On March 10th 2012, APR headed down to Tombstone, Arizona to meet up with Southern Arizona Ghost and Paranormal Society (SAGAPS) to co-investigate the historic Birdcage Theater. You might remember SAGAPS from 2011's Travel Channel show "Paranormal Challenge" hosted by Zac Bagans. We also had the pleasure of working with Alejandro in Austin host of the YouTube hit web show "Dead Explorer".
The town of Tombstone has tons of old west history and artifacts. The Birdcage Theater is the ipidemy of 1880's wild west culture with over 140 bullet holes inside and original casino tables where Doc Holiday once sat for the world's longest poker game. Some of the paranormal claims include but are not limited to full bodied apparitions, disembodied voices, phantom poker chip sounds, foot steps, and objects moving on their own.
Overall, the Birdcage was a great site to investigate and we are currently reviewing evidence. SAGAPS hopes to release a short film based on the investigation by the end of March 2012! Stay tuned for our next paraunity event when we investigate the haunted Bissman Building in Mansfield, Ohio with the help of Delta Elite Paranormal Services and Ohio Paranormal Investigations.
We are excited to announce another step in the Paranorma Unity movement - the APR Coaltion. This is a group of paranormal researchers we trust from all over the world. We are pleased to add Bay Area Ghost Patrol, Southern Arizona Ghost & Paranormal Society and Delta Elite Paranormal Services to this group.
At APR we feel unity and maintaining a commitment to helping those in need is important in the advancement of paranormal research.
The coalition is here to bring together solid and reliable teams to gather the most credible paranormal evidence you have ever seen. Everything presented is real, thoroughly examined by our network of engineers, physicists, doctors, law enforcement officials, and professional photography/video analysts.
1. DAR (Digital Audio Recorder) - These electronic recorders are used to capture EVP's (Electronic Voice Phenomenon). Many paranormal researchers believe spirits can talk to us through this device. The investigator will ask questions of the spirit. When the audio is played back often times a response or voice can be heard that was not heard at the time of the session. It is said the spirits can communicate with us through frequencies/volumes often not heard by the average human ear. After review of the evidence and careful examination these disembodied voices can be found in the white noise of the audio recording.
2. MiniDV (Digital Video Camera) - We use video camera's to capture any evidence of a spirit trying to manifest itself. Often we work in the dark so our camera's are equipment with infrared light sources so we can "see" in the dark. We use static night vision camera's and hand held camera's.
4. Digital Thermometer - This is exactly what it says it is, a thermometer. Researchers believe a significant drop in the normal temperature of a room can signify the presence of a spirit.
5. More equipment is used by APR but the above listed is the most commonly used.
Do you know of any haunted locations that APR should look into? Share your ghost stories with us today!


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Many teen girls pressured by partners to get pregnant
(Reuters Health) - Nearly one in eight sexually active teen girls are pressured by their partners to have unprotected sex and try to conceive when they don't want a baby, a U.S. study suggests.
Researchers focused on what's known as reproductive coercion, a form of relationship abuse that can
"Abuse among all types of romantic relationships is common,"
Nearly one in eight sexually active high school girls are pressured by a partner to become pregnant or not use birth control, a study from the University of Pittsburgh...
Philadelphia Daily News 2019-07-15
Study Examines Racial Disparities in Reproductive Coercion
PITTSBURGH - Reproductive coercion, a form of relationship abuse that includes pressuring a partner to become pregnant when they don't want to be is prevalent among teenage...
Public Technologies 2019-07-11
Giving women only 3 months of birth control at a time may waste millions of dollars and lead to hundreds of unintended pregnancies. Year-long prescriptions could fix that.
If you use birth control pills as your contraceptive method, you know that refilling your prescription every month to three months can be a serious pain. Is your insurance...
Business Insider 2019-07-08
Family Planning Program at CMDHD
GLADWIN COUNTY – The Family Planning Program at Central Michigan District Health Department (CMDHD) provides birth control services to men and women of all ages who want to...
Record & Clarion 2019-07-03
Is it safe to have oral sex during pregnancy?
Many expecting parents rely on oral sex as an alternative to intercourse. But experts say, it can be dangerous in rare occasions. If you are pregnant and enjoy having oral sex, this article is a must-read for you. Is pregnancy sex safe? Though your protruding belly might make it difficult for you to switch positions but yes having sex during pregnancy is completely safe....
US anti-pill campaigners promote menstruation tracking app in Nigeria
US campaigners who oppose the birth control pill have promoted a menstruation tracking app in "the most vulnerable communities" in rural Nigeria with the backing of the Catholic church, the Guardian has learned. Prominent anti-abortion campaigners in New York developed and funded the Femm app, which collects intimate information about women's sex lives and sows doubt about...
Scientists say babies will grow in artificial wombs within ten years
The abortion debate is once again taking center stage in US politics, and the prospect of artificial wombs is slowly becoming a part of the conversation, as the technology is actually starting to become a reality. According to some experts in the field, we are just a decade away from this type of technology reaching the public. Dr. Carlo Bulletti, associate professor at Yale...
Journal Online
Man\'s refusal to wear condom after agreeing to cancels out consent: judge
An Ontario court has ruled that a man who had unprotected sex after agreeing to wear a condom committed sexual assault because his behaviour invalidated his sexual partner's consent. In a recent ruling, a judge found Anibal Rivera's actions amounted to fraud and caused a significant risk of serious bodily harm. Ontario Superior Court Justice Nathalie Champagne said not wearing...
Refusing to wear a condom after agreeing to is sexual assault, Ontario judge rules
Teenage pregnancies impeding girl-child education in three regions – Coordinator
Mrs. Beatrice Nkum, the Bono, Bono East and Ahafo Regional Coordinator for Girl Child Education has expressed worry that the alarming trend of teenage pregnancies is impeding girl-child education in the three regions. She emphasized that unintended pregnancies should not be a factor for girls to drop out of school, saying, the Ghana Education Service (GES) allows pregnant girls...
Ghana Business News

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World Cup Diary: Portugal and Brazil look like contenders in tournament debut
Weather Uruguay Failing to live up to pre-tournament expectations in their 2022 World Cup debut, Brazil and Portugal looked as convincing as any team to have played thus far.
Here's everything that happened at the World Cup today and what to watch tomorrow.
Switzerland 1, Cameroon 0
Breel Plungerborn in Cameroon, scored the winning goal for Switzerland against the indomitable lions Thursday. Out of respect, he did not celebrate his goal.
Cameroon picking up three points against Switzerland is huge considering who their next two opponents are: Serbia and Brazil.
Uruguay 0, South Korea 0
There were goalless draws in the first round of group stage matches (four to be exact), but none were as quiet as Uruguay-South Korea. Neither team shot on goal. However, both teams picked up points, which puts them in a good position heading into the last two group games.
Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo, right, celebrates after scoring his team's second goal during the World Cup 2022 group A qualifying match between Portugal and the Republic of Ireland at the Algarve Stadium on the outskirts of Faro, Portugal, on Wednesday, September 1, 2021. (AP Photo / Armando Franca)
(AP Photo/Armando Franca)
Portugal 3, Ghana 2
Cristiano Ronaldo he set things rolling for Portugal in their opening game of the tournament and his teammates returned the favor, scoring two more and holding off a late comeback from Ghana. Portugal are now at the top of the group and if they play consistently like they did on Thursday, there is no reason to believe they will fall from that place.
Brazil 2, Serbia 0
It is incredible that Brazil did not have more goals than against Serbia. We knew Brazil's attacking combinations would be unfair even before kicking a ball, but they lived up to expectations in the first game. Of the 22 shots he took, nine were on target, and he finished with an xG of 2.34.
GOAL OF THE DAY
Forget goal of the day; this could be the goal of the tournament when all is said and done.
ASSISTANCE OF THE DAY
Bruno Fernandes he entered the tournament as one of the most dangerous preparers in the world; he demonstrated why on Thursday. Later, João Félix would have been offside.
ESSENTIAL MOMENT
Inaki Williams Ghana almost scored the equalizer at the last moment because they slipped behind Portuguese goalkeeper Diogo Costa, who had no idea he was there.
Had he gone in, it would have been one of the most memorable moments of the tournament; instead, it's just our must-see moment of the day.
Richarlison of Brazil celebrates after scoring a goal during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Group G match between Brazil and Serbia at Lusail Stadium in Lusail City, Qatar on November 24, 2022.
(Fareed Kotb/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
wales vs iran 5am ET on FS1
Fans in Iran and Wales won't be the only ones watching Friday's match intently. The United States' hopes of advancing to the knockout phase would be given a nice boost by a win or draw by Iran. The last thing the United States needs is a Welsh victory.
Qatar against Senegal, 8 a.m. ET on FS1
After losing their opener to Ecuador, Qatar will be looking to pick up their first win of the tournament against a Senegal side trying to do the same. A loss would effectively disqualify the host nation from the World Cup.
People gather around the official countdown clock showing the time remaining until the start of the 2022 World Cup, in Doha, Qatar, Thursday, November 25, 2021. Fans heading to the World Cup in Qatar must show a negative COVID-19 test upon arrival as part of the host nation's rules to combat COVID-19, organizers said Thursday, September 29, 2022.
(AP Photo/Darko Bandic, File)
Holland against Ecuador, 11 a.m. ET on FOX
Ecuador had no problem against Qatar in the opening match of the tournament. How will it be fair against a team from the Netherlands coming off a confident win against a team many thought would be title dark horses?
england vs usa 2 pm ET on FOX
Football? Football? Everything will be decided on Friday, as will the United States' path to the round of 16.
World Cup 2022: Portugal defeats Ghana 3-2, Ronaldo makes history
USA vs. England Could Change the World's Perception of American Soccer


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POWAI INFO
The big fish of Powai by Kevin Lobo
With about 1500 business listed on this website. We get about 12000 unique visitors every month. We are the number one destination for search results on google for Powai. We endeavour to create e
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22 Dec 2011 • 5 min read
Oblivious to the surrounding serpentine traffic, anglers on Powai lake patiently bait game, and peace of mind.As Ali H Husaini, ace angler, paddles his boat down Powai lake you expect the boat to melt in the lead and mercury poisoned waters or a crocodile to jump up and drag him into its oxygen-depleted-depths.
After all, all you hear about this suburban water body are horror stories. But the feeling that comes over you as you drift offshore is something else.You can see the perennially car-infested roads of Powai along its banks, and can even hear a honk or two if you try real hard, but a few strokes of his rowboat into the lake and you've slipped into a dream. If Inception was made on this lake's waters, this would be the first stage.
You can hear birds calling out to each other, spot five species with just a cursory glance, including a kingfisher, and the silence hits you like a day into Vipassana.
"This is my second home," says Ali, and then quickly adds, "My first home if my wife isn't reading this," and laughs. A contractor who owns a gas distribution network around the country, Ali works in a high-stress work environment, which doesn't have a concept of work days and weekly offs. "I come here when I have time, but I make it a point to come here as often as I can," he says. There are about 50 active anglers at Powai fishing club and many of them are high-profile members who lead stressful lives like Ali. Powai lake for them is a yoga centre and angling it's meditation course. "The feeling is spiritual," says Ali. "It is a game of patience. You have to wait and wait, and when you feel the first bite, suddenly you go from doing nothing to a massive adrenaline rush. The feeling is indescribable. You forget work, you forget stress – you enter a different world."
Rajat Mukherjee, who directed the movie Road, is a regular at the club. Unlike Ali who used to go on fishing trips around the country with his father since he was kid, Rajat got into angling just a couple of years ago. Rajat says, "We went for a trip to Himachal and my wife packed my fishing rod which I bought from the States but never opened. I didn't catch anything and my friends caught five each. It was so frustrating. The next day I was doubly charged. I dipped the fishing rod and thought it got stuck in a rock. Next thing I know I was fighting a two-and-a-half kg catfish! Everybody was blown away, it was competition size. People think anglers hook fish, actually, it's the fish that hook us in." The meditative space he enters during fishing baits his creativity. "You set up the rod and wait, and suddenly you get all these great ideas. Also, there are so many different techniques in angling, I feel like I'm a small boy learning a new sport," he gushes.
Powai has become a focal point for big-game fishers in the city. They take fishing trips together, get bragging rights every time they bag a big one, and this is obvious when you visit Indianangler.com. The forum has been built for anglers in the country, and the discussions are buzzing with boyish enthusiasm.
"There is a healthy competition between all of us," states Ali. They travel across the country to search for bigger and different game. Two of the club's members, Javed Ansari, owner of Kwality group and Santosh Kumar, owner of a chemical pharma company, have gone for a trip to Bangalore where they are looking to catch different fish. Some own their own boats, which cost above Rs 5 lakh and take them along.
It's not that Powai doesn't offer the best, it's just that people need a change in scenery. Powai has the highest density of Indian carp in the country, a game fish that is a rage across Europe. This freshwater creature is known to elude even the most experienced angler and ranks high on the difficulty meter. The International Game Fish Association World Record for the biggest Catla caught is 15.17 kg and Ansari's 14-year-old son netted a 17 kg carp recently at Powai after a 40-minute long fight.
Angling at Powai has its detractors too. Abbey Fizardo, who is in South Goa for a fishing trip, feels that angling in Powai is just too difficult. "I'm a musician and travel around the world doing corporate shows. I am basically a lazy person and fishing fits in perfectly with my personality. But to fish at Powai, you need to be lazier than me," laughs the self-professed salty (anglers who prefer catching saltwater fish). He says that he knows people at Powai who ground bait (throw bait in the water so that fish come to a certain spot) for a couple of weeks before they start fishing.
Now, fishing at the end of the day is a game sport and sounds very cruel, but the Powai fishing club redeems itself a little bit by releasing most of the fishes that take the bait, after taking a photograph, of course. Ali talks of carps that have been caught and released over 60 times in Europe. Rajat says, "Angling is a divine experience. You feel really close to nature, and realize what we will miss out on if the lake disappears."
The club also helps in keeping the ecosystem in check. They take out plastic bags from the lake, but other than that, the angling itself helps keep the lake clean of carnivorous fish. Kids from surrounding complexes buy exotic fish and when they are too big for their tanks, they release them into the lake. Some of them are carnivorous and can ruin the lake's ecosystem. The anglers help in getting rid of such introduced species.
Then there are the crocodiles. The club has never had an untoward incident with them, and that is one of the reasons why membership is so select. Ali says, "We want people who are serious. Not people who might litter or mess with a crocodile just for fun." He's had his tete-a-tete with a croc. He says, "The closest I've come to is within four feet from a 14-foot crocodile. I just stared at it, and stayed still. They don't bother you if you don't bother them."
For these environmentally conscious anglers, it is more than just a sport, it also gets their families closer. Ali confesses, "It can get quite romantic on the lake." This we hope his wife reads.
[box type="info"]This article appeared in Times Of India and was written by Kevin Lobo[/box]
Go Karting - 1.2.3 AND SOLD!
A few days ago one of the resident here Mr. Vishal Mehra sent me a message saying " Lots of heavy machinery gathered at the go-karting track…is another
POWAI INFO 30 Dec 2011 • 2 min read
Pressto has launched its 16th outlet in Powai.
India has witnessed entry of lot of premium & luxury brands in recent times and while shoppers are spending lavishly on these highly expensive brands to make their parties most
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The Effect of Irrigation Treatment on the Growth of Lavender Species in an Extensive Green Roof System
A Forty-Year Karstic Critical Zone Survey (Baget Catchment, Pyrenees-France): Lithologic and Hydroclimatic Controls on Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variations of Stream Water Chemical Composition, pCO2, and Carbonate Equilibrium
Classification of Management Alternatives to Combat Reservoir Sedimentation
Ubiquitous Fractal Scaling and Filtering Behavior of Hydrologic Fluxes and Storages from A Mountain Headwater Catchment
Liu, J.
Ding, H.
Xiao, M.
Xu, Z.
Wei, Y.
Su, Z.
Zhao, L.
Peng, J.
Wang, H.
Wang, X.
Climatic Variabilities Control the Solute Dynamics of Monsoon Karstic River: Approaches from C-Q Relationship, Isotopes, and Model Analysis in the Liujiang River
1,*,
Hu Ding
Min Xiao
Zhu-Yan Xu
Yuan Wei
Zhi-Hua Su
Lei Zhao
Jiao-Ting Peng
Heng Wang
Xiao-Dan Wang
School of Management Science, Guizhou University of Finance and Economic, Guiyang 550025, China
State key laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
School of Public Managemerent, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550025, China
School of Eco-Environment Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catchments as Observatories of the Hydrological and Biogeochemical Functioning of the Critical Zone)
Download Supplementary Material
The dynamics of riverine solutes' contents and sources reflect geological, ecological, and climatic information of the draining basin. This study investigated the influence of climatic variability on solute dynamics by the high-frequency hydrogeochemical monitory in the Liujiang River draining karst terrain of Guangxi Province, SW (Southwestern) China. In the study river, the content-discharge (C-Q) patterns of riverine solutes indicate that the majority of riverine solutes show similar dilution and near chemostatic behaviors responding to increasing discharge, especially geogenic solutes (such as weathering products from carbonate, silicate, and sulfide oxidation), whereas exogenous solutes (such as atmospheric input to riverine sulfate) and biological solutes (such as soil CO2) show higher contents with increasing discharge. Besides, the biological carbon is the main driver of the chemostatic behaviors of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The forward model results show that carbonate weathering dominates the water chemistry, and the weathering rates are intensified during high flow period due to additional inputs of weathering agents, i.e., the biologic carbonic acid from dissolution of soil CO2, indicated by δ13CDIC. In addition, there exists the strong capacity of CO2 consumption that is heavily dependent on climatic variables such as precipitation and air temperature in this study river. Our study highlights the impact of climatic variability on solutes dynamics and chemical weathering and thus must be better addressed in C models under future climate change scenarios.
solute–discharge relationship; stable isotopes; chemical weathering; CO2 consumption; climatic variability
CO2 consumption during rock chemical weathering by reaction with carbonic and other strong acids (such as sulfuric and nitric acids) are part of the important biogeochemical cycle of carbon and therefore act on regulating the climate on Earth, even on shorter timescales [1,2,3]. Numerous studies have focused on chemical weathering and CO2 consumption in carbonate-dominated catchments to understand local and even global carbon cycles [3,4]. Current estimation of global CO2 consumption by rock weathering varies from 0.1 to 0.44 Gt C a−1 [4,5]. These estimates have some uncertainty, largely due to the spatial variations (such as lithology, soil development, vegetation, precipitation, temperature, anthropogenic activity, etc.), which are inevitable on the continent [6]. Concerning the spatial variations in weathering flux and global CO2 consumption flux, for example, a long-term monitoring system called the Hydrological Benchmark Network (HBN) was established by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to assess and quantify the human influence on 59 study sites across the U.S. [7]. Subsequently, a temporal rather than a spatial approach may be possible to obtain a stronger correlation between weathering flux and climate.
Solutes' C-Q relationships in various catchments have been explored in the past decades [2,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17] and can represent the integration of hydrological and biogeochemical responses of catchments for understanding riverine solute source, transport, and reaction [17]. The slope (b) of a power-law function [14] and the ratio of the C-Q coefficient of variation (CVC/CVQ) [18] have been proposed to evaluate the C-Q patterns to identify functional linkages between catchment hydrology and biogeochemistry. When b =−1 represents decreasing solute content with increasing discharge [14], this would support dilution behaviors where the solute mass does not increase proportionally to the increasing discharge, whereas positive b indicates increasing solute content with increasing discharge [19] and supports flushing behaviors. A solute is typically characterized as source-limited if it dilutes, whereas it is defined as transport-limited if it shows flushing behavior [20]. Thompson et al. [18] emphasized the importance of CVC/CVQ, which is to facilitate a more nuanced interpretation of C-Q relationships, particularly when b ≈ 0. Because it is related to the "chemostatic" behavior [14] or the "biogeochemical stationarity" [21], this implies that solute content shows a negligible variability. Based on quantitative metrics that were reported by Musolff et al. [19], chemostatic behavior yielded as -0.2 < b < 0.2 and CVC/CVQ < 0.5. In contrast, chemodynamic behavior (b ≈ 0, CVC/CVQ > 1) is a discharge-independent status, indicating dissolved solute content is not controlled by Q.
This study contributes to this line of research to investigate a high-frequency sampling survey in the Liujiang River catchment draining through the carbonate-dominated area, which features a warm subtropical climate. We focused on temporal research to (1) explore the behaviors of riverine solutes in a hydrological year by means of C-Q relations; (2) understand the hydrological and the biogeochemical responses of chemical weathering, CO2 consumption, dissolved carbon, and sulfur dynamics in a typical karst river; (3) trace water, riverine sulfate, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sources and estimate their contributions constrained by stable isotopic tracers in the study catchment area under various climatic conditions.
2.1. Study Area
The Liujiang River is a first-order tributary of the Xijiang River consisting of Pearl catchment in southern China (Figure 1). It originates from the village Lang in Guizhou Province and flows through Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan Provinces, with 72% of its drainage area in the Guangxi Province; the drainage area is 58,270 km2. The main channel length is 1121 km. It is a mountainous watershed with high mountains in the north and a high elevation in the northwest, whereas, in the southern and the southeast areas, the elevations are relatively low. There are six land use types, with average coverage ratios as follows: forestland (64.9%) > cropland (18.7%) > grassland (18.1%) > urban land (14.5%) > water (0.8%) > unused land (0.02%). The Liujiang River catchment is exposed by a subtropical humid under monsoonal climate with a mean annual precipitation of 1800 mm. It is in the center of the storm zone of the Guangxi Province with frequent storms, and 59 disastrous flooding events have been recorded in the past 400 years since 1488 [22]. There are no significant reservoirs to influence flood discharge in the study catchment. Lithologically, the Precambrian metamorphic rocks and the quaternary fluvial sediments are distributed in the whole Xijiang River catchment (Figure 1). Specifically, carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) and coal-bearing formations generally enriched in sulfides are widely distributed in the upper-middle reaches. Schist, gneiss and granite are exposed in the middle-lower reaches. Shale and red sandstone are distributed in the source area and are fragmentarily intercalated in the middle catchment area. Minor evaporites are scattered in the Xijiang River catchment, but a salt-bearing stratum has not been found in this area [1,23,24]. Karst topography is well-developed in the study catchment.
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
The sampling site was located at the outlet of the Liujiang River (Figure 1), approximately 29 km away from the mainstream of the Xijiang River. River water samples for chemical and isotopic analyses were collected monthly from October 2013 to September 2014 (Table S1). Additional samples were collected in the high flow season, covering hydrological variations in this period. Water samples were collected from a boat in the middle of the river. Alkalinity was determined using 0.02 M HCl titration within 24 hours. Samples were filtered through 0.45 μM cellulose-acetate membrane paper and then were further separated into two parts; one for anions (Cl−, SO42− and NO3−) determined by ionic chromatography with a precision of 5% and the other for major cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and Si, which were acidified to pH ≤ 2 with ultra-purified HNO3 and then determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with precisions better than 3%.
For the δ13CDIC analyses, based on the method of Li et al. [25], 15 ml aliquots of water samples were injected into vacuum glass bottles pre-filled with 2 ml 85% phosphoric acid and a magnetic stirrer bar. The samples were heated at 50 ℃ to extract CO2 in a vacuum line and transferred cryogenically into tubes. The values of δ13CDIC were measured by Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer and were expressed in as permil deviation with reference to a standard (VPDB), with a precision of 0.1‰. The measurement of δ13CDIC was conducted in the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, the Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science. Riverine sulfate was precipitated as BaSO4 through adding excess BaCl2 solution after the water was acidified using HCl for isotopic measurements of sulfate. Then, the precipitate was filtered, washed, and dried. The values of δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 were determined using elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) and reported using δ notation relative to the Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite (V-CDT) with precision better than 0.2‰ and the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW) in permil with precision better than 0.5‰, respectively. The measurement of S and O isotopes of riverine sulfate was carried out at the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Daily water discharge data (m3/s) were obtained online from the Ministry of Water Resources (http://www.hydroinfo.gov.cn/).
3.1. Hydrochemistry
Liujiang River water is mildly alkaline, with pH value ranging from 7.5 to 8.1. Electrical conductivity (EC) value varies from 148 to 229 μS/cm, with an average of 191. Total dissolved solid (TDS = Ca2+ + Mg2+ +Na+ + K+ HCO3− + SO42− + Cl− + NO3− + SiO2, mg/L) of river varies from 128 mg/L to 224 mg/L, with a mean value of 163 mg/L for the study river, which is higher than the world average value of 97 mg/L [16]. The total cationic charge (TZ+ = K+ + Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+) and the total dissolved anionic charge (TZ− = HCO3− + Cl− + NO3− + SO42−) are well balanced within all NICB (Normalized Ionic Charge Balance) (NICB = (TZ+ − TZ−) × 100%/(TZ+ + TZ−)) below 5%. Similar to the rivers of Beipan and Nanpan in the upper reaches of the Xijiang River [1], Ca2+ and Mg2+ are dominant cations, while HCO3− and SO42- are the dominant anions, indicating that those waters are of karstic type. The mean contents of major cations are as follows: Ca2+ (806 μmol/L) > Mg2+ (185 μmol/L) > Na+ (111 μmol/L) > K+ (28 μmol/L). The mean contents of major anions are as follows: HCO3− (1612 μmol/L) > SO42− (125 μmol/L) > Cl− (110 μmol/L) > NO3− (83 μmol/L). Contents of Cl−, NO3−, K+, and Na+ are relatively low.
3.2. δ34SSO4, δ18OSO4, and δ13CDIC Values
In the study river, the isotopic compositions of riverine sulfate show a narrow range for δ34SSO4 value from −0.5‰ in the high flow season to −0.1‰ in the low flow season, with a mean value of −0.4‰; for δ18OSO4, the corresponding range is 3.9‰–10.1‰ with a mean value 6.8‰, showing a distinct temporal variation. More depleted δ18OSO4 values are observed in the high flow season relative to those in the low flow season for the study river. The S and O isotopic compositions of sulfate in this study are in agreement with previous studies [26].
In order to calculate the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), we used the temperature dependence of thermodynamic constants [27]. The pCO2 ranges from 846 μatm in the high flow season to 3999 μatm in the low flow season with a mean value of 1612 μatm in river water, two to eleven times higher than that of the atmosphere (349 μatm). The δ13CDIC values range from −16.2‰ in the low flow season to −8.0‰ in the high flow season, with an average value of −12.9‰, also showing a clear temporal change.
4.1. Solute Content-Discharge (C-Q) Relationship
In this study river, the slopes (b) are negative, and CVC/CVQ < 0.5 for weathering products such as Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, Na+, K+, SO42−, and Cl− signal an inverse relationship between solute content and discharge and indicate dilution, which is common for geogenic solutes, as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Geogenic solutes from carbonate weathering (such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3−) show near chemostatic behavior, which can be attributed to the fast kinetics of carbonate weathering processes [12,28]. Na+ exhibits the strongest dilution pattern among all weathering solutes, with a more negative b and lower CVC/CVQ values. Na+ is mainly sourced from silicate weathering, implying that silicate weathering is more sensitive to various hydrologic conditions relative to carbonate weathering (indicated by Ca2+). Except silicate-sourced weathering, K+ is generally considered to be controlled by soil in water flow with cation exchange [29]. Hence, K+ can be considered a biological solute, especially during most storms with large amounts of soil water inputs [17]. As with K+, SO42− and Cl− present similar dilution and chemostatic behaviors, which can be attributed to the geogenic and the exogenous sources. Exogenous sources are closely associated with soil water as well as atmospheric and anthropogenic inputs to these ions. Previous studies in this area demonstrated that sulfuric acid is also an important agent of rock weathering by using 87Sr/86Sr and δ13C [1,24]. The quantitative analysis of the sulfate source of this investigated river is discussed below. NO3− contents are the most variable relative to discharge, implying that exogenous anthropoge nic-printed sources (such as chemical fertilizer, soil organic nitrogen, manure, sewage waste, and atmospheric input) and relevant biogeochemical processes (assimilation, nitrification, denitrification) counteract the dilution effects. However, Si shows strong responses to increasing discharge, which could indicate that, as a result of weathering, Si can accumulate in the weathered zone. Thus, during intensive rainfall, it can be washed out from this zone into surface water [30,31,32]. Moreover, biologically associated solutes such as DOC (dissolved organic carbon), TOC (total organic carbon), NH4+, and PO43− often yield positive slopes and show flushing behaviors [17,33], suggesting that the content variability of these biological solutes is minor relative to discharge. It was reported that contents of biological solutes are often linked to anthropogenic sources, influencing these solute flushing behaviors in forested and agricultural catchments, especially in extreme climate events [17,34]. Our results from plots of b versus CVC/CVQ < 0.5 are consistent with the general interpretation of biogeochemical source presented in the previous study catchment [12,17].
4.2. Response of Sulfur Source to Hydrological Variations
Riverine sulfate is generally derived from atmospheric precipitation, sulfide oxidation, evaporite dissolution, and anthropogenic inputs (such as coal mining and combustion). The chemical composition of river water is insufficient to distinguish dissolved SO42− from geologic and exogenous sources, but the combined values of δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 could potentially provide useful constraints to identify the sulfur sources [3,35,36].
Isotopic signatures of sulfur and oxygen− are well preserved during the congruent dissolution of evaporites, yielding results of δ34SSO4 varying from 13‰ to 15‰ and δ18OSO4 from 14.5‰ to 32.5‰ [37,38]. The δ34SSO4 values exceed 20‰ along with high contents of Ca2+ and SO42- in the shallow groundwater of the North Chinese Plain, which are associated with the evaporites (such as gypsum) dissolution [39]. The oxidative weathering of sulfide, which provides riverine sulfate, usually produces a more negative δ34SSO4 value; meanwhile, typical δ18OSO4 values of reduced sulfur oxidation vary from −5‰ to 4‰ [40], which is consistent with the values of δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 in the studied river water samples. In the Wujiang River, the oxidation of sulfides (averaging 73%) contributes most of the riverine sulfate [3]. Additionally, Turchyn et al. [35] reported that the headwaters of the Marsyandi River exhibit light δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4, which can be attributed to the anoxic weathering of pyrite via Fe3+. Southern China is also one of the regions that is most affected by acid rain contributed by high sulfur-content coal combustion. Li et al. [41] proved that the source of dissolved riverine SO42− in the Jialing River is likely to be due to high S content coal combustion and oxidation of sulfides during the weathering of coal-containing strata. The δ34SSO4 values of rainwater in Guiyang City are reported to have an average of 4.6 ± 5.0‰ [42]. The δ18OSO4 values of atmospheric precipitation are reported to be from 7‰ to 17‰ [40]. The δ18OSO4 of the Liujiang River averages 6.8‰, which shows the dominant contribution of atmospheric input to sulfate in the river water. As indicated by diagrams of δ34SSO4 versus δ18OSO4 in the Liujiang River (Figure 4), riverine sulfate is mainly sourced from three major sources, including atmospheric precipitation, sulfide oxidation, and evaporites. Although a potential contribution from anthropogenic input can affect the sulfur levels [43], previous related works demonstrated that anthropogenic input only contributes a small fraction in the chemical weathering processes in the study area [23,24,44]; hence, the anthropogenic input to riverine sulfate can be ignored.
According to the discussion above regarding the sulfur sources in the Liujiang River, for the δ34SSO4 of the river water, a balanced equation could be calculated based on the following equation:
δ34S SO4 riv = Fat × δ34S SO4 at + Fsul × δ34S SO4 sul + Fgyp × δ34S SO4 gyp
Fat + Fsul + Fgyp = 1
where Fat, Fsul, and Fgyp are the corresponding relative contributions of SO42- from atmospheric precipitation, oxidation of sulfide, and gypsum input. The end-members can be assigned as follows: δ34SSO4 at = 1.4‰, δ34SSO4 sul = −13‰, and δ34SSO4 gyp = 25.7‰. Specific analysis can be found in related studies [46]. The fractions of SO42- contributed by the three end-members to the Liujiang River were estimated by using the IsoSource (v1.3, http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/models) program with an increase of 1.0% and a mass balance tolerance of 0.5%. From Figure 5, it can be seen that atmospheric precipitation (averaging 52%) and the oxidation of sulfide (averaging 35%) are the major sources of SO42− in the study river, followed by gypsum (averaging 13%). The values of Fsul and Fgyp contribute to riverine sulfate and show negative relationships with increasing discharge, indicating that these geological sulfate sources exhibit strong dilution behavior with respect to discharge change, while the Fat values show positive relationships with discharge changes. Such variations in hydrological connectivity can be attributed to the geogenic sulfate-rich groundwater predominant in the low flow season and greater contributions from an exogenous source, such as low content of atmospheric precipitation and soil water in the high flow season, which are the main drivers of the chemostatic behavior of total riverine sulfate responding to increasing discharge [17]. Therefore, these results suggest that the specific dual isotopic characteristics of riverine sulfate not only reflect the mixing of compositionally distinct end-members but play an important role in better understanding the hydrological variability of riverine sulfate sources in the studied watershed across multiple events and years.
4.3. Chemical Weathering and CO2 Consumption Are Affected by Climate Variability
Along with the comparison of similar geological backgrounds (predominantly carbonates) from world rivers, good relationships are observed between Ca2+/Na+ vs. HCO3−/Na+ (Figure 6a) during a hydrological year in the study river. All river waters fall on a line showing the mixing between carbonate and silicate end-members. River water samples contain more carbonate signature in the high flow conditions than those in the low flow conditions, which can be attributed to, as previously discussed, the stronger chemostatic behavior of carbonates weathering (indicated by Ca2+) than silicates weathering (indicated by Na+). As Figure 6b shows, the water chemistry of the studied river is attributed to carbonate weathering involving not carbonic acid but sulfuric acid, which can be mainly sourced from atmospheric precipitation and sulfide oxidation, as analyzed above (see Section 4.2). For the investigated river, it is worth noting that Ca2+/Na+, HCO3−/Na+, and SO42−/Na+ molar ratios of river water samples are also positively correlated with temperature, suggesting that, in addition to discharge, the temperature may be another variable that is usually and highly correlated with chemical weathering, implying that there may be a negative feedback between climate conditions and chemical weathering that could help in regulating atmospheric CO2 [2,28,47].
Based on the mass budget equations, a forward model is employed to quantify the relative contribution of different sources to the dissolved ions in the river [4,24], which were reported in the related studies [45]. In total, the dissolved ions are dominated by carbonate weathering, accounting for a 61% average for the investigated river, which is followed by the average contribution of atmospheric precipitation (17%), anthropogenic input (8%), sulfide oxidation (7%), gypsums (4%), and silicate weathering (2%) in the Liujiang River (Figure 7). For anthropogenic input, the contribution percentage generally varies from 6% to 11%. There is an increasing proportional contribution from atmospheric precipitation responding to increasing discharge, suggesting the dilution effect. The proportion from sulfide oxidation and gypsums responding to discharge changes is constant with the behavior of their sulfate geogenic sources in the study river (see above Section 4.2). The proportion from the contribution of carbonate weathering not only shows a chemostatic behavior in respect of discharge changes but varies with a similar tendency as the water temperature change. These can be attributed to, under high temperature and discharge conditions, hydrological flushing of subsurface materials that could further induce the water–rock interaction [28], thus leading to the high intensity of carbonate weathering by reacting with soil CO2 and plant biological processes in the warm-wet environment [25]. Hence, relative to silicate weathering, carbonate weathering shows a stronger chemostatic behavior to respond with increasing discharge, while silicate weathering has more sensitivity to respond with increasing discharge, which is in agreement with the observations reported in climatic-impacted world rivers [9,12,28,48].
The CO2 consumption fluxes of silicate weathering (FCO2sil) and carbonate weathering (FCO2carb) are deducted from the sulfuric acid consumed by silicate and carbonate weathering, respectively. The total CO2 consumption flux (FCO2 = FCO2sil + FCO2carb) in the Liujiang River ranges from 7.7 kg/day/km2 to 237.8 kg/day/km2, averaging 95.4 kg/day/km2, which is slightly higher than the values from Xu and Liu [24]. Meanwhile, both discharge and temperature are positively correlated with chemical weathering, as indicated in Figure 8. In the low flow season, when discharge is < 2000 m3/s while temperature covers a wide range of change (8.5–29.5 ℃), FCO2 is more sensitive to variations in temperature than discharge; on the other hand, in the high flow season with high temperature, the discharge is likely to be a dominant driver in transporting the chemical weathering materials and stimulating the chemical weathering intensity by enhancing the available water–rock reaction surface area [2]. The observed positive relation between CO2 consumption and climatic conditions in the study river is consistent with the Loch Vale River [2], the Xijiang River [12], and other relative studies that used a spatial approach to investigate impacts on CO2 consumption flux by chemical weathering [4,5]. The results from this study have important implications in light of regulations for CO2 in the air; if discharge and temperature increase in response to climate change, CO2 consumption flux by chemical weathering may respond similarly, providing a negative feedback on greenhouse CO2 content.
4.4. Riverine Carbon Dynamic in Hydrological Variation
Dissolved inorganic carbon represents the largest fraction of the annual fluvial carbon flux to ocean, more than 80% in the Xijiang River [12]. Riverine DIC is mainly sourced from soil CO2, carbonate dissolution, and atmospheric CO2. Due to the high pCO2 in the study river, the contribution of atmospheric CO2 is not considered. Soil CO2, in situ biodegradation, and photosynthesis are the primary drivers of the pCO2 in river water [25,49,50]. Due to the relatively low DOC content and the few aquatic plants in the study catchment, the contributions of biodegradation and photosynthesis to pCO2 could be ignored. Thus, soil CO2 should be a dominant control on pCO2 content. As shown in Figure 9a, the pCO2 contents yield a power-law dilution effect and chemostatic behavior in responding to discharge variation. The dilution signals for pCO2 contents could result from contributions of high-content soil CO2 in the low flow conditions that become increasingly exhausted in the high flow conditions, while the chemostatic behavior for pCO2 contents with respect to increasing discharge should be attributed to exogenous soil CO2 discharged into river water, especially in extreme climatic events such as storms, when the exogenous soil CO2 counteracts the dilution effects [12,25].
The soil CO2 decreases δ13CDIC values in the study river, as indicated in Figure 9b, with δ13CDIC values showing a similar behavior to pCO2 contents responding to hydrological variations. Therefore, δ13CDIC can be used to constrain the riverine DIC sources. The major vegetation in the study catchment is C3 plants with a mean δ13CDIC value of −27‰ [1]. After considering isotopic fractionation 4.4‰ [51], the δ13CDIC of soil water should be −22.6‰. Carbonate carbon has a mean value of 0‰. Therefore, the proportions of two DIC sources are calculated as follows:
δ13CDIC riv = FCO2× δ13CCO2 + (1-FCO2) × δ13CCarb
where FCO2 is the proportion of soil CO2, and δ13CDIC riv, δ13CCO2, and δ13CCarb are δ13C values of river, soil CO2, and carbonate dissolution, respectively. Based on the mixing model, 29%–65% (averaging 43%) of the DIC is sourced from carbonate dissolution, while 35%-71% (averaging 57%) of the DIC is from soil CO2. As presented in Figure 9c,d, the contributions of carbonate dissolution to riverine DIC show chemostatic behavior responding to increasing discharge, while the contribution of soil CO2 presents a linear relationship with increasing discharge, implying that soil CO2 is a dominant driver of the chemostatic behavior of total riverine DIC with increasing discharge, which is in agreement with previous studies [25]. Therefore, under high temperature and discharge conditions, rainwater infiltrates into the soil and flushes excessive biological solutes, including soil CO2 into the river, leading to increasing the amounts of soil CO2 to total DIC in the high flow season compared to those in the low flow season.
Our calculation indicates that fluvial DIC content and its carbon isotope primarily reflect the mixing of compositionally distinct riverine DIC sources and biogeochemical processes in response to hydrological changes. These results are important, as they clearly show that physical and biological processes affect the DIC pool with respect to hydrological variations, and the δ13CDIC can be used to constrain carbon evolution. The riverine dissolved carbon dynamic in response to hydrological variations can be considered a positive feedback in the geological and the biological carbon cycle and a negative feedback in the acidification of ocean by the absorption of atmospheric CO2. Therefore, investigations of long-term carbon dynamics within a single catchment and across multiple catchments incorporating data from multiple storm events over many years should be campaigned.
According to a high-frequency variation in riverine solutes contents and multiple sable isotopic tracers (carbon and sulfur isotopes), this study investigated chemical weathering, CO2 consumption, and riverine solute sources and their contributions impacted by climatic variabilities in the typical monsoonal river. The variability of solute content is generally much smaller than that of climatic variability, which would support a similar chemostatic behavior. The main reason can be attributed to carbonates dissolution and biological processes. In this study catchment, carbonate weathering controls the major solute source and shows strong chemostatic behavior owing to the rapid dissolution characteristics. On the other hand, along with high temperature, primary production is increased in the high flow season, leading to the influx of δ13C-depleted soil CO2 being the main driver controlling the riverine DIC dynamics. Moreover, the positive correlations between CO2 consumption fluxes and discharge and temperature provide a negative feedback on the greenhouse CO2 in the atmosphere. Quantifying the strength of the feedback between CO2 consumption fluxes and climate change in a range of catchments needs to be addressed in future studies.
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/3/862/s1, Table S1: The hydrochemistry and stable isotopes for the Liujiang River.
Conceptualization, J.L., H.D. and M.X.; Formal analysis, H.D. and M.X.; Funding acquisition, J.L.; Investigation, M.X., Z.-Y.X., Y.W., J.-T.P., H.W. and X.-D.W.; Methodology, L.Z.; Software, Z.-H.S.; Writing—original draft, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This work was supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41803022, 41964005), the Guizhou Science and Technology Department Fund (Grant Nos. [2013]3118, [2019]1043), Guizhou Education Department Fund (Grant Nos. [2018]139, [2018]161) and scientific platform talent project of Guizhou University of Finance and Economics (Grant No. [2018]5774-029).
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Figure 1. Map showing sampling location, geological background, digital elevation model (DEM), and land use types of the Liujiang River catchment.
Figure 2. Riverine dissolved solutes content–discharge relationships in the Liujiang River.
Figure 3. Plot of slope (b) versus CVC/CVQ for riverine dissolved solutes in the Liujiang River.
Figure 4. A diagram of δ34SSO4 versus δ18OSO4 showing the riverine sulfate sources produce isotopically distinct sulfate in the Liujiang River [3,35,39,41,45].
Figure 5. The fractions of riverine sulfate contributed by different three end-members (Fat, Fsul, and Fgyp) to the Liujiang River.
Figure 6. Plots of (a) Ca2+/Na+ versus HCO3−/Na+ and (b) Ca2+/Na+ versus SO42-/Na+ for the Liujiang River waters in a hydrological year [1,4,9,11,23].
Figure 7. The contribution percentage of different end-members under various temperature and discharge conditions for the Liujiang River in a hydrological year.
Figure 8. Three-dimensional representation of FCO2, discharge, and temperature for the Liujiang River in a hydrological year.
Figure 9. The power–law relationship between pCO2 and discharge (a). δ13CDIC values responding with discharge variations (b). The power–law relationship between DICcarb and discharge (c). The power–law relationship between DICCO2 and discharge (d).
Liu, J.; Ding, H.; Xiao, M.; Xu, Z.-Y.; Wei, Y.; Su, Z.-H.; Zhao, L.; Peng, J.-T.; Wang, H.; Wang, X.-D. Climatic Variabilities Control the Solute Dynamics of Monsoon Karstic River: Approaches from C-Q Relationship, Isotopes, and Model Analysis in the Liujiang River. Water 2020, 12, 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030862
Liu J, Ding H, Xiao M, Xu Z-Y, Wei Y, Su Z-H, Zhao L, Peng J-T, Wang H, Wang X-D. Climatic Variabilities Control the Solute Dynamics of Monsoon Karstic River: Approaches from C-Q Relationship, Isotopes, and Model Analysis in the Liujiang River. Water. 2020; 12(3):862. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030862
Liu, Jing, Hu Ding, Min Xiao, Zhu-Yan Xu, Yuan Wei, Zhi-Hua Su, Lei Zhao, Jiao-Ting Peng, Heng Wang, and Xiao-Dan Wang. 2020. "Climatic Variabilities Control the Solute Dynamics of Monsoon Karstic River: Approaches from C-Q Relationship, Isotopes, and Model Analysis in the Liujiang River" Water 12, no. 3: 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030862
Supplementary File 1:
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Q: VBScript simple math issue So this is something I was not expecting, this is very simple but not giving the results I expect.
I would expect doing a simple equation of 5.1 - 4.9 to return 0.2, but this does not appear to be the case. I can use the round function to work around it, but I just find it confusing that 5.1 - 4.9 = 0.19999999999999.
Could anyone advise why this happens, and the best way to work around it.
' returns 1.1
myvalue = 5.1 - 4
msgbox myvalue

' returns 0.6
myvalue = 5.1 - 4.5
msgbox myvalue

' returns 0.3
myvalue = 5.1 - 4.8
msgbox myvalue

' returns 0.19999999999999
myvalue = 5.1 - 4.9
msgbox myvalue

' returns 9.999999999999996E-02
myvalue = 5.1 - 5
msgbox myvalue

' returns 0.2
myvalue = Round(5.1 - 4.9,2)
msgbox myvalue

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A Bank Foreclosure is a property that has been repossessed by the bank because the owner was not able to make the required mortgage payments for the property. When this happens, the bank is now considered as the owner of the property. Most of the time, banks are not ready to own homes. That is why typically, they are eager to sell these homes to buyers at a very attractive price. Although their asking (list) price is provided, you may also present a reasonable offer below this list price. If there is no Listing Agent available, you can make offers yourself and contact the bank directly.This lovely home is located within walking distance to Holland Road Elementary School. The main floor features formal living room with fireplace open to the dining room with patio doors to the back deck and private backyard. The kitchen has lots of counter space. Three bedrooms all with laminate floors and the full bathroom complete the main level. The lower level has a spacious rec room, den, laundry room and single attached garage. Furnace replaced in 2016, electrical panel upgraded 2017, A great family home!
Notes: This lovely home is located within walking distance to Holland Road Elementary School. The main floor features formal living room with fireplace open to the dining room with patio doors to the back deck and private backyard. The kitchen has lots of counter space. Three bedrooms all with laminate floors and the full bathroom complete the main level. The lower level has a spacious rec room, den, laundry room and single attached garage. Furnace replaced in 2016, electrical panel upgraded 2017, A great family home!


Consistent or intermittent tooth pain.
Teeth that are sensitive to temperature.
Call now for an appointment. We are located in Philadelphia County. Conveniently near Chestnut Hill, Bala Cynwyd, Roxborough and West Mt. Airy.


Meghan Markle became the first American to join the British Royal Family in history. Rules have been changed over the years that allowed Princes William and Harry to marry commoners, and it seems that the former actress has also been permitted to break other protocols. Perhaps, Queen Elizabeth II loves Meghan a lot, or maybe, she changed her ways to adapt to modern times. Let's take a look at these broken mandates.
No one takes Christmas quite as seriously as Queen Elizabeth II, and the family is expected to spend their time at Sandringham for the holidays. Usually, no one other than the members is allowed to join in the celebrations, but when Prince Harry and Meghan announced their engagement in 2017, she was invited. Her mother, Doria Ragland, was later asked to attend the December 2018 festivities.
In May 2018, the former actress was presented with her own coat of arms, but it did not follow standard protocols that indicate that the whole family must be represented. For example, Kate Middleton's version includes her former last name, but Meghan's version is more personal, and it represents her past with a blue background that symbolizes the Pacific Ocean and the sunrays that stand for California.
You might already know that Meghan Markle was married once before, and at one point in history, she would not have been allowed to marry Prince Harry because of this. Years ago, Queen Elizabeth I took the throne because her uncle abdicated to marry an American divorcee. The rules have changed, and Prince Charles married Camilla in a small church ceremony, while Prince Harry was able to marry Meghan in a church too.
Queen Victoria, Queen Elizabeth II's great-great-grandmother, believed in the saying: "Married in May, rue the day." Most other royals since then have followed this odd superstition, so people were startled when the Queen allowed her great-grandson to get married in May. Even Princess Margaret had a May wedding and ended up divorced. We hope Harry and Meghan beat the odds.
Due to their many protocols, we expect that wedding invitations must be beautiful and follow strict rules. Normally, the bride has to be referred to as "Miss", but that did not work for Meghan, a divorcee. Therefore, they said "Ms Meghan Markle", and it's just "Ms" because in the United Kingdom they don't add a period like in America.
This is customary for most weddings, but there was such a huge drama surrounding Meghan and her father that, in the end, he did not attend the ceremony, and neither did anyone in that side of her family. Prince Charles walked Markle down the aisle, which goes against protocols, but the Queen approved it.
In usual royal weddings, the only people that give toasts are the best man and the wedding host, who is typically the Prince of Wales. However, at the Duke and Duchess of Sussex's wedding, Meghan asked to say some words herself, and she must have been permitted because of her great public speaking talents.
Men in the royal family do not wear rings, unlike ordinary married men. You might have noticed that Prince William, Prince Philip, nor Prince Charles have them. It might be because Prince Harry likes using it, but he is the only man in the family to don a wedding ring. Perhaps, Meghan wanted him to follow some American traditions too.
Of course, things might have been different this time around because an American was joining the family. However, in most royal weddings, just British music is allowed. Meghan had a few requests of her own that included American songs, and Queen Elizabeth II gave the go-ahead. We wonder what kind of music she wanted.
10. No garlic for you!
Queen Elizabeth II not only hates garlic, but she does not like anyone else in the family to eat it. The meals at Buckingham Palace would never have this ingredient, but people were surprised to learn that the Duke and Duchess of Sussex had roasted chicken with garlic on the night they got engaged. They were not even discreet about it.
The women in the family have many restrictions when it comes to clothes, and one of them indicates that they have to cover their shoulders. However, Meghan showed up at the Trooping of the Color to celebrate the Queen's birthday rocking an off-the-shoulder ensemble designed by Carolina Herrera.
Apparently, the Queen dislikes wedge heels, so women in the royal family have taken to avoid them, especially in front of her. Of course, Meghan Markle is a fashion icon, and she decided to rock a pair one time. Kate Middleton did the same before, and neither of them was scolded for it, so maybe it's not that distasteful for the Queen as garlic.
Kate Middleton helped hosiery companies in the United Kingdom as many young women took to rocking flesh-colored stockings after seeing the Duchess of Cambridge in them. However, Meghan Markle has been seen without any hosiery on a couple of occasions. People specifically noticed this in her engagement pictures.
Just like we saw Queen Clarisse explaining in 'The Princess' Diaries', royal women have to place their legs in a certain way. The correct form is called "duchess slant" which consists of crossing your ankles and then leaning the legs to one side. However, Meghan Markle has been seen crossing her legs just like normal women.
While this might not be a real rule, it's expected that all royal couples keep their PDA to a minimum during public events. Therefore, it's always surprising to see how affectionate Prince Harry and Meghan are with each other no matter who is watching. On the other hand, Prince William and Kate always follow protocol.
Why is she allowed so many liberties? Is it because she is American or has modern times changed the royal family? We might never know the answers, though. If you liked this article, share it with your friends who were fans of Meghan during her acting days. See you next time!


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Obituaries » Kathleen Mary Risner
Kathleen Mary Risner
Burial Date February 1, 2023
Kathleen Mary Risner, 68 of Bellefontaine, passed away January 23, 2023, at Odem of Auglaize, with her loving family by her side.
Kathy was born February 27, 1954 in Quincy, MA, to Robert and Marilyn (Deane) Sullivan; her father preceded her in death and her mother survives her in Kissimmee, FL. On August 13, 2012, she married Bill Risner, who survives her in Anna.
Kathy was a wonderful mother and grandmother. She graduated from The Ohio State University and was a faithful Buckeye fan. Having grown up just outside of Boston, she also loved all Boston sports teams and instilled that love in her kids and grandkids. Kathy loved cooking for crowds, being outdoors, hosting cookouts, camping, hiking, swimming and boating, but she especially enjoyed spending time and vacationing with her family
In addition to her mother and husband, Kathy is survived by her children, Ashley (Tim) Gould of Delaware, OH, Tommy Whalen, III of Dayton, Teresa (Jason) Martin of Lewis Center and Alyssa (Justan) Numbers of Lima; step-children, Chad Risner of Livingston, TN, Jake Risner of Anna and Whitney (Whitney) Risner of Bellefontaine; grandchildren, Thomas, Taylor, Liv, Keegan, Griffin, Cooper, Brody, Maddie, Hazel, Norah, Penny and Silas; great-granddaughter, Za'Lailah; brothers, Daniel (Julie) Sullivan of New Hampshire and Bobby (Marge) Sullivan of Massachusetts and her sisters, Patty (Lou) Chong of Massachusetts and Betty (Glenn) Curtis of New York.
In addition to her father, she is preceded in death by her brothers, Mark Sullivan and Michael Sullivan.
Funeral service will be held at 12:00 PM on Wednesday, February 1, 2023 at CHILES-LAMAN FUNERAL & CREMATION SERVICES – SHAWNEE CHAPEL with Pastor Jim Lyle to officiate the service. Burial will follow in Memorial Park Cemetery.
Visitation will be held on Tuesday, January 31, 2023 from 2:00 PM to 4:00 PM & 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM at the funeral home, as well as from 11:00 AM until the time of the service on Wednesday.
Memorial contributions may be made to the Memory Care Unit at Odem of Auglaize.


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Xu Deshuai () – chiński piłkarz, urodzony 12 czerwca 1987 roku w Dalian w Chinach) który gra dla reprezentacji Hongkongu od 2008 roku.

Reprezentanci Hongkongu w piłce nożnej
Piłkarze Dalian Shide
Urodzeni w 1987

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We expand beyond the standard testing protocols and push the boundaries of what's possible.
From mapping the chemical profiles on material surfaces and efficacy testing for microbes, to wear testing of orthopedic implants, our materials expertise is helping some of the industry's most innovative companies to optimize products, develop new materials and overcome issues.
We provide accurate and reliable data with in-depth interpretation for all your materials and devices.
We test and characterize a full range of properties and analyze the chemical makeup of your materials and products, the distribution of actives, the composition of staining or contamination and more. We also test for physical and mechanical properties and have the expertise to understand how all of the key properties and structures of your materials and products contribute to their overall performance.
Our world-leading surface science team measures quantitative and qualitative surface properties on a wide range of materials. Material surfaces provide important performance characteristics and often functional properties too. Characterizing the surface of materials is important to understanding performance and how a product interacts with its environment. Surface science analysis is also a powerful tool in analyzing how active ingredients are deposited, investigating wear patterns and helping to substantiate product performance claims.


China has launched nationwide checks for melamine-tainted milk products after the industrial compound, which killed at least six children in 2008, reappeared on shop shelves, an official newspaper said on Tuesday.
Leftovers of milk powder laced with melamine, which can give a fake positive on protein tests, have been reused as raw materials for dairy products despite an earlier crackdown, the People's Daily said, citing a conference held by the State Food and Drug Administration.
Batches of dairy products made by three Chinese companies were forced off market shelves in the southwestern province of Guizhou last month after testing positive for melamine.
Tainted milk products were found in several provinces in 2009, from the northeastern province of Liaoning to the economic hub Shanghai, the newspaper said.
"In spite of the current campaign for food safety, some enterprise and individuals are still blinded by greed, ignoring the health and safety of the public," it said.
There have been no reported deaths or illnesses from the latest batches of tainted milk which can cause kidney stones in children and made 300,000 children sick in the 2008 scandal.
China executed two people in November for their role in the melamine scandal that further sullied the made-in-China brand after a string of health and product-safety scares.


Perimeter Institute has announced seven new postdoctoral fellowships, named after exceptional researchers whose work epitomizes the promise and potential of early-career scientists.
Perimeter Director Neil Turok announced the fellowships before an October public lecture by astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell, with Nobel Prize winner Donna Strickland in the audience.
Both women, he said, were shining examples of the brilliance and potential of young scientists.
It is such youthful energy and adventurous spirit that the seven new fellowships aim to support and inspire. Three of the fellowships had already been awarded to the inaugural recipients, and applications remain open for the other positions.
The Francis Kofi Allotey Fellowship, named for a Ghanaian mathematical physicist who made pioneering contributions to soft X-ray nuclear spectroscopy. Fellowship awarded to Estelle Maeva Inack.
The Jocelyn Bell Burnell Fellowship, named for the Northern Irish astronomer who discovered pulsars, won the 2018 Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, and is a passionate advocate for minorities in science.
The Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat Fellowship, named for a French mathematical physicist best known for her applications of analysis to partial differential equations and differential geometry.
The Stephen W. Hawking Fellowship, named for the famous English cosmologist whose pioneering work on gravity shaped modern cosmology.
The P. James E. Peebles Fellowship, named for a Canadian-American cosmologist whose contributions to science include the formation of light elements and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Fellowship awarded to Mathew Madhavacheril.
The Chien-Shiung Wu Fellowship, named for the Chinese-American nuclear physicist whose work laid the foundation for the modern theory of the weak interaction and the Standard Model of particle physics.
The Yakov B. Zel'dovich Fellowship, named for a Belarusian physicist who made prolific contributions to cosmology, astrophysics, physical chemistry, and hydrodynamical and electromagnetic phenomena. Fellowship awarded to Zhen Pan.
Find out more or apply.
"These seven named fellowships will bring early-career scientists to Perimeter to pursue challenging questions at the forefront of physics."


Gaming fans will have their hands full all weekend as Wizard World Comic Con Philadelphia hosts numerous tournaments during the pop culture extravaganza, June 1-4 at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Open to event ticketholders, they will be held for Tekken 7 and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, with cash prizes to be won ($5000 for Tekken 7, $2000 for Super Smash Bros.).
Attendees can also play Tekken 7 on pop ups surrounding the main Wizard World Gaming Stage all weekend. In addition, they can participate in a Tekken-themed costume contest, with the winner taking home a Collector's Edition of Tekken 7, complete with the game and special statue.


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3 things to watch as the Mavs take on the Suns
Dallas rolls into Phoenix for the first time this season.
By Doyle Rader@TheKobeBeef Nov 29, 2019, 12:02pm CST
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Photo by Glenn James/NBAE via Getty Images
The last time fans of the Dallas Mavericks saw the Phoenix Suns, Jamal Crawford was trying to spoil Dirk Nowitzki's last home game at the American Airlines Center. Luckily for Dallas, Crawford isn't on the Suns—nor is he on anyone's roster—anymore. Even though they're without one certified Mavs-killer, the Suns are no slouch. Beating them on the road will be challenging.
Devin Booker vs. Dorian Finney-Smith
As Phoenix's primary offensive threat, Booker will draw Finney-Smith, Dallas' go-to perimeter defender. Finney-Smith, as he does, has done yeoman's work this season, guarding the likes of Kawhi Leonard and James Harden in the Mavs' last two games. They got theirs but he made it hard on them. He'll look to do the same against Booker.
This season, Booker is averaging 24.9 points on 51.7 percent shooting, 3.6 rebounds, and 6.2 assists. Look for Phoenix to continue to ride him with Deandre Ayton still out due to suspension.
Dwight Powell vs. Maxi Kleber
I don't think you can watch Mavericks games this season without noticing the dramatic contrast in the production of Powell and Kleber. Sure, their statistical averages are similar and they both play 25 minutes per night, but they are not the same. Powell continues to start despite being a sup-par rebounder. Luckily for him, Luka Doncic and Kristaps Porzings do a good job cleaning the glass. Further, teams seem to have clued into the one thing he excels at: rim-rolling.
Opposing defenses are keeping men close to the paint in an attempt to keep Powell from rolling down the lane for an easy bucket. It's working. After being one of the best roll men in the league, he's less than average at this point. He ranks in the 31st percentile so far this season. That's not going to cut it if he wants to stay on the floor.
As for Kleber, he gives you the things that Powell doesn't. He's physical, he is a capable rebounder, and he can knock down three-pointers consistently. Not only that, he's Dallas' go-to post defender. His skills will be in high-demand tonight as Phoenix rolls out Aron Baynes.
Bounce back!
Doncic is fond of tweeting "bounce back" after a loss and he and the Mavs have the opportunity to do just that tonight. Against the Clippers, Doncic had one of his worst games of the season, although he still amassed a pleasing box score. He'll look to get things going from deep in this one, more than likely.
Helping Dallas' cause is the recent roll Phoenix is on. They've lost five of their last six games. The Mavericks should take advantage of a team on its heels and really go for the knockout punch early. I'm sure that's what Luka is thinking too.


Joy in the journey of life comes when you're walking with Jesus.
I know that several of you have heard me teach on this topic. This is just a friendly reminder, whether you're a Ruth or a Joshua: break away, keep the vision, be faithful to follow and step out of your comfort zone.


Posten Norge has posted a preliminary annual pre-tax profit of NOK151m and an operating revenue of NOK 25.074bn for 2015 – and also reported that it is set to cut Saturday letter deliveries from next month. The company said that the 2015 was a "demanding year" – but it was also the first time that its annual revenue has exceeded NOK 25bn.
The operating profit before non-recurring items (EBITE) amounted to NOK686m, down 26.5% on 2014.
In a statement issued today, Posten Norge said that it "continues to have a strong focus on cost-cutting measures but the decline in oil-sector activity and the ripple effects of this greatly influenced several business areas' results".
On a less positive note, Posten Norge noted that the volume of addressed mail fell by 6.4% in 2015.
The company said that it is facing the challenge of the "the transition to digital solutions" with its Digipost free digital mailbox system.
"We can see that the decline in the mail volume is accelerating while the number of users of Posten Norge's Digipost is rising. More and more people are using Digipost and we already have 600,000 users," said Mejdell.
Posten Norge added that it is also dealing with the decline in letter volumes by "adapting its range of services and reorganising its operations", which it claimed has "helped to maintain good mail segment earnings".
An example of this adaption is the decision to cut Saturday deliveries.


I want this to be the best possible blog for my friends and readers. Please take a moment and let me know what you would like to see more of here in my future posts. Thank you in advance to any who take the time to complete this!!
Hi. I've been training Krav Maga for a several months now. I'm looking for another MA to add to it. I've several ideas but I'm not looking to train like for the UFC. I'm trying to get solid self defence and also add something with some style and other skills that will also complement Krav. What are your thoughts on mixing martial arts. What are the good and bad to look out for? Again, I'm not trying to get into the Thai Boxing/Jujitsu thing. I've considered Judo, but I also like Chinese Martial arts.
I really enjoy your blog. It's been helpful in my return to MA.