text:
Java SE 7/8 passed
So, the Java SE 7 and 8 votes passed.
Java SE 7 passed by 12 votes to 3 (Apache, Google and Tim Peierls voting against).
Project Coin passed by 13 votes to 1 with 1 abstention (Apache voting against and Tim Peierls abstaining).
Project Lambda passed by 13 votes to 1 with 1 abstention (Apache voting against and Tim Peierls abstaining).
But it looks like many of the voters were unhappy.
Java SE 7 vote results
When voting for a JSR there is the opportunity to leave comments. These often indicate the true feelings of voters more than the actual Yes or No. Here are the actual vote comments for Java SE 7 (the Java SE 8 comments are similar but with reference to OSGi):
On 2010-12-03 Peierls, Tim voted No with the following comment:
Changing my vote from "Abstain" to "No" to register my extreme disappointment with Oracle's failure to address EC questions about the licensing terms of this JSR.
On 2010-11-17 Google Inc. voted No with the following comment:
While we support the technical content of this JSR, Google is voting no because of its licensing terms. As per the JCP resolutions of 9/25/2007 and 4/7/2009, "TCK licenses must not be used to discriminate against or restrict compatible implementations of Java specifications by including field-of-use restrictions on the tested implementations or otherwise. Licenses containing such limitations do not meet the requirements of the JSPA, the agreement under which the JCP operates, and violate the expectations of the Java community that JCP specs can be openly implemented." Most EC members, including Oracle, voted for both of these resolutions. But the proposed license clearly violates them in Exhibit A, Section II.
It would be wrong to condone the inclusion of field-of-use restrictions in a TCK license (which violates the above resolution and the JSPA) by voting for this JSR. We were initially reluctant to vote no because we do not want to delay progress of the Java platform. But this concern was made moot by Oracle's statement at the JCP meeting of 10/4/2010 that they intend to move forward with the release outlined in this JSR with or without the approval of the JCP.
On 2010-11-17 Oracle voted Yes with no comment.
On 2010-11-29 SAP AG voted Yes with the following comment:
While we are disappointed that Oracle has decided to deny Apache a TCK license for Java 7, SAP's vote is strictly based on the technical merits of the Java 7 specification, not on its license terms. While we believe it is important for Java 7 to proceed now, we want to express our disagreement about Oracle's decision regarding the TCK for Apache. The reason that was provided to the EC was that Java compatibility could no longer be enforced with code shared under a permissive open source license. As the new steward of the Java language, we respect Oracle's right to license their intellectual property under terms that support their strategy of how to evolve the Java ecosystem. However, we believe that the additional potential for innovation in open source communities outside of OpenJDK well offsets the risks as already demonstrated in the Java Enterprise space.
On 2010-11-30 Hewlett-Packard voted Yes with no comment.
On 2010-12-02 IBM voted Yes with the following comment:
IBM's vote is based on the technical merits of this JSR and is not a vote on the licensing terms. IBM supports licensing models that create an open and level playing field by allowing third parties to create independent implementations of Java Specifications and that do not allow individuals or companies to exercise unnecessary control for proprietary advantage. We support open source as a licensing model for contributions in the JCP, and would hope others will support this direction. This comment is not necessarily directed at the current business or license terms for this JSR, however, it is a statement of IBM's preferred licensing model.
On 2010-11-30 Ericsson AB voted Yes with no comment.
On 2010-12-01 Apache Software Foundation voted No with the following comment:
The Apache Software Foundation must vote no on this JSR. While we support the technical contents of the JSR, and earnestly support the need for the Java platform to move forward, we cannot in good conscience vote for this JSR because :
a) This JSR's TCK license includes a "Field of Use" restriction that restricts commonplace and mundane use of independent implementations, a licensing element that not only is prohibited by the JSPA but also has been unanimously rejected by the majority of the members of the JCP EC - including Oracle - on several occasions. We can only speculate why Oracle included such an element, but we believe that an open specification ecosystem must be independent of - and protected from - any entity's commercial interests.
b) On process grounds, this JSR is in conflict with it's own TCK license. The JSR explicitly states that Java SE is targeted for, among others, embedded deployments. Yet the TCK license specifically prohibits such usages (for example, netbooks) of tested independent implementations. We find this to be a misleading legal trap for potential implementers, and believe that any independent implementation that passes the TCK should be able to be used and distributed under whatever terms deemed fit by the implementer.
c) The spec lead has ignored repeated requests from multiple EC members for and explanation of both a) and b)
d) The spec lead - Oracle - is in breach of their obligations under the JSPA by continuing to provide a TCK license for Apache Harmony under terms that allow Apache to distribute its independent implementation under terms of its choice. We do not believe that anyone that willfully fails to meet their contractual obligations under the JSPA should be allowed to participate as a member in good stating in the JCP. The rules apply to everyone.
While we understand that it's Oracle's stated intent to move forward irrespective of the EC's decision, we urge Oracle to fix the above-mentioned issues, and continue to work with the members of the JCP within the structure of the JCP to keep Java a vital and viable platform.
On 2010-12-02 Eclipse Foundation, Inc voted Yes with the following comment:
Eclipse is disappointed with the continuing issues around Java licensing. The unresolved TCK licensing issue with the Apache Software Foundation is a symptom of the fundamental problem with FOU restrictions on the Java platform. Our vote is based entirely on the premise that improvements and evolution are required if the Java platform is to remain viable. In addition, we remain concerned that the future of Java modularity may fail to adequately reflect the requirements of the existing OSGi community and ecosystem. Future votes on these JSRs will reflect this concern.
On 2010-12-02 Fujitsu Limited voted Yes with no comment.
On 2010-12-04 RedHat voted Yes with the following comment:
Red Hat's vote is based solely on the technical merits of the JSR. We believe that this JSR is important for the industry at large and that further delays risk fracturing the Java landscape further. However, we are extremely disappointed with the license terms and that a more open license has not been adopted by the Specification Lead. We continue to believe that the TCK should contain no "field of use restrictions", as originally raised by Apache with regard to another JSR during the development of EE6 (i.e. the SE TCK licensing). As a result, this approach risks limiting adoption of this and subsequent JSRs by a wider audience and the fracturing that we mentioned earlier could still occur. We hope that all Specification Leads will take this into account in the future and rank the viability of the Java Community higher than one individual member's abilities to monetise the platform.
On 2010-12-05 VMWare voted Yes with no comment.
On 2010-12-06 Keil, Werner voted Yes with the following comment:
While I'm equally dissapointed with the ongoing license dispute and the effect this and other issues had on the actual content and scope of Java 7 (I am not the only one who feels this is technically hardly worthy of a version major compared to especially Java 5) I believe, it is a necessary and long overdue step towards the future of Java. I share discomfort with less talked about, but nevertheless tedious problems like the lack of modularity in SE7 and its effect on dependent JSRs like EE.
On 2010-12-06 Intel Corp. voted Yes with no comment.
On 2010-12-06 Credit Suisse voted Yes with the following comment:
Credit Suisse's vote is purely on the technical content. We strongly demand open standards and an active community around Java as we selected Java SE & EE as primary pillars for our application development (as many others in the industry do). The current battle around licensing term, however, reveals that Java never actually was an open standard. FOU restrictions clearly discriminate open source implementations and prevent competition, and with that, innovation in that space. While Java had a considerable head start, it lost a lot of momentum over the last years. Fragmentation (or a fork) of the language and its platforms are clearly not desired. But today, customers are already facing competing models for developing enterprise applications (e.g., Spring, OSGi, Java EE). The main problem, in our view, is the lack of modularization, clear delineation of Java IPs owned by Oracle and truly open standard extensions, and the ignorance of developments outside of the JCP (even though OSGi has a JCP blessing). The OpenJDK framework is not sufficient for all aspects of the language. Java must be kept interesting for researchers and universities: researchers not only contribute to the standards (e.g., Doug Lea for concurrency or Michael Ernst for type annotations) but also decide on the languages (and paradigms) that are taught at universities -- and this in the end determines the knowledge and mindset we acquire with our software engineers. While we recognize Oracle's intellectual properties around Java, we strongly encourage Oracle to re-think its current position around licensing terms. We strongly support open source as a licensing model for contributions in the JCP.
There is a lot in those comments to understand, and I can't cover it all now.
I do note Time Peierls decision (as an individual) to change his vote from "Abstain" to "No" and the reason given. Clearly, Oracle were asked to explain their licensing terms and how they square with the JSPA, and with the JSR text itself, and have failed to do so. My interpretation is that Oracle no longer felt the need to justify its actions.
I also castigate Hewlett-Packard, Ericsson AB, Fujitsu, VMWare (SpringSource) and Intel for not even having the courage to justify their actions (which are in direct opposition to previous votes). I will note that Intel has previously been a strong Apache supporter. However, I understand that the Intel representative on the JCP was changed a few months back, prior to the vote (no public source to confirm this as far as I know Update: the executive committee members list has been updated to show the change, which happened since July).
I am disappointed in all the "Yes" voters. Clearly Oracle intended to move Java SE 7 forward irrespective of the vote here. Thus voting "No" would have had no adverse consequences on the forward momentum and technical progress of Java. Since the main role of the Executive Committee, distinct from Expert Groups, is to consider the business implications it is clear that each company that voted "Yes" has given tacit approval to the business practices of Oracle. I suspect that they will come to regret that decision. Give a bully an inch and they will take a mile.
Today, Oracle won its battle in the JCP. But it was a stupid battle to have. Submitting a JSR whose licensing terms are in conflict with the JSR itself and with the JSPA was simply unnecessary. Voting "Yes" to it was simply cowardly.
The huge irony is that Oracle claims to support Java because all of its money making systems are written in Java, thus it is in its own interests to keep Java vibrant. Yet the strong-arm actions here simply push people away and harm that vibrancy. Go figure.
We should expect the response from the Apache Software Foundation soon.
Apache Software Foundation member, speaking personally
Oracle Java Champion, speaking personally
Not a committer on Harmony or OpenJDK
Tags: jcp, nojava7
David 7 December 2010 at 09:53
You all coward sheep !
My remark is purely technical.
Jan Goyvaerts 7 December 2010 at 12:00
Personally, I think it's a good thing JDK7 finally gets on its way.
But whether it's worth JCP (hence Java also) being discredited once more ... What good are voting members who think one way but vote the other for the credibility of their organization ?
Ahwell...
Waldorf Salad 7 December 2010 at 13:23
Committee work is too slow.
Go Oracle!
Guy Chapman 7 December 2010 at 13:59
You say "My interpretation is that Oracle no longer felt the need to justify its actions."
Does anyone recall a time when Oracle felt they /did/ need to justify their actions?
pron 7 December 2010 at 15:26
Let me repost the same comment I have posted on Bob Lee's blog post regarding the same issue:
I don't think the changes to license agreement would have any practical difference from what they were under Sun's leadership. Sun didn't remove the restrictions on the TCK and showed no intention of changing their mind. The new license wording just clarifies what it is that they are prohibiting (basically a third-party open-source implementation of the Java platform).
So this is exactly as it was before, only specified more clearly. So, yes, the Java SE specification is not entirely open, and it never has been.
Somehow, this rebellion broke out only after Sun's acquisition. It seems to me that the reason is that Oracle just seems an annoying organisation (which it definitely is), and Larry Ellison seems like an annoying guy (which he probably is). Also, Oracle is just too powerful. IBM and Google like the Java leader to be weak. Sun was. Oracle isn't. That's the only reason this is all happening now.
I don't think this affects the Java user community that much. We have the OpenJDK, and commodity Java products have never made much use of Harmony. This only affects huge companies that want to distribute their own Java platform without licensing it from Oracle.
Well, IBM, HP, Apple and some other smaller companies have licensed their Java implementation. Only one major company hasn't, and that's Google.
So while I sympathize with the desire to see Java truly open, it never has been, and the current struggle is simply a corporate struggle between two giants (now that IBM allied with Oracle) - Oracle and Google.
Google simply, cleverly enough, conduct their corporate battles by proxy, this time using the Java community.
This is all fair, but I hope Google would spare us the hypocritical morality talk. If they continue down this path, soon they would be as annoying as Oracle, or even, god forbid, as annoying and as hypocritical as Apple.
MJF 7 December 2010 at 16:29
Note that this rebellion did not begin with Oracle's acquisition.
Apache has been leading the fight against Sun for a long time (note 'Open letter' of April 10/2007 - http://www.apache.org/jcp/sunopenletter.html ). All other members (including Oracle) expressed displeasure with Sun's behavior around FOU. Part of the reason it has taken so long for Java 7/8 JSRs was the fear of the JCP vetoing them.
The battle did go into a holding pattern during the protracted take-over and there was hope that things would change under Oracle. But they did not (hence Doug Lea leaving etc).
@MJF
True enough, only back then, Apache's protest went almost unnoticed, except by some open-source enthusiasts. This time, this whole business is raising a much bigger stink, and is covered even by the less involved media. The reason for that is not Java's compliance with open-source ideals, which, IMO, is quite reasonable, but rather Google's stoking the flames, and using Apache to further its (i.e. Google's) own corporate interests.
Tim Peierls has resigned from the JCP EC ( http://tembrel.blogspot.com/2010/12/resigned-from-ec.html ).
"Today I resigned from the SE/EE Executive Committee of the Java Community Process. I lasted about a year before giving up hope that the ECs would ever do anything meaningful.
The last straw for me was Oracle's failure to address the ambiguous licensing terms in JSRs 336 and 337 (the Java SE7/8 umbrella JSRs) before the EC had to vote on them. "
"Add to that Oracle's expressed intent to proceed with the SE7/8 JSRs whatever the outcome of the vote, and one can only conclude that the SE/EE EC is never going to be more than a rubber stamp for Oracle. (The belligerent tone with which this message was delivered does not come across in the public minutes, but it was loud and clear over my phone connection.)"
"Rubber stamp" was pretty much the term that occurred to me as well. It's a shame, and a sham. If everyone had voted against these JSRs, it would probably have meant the end of the JCP process. I suppose just as well, since it appears to be meaningless. It's either Larry's way or the highway, as we have known for a long time now.
@pron
There definitely has been a substantial increase in visibly driven by some of Oracle's actions (suing Google, convincing IBM to 'abandon' Harmony, etc). There was also a loss of many people's (e.g. Doug Lea) last, best hope (that Sun's purchaser would drive the 'right' thing happening).
My point is the licensing/FOU has been clogging up the JCP for much longer. Sun wanted Java 7 a long, long time ago. A Java 7 JSR was delayed by Sun's fear of if failing on this point. This also resulted in the opportunistic shift of Java standards evolution from JCP to openJDK which perhaps is for the best.
Robert 10 December 2010 at 13:35
I hope Oracle runs with the ball. Clearly they are still going to get input from the community and can implement and innovate in Java more quicker now.
Everything is all speculation at this point on how it all plays out.
What about JSR-310?
Is the JCP dead?


text:
Das Anna-Katharina-Emmerick-Haus ist die Rekonstruktion des Geburtshauses der seligen Anna Katharina Emmerick am originalen Standort und eine museal eingerichtete Gedenkstätte. Es befindet sich in der zu Coesfeld gehörigen Bauerschaft Flamschen und hat die Postadresse Emmerickweg 20.

Geschichte
Bei diesem Gebäude handelte es sich um ein strohgedecktes Doppelheuerhaus in Zweiständerbauweise. Ein genaues Baudatum fehlt, es wird aber erstmals um 1750 in einem Einwohnerverzeichnis erwähnt. Es gibt einen Hinweis, dass das Haus bereits 1690 existierte, in einer Schatzungsliste ist es als Emmericks Leibzucht vermerkt. Damals (und bis auf den heutigen Tag) gehörte es, wie bei Heuerlingshäusern üblich, zu einem größeren landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb, in diesem Fall zu dem benachbarten gleichnamigen Hof Emmerick/Emmerich, Flamschen 1. Das Haus war/ist in Nord-Süd-Richtung errichtet. Der verbretterte Steilgiebel kragt auf Konsolknaggen vor. Bei Änderungen im Verlauf des 19. Jahrhunderts (jedoch wohl erst bei dem Umbau 1897) wurden die ursprünglichen Bleisprossenfenster durch Holzsprossenfenster mit wesentlich größeren Fenstereinzelflächen ersetzt. Auch die Lehmgefache ersetzte man durch Feldbrandziegel. Der kleine Anbau an der Nordseite/Giebelseite war erst 1795 als "Nähstübchen" für A. K. Emmerick nach ihrer Lehrzeit in der Stadt Coesfeld angefügt worden.

Bis zum teilweisen Umbau gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts war es ein sogenanntes Rauchhaus (vgl. auch "Rauchküche"). Bei diesem Umbau wurde die östliche Traufwand erhöht, die Innenaufteilung verändert und ein Küchenraum mit eigenem Kamin eingerichtet. Das Dach erhielt eine Pfannendeckung. Ebenso integrierte man dabei etliche Räume der anderen Hälfte des Doppelhauses und brach dessen nicht benötigte Teile ab. Bis 1932 wurde die landwirtschaftliche Fläche des Kottens durch Nachfahren von Sr. Anna Katharinas Geschwistern bewirtschaftet, diese zogen 1933 auf eine neu errichtete Hofstelle. Danach wurde das Haus nur noch zu Wohnzwecken genutzt, u. a. von ausgebombten Personen aus dem Ruhrgebiet. Bis ungefähr 1952 war das Gebäude bewohnt, anschließend nutzte es der Eigentümer nur noch für landwirtschaftliche Zwecke. Im sog. Wohnstübchen war ein Gebetsraum eingerichtet, das Haus war besonders seit Einleitung des Seligsprechungsverfahrens Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts Ziel von Pilgern und Besuchern. Mit Einstellung dieses Verfahrens 1928 ebbte der Besucherstrom ab. Ab 1956 wurde es auch für die Landwirtschaft nicht mehr benötigt und verfiel.

Erst der 1966 gegründete Anna-Katharina-Emmerick-Verein e. V., Coesfeld initiierte eine gründliche bauliche und historische Untersuchung durch Fachleute des Freilichtmuseums Detmold und eine Restaurierung. Im Jahr 1968 wurde dann damit begonnen. Die östliche Traufwand wurde auf die originale Höhe reduziert, das Dach mit Ried gedeckt. Im Bereich der anderen Hälfte an der Südseite des Emmerick-Teils errichtete man ein neues Wohnhaus für einen Hausmeister, der auch die Betreuung der Gedenkstätte gewährleisten sollte. Kurz vor Vollendung der Maßnahmen brannte 1969 das Emmerick-Haus, doch konnten die tragenden Holzbalken dank des rechtzeitigen Eintreffens der Feuerwehr gerettet werden, so dass eine erneute Restaurierung möglich war. 1974 war alles fertiggestellt, doch 1976 brannte das Gebäude erneut und diesmal blieb kaum Originalsubstanz erhalten, trotzdem entschloss man sich gegen alle Kritik und anderer Pläne mit dem Gelände (z. B. Errichten eines schlichten Holzkreuzes) zu einem originalgetreuen Neubau, zumal des Seligsprechungsverfahren wieder aufgenommen worden war. Ausschlaggebend zur Rekonstruktion, diesmal mit Dachziegeln statt eines Rieddaches, waren jedoch Klauseln im Erbbauvertrag. 1980 wurde die Gedenkstätte eingeweiht, sie war mit beschafften alten Ausstattungsstücken eingerichtet. Original ist jedoch die in der "Nähstube" ausgestellte Kastenkrippe, die von Anna Katharina Emmerick selbst angefertigt und in St. Jakobi verwahrt worden war. Ein Wasserschaden durch starke Regenfälle veranlasste das Ersetzen des Lehmfußbodens durch Feldbrandziegel in den Haupträumen, in den Nebenräumen blieb der Lehmfußboden bis auf den heutigen Tag erhalten.

Heutige Aufteilung

In dem als "Deele" bezeichneten Hauptraum befindet sich wie bereits zu Lebzeiten der Emmerick eine ebenerdige Feuerstelle, ein bäuerlicher Esstisch dient der Präsentation von Schriften und Informationsmaterial. In der Ostseite des Gebäudes ist neben der Darstellung der "Webstube ihres Bruders" ein kleiner Raum für die nähere Erläuterung des Lebens von Anna Katharina Emmerick anhand von Bildtafeln und Schauwänden mit Text. Des Weiteren ist auf dieser Seite noch eine Spülküche nach damals zeitgenössischem Vorbild eingerichtet. Die Westseite nehmen Viehstände und die "Geburtsstube", das Elternschlafzimmer, ein. Neben dem großen Eingangstor befindet sich der Zugang zur Nähstube, in der sich die bereits erwähnte Kastenkrippe, ein Tisch, eine Anrichte, eine Nachbildung des von Anna Katharina Emmerick verehrten Coesfelder Kreuzes sowie diverse kleinere Ausstellungsstücke befinden. Auf dem Außengelände ist noch ein rekonstruierter Ziehbrunnen.

Sonstiges
Die in Dülmen an der Lüdinghauser Straße ehemals existierende Gedenkstätte wurde ebenfalls als Emmerickhaus bezeichnet. Die Ausstellungsstücke befinden sich seit 2004 in der Krypta der Hl.-Kreuz-Kirche, das Gebäude wurde inzwischen abgerissen.

Weblinks, Quellen & Literatur

 Abriss des Emmerickhauses Dülmen auf www.dzonline.de (zuletzt abgerufen am 9. Februar 2013)

Emmerickhaus
Coesfeld Emmerickhaus
Kultur (Kreis Coesfeld)
Christentum im Kreis Coesfeld
Christentum in Coesfeld

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A tiny teardrop can be most useful when it comes to road trips. You can store all the necessary items to make your trip more enjoyable, while granting yourself the comfort you desire. Although it may appear to lack space, you'll be amazed by how much can fit inside a Tiny Yellow Teardrop Trailer.
The owners of Sunflower, a small yellow Teardrop trailer, demonstrate how with a bit of organization you can fit everything you need inside the galley kitchen of a teardrop. Take a look.
You can't go on a camping trip without a proper stove. This portable Coleman stove fits perfectly inside the trailer.
Bowls for soups or salads. Enough for several guests.
Fun fish themed plates for serving food.
Four mugs for the morning coffee.
And salt, pepper, spices, and, of course, hot sauce.
A small spray bottle filled with water and soap makes quick work of the dishes.
A handy French press thermos for coffee on the go.
Aluminum foil and paper towels.
Spatulas for flipping the morning bacon.
And extra towels and rags to keep things tidy.
But that's not all. This tiny trailer also has a drawer with more storage space for items like cutlery and other items.
And if you like it old-school, matches to light the bar-b-cue, and that clothespin that… well, it will come in handy somehow.
And a bowl for mixing eggs.
The open storage area holds a propane tank, another dishpan, a 2.5 gallon bottle filled with water, and a plastic bin for dry goods.
Take a peak inside the plastic bin and you will find coffee, sugar, honey, hot chocolate, pasta, rice, and some storage containers.
Phew! Can you believe that all fit in there? This shows that with a little tidiness and organization you can make the most of a tiny teardrop trailer. Be sure to visit the Tiny Yellow Teardrop website for more ideas and stories about tiny space living, including a great post all about how to change clothes inside a teardrop.


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Morrison was criticized as a "coward" for not criticizing Trump for the congressional riots.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Validating 1 of 2 fields with Code Igniter Forms I have a problem I'm trying to resolve in a bit of a cleaner way.  Basically what is happening is I have a form in which I have 2 fields and one or the other needs to be present for the form to be valid.  My problem is that if I mark the two fields as required, they will be required for the entire form entry process.
if ($this->input->post('field1'))
{
    make field1 required
}
else if ($this->input->post('field2'))
{
    make field2 required
}
else
{
    make field1 && field2 required
}

The problem lies with the else... If I make them both required; the first time it looks for errors it checks for both fields to be populated and if field1 is populated, field2 will show as being required when it really shouldn't and the error message will not go away after checking again.
The other option is leaving field1 and 2 not required but that would mean that if they enter the correct info but leave both those fields blank it will submit.
Any thoughts would be appreciated.
** Notes: I believe I have resolved the issue, by setting both field1 + field2 to required on load, they update based on the users input and the click event on the submit button.

A: The cleanest and the easiest way to validate form in codeigniter is by using their form validation library
First you have to manually load or auto load your library

$this->load->library('form_validation'); or $autoload['libraries']= array('form_validation');

You have to set rules for each field like

$this->form_validation('field_name','Field Label','required');

Their Manual is really worth reading. I am also currently developing a application with codeigniter and its really fun and easy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Between the children of her older cousins and even first cousin James there are plenty of options for flower girls and page boys.
Grace and Camilla's granddaughter Eliza were both 3 at the wedding. Louise and Margarita were 7 and 8. The page boys were 10 and 8.
Grace was already a practiced flower girl. She had served as flower girl at the wedding of Lady Katie Percy. She looks to have been a flower girl at an earlier wedding based on photos but I cant find whose.
But yes, it is all depends on the maturity/attitude. Some 3/4 year olds couldn't handle it, especially a big royal wedding.
Yes, it would be cute to see one of Peter's daughters. Or if they were to use George, pairing him with Mia as they are close in age.
Everyone just look at Princess Alexandra's wedding. Just take out the older foreign royals and put in younger ones and deposed young royals. Also instead of dignitaries and politicians put in celebrities. Now you have Beatrice's wedding. I think it will be at Westminster or St. George's.
We rarely see the Yorks at foreign royal events. We seldom or never see them socializing with foreign royals. It would surprise me to see foreign royal guests at their wedding. Note that in comparison to foreign royal weddings, the festivities and even the wedding itself of the Cambridges were spectacularly unspectacular. There were no grand jewels, no gala events. Royals were transported in stickered vans from a van-hire company. If even the Cambridges were not that wowza, I expect little. The -already broken- wedding of Lady Melissa Percy with Mr Van Straubenzee had more grandeur and jaw-dropping settings than the so-called Wedding Of The Year which seem forgotten again.
The littlest ones for the Cambridges wedding didn't sit through the service . They went up the aisle and then were taken behind the scenes. They rejoin the exit processional right at the end. Only the older bridesmaids and page boys sat through the service upfront next to Pippa. Maybe William remembered his only poor page boy behavior in the Abbey several years earlier for Uncle Andrew.
While the Yorks don't attend the big royal weddings like CP/Sofia, they do attend a lot of events with the young continental aristocrats and former/minor royals as well.
They attended the wedding of Joseph Getty which was filled with big names, including Piere Casiraghi and Beatrice.
Along with other major society events they often attend, they probably have a fancier friends list/guest list than Will.
What you just said perfectly explains what I meant. She has been aquatinted with many young royals and deposed young royals through weddings and charity or gala events. She has met Queen Rania and the Princess of Monaco a couple of times. And if it wouldn't be royals, aristocrats and socialites would attend.
I don't know, I think they hang around with lots of Eurotrash.
Will they really want those people at their weddings?
If the Queen will be there?
The Queen will certainly be at the York girls' weddings IMHO. However, as Prince Philip reputedly absolutely loathes Sarah I hope he does grit his teeth and attend and doesn't have a diplomatic 'illness'. If the Duke's reported feelings about her are correct it might not be an altogether joyous occasion for him.
A lot of the 'euro trash' you speak of have very blue blood and old money. Celebrities. Will and Kate certainly had some at their wedding. I doubt the Yorks wouldn't invite them. And I'd not call Piere Casiraghi and his wife, or Prince Amedeo of Belgium 'euro trash'.
The queen is very close to her grandchildren. Unless the girls don't marry until their grandparents die, I doubt anything besides hospitalization would keep their grandparents from being a part. They attended the minor weddings of Zara and Peter, they certainly wouldn't miss the York.
Just getting a kid up the aisle can be hard at such a young age. Many three year olds would not be ready, especially when so many people watching. My friend had her 2 nieces (3.5/4 years) as flower girls. One refused to walk down the aisle and had to be carried after laying down half way down, and the other ran. The one who lay down eventually left where she was sitting with her grandmother, came on the stage with us and spent the hour long ceremony rolling around and mooning people when we weren't looking.
I am very curious as to how the York weddings will go - I'm eagerly awaiting news of an engagement of one of the girls. Predicting St George's chapel for both of them with a reception either at Windsor or Frogmore (like peter had) I could see quite a lot of "celebrities" attending each as the girls do mix in those circles and have attended numerous weddings themselves of celebs. There are the obvious questions about how the royals will interact with Fergie and the guestlist could likely include Harry's 2 main exs Cressida Bonas and i recall Eugiene being friendly as well with Cheesy Davy.
I'm guessing they will go the way of Zara...lower profile weddings.
Why on earth would anyone question whether or not the Queen would attend a York wedding? Really? She's their grandmother! She attended the weddings of each of her other grandchildren who have been married. Stop trying to paint the York family in a tawdry light. It's old!
I don't think anyone really is questioning whether the Queen would attend the York weddings, are they?
I just want to clear something up. When I said maybe royals wouldn't attend, I did not mean the British royals. I meant other royal and deposed families like the Monaquese and Austria- Estans.(not necessarily them).
For some reason I've always thought that Beatrice would go for a more high profile wedding and Eugenie for a lower profile wedding.
The real challenge may be to curtail their mother's tendency to use her association with the Royal family to promote her various schemes. Hopefully Sarah will let her daughters' be the focus on their wedding days and not go giving interviews hither and yon.
I'm sure I read that Sarah said in an interview shortly after the Cambridge wedding that Beatrice was going to turn 'all the hurtful publicity' (paraphrasing here) to good account by auctioning her hat online for charity. I never heard any more, and don't know whether the auction went ahead. I suppose Kate might be able to find out and 'rescue' it to wear.
Kate would never wear that. She has impeccable taste, imo.
I still can't believe she wore that hat what a rude look at me statement. Anyway like everyone else I'm looking forward to one day seeing the York sisters marry.
The hat sold for around 80,000 pounds on ebay.


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Africa This Week: February 14, 2022
Last Updated: February 26, 2022 by 21votes
A street in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country averted a coup this month. Photo credit: Wikimedia/Antoine Moens de Hase (CC BY 2.0)
Somalia, Indirect Legislative Elections: Due, Indirect Presidential Election: By February 25, 2022 (tentative – preceded by indirect legislative elections)
An ongoing conflict between Farmaajo and Prime Minister Mohamed Hussein Roble and continual election delays are exacerbating the country's instability. Legislative election are underway, but proceeding slowly, and will unlikely be complete in time to meet the February 25 deadline for the presidential election.
Feisal Omar and Abdi Sheikh, Reuters (February 10, 2022): Car bomb targeting Somalia election delegates kills six
Democratic Republic of the Congo Gubernatorial and Vice-Gubernatorial Elections: April 6, 2022
The DRC will hold gubernatorial and vice-gubernatorial elections on April 6, 2022. After that, the country is due to hold general elections in 2023. The December 2018 presidential and legislative elections, which took place after multiple delays, were mired in controversy and dispute. The election commission declared opposition leader Félix Tshisekedi the winner of the presidential poll, but the Catholic Church, which deployed 40,000 election observers and is a highly trusted institution in the country, said that their data indicated a victory for another opposition leader, Martin Fayulu.
When Kabila's chosen successor, Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary, was polling too poorly for Kabila to credibly rig the election for him, Kabila cut a deal with Tshisekedi.
The legislative elections – also highly disputed – produced a majority for Kabila's coalition. Major opposition figures Moïse Katumbi and Jean-Pierre Bemba were barred from the polls and spent the election cycle outside the country, but both have returned.
Africanews with AFP (February 13, 2022): Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt
Camille Pauvarei, Africanews (February 9, 2022): RDC failed coup plot: president's security adviser in detention
Jean-Yves Kamale, AP (February 8, 2022): Congo warns of security threat amid coup plot reports
Senegal held local elections on January 23, and is due to hold legislative elections by July 2022. The next presidential election is due in 2024.
Long considered a stable democracy, backsliding has been taking place under President Macky Sall, who has been accused of prosecuting his political opponents on politically-motivated charges (Freedom House downgraded the country from Free to Partly Free in 2020). Consequently, Senegal saw violent protests in March 2021 following rape charges against former opposition leader Ousmane Sonko, and further protests in November 2021. Some are concerned that Sall could attempt to seek an unconstitutional third term, especially if his allies win another majority in the 2022 legislative elections.
In the local elections, the opposition won in Dakar (which was already an opposition stronghold) and the southern city of Ziguinchor, where Sonko was elected mayor. Several candidates close to Sall, including health minister Abdoulaye Diouf Sarr, lost their races.
A series of oil and gas discoveries starting in 2014 have set Senegal up to become a player in energy production. Sall is a former oil executive and thus has focused on beginning production. More
Amat Jeng, Al Jazeera (February 10, 2022): Celebrations unlikely to last long in Macky Sall's Senegal: As the West African nation celebrates its AFCON victory, political instability is looming on the horizon.
Republic of the Congo Legislative and Local Elections: July 2022
The Republic of the Congo (sometimes called Congo-Brazzaville) will hold legislative and local elections in July 2022 or thereabouts. These follow last year's presidential election. Denis Sassou Nguesso, who has been president almost continuously since 1979 and rules with an iron fist, won re-election. Elections have not been free or fair. More
Loïcia Martial, RFI (February 13, 2022 – in French): Congo-B: before the legislative elections, civil society wants a "useful" and "open" consultation
Kenya is due to hold general elections on August 9, 2022. The last elections, in August 2017, were disputed, and the presidential poll was re-run in October 2017. President Uhuru Kenyatta won re-election after opposition leader Raila Odinga encouraged his supporters to boycott the re-run. Kenyan politics is highly polarized with a strong ethnic component.
Because of the crises in neighboring Ethiopia and Somalia, Kenya plays an important role in the region. In addition, Kenya has been an important partner to the United States and other countries on counterterrorism.
Hillary Orinde, AFP (February 10, 2022): 'They will still steal': election apathy dogs Kenya's youth
Michelle Gavin, Council on Foreign Relations (February 9, 2022): Kenyan Elections Will Struggle to Meet the Moment: Kenya's pivotal role as a regional powerbroker could be compromised by domestic distractions related to this year's presidential election.
Victor Abuso, The Africa Report (February 8, 2022): Kenya: Women and NGOs express fear about sexual violence ahead of 2022 polls
In addition, potential 2023 candidates have already begun jockeying for position. Since the return to civilian rule, vote-rigging and violence have plagued elections. While the 2015 polls – which handed the opposition its first-ever victory – were considered credible, international and Nigerian observers found that the 2019 polls fell short. The country is in the midst of several security crises.
David Pilling, Financial Times (February 14, 2022): Nigeria: Africa's paradoxical powerhouse – For all its economic might, it remains a deeply dysfunctional country
Abiodun Fatai, PhD, The Conversation (February 13, 2022): Digital technology can improve Nigeria's elections: lessons from 2019
Anthony Osae-Brown, Bloomberg (February 13, 2022): Nigeria's Ruling Party and PDP Share Wins in Local Abuja Polls
John Tanza, Voice of America (February 14, 2022): South Sudan in Focus
UN News (February 11, 2022): South Sudan: Political violence on the rise, UN rights experts warn
Dabanga (February 14, 2022): Sudan junta head: 'Military will quit politics once consensus reached via elections'
Prachi Vidwans, World Politics Review (February 10, 2022): Democracy Activists Are Losing Faith in Power-Sharing Transitions
On May 25, 2021, Mali had another coup, but leaders have stated that the elections will remain on the calendar for 2022. However, the situation remains fluid. Most recently, the government has proposed delaying the elections to December 2025, sparking the threat of sanctions from the regional bloc ECOWAS. France's president, Emmanuel Macron, has called the interim government illegitimate, and the international community has condemned its failure to make progress against the jihadist threat that plages the Sahel.
AFP (February 14, 2022): Draft law excludes Mali junta chief from presidential run
Burkina Faso is due to hold local elections in May 2022, but delays are likely due to the growing security crisis and recent coup.
On January 24, 2022, a group of soldiers detained President Roch Marc Christian Kabore, dissolved the legislature, and declared that a military junta would control the country moving forward. This coup (which follows coups in nearby Guinea, Chad, and Mali) plunges the country's political future into even greater uncertainty. Burkina Faso avoided an earlier coup attempt, and some analysts believed that a successful coup was only a matter of time given simmering discontent with Kabore's handling of the jihadist threat and other issues.
Sam Mednick, AP (February 11, 2022): Burkina Faso's junta leader is declared president by council
Burundi General Elections: May 20, 2020
Burundi held presidential, legislative, and communal elections on May 20, 2020. They were denounced as neither free nor fair and characterized by intimidation (and sometimes murder) of the opposition, political violence, and a lack of media freedom. However, there have recently been signs that some believe could indicate that the country is beginning to open up a bit more political space.
Mausi Segun, Foreign Affairs (February 8, 2022): Burundi's Vicious Crackdown Never Ended. America and the EU Just Chose to Ignore It
Eloge Willy Kaneza, AP (February 8, 2022): EU lifts its suspension of aid to Burundi's government
Abu-Bakarr Jalloh and Mikhail Bushuev, DW (February 11, 2022): Russia seeks role as Africa's security broker amid wave of coups
Folahanmi Aina and Ibrahim Al-bakri Nyei, Al Jazeera (February 11, 2022): Why have civilians welcomed the recent coups in West Africa?
Kristen A. Harkness, Washington Post (February 9, 2022): Africa has had eight coup attempts in recent months. What's behind the 'coup epidemic'?
Somalia, Indirect Legislative Elections: Ongoing
Somalia Indirect Presidential Election: February 25, 2022 (Tentative, following numerous delays – additional delays possible)
Gambia Legislative and Local Elections: April 9, 2022
Burkina Faso Local Elections: May 2022 (delays possible)
Central African Republic Local Elections: September 2022 (due – delays possible)
Togo Legislative Elections: December 2023 (due)
Category: This Week Tags: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan
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Middle East This Week: February 15, 2022 →


What is the Vietnamese Zodiac?
The Vietnamese Zodiac is based on the Eastern Zodiac system used in China, Korea and Japan. The Eastern Zodiac is one of the oldest horoscope systems in the world and goes back to the fourth millennium B.C.
The Zodiac system was developed by spiritual teachers at the time who were responsible for maintaining health and balance among the people. After centuries of observing Astronomy, Agriculture, Seasons, and Personality traits the theories of the Zodiac system was developed.
Each year in Zodiac system is represented by a yearly animal sign and its personality attributes. Each sign has both positive and negative traits. One example would be the Rats charming social skills can also be used to be manipulate.
The Vietnamese term for Zodiac is called: Tử Vi. Unlike the Chinese zodiac The Vietnamese Zodiac replaces the Ox with the Buffalo and a Cat rather than a Rabbit.
For a very basic understanding of the Vietnamese zodiac you can just go a head and read the basic traits and personalities of your animal signs. For a deeper dive consider looking at your Element sign + Your Animal time along with your Element. This should provide a more accurate reading of your personality traits that may have been missed by using going off the animal year alone.


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How Life Caused A Second Act— Not Looking For One, But Ready Nonetheless
by Daniel Shifrin | Apr 27, 2022 | General, Side Hustle
What's a second act? As I said in a previous article, it's the ability to reinvent oneself. Some people do something that they're really good at. Or sometimes, a second act involves doing something that one always wanted to do. For the most part, it usually happens later in life. But it doesn't have to.
And almost always, it's planned. But it doesn't have to be. And usually, it's work-related, but it doesn't have to be as well.
Life caused me to quickly establish a second act. Sometimes life does that. I wasn't planning on a second act. I'm retired— so I wasn't planning on working again. And life was going pretty well. Financially and otherwise. I wasn't looking to create a second act. But I found myself involved in one very quickly. And I didn't have a choice, but to go through with it.
I've realized three things when it comes to "life":
Life is too short. Live for today. Don't wait to do something. You may not get another opportunity.
Life can change on a dime. Life changes very quickly— sometimes with no warning.
Do what makes you happy. Don't worry about what others think. Hopefully, they'll come along for the ride.
Reassessing What Happened
My wife died in December 2020. I previously wrote an article about her for The Happy PharmD. We were married for 38 ½ years.
Life was good before she died. I had retired. My wife and I owned a two-bedroom apartment. We were three blocks from my daughter and the grandkids. Between my Temple, friends, volunteering, and writing for The Happy PharmD, I had enough to keep me busy. I wasn't looking for a Second Act. But it found me!
As I said, my wife died in December 2020. She didn't die from COVID. But the world was in the middle of the pandemic. Everyone wore masks and tried to keep their distance. No one ventured out during the day, except to go food shopping. And everything was conducted on Zoom.
My wife's funeral was held in December 2020. I realized something after my wife died. When a person's spouse dies, after the funeral, the remaining spouse's life changes dramatically. This is not true for anyone else who attends the funeral. Only for the remaining spouse whose life will forever be different.
Consider my daughter. She lost her mother. Yet when she went home after the funeral, everything was pretty much the same. She still had her husband, the kiddies, and her job. And her daily routine hadn't changed that much.
It was different for me. When I went home, after the funeral, life was different. My second act was starting. Whether I wanted it to or not.
I went home and it was the "Danny" show. There was no one to greet me inside my apartment. No one to talk to. No one to eat supper with. No one to exchange stories with. When I woke up at night, there was no one in bed with me. And the next morning, I was still all by myself.
But it didn't stop there. Little things were not getting done. That's because Roz was always the one to do them. But she wasn't there. And I wasn't doing them. Thus, no one made a shopping list of what to buy at the supermarket. And no one made a donation to our Temple's Chanukah Fund. And no one made sure to have clean sheets put on the bed at the end of the week.
My spouse wasn't there to do these things. Life would be different from now on.
Furthermore, this was not a temporary thing. Roz was not gone for a few weeks and then she'd be back. Then everything would return to the way it was. She was not coming back. My second act had started.
I enjoyed reading. One of my favorite authors had a character that he wrote about in his books. The character was an FBI agent, whose wife and daughter were murdered. They never caught the murderer.
In all of his books, the author always had a flashback chapter, where the character talked about his wife and daughter. In one book, the character (and I'm paraphrasing) stated that "I [the character] can live in the past or can live in the present. But I can't do both. And I can't live in the past."
I loved my wife. But I can't live in the past either. I had to move on with my life.
Changing My Life
I had a wonderful support system. The guys in my Temple's Men's Club were always there to talk to either in person or by phone. In addition, I had four friends, who were married and lost their spouses. Each of them met someone. Two of them had remarried, while the other two had met companions and were with them for several years. It's nice that they were able to move on with their lives.
After talking to my friends, I realized that no one wants this second act, but since it was thrust upon me, I'm going to take the upper hand. I'm going to call the shots. I'm going to do what's best for me and what makes me happy, rather than just sitting back and waiting for things to happen.
I was attending online bereavement sessions. The world was in the middle of the pandemic. Thus, everything was on Zoom. I had signed up for five or six sessions. I was averaging between 16 to 18 hours of Zoom bereavement sessions each week.
At first, the sessions were helpful. It was comforting to hear from others who had lost their spouse. Some people had lost their spouse a couple weeks ago, some lost their spouse a few months ago, and some lost their spouse a few years ago. I know the mourning period affects everyone differently, but (to me) two years or more was a long time to be attending bereavement sessions.
In fact, five weeks was a long time to be attending bereavement sessions. I loved my wife. But after five weeks of listening to people talk about their dead spouse, and how it halted their lives— I had had it. It was time to move on. What's the cute phrase from The Producers? "Stop the world. I want to get on!" I didn't want bereavement sessions to define my life. I was taking charge of my second act.
Pursuing CindyPost
My second act involved four parts. It came together in February 2021.
I was going to stop going to bereavement sessions. They weren't helpful anymore. And I couldn't see going to them for the next several years like some people were. I quit cold turkey— I just stopped going to them.
I wanted to start writing again. I wrote monthly articles for The Happy PharmD. When Roz died, I stopped. And I wanted to start up again in February 2021. I was pleased that Alex Barker allowed me to start submitting articles again.
I had hosted a daily trivia game for my Men's Club members. I suspended the game in December when Roz went into the hospital. I called the Men's Club President and asked if I could start up again in February 2021. He said yes.
I called one of my friends who lost his wife several years ago. She and Roz went to college together more than forty years ago. His wife died about seven years ago. He had been with a companion for the past five years.
I asked him where to meet someone. I was never a bar person. And unfortunately, the pandemic eliminated in person parties, social events, and meetings. He suggested a website called "Our Time" where he met the woman that he was currently with. I immediately was sorry that I asked the question. I just wasn't ready. And I quickly changed my mind. He said that I could go onto the website and just look. I didn't have to commit or pay anything until I was ready.
I took the information about the website but didn't do anything with it. However, several days later, I decided to go on to the website. I entered my name, email, and my birthdate. The website then took me to the money page. I don't remember the prices exactly but they cost about $60 for 1 month, $100 for 2 months, $ 250 for 6 months and so on.
I wasn't ready to pay anything yet. I was just looking. Therefore:
My profile was quite limited. When a person pays for the service, they are allowed to create a full-page profile that hopefully others will find attractive. But I hadn't paid. Thus, my profile was limited to 200-characters, which is about 1 ½ sentences. It's tough to entice people with only 1 ½ sentences. I was permitted to add a photograph though.
I was unable to contact anyone who might seem appealing to me. Contacting others was only available to the paying customers. Therefore, I was not able to email, boost, like, text, message, or get phone numbers. The phrase "look….but don't touch" came into my mind.
I had seen enough. Meeting someone online was not for me. I left the website. The next day, I received an email from CindyPost. It read, "The feeling is mutual."
I wondered what she was responding to. I had alluded to the fact that I wasn't a Trumpster in my limited profile. On the other hand, this baffled me. I hadn't really looked at anyone's profile. I couldn't even contact anyone even if I wanted to. And yet, CindyPost was sending me a message.
I signed onto Our Time and searched for CindyPost. She looked like an attractive woman in her photo. I tried to message her, boost her, like her, or try to get a phone number or email. And every time the website took me to the money page and requested payment. I had had it. I exited the website.
The next morning I received another email from CindyPost. Again it said, "The feeling is mutual." I returned to Our Time. I searched for CindyPost. I read her profile.
CindyPost was a 66-year-old woman (I was 67). She lived in Rahway, NJ— I lived in Highland Park, NJ (not that far). She was a widow, I was a widower. She had her Master's, and so did I. She was Jewish and very involved in her Temple (Me too). I had to meet this woman.
But I can't. Because I don't want to pay. So I couldn't email, text, call or contact her. She must think that I'm the biggest snob around. She keeps sending me emails, and I was ignoring her. (But I'm not!)
I was never into Facebook. I don't post, message people or events, or even look at my Facebook account. But I do have one. My school made all the instructors get a Facebook account when I was teaching. That way I could keep in touch with my students.
Many people have a Facebook account. Maybe CindyPost has one. I typed in Cindy (Cynthia) then P-O-S-T and her account came up. Her profile picture on Facebook matched her Our Time picture. So I found CindyPost.
I wasn't too familiar with how to message her on Facebook, but I did notice that she was finishing her term as Sisterhood president for her temple. It listed the temple by name. So I decided to call her temple. Crazy, right? I dialed and a woman answered the phone.
I said, " Hi, I'm Daniel Shifrin. I'm a member of the Highland Park Conservative Temple in Highland Park, NJ. I'm a trustee on their board. And also the Membership Vice-president for the Men's Club. I'm trying to get in touch with a woman who I saw on a website called Our Time. She's one of your members. I know you're not going to give me her personal info. But if I give you my phone number and email, can you call her and tell her to contact me?"
The woman on the phone answered, " Sure". And she took my name, phone number, and email.
"Does this sound crazy?" I asked.
The woman laughed and replied, "No harm, no foul."
CindyPost contacted me through Facebook— I figured out how to get and send a message. She also told me that she never emailed me "The feeling is mutual" or any other email for that matter. Perhaps Our Time sends out emails to try to generate interest and potential payments.
We exchanged emails and eventually talked on the phone. That was February 2021. It's now April 2022. We've been together ever since. CindyPost and I moved into our own place in January 2022.
Developing A Second Life
Obviously, a second act doesn't have to be work-related. Just be ready for it when it appears. And always take charge of the second act, rather than wait for things to happen.
Sometimes a second act is the best thing to ever happen in a person's life.
Daniel Shifrin
Daniel Shifrin, R.P., M.S. is a recently retired pharmacist who enjoys sharing his insights about hospital pharmacy. He is proud to own one of the largest collections of Pharmacy Stamp First Day Covers.


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https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUuc3RhZ2luZy5tZWRzY2FwZS5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZS83NjE4ODktb3ZlcnZpZXc=
Drugs & Diseases > Emergency Medicine
Angina Pectoris in Emergency Medicine
Author: Marc D Haber, MD; Chief Editor: Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP more...
Sections Angina Pectoris in Emergency Medicine
Emergency Department Care
Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Practice Guidelines (ESC, 2020)
2014 AHA/ACC and 2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management NSTE-ACS
Anti-platelet agents
Beta-adrenergic blockers
Platelet aggregation inhibitors
Angina pectoris (AP) represents the clinical syndrome occurring when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply. The term is derived from Latin; the literal meaning is "the choking of the chest;" angere, meaning "to choke" and pectus, meaning "chest." The first English-written account of recurrent angina pectoris was by English nobleman Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon. He described his father as having, with exertion, "a pain in the left arm…so much that the torment made him pale". [1] The first description of angina as a medical disorder came from William Heberden. Heberden, a prodigious physician, made many noteworthy contributions to medicine during his career. He presented his observations on "dolor pectoris" to the Royal College of Physicians in 1768. Much of his classic description retains its validity today. [2]
Angina pectoris has a wide range of clinical expressions. The symptoms most often associated to angina pectoris are substernal chest pressure or tightening, frequently with radiating pain to the arms, shoulders, or jaw. The symptoms may also be associated with shortness of breath, nausea, or diaphoresis. Symptoms stem from inadequate oxygen delivery to myocardial tissue. No definitive diagnostic tools that capture all patients with angina pectoris exist. This, combined with its varied clinical expression, makes angina pectoris a distinct clinical challenge to the emergency physician. The disease state can manifest itself in a variety of forms, including the following:
Stable angina pectoris is classified as a reproducible pattern of anginal symptoms that occur during states of increased exertion.
Unstable angina pectoris (UA) manifests either as an increasing frequency of symptoms or as symptoms occurring at rest.
Prinzmetal angina or variant angina occurs as a result of transient coronary artery spasms. These spasms can occur either at rest or with exertion. Unlike stable or unstable angina, no pathological plaque or deposition is present within the coronary arteries that elicits the presentation. On angiography, the coronary arteries are normal in appearance with spasm on angiography.
Cardiac syndrome X occurs when a patient has all of the symptoms of angina pectoris without coronary artery disease or spasm.
Our overall understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemic syndromes has greatly expanded over the past two decades. The primary dysfunction in angina pectoris is decreased oxygen delivery to myocardial muscle cells. The two predominant mechanisms by which delivery is impaired appear to be coronary artery narrowing and endothelial dysfunction. Any other mechanism that affects oxygen delivery can also precipitate symptoms.
Extracardiac causes of angina include, but are by no means limited to, anemia, hypoxia, hypotension, bradycardia, carbon monoxide exposure, and inflammatory disorders. [3] The end result is a shift to anaerobic metabolism in the myocardial cells. This is followed by a stimulation of pain receptors that innervate the heart. These pain receptors ultimately are referred to afferent pathways, which are carried in multiple nerve roots from C7 through T4. The referred/radiating pain of angina pectoris is believed to occur because these afferent pathways also carry pain fibers from other regions (eg, the arm, neck, and shoulders).
Coronary artery narrowing
Coronary artery narrowing appears to be the etiology of cardiac ischemia in the preponderance of cases. This has clinical significance when atherosclerotic disease diminishes or halts blood flow through the coronary arterial circulation, interfering with normal laminar blood flow. The significance of even a small change in the diameter of a blood vessel can be profound. The Poiseuille law predicts this outcome—the rate of flow is decreased exponentially by any change in the radius of the lumen. As with a smaller pediatric airway, even relatively minute changes in diameter have dramatic consequences in flow rates. Thus, when a lumen is narrowed by one fifth, the flow rate is decreased by about one half. This predicts that even a small change in a coronary artery plaque size can affect the oxygenation through that vessel's territory.
The epicardial vessel, where atherosclerosis often takes place, has the capacity to dilate via autoregulatory mechanisms to respond to increased demand. Angina occurs as this compensatory mechanism is overwhelmed either by large plaques (typically considered 70% or greater obstruction) or by significantly increased myocardial demand. [4]
Endothelial factors
Endothelial factors also play an important role in angina pectoris. During sympathetic stimulation, the endothelium is subjected to mediators of both vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Alpha-agonists (catecholamines) directly cause vasoconstriction, while endothelial nitrous oxide synthase creates nitrous oxide (NO), which counteracts this constricting force via vasodilatation.
In the diseased coronary artery, NO production is reduced or absent. In this setting, the catecholamine drive can overwhelm the autoregulatory mechanisms. In addition, the endothelium of the plaque-laden artery may, in itself, be dysfunctional. This limits the ability of the intra-arterial endothelium to produce mediators, which, in a healthy artery, would protect against further vasoconstriction, assist dilatation, and provide protection from platelet aggregation. Small lesions in these vessels may produce incompletely obstructing aggregates of platelets. This would further impede flow through the affected vessel. [4]
In the diseased heart, these two factors, coronary artery narrowing and endothelial dysfunction, synergistically result in reduced oxygen delivery to the myocardium. The net result is angina pectoris.
Extrinsic factors
Extrinsic factors can also play a role in specific circumstances. The oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is based on a number of factors. The most important of which is the amount of hemoglobin. Any alteration in the ability of blood to carry oxygen can precipitate angina. Anemia of any degree can result in anginal symptoms. Given a scenario where demand is increased, such as climbing a flight of stairs, increased stress, or even sexual intercourse, the anginal symptoms may appear. [5] Abnormal hemoglobin, such as methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, or any of a number of hemoglobinopathies, creates an environment at greater risk for precipitating angina.
Other extrinsic factors that affect hemoglobin formation, such as lead poisoning or iron-deficiency states, also lead to a similar decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity. Any mechanism that impedes oxygen delivery to the red blood cells has a similar effect. Therefore, any number of pulmonary causes, such as pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis or scarring, pneumonia, or congestive heart failure, can exacerbate angina. A decreased oxygen environment, such as travel to a higher elevation, has similar consequences due to the decrease in concentration of atmospheric oxygen.
Variant angina
The etiology of variant angina is currently not well understood. Research suggests that inflammatory mediators may result in focal coronary artery vasospasm. Another possibility is that perfusion is decreased through microvascular circulation. Spasm or intermittent narrowing of this microscopic lumen may result in transient areas of hypoperfusion and oxygen deprivation. [6]
Syndrome X
Syndrome X is the triad of angina pectoris, a positive ECG stress test result, and a normal coronary angiogram. The pathophysiology of this disease is not well understood. Many theories exist as to the underlying pathology. Decreased oxygenation of the underlying myocardium may be the result of impaired vasodilatation, dysfunctional smooth muscle cells, poor or deficient microvascular circulation, or even structural problems on a cellular level (eg, an inappropriately functioning sodium ion channel). [6]
United States statistics
An average of 3.4 million US adults older than 40 years experience angina each year. Between 2007 and 2010, there were a total of 2.3 million office visits per year for angina. [7]
An estimated 720,000 American adults will have a new coronary event (MI or CHD death), with an estimated 335,000 experiencing recurrent events. [8]
Conservative 2016 data show 18,000 angina pectoris discharges from hospitals. [8]
Race-, sex-, and age-related demographics
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) note that the prevalence of angina pectoris is highest in non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks (7.6% and 7.4% respectively), followed by Hispanics (6.2%) and Asian or Pacific Islanders (3.6%). This information includes patients aged ≥20 years in the 50 US states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. [8]
The overall prevalence for angina is 3.6% in US adults ≥20 years of age. Among US adults aged 40-59 years, the age-adjusted prevalence of angina pectoris (AP) is nearly equal in men and women (6.1% and 6.2% respectively); in those aged 60-79 years and 80 years and older, it is higher men than women. [8]
The incidence of new and recurrent angina increases with age but then declines at around 85 years.
The prognosis of each patient is dependent upon individual factors and the progression of their underlying disease.
The majority of coronary attacks are NOT preceded by long-standing angina pectoris (AP) (only 18%). [7]
Morbidity/mortality
Cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and stroke, account for more than one third (33.6%) of all US deaths. [7]
Coronary heart disease is the single greatest killer of American men and women. [7]
In 2010, the total costs of cardiovascular diseases in the United States were estimated to be $444 billion, with treatment of these diseases accounting for about $1 of every $6 spent on US healthcare. [7]
Complications may occur from the progression of the patient's underlying disease or from failure to intervene. Unfortunately, even the testing for underlying disease (eg, stress testing, angiography) can lead to complications including progression to myocardial infarction and renal failure. The risks and benefits of testing and treatment must be determined for and discussed with each patient.
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Table 5. Recommendations for Selection of Preferred Management Strategy
Preferred Strategy Patient Characteristic/Clinical Risk
Immediate Invasive Strategy
(< 2 hours)
Refractory angina
Signs/symptoms of heart failure or new or worsening mitral regurgitation
Hemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock
Recurrent angina/ischemia at rest or with low-level activities despite intensive medical therapy
Sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation
Ischemia-Guided Strategy Low-risk score (eg, TIMI 0 or 1, GRACE < 109)
Low-risk Tn-negative female
Patient or physician preference in the absence of high-risk features
Early Invasive Strategy
(< 24 hours)
GRACE score >140
Rise or fall in Tn compatible with myocardial infarction
New or presumably new ST-segment depression
Delayed Invasive Strategy
(24-72 hours)
Renal insufficiency (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2)
Reduced LV systolic function (LVEF < 40%)
Early postinfarction angina
PCI within 6 months
Prior CABG
GRACE score 109-140; TIMI Score ≥2
ACC/AHA = American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; GRACE = Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; LV = left ventricle; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; TIMI = Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Clinical Trial; Tn = troponin.
Marc D Haber, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Clinical Associate of Radiology, Baystate Medical Center; Past President of Young Physician Section, AAEM
Marc D Haber, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Thomas A Brunell, MD, MA, FACEP, FAAEM Director, Emergency Medicine Education, St Francis Hospital and Medical Center; Assistant Professor of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, University of Connecticut Medical Center
Thomas A Brunell, MD, MA, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Massachusetts Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center
Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Physicians
Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Montgomery
Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
encoded search term (Angina Pectoris in Emergency Medicine) and Angina Pectoris in Emergency Medicine
Braunwald Classification of Unstable Angina
Canadian Cardiovascular Society Grading System for Stable Angina
Unstable Angina
Abdominal Angina
Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica
Cardiac Emergencies News & Perspectives
Nitroglycerin: How An Explosive Became a Cardiac Drug
Recognizing the Signs: Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes
Keys to Diagnosing Broken Heart Syndrome (Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy)
Diseases & Conditions Angina Pectoris
Is Low-Dose Aspirin Linked to Risk for Gastric Ulcers? 0.25 CME / CE / ABIM MOC Credits Clinical Review
Is Low-Dose Aspirin Linked to Risk for Gastric Ulcers?
Diseases & Conditions Angina Pectoris in Emergency Medicine
Procedures Abdominal Angina


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Polartropica On Representation And Activism In Music
Polartropica has always been one of our favorite artists, she puts on these detailed, aesthetic shows and always has a message behind the shimmering music. Polartropica has been so active in BLM and the Stop Asian Hate movement. They started a microgrant program with their partner, artist Lauren YS, aimed at supporting and showcasing queer, BIPOC artists. We talked to Polartropica about the challenges they've faced in the music industry, and why artists need to be involved in activism.
What has Asian American meant to you growing up and now? Has it changed?
Polartropica: Growing up Taiwanese American was fun in many ways but tricky and painful at times - I was always trying to fit in and downplay any part of me that was different from my classmates at school. I've definitely grown to appreciate and treasure my heritage, traditions, and family history!
How do you embrace your ethnicity and heritage?
Polartropica: I've been trying to learn as much as I can about where I'm from. When I get to visit relatives back in Asia, I've been more intentional about spending time listening to their stories. Because my extended family lives so far away, and I also have a bit of a language barrier, there never seems to be enough time to connect. Most recently, this past week, I lost my popo, grandmother, on my mom's side. I feel a lot of regret and sadness that we didn't get to be there to say goodbye - and I have so many other unanswered questions for her about her journey from Shanghai to Taiwan in her early 20s. It's been so lovely meeting other AAPI folks out here in LA, and celebrating cultural holidays - some of which I'm only now learning about.
What challenges have you faced in the music industry as an AAPI?
Polartropica: When I'm out at shows or playing festivals, there is definitely a noticeable presence of femmes and POC present - I tend to always feel very much at home in settings with friends and music around, but it would definitely be such a richer and more inclusive space with better ratios of diversity and representation - especially for future generations of musicians and folks working in the business.
You've been doing so much with activism and awareness of BLM and Stop Asian Hate. Why is it important for artists to be involved in activism?
Polartropica: Back when I was a kid, I remember my Dad used to tell me that it's not always easy to do the right thing - but we should do it anyway. I speak up because I believe that we all have our own special voice and power, so we can make a difference if we choose to use it. Ultimately I speak up and try to do what I can because I believe in humanity. I feel like people can change the way they see and treat each other, systems can be reimagined to be set up in a better way to support those that need it most, and ultimately, we all are interconnected and here to uplift each other in the way we coexist.
Tell me about your microgrant program! What inspired it?
Polartropica: Squidtropica is a microgrant program, and IG platform my partner Lauren YS and I started in late 2020, showcasing the work of QTBIPOC artists. The professional world or arts can be difficult to navigate as a queer, bipoc artist, so we wanted to build this special community to encourage and inspire everyone making art in these times. Grants are awarded when available and are funded by donations, a percentage of select artwork sales by Lauren YS, and a portion of Polartropica merch. We are always accepting submissions on a rolling basis via DM to @squidtropica on Instagram.
What's some piece of advice for younger Asian American fans?
Polartropica: If you have a vision, trust it, and don't be afraid to try something that no one has ever done before. Good things take time. Enjoy the process as much as you can, and love on one another as much as possible!
Follow Polartropica on Instagram and Spotify to keep up.
Samantha Fong
"At 15 years old, I begged my mom to take me to Walmart to get Taylor Swift's debut deluxe album and I never turned back. This was my very first entry point to stan fandom. Growing up in Memphis, Tennessee I was exposed to a ton of music - from rapping 3 6 Mafia to bopping to Justin Timberlake's solo discography. Now, in LA have a day job working in nonprofit development, but by night, I'm a full-fledged fangirl. I'll listen to generally any genre, but I'm a sucker for a good pop song. If you ever need someone to scream sing Carly Rae Jepsen's E·MO·TION with, I'm your girl. No, I still have not gotten over the One Direction hiatus. Please continue to respect my privacy. Twitter : samfonggg, Instagram : samantha_fong"
AAPIActivismInterviewPolartropica


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Committee for the Improvement of Hospital Services
Save Our Services
The SOSPPAN Campaign
Prince Philip Action Network
A few short years ago Prince Philip Hospital in Llanelli was a thriving provider of excellent medical services.
Many of these services heve been taken from the people and the Community of Llanelli and have a major impact on us all.
Literally from cradle to grave.
Some services like acute surgery have gone from the Surgical Review in 2007
llanelli-inquiry-report-e.pdf
We MUST fight to get them re-instated or they will be gone forever.
People who are backing this campaign are the ones who have brought your babies into this world, have repaired you, who have nursed you back to health who can see what we are losing and are going to lose more.
If these people are worried we all should be,
It is time for change........
Everyone must show our opposition and get the Hospital Services that we need. There are tens of thousands of people being discriminated against.
Recent changes by the Hywel Dda Health Board led by Mr Trevor Purt
have led Llanelli to becoming known in medical circles as the "poor man of Carmarthenshire", with a "third world" set of services.
Llanelli is seen to be "easy meat" because we have trusted in our Health Authority to deliver the best - this is patently not what is being delivered.
It is time to show them that they have lost our trust and to show them that the people of Llanelli want a top class service delivered locally as an expanding town of its size warrants.
Losing Services.......
We know we are losing Surgeons - why?
We know there is no Maternity Unit in Llanelli - why not?
We know that to be booked into a bed in Llanelli you have to go to Carmarthen - why?
The Accident and Emergency is - if you ask Reception - open 24 hours a day
yet stories persist of it being closed at 20.00 until the following morning.
Do you want to take your child, or partner, friend, mother, father, relative or indeed yourself to Carmarthen after a certain time if you have an injury?
What happens if you need an emergency operation, have a heart attack, a burst appendix, a hernia, ?
The "Golden Hour" that everyone talks about, so called because it is critical to recovery is considerably reduced because it takes at least 30 minutes to reach Carmarthen West Wales Hospital (Glangwilli) from Llanelli.
What are the pressures going to be on the ambulance service if they are in Carmarthen delivering patients and they are needed in Llanelli? Does this mean that emergencies may have to wait an hour before they get to you and yours to the hospital?
How is this going to work? No one really knows. Its all a gamble by Hywel Dda. With you as the bet.
Downgraded by Stealth..........
Limited General Surgery is still being done in Llanelli and this is essential because if "elective surgery" is not done it soon turns into emergency surgery with the associated risks.
Soon even these limited services may be reduced still further
The hospital has always been at the heart of Llanelli and with good reason.
At various stages we all need to use its services but soon they will no longer be here and you will have to travel to Carmarthen or Swansea to use them.
The nearest hospitals to us are 11 miles away (Morriston and Singleton) and the next nearest is nearly double that distance at Carmarthen, where now they are even taking our dead to autopsy them.
We are reduced to using ambulances to transport the dead as well as the living. Where is the sense in that?
Llanelli is being downgraded by stealth.
They haven't even had the decency to tell us, to consult with us or even to explain what benefits we will get.
Simply because there aren't any.......
LEAVE YOUR QUESTIONS HERE
How Does It Effect YOU
Services Lost
How Are They Doing It?
Your Positive Experiences
Your Negative Experiences
Are YOU with US?