered new models for publishing journal articles in the sciences. In the sciences, publication in journals is the primary means for dissemination of research findings and new knowledge. This, and differing expectations in areas like time to publication and the shelf life of research, mean that the landscape of scholarly publishing in the humanities is very different from that of the sciences. For historians, in particular, traditional final products of research include journal articles, monographs, and articles in collected volumes. The broad range of types of publication, including new forms of scholarly output that take advantage of digital technologies, complicates the landscape and raises uncertainty about the future of open-access publishing.
It is important for scholars to be aware of their university's policy regarding open-access publishing, and in particular the requirements set out in such policies as those described here. When historians sit on university governing bodies that are considering open-access policies for journal articles and other research publications they should have a broad knowledge of other university policies. This knowledge and an understanding of the implications for scholarship, professional standing, and institutional responsibilities in this area will lead to policies which meet the needs of historians and the discipline of history.
—Seth Denbo is the AHA's director of scholarly communication and digital initiatives.
Tags: History News Resources for History Departments Scholarly Communication


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import os
import sys
from distutils import spawn

class CompilerException(Exception):
    pass

def generate_proto(source, output_dir,
                   with_plugin='python', suffix='_pb2.py', plugin_binary=None):
    """Invokes the Protocol Compiler to generate a _pb2.py from the given
    .proto file.  Does nothing if the output already exists and is newer than
    the input."""
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            "protoc not found. Make sure that it is in the path.")

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            output_dir,
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        raise CompilerException("Can't find required file: " + source)

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        os.path.getmtime(source) <= os.path.getmtime(output)):
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            os.path.dirname(source), with_plugin, output_dir, source)
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            print(("Plugin not found at '%s'. We are going to run protoc "
                   "anyway, and perhaps it will be able to find it in its "
                   "search path." % plugin_binary))
    if os.system(protoc_command) != 0:
        raise CompilerException(
            "Error occurred while running protoc.")
    else:
        print("Generated source successfully.")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Join us for an amazing day of ART and entertainment.
Climb aboard our huge party bus with an amazing sound system on the first Thursday of every month and dance your booty loose as we travel to our various destinations. We will tour some of Denver's top galleries and meet the people that make them happen. Along the way we will visit the sites of some amazing murals and street art. Many of the tours will include the artist themselves talking about the pieces and their inspirations.
Then afterwords enjoy a great afternoon at one of our partner breweries where you will receive the VIP treatment for your efforts!


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Romantic jewelry
The recent engagement of Prince William & Kate Middleton brings up the always fascinating subject of jewelry, a subject dear to the Nerdy History Girl's heart. Whenever one of my heroines becomes engaged, I pore through my jewelry books, looking for inspiration. Sometimes I'll give her a colored stone with diamonds, like Kate's. Other times I'll look for the biggest, gaudiest diamond ring I can find. But other kinds of jewelry were exchanged as love tokens. One of my favorites, because it's multicolored, is jewelry used to convey a message.
One way to do this was to use the first letter of each stone to spell out a word.
D iamond
E merald
A methyst
R uby
S apphire
T opaz
According to Jewellery The International Era 1789-1910, Vol I 1789-1861 by Shirley Bury, "The language of stones...was reported 'in high favour' by the Belle assemblée in 1817 (alas, that edition is not on Google Books yet), which explained only that the initials of the stones 'form devices or sentimental words.'"
Below right is a scan from the Bury book. See if you can read the message on these pendants from the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Sometimes the jewelery spelled the beloved's name. This, as you could imagine, could present tricky problems for the jeweler, depending on the name.
For a visual feast of beautiful Georgian Jewelry, I suggest Ginny Redington's Georgian Jewellery 1714-1830. It's not very nerdy, being a bit thin in the scholarship department, but it makes up for this with gorgeous color photographs—and a less breathtaking price than the out-of-print Bury tome.
Labels: historic dress, interesting objects, jewelry, Loretta Chase, NHG library
Christmas at Winterthur
Winthertur Museum near Wilmington, DE, is famous both for its unrivaled collection of American decorative art and the surrounding gardens of the former country estate of the duPont family. During the holidays, the collection is beautifully decorated for Yuletide with trees, flowers, and greenery drawn from the grounds and greenhouses. The table is set, and the punch-bowl is filled. What better way to get into the spirit of the season?
Look here for more information about visiting Winterthur.
Posted by Isabella Bradford/Susan Holloway Scott at 7:51 AM
Labels: Christmas, furnishings, Susan Holloway Scott, Winterthur
Ben Franklin explains Thanksgiving
THE INTERNAL STATE OF AMERICA; BEING A TRUE DESCRIPTION OF THE INTEREST AND POLICY OF THAT VAST CONTINENT.
THERE is a tradition, that, in the planting of New-England, the first settlers met with many difficulties and hardships ; as is generally the case when a civilized people attempt establishing themselves in a wilderness country. Being piously disposed, they sought relief from Heaven, by laying their wants and distresses before the Lord, in frequent set days of fasting and prayer. Constant meditation and discourse on these subjects kept their minds gloomy and discontented; and, like the children of Israel, there were many disposed to return to that Egypt which persecution had induced them to abandon. At length, when it was proposed in the assembly to proclaim another fast, a farmer of plain sense rose, and remarked, that the inconveniencies they suffered, and concerning which they had so often wearied Heaven with their complaints, were not so great as they might have expected, and were diminishing every day as the colony strengthened ; that the earth began to reward their labour, and to furnish liberally for their subsistence; that the seas and rivers were found full of fish, the air sweet, the climate healthy; and, above all, that they were there in the full enjoyment of liberty, civil and religious: he therefore thought, that reflecting and conversing on these subjects would be more comfortable, as tending more to make them contented with their situation; and that it would be more becoming the gratitude they owed to the Divine Being, if, instead of a fast, they should proclaim a thanksgiving. His advice was taken; and from that day to this they have, in every year, observed circumstances of public felicity sufficient to furnish employment for a thanksgiving day ; which is therefore constantly ordered and religiously observed.
Works of the late Doctor Benjamin Franklin: consisting of his life, written by himself : together with essays, humorous, moral & literary, chiefly in the manner of the Spectator, 1793.
Labels: history, holidays, Loretta Chase, quotations
Susan & Loretta report:
On Thursday November 25th, the U.S. celebrates Thanksgiving. The Two Nerdy History Girls are thankful for, among a great many other things, our readers. Some might say you really shouldn't encourage us, but you do, and we're grateful. Your participation has made history even more interesting and fun for us than it was.
For the next few days, though, we ask you to make your own historical fun, while we take a break for the holiday. We'll be back next week with more nerdiness.
Harper's Bazaar—Thanksgiving 1894, by Louis J. Rhead, courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
Labels: holidays, Loretta Chase, Susan Holloway Scott
How British Was Queen Victoria? (Silly historical video time again)
Another delightfully silly video from our favorite Horrible Histories, with their usual little edge to the humor. The point of this video – that often the things considered most thoroughly British were in fact imported from somewhere else – is one more commonly made against us Americans.
In our enthusiasm to display our Yankee-Doodle-Dandy patriotic fervor, we (particularly politicians) too often slap the "All American" tag on things that really aren't. Denim jeans are one of the examples that comes immediately to mind. We've all heard the tale of how, in 1853, enterprising Levi Strauss created sturdy work pants for the miners of the California Gold Rush, and an entire denim world was born. What could be more thoroughly American than jeans? (Of course this glosses over the fact that Strauss was a German immigrant, and that his fabric of choice was serge de Nimes, a heavy twill imported from France.)
Now a recently rediscovered series of 17th century paintings by a forgotten Italian artist have tossed that assumption out the window. Based on the evidence of these pictures by the newly-dubbed "Master of the Blue Jeans", it seems that denim clothing has been around for a lot longer than the United States.
Queen Victoria would understand.
Labels: art, historic dress, history, silly videos, Susan Holloway Scott
Praising Ale with John Taylor the Water-Poet, 1637
With the weekend before us, we thought we'd start Happy Hour a bit early with English poet John Taylor (1578-1653), shown glowering, left, in a contemporary engraving.
Odds are that unless you were an English Lit major, you've never heard of Taylor – or, as he called himself, John Taylor the Water-Poet. Taylor wasn't some sighing, sonnet-penning courtier, but a member of the boatmen's guild, a rough-hewn, working waterman on the Thames who ferried passengers along the river for much of his adult life. (Think of a modern cab-driver writing poetry.) More than 150 publications are credited to Taylor, ranging from poems to singular travelogues to satirical, opinionated brochures. He's also the author of one of the earliest English palindromes: "Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwel."
This excerpt is from his Historie of the most part of drinks, in use now in the kingdomes of Great Brittaine and Ireland, which Taylor published in 1637. It was a subject dear to the waterman, and his Historie is clearly based on much personal, ah, research. While some of these drinks are long forgotten (a glass of pomperkin, anyone?), Taylor favored ale, and when he lists all its admirable qualities, who can blame him?
"First then, ALE is a singular remedy against all melancholick diseases, Tremor cordis, and Malacies of the spleene. It is purgative and of great operation against all gripings of the small guts. It cures the stone in the Bladder or Kidneys, and provokes Urine wonderfully. It mollifies Tumors and swellings in the body, and is very predominant in opening the obstructions of the Liver. It is the most effectuall for clearing of the sight, being applied outwardly. It asswageth the unsufferable paine of the Gowt. Ale was famous...from the highest and Noblest Palace to the poorest or meanest Colltage. Ale is universall, and for Vertue it stands allowable with the best receipts of the most Antientest Physitians. Ale is rightly called Nappy, for it will set a nap upon a man's thred-bare eyes when he is sleepy. It is called Merry-goe-downe, for it slides down merrily. It is such a nourisher of Mankinde, that if my mouth were as bigge as Bishopsgate, my Pen as long as a Maypole, and my Inke a flowing spring, or a standing fishpond, yet I could not with Mouth, Pen, or Inke, speak or write the true worth and worthiness of Ale."
Read here for more about John Taylor, or here to sample more of his work.
Above: Detail of Portrait of John Taylor the Water-Poet by Thomas Cockson, 1630
Labels: poetry, portraits, Susan Holloway Scott
Dressing for Autumn 1816
London & Paris can be cool to cold in the fall & spring. So what about those ladies in their muslin dresses? Did they go for heavier fabrics? Layers? Here's what the November 1816 Ackermann's Repository has to say.
LONDON FASHIONS
PLATE 29.—EVENING DRESS.
A lilac and white striped gauze dress over a white satin slip; the bottom of the skirt is ornamented with five rows of white silk trimming, of a very light and elegant description : it has just been introduced, and the pattern has more novelty than any thing we have seen for some time: a single flounce of deep blond lace completes the trimming. The body is also very novel; the upper part is formed of lace, and the lower of gauze, to correspond with the dress: the latter is quite tight to the shape, but the former has an easy fulness, which forms the shape in a manner extremely advantageous, to the figure. The sleeve is short and very full; it is composed of lace, looped high, and finished by a trimming to correspond with that on the skirt. The hair is full dressed, without any ornament. Necklace, cross, armlets, and bracelets of rubies. White satin slippers, and white kid gloves.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON
FASHION AND DRESS.
The month of November ought, if we were guided by the seasons, to enable us to present our fair readers with a splendid display of winter costume, but every body knows that the winter of Fashion does not commence till January.
FRENCH FEMALE FASHIONS.
PARIS, October 17...LATE as it is in the season, our promenade dresses are invariably composed of white: perkale is in high estimation, as are also plain and sprigged India muslins...Our promenade costume has at present an uniformity which fatigues the eye, not on account of white dresses only, but because belles of all ages now appear in square shawls...the transparent silk shawls, some of which are ornamented with borders of natural flowers in superb embroidery…are really beautiful, but certainly not calculated for the time of year; however, the season is the last thing a Frenchwoman considers.
Labels: historic dress, Loretta Chase
Beautiful (and Potent!) Castor Beans
When we first came across these tall (over six feet), gaudy plants with their fantastic pods in one of the gardens in Colonial Williamsburg, we'd no idea what they were – though they did remind us of something contrived by Dr. Seuss. If we'd been an 18th c. housewife, however, we would have recognized them as once, and would likely have had one growing somewhere in our kitchen garden – much to the distress and dread of our children.
This is a castor bean plant, and the seeds that grow within the prickly pink capsules are the source of castor oil. While castor oil has a long history – ancient Egyptians burned it in their lamps – now the oil is primarily used as a lubricant and in hydraulic fluids, as well as in pharmaceutical applications and in manufactured goods ranging from soap to dyes.
The castor bean can be a dangerous plant as well. The seeds, stems, and leaves contain high levels of rincin, which is poisonous to humans and animals. In the strange way of nature, the oil derived from pressing the hulled seeds is not toxic, but considerable care must be taken while harvesting.
In the historical past that prized a good purge, castor oil was known for its ability to produce a swift result that one source describes as "exceptionally violent diarrhea." We agree that that sounds pretty hideous, but we suppose it was the historical version of a "cleanse" today.
We think we'd rather admire it from afar...
Labels: Colonial Williamsburg, gardens, medical matters, Susan Holloway Scott
Cholera's first visit to Paris, 1832
Setting books in the 1830s has made me acutely conscious of the shadow cholera—currently raging through Haiti—cast across Europe in the 19th century.
It first reached Paris in the spring of 1832. The following numbers are the city's daily death toll for April.
Apr 1—79, 2—168, 3—212, 4—342, 5—351, 6—416, 7—582, 8—769, 9—861, 10—848, 11—769, 12—768, 13—816, 14—692, 15—567, 16—512
"Up to the last of these dates, there had died in Paris alone, upwards of 8,700 persons ; and before the end of the month the number was nearly doubled….
"In Paris, as in Hungary, the populace took up the idea that the disease was indicted on them by their water and wine being poisoned. Under this impression they perpetrated the most atrocious murders ; it required but the finger of any miscreant to point out an obnoxious individual. An old Jew, who carried a bottle of camphor as a preservative, was called a poisoner, while passing through the market place of the Innocents. The market-women and poissardes attacked him, and he fell dead beneath repeated stabs. At Vaugirard, a village close by Paris, two young men, being attacked by the mob on the same pretext, sought refuge in the house of the magistrate. They were forced out, and murdered in the street. At Paris, however, less than any where else, did the cholera maintain its character of choosing its victims among the squalid, the needy, and the dissolute. The panic, that reigned throughout the capital, was enormously increased by the number of persons, in the higher ranks, on whom the malady laid hold. Peers of France, members of the Chamber of Deputies, of the courts of justice, and of the diplomatic body, swelled the triumph of the pestilence. On the 6th of April, it struck down the prime-minister himself; and although he recovered from the first shock, the hand of death had been laid upon him too heavily to be removed."
—Excerpt from The Annual Register of 1832.
Labels: history, Loretta Chase, medical matters
Keeping Warm in an 18th c. Gentleman's Great Coat
With winter on the way, a gentleman of the past would want to make sure he had a stout great coat to defy the elements. Great coats were considered an investment, a practical necessity rather than a fashion statement, and few remain in museum collections simply because they were worn until they wore out. Much like banyans, great coats were garments that men liked wearing. Numerous 18th c. Englishmen had their portraits painted in their great coats, such as shipbuilder and philanthropist Thomas Coram, left (last seen on this blog as the driving force behind the creation of the London Foundling Hospital.)
While great coats often turn up in fiction - especially on adventurous gentlemen who go striding off into the mist and across the moor – but we'll admit we were a little hazy about the finer details of what made a great coat, well, so great.
Fortunately, Tailor Mark Hutter of Colonial Williamsburg obliged us by showing us his handsome great coat, typical of styles from 1740-1770. Working from extant 18th c. examples as well as portraits, Mark made this double-breasted coat, right, from grey wool beaver cloth, a dense, fulled (think felted) fabric that is napped and pressed to resemble beaver fur. The cloth was thick to be wind-proof, and rain and snow would find it a challenge as well. Because this is an overcoat, the body is unlined. The buttons are covered with the same cloth, and the buttonholes are welted.
The wide collar is lined with velvet in a contrasting velvet, both for style and purpose. In the back view, left, Mark has buttoned the collar up high in front to protect his face. That wide collar, pointed in the back, is designed to tuck up beneath a gentleman's hat - quite an efficient way of keeping out the the wind around his ears, much like a modern parka's hood. Because this is such a loose-fitting garment, the pleats at the back of the neck are a stylish, functional way of absorbing all the necessary yardage.
The last photo, right, shows one of the more interesting (at least to us!) features of the coat. Those deep, buttoned cuffs aren't entirely for decoration. On a very cold night, they could be folded down over the hands for extra protection. Gentlemen riding in an unheated carriage could request their servants to go one step further, and button one cuff securely over the other, as Mark demonstrates here. The effect would be the same as an 18th c. lady's muff, and probably just as warm, too.
Many thanks to Mark Hutter, for his expertise and suggestions!
Top: detail of Captain Thomas Coram by William Hogarth, 1740, London Foundling Museum.
Labels: Colonial Williamsburg, historic dress, Susan Holloway Scott
Answers to the trick questions
(Questions appeared last week in Amusements from a Ladies' Magazine.)
1. They both furnish you with Dates.
2. They both form our habits.
3. His foot.
4. Shrove Tuesday. Pancake-day.
5. Because he has a title.
6. Because it is always forgetting.
7. Lie still.
8. They are both Invisible.
9. Hose Hannah to the highest—Hosannah to the Highest.
10. A wedding ring.
11. It is a Noose-paper.
12. Because he stands in-kneed.
13. It is hardly done.
14. Because he is a male-content.
15. He animates dead subjects.
16. February.
17. It is governed by a Minister.
18. He claims the unredeemed.
19. The vowel I.
20. Because she is notable.
21. Because it is a-version.
22. It is the way to Turnham Green
23. It keeps off the sparks.
24. Because the first apple damned the first pear—pair.
Posted by LorettaChase at 10:00 PM
Labels: language mysteries, Loretta Chase
Miseries of Human Life in the Country
Here's a bit more from James Bereford's The Miseries of Human Life. Originally published in 1806, it contains, along with deeply obscure puns & other bafflements for the 21st century reader, miseries not unfamiliar to us.
DIALOGUE THE SIXTEENTH.
ADDITIONAL MISERIES OF THE COUNTRY, AND OF GAMES, SPORTS, &C.
2. (T.)
After having assembled a dinner-party on Michaelmas-day,—finding that the fox has taken upon him to execute the orders you had given with regard to the goose.
6. (S.)
Residing at a country-town…—next door to a quiet neighbour, whose dwelling is suddenly converted into an ale-house of the most cheerful description.
15. (T.)
To be repeatedly called away from your knife and fork by the arrival of different persons (who will not wait) on petty business, which they always contrive should exactly tally with your meals, and which you cannot postpone without even more inconvenience to yourself than the loss of half your dinner.
On an August evening—windows open, and candles lighted—the incessant visits of gnats, moths, earwigs, &c. &c. without invitation; so that one half of your time passes in killing some of your guests, and the other in helping the rest to kill themselves.
Just in that period of your walk when you are overtaken by a torrent of rain, and secretly applauding your own caution, in having provided yourself with an umbrella—said umbrella suddenly and furiously reversed by a puff of wind, and shred to ribbands in an instant.
23. During the fall of the leaf—the vegetable litter which incessantly deforms your gardens, lawns, and walks, much faster than it can be removed by the broom—and which obliges you to look for all your comfort to the approaching nakedness of winter.
Passing unawares through a paddock inhabited by an old Bull, by no means celebrated for urbanity to strangers.
27- (T.)
With the heel of one muddy shoe, treading the loosened string out of the other.
Above left, Dr. Syntax Pursued by a Bull, by Thomas Rowlandson, courtesy Ancestry Images.com.
Below right illustration is from Beresford's book.
Posted by LorettaChase at 7:17 AM
Labels: Loretta Chase, quotations
Shoe-History Repeats Itself: Venetian Courtesans, Lady Gaga, & the High Price of Walking (Very) Tall
Yes, we know the old adage about nothing new under sun. Even in the wonderfully transitory world of fashion, where the definition of "new" changes by the moment, there have to be some do-overs.
Which brings us back in time to the Italian Renaissance, and to the famous courtesans of Venice. In the 16th c., they epitomized hotness for the rest of Europe. They had their own special style, too, including the most outrageous platform shoes imaginable, some rising as high as twenty inches. (The most fashionable Venetian ladies wore these shoes as well, as did Spanish ladies, but it's the courtesans who wore the most extreme versions, and who were satirized the most.)
These tall shoes were called chopines, and like all trendy shoes, they were as much about their exclusive expense as they were about style; only the wealthiest women, whether of good reputation or not, could afford chopines. (We've written more about them here before, and with more pictures.) The 16th.c. artist of the illustration, left, has thoughtfully done a cutaway view of this courtesan's skirt, so we can see her sauntering seductively on her chopines. The reality, below right, was probably much less jaunty, let alone graceful. Part of the allure of such high shoes came from being able to afford the necessary servants who walked on either side to make sure their mistress didn't fall.
Which brings us forward in time to the present, and to singer, artist, and fashion-setter Lady Gaga. Among her many talents, Gaga has demonstrated a rare gift for walking and even dancing in extremely tall shoes. While there have been some well-documented tumbles (oh, lucky 16th c. courtesans, not having to deal with paparazzi!), on the whole she's been remarkably well-balanced – even if she, too, often has attendants/body guards/spotters on either side to help stave off disaster.
Lady G. could also relate to the handmade chopines that flaunted the Venetian sumptuary laws: her favorite pair by designer Noritaka Tatehana have a price tag of $6500. Here's an entertaining link that shows Gaga and her towering footwear, as well as a video of more mortal women attempting to walk, literally, in her shoes.
We have to think those Renaissance courtesans would have been green with shoe-envy....
Interested in learning more about chopines, as well as zoccoli and pantoufles? Thanks to the glory of Google, we found this amazing site by Francis Classe, a gentleman who has clearly made Renaissance footwear his vocation. Great photos, and there are even directions for whipping up a pair of chopines for yourself. Check it out!
Above left: Venetian Courtesan by Pietro Bertelli, 1589
Above right: Venetian chopines, unknown maker, 16th c., Museo Correr di Veneziani
Labels: fashion, historic dress, shoes, Susan Holloway Scott
19th C spammers & scammers
Spam, apparently, is nothing new. In 1839, in Every day life in London, James Grant tries to track down the number of Begging Imposters: people who make their living by writing fake letters of distress. It was a high-volume trade and, as is the case with our spammers, they were hard to catch. The majority, he notes, write exclusively to the upper classes, because (1) aristocrats have too much else to do to bother with ferreting out and prosecuting imposters and (2) they give more money per letter than the middle classes.
"… I saw a letter from a nobleman of a very humane and benevolent disposition, in which it was stated that, in the course of the year, he had received nearly three hundred and fifty begging letters, all of which were dated from London, and detailed trumped-up cases of the deepest distress." This nobleman did investigate: 49 out of 50 letters were fakes.
Grant estimated that about 250 people in London lived on these fake begging letters, that the highest income from the business was £1000 per annum, the lowest £100, averaging out, over the 250 scammers to £200 pa. "This, then, would give no less than 50,000l. out of which the benevolent public of London, chiefly the nobility, are annually swindled by the begging-letter imposters."
There were also imposters who wrote mainly to the clergy and other known benevolent sorts of the middle ranks. Grant knew one who wrote at least 20 such letters a day.
"Not long since, sixteen letters of this description, all sealed and ready for delivery, were found in a basket at the house of one of these persons, in Blackfriars Road ;and it was ascertained that all the sixteen had been intended to be forwarded to their respective destinations within a few hours after the discovery. If then some of these rogues are so indefatigable in their epistolary attempts on the pockets of the charitable and humane, as to pen twenty letters in one day, surely, considering their number, and after making every allowance for the comparatively contracted labors of the least industrious portion of the swindling community, there is nothing extravagant in the supposition that 1000 such letters are daily indited and forwarded to their several destinations in London."
Labels: history, Loretta Chase, men behaving badly
Guy Fawkes Crosses the Atlantic & Becomes Transformed into Pope Night, 1745
As we discussed last week (and we thank our many readers for so many excellent comments), Guy Fawkes Day is a holiday that may have a dark past, but is certainly alive and well and full of bonfires and fireworks in 2010. Yet while it may seem a quintessentially British holiday, there's also a strong history of the celebration in New England as well as Old.
The Massachusetts colony was largely settled in the early 17th c. by English Puritans, and those conservative Protestant values continued to rule the colony. The bonfires and effigy-burning of the Fifth of November was one of the transplanted traditions that prospered, but by the middle of the 18th c., it had developed a few distinctly Yankee quirks. Several colonial wars against the French served to increase distrust and fear of Catholics. While the memory of Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot weren't forgotten (the "Remember, Remember" song was duly sung), in all the northern colonies the celebration was now called Pope Night, and a rowdy time it was.
In Boston, crowds of young men, sailors, and apprentices thronged the streets, dividing into two rival gangs, while costumed boys thumped on doors and begged money for drink. Each gang had their own procession and effigies of the Pope, friars, priests, and devils, and after a fierce brawl between the two gangs (ah, American contests of sports supremacy!), the winners captured the losers' effigies, and everything was finally burned in a satisfying bonfire. Special noisemakers, fashioned from conch shells and called "Pope's horns", added to the din, like 18th c. vuvuzelas.
As political tensions in Boston increased with England in the years before the Revolution, other effigies of unpopular public figures found their way into the procession, including the Catholic Stuart Pretender, Lord North, and Lord Bute. Later infamous traitor Bendict Arnold earned his place in the flames, too. A 1745 newspaper described the scene:
Tuesday last being the Anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot, two Popes were made and carried thro' the Streets in the evening...attended by a vast number...armed with clubs, staves, and cutlashes, who were very abusive to the Inhabitants, insulting the Persons and breaking the windows, &c., of such as did not give them money to their satisfaction...the two Popes meeting in Cornhill, their followers were so infatuated as to fall upon each other with the utmost Rage and Fury. Several were sorely wounded and bruised, some left for dead, and rendered incapable of any business for a long time to the great Loss and Damage of their respective Masters.
For more about Pope Night in the American colonies, check out this excellent site commissioned by The Bostonian Society. Also see one of our favorite history blogs, Boston 1775, which has numerous posts on the subject.
Above: Detail from Extraordinary verses on Pope-night, or, A commemoration of the Fifth of November, giving a history of the attempt, made by the papishes, to blow up king and Parliament, printed in Boston, 1768. Collection, Library of Congress
Labels: history, holidays, Susan Holloway Scott
Amusements from a ladies' magazine
As we've shown, the ladies' magazines of the early 19th century contained a variety of material: fiction, poetry, and politics as well as fashion, beauty advice, and helpful household hints. Some offered their readers little puzzlers every month, with the answers provided in the following month's issue. Here's a selection for you to play with this week. Answers—and the source—will appear next weekend. (Hint: Most though not all will test your punning skills.)
1. Why is a chronologist like a palm tree ?
2. Why is education like a tailor?
3. What was the first thing Adam set in his garden!
4. Which is the greatest Friday in the year ?
5. Why is a nobleman like a book ?
6. Why is avarice like a bad memory ?
7. What is the only thing a liar may be said to do after he is dead?
8. Why is an inn in sight like an inn out of sight ?
9. If I want my daughter Nancy to carry a pair of stockings to the tallest person in company, how would I address her in the most religious manner ?
10. What is that which binds people together, and touches only one ?
11. Why is the paper from which the banns of marriage are published like a daily journal ?
12. Why is a knock-kneed person like a poor man soliciting alms ?
13. Why is an egg overdone like an egg underdone ?
14. Why is a contented man like a rebel ?
15. Why is Sir Walter Scott like galvanism ?
16. In what month do ladies talk the least ?
17. Why is a parson's horse like the king?
18. Why is a pawnbroker like the devil ?
19. What is that which is always invisible, yet never out of sight ?
20. Why is a good housewife like a powerless man ?
21. Why is Virgil, translated, like hatred ?
22. Why should peas of a bad color be sent to Knightsbridge ?
23. Why is a blacksmith's apron like the gates of a convent?
24. Why may fruit be said to be the origin of swearing ?
Guy Fawkes Night, 1678: Bonfires, Fear, & Intolerance
In Britain today, the Fifth of November – or Guy Fawkes Day, or Bonfire Night – is marked with fireworks, bonfires, and hot roasted potatoes, a fun frolic under the autumn night sky.
The origins of the holiday as an official "Day of Thanksgiving" is lost on most modern revelers. In 1605, a small band of English Catholics conspired to assassinate the Protestant King James I by blowing up him and the House of Lords with a sizable store of gunpowder, and setting a Catholic ruler on the English throne. The plot was discovered, and Guy Fawkes and his supporters were arrested, tortured, and executed. Soon after, the Thanksgiving Act was passed, with the day to be set aside for reflection and rejoicing at the king's deliverance.
But in the politically charged climate of 17th century England, thanksgiving quickly acquired uglier overtones, and the holiday became noted for anti-Catholic demonstrations. By 1678, fear of Catholics had reached a feverish pitch. Catholics were blamed for starting the Great Fire that had burned a large part of London in 1666, for planning to murder King Charles II, and for plotting a French invasion that would result in forced conversions of all English Protestants, and massacres of those who resisted. It didn't help that Charles's brother and heir, James, had converted to Catholicism, and was set to marry an Italian Catholic princess. Nervous Londoners saw menacing Papists and Jesuits lurking behind every corner. Protestant pulpits thundered warning sermons, and innocent foreigners were accused of being Catholic and beaten by mobs in the streets.
As a result, the London celebration of the Fifth of November in 1678 was a lavish affair, attended by huge crowds. A long parade, above, of participants mockingly dressed as Catholic priests and cardinals with a smattering of devils, threaded through the streets, with the loudest jeers reserved for the effigies of the Pope. Here is an excerpt from a tract* describing the event:
"On this present Fifth Day of November, they caused several of the said Effigies, or Resemblances of the Pope, to be made; some of them displaying him in one posture, and some in another; but all of them were followed with loud and numerous acclamations to their several places of Execution.
"He of them who might best pretend to the priority in point of Workmanship and Invention, was raised on a small Pavilion, born like Pageants on Men's Backs, with a large Cross filled with Lamps, which in much majesty stalks before him, whilst the Effigies, curiously adorned with his Triple Crown, Necklace of Beads, and all his other superstitious Accouterments, came very sumptuously behind, in procession from the Royal-Exchange to Temple-Bar....
"So frollick was [the effigy], that he danced before the Flames, and when he came near the place of Execution, cut a Caper into a great Bonfire, provided on purpose to entertain him, whose abominable civilities had been so great, as heretofore to provide such large ones for others. In time after this feigned Pope had been sufficiently exposed to the Vulgar Reflections, he was hurl'd, Canopy, Triple Crown, Beads, Crucifix and all into the Bonfire...where a world of People celebrated his fall with a general cry, that all his Majesties Enemies, or the perverters of the Protestant Religion, or English Government, may ere long be reduced to some such Fate."
Guy Fawkes Day ceased to be an official holiday in Britain in 1859, and while there will still be bonfires, no religious effigies will be consigned to the flames – not that we modern folk are entirely past burning symbols of the faiths of others.
Above: Detail of The Solemn Mock Procession of the Pope, Cardinalls, Jesuits, Fryers &c., through the City of London. Published by Samuel Lee, London, 1680.
* "The Manner of the burning of the pope effigies in London on the 5th of November, 1678, with the manner of carrying him through several streets in progression to Temple-Bar, where at length he was decently burned: also a particular of several bloody massacres done by the papists upon the bodies of English, Irish and French Protestants" by Anonymous: London, 1678
Labels: Charles II, history, holidays, Susan Holloway Scott
Fashions for November 1832—for evening
Yesterday, we looked at some 1832 daytime wear. Today, for your viewing pleasure, I present two evening dresses.
No. 3.
Ball dress of white mousseline de soie over satin, the corsage is cut low, plain, and square, and is completely covered by the pélerine, which is of pink satin edged with blonde. The front and back pieces are separate, and shaped en fichu, the short point reaching even below the band, while the other ends, which are much longer, cross over the sleeve, and are fastened to the strap which confines it round the arm; this pélerine is without opening behind, and is fastened on each shoulder by a nœud of six coques of ribbon ; the band round the waist is of satin like the pélerine, and finishes behind with a nœud like those on the shoulders. The skirt is trimmed with large slanting scallops, formed by three rouleaux; to each of the points, placed uppermost, is fastened a sprig of pink reine marguerite with foliage, issuing from a leaf of satin edged with blonde. The hair is dressed in Grecian plaits, with a marguerite on each side, and one rising from behind the comb; the jewellery should be gold or pink topaz. White satin gloves and shoes.
A dress of oiseau de paradis satin, the corsage is drapé across the bust, with a stomacher in front, edged with narrow blonde delicately quilled; the sleeves are short, and fall in very full bouffants over a double ruche of quilling which confines it to the arm; just above it. in the middle, is placed a bow of satin ribbon, with long ends. A blonde chemisette shades the bust.
The skirt set on in deep double plaits, en colonnes, and is finished by a superb flounce of blonde, headed by a row of triangular fan-like ornaments, edged with quilling.
The hair is dressed plain in front, with a full spreading coque on the crown of the head, behind which is placed a plume of white feathers; one, the longest, is brought more in front, so as to fall over the right temple. Necklace, sévigné, and aigrette of pearls and emeralds. Shoes and gloves of white satin.
From The Royal lady's magazine, and archives of the court of St. James's, 1832.
Fashions for November 1832—for Day
Most of the historical fashion I post here comes from Ackermann's Repository or La Belle Assemblée. These are from The Royal Lady's Magazine, which contains some fine fashion prints for the 1830s. Since they showed four dresses for November, I'm posting two today (day dress) and two tomorrow (evening dress).
Today I've included their note regarding the illustrations, which I found extremely intriguing. Have any of you ever seen any of these paper models?
FOR 1832.—No. XI.
PUBLISHED IN NUMBER XXIII. OF THE ROYAL LADY'S MAGAZINE, AND ARCHIVES OP THE COURT OF ST.JAMES's.
EMBELLISHED WITH FOUR PORTRAITS OF LADIES IN FASHIONABLE COSTUMES FOR NOVEMBER.
Our Fashionable Readers should know, that the drawings of the fashions are made from beautifully-formed paper models, which may be seen and purchased—as, for the purposes of the Magazine, they are useless after the copies are published.
This portion of the Magazine being completely detached, and paged for binding, alone, may be had separately, at One Shilling per number, generally with three or five figures or dresses, entirely new and English inventions.
FASHIONS FOR NOVEMBER.
No. l.
Pelisse of arbre de Judée, gros des Indes; the corsage is made high, plain, and covered by a double cape, broad on the shoulders, each cape is edged with a band of satin, of the same colour as the dress; plaited or crimped into minute folds, and edged with cording. Another and similar band heads the hem of the skirt, which is fastened down in front, by bows of satin ribbon; hat of green velours épingle, trimmed with satin ribbons, and a plume of elegant white feathers; bottines of kid.
A dress of bleu Adélaide merino, trimmed with rouleaux, high corsage, and plain, full Amadis sleeve, collar of beautifully embroidered net or muslin ; amber-coloured Cachemire shawl, with a rich double border, of a delicate pattern on a white ground. Hat of white moiré, ornamented with a bunch of laburnum, and tied with white figured ribbon; a deep blonde curtain surrounds the brim, which is also trimmed inside with a blonde ruche.
From The Royal lady's magazine and archives of the court of St. James's, 1832.
Random Pictures: An 18th c. Autumn Day in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia
Labels: Colonial Williamsburg, Susan Holloway Scott
More Jane Austen: The Price of Drab Boards, Wedgewood, & Posthumous Fame
"A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of."
– Mansfield Park
Jane Austen, 1814
Recently we posted about an important auction of first editions by Jane Austen, all the more remarkable (and apparently collectible) for being still fresh from the bookseller, with pages uncut and in drab boards. That sale took place at Sotheby's last Friday, and thanks to reader Michael Robinson, we can now report that the three humble volumes sold for 139,250 GBP (that's $221,380): surely an excellent "recipe for happiness" for the seller.
If you were so unfortunate as to have missed this auction, take heart: there's another coming up, again at Sotheby's, and on the anniversary of Jane Austen's birth (16 December). Included in the sale will be not only a copy of Emma that was originally presented to Maria Edgeworth, but also the set of Wedgewood china, right, purchased by Jane's brother Edward Knight and his daughter Fanny.
Jane herself was along for this shopping junket, and described the new china in a letter to Cassandra Austen, dated 16 September 1813: "We then went to Wedgewoods where my brother and Fanny chose a Dinner Set; I believe the pattern is a small Lozenge in purple, between Lines of narrow Gold; - and it is to have the Crest." (For more about Jane and Wedgewood, see this excellent post by Julie Wakefield on one of our favorite Jane Austen blogs, austenonly.) Perhaps Santa might bid for you?
Of course as grand as such sales may be, they pale in comparison to all the movies, spin-off books, action figures, and who-knows-what-else that has helped make Jane Austen into one of the biggest marketing "brands" in the world today, generating millions of dollars in income for lots of people who are not named Austen. To the country spinster whose entire writing income during her short life is generally estimated to have been around £700, this would likely have been incomprehensible – and more than a little unfair.
But a recent book does quite a good job in explaining the phenomenon. Jane's Fame: How Jane Austen Conquered the World by Claire Harman is a fascinating and readable exploration of Jane-mania, in all its curious
manifestations, and a study of why her books continue to hold such favor with readers. But Ms. Harman also examines the "dark side" of such fame: how Austen's name now bears "such a weight of signification as to mean almost nothing at all....To many people, Pride and Prejudice, and even 'Jane Austen', simply evoke the actor Colin Firth in a wet shirt."
Well, not to us, and probably not to you reading this blog, either. But Jane's Fame is well worth a glance or two, if only to make you think again about why you love the originals.
(I obtained and read this book the old-fashioned way - from a bookstore - so no disclaimers are necessary.)
Labels: books, Jane Austen, NHG library, Susan Holloway Scott
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Angel Matchmakers
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Welcome to the Travel Network!
This section on our site offers the best selection of unique, secret destinations, spectacular private villas and vacation hideaway spots on the planet! All are truly special and cater to the most discriminating, upscale traveler.
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The temptation of anti-politics. About David Ost's book
Jarosław Kuisz · 21 October 2014
"One of the most dangerous effects of the forty five years of communist totalitarianism is the cult of anti-politics ingrained in the Polish society", warned a young journalist in the early years of recovered freedom. The real danger was supposed to lie in rejecting "the very principle of politics". What could this sentence refer to in 1991?
Let us recall that the comet of Stan Tyminski had just flashed across the Polish sky – every scenario seemed possible. After all a politician from nowhere (that is from the West) defeated the doyen of the Solidarity opposition, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, in the presidential elections. To achieve that, it was enough to promise mountains of gold and brandish a black briefcase with mysterious content before the voters. Part of the elites lamented the definitive end of the ethos of the opposition era and such a view was supported by the conflicts between the activists of the former Solidarity.
When "we witness the disappearance of the space where various interests may play out and where various political forces may present competing visions of political life", continued our young journalist, the "spectre of the street", "dictatorship" and other nightmares of public life are spreading before us [1].
It is hard to believe that literally two years earlier the American political scientist, David Ost, completed his work which was a praise for Polish anti-politics and prudence of the Solidarity opposition.
A brief history of failure
Ost's Solidarity and Politics of Anti-Politics was recently published in Sergiusz Kowalski's translation by the "European Solidarity Centre" and it turns out to be extraordinarily relevant. The book, reminding us about the roots of the Polish troubles with the state, perfectly fits in the mood of the bittersweet reckonings from the last quarter-century.
Together with the author we follow the way in which the political opposition, ignoring the regime, forges the ideas of anti-politics and the peaceful process of democratising society. Along with other ideas this constitutes the intellectual ground for the self-limiting revolution of 1980-1981 and then of the round table negotiations – but at the same time the "traditional" distance of society to government institutions is preserved. The anti-politics after 1968, as reconstructed by the American political scientist, is not only the desire to awaken the sense of their own dignity in the citizens, but above all an outlook assuming that the government is not "the key to building a better, more human world" (p. 25).
As you can see, Ost was truly delighted by what should worry the contemporary Polish reader. Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics is in fact an apology of the civil society which can do without the state. It is an expression of admiration for imperfect democratisation. What is more, the old methods of the Polish opposition were seen by the author as one of the cures for the ills afflicting Western countries. If it were not for the martial law, then who knows – Ost boldly speculated – if the ideas of social democracy and self-government would not have impacted on the development of other states, "or even influenced the economic thought of other societies" (p. 13).
Interestingly, in the new introduction (2014) Ost essentially does not back out of his claims, although, as he himself observed many years ago, the spectacular success of anti-politics had to mean its instantaneous death. Already during the first Solidarity, which had built a nationwide structure, there was a need to rapidly and seriously tackle the problems of government, law and politics (p. 126). In this unusual situation – the threat of foreign intervention and the expansion of freedom within the country – innovations were springing up (even in such exotic areas as lawmaking [2]).
No wonder that for an outside observer communist Poland could seem to be "one of the most interesting places on earth". Ost wrote his book genuinely fascinated by the conceptual experiments of the political opposition, but an average citizen was quite fed up with these experiments after a few months. In the middle of 1981, even in the official propaganda you could hear such charming formulations as this one: "As if it was not enough that there are so many shortcomings in every area, squanderers and troublemakers increased our burden" ("PKF" No. 29a; "Niegospodarność").
Interminable queues for basic goods or the uncertainty of what the Soviet Union was going to do preoccupied an average citizen much more than systemic experiments. By the way, all those contributed to the fact that on the night of 12-13 December, 1981, General Wojciech Jaruzelski triumphed without any major glitches and the opposition could (and had to) return to the familiar regions of anti-politics.
Two vocabularies and copulation
Ost completed his book in 1989. The reader finds himself in a funny situation when following the argument he assumes the role of a person who really "does not know what will happen" after the collapse of communism. In fact, the reviewers of the US edition of Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics stressed that the author's predictions for the course of events in Central and Eastern Europe were slightly of the mark [3]. Today, however, this "freeze-frame" seems very interesting. The range of scenarios turns out to be almost unlimited. We tremble at what the rediscovery of the political sphere by opposition activists – accustomed to the standards of anti-politics – may bring. We are worried about the authoritarian cravings of Walesa (is he not a new Marshal Pilsudski?). We are concerned about the possible reaction of citizens to implementation of market reforms. We have no idea whether towards the end of 1989 the state is already ours or not yet… But sooner or later the book had to be handed over to the publisher. And hence its epilogue offers a unique reflection on the contemporary atmosphere of uncertainty and hope. Ost is hoping that we will be protected from the worst-case scenarios by "the help of the international community and the creative imagination which has always been Solidarity's forte".
Ost saw more and he saw less. On the one hand he was making the Poles realise that Western societies were by no means welcoming the "brothers" from the other side. Hardly anyone out there wants to remember that it was the "drama of Eastern Europe which contributed to the success of Western Europe thanks to the Cold War dollars pouring in" (p. 330). On the other hand, the author wrote virtually nothing about the disputes that would rage in the Polish public sphere in the 1990s. Not a word about the secret police files, about the legacy of post-communists or the meanders in introducing the division between the Church and the state.
There is a reason for this omission. Ost's book reminds us how difficult it is to describe the 20th-century adventures of Eastern Europe using only the terms coined on the basis of experiences collected by Western societies. It has to be said that Ost usually coped with such lexical traps very well. Explaining the path from Marxism to liberal democracy in a way intelligible for an English-speaking reader demanded some virtuosity. But even he was unable to avoid some telling blunders. Let us give just one example.
To clarify the ideas of Leszek Kołakowski, the author used the philosophy of Herbert Marcuse (!), the theorist of "libidinal civilization". A greater misunderstanding is difficult to conceive. In The Main Currents of Marxism Kołakowski was extremely critical of the Frankfurt School. He was familiar with the painful price of philosophical reveries, because he himself had been seduced by the vision of building a Stalinist utopia in Poland. And hence he very persistently explored the actual results of Marcuse's ideas, ignoring the noble intentions. After an extensive analysis of such works as One-Dimensional Man", Kołakowski was so disappointed by the lack of responsibility for the words used there that he could not restrain himself from making a biting comment:
"Marcuse apparently gives just one empirical example explaining what he means by libidinal civilisation; namely he aptly notes that it is much more pleasant to copulate on a meadow than in a car in Manhattan" [4].
Ost still remains deeply torn between the dreams of anti-politics and the hard knowledge of a political scientist. A quarter-century after writing the book he gifted the Polish edition with a new, very interesting introduction. Again, this time in the context of the 2008 crisis, he succumbs to the temptation of returning to the pure sources of politics. We read in the book: "One of the great misfortunes of our times is that the enormous creative energy of >>Solidarity<<, a veritable geyser of innovative ideas, died in 1981 never to be revived again. But the idea-creating energy from that time is a rich treasure trove – everyone who has a sense that we live in an unsatisfactory world may draw from it".
These are quite understandable desires. Also other 21st-century authors admit of being inspired by the writings and actions of the noble dissidents from Eastern Europe. But for Ost it means the return to the pure sources of the political through alternative history ("It could have gone differently…"). He sticks to that despite his own knowledge about the "logic of events" about which he wrote in his famous Defeat of Solidarity (2005) – a fiasco consisting in the loss of social capital and far-reaching consequences of that. In his view acceptance of free-market reforms by the opposition led to the flourishing of the nationalist right.
But could it really have gone differently? Interestingly, this year the same Ost, invoking his extensive knowledge, wondered in an interview if "after 1989 the social-democratic alternative stood a chance". And he answered himself: "well, definitely the chances were much lower than if the transition had taken place earlier, for example during the martial law. Therefore I cannot agree with the recently deceased economist Tadeusz Kowalik, who wrote that in 1989 the Poles had been free to choose what kind of capitalism they wanted to have. A space for choice existed in the 1970s. In the 1980s globalisation was already under way" [5].
This is instructive. Ost is deeply familiar with the melancholy contained in the heart of anti-politics. Because every desire for success of noble anti-politics turns out to be ambiguous. The success of anti-politics opens the way to trivial politics and "wars at the top" among the former brothers in arms. But the temptation is intense. For it is in "pre-political times that the steadfast varieties of loyalties and utopian aspirations are born", noted Michael Walzer. Unfortunately, "in practice anti-politics would soon generate all inequalities characteristic for civil society" [6].
These are not dilemmas of yesteryear. In 2014 the argument about a re-interpretation of the collapse of communism and the birth of the Third Polish Republic is raging on. The discussion about the validity of the so-called Balcerowicz Plan and his economic policy turns out to be interesting even for the younger generations, which in this way are asking about the policy for the next twenty five years. So it is worthwhile to reach for Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-politics, this praise of our political choices from the past. And to remember that the dilemma if it was possible to do things differently after 1989 today is put by Ost himself in a much broader perspective than the domestic one.
[1] Jacek Kurski, "Kult antypolityki", Przegląd Polityczny 1991 nr 1.
[2] For more see: Jarosław Kuisz, Charakter prawny porozumień sierpniowych 1980-1981, Wydawnictwo Trio, Warszawa 2009.
[3] David S. Mason, "Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics: Opposition and Reform in Poland Since 1968 by David Ost [Review]", Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 4 (Winter, 1990-1991).
[4] Leszek Kołakowski, Główne nurty marksizmu, "Aneks", London 1988, p. 1115.
[5] "David Ost o ćwierćwieczu wolnej Polski: Nie byliście głupi", interviewed by Adam Leszczyński, Gazeta Wyborcza, June 27, 2014.
[6] Michael Walzer, Polityka i namiętność, transl. Hanna Jankowska, Wydawnictwo Muza, Warszawa 2006, pp. 131-132.
David Ost, Solidarność a polityka antypolityki, transl. Sergiusz Kowalski, Europejskie Centrum Solidarności, Gdańsk 2014.
*Photo on the home page: "Solidarność", Lukas Plewnia. Source: Flickr.
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