Forests are increasingly valued for non-timber ecosystem services in place of conventional wood fiber production. Biomass carbon sequestration is one of the key ecosystem services forests are relied upon for mitigating global climate change. However, planning for large-scale tree planting and managing established forest stands for carbon sequestration require careful consideration of the gain in biomass production and tradeoff for other regulatory services. How a tradeoff between forest production and conservation of water resources is shaped by the condition of forest stand and environmental factors remains a question of broad interest in sustainable forest ecosystem management.
We studied the spatiotemporal patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE), and their relationships with local climatic and forest stand factors over a temperate forest landscape in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. The time series of spatial data on NPP and ET were extracted from the global remote sensing datasets for the MOD16A3 and MOD17A3 products for the period 2000–2014. The time series of spatial patterns of annual precipitation and annual mean temperature were obtained as grid maps for regional meteorological variables. Stand patches were categorized into the types of conifers, broadleaves, and mixed-wood, as well as age-classes of young, mid-age, near mature, mature, and old-growth stands, and by establishment into natural and planted. Information on stands and selective site variables were compiled from the Forest Inventory Datasets of China. Analyses were performed with Arc-GIS.
Over the study period of 2000–2014, the landscape-level annual NPP varied between 311.7 and 573.6 gC∙m− 2∙a− 1, ET between 559.9 and 603.0 mm∙a− 1, and WUE between 0.54 and 1.01 gC∙m− 2∙mm− 1. Across the forest landscape, the mean annual NPP varied between 205.0 and 639.4 gC∙m− 2∙a− 1, ET between 441.5 and 784.0 mm∙a− 1, and WUE in the range of 0.46–1.10 gC∙m− 2∙mm− 1. The spatial variations in NPP, ET, and WUE were commonly attributable to forest type, stand age class and density, establishment mode, and temperature variables, with some effects of other selective factors on ET and WUE. The three forest types were significantly (p < 0.05) differentiated in the mean annual NPP, ET, and WUE: the coniferous forests were highest in NPP (505.3 ± 1.4 gC∙m− 2∙a− 1; n = 1041) and WUE (0.872 ± 0.004 gC∙m− 2∙mm− 1; n = 1041), and lowest in ET (584.1 ± 1.6 mm∙a− 1; n = 1041), followed by the mixed-wood forests (NPP: 500.5 ± 0.8 gC∙m− 2∙a− 1; WUE: 0.856 ± 0.02 gC∙m− 2∙mm− 1; ET: 589.3 ± 0.9 mm∙a− 1; n = 2156); whereas the broadleaved forests were lowest in NPP (491.6 ± 0.6 gC∙m− 2∙a− 1; n = 4428) and WUE (0.832 ± 0.02 gC∙m− 2∙mm− 1; n = 4428), and highest in ET (594.7 ± 0.6 mm∙a− 1; n = 4428). The mean annual NPP, ET and WUE increased with stand age typically in coniferous forests, and weakly in mixed-wood forests. The natural stands had significantly (p < 0.001) greater NPP and WUE than planted stands in conifers and mixed-woods.
Forest type and stand-age class are factors of key consideration in planning and managing forest landscape for achieving the compromise between regional carbon balance and water usage. Facilitating the establishment of coniferous trees and conservation of mature forest stands, and near-natural management of planted forests, can be favorable options for delivering ecosystem services of carbon sequestration and water conservation in temperate regions.
Worldwide concerns on climate change and biodiversity decline have promoted global efforts in natural forest protection and expansion of planted forests, whilst the existing forests are increasingly used for non-timber ecosystem services as alternatives to conventional wood fiber production, leading to a reverse trend of changes in forest cover area and wood stocks in recent decades compared to earlier-stages of declines due to wood harvesting and clearance for agricultural production. While increases in forest cover area and improved forest productivity unquestionably benefit global forest carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, there are issues of consideration on their likely impacts on regional hydrological cycles (Jackson et al. 2005; Liu et al. 2016). Large-scale forest recovery and tree planting may result in increases in evapotranspiration (ET), hence reduction in stream flows (Farley et al. 2005; Sun et al. 2006; Sun et al. 2008), and in regions of water shortage, give rise to risk factors causing environment degradation (Wang and Cao 2011; Gao et al. 2014). Sustainable forest management and planning for establishment of planted forests need to take into consideration of forest productivity-ecosystem water usage relationships to compromise the balance between gain in forest productivity and conservation of water resources.
Many factors can affect the forest productivity-ecosystem water usage relationships (Sun et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2015a; Feng et al. 2016). Among the dominant factors and for given climatic conditions, forest types, tree community structure, and stand development are of direct relevance to forestry and forest management. The effects of forest types and tree community structure are largely a resultant of genetic determination of water relations of forest tree species, whereas stand development may affect tree water uptake and evapotranspiration due to temporal changes in rooting depth and canopy cover. An explicit knowledge on how forest types, including the factors of tree species and community structure, and stand development would shape the tradeoff between forest productivity and ecosystem water loss is a pre-requisite for assisting regional forestry planning and forest management in the context of carbon sequestration and water conservation.
The temperate forests of Northeast China were historically a major timber production base, with majority of the primary forests cleared or giving way to secondary forests due to intensive timber harvesting and conversation to larch plantations during the twentieth century (Zhu et al. 2008; Yu et al. 2011). It is now one of the target regions for forest protection and restoration in China in a national effort of conserving and improving forest resources. Proactive tree plantings are widely implemented for reforestation of the region for the benefits of non-timber forest ecosystem services. However, lack of clear understanding on the implications of tree species selection and planting regimes to long-term forest community stability and consideration of the tradeoff between productivity and water usage may undermine the delivery of desirable ecosystem services from the practices deployed in establishment and management of planted forests. In particular, analysis of recent climate change suggests increasing drought in Northeast China (Liu et al. 2011; Peng et al. 2012). This, coupled with the increasing regional demand for agricultural water usage, would raise an issue of consideration on the water economy of the planted forests.
Water use efficiency (WUE) is conceptually a measure of water economy of plants. It defines the effectiveness of water conservation strategy of plants at leaf or individual level, and quantifies the productivity-water loss tradeoffs at the ecosystem level. Previous studies have demonstrated that WUE varies greatly in space and time due to changes in climate, vegetation types, ontogeny of plants, and plant community development (e.g. Yu et al. 2008; Medrano et al. 2009; Poni et al. 2009; Tian et al. 2010; Tong et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015a; Zhang et al. 2016). A recent study reveals an observed phenomenon that natural forests are better at carbon sequestration and water conservation than planted forests in China (Yu et al. 2019). It is yet unclear on the mechanisms for the poor performance of planted forests in productivity and water conservation. It also remains a question of research interest that how WUE would vary with forest types and stand development under a given climate. In this study, over a landscape of cool temperate forests in Northeast China, we examined the spatial variations in net primary productivity (NPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) based on remote sensing datasets MOD16 and MOD17, and determined their relationships with environmental and forest stand factors by incorporating the regional meteorological data and forest inventory data. Our primary objectives were to determine how the productivity and water usage would vary with forest type and stand development, and to identify the key site and climatic factors in affecting WUE. We hypothesize that with forest stand development, there is a stage when the dual ecosystem services of carbon sequestration and water conservation could be favorably compromised, i.e. achieving a synergy between carbon economy and water economy, and that the productivity-water usage relationship vary with forest types.
The study area is located in Lushuihe, Fusong county of Jilin Province (latitude 42°24′–42°49′ N, longitude 127°29′–128°02′ E), China, covering a total land area of approximately 1200 km2 and elevation range from 400 to 1300 m a.s.l. The forest landscape is representative of the cool temperate forests in the Changbai Mountain of Northeast China, with natural forests accounting for more than 80% of the forested area. The general region belongs to northern temperate zone under the influence of continental monsoon climate (Qi et al. 2016). Figure 1 shows inter-annual changes in annual mean air temperature and annual precipitation in the study area for the period 1986–2015, based on data from a local meteorological station (latitude 42°29′35" N, longitude 127°46'01" E, altitude 753.6 m a.s.l.).
The regional forests subjected to partial progressive logging starting in late 1960s, mostly by ways of clear-cutting, and some of the clear-cut areas were converted to larch or spruce plantations. For concern of fast depleting local forest resources and protection of forest cover, selective logging was implemented beginning in 1985 (Fang et al. 2016), then followed by enhanced conservation efforts under the "Natural Forest Protection Program" orchestrated by the State Administration of Forestry of P.R. China at the turn of twenty-first century. The main forest types include coniferous, broadleaved, and mixed-wood forests. The dominant trees species consists of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica), mono maple (Acer mono), amur linden (Tilia amurensis), elm (Ulmus propinqua), manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), aspen (Populus davidiana), birch (Betula platyphylla) and manchurian fir (Abies holophylla).
The NPP datasets at spatial resolution of 1-km were obtained from the annual MOD17A3 products (version 55) of the NASA Earth Observation System (EOS) program, which are produced by the Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) of University of Montana (UMT) (available from http://www.ntsg.umt.edu/project/modis/mod17.php) (Xia et al. 2015). The MOD17A3 products were generated using the MOD17 algorithm from the original NASA/USGS LPDAAC (Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center) 8-day and annual v5 products, with data gaps in the 8-day temporal MODIS FPAR/LAI caused by cloudiness filled with information from accompanying quality assessment flags (Running et al. 2004; Zhao et al. 2005; Zhao and Running 2010).
The ET datasets were the annually MOD16A3 product with a 1-km resolution (available from http://www.ntsg.umt.edu/project/modis/mod16.php), which were calculated by using the improved ET algorithm based on the Penman-Monteith (Mu et al. 2011). The improved algorithm employed involves simplifying the calculation of vegetation cover fraction, calculating ET as the sum daytime and nighttime components, adding soil heat flux calculation, improving estimates of stomatal conductance, aerodynamic resistance and boundary layer resistance, separating dry canopy surface from the wet, and dividing soil surface into saturated wet and moist surfaces (Mu et al. 2011; Tang et al. 2016). The ecosystem WUE was calculated from MODIS NPP and ET.
Both NPP and ET data were not validated in this study due to inadequate ground-based measurements for our study area. However, many regional and global studies of NPP and ET have shown the reliability of the MODIS NPP and ET products (Turner et al. 2006; Zhao and Running 2010; Lathuillière et al. 2012; Mu et al. 2013). The two products have been widely validated around the world against measurements from eddy covariance flux tower data including AmeriFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, EuroFlux and ChinaFlux across multiple biomes (Zhao et al. 2005; Heinsch et al. 2006; Mu et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2015b; Huang et al. 2018), or from the forest inventory data (Neumann et al. 2015; Gulbeyaz et al. 2018). The use of MODIS products has also been reported to be a reliable approach in studies of regional NPP in Chinese ecosystems (Jia et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2015a; Zhang et al. 2015).
The meteorological data involving precipitation, mean, minimum and maximum temperature for the period 2000–2014 employed in this study are derived from the gridded daily dataset (CN05.1) with a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° (Wu and Gao 2013), which is constructed following the "anomaly approach" during the interpolation but with over 2400 observing stations in China (Wu et al. 2017). In the "anomaly approach", a gridded climatology is first calculated, and then a gridded daily anomaly is added to the climatology to obtain the final dataset. Gridded daily meteorological values were converted to annual precipitation, and annual mean, annual mean maximum and annual mean minimum air temperatures, using spatial overlay analysis with map algebra method, respectively. Then a bilinear interpolation method was adopted to resample the gridded meteorological data on spatial resolution of 1-km.
Information on the attributes of forest stands were derived from the Category II database of Forest Inventory of Jilin Province for the period ending 2013, covering a total of 7763 compartments of varying sizes. Each compartment represented a forest stand of single type and relatively uniform structure, and contained information on spatial attributes, tree species identity, stand age class, stand density and establishment mode (i.e. established through natural regeneration or tree planting). The compartmentalized forest stands were firstly grouped into three broad types as coniferous (CF), broadleaved (BL), and mixed-wood (MW), and were then further classified by the mode of establishment (i.e. natural vs. planted) and stand age classes (young, mid-age, near-mature, mature, and over-mature) (Table 1). The stand age classes were made with reference to rotation in accordance with the standard survey and inventory protocols of the State Forestry Administration of China (Sun et al. 2016). The spatial distributions of the six classified forest types and stand age classes are illustrated in Fig. 2.
Terrain factors including elevation, slope, aspect and slope position, among which the elevation data were obtained from the Global Map data archives (https://globalmaps.github.io/), while others were derived from the Category II database of Forest Inventory of Jilin Province. Soil organic carbon data were extracted from the China soil map based on Harmonized World Soil Database (v1.1), which was made available by WESTDC (Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center for West China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn).
To obtain the average values of annual NPP, ET and WUE of the whole study area, we firstly extracted the annual values of NPP, ET and WUE in each pixel, then the mean values were calculated as the mean of all pixels in a given year. The spatial maps of NPP, ET and WUE values were produced using the average values for the period 2000–2014 for each individual grid cell, with Arc-GIS10.1. A simple linear regression method was used to analyze the inter-annual variability and the variable trend of each pixel during 2000–2014. The slopes of linear regression represent the temporal and spatial trends: a positive value indicates an uptrend, and a negative value indicates a downtrend. A greater absolute value of slope corresponds to a more rapid variation. Spatial trend analysis was performed using ENVI5.0.
We used the multiple linear regression model to examine the influence of three categories of variables: vegetation factors (forest types, mode of establishment, age class, and stand density), site traits (elevation, slope, aspect, slope position and soil organic carbon (SOC)) and climate factors (annual precipitation, annual mean air temperature, annual mean maximum air temperature, and annual mean minimum air temperature) on the spatial variations of NPP, ET and WUE across a forest landscape. The analyses were performed using R3.4.3 software (R-Development Core Team 2018). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the main and interactive effects of forest type, stand age class, and mode of establishment on NPP, ET and WUE, using GLM procedure of SPSS17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The Duncan's multi-range test was used to compare the differences among the main effects at a confidence level of p < 0.05.
Over the period 2000–2014, the landscape-level annual NPP varied markedly inter-annually, ranging between 311.7 and 573.6 gC·m− 2·a− 1, with an average value of 453.8 gC·m− 2·a− 1 (Fig. 3). Against an uptrend from 2000 to 2005, there occurred a sharp decline in NPP from 2005 to 2007, followed by mostly a recovery trend thereafter until 2012. In contrast, the temporal changes in landscape-level ET were much less variable, keeping within a narrow range of 559.9–603.0 mm·a− 1 (Fig. 3). The pattern of inter-annual variations in landscape-level WUE followed that of NPP, varying over a wide range between 0.54 and 1.01 gC·m− 2·mm− 1 (Fig. 3). There was a significant uptrend in WUE for the period 2000–2006 (p < 0.05), and a tendency of increases in WUE for the later period starting in 2007. The temporal variations in NPP, ET and WUE by forest types were similar to those for the landscape-level.
Spatially, the mean annual NPP over the whole study period varied between 205.0 and 639.4 gC·m− 2·a− 1 across the forest landscape, with 99% of the areas showing an increasing trend over the study period (Fig. 4a and b). The mean annual ET ranged between 441.5 and 784.0 mm·a− 1 with an average of 581.5 mm·a− 1 spatially, with most of the areas showing a decreasing trend over the period (Fig. 4c and d). The areas with higher mean annual NPP mostly corresponded to the lower mean annual ET, typically in old-growth coniferous or mixed-wood forest stands (Fig. 2). The spatial distribution of mean annual WUE was similar to that of mean annual NPP (Fig. 4e), with values in the range of 0.46–1.10 gC·m− 2·mm− 1.
Multiple linear regression analysis identified forest type, stand age class, establishment mode, stand density, and three air temperature variables (annual mean, annual mean maximum, and annual mean minimum) as common factors significantly (p < 0.001) affecting the mean annual NPP, ET, and WUE (Table 2). The three air temperature variables differed in their effects on the mean annual NPP, ET, and WUE: while the annual mean air temperature had positive effects on the mean annual NPP and WUE, the effects of the annual mean maximum and minimum air temperatures were negative; the mean annual ET was negatively affected by the annual mean air temperature and positively by the annual mean maximum and minimum air temperatures. Apart from these common factors, mean annual NPP was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by slope and SOC, mean annual ET by slope position and annual precipitation, and mean annual WUE by slope position and SOC (Table 2).
There were highly significant (p < 0.001) effects of forest type, stand age class, and an interaction between forest type and stand age class on the mean annual NPP, ET and WUE (Table 3). On average, the three forest types were significantly (p < 0.05) differentiated in the mean annual NPP, ET, and WUE: the coniferous forests were highest in NPP (505.3 ± 1.4 gC·m− 2·a− 1; n = 1041) and WUE (0.872 ± 0.004 gC·m− 2·mm− 1; n = 1041), and lowest in ET (584.1 ± 1.6 mm·a− 1; n = 1041), followed by the mixed-wood forests (NPP: 500.5 ± 0.8 gC·m− 2·a− 1; WUE: 0.856 ± 0.02 gC·m− 2·mm− 1; ET: 589.3 ± 0.9 mm·a− 1; n = 2156); whereas the broadleaved forests were lowest in NPP (491.6 ± 0.6 gC·m− 2·a− 1; n = 4428) and WUE (0.832 ± 0.02 gC·m− 2·mm− 1; n = 4428), and highest in ET (594.7 ± 0.6 mm·a− 1; n = 4428). In coniferous forests, there were clear trends of increasing NPP and WUE, and decreasing ET, with stand age class, whilst the mixed-wood forests displayed a weak but similar patterns of responses in NPP, WUE and ET with stand age class (Fig. 5). The broadleaved forests did not show a consistent pattern of change in NPP, ET, and WUE with stand age class (Fig. 5).
There were also highly significant (p < 0.001) effects of establishment mode and an interaction between forest type and establishment mode on the mean annual NPP, ET and WUE (Table 4). Regardless of forest type and stand age class, the natural stands had highly significantly (p < 0.001) greater NPP (506.8 ± 0.6 gC·m− 2·a− 1; n = 6037) and WUE (0.877 ± 0.002 gC·m− 2·mm− 1; n = 6037), and smaller ET (582.8 ± 0.7 mm·a− 1; n = 6037), than the planted stands (NPP: 493.1 ± 0.8 gC·m− 2·a− 1; WUE: 0.835 ± 0.003 gC·m− 2·mm− 1; ET: 594.9 ± 1.0 mm·a− 1; n = 1587). However, by identifying forest types, the differences in NPP, ET and WUE between the natural and planted stands were most prominent in coniferous forests and significant (p < 0.05) in mixed-wood forests (Fig. 6). The broadleaved forests did not show any difference in NPP, ET and WUE between the natural and planted forests (Fig. 6).
In this study, we used the existing MOD17A3-NPP data, the MOD16A3-ET data, and the Category II Forest Inventory data to investigate the spatiotemporal variations and controls of productivity and water use efficiency over a temperate forest landscape in the Changbai Mountain of Northeast China. Our estimates of the means and spatial and temporal variations in NPP and ET based on MODIS products for the period 2000–2014 were in line with the ground-based measurements and model simulations for the general region (Luo 1996; Ni et al. 2001; Liu et al. 2013). Although some cautions may be needed in using the MODIS data which are not locally validated, many regional and global studies of NPP and ET have demonstrated the reliability of the MODIS NPP and ET products (Turner et al. 2006; Zhao and Running 2010; Lathuillière et al. 2012; Mu et al. 2013), including the studies of regional NPP in Chinese ecosystems (Jia et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2015a; Zhang et al. 2015). Nonetheless, there may occur some degree of uncertainty in our estimates of NPP, ET and WUE across the forest landscape.
Temporally, we found that the landscape-level NPP in our study area showed a sharp decline during 2005–2007, coinciding with an extreme drought event during 2005–2006, when an increase in temperature of up to 25.2% and a decline in precipitation of 12.6% were recorded (Zhang et al. 2016).
Previous studies have demonstrated that ecosystem WUE can be influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors (Hu et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2015a; Zhu et al. 2015). Here we found that, across the forest landscape in our study area, all the vegetation factors investigated, including forest type, stand age class and density, and establishment mode, and the three temperature variables, including mean annual mean, annual minimum were common factors significantly (p < 0.05) affecting the mean annual NPP, ET, and WUE, with other factors of site conditions and climate playing differential role in affecting NPP, ET and WUE. Clearly, forest type, stand density and developmental stage are key determinants of ecosystem NPP, ET and WUE in our study area, similar to the findings in other studies (Law et al. 2003; Irvine et al. 2004; Wang et al. 2011; Xiao et al. 2013; Neumann et al. 2015).
Also, climatic factors are important determinants of vegetation and play a crucial role in shaping spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of forest NPP, which have been investigated in many studies. Ni et al. (2001) reported that temperature and moisture are the dominant factors controlling the spatial distribution of NPP in China and the NPP of Chinese forests is positively correlated with annual mean temperature and precipitation. Mao et al. (2014) found that NPP was positively correlated with mean temperature, negatively with precipitation. Our result was consistent with the findings of Ni et al. (2001), although the effect of precipitation was not significant. This might be due to the relative narrow range of mean annual precipitation (905.8–995.0 mm·a− 1) across the forest landscape in our study area, means that precipitation was not the limited factor for NPP and partially lack of fine-grained data points for matching climatic variables and ecosystem NPP values. Interestingly, we found negative impacts of increasing mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures on NPP, possibly explainable by the effects of drought stress induced both by rising maximum temperature and insufficient winter-snows inferred by the rising minimum temperature.
The responses of WUE to climate factors are more complex as it depends upon the variations of NPP, ET and the extent to which the system is water limited (Huang et al. 2015). In this study, WUE was negatively affected by precipitation. Although both NPP and ET were positively affected by annual precipitation, an increase in precipitation would likely induce a greater increase in ET than NPP, consequently leading to decreased WUE (Huang et al. 2015). Moreover, increases in precipitation during the non-growing season could also aggravate nitrogen limitation due to enhanced nitrogen leaching and denitrification (Hovenden et al. 2014), resulting in a reduction in NPP and declining WUE. Contrary to the effect of precipitation, annual mean air temperature had a significant positive effect on WUE. This might be explained by that, as the length of growing season increases due to an increase in air temperature (Körner and Basler 2010; Gunderson et al. 2012), the photosynthetic rates are accelerated (Flanagan and Syed 2011), whilst the evapotranspiration rates tend to remain unchanged or decreased due to the stomatal regulation (Serrat-Capdevila et al. 2011). Consequently, the greater increase in NPP compared to ET leads to a positive trend of WUE.
In addition, the site conditions reflect the water and fertility of the forest stand, which indirectly affects the spatial pattern of NPP, ET and WUE. Our results showed that NPP was greatly influenced by site factors, including slope and SOC, such that NPP tends to be greater in the areas with steep slopes, where mostly primary forests remain intact due to access and harvesting difficulties in history.
Across the forest landscape of Lushuihe and over the study period 2000–2014, the mean annual NPP, ET and WUE were affected by forest types, stand age class, and how the forest stands were originated (i.e. establishment mode); the effects of stand age class and establishment mode appeared to be forest-type specific. Among the three forest types in this study, coniferous forests were generally highest in NPP and lowest in ET, hence highest in WUE, followed by mixed-wood forests. This contradict with some of the previous studies showing highest NPP values in mixed-wood forests compared with the coniferous and broadleaved forests in Northeast China (Zhao et al. 2011; Mao et al. 2014). In our study area, the coniferous forests were dominated by the Korean pine stands, which are climax forest type of the region and have been well protected and experienced less human disturbance. Typically in coniferous forests, with some tendency in mixed-wood forests, the mean annual NPP and WUE increased with stand age class and were significantly higher in naturally established stands than in planted stands. In well agreement with a recent study at the national scale by Yu et al. (2019), we found that naturally forests were indeed better at both productivity and water conservation than planted forests, but the effects appeared to be reserved for forest-type specific and demonstrated in stands with presence of coniferous trees at the landscape level. In broadleaved forests, there were no changes in NPP and WUE with stand age class and establishment mode, similar to the finding of Xiao et al. (2013) for a range of Chinese ecosystems.
Our findings of increasing NPP with stand age class up to old-growth forests were somewhat in contrary to commonly accepted view that NPP declines with age or peaks at middle-age then declines in the old age (Law et al. 2003; Pregitzer and Euskirchen 2004; Wang et al. 2011; Tang et al. 2014). This pattern of declining NPP in old-growth forests was based on the assumption that changes in productivity with age in complex, multi-aged, multispecies natural forests can be modelled simply as scaled-up versions of individual trees or even-aged stands (Carey et al. 2001), neglecting other factors such as climate, management history, successional stage, stand disturbance, stand density as well as soil fertility (Pregitzer and Euskirchen 2004; Vicca et al. 2012). There were studies showing that decrease in NPP with age was not general across ecoregions and with no decline in old stands (> 200 years old) in some ecoregions (Van Tuyl et al. 2005; Hudiburg et al. 2009). This signifies the importance of considering forest management history and historical disturbances in shaping the productivity-stand age relationship. Unlike in many other parts of the world, wood harvesting in Chinese forests had historically progressed with consideration of easy access and terrain conditions, translating to incomparable disturbances and stand age classes across the landscapes in forest regions.
Our study showed a significant decrease in ET with age class in coniferous forest, which is likely a consequence of decreases in transpiration with age as evidenced in many previous studies (Köstner 2001; Vertessy et al. 2001; Delzon and Loustau 2005), explainable by a decrease in stomatal conductance in old and taller trees (Irvine et al. 2004; Delzon and Loustau 2005).
In this study, across a temperate forest landscape in Northeast China, we depicted the patterns of spatial and temporal variations in ecosystem productivity and water usage and controlling factors. Forest type, stand development, and the regeneration scheme all played important roles in determining the ecosystem productivity and relationship with water usage. Overall, the ecosystem productivity and water usage relationship does not necessarily always occur as a simple tradeoff. Forest type and stand-age class are factors of key consideration in planning and managing forest landscape for achieving the compromise between regional carbon balance and water usage. Facilitating the establishment of coniferous trees and conservation of mature forest stands, and near-natural management of planted forests, can be favorable options for delivering ecosystem services of carbon sequestration and water conservation in temperate regions. Facilitating the establishment of coniferous trees and conservation of mature forest stands, and adoption of near-natural management of planted forests, can be viewed as favorable options for delivering ecosystem services of carbon sequestration and water conservation in temperate regions.
We gratefully acknowledge the Lushuihe Forestry Bureau for providing the forest resource inventory data. We would like to thank Xiyue Zhang for her assistance in pre-processing the gridded meteorological data.
This research was funded by the Program of Forestry Research for the Public Benefits of Ministry of Finance of China (Grant No. 201404201).
The original data are not owned by the authors and cannot be shared. The recomputed and processed data are available upon request.
The conceptual framework for the study was developed by OJS and SL. XL collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the draft manuscript. TJAF and CJ contributed to data analysis and results interpretations. All authors contributed to discussions and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


My Cushy Cushion : Banker Gurl's More Bang For Your Buck!
I know some people keep hundreds or even thousands in their checking account at all times as a buffer. Well I am not one of those people. I transfer everything I can into savings (maybe even to a fault) and only leave the necessary amount in checking. See if there is any money in my checking account it seems to disappear somehow. A few years ago I had a line of credit (LOC) at my local bank. I used my LOC all the time. I was horrible with it, paying $2 fee everytime it advanced money into my checking account plus something like 18% interest. Everytime I got paid I would pay it back right away. But within a few days it would be advanced again....and the cycle would continue. In 2008 we switched banks. The new bank had a different LOC system. Their LOC did not have any fees when it advanced, it just had a once a year fee of $20 - you had to pay the $20 fee up front, and whether or not you used the LOC throughout the year you still pay the $20 fee plus interest if it is advanced. This was not something I was willing to pay for as a "what if" (I realize I was probably paying way more then $20 a year when you add up all the $2 fees from the old LOC but it just didn't register). So I decided not to sign up for the LOC. Instead I started my own LOC/Cushion. Each week I would write $10 "out" of my checkbook. I would write a line item in the check registry that says "Cushion $10" and subtract the $10 from my balance. Then the next week I would write "Cushion $20" and subtract the new $10 from the balance. I kept doing this each week and now my cushion is up to $600 and still growing. So if I dip under our actual balance a little that $600 is in there just in case. I am thinking once I get to $1000 I will take $500 of it and send it to the mortgage. Then move back up again etc. The trick to keeping this simple (at least for me) is that each week when I add the new entry I keep the balance added up on the new line "Cushion $600" so that I always know how much it is and don't have to add up every $10 entry, and when I write the new entry in, I check the "cleared box" for last weeks entry so there is always only one line that is showing as an outstanding amount. Then when I balance my checkbook I can just subtract the total as an outstanding check. I am pretty proud of my self made cushion and it has worked great for us so far. It is a FREE LOC!
What a wonderful idea! It seems like such a painless way to build a little extra in your account.
I used to transfer buffer money out to an online savings account, where I can get a pretty good interest.
However, I now keep it all in my checking, but only because my checking has the highest interest rate of them all!
However, I still maintain a buffer by doing something similar to what you're doing, which is subtracting the money on my budget. The money didn't go anywhere. It's just not listed anymore.


text:
John Calvin Klippstein (October 17, 1927 – October 10, 2003) was an American professional baseball pitcher (mostly a reliever), who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for a number of teams, over an 18-season career. The most prominent portion of his early career was spent with the Chicago Cubs (–). Klippstein's career stat line included a 101–118 record, with a 4.24 earned run average (ERA), in 711 games (161 of them as a  starter). He had 1,158 strikeouts in  innings pitched. Klippstein was often known for his control problems.

Klippstein became a world champion with the Los Angeles Dodgers, in the 1959 World Series, but played a much more significant role in the Minnesota Twins' pennant run in 1965. He was the son-in-law of (the late) MLB pitcher Dutch Leonard. Klippstein was tied (with Mike Fornieles) for the league lead in saves in , with 14.

Klippstein died October 10, 2003, while listening to a radio broadcast of the Cubs versus Florida Marlins game of the National League Championship Series.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

References

External links

Johnny Klippstein at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Johnny Klippstein at Baseball Almanac
A Pennant for the Twin Cities: The 1965 Minnesota Twins at SABR (Baseball Games Project)

1927 births
2003 deaths
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Redlegs players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Cleveland Indians players
Cincinnati Reds players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Minnesota Twins players
Detroit Tigers players
Detroit Tigers scouts
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players
Baseball players from Washington, D.C.
Major League Baseball pitchers
Allentown Cardinals players
Winston-Salem Cardinals players
Lynchburg Cardinals players
Omaha Cardinals players
Columbus Red Birds players
Mobile Bears players
Lima Red Birds players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When we arrived this past weekend, about two-thirds of the drywall board had been installed.
In terms of progress, all of the drywall in the basement was completed and all of the ceiling on the main floor. Left to complete is the majority of the walls on the main floor.
Here you see the doors leading to the two bedrooms in the basement.
In the next post we will discuss the different types of drywall and there various merits.


text:
Switching from sail to power
by Christine | Mar 11, 2018 | Boat building, Christine | 0 comments
It was Christmas, 2014. We were anchored in the lagoon of an atoll in the Marshall Islands, Majuro, off a gorgeous little motu called Eneko. That was to be only the second Christmas that Wayne and I had spent together.
We had met just over a year earlier, when Wayne commented on my author blog, Sailingwriter. I was living aboard my sailboat, a Caliber 33, in Merritt Island, Florida after recently returning from the Bahamas. Wayne had been single handing his big steel motorsailer, LEARNATIVITY, out in the Pacific for about eight years, and he was currently in Fiji. We started up a conversation via email, which led to Skype calls and eventually to my flying out to Fiji for the passage up to the Marshalls. We've been together ever since.
So, back to that Christmas when one of the gifts Wayne gave me was the ebook Voyaging Under Power by Robert P. Beebe and Denis Umstot.
I can remember thinking, seriously? Powerboats? I started sailing as a kid and I learned the word "stinkpot" early on. I'd been a passagemaking sailor since my first job as a delivery cook from La Paz to Long Beach in 1974. Two years later, I sailed across the Pacific in an Islander 44 and spent the cyclone season in New Zealand with the man, James Kling, who would later become my first husband. That boat had only one piece of electronics—a home-built Heathkit depth sounder—and not even a VHF radio.
I learned how to how to use a sextant, how to survive hand steering with a tiller on a 4-day passage when our wind vane broke. I learned to love our Aries wind vane that never let us down. We sailed back to California via Fiji, Samoa, the Line Islands and Hawaii, nearly all against the wind. I'd worked on our bigger charter sailboat in the Caribbean, sailed on deliveries, and for the previous nine years, I had been sailing solo on my own little boat up and down the east coast of the US and out to the Bahamas. At that point, I'd been sailing for more than 40 years, and it was one of the reasons I fell in love with Wayne—he shared my love of sailing.
So when he asked me to read a book about crossing oceans in a stinkpot, I was stunned. At that point, though, I was behind on a deadline to finish a novel that was due in May. I promised him I would read it as soon as I'd finished my book.
As it turned out, I finished that book and shipped it off to my editor just a few days before we left on passage to sail down to Fiji for the start of the southern ocean cruising season. During my off watch time, I read Beebe's book for the first time. Somewhere about the middle of the book, I became intrigued. No coincidence perhaps that the middle of book coincided roughly with the middle of that 1800 mile passage across the equator, i.e. the doldrums, and I was finding it a luxury to have 700 gallons of fuel. There were challenges to this idea of crossing oceans under power that I had never really considered, and many of Beebe's points were valid. While the wind is free, what it takes to catch the wind is not. And sailors motor much more than they like to admit. In order to go faster in a displacement vessel, you need a greater waterline length. We were already sailing in a 54-foot motorsailer, and our maximum speed was only about 8 knots. If we wanted to go faster, what we needed was something long and lean and more efficient. Once you start looking at building a boat over 60 feet, the cost of putting a sailing rig on it is enormous. What if we put that money into fuel instead?
I had lots to think about on that passage.
On the very first day we met in person, Wayne introduced me to the new line of boats that Steve Dashew was building. We went for a walk around the boatyard in Vuda Point, and there in one of the cyclone pits was a boat called BUFFALO NICKEL, an FPB 64. As a long time sailor, of course I knew who Dashew was, but I had not followed this move of his to power. Even then, I'd thought it was a cool-looking boat. My first husband had built a 38-foot aluminum sailboat for a customer in Hawaii back in 1977, and we both had been long admirers of unpainted aluminum hulls.
Serendipity had already played a big part in Wayne's and my meeting, but when we arrived in Fiji to clear in, there in Savu Savu was another FPB 64, and this time I set out to meet the fellow and get a tour.
The owner turned out to be a very nice guy from Washington state, Stedem Wood, owner of FPB64-8, ATLANTIS. He graciously gave us a tour and put up with our hundreds of questions for several hours. Hearing about his trip from New Zealand to Fiji that took him just over five days really got me to thinking. What would it be like to be able to do 9-10 knots regardless of the wind direction?
Of course, serendipity was not done with me yet. We left Savu Savu and slowly cruised our way out to the Lau group. There, we met Marie and J.P. Dufour on the 20-meter Malcolm Tennant power catamaran DOMINO that had been featured in Beebe's book. Again, we were invited aboard and given the grand tour. These folks had built this big cat themselves in Paraguay, and they had so many fascinating stories about that adventure. They were also strong advocates of power cats as ideal cruising passagemakers. They spoke of the ability to do 20 knots when needed, and we watched them retrieve the anchor a few days later and the way J.P. was able to spin that boat around with the twin screws was something to watch.
At some point out there cruising through the Lau group of islands, Wayne tentatively brought up the subject.
"What would you think about us building a power passagemaker?"
I took a deep breath and thought back to 1977. My first husband had asked me a similar question back then. We had cruised the Pacific on an Islander 44 that he had built from a hull and deck. Jim was then proposing that we find a mold and have a 55-foot hull laid up to our specs, then build the rest ourselves. I was only 24 years old at the time. What did I know? I said yes. There began a grueling routine of working days in the boatyard, nights as a waitress, seven days a week. Those three years were the longest of my life. I came to say, partially in jest, that purgatory must be a boatyard. You never get out. When we did finally launch that boat that became our home for the next 14 years, I said silently under my breath, Never Again.
And yet, there I was smiling at my new husband, nodding and saying yes.
We had lots of time to talk and dream as we cruised Fiji, but the more we read and talked, the more convinced we both were that this was something we wanted to do—and could do.
Eventually, we made our way back to Vuda Point where we hauled LEARNATIVITY out and started on what would become a full year's refit. While we were there in Vuda, Stedem arrived on ATLANTIS, and I enjoyed catching up with him. While we had covered about 300 miles sailing around Fiji during the cruising season, ATLANTIS had been up to Palau and back covering well over 3,000 miles. And he certainly didn't look exhausted. Then, while all the sailboats were sitting in Vuda Marina waiting for a good weather window to head down to New Zealand, ATLANTIS took off. He didn't need favorable winds, and he would be able to get down there between the infamous low pressure systems that stalk boats on that passage.
That was it for me. I was sold. We decided to move over to the dark side.
Fair winds!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Covering the Country Music scene in Scotland & N/Ireland
Brigitte & Danny
Country Steps Mag
Gerry Ford
Mel Hague
 Americana 2002
 Fan Fair 2002
 Larry Butler
 Michael Ballew
Bill Lynn
John Permenter
Dez Walters
  Fan Fair 2001 & Nashville [page 2]
-ready for Fan Fair!
The rest of the group joined us there: Jean & Tracey had been to Memphis, Marie & Grace had been to Dallas and the George Strait Festival, while Kim & Norrie had already been to Canada! On the first day a very happy and excited group set out to find the shuttle bus to the Titan's Adelphia Stadium, where the main part of this year's Fan Fair was to be held.
That's where the problems started: We stood in the wrong queue for 20 minutes before anybody would put us right! Our shuttle stop was up the road and round the corner, where we stood for another 40 minutes! In the blistering heat and sometimes in the pouring rain! (Yes, rain!) The waiting would be the pattern for the rest of the duration of Fan Fair, how we wished that the shuttles would run like they did the last time we where there 2 years ago! Non-stop and you could get on and off where you wanted! This time it was to go there, and back at the end of the show, that was it! I have problems with my knees , and there are people a lot worse off then me, goodness knows how they coped! With great difficulty I would imagine!
The shows were to be at 3 different venues:
the Riverfront Park Stages, Â the Titan's Adelphia Coliseum
and the Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park and none of them exactly close together, and going to any of them meant standing in a queue yet again!
That first night we arrived at the Coliseum the sheer size of it was simply awesome! It can hold up to 80 000 people! After being checked in at the gate (to make sure we didn't have any drink, not even water!) we found our seats, and were we glad we were in the shade! Really, the sheer size of the place was breath taking|!
The show started sharp at 6pm with a very moving opening ceremony with speeches from Marty Stuart, from Nashville's mayor, and from the CMA's chairman amongst others! Then the Tennessee Pipe Band played! Finally we got what ourselves and the 24000plus other people had come for: The Kinleys, Joe Diffie, Montgomerie Gentrie, Collin Raye, Patty Loveless, Billy Gilman, Ty Herndon, Billy Ray Cyrus, Tammy Cochran, Charlie Robison and Travis Tritt. Quite a line-up! My favourites that night were Patty Loveless, Collin Raye and Travis Tritt! The evening, as all others did, finished with spectacular fireworks!
Friday at the Adelphia saw the highlight for Danny: JoDee Messina! She really was fabulous! Then there was Trace Adkins, Tracy Lawrence, Mindy McCready, John Michael Montgomery, Sawyer Brown and Trick Pony! This was our first sighting of Trick Pony, they are fabulous!
The next day we decided to go to Nashville's Convention Centre, where the star's booth where! Some of them where pretty spectacular, but again walking and waiting - and very few seats to have a break! You had to get a ticket to stand in the queue for the bigger names!
In the evening it was back to the Adelphia, this time it was the turn of Gary Allan, Jessica Andrews, Terri Clark, Vince Gill, Jamie O'Neal, Rascal Flatts, SheDaisy and Trisha Yearwood. Loved Gary Allan, Terri Clark and of course Vince Gill! (A good night, but now I know why they sell the Fan Fair cushions, the seats were getting pretty hard!)
The next day we decided just to walk to the Riverfront Park Stages, it was hot, very hot! We thought it would be worth it, but when we got there, we found no seats - no shade and the Buds where $6.00!! We never made it back there again!
Before we knew it the last day was on us.
During the day we finally made it to the new 'Country Music Hall of Fame andMuseum'. What a place! Its very modern and airy and huge, would have loved to have spent more time there, but it again meant more - yes, walking! My feet by that time really bothered me, so I have to leave it until the next time to have a better look and spend more time there! A lot of work and thought has gone into the displays, there also are video clips from all the stars, you press a button and they talk to you! Modern technology at its best!
That evening was an early start at 5pm at the Adelphia , first one on was Alan Jackson. (I wonder how many people missed him, Tracey??). What a show he put on, hmmm, what a hunk! (..sorry about that!)
Then it was Sara Evans, Carolyn Dawn Johnson, Tracy Byrd, Andy Griggs, Kenny Chesney and he had a surprise and was joined by his best mate Tim McGraw (the whole place went wild!), Lorrie Morgan and Sammy Kershaw did 2 songs (may be their new restaurant was needing them!), Brad Paisley brought the house down, then Phil Vasssar and what about Lonestar! What about the little blind boy who joined them on stage and sung with him word perfect? Not a dry eye in the house! What a great evening and finish to Fan Fair
There were a lot of moans and groans from most people we spoke to and the same people felt that it had a better atmosphere at the Fairgrounds where everything was in the same place and you could wander around and see everything. Things were simply too far apart, a lot of work has to be done on a workable and comfortable shuttle service. A good point was that everything was nearer the shops, restaurants and after hours entertainment!
So, good points and bad points! The organisers say: Its here to stay, but give us a chance and we'll sort the problems! Things do and will change, things don't stand still! So I suppose we should give them the opportunity to do just that! All in All I wouldn't have missed it for the world! Will we be back? You bet!
Next morning at 8 am it was: Branson - here we come! But that's another story!
[page 1] [ page3 ]
© CMD Scotland 2002 © 2003 Country Music & Dance Scotland


Legend Holdings Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "Legend Holdings") was founded in 1984 by Liu Chuanzhi and 10 other researchers with funding from the Computing Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Starting from the IT industry, Legend Holdings has gone through the development of over three decades, and now it is a leading diversified investment holding company in China. It builds up a unique business model of "strategic investments + financial investments" with synergy between the two-wheel-drive businesses. Through value creation and value discovery, the Company cultivates and manages an outstanding investment portfolio with growth potential, driving sustainable value growth.
Under the leadership of the Company's Founder and Chairman, Mr. Liu Chuanzhi, and President, Mr. Zhu Linan, the Company has concluded its distinctive investment concepts and management system based on the deep understanding of economies and enterprises. Through forward-looking layout, flexible investment strategies and sustained value-added services, Legend Holdings has cultivated a number of influential outstanding enterprises in several sectors. At the same time, Legend Holdings pays high attention and gives full play to talents, discovers and trains leaders in various industries, and provides a career platform for its employees, all of which have greatly stimulated the corporate's vitality for development.
Stock Exchange (HK: 03396) on 29 June, 2015.
Legend Holdings developed a unique business model driven by both strategic investments and financial investments. Strategic investments aim at holding over the long term and focus on strategic sectors to build and optimize the portfolio while fostering pillar businesses. Financial investments are driven by financial returns with a proper mix of products or target portfolios.
Strategic investments and financial investments are the major businesses of Legend Holdings, both are operated on market-oriented principles and develop rapidly in their respective fields of expertise. At the same time, the close synergy they create in business alignment, funding support, as well as resource sharing, could help Legend Holdings better cope with volatility and risks in the market, seize opportunities, and further enhance the value creation.
Legend Holdings adopts the parent and subsidiary structure. Through active and systematic layout, it comes up with the two major businesses of strategic investments and financial investments, and is committed to build a high quality investment portfolio and leading enterprises in different areas.
At present, Legend Holdings' strategic investments businesses focus on five sectors: IT, financial services, innovative consumption & services, agriculture & food, and advanced manufacturing and professional services. Now it has invested over 20 enterprises, including Lenovo - China's largest PC vendor, CAR Inc. - the largest car rental chain enterprise in China, Lakala - a China's leading Internet financial services company, Bybo Dental Group - the largest private dental chain organization in China and Golden Wing Mau - China's largest fully-integrated fruit company in the industry, etc.
Financial investments businesses include angel investment, venture capital and private equity investment covering all stages of a company, and the total assets under management are over RMB100 billion. Legend Star is the leading angel investment institution in China, while Legend Capital and Hony Capital are among the companies which are involved in venture capital investment and private equity investment at the earliest time in China, both of them have already been leading companies in the industry.
Firstly, Legend has explored and pioneered a way with Chinese features of high-tech commercialization under research institutions. Lenovo's development practice, and Legend Holdings' venture capital investment, training of entrepreneurs, and angel investment business are all facilitating and propelling the growth of technology enterprises in China.
Secondly, based on the domestic market of China, Legend competed against multinational PC giants and prevailed, facilitating the proliferation of a large group of domestic IT companies, resulting in the introduction of computers into thousands of households and all walks of life, and laying a solid foundation for the information construction and rapid development of internet in China today. Meanwhile, Lenovo has succeeded in its internationalization, and other member companies of Legend Holdings have carried out overseas investments and mergers, both of which earned valuable experience for other Chinese companies "going global".
Thirdly, Legend has reformed the enterprise's share ownership structure, making employees the owners of the Company and laying a solid foundation for the long-term development of the company. In addition, it has set a pioneering example of mechanism reform for other hi-tech companies under research institutions.
Fourthly, Legend has summarized a set of corporate management laws centering on the "Three Elements of Leadership," and the investment concept of "Business first, people crucial". It has also trained and nurtured a group of outstanding leaders, who form the core competitiveness of Legend Holdings.
Over the past three decades, Legend Holdings has always strived for the goal of being a "trusted and respected" company.
The Company obeys the law, pays taxes as required, offers high caliber employment opportunities, develops and motivates talents, and creates an outstanding enterprise culture. It advocates good business ethics, and constantly practices social responsibility at various levels of its business operation. Legend Holdings pushes the development of start-up companies with a rich array of resources and experience accumulated over years, and helps small and mid-sized companies grow and develop. At the same time, Legend Holdings has consistently been paying attention to and supporting causes in such areas as education and social justice upholding, etc.


Daranee garbha sambootam vidyut-kahntee sama-prabam koomahram shaktee hastam-cha mangalam prana-mam mya-ham.
I offer my obeisances to Sri Mangala, god of the Planet Mars, who was born from the womb of the earth goddess. His brilliant effulgence is like that of lightning, and he appears as a youth carrying a spear in his hand.


Mark Giannotto and Geoff Calkins chat about the recent string of play the Tigers are on.
On this episode of the Tiger Basketball Podcast, Mark Giannotto and Geoff Calkins discuss how much better the team is playing than earlier this season. Are they for real or is this just a blip on the radar? There are a few teams in the coming weeks that should answer that question.


A parka has always been a must have in every outdoor wardrobe. This model of ONLY convinces with a hidden zipper and a lined hood, which is decorated with fake fur. With the drawstring at the waist you can change the silhouette of the jacket. The diagonally piped pockets at waist hight has rounded flaps.


text:
Managed Review
Did the Ontario Superior Court of Justice Endorse Predictive Coding (and nobody noticed)?
In an innocuous dispute about reimbursement of legal fees, Justice Mesbur of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice implicitly accepts the benefits of predictive coding in reducing the costs of document review (the January 2016 unpublished decision is available on Lexis - Bennett v. Bennett Environmental Inc., 2016 ONSC 503).
Bennett was facing fraud charges in the US, with indemnification for his legal fees provided by his employer, Bennett Environmental Inc. The employer balked at when the fees claimed approached $4 million prior to the trial. Responding to an interim bill of $2.8 million, the employer brought a motion and took issue with (among other things) the cost of document review.
Bennett's legal team used predictive coding to conduct a first level review of the US DOJ's huge "document dump" and then used higher priced law firm paralegals for second level review (rather than the up to $75/hr contract lawyers). The decision does not address the hourly rate of the paralegals, nor does it assess the quality and speed of document review conducted by firm paralegals as compared to professional document review contract lawyers.
Justice Mesbur concluded that "Given the use of predictive coding for the first level review of massive document disclosure, I do not find it unreasonable for the lawyer to then use paralegals to conduct the next level or levels of review", and allows the full claim for the costs of the predictive coding and document review process.
To be fair, this is hardly an in-depth analysis of predictive coding. While plaintiff's criminal counsel did provide evidence on the rationale for the process employed (para 43), the details provided were rather thin:
He testified, "Right, I think we used predicative algorithm coding software, which is generally less expensive. And we used various other methods to limit the document review that were less expensive than human beings." He went on to say predictive coding was the first level review since it goes "a little deeper" than just a word search.
Although we cannot yet declare that predictive coding has been accepted as the defacto best practice by Canadian courts, we see this as a step in the right direction.
One troubling aspect of the decision is the lack of commentary on keeping document review costs down by ensuring that reviewers are as efficient as possible. Our experience is that ad hoc law firm review teams (firm lawyers or paralegals conscripted to review documents) are sometimes less efficient than an outsourced managed review with contract document review lawyers. We don't think that the court can be taken to suggest that firms can waste money on second level review if they save money with predictive coding on the first level. In fact, we know that using predictive coding to save money pairs well with the savings generated by a properly managed review.
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"Scandal" fans thirsty for more Kerry Washington during the show's summer hiatus, you're in luck: HBO just revealed a first look at the actress channeling attorney Anita Hill in the upcoming film "Confirmation:"
Many "Scandal" fans may be too young to easily recognize Hill, but HBO's forthcoming telepic (a release date is still being determined) will bring the law professor's story -- which touched off a national debate about sexual harassment of women in the workplace -- to a new generation.
In 1991, as the Senate Judiciary Committee deliberated over the final vote that would ultimately place Clarence Thomas on the bench of the U.S. Supreme Court, Hill reluctantly stepped forward and accused the Supreme Court justice nominee of sexually harassing her.
Hill's claims triggered a three-day investigation, and included Hill's nationally televised testimony. Despite Hill's detailed and disturbing testimony, less than a quarter of Americans believed Hill's claims at the time, according to The Washington Post.
"A generation of people who don't even know that it happened are now going to work and experiencing this," Hill told Jon Stewart during a "Daily Show" appearance last year. "They see the signs now that say sexual harassment is prohibited, but they don't know how we got there."
<a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/crazysexycool-the-tlc-story-trailer-vh1-biopic_n_3653381" target="_blank">Vh1 released the first trailer </a>to the network's upcoming TLC biopic on Thursday. Called "CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story," the movie stars Keke Palmer as Rozanda "Chilli" Thomas, Lil Mama as Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, and Drew Sidora as Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins. The new trailer features TLC's hit songs, "Waterfalls" and "No Scrubs.


text:
New Earthquake sensors on the Acropolis
Posted at 2:25 pm	in Acropolis, Greece Archaeology
Works on the Acropolis Restoration will include the installation of new sensors to measure the effects of earthquakes on the monuments.
Scientists to measure quake effect on Acropolis
By ELENA BECATOROS – 58 minutes ago
ATHENS, Greece (AP) — For thousands of years the Acropolis has withstood earthquakes, weathered storms and endured temperature extremes, from scorching summers to winter snow.
Now scientists are drawing on the latest technology to install a system that will record just how much nature is affecting the 2,500-year-old site. They hope their findings will help identify areas that could be vulnerable, allowing them to target restoration and maintenance.
Scientists are installing a network of fiber optic sensors and accelerographs — instruments that measure how much movement is generated during a quake.
"The greatest danger for our monuments at the moment is earthquakes," Dimitrios Egglezos, chief civil engineer in charge of the Acropolis' defensive circuit wall, told The Associated Press. So understanding how the structures react to the earth's movement is paramount.
Egglezos said six accelerographs are to be installed starting next week at various parts of the Acropolis: at the base of the hill, part of the way up where the geology changes, and on the Parthenon, the Acropolis' most famous monument, built between 447 and 432 B.C. in honor of the goddess Athena.
"The measurement of earthquakes and their consequences on the monuments is essential," said Maria Ioannidou, who supervises restoration work on the Acropolis.
The fiber optics are installed on parts of the wall to measure subtle changes caused by changing weather conditions or earthquakes, while the accelerographs can help determine how the earth's movement affects the monuments.
"This is the first system that we've installed to record the (natural) activity that affects our monuments," Egglezos said.
They don't look like much: a nondescript small metal box at the foot of a column, barely visible wires snaking across outer walls. But the insight they could give into potential problem areas is invaluable.
The first accelerograph was placed on the hill about two years ago as a pilot program. Another two were installed in late September on the Parthenon, one at its base and one on the top of the columns on the architrave, as part of a study by Japan's Mie University and the National Technical University of Athens.
Greece is one of the most seismically active countries in the world, and while most of its earthquakes are relatively small and cause little or no damage, some have been fatal. In June, a 6.5 magnitude quake in western Greece killed two people and injured more than 200, while a 5.9 magnitude quake near Athens in 1999 killed 143 people.
Neither seriously damaged the Acropolis.
Indeed, some parts of the ancient citadel have weathered the forces of nature remarkably well. The Parthenon survived virtually intact until the late 17th century, when an Ottoman garrison used it as a gunpowder store; it was targeted by Venetian cannon fire and exploded, damaging parts of the temple.
The accelerographs could also give experts more insight into how the Parthenon has withstood earthquakes so well, Egglezos said.
"The earthquakes that don't cause damage are very useful because we have a natural … experiment which doesn't destroy the monument but gives us valuable information about how these structures behave."
The two accelerographs funded by Mie University will be in place for three years, while the other seven will remain on the Acropolis permanently, Ioannidou and Egglezos said.
The fiber optic sensors, meanwhile, can detect even minor changes in the structure: slight expansion during hot weather, contraction in the cold of winter, the buildup of pressure from a particularly heavy rainfall. And, of course, shifts caused by earthquakes.
They have been installed on two outer parts of the perimeter wall: the southeast which is the highest and most vulnerable point, and on the north wall which shows evidence of damage, probably from an 18th Century quake.
Egglezos said the experts need about one or two years' worth of data from the fiber optics before they can draw any concrete conclusions
The Parthenon's seismic resistance : August 23, 2008
Scaffolding to come off Propylaia : October 31, 2008
Archaeologists examine Acropolis for erosion : March 8, 2006
Cleaning the Parthenon : November 7, 2008
A new phase of restoration on the Acropolis : July 25, 2008
Propylaia restoration completed : January 1, 2010
More on the Acropolis restoration completion dates : July 21, 2005
Lasers used to clean the sculptures from the Acropolis : August 18, 2010
Tags: Acropolis Restoration, AP, Athens, Earthquakes, Greece, Parthenon, Restoration
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On Wednesday night, The Citadel defeated South Carolina at Riley Park, 10-8. There were 6,500 fans in attendance, the largest crowd to ever see a college baseball game at the facility.
For now, the South Carolina-Clemson baseball game set for Friday night at The Joe feels like the greatest sporting event and toughest ticket in Lowcountry sports history.
This is tell-your-grandchildren stuff, two-time defending College World Series champion and No. 3 South Carolina playing No. 15 Clemson in a bragging rights series opener within a small but famously charming facility.
The "War on the Shore" [1991 Ryder Cup] put the Ocean Course on the world golf map and a thrilling United States victory revived the Ryder Cup.
No need to knock one great thing to argue for another, but I'm guessing most Palmetto State people would rather watch South Carolina-Clemson baseball at its peak than any single day of golf.
Clemson and South Carolina baseball fans scrambling for tickets to tonight's Bragging Rights series opener at Riley Park might have to settle for the large party outside The Joe, or dig a little deeper…the limited number of standing-room-only tickets were gobbled up quickly.
No. 3 South Carolina is the two-time defending College World Series champion. Clemson leads the overall series and is ranked No. 15. This is the first Gamecocks vs. Tigers appearance in Charleston since the programs clashed for the very first time, at Hampton Park in 1899.
…The weather forecast keeps getting better for tonight's much-anticipated South Carolina-Clemson baseball game at Charleston's Riley Park.
The South Carolina-Clemson baseball squabble has reached fever pitch heading into the first pitch of a three-game series Friday night. The Gamecocks' back-to-back national championships, the Tigers' historical edge, a "Batgate" controversy and Omaha drama makes this rivalry a budding baseball version of Duke vs. North Carolina in basketball. The next game in the series is at Charleston's Riley Park.
Readers may have been under the impression that South Carolina-Clemson at Riley Park was the sporting equivalent of World War III. Everything else in comparison appeared to be second-fiddle (if not second-rate).
There were only a few questionable calls Friday night, but one of them was the turnstile count.
An announced crowd of only 5,851?
On a jam-packed, standing-room-only night at a facility with a listed capacity of 6,000?
Maybe it wasn't the Riley Park record of 8,426 on Opening Night of the 2007 RiverDogs season, but, in a competition for South Carolina-Clemson games with Greenville and potentially Myrtle Beach, mistakes get magnified.
It's very important to hold on to your beliefs, even when the cold hard facts don't cooperate. Blame somebody. Blame the ticket-takers. Maybe the mob was involved.
On Wednesday night, more people attended a makeup of a rained-out game from earlier in the season between South Carolina and The Citadel than 2012's relentlessly hyped South Carolina-Clemson game at Riley Park. It's as simple as that.
Why does it matter, you ask? I'm glad you did.
First, Clemson doesn't play in Charleston very often — only six times in the last quarter-century. One of those games was the 2012 matchup with South Carolina. The other five were against College of Charleston (played between 2002 and 2008).
Clemson has not played The Citadel in Charleston since 1990, when Bill Wilhelm was the Tigers' head coach and the Bulldogs still played their home games at College Park. Clemson has never played The Citadel at Riley Park.
Instead of the hype machine being focused on Clemson-South Carolina, imagine that kind of coverage for a game at Riley Park between the Tigers and Bulldogs. I want The Citadel to receive that kind of positive attention from the local press, since it is a local school. I don't think it's too much to ask, either.
Also, the fact that South Carolina-The Citadel outdrew South Carolina-Clemson should put an end to the discussion about Clemson making a return trip to Riley Park in the near future. The next time the Tigers venture to Riley Park for a game, they should be playing the college team that actually calls the park home.
Clemson probably should play baseball games in Charleston more often. Six games in 25 years is not a lot, and is arguably a disservice to its fan base in the Lowcountry.
There are a couple of reasons why South Carolina always has a lot of fans at baseball games in Charleston. One is the success the Gamecocks have had in recent years, of course.
However, the other thing South Carolina's baseball team has going for it when it comes to attendance in Charleston is the fact the Gamecocks have played at The Citadel almost every season since the early 1970s. The annual home-and-home series has been good for both programs.
Lowcountry fans of the Gamecocks have become used to the short yearly trip to see their team play. It is an event for them, and has helped build up the number of South Carolina's "committed" baseball supporters in the area.
Obviously, Clemson is further away from Charleston than Columbia, so expecting the Tigers to play a game or two in Charleston each season is probably a bit much. However, it surely would be in the program's best interests for the team to make its way to the Port City at least every two or three years.
I was at the game and it was a great atmosphere and a wonderful crowd. Something that really helped was it was spring break. I saw many families there, 7:00 PM start, kids could stay up late and not have to worry about getting enough sleep for school the next day. Think this game should be scheduled on Charleston County School spring break every year.
another sad reminder of how we will always live in the shadow of the big schools and play second fiddle to them even in our hometown. Another basic reason for the interest and large crowd is simple numbers, South Carolina and Clemson have more alumni in the lowcountry than the Cid in fact both schools have more alumni in the state of South Carolina than The Citadel has in the world.


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imij, jimi (9)
carney, james (7)
bottomer, fred (5)
evans, dina rees (doc) (5)
reed, frank (5)
davis, blevins (4)
the cauldron (cleveland state university) (4)
caldwell, r.w. (3)
ca. 1940s - 1950s (6)
ca. 1980s (5)
jpeg (188)
3 x 5 in. (15)
10 x 8 in. (2)
8 x 10 in. (2)
12.5x9.5 in. (1)
35.5 x 23.5 in. (1)
8.5 x 11 in. (1)
theatrical productions (35)
amphitheaters (32)
cain park (32)
cain park theatre (32)
playhouse square center (21)
Description: Stage
Ye Olde Stage Coach Inn
Restaurants; Ye Ole Stage Coach Inn
A glimpse of the East Dining Room of Ye Olde Stage Coach Inn 15725 Euclid Ave. East Cleveland, Ohio. Here are served the famous & delightful home-cooked meals that appreciative guests travel from afar to enjoy.
The Stage Door Canteen of Cleveland
Restaurants; Advertisements
"The American Theatre Wing Stage Door Canteen of Cleveland is open daily from 6 P.M. to Midnight for Service Men in uniform. Entertainment, food and dancing are provided, and everything is FREE." --card verso.
Asylum from the Stage
Masonic buildings; Fraternal organizations; Interiors
"ASYLUM FROM THE STAGE; Masonic Temple, 3515 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio" -- card front
Auditorium, Looking from Stage
Masonic buildings; Auditoriums; Fraternal organizations; Interiors
"AUDITORIUM, LOOKING FROM STAGE, Masonic Temple, 3515 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio" -- card front.
Ye Olde Stage House, Brecksville, Ohio
Restaurants; Halls; Advertisements; Interior decoration
"Built in 1839. An historical Stage Coach Inn that has retained the charm, tradition and gracious hospitality of the past -- plus the very finest food and beverages of today. LUNCHEONS - FAMILY STYLE DINNERS - LATE SUPPERS - HORSESHOE COCKTAIL BAR...
Program for the week of July 13, 1941, featuring "Cradle Song"
Cain Park Theatre; Cain Park; Theaters; Amphitheaters; Parks; Theatrical productions; Theatrical producers & directors; Theater programs; Set designers; Gentile, Gerard; Volbach, Walther R. (Walther Richard), 1897-1996; Sierra, Gregorio Martínez,...
Entertainment for the week began with a "Community Hour" performance by the Choral Society of Cain Park Theatre on Sunday, July 13, 1941. This was followed by a production of Gregorio Martínez Sierra's, "Cradle Song", which was performed on...
Opera stage crew
Cleveland Stadium; Cleveland Municipal Stadium; Set designers; Stage management; Opera
"Left to right: J. B. Fitzgerald, stage carpenter, Public Hall, Dr. Ernst Lent (former stage director), La Scala, Milan, Metropolitan Opera, - stage director Stadium Opera Co., Guy Golturman, director, Stadium, Opera, Lawrence A. Higgins - of...
Republicans for Carney
Republican Party; Carney, James; Cleveland Browns (Football team : 1946-1995); Modell, Art; Perk, Ralph J.; Vail, Tom; Plain Dealer (Firm); Haggard, Paul
Norman McDonald changes a stage light at the Cain Park Amphitheater
Cain Park Theatre; Cain Park; Theaters; Amphitheaters; Parks; Theatrical productions; Stage lighting
Norman McDonald changes a stage light at the Cain Park Amphitheater.
Program for the week of August 19, 1945, featuring "Countess Maritza"
Cain Park Theatre; Cain Park; Theaters; Amphitheaters; Parks; Theater programs; Theatrical productions; Theatrical producers & directors; Wadsworth, Handel; Henneke, Ben Graf, 1914-2009; Set designers; Bird, Graham Gloster; Dance; Choreography;...
The theatrical production for the week of August 19, 1945 was "Countess Maritza", music by Emerich Kalman and book by Harry B. Smith. The Cain Park Theatre production was staged by Ben Graf Henneke and directed by Handel Wadsworth, with scenes...
Program for the week of June 17, 1945, featuring "Pirates of Penzance"
Cain Park Theatre; Cain Park; Theaters; Amphitheaters; Parks; Theater programs; Theatrical productions; Gilbert and Sullivan; Theatrical producers & directors; Wadsworth, Handel; Set designers; Gentile, Gerard; Dance; Bimboni, Winona; Henneke, Ben...
The theatrical production for the week of June 17, 1945 was Gilbert and Sullivan's "Pirates of Penzance". The Cain Park Theatre production was directed by Handel Wadsworth and staged by Ben Graf Henneke, with dances directed by Winona Bimbobi and...
People behind the puppet stage at a puppet show at Noble Neighborhood Library, part of Cleveland Heights - University Heights Public Library
Cleveland Heights - University Heights Public Library; Programs; Libraries (Rooms); Puppet shows; children
Color photograph of people behind the puppet stage at a puppet show at Noble Neighborhood Library, part of Cleveland Heights - University Heights Public Library. Picture shows the set up behind the stage, two people working the puppets and two...
Clover Farm Stores
"Happy birthday! We'd love to stage a real parade and get the Band out too, to celebrate the Birthday that is on its way to you... But that would stop the traffic and would cause an awful fuss; so here's a wish instead that's from ALL 50,000 OF US!...
The Hollenden, Cleveland, European plan, eight hundred rooms
Hotels; Hollenden Hotel; Superior Ave.; East 6th St.
"The HOLLENDEN HOTEL, once the most glamorous and colorful of Cleveland's hostelries, opened on 7 June 1885. It was the first large hotel for transients east of PUBLIC SQUARE and offered accommodations for permanent residents as well. The hotel...
Dunham Tavern Museum
Dunham Tavern Museum (Cleveland, Ohio); Euclid Ave.; Galleries & museums
"Dunham Tavern Museum Cleveland, Ohio 6709 Euclid Avenue. This building is completely furnished and restored in the tradition of the 1830's and was once a prominent stopping place on the old Buffalo-Cleveland-Detroit stage route. It is now open to...
Mather College, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O.
Western Reserve University; Case Western Reserve University
"Every Mather College girl has a part in the Stunt Night at Christmas time. But Tree Night on the out-door stage is the Sophmore's own springtime festival." -- card verso.
Cain Park Open Air Theater, Cleveland Heights, Ohio
Cain Park Theatre; Cain Park; Amphitheaters; Parks
"Built in a delightfully picturesque wooded ravine in Cain Park, easily accessible from Superior, Lee and Taylor Roads. Newly equipped with stage and amphitheatre, adaptable for concerts, plays, dancing, and operas."--card verso.
The Cleveland Public Hall, Cleveland Fifth City
Cleveland Public Auditorium; St. Clair Ave.; East 6th St.; Lakeside Ave.; Public Hall; Group Plan; Mall, The (Cleveland, Ohio); Public buildings
"THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC HALL. Cleveland Public Hall. One of the city's group plan buildings 213 feet by 590 feet. Contains an auditorium and stage seating 12,000 persons, a concert hall of 2,750 seats, a large ball room and numerous smaller...
Interior of Cleveland Public Auditorium, Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Public Auditorium; Auditoriums; Interiors; Public Hall; Group Plan; Public buildings
"INTERIOR OF CLEVELAND PUBLIC AUDITORIUM, CLEVELAND, OHIO One of the city's group plan buildings 213 feet by 590 feet. It has an auditorium and stage seating 18,000 persons, a music hall of 2,750 seats, a large ball room and numerous smaller...
Interior of Cleveland Public Auditorium


Transport for London (TfL) announced that a £223m (€330 million) contract to build and maintain more than 44 new trains has been awarded to Bombardier with the aim of revitalising London's rail services, addressing issues of capacity and train performance.
The contract also includes further options for extra carriages for the North London Railway and more trains for the extended East London Line.. Funded by TfL's £10 billion Investment Programme, the new trains will operate on the North London Railway, which TfL will manage from November next year (see EMTA News n°24), and the extended East London Line. The trains are expected to enter service in 2009.
In June this year, TfL announced a shortlist of bidders to operate train services on the North London Railway and the extended East London Line, under the TfL London Rail Concession. The successful bidder is likely to be announced next summer.


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Deserts and Fairytales in Rajasthan, India
by Olivia Lennox ↓ Add comments
categories: asia travel
tags: agra, article, delhi, india, jaipur
If there is a typical image of India it is the famous 'Golden Triangle', which includes Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. Many people fly into Delhi and take a trip around this triangle before flying back out again, without ever venturing further. While there is nothing wrong with that – it is such a well-trodden path because it includes some of the most fascinating places in India – there is much to be seen not far away. Jaipur is not just part of the Golden Triangle, but the gateway to Rajasthan. This is a state which can take you back to the extravagant world of the maharajahs, through some of the most rural and isolated parts of the country, and into some of its most unusual and exciting cities. Everywhere you step, there are stories of the past, which creep imperceptibly into the present.
Jaipur – the Pink City
Most trips around Rajasthan start in Jaipur. It is a city-within-a-city: the walled Pink City and the modern city beyond it. The Pink City itself is huge and is not a preserved 'antique', but is the beating heart of the Jaipur that lies beyond it. Many roads are wide and choked with traffic, and there are plenty of thriving commercial businesses. It is busy and hectic, tourists mixing with shoppers who teem around shops grouped by what they sell – a street of spice-sellers, then a street of saucepan sellers. Further into the maze, things calm. The Jantar Mantar Observatory dates from the eighteenth century, with yellow and pink stone instruments: steps that reach up to the sky, huge sundials. Then there is the City Palace: a vast complex of pavilions, gardens and columns that is a joy just to wander around.
Jodhpur – the Blue City
Jodphur has a much calmer feel, helped by the blue that most of its houses are painted. The colour matches the sky perfectly, giving the place an otherworldly feel. The inner city is a mess of tiny alleyways running of larger streets packed with shops and guesthouses. It feels surprisingly quiet, the back-streets not disturbed by much except the odd cow and the occasional motorbike which roars through out of nowhere. The city is at the foot of a hill, on which the Mehrangarh Fort is built. This was home to generations of Rajasthani Kings, who looked out over their kingdom from behind its windows, surrounded by gold and armies of servants.
Udaipur – the City of Lakes
Udaipur is dominated by lakes and palaces, all of them painted white. It is pure romance: no doubt many proposals have been made on the banks of those lakes, and many young relationships started. Sadly, the lakes are not as full as they once were, but the palaces which sit on their banks in the middle of them still retain their grandeur. The largest of the palaces is the Lake Palace, now a five star hotel, made of white marble which is lit up at night, reflecting into the water around it. The City Palace sits on the banks of the same lake, looking out to the Lake Palace. Its terraces are a wonderful place to sit and gain some perspective on the city.
Jaisalmer is the most remote of the large Rajasthani cities. The modern city is low and dusty, the real attraction is the old city: Jaisalmer Fort. The Fort rises out of the desert like a fairytale castle rising into the sky. Walking up to it, you feel as if you are starting to disappear into another world. Once in, you find narrow, alleys for streets, small squares full of chatter, and children playing on the battlements which surround it. The views stretch for miles over the flat desert around it. Camel trips out into the desert are popular, passing tiny villages, and sleeping under the stars with the camels. More than anywhere in Rajasthan, it is a place you can forget the rest of the world exists in.
Travel to Rajasthan, India – Episode 650
Intrepid Travel India – Review: "Indian Getaway" tour
5 States In India That You Must Visit
Travel to India – Episode 317
by Olivia Lennox
Olivia Lennox is a talented travel writer based in London. She writes for a number of publications and holiday types, from last minute ski deals to epic adventures in desert landscapes.
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Q: Batch that starts python virtual environment and runs the virtual python in a project dir I want to run each day a python script in a virtual environment by recording it in Windows Task Scheduler.
Hence, I need to write a batch that:

*

*Opens a cmd.exe

*Starts a virtual environment

*Changes the directory to a python project directory

*Invokes the virtual python

I wrote this .bat:
cmd /k "cd /d %USERPROFILE%\python_venv\venv1\Scripts & activate & cd /d %PROJECT_DIR%\src"
python main.py

Of course cmd /k does not terminate, and python main.py is not executed.
Sorry in advance if the answer already exists over the Internet but I was not able to find it or to modify a close answer to suit my needs.
[EDIT]
This question is a duplicate of Schedule [Virtualenv Dependent] Python Script with Windows Task Scheduler.
This post has also not been answered yet.
[EDIT 2]
Found an answer here: Run a python script in virtual environment from windows task scheduler

A: This might be completely irrelevant but I've had a great deal of success using PyCharm + virtual environments with python, you set your VM's file structure up as a project and just add the python environment that you'd like to use with it, it's relatively simple:
Requirements:

*

*Virtual Env

*Pycharm

Go to ssh to the virtual env and type which python
Add remote project interpreter (File > Default Settings > Project Interpreter (cog) add remote) and then type in/select the location for the remote python location
You'll need to set up your file system so that PyCharm can also open the project.
NOTE:
Do not turn off your virtual environment without saving your run configurations that will cause pycharm to see your run configurations as corrupt
There's a button on the top right that reads share enable this and your run configs will be saved to a .idea file and you'll have a lot less issues

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Robert Lewandowski wins FIFA award as best men's player
By GRAHAM DUNBAR , AP Sports Writer, Associated Press
Bayern's Robert Lewandowski, left, scores despite the challenge of Wolfsburg's Maxence Lacroix during the German Bundesliga soccer match between FC Ba... Bayern's Robert Lewandowski, left, scores despite the challenge of Wolfsburg's Maxence Lacroix during the German Bundesliga soccer match between FC Bayern Munich and VfL Wolfsburg at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany, Wednesday, Dec. 16, 2020. (Matthias Balk/Pool photo via AP)
Barcelona's Lionel Messi, left, and Juventus' Cristiano Ronaldo during the Champions League group G soccer match between FC Barcelona and Juventus at ... Barcelona's Lionel Messi, left, and Juventus' Cristiano Ronaldo during the Champions League group G soccer match between FC Barcelona and Juventus at the Camp Nou stadium in Barcelona, Spain, Tuesday, Dec. 8, 2020. (AP Photo/Joan Monfort)
Liverpool's manager Jurgen Klopp smiles after being awarded as Men's coach of the year during the Best FIFA Football Awards Ceremony in Zurich, Switze... Liverpool's manager Jurgen Klopp smiles after being awarded as Men's coach of the year during the Best FIFA Football Awards Ceremony in Zurich, Switzerland, Thursday, Dec. 17, 2020. (Valeriano Di Domenico/Pool via AP)
Liverpool's manager Jurgen Klopp celebrates towards the fans after the end of the English Premier League soccer match between Liverpool and Tottenham ... Liverpool's manager Jurgen Klopp celebrates towards the fans after the end of the English Premier League soccer match between Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspur at Anfield in Liverpool, England, Wednesday, Dec., 16, 2020. Liverpool won the game 2-1. (Clive Brunskill/ Pool via AP)
Bayern's Robert Lewandowski, center, celebrates with teammates after scoring his sides first goal during the Champions League Group A soccer match bet... Bayern's Robert Lewandowski, center, celebrates with teammates after scoring his sides first goal during the Champions League Group A soccer match between Bayern Munich and RB Salzburg at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Czech Republic, Wednesday, Nov. 25, 2020. (AP Photo/Matthias Schrader)
Hosts Reshmin Chowdhury, right, and former Dutch soccer player Ruud Gullit at the start of the Best FIFA Football Awards Ceremony in Zurich, Switzerla... Hosts Reshmin Chowdhury, right, and former Dutch soccer player Ruud Gullit at the start of the Best FIFA Football Awards Ceremony in Zurich, Switzerland, Thursday, Dec. 17, 2020. (Valeriano Di Domenico/Pool via AP)
GENEVA (AP) — Robert Lewandowski won his biggest personal prize Thursday, showing that a forward not named Messi or Ronaldo can be voted the world's best soccer player.
The Poland captain was named the FIFA Best Men's Player for 2020 after his 55-goal season lifted Bayern Munich to a sweep of international and domestic trophies.
Lewandowski topped a three-player shortlist that included Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. Voting was by a global jury of national team captains and coaches, plus selected journalists and fans.
Though FIFA hosted the virtual ceremony in Zurich, its president Gianni Infantino went to Munich to present the trophy in person.
Lewandowski joined Luka Modric, the Croatia and Real Madrid midfielder who won in 2018, as the only players in the past 13 years to deny both Messi and Ronaldo the victory.
Lucy Bronze was voted the best women's player to give England its first individual victory at the FIFA awards. A Champions League winner with Lyon, she has since joined Manchester City.
Bronze won the vote ahead of her former Lyon teammate Wendi Renard and Pernille Harder, who helped Wolfsburg to the Champions League final.
Lewandowski is also the first men's winner from a club outside Spain since Ronaldo won the 2008 award as a Manchester United player.
A Bayern player had not won since FIFA created a world player award in 1991.
The club twice saw its stars relegated to third place by Messi and Ronaldo: Franck Ribéry in Bayern's Champions League winning year of 2013, and Manuel Neuer one year later after Germany won the World Cup.
Jurgen Klopp denied Bayern a sweep of the FIFA men's awards by being voted the best coach for a second straight year.
Klopp, who guided Liverpool to become champion of England for the first time in 30 years, won more votes than Hansi Flick, who took over at Bayern mid-season. Marcelo Bielsa of English second-tier champion Leeds was third.
Sarina Wiegman, who led the Netherlands to the 2019 World Cup final, was voted the best coach in women's soccer. She will take over the England team next year.


Ian was welcomed back for another weekend supporting Flautissimo, the Southampton Flute Orchestra. The theme of the weekend was 'Wow! How exciting!' as we discovered alien noises and played his composition 'Midnight Creep'.
Both flute days were really well supported with over 60 people attending. The evening recital was held in the United Church, Winchester, during which Ian performed his newest work 'Hatching Aliens' with pianist Tim Carey. Again there was a fantastic attendance with over 100 people in the audience.
This weekend raised £300 for Flautissimo, thank you to everyone that came along. Unfortunately I don't have any photos as my camera was stolen shortly after :-( The weekend was supported by Just Flutes.