The onset of self-organized droplet motion is studied in a poroelastic two-phase model with free boundaries and substrate friction. In the model, an active, gel-like phase and a passive, fluid-like phase interpenetrate on small length scales. A feedback loop between a chemical regulator, mechanical deformations, and induced fluid flow gives rise to oscillatory and irregular droplet motion accompanied by spatio-temporal contraction patterns inside the droplet. By numerical simulations in one spatial dimension, we cover extended parameter regimes of active tension and substrate friction, and reproduce experimentally observed oscillation periods and amplitudes. In line with recent experiments, the model predicts alternating forward and backward fluid flow at the boundaries with reversed flow in the center. Our model is a first step towards a more detailed model of moving microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.
In two-dimensional reaction-diffusion systems, local curvature perturbations on traveling waves are typically damped out and vanish. However, if the inhibitor diffuses much faster than the activator, transversal instabilities can arise, leading from flat to folded, spatio-temporally modulated waves and to spreading spiral turbulence. Here, we propose a scheme to induce or inhibit these instabilities via a spatio-temporal feedback loop. In a piecewise-linear version of the FitzHugh–Nagumo model, transversal instabilities and spiral turbulence in the uncontrolled system are shown to be suppressed in the presence of control, thereby stabilizing plane wave propagation. Conversely, in numerical simulations with the modified Oregonator model for the photosensitive Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, which does not exhibit transversal instabilities on its own, we demonstrate the feasibility of inducing transversal instabilities and study the emerging wave patterns in a well-controlled manner.
The coexistence of coherent and incoherent dynamics in a population of identically coupled oscillators is known as a chimera state. Discovered in 2002, this counterintuitive dynamical behaviour has inspired extensive theoretical and experimental activity. The spiral wave chimera is a particularly remarkable chimera state, in which an ordered spiral wave rotates around a core consisting of asynchronous oscillators. Spiral wave chimeras were theoretically predicted in 2004 and numerically studied in a variety of systems. Here, we report their experimental verification using large populations of nonlocally coupled Belousov–Zhabotinsky chemical oscillators in a two-dimensional array. We characterize previously unreported spatiotemporal dynamics, including erratic motion of the asynchronous spiral core, growth and splitting of the cores, as well as the transition from the chimera state to disordered behaviour. Spiral wave chimeras are likely to occur in other systems with long-range interactions, such as cortical tissues, cilia carpets, SQUID metamaterials and arrays of optomechanical oscillators.
J. F. Totz, J. Rode, M. R. Tinsley, K. Showalter, and H. Engel, Nature Physics, s41567-017-0005-8 (2017).
The cytoskeleton of the organism Physarum polycephalum is a prominent example of a complex active viscoelastic material wherein stresses induce flows along the organism as a result of the action of molecular motors and their regulation by calcium ions. Experiments in Physarum polycephalum have revealed a rich variety of mechanochemical patterns including standing, traveling and rotating waves that arise from instabilities of spatially homogeneous states without gradients in stresses and resulting flows. Herein, we investigate simple models where an active stress induced by molecular motors is coupled to a model describing the passive viscoelastic properties of the cellular material. Specifically, two models for viscoelastic fluids (Maxwell and Jeffrey model) and two models for viscoelastic solids (Kelvin–Voigt and Standard model) are investigated. Our focus is on the analysis of the conditions that cause destabilization of spatially homogeneous states and the related onset of mechano-chemical waves and patterns. We carry out linear stability analyses and numerical simulations in one spatial dimension for different models. In general, sufficiently strong activity leads to waves and patterns. The primary instability is stationary for all active fluids considered, whereas all active solids have an oscillatory primary instability. All instabilities found are of long-wavelength nature reflecting the conservation of the total calcium concentration in the models studied.
While free scroll rings are non-stationary objects that either grow or contract with time, spatial confinement can have a large impact on their evolution reaching from significant lifetime extension [J.F. Totz, H. Engel, O. Steinbock, New J. Phys. 17, 093043 (2015)] up to formation of stable stationary and breathing pacemakers [A. Azhand, J.F. Totz, H. Engel, EPL 108, 10004 (2014). Here, we explore the parameter range in which the interaction between an axis-symmetric scroll ring and a confining planar no-flux boundary can be studied experimentally in transparent gel layers supporting chemical wave propagation in the photosensitive variant of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium. Based on full three-dimensional simulations of the underlying modified complete Oregonator model for experimentally realistic parameters, we determine the conditions for successful initiation of scroll rings in a phase diagram spanned by the layer thickness and the applied light intensity. Furthermore, we discuss whether the illumination-induced excitability gradient due to Lambert-Beer's law as well as a possible inclination of the filament plane with respect to the no-flux boundary can destabilize the scroll ring.
Chemical oscillators with a broad frequency distribution are photochemically coupled in network topologies. Experiments and simulations show that the network synchronization occurs by phase-lag synchronization of clusters of oscillators with zero- or nearly zero-lag synchronization. Symmetry also plays a role in the synchronization, the extent of which is explored as a function of coupling strength, frequency distribution, and the highest frequency oscillator location. The phase-lag synchronization occurs through connected synchronized clusters, with the highest frequency node or nodes setting the frequency of the entire network. The synchronized clusters successively "fire," with a constant phase difference between them. For low heterogeneity and high coupling strength, the synchronized clusters are made up of one or more clusters of nodes with the same permutation symmetries. As heterogeneity is increased or coupling strength decreased, the phase-lag synchronization occurs partially through clusters of nodes sharing the same permutation symmetries. As heterogeneity is further increased or coupling strength decreased, partial synchronization and, finally, independent unsynchronized oscillations are observed. The relationships between these classes of behavior are explored with numerical simulations, which agree well with the experimentally observed behavior.
J. F. Totz, R. Snari, D. Yengi, M. R. Tinsley, H. Engel, and K. Showalter, Phys. Rev. E 92, 022819 (2015).
We study the impact of spatial confinement on the dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) excitation vortices with circular filaments. In a chemically active medium we observe a decreased contraction rate of such scroll rings and even expanding ones, despite their positive filament tension. All experimentally observed regimes of spatially confined scroll ring evolution are reproduced by full 3D numerical integration of the underlying reaction–diffusion equations. Additionally, we propose a kinematical model that takes into account the interaction of the scroll ring with a no-flux boundary. Its predictions agree quantitatively with data obtained from simulations of the reaction–diffusion model.
J. F. Totz, H. Engel, and O. Steinbock, New J. Phys. 17, 093043 (2015).
J. Löber, F. Ziebert, and I. S. Aranson, Sci. Rep. 5, 9172 (2015).
Propagation of traveling fronts in a three-dimensional channel with spatially varying cross-section is reduced to an equivalent one-dimensional reaction-diffusion-advection equation with boundary-induced advection term. Treating the advection term as a weak perturbation, an equation of motion for the front position is derived. We analyze channels whose cross-sections vary periodically with L along the propagation direction of the front. Taking the Schlögl model as representative example, we calculate analytically the nonlinear dependence of the front velocity on the ratio L/l where l denotes the intrinsic front width. In agreement with finite element simulations of the three-dimensional reaction-diffusion dynamics, our theoretical results predicts boundary-induced propagation failure for a finite range of L/l values. In particular, the existence of the upper bound of L/l can be completely understood based on the linear eikonal equation. Lastly, we demonstrate that the front velocity is determined by the suppressed diffusivity of the reactants for L < l.
S. Martens, J. Löber, and H. Engel, Phys. Rev. E 91, 022902 (2015).
In experiments with the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (PBZ) reaction we found a stable three-dimensional organizing center that periodically emits trigger waves of chemical concentration. The experiments are performed in a parameter regime with negative line tension using an open gel reactor to maintain stationary non-equilibrium conditions. The observed periodic wave source is formed by a scroll ring stabilized due to its interaction with a no-flux boundary. Sufficiently far from the boundary, the scroll ring expands and undergoes the negative line tension instability before it finally develops into scroll wave turbulence. Our experimental results are reproduced by numerical integration of the modified Oregonator model for the PBZ reaction. Stationary and breathing self-organized pacemakers have been found in these numerical simulations. In the latter case, both the radius of the scroll ring and the distance of its filament plane to the no-flux boundary after some transient undergo undamped stable limit cycle oscillations. In contrary to their stationary counterpart, the numerically predicted breathing autonomous pacemaker so far has not been observed in the chemical experiment.
Self-propelled motion, emerging spontaneously or in response to external cues, is a hallmark of living organisms. Systems of self-propelled synthetic particles are also relevant for multiple applications, from targeted drug delivery to the design of self-healing materials. Self-propulsion relies on the force transfer to the surrounding. While self-propelled swimming in the bulk of liquids is fairly well characterized, many open questions remain in our understanding of self-propelled motion along substrates, such as in the case of crawling cells or related biomimetic objects. How is the force transfer organized and how does it interplay with the deformability of the moving object and the substrate? How do the spatially dependent traction distribution and adhesion dynamics give rise to complex cell behavior? How can we engineer a specific cell response on synthetic compliant substrates? Here we generalize our recently developed model for a crawling cell by incorporating locally resolved traction forces and substrate deformations. The model captures the generic structure of the traction force distribution and faithfully reproduces experimental observations, like the response of a cell on a gradient in substrate elasticity durotaxis). It also exhibits complex modes of cell movement such as "bipedal" motion. Our work may guide experiments on cell traction force microscopy and substrate-based cell sorting and can be helpful for the design of biomimetic "crawlers" and active and reconfigurable self-healing materials.
Many processes in living cells are controlled by biochemical substances regulating active stresses. The cytoplasm is an active material with both viscoelastic and liquid properties. We incorporate the active stress into a two-phase model of the cytoplasm which accounts for the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cytoskeleton and the cytosol. The cytoskeleton is described as a solid matrix that together with the cytosol as an interstitial fluid constitutes a poroelastic material. We find different forms of mechanochemical waves including traveling, standing, and rotating waves by employing linear stability analysis and numerical simulations in one and two spatial dimensions.
We study the role of the control parameter triggering nematic order (temperature or concentration) on the dynamical behavior of a system of nanorods under shear. Our study is based on a set of mesoscopic equations of motion for the components of the tensorial orientational order parameter. We investigate these equations via a systematic bifurcation analysis based on a numerical continuation technique, focusing on spatially homogeneous states. Exploring a wide range of parameters we find, unexpectedly, that states with oscillatory motion can exist even under conditions where the equilibrium system is isotropic. These oscillatory states are characterized by a wagging motion of the paranematic director, and they occur if the tumbling parameter is sufficiently small. We also present full nonequilibrium phase diagrams in the plane spanned by the concentration and the shear rate.
Supernormal conduction (SNC) in excitable cardiac tissue refers to an increase of pulse (or action potential) velocity with decreasing distance to the preceding pulse. Here we employ a simple ionic model to study the effect of SNC on the propagation of action potentials (APs) and the phenomenology of alternans in excitable cardiac tissue. We use bifurcation analysis and simulations to study attraction between propagating APs caused by SNC that leads to AP pairs and bunching. It is shown that SNC stabilizes concordant alternans in arbitrarily long paced one-dimensional cables. As a consequence, spiral waves in two-dimensional tissue simulations exhibit straight nodal lines for SNC in contrast to spiralling ones in the case of normal conduction.
A mechano-chemical model for the spatiotemporal dynamics of free calcium and the thickness in protoplasmic droplets of the true slime mould Physarum polycephalum is derived starting from a physiologically detailed description of intracellular calcium oscillations proposed by Smith and Saldana (Biopys. J. 61, 368 (1992)). First, we have modified the Smith-Saldana model for the temporal calcium dynamics in order to reproduce the experimentally observed phase relation between calcium and mechanical tension oscillations. Then, we formulate a model for spatiotemporal dynamics by adding spatial coupling in the form of calcium diffusion and advection due to calcium-dependent mechanical contraction. In another step, the resulting reaction-diffusion model with mechanical coupling is simplified to a reaction-diffusion model with global coupling that approximates the mechanical part. We perform a bifurcation analysis of the local dynamics and observe a Hopf bifurcation upon increase of a biochemical activity parameter. The corresponding reaction-diffusion model with global coupling shows regular and chaotic spatiotemporal behaviour for parameters with oscillatory dynamics. In addition, we show that the global coupling leads to a long-wavelength instability even for parameters where the local dynamics possesses a stable spatially homogeneous steady state. This instability causes standing waves with a wavelength of twice the system size in one dimension. Simulations of the model in two dimensions are found to exhibit defect-mediated turbulence as well as various types of spiral wave patterns in qualitative agreement with earlier experimental observation by Takagi and Ueda (Physica D, 237, 420 (2008)).
Hysteresis in the pinning-depinning transitions of spiral waves rotating around a hole in a circular shaped two-dimensional excitable medium is studied both by use of the continuation software AUTO and by direct numerical integration of the reaction-diffusion equations for the FitzHugh-Nagumo model. In order to clarify the role of different factors in this phenomenon, a kinematical description is applied. It is found that the hysteresis phenomenon computed for the reaction-diffusion model can be reproduced qualitatively only when a nonlinear eikonal equation (i.e. velocity-curvature relationship) is assumed. However, to obtain quantitative agreement, the dispersion relation has to be taken into account.
A free-boundary approach is applied to derive universal relationships between the excitability and the velocity and the shape of stabilized wave segments in a broad class of excitable media. In the earlier discovered low excitability limit wave segments approach critical fingers. We demonstrate the existence of a second universal limit (a motionless circular shaped spot) in highly excitable media. Analytically obtained asymptotic relationships and interpolation formula connecting both excitability limits are in good quantitative agreement with results from numerical simulations.
The drift velocity field describing spiral wave motion in an excitable medium subjected to a two-point feedback control is derived and analyzed. Although for a small distance d between the two measuring points a discrete set of circular shaped attractors are observed, an increase of d induces a sequence of global bifurcations that destroy this attractor structure. These bifurcations result in the appearance of smooth unrestricted lines with zero drift velocity, similarly to zero intensity lines under destructive interference in linear optics. The existence of such unusual equilibrium manifolds is demonstrated analytically and confirmed by computations with the Oregonator model as well as by experiments with the light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
Using intra-operative information to aid surgical planning, navigation, and decision making is important for minimally invasive and robotic surgery. The data is mainly collected via endoscopes and other integrated hardware to provide real-time texture and color information. By data analysis the tissue surface shape can be extracted to register the intra- and pre-operative information from imaging modalities like CT and MRI \cite{Maier-Hein2013}.Intra-operative optical modalities such as multi/hyperspectral imaging (MSI/HSI) also have significant clinical impact, e.g. 1) narrow band imaging for vascular visualization; 2) oxygen saturation for intra-operative perfusion monitoring and clinical decision making; 3) tissue classification and pathology identification \cite{Lu2014,Clancy2015}.

Previously, a SL-enabled 3D tissue surface shape and hyperspectral imaging system was presented  \cite{Lin2015,Lin2016}. This used an optical fiber bundle with the fibers arranged in linear and circular arrays, respectively, at either end (Fig. \ref{fig:Fig1} (a)). In SL mode dispersed supercontinuum laser light was directed onto the linear array to emerge from the circular array as a spectrally encoded spot pattern. The tissue shape could be reconstructed sparsely if this light pattern was projected onto the surface and analyzed. Unlike passive stereo techniques, this SL reconstruction is not restricted by the texture information on the object surface. In HSI mode, the endoscopic white light illuminated the target surface. The reflected light was captured by the circular fiber array, emerged from the linear array, and imaged onto a slit HSI camera. The positions of detected spots in SL mode therefore indicated the locations of HSI signal on the white light images. However, the system did not provide surgeons with a WL view containing texture information, since no RGB images were captured. Further-more, it also suffered from sparse reconstructed surface and HSI signal, due to the finite number of fibers in the bundle. In this work, these two problems were addressed.

In this work a chopper wheel was used to stroboscopically switch between the SL and WL modes, to provide the surgeons with WL view. Both views were used to provide a quasi-dense reconstruction with known scale, using both SL and SfM \cite{Hartley2003}. This procedure was applied on a GPU to guarantee fast processing. Secondly, a deep learning-based method was studied to generate pixel-level dense multispectral image (MSI) stacks from RGB images and the sparse HSI signals.

HSI systems can be divided into two main types: spatial (e.g. with slit HSI camera) and spectral scanning systems (e.g. liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), or filter wheel multispectral cameras). However, there is always a trade-off between spatial resolution, spectral resolution and acquisition time, which affects surgical applications where the tissue is deformable and moving. Du \textit{et al.} proposed to use non-rigid registration to align mismatched HSI stacks \cite{Du2015}, but such methods are limited to relatively long, off-line processing. Recently, convolutional neural networks have been used to solve the image super-resolution problem, mainly to increase the spatial resolution of input images. Shi \textit{et al.} proposed fully convolutional networks to improve the image quality \cite{Shi2016}; Oktay \textit{et al.} applied residual networks to upscale low-resolution 3D MRI data \cite{Oktay2016}.In this paper, we developed a model to merge information from dense RGB images and sparse HSI signals to predict the corresponding dense 3D MSI stack with 24 channels. This was realized by upscaling the RGB images on its channel dimension and integrating sparse HSI signals to fine-tune the spectral shape on different locations. We refer to this method as "super-spectral-resolution", i.e., achieving spatial super-resolution of sparse multispectral measurements by upscaling dense WL imag-es in the spectral domain. The proposed model was trained on \textit{ex vivo} and \textit{in vivo} in human and animal experiments.

In a nutshell, there are three key contributions in this work: 1) hardware improvement to provide WL views; 2) combination of SL and SfM for quasi-dense reconstruction; 3) real-time dense MSI using RGB images and sparse HSI signals.

\section{Materials and Methods}
\subsection{Interleaved SL and WL views}
Rapid stroboscopic switching between WL and SL was achieved using an optical chopper wheel (3501 Optical Chopper; New Focus, Inc., USA) \cite{clancy2012} as shown in Fig.\ref{fig:Fig1} (a). Two fiber optic light cables were used for WL: one was connected to a xenon lamp and the other to the laparoscope. Their free ends were then positioned against each other, separated by a $2 mm$ air gap through which the chopper wheel could pass. The chopper was mounted so that the emitted supercontinuum laser also passed through the wheel, and the SL and WL beam paths were alternately blocked or transmitted as it turned. The result was that the light emerging from the tip of the instrument switched between SL and xenon at the chopping frequency. Separately, a computer-controlled signal generation device (NI USB-6211; National Instruments Corporation, USA) was used to produce two synchronized square waveforms of variable frequency and phase. One was used to trigger image acquisition by the CCD camera, while the other controlled the rotation frequency and the phase of the chop-per wheel. The trigger frequency was set to twice that of the chopper and the phase adjusted so that the acquired frames comprised of alternating SL and WL-illuminated images.

A tip adapter was 3D printed to mount the SL probe on a rigid endoscope ($5 mm$ diameter Hopkins II Optik 30\degree, Karl Storz GmbH, Germany). This adapter was cylindrical ($12 mm$ diameter), with two channels to house the endoscope and SL probe. The angle and baseline of these two channels were set to 10\degree and $5 mm$, to maximize triangulation accuracy for surface reconstruction within $~1.5$ -- $4 cm$ working distances.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig1.png}
\caption{(a) The schematic of the setup in SL mode, with a chopper wheel providing interleaved SL/WL views. (b) The tissue surface reconstruction workflow.}
\label{fig:Fig1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Tissue surface feature tracking and shape measurement}
In this work, we propose to combine information from both the SL and WL images. Previously, an SL reconstruction technique with fully convolutional networks (FCN) has been proposed, and worked robustly at a frame rate of ~12 FPS \cite{Lin2016}. However, due to \textit{in vivo} factors like strong light tissue interaction and CCD over-exposure, using SL alone does not always return a dense reconstruction. Therefore, we combined SL and SfM on a GPU to increase the reconstruction density and robustness (Fig. \ref{fig:Fig1} (b)).

\subsubsection{Surface reconstruction using monocular SfM.}
In this work, a method combining SURF-based feature detection and LK optical flow-based tracking has been proposed to perform a correspondence search. Several criteria were applied to exclude the tracking outliers, including the feature descriptor difference, flow vector length, temporal smoothness, symmetric optical flow, and RANSAC in essential matrix estimation. For the surface reconstruction we assumed the surface was rigid in a small time window. Then the relative position between the cameras in the two frames, as well as the up-to-scale 3D positions of the feature points, can be estimated using singular value decomposition (SVD) and examining all four possible solutions. Given enough correspondences, the surface can be measured using two adjacent frames.
\subsubsection{Combination of reconstruction results from SL and SfM.}
Since each WL image had two temporally adjacent SL images, the average shape reconstructed from two SL frames was used to register the SfM reconstruction results with scale information.

\subsection{Super-spectral-resolution imaging}
Super-resolution, recovering high-resolution (HR) images from their low resolution (LR) counterparts, is an ill-posed method, where one LR input could be mapped to multiple HR outputs. To solve this problem, two assumptions were made in this work: 1) The HR information is redundant in the HR images and could be partially extract-ed from the LR ones. 2) The mapping from LR to HR can be learnt from training sets containing data similar to the unseen data. The proposed approach upscaled the spectral dimension rather than the spatial dimension. Two models were developed: one recovers MSI stacks from RGB images only, while the other combines RGB images with the sparsely collected hyperspectral signal to further refine the MSI prediction.

\subsubsection{Model 1 - Recovering MSI stacks from RGB images.}
An RGB image was considered as an MSI stack with 3 spectral channels. The pro-posed model (Fig.\ref{fig:Fig2} (a)) looked for a mapping from an $M\times N\times 3$ MSI stack to $M\times N\times 24$, where $M\times N$ stands for the image spatial resolution. This model consists of two main stages:
\begin{itemize}
\item Upscaling the input in the spectral dimension. Four 3D transposed convolutional layers were piled together to transform the input from $M\times N\times 3$ to $M\times N\times 24$.
\item High-frequency-signal-extraction (HFE). This extracts and combines the high frequency signal with LR stacks. This stage was implemented using a residual block which introduces a "shortcut" to reduce the degradation of the training accuracy problem when deep networks are used. In our model the convolutional mapping $F(x)$ was used to extract the high frequency from input $x$, and then added to the "shortcut" $x$ input itself which represents a stack without high frequency content.
\end{itemize}
The structure of model 1 can be found in Fig.\ref{fig:Fig2} (a).This mapping achieved generally good spectral prediction but still with noticeable errors. To refine the predication, we extended model 1 to incorporate spatially sparse HSI signals captured using the system's HSI mode.

\subsubsection{Model 2 - Recovering HSI stacks from RGB images and sparse spectral signals.}
RGB images provided high spatial but low spectral resolution; while HSI mode had low spatial but high spectral resolution. Due to the sparsity of the hyperspectral signal, RGB was used as the main contributor for MSI stack estimation, then the HSI signal was applied to refine the estimation.

Model 2 takes three inputs: an RGB image ($M\times N\times 3$), a density map ($M\times N$) indicating the locations where the HSI is collected, and a sparse stack ($M\times N\times 24$) containing the sparse HSI signal. Model 2 added a "merging stage" on top of Model 1 (Fig.\ref{fig:Fig2} (b)), where all inputs were integrated. The HSI data was concatenated with the element-wise product between the density map and the HSI stack recovered from RGB. The final spatially dense MSI stack was estimated following a convolution.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig2_v3.png}
\caption{(a) Model 1 during prediction. (b) The "mergence" layers added in model 2.}
\label{fig:Fig2}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Training and prediction.}
Choosing a training set that provides adequate prior knowledge is of great importance for accurate MSI recovery. In this work, MSI stacks collected \textit{in vivo} during animal trials have been used for training and testing. The stacks ($H$) were collected using an LCTF endoscopic imager \cite{Clancy2015}, and different spectra were registered to create spectrally matched stacks. The transmission spectrum ($h$) for an RGB camera (Thorlabs DCU223C) was utilized to generate the synthetic RGB images ($R$) from HSI stacks, with $R = h\ast H$. The density map ($D_{hsi}$) for the sparse HSI signal was produced using previous spot segmentation results, with Gaussian distribution ($max = 1$) filled at each spot location (where the sparse spectral signal comes from). The density map for the RGB image $D_{rgb}$) was defined by $D_{rgb} = 1-D_{hsi}$. The sparse HSI stack ($H_{s}$) was the element-wise product between the density map and the HSI stack ($H_{s} = D_{rgb}\odot H$).

To guarantee sufficient training samples, model 1 was trained on individual pixel spectral vectors instead of whole MSI stacks. In this case convolutions were applied along the spectral dimension, so that the trained network can be applied to inputs with arbitrary spatial dimensions. When training model 2, the network was initialized by the trained parameters from model 1. A two-stage training strategy was adopted instead of training directly from scratch: the parameters in the shared layers with model 1 were frozen while the "mergence" layers were updated; then all the parameters were updated until convergence. Both models were trained using Adam optimizer and $L2$-norm loss function. In prediction, RGB images were captured by the same camera, and the sparse HSI signal came from a HSI camera. Training and prediction were implemented using Tensorflow \cite{Abadi2016}. The prediction costs $~120 ms$ per frame on a PC (OS: Ubuntu 14.04; CPU: i7-3770; GPU: NVIDA GTX TITAN X).

\section{Experimental Results}
\textit{In vivo} animal experimental data (MSI stack from 50 pig bowel, 21 rabbit uterus, 10 sheep uterus) were used to train and validate both models. By mixing the data from different sources and data augmentation, a 5-fold leave one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was applied on a dataset containing 243 MSI stacks; each fold contained 200 MSI stacks for training and the remaining for testing.

Given the ground truth the peak signal-to-noise ratio ($PSNR = 20\lg(\frac{255}{MSE})$, MSE: mean square error) was adopted to evaluate the performances of both models. In the validation on average model 2 demonstrated significantly higher PSNR ($\approx 30.4$) compared with model 1 ($\approx 28.5$). The average PSNR on different wavelengths are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:Fig3} (b). In order to intuitively show the difference between two models, the estimated multi-spectral signals from 5 points, randomly chosen from representative areas in one pig bowel image, are compared (Fig.\ref{fig:Fig3} (a)). Although model 1 provided an estimation that generally fitted the ground truth, it suffered from large errors at some wavelengths. To the contrary model 2 provided improved accuracy over the entire spectral range. The pixel level PSNR maps for the estimated MSI regarding the same image are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:Fig3} (c, d). Excluding the saturation area, the minimum and mean PSNR are $13.1$ and $34.7$ for model 1, and $14.1$ and $42.0$ for model2.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig3_v5.png}
\caption{(a) The RGB image and the estimated MSI (model 1: blue; model 2: red) vs. ground truth (black) from 5 locations. (b) PSNR along different wavelengths (model 1: blue; model 2: red) in LOOCV. PSNR map for model 1 (c) and model 2 (d) regarding the same sample (a).}
\label{fig:Fig3}
\end{figure}

Evaluation of transfer learning results is of great importance on machine learning problems, especially the clinical ones, where high model generalization capability is required. Thus, we also trained our models on data from different sources and tested them on each other. Table 1 lists the transfer learning results on two models, showing the importance of integrating the sparse HSI signal for more accurate MSI estimation.

\begin{table}[h!]
\caption{The transfer learning results (indicated by PSNR) with model 1 (left) and model 2 (right). Both models were trained and tested on 4 datasets: pig bowel (PB), rabbit uterus (RU), sheep uterus (SU), and RU+SU. 5-fold cross-validation was applied to calculate the PSNR when training and testing on data from the same source.}
\begin{tabular}{m{5em}|>{\centering}m{2.7em}|>{\centering}m{2.7em}|>{\centering}m{2.7em}|>{\centering}m{3.5em}}
 \hline
\backslashbox{Train}{Test}  & PB & RU & RU & RU+SU \tabularnewline \hline
PB & 25.89 & 30.68 & 29.82 & 28.36 \tabularnewline \hline
RU & 25.07 & 33.24 & 32.34 & 32.59 \tabularnewline \hline
SU & 24.70 & 32.56 & 32.77 & 32.39 \tabularnewline \hline
RU+SU & 25.08 & 32.96 & 31.83 & 32.96 \tabularnewline \hline
\end{tabular}
\quad
\begin{tabular}{m{5em}|>{\centering}m{2.7em}|>{\centering}m{2.7em}|>{\centering}m{2.7em}|>{\centering}m{3.5em}}
 \hline
\backslashbox{Train}{Test}  & PB & RU & RU & RU+SU \tabularnewline \hline
PB & 28.26 & 31.00 & 29.60 & 30.55 \tabularnewline \hline
RU & 26.95 & 34.22 & 33.00 & 33.83 \tabularnewline \hline
SU & 26.54 & 32.97 & 33.25 & 33.06 \tabularnewline \hline
RU+SU & 26.84 & 34.15 & 33.53 & 33.95 \tabularnewline \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Acquiring the MSI stack is a prerequisite for imaging modalities like oxygen saturation and narrow band imaging, which could provide information to aid diagnosis and surgical navigation. As image examples, the oxygen saturation and narrow band images estimated from the MSI stacks, are overlaid onto the 3D reconstructed surfaces from \textit{ex vivo}/ \textit{in vivo} human experiments (Fig.\ref{fig:Fig4}).

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig4_v4.png}
\caption{Example human (a) \textit{in vivo} and (d) \textit{ex vivo} reconstructed tissue surface. (b, e) synthetic narrow band images and (c, f) synthetic oxygen saturation maps overlayed on these surfaces.}
\label{fig:Fig4}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion and Conclusion}
We have proposed a system capable of reconstructing tissue surface shape and re-covering dense multispectral signals. The implementation of interleaved SL and WL imaging provided WL views with shape and texture information that could be extracted for further applications e.g., object tracking or visual servoing, to benefit MIS and robotic surgery. The SfM pipeline can be further updated to state-of-the-art algorithms in future work. A near real-time ($\approx 8$ FPS) algorithm has been proposed to recover dense pixel-level multispectral signals. The accuracy and robustness of this algorithm have been demonstrated statistically and intuitively using different experimental results, \textit{in vivo} and \textit{ex vivo} from animal and human studies. oxygen saturation and narrow band imaging, that can be derived from the estimated MSI stack, were shown. The performance should be validated by further experiments on human tissue, especially abnormal structures like tumors and polyps. We believe the "super-spectral-resolution" algorithm can also benefit other general HSI acquisition modalities to greatly reduce scanning time with little compromise in performance.

\subsubsection{Ethics statement.}
The ethics approval for human study was covered by Central London Research Ethics Committee (reference No. $10/H0718/55$), animal study was conducted under UK Home Office license (reference No. $70/24843$, $70/7508$, $70/6927$, $8012639$).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
require "helper"

describe Google::Cloud::Language::Document, :full_html_annotation, :mock_language do
  let(:doc) { language.document html_content, format: :html }

  it "runs full annotation" do
    grpc_doc = Google::Cloud::Language::V1::Document.new(
      content: html_content, type: :HTML)
    features = Google::Cloud::Language::V1::AnnotateTextRequest::Features.new(
      extract_syntax: true, extract_entities: true, extract_document_sentiment: true)
    grpc_resp = Google::Cloud::Language::V1::AnnotateTextResponse.decode_json html_json

    mock = Minitest::Mock.new
    mock.expect :annotate_text, grpc_resp, [grpc_doc, features, :UTF8, options: default_options]

    doc.service.mocked_service = mock
    annotation = doc.annotate
    mock.verify

    assert_html_annotation annotation
  end

  it "runs full annotation with en language options" do
    grpc_doc = Google::Cloud::Language::V1::Document.new(
      content: html_content, type: :HTML, language: "en")
    features = Google::Cloud::Language::V1::AnnotateTextRequest::Features.new(
      extract_syntax: true, extract_entities: true, extract_document_sentiment: true)
    grpc_resp = Google::Cloud::Language::V1::AnnotateTextResponse.decode_json html_json

    mock = Minitest::Mock.new
    mock.expect :annotate_text, grpc_resp, [grpc_doc, features, :UTF8, options: default_options]

    doc.service.mocked_service = mock
    doc.language = "en"
    annotation = doc.annotate
    mock.verify

    assert_html_annotation annotation
  end

  def assert_html_annotation annotation
    annotation.language.must_equal "en"

    annotation.sentiment.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Sentiment
    annotation.sentiment.language.must_equal "en"
    annotation.sentiment.score.must_be_close_to 1.0
    annotation.sentiment.magnitude.must_be_close_to 1.899999976158142

    annotation.entities.must_be_kind_of ::Array
    annotation.entities.class.must_equal Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Entities
    annotation.entities.each do |entity|
      entity.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Entity
    end
    annotation.entities.count.must_equal 2
    annotation.entities.language.must_equal "en"
    annotation.entities.unknown.map(&:name).must_equal []
    annotation.entities.people.map(&:name).must_equal ["chris"]
    annotation.entities.locations.map(&:name).must_equal ["utah"]
    annotation.entities.places.map(&:name).must_equal ["utah"]
    annotation.entities.organizations.map(&:name).must_equal []
    annotation.entities.events.map(&:name).must_equal []
    annotation.entities.artwork.map(&:name).must_equal []
    annotation.entities.goods.map(&:name).must_equal []
    annotation.entities.other.map(&:name).must_equal []

    annotation.sentences.each do |sentence|
      sentence.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Sentence
      sentence.text_span.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::TextSpan
      sentence.sentiment.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Sentence::Sentiment
    end
    annotation.sentences.map(&:text).must_equal html_sentences
    annotation.sentences.first.text.must_equal "Hello from Chris and Mike!"
    annotation.sentences.first.offset.must_equal -1
    annotation.sentences.first.must_be :sentiment?
    annotation.sentences.first.score.must_equal 1.0
    annotation.sentences.first.magnitude.must_equal 1.899999976158142

    annotation.tokens.each do |token|
      token.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Token
    end
    annotation.tokens.count.must_equal 24
    token = annotation.tokens.first
    token.text.must_equal "Hello"
    token.part_of_speech.tag.must_equal :X
    token.head_token_index.must_equal 0
    token.label.must_equal :ROOT
    token.lemma.must_equal "Hello"

    annotation.syntax.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Syntax
    annotation.syntax.sentences.each do |sentence|
      sentence.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Sentence
      sentence.text_span.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::TextSpan
      sentence.sentiment.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Sentence::Sentiment
    end
    annotation.syntax.sentences.map(&:text).must_equal html_sentences
    annotation.syntax.sentences.first.text.must_equal "Hello from Chris and Mike!"
    annotation.syntax.sentences.first.offset.must_equal -1
    annotation.syntax.sentences.first.must_be :sentiment?
    annotation.syntax.sentences.first.score.must_equal 1.0
    annotation.syntax.sentences.first.magnitude.must_equal 1.899999976158142

    annotation.syntax.tokens.each do |token|
      token.must_be_kind_of Google::Cloud::Language::Annotation::Token
    end
    annotation.syntax.tokens.count.must_equal 24
    token = annotation.tokens.first
    token.text.must_equal "Hello"

    token.part_of_speech.tag.must_equal :X
    token.part_of_speech.aspect.must_equal :PERFECTIVE
    token.part_of_speech.case.must_equal :INSTRUMENTAL
    token.part_of_speech.form.must_equal :GERUND
    token.part_of_speech.gender.must_equal :NEUTER
    token.part_of_speech.mood.must_equal :SUBJUNCTIVE
    token.part_of_speech.number.must_equal :SINGULAR
    token.part_of_speech.person.must_equal :FIRST
    token.part_of_speech.proper.must_equal :NOT_PROPER
    token.part_of_speech.reciprocity.must_equal :RECIPROCAL
    token.part_of_speech.tense.must_equal :IMPERFECT
    token.part_of_speech.voice.must_equal :ACTIVE

    token.head_token_index.must_equal 0
    token.label.must_equal :ROOT
    token.lemma.must_equal "Hello"
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Jennifer Aniston's 7 Worst Box Office Bombs Since 'Friends'
Melia Robinson
"Wanderlust," co-starring Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd, reeled in just $21 million.
Facebook/Wanderlust
Around the time "Friends" ended its 10-season run in 2004, Jennifer Aniston was Hollywood's golden girl.
Her rom-com blockbusters "Along Came Polly" and "Bruce Almighty" performed well with critics and in theaters. The latter, headlined by Jim Carrey, raked in $484 million worldwide.
Then an unfortunate string of flops began — enough to earn Aniston the label "box office poison."
Her latest movie, "We're the Millers," about a group of misfits who pose as an all-American family to move a large shipment of marijuana into the U.S., may give Aniston's movie career the second wind it needs.
Co-starring Jason Sudeikis, Emma Roberts, and Ed Helms, "We're the Millers" opened in theaters late Tuesday night and racked up $6.8 million so far. Despite less than thrilling reviews from critics, it's expected to gross between $35 and $38 million through the weekend.
Here are the misses that led up to Aniston's "We're the Millers" redemption.
7. "Derailed" (2005)
Worldwide Lifetime Gross: $57 million
Production Budget: $22 million
Gain: $35 million
Rotten Tomatoes score: 20%
Aniston appeared alongside Clive Owen in this psychological thriller about a love affair gone wrong.
With a ludicrous plot and obvious twist, "'Derailed' is an uncomfortably appropriate title," one critic wrote.
6. "The Switch" (2010)
Aniston plays a character with no husband or boyfriend, who's fighting the clock to have children. Jason Bateman co-stars.
To put into perspective how bad it was, a "Twilight" parody movie beat it at the box office.
5. "Love Happens" (2009)
The author of a self-help book about grieving (Aaron Eckhart) falls for a florist (Aniston) while dealing with the loss of his wife.
The New York Times called the movie's vital signs, "faint."
4. "Rumor Has It" (2005)
YouTube screenshot
Production Budget: Rumored $70 million
Kevin Costner, Shirley MacLaine, and Mark Ruffalo co-star in this urban legend about the real family that inspired "The Graduate."
"I suppose 'Rumor Has It' could be worse," a New York Times movie critic wrote, "though at the moment I'm at a loss to say just how."
3. "Friends with Money" (2006)
Production Budget: $6.5 million
Gain: $11.5 million
Aniston plays a pot-smoking, down-on-her-luck housekeeper who seeks a little financial help from her group of slightly older friends, played by Frances McDormand, Catherine Keener and Joan Cusack.
Despite positive reviews from critics and a female powerhouse cast, "Friends with Money" found itself in the same conundrum as its protagonist.
2. "Wanderlust" (2012)
Loss: $11 million
Aniston and Paul Rudd's oddball romantic comedy about a nudist colony earned a bare $6 million its opening weekend, despite avoiding summer blockbuster competition with a February theater release.
1. "Management" (2009)
Worldwide Lifetime Gross: $2 million
Production Budget: Unlisted
Loss: We have to assume.
Even with names like Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn on the marquee, this poorly managed comedy tanked in its limited theater release.
Those were Jennifer Anniston's movie career embarrassments...
Tracy Bennett / Sony, Columbia Pictures
Here are the ridiculous Adam Sandler movies that still make a ton of money »
Movies Jennifer Aniston "We're the Millers"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This restaurant has the best sweet tea of any restaurant in the area. I just love having sweet tea as an option when we eat out and being here in the south of Texas I really don't understand places that only carry the un-sweetened variety. We started our meal with an order of Fried Mushrooms which John made sure was accompanied by individual little bowls of Ranch Dressing for each of us to have our own.
Oh and then there was the bread. It is Shiner Bock Beer Bread and… delicious. We always ask for plain butter with ours but it is otherwise served with a honey-butter that probably is just perfect for those whose tastes run that way.
My daughter had Maudeen's 6 oz. Center Cut Filet cooked to a perfect medium which was pink throughout just the way she likes it. She also ordered two of their Great Steak Additions. She had a skewer of grilled gulf shrimp and for me she ordered the Lobster Tail.
Oh my goodness. That lobster tail was wonderful… served with a side of melted drawn butter.
Our only regret at the end of this excellent exercise in culinary delight was that we just didn't have any room left for one of their top of the line desserts. Ah well. There's always next time. And there will definitely be a next time.
I almost forgot to mention the icing on the albeit dessert-less evening is by using out Landry's Select Card the value of this meal will be applied toward a running total that culminates in a $25 discount for every 250 points earned. That's a pretty good discount for merely showing them the card… wallet space… well spent.


text:
Indictment provides more details on shooting of Port Neches man in his home
Published 12:28 am Friday, October 22, 2021
Tevin McGhee, left, and Devin McGhee (Courtesy photo)
Twin brothers arrested in a Port Neches burglary where the homeowner was shot multiple times were indicted this week.
A Jefferson County grand jury indicted Devin Tramon McGhee of Nederland and Tevin Damon McGhee of Port Arthur. Both men are 22.
According to the probable cause affidavits for their arrests, Port Neches police were called Oct. 8 to a home in the 1900 block of Sixth Street in reference to suspicious people. Prior to police arrival, the dispatcher told officers two men were on the home's porch armed with guns.
The caller told dispatch the men forcibly entered the home and that she heard several shots.
After police arrived, the men exited the home holding the firearms, the document read.
They were identified as Devin Tramon McGhee and Tevin Damon McGhee by Port Neches Police.
While running a routine check on the AR-style .22 caliber weapon, Tevin McGhee reportedly made a statement about the firearm and the shooting.
Officers found the victim inside the home shot multiple times.
Last week, Port Neches Police Chief Paul Lemoine told Port Arthur Newsmedia the shooting was domestic related.
The victim's daughter had been in a relationship with one of the brothers and had fathered a child with her, police said. The couple split up approximately three weeks ago and she had been living with the victim, Lemoine said.
There was a dispute about a piece of property and threats were reportedly made from one of the men to the homeowner, 42, with one of the suspects saying he was coming to get his property.
The suspects were arrested and remain in the Jefferson County Correctional Facility each on $500,000 bond for charges of burglary with intent to commit felony.
An indictment is not a final conviction of guilt; it is only a ruling by the grand jury that allows the district attorney's office to proceed with a criminal case.


British based pop singer Mika came out earlier this month and confirmed to the world that he's a gay man. So, with that in mind, there's obviously plenty to 'celebrate' for pop's now fully open and honest, brightest, fluffiest pop star.
And spreading love, happiness and positivity is pretty much what this track (and most of Mika's tunes, come to think of it) seems to be about.
It seems our main man is suffering a bit of writers block when penning the new track. But a negative (endlessly tossing strips of white paper containing discarded lyrics on the floor) turns very much into a positive, when a gust of wind takes said pieces of paper and turns them into a downtown ticker tape festival.
Scenes of Mika's adventure are intercut with imagery of others celebrating various occasions – birthdays, parties, engagements. It's all a little bit infectious.


Florida is a state in the southeast United States. It is a peninsula, which means that water surrounds the state on three of four possible sides. To the west is the Gulf of Mexico, to the south is the Florida Straits, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean. As of 2015, the population of Florida is 20,271,272.


Power and Gas are essential when holidaying outdoors. From dining to heating we have all sorts of accessories for all types of outdoor pursuits and equipment to fit out various caravans and campervans for your own unique requirements. Here at White River Outdoor we are happy to provide helpful advice to help you pick the correct gas products and accessories for your specific needs.


text:
BadBadNotGood Show Why They're on the Rise at D.C.'s 9:30 Club
StayUp September 20, 2017
StayUpNews0 Comments
By Jack M. Angelo, Senior Video Director
Upon first hearing the band name BadBadNotGood, it almost sounds fake. Who in their right mind would call themselves that? Apparently, a handful of white kids from Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Drummer Alexander Sowinski, bass guitarist Chester Hansen, touring keyboardist James Hill, and recent addition multi-instrumentalist Leland Whitty make up the four piece hip-hop jazz instrumental band.
The group found success in the early part of the decade with their instrumental interpretations of various hip hop songs, including "The World Is Yours/Brooklyn Zoo," which combined classic songs by Nas and Ol' Dirty Bastard, and "Lemonade" by Gucci Mane. The band's 2011 video "Odd Future Sessions Part 1," garnered the attention of Odd Future leader Tyler the Creator, who helped bring the band greater recognition. Since then, the band has been busy producing their own music, as well as tracks for the likes of Earl Sweatshirt ("Hoarse"), Danny Brown ("Float On ft. Charli XCX"), and Kendrick Lamar ("LUST.")
On Sunday September 17, 2017, BadBadNotGood came to the 9:30 Club, in Washington, D.C., to perform their hip-hop jazz instrumentals for an eager crowd. First to the stage however was Maryland-based rapper Ace Cosgrove. The young, mop-headed emcee flowed over hard beats infused with intricate Jazz sampling. At a few points during the set, Ace came into the crowd to start and participate in a mosh pit. With the crowd fully pumped, Ace left the stage, promising the headliner soon.
Maryland's Ace Cosgrove performing at Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 Club on Sept. 17, 2017. (Photo by Jack M. Angelo for StayUp.News).
As the name of the venue might imply, the main act of the night took the stage at 9:30 p.m. It began with Whitty playing the saxophone lick from "Tequila Song," by The Champs, from the balcony above the stage. This turned a into a full rendition of the song featuring all four members; a skillful move on the band's part, as there is not a person on the planet who can resist shouting "¡Tequila!" when prompted by the song's famous riff.
Over the next hour or so, the band delighted the crowd with complicated jazz rhythms and hip-hop grooves. Each intricate instrumental passage's finish was met with applause from the audience, made up of mostly young people. The band's appeal to youth is widespread, as the racially diverse audience ate up every song the band played. One song was played in a tight 5/4 groove, masterfully executed by the four musicians, each 26 or younger. The band burned several sticks of incense throughout the show, creating a very smoky and mellow stage. During one of the slower songs of the evening, Sowinski prompted the audience to put up their hands and move back and forth.
BadBadNotGood bass guitarist Chester Hansen plays as incense transforms the ambiance at D.C.'s 9:30 Club on Sept. 17, 2017. Incense transformed the ambiance at the BadBadNotGood show at D.C.'s 9:30 Club on Sept. 17, 2017. (Photo by Jack M. Angelo for StayUp.News).
"We're gonna float, we're gonna sway," he said.
Each member displayed his many talents over the course of the set. Keyboardist James Hill alternated between two keyboards, switching sounds throughout the night to bang out dissonant jazz cords. Beyond just drumming odd jazz rhythms, Alex Sowinski used a microphone to speak to the crowd throughout the show. Bassist Chester Hanson also played a drum pad with various 808s and other samples for certain songs. The instrumental repertoire of the newest addition to the band, Leland Whitty, is arguably the most impressive, alternating between a saxophone, flute, clarinet, and a tambourine/cymbal/cowbell combination throughout the night.
Seeing BadBadNotGood live makes it abundantly clear why this band is quickly becoming a household name in hip-hop production. The group brims with energy and talent, while their audience is young, multicultural, and intellectual. There is no reason to doubt that the band is on track to become one of the most recognized in the Hip-Hop genre.
These great photos from the BBNG show were taken by StayUp.News senior video director and photographer Jack M. Angelo:
StayUp.News documents poverty in America through Hip-Hop, amplifying unheard voices in a language all their own. But we can't do it without you. Support this important mission:
9:30 ClubAce CosgroveBadBadNotGoodBBNGCanadaDCDMVMarylandOntarioTorontoWashington
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text:
Mar 2, 2018 - Politics & Policy
Trump's trade war could hurt agriculture, manufacturing
Haley Britzky
Photo: Win McNamee / Getty Images
President Trump's tariffs could target everyday items like bourbon and orange juice, Politico reports, directly affecting "Republican-run states."
Why it matters: Trump is confident. "[T]rade wars are good, and easy to win," he said. But Bill Reinsch, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, told Politico a trade war could bring "more industries into the fray" as "one set of retaliation prompts another and then another."
The physical responses to a trade war, per Politico:
The pork industry has concerns "that this decision may result in retaliation against pork and other U.S. goods, particularly other agricultural products."
Things like soybeans and corn could be targeted in retaliatory responses, which "could hit the red center of America."
U.S.-made aircraft is also in the crosshairs.
The construction industry could also take a hit, as steel is a big part of their work.
Things like beer cans and baseball bats could increase in price as they're made with aluminum, CNN reports.
32 mins ago - Health


Paperflow serves Prince Edward Island with fast, friendly service. As an authorized Xerox Agent, we are dedicated to meeting your present and future needs with the best possible office equipment. We offer a complete line of copiers, printers, faxes and multi-functional equipment. Our sales staff are trained to assess your needs and offer sound advice regarding office equipment productivity, operability, and cost effectiveness. On staff are a digital specialist, colour specialist, and network analyst, all trained to make certain your equipment will do its job. With our sales office in Charlottetown, Paperflow is as close as your phone. Paperflow services all industries and any size businesses. Xerox is the Document Solution, and Paperflow is your Authorized Xerox Agent.


Ornamental rectangular tubing is stocked in a number of standard sizes and grades, including 304/304L and 316/316L. Either grade is ideal for all structural applications, general fabrication, manufacturing and repairs. Steel rectangular tubing is widely used in industrial maintenance, agricultural implements, transportation equipment, etc. Its box-shape configuration makes it strong, rigid and durable. This steel shape is easy to weld, cut, form and machine with the proper equipment and knowledge. At Stainless Tubular, we can customize the ideal stainless steel rectangular tubing for your unique application. We have the capabilities to create the specific rectangular tubing you need. We are an industry authority in cut-to-length and fabricated metal products. Request a quote for our rectangular tubing, and we can customize these products to fit your specific application and needs. Larger rectangular ornamental tubing can be produced to meet your requirements.


The Haworth X99 Desk Chair provides high-level comfort and performance with personal adjustment and response to body movement. Brilliant design and execution make this a popular task chair choice.
Designed for sophisticated appearance and superior comfort, the Hayworth X99 Desk Chair fits well with almost any office decor and office furniture systems. The X99 brings a touch of elegance to the workspace, and is designed to minimize environmental impact.
Pre-owned and refurbished like new. These chairs are purchased from businesses that downsize, and are refurbished by our professional team to make them look and work like new. You get the original value for less, and only you need to know.
This chair comes with a 30-day no-questions guarantee. We hope you will love your chair, but if not, no problem.


The Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3), under development by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), enables users and Web sites to reach explicit agreements regarding sites' data privacy practices. The options chosen in developing the protocols, grammar, and vocabulary needed for an agreement lead the authors to a number of generalizations regarding the development of technology designed for "social" purposes.
In this paper we will explain the goals of P3; discuss the importance of simplicity, layering, and defaults in the development of social protocols; and examine the sometimes-difficult relationship between technical and policy decisions in this domain.


After finally getting my NVQ level 2 and 3 and teaching qualification in hairdressing I had all these plans that I could get a really good job in a top class salon, even to go into teaching in a college and finally make some decent money! I had a good job at the time, and was looking for a teaching job.
On day the Lord said to me " leave your job".
I thought to myself, is that God? I mean I'm making some good money, I am able to pay my bills comfortably, no more struggle. But again it came stronger, " leave your job".
In the natural, this made no sense at all with three small children to raise practically on my own. I always had clients of my own that I would do at home but I had began to bring them into the salon.
But I am getting a steady wage Lord, no more wondering when the next client will come to do their hair.
Until, one month, I didn't get paid from work for about two weeks! I was so angry, fuming, I need my money! "I told you to leave your job".
See, I told you God has a sense of humour! Three months after He told me to leave, I was obedient and left. After procrastinating, and eventually getting my money!
The Lord was showing me that I had become reliant on my job and not on him! He is my provider, plus He had called me to the music industry, to sing, and I had work to do! How could one focus and step into my destiny whilst in a full-time job? Don't get me wrong, the gift of hairdressing has helped provide for me and my family. In my hairdressing chair a huge part of my ministry took place, but God has a plan for my life and all I have to do is walk where He directs me!
Proverbs 16:9 says, "A mans heart plans his way, but the Lord directs his path."
Psalm 37:23 " The steps of a good man are ordered by the Lord."
Today I can say I am walking in my destiny, fulfilling the Call on my life! Nothing else matters as much to me as pleasing the Lord, and answering the Call!
And because of this, God is blessing me, He gives me peace that passes all understanding, joy unspeakable, HE opens the doors and HE directs my path.
Do you know that God loved us first? Scripture tells us that before we were formed in our mothers womb he knew us. He sent his only begotten son to die for our sins! What an awesome God we serve.
We can never outLOVE God as we don't have the capacity to love the way He loves us. Unconditionally, an everlasting love that never fails, His tender mercies are new everyday as He submerges us in His endless Grace!
Grace that gives us the opportunity to repent when we make a mistake!
He protects us, keeps us safe from harm, provides for us, heals us, comforts us, guides us! Oh the list is endless! When we put God first in our lives, the benefits are endless. His word says, "Seek ye first the Kingdom of God and his righteousness and all these things shall be added to you" Matthew 6:33.
Meaning everything that is good will be added to us, as every good thing comes from the Lord.
Some make the mistake of seeking first money, and even when they have it they are not satisfied, why? Because we were created to worship the Lord, created for His glory and His pleasure. Therefore we must desire to please him, seek his ways and not our ways, his will and not our will, his righteousness, his word, his presence, his glory!
When we give God FIRST PLACE in all that we do, he will surly bless us, promote us, protect and provide for us, give us access to all that is his.
God bless you and make the decision today to put God First and watch your life transform!
So I was asked by TawanaRay to be a guest writer and write a blog for her website!
First of all thank you, but I was a bit baffled as to what I would write about.
You see I write songs, I am a gospel artist and God has given me the gift of writing songs and singing. Until one day, He told me to start writing blogs about the songs I write!
Ok, so when I was asked to write this blog, I thought to myself "I only write about the songs I write, soooo what am I going to write about?"
Immediately I asked the Lord, and He said to me, FIRST PLACE. Then he reminded me that He had recently given me the chorus to a new song titled FIRST PLACE. Isn't God good? And He has a sense of humour!
"You take first place in my heart, you take first place in my life! Because you loved me first, and now I'm so submerged in your endless grace, because you take first place"
This was the chorus that the Lord had given me.
As I meditate on those words, I ask you, what does it mean for the Lord to take first place in your heart?
For me, it was a sacrifice. Giving up, letting go of someone who I really, I mean really loved.
Even though this person caused me a lot of pain in my life, I would have done anything for him! But I let him go because God took first place in my heart. I mean, he has never ever failed me, never hurt me, never left me or forsaken me so why wouldn't he take FIRST PLACE in my heart?
Some of us are in such destructive relationships, claiming that it is love, but why not give the one who IS love a chance?
I remember when I was in my marriage, the Lord once said to me you can not serve two masters.
Luke 16:13 "no one can serve two masters. Either you will hate one and love the other, or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money"
Now I know what your thinking, this scripture is talking about money. Yes but the word became flesh therefore at that time it became relevant and real to what I was going through. You see, anyone or anything that we put before God, becomes our god. Harsh but true. I used to put my ex-husband before God, serving him, living for him; can anyone identify with this? I was looking to him like he was my savior, but the problem is, when you drink from a broken cup, you will never be satisfied! Jesus is the living water that NEVER RUNS DRY!! And those who drink from Him will never thirst again. Hallelujah!!!
Now I am not saying to anyone that you should abandon their relationships, what I am saying is put no man before God. (Just thought I would clarify that before I get in trouble lol!).
Does God take FIRST PLACE in you life? Wow this one is serious!!! lol. Just kidding. But honestly, we all have dreams and aspirations, plans of where we want to be and what we want to do. And I believe God has given us those dreams, but when we say "God take control of my life" do we know what we are saying? We are saying "Lord, I will do what you tell me to do, go where you say I should go, even if I don't like it!" Ha ha, yes, that is what we are saying, but the question is do we mean it?


Vintage Alexis Bittar purple geranium lucite brooch with five 24 karat gold plated stamen rising up from the center. The brooch measures approximately 3 1/4 inches in diameter. Beautiful! Perfect for the spring! The Alexis Bittar plaque is on the back.


My approach to photographing children is casual and lifestyle rather than super posed and stiff. I want to make sure children feel comfortable and can give me their true self.
I always love capturing families and always make sure I get some good portraits of each subject. It is so important to keep photographing those loved ones!


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999-year corner conservation shophouse along South Bridge Road launched for sale
JLL, as the exclusive marketing agent, is pleased to present for sale 297 South Bridge Road – a 999-year corner conservation shophouse located in the heart of the CBD.
Clemence Lee
Kate Leong
Comprising of two storeys and an attic, 297 South Bridge Road occupies a land area of 1,733 sf and a total floor area of 3,336 sf. Under the 2019 Master Plan, the land is zoned "Commercial" and is located within the Telok Ayer Conservation Area. The corner shophouse commands a prominent 36m-wide dual frontage along South Bridge Road and Erskine Road. Presently owner-occupied, the shophouse will be sold with vacant possession.
The shophouse is conveniently located right next to the upcoming Maxwell MRT station which is part of the new Thomson-East Coast Line and is slated to open in 2021. Chinatown MRT station (within 350m) and Telok Ayer MRT station (within 550m) are accessible within a short walk away.
Strategically located at the mouth of Erskine Road, which directly accesses to Ann Siang Hill and the Club Street area, the Property benefits from immediate access to a trendy locale characterised by a myriad of highly-acclaimed F&B offerings and a dynamic entertainment scene. Complementing this, there are several upscale boutique hotels in the area, including The Scarlet Hotel, Ann Siang House and Six Senses Maxwell, which act as key demand generators for F&B and retail businesses in the area.
Additionally, the Property benefits from its close proximity to Chinatown, one of Singapore's key historical districts which bustles year-round with visitors. Known for its rich heritage and culture, Chinatown boasts of several places of interest, one of which is the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple & Museum, located directly across the property.
Mr Clemence Lee, Senior Director, Capital Markets, JLL, said: "As the property is sold with vacant possession, the incoming owner has the flexibility to explore several value-add angles for the property, such as conducting minor refurbishment works as well as exploring a change of use. A change of use to alternative uses such as food & beverage (F&B) and retail amongst others can be explored, subject to approval from relevant authorities. This is also an excellent opportunity for owner-occupiers who are looking to acquire a flagship property in the CBD for their operations.
The outstanding attributes of the property include, amongst others, its highly visible frontage and excellent location with its proximity to the Ann Siang Hill and Club Street enclave and the upcoming Maxwell MRT station. Having these coupled with limited freehold / 999-year shophouse opportunities available on the market at present, we expect to receive good interest from family offices, high net-worth individuals, boutique funds as well as end-users for the property."
As the property sits on land zoned for commercial use, foreigners are eligible to purchase the property. There is also no Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty (ABSD) or Seller's Stamp Duty (SSD) imposed on the purchase of the property.
The sale will be conducted through a public tender exercise which closes Wednesday, 22nd May 2019, at 3pm.
- ends -
1. A high-resolution photograph of 297 South Bridge Road is available here.
JLL (NYSE: JLL) is a leading professional services firm that specializes in real estate and investment management. Our vision is to reimagine the world of real estate, creating rewarding opportunities and amazing spaces where people can achieve their ambitions. In doing so, we will build a better tomorrow for our clients, our people and our communities. JLL is a Fortune 500 company with annual revenue of $16.3 billion, operations in over 80 countries and a global workforce of over 90,000 as of December 31, 2018. JLL is the brand name, and a registered trademark, of Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated. For further information, visit jll.com
Want more? Talk to the team


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Save West End School Campaign Continues
November 11, 2021 | 1 Comment
A group seeking to "save West End Primary School from closure" plan to gather in Hamilton on Friday [Nov 12] with the team's action to "comprise placard bearers and brochure distribution."
A spokesperson said, "The campaign to save West End Primary School from closure continues on Friday November 12th at Nellie's Walk on Church Street in Hamilton, beginning at 12 noon.
"Dubbed the 'West End Warriors For Legacy' the team's action will comprise placard bearers and brochure distribution. They will be highlighting the key features of West End Primary school which make it a better choice, as the Parish Primary school, than Government's current choice of Somerset Primary school.
A spokesperson for the group states that "Government's yet to be disclosed total cost estimates, for converting either school to their proposed 21st Century, fit-for-purpose facility, are very likely to be far lower for West End Primary than for Somerset Primary".
"Other factors that put West End Primary at the front of the line, include its superior geographic location, its unmatched historical significance and the fact that it is the one school in Sandys Parish that has the honour of having educated the vast majority of Sandys Parish residents – past and present.
"Additional key aspects of the West End Warriors' position include: safety of the children, public transportation accessibility, environmental factors and its already existing status as the community 'hub'.
"West End Primary at 152 years old, was founded in 1869 to provide education for black children at a time when slavery had only just been abolished in the United States of America.
"Let us not forget, it is one of the oldest, continuously-operated, black, elementary schools in the Western hemisphere".
In July, following a consultation process, the Government announced that they will move forward with Parish Primary Schools which "will see one primary school per parish with two primary schools in Pembroke for a total of 10 primary schools, eight less than the 18 primary schools we currently use."
"There will be no closures of any primary schools this school year or next school year. These eventually discontinuing use of any schools will be phased in over a period of no less than five years, starting after the 2022/23 school year and more specifically between 2023 and 2027," the Government said.
One of the primary schools scheduled to be closed in the coming years is West End Primary school, and the Committee to Save West End Primary School has been formed; they held a town hall meeting in July and also held a car rally in June.
West End Warriors "Send An Email" Campaign
Video: BNV With Simmons, Hunt & Horton
Video: Car Rally To Save West End School
Photos, Video: Save West End School Campaign
Photos & Video: Meeting About West End School
Education Ministry's Southside Headquarters
#CommitteeWEP #Education
Category: All, News
E. Gamble says:
Purchase the school, make it Private. Or lease it from Gov't for a Peppercorn.
As a Private entity, you will have your own Governors etc.
Each Parish should have their own school, run by their Parish, Teachers, parents & students. This would take the pressure of the overworked government.
Keep fighting for what You believe to be right, at all costs, History is a very precious commodity. At the rate of destruction, there wont be anything of value left to pass onto the future generations.
It's time for the good people of Bermuda to take matters into their own hands.
You have the power to do so, after all you are the majority.
People only 'have power over you if you allow them that power, take away that power and what will they have, follow your own conscience.'
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Autodesk University (AU) opening session is always exciting. You learn about upcoming innovations related to design, software and the industry and hear from industry movers and shakers. It kicks off a multi-day conference filled with labs, instruction classes, TED-like presentations and more for users of AutoCAD, Revit, 3ds Max, Inventor, Navisworks and other Autodesk products.


FLIR Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: FLIR) announced today it has produced its one millionth FLIR Lepton® microcamera core. Lepton is today the world's smallest and most widely deployed microbolometer thermal imaging camera module. Additionally, FLIR announced it is making its highest resolution Lepton, FLIR Lepton 3, available to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) for product integration.
Since its launch, Lepton has been integrated into more than 20 FLIR products, including multiple generations of the FLIR ONE® smartphone camera attachment, the FLIR C2/C3™ compact cameras for building professionals, the FLIR Duo™ camera for drones, and FLIR's comprehensive line of Infrared Guided Measurement™ (IGM) test and measurement products. Additionally, Lepton has been integrated into numerous third-party OEM products, such as the Cat® S60, the first smartphone to feature integrated thermal imaging, the Snap-on® Diagnostic Thermal Imager for automotive inspection, and the Black Hornet nano-class drone from Prox Dynamics, a company FLIR acquired in 2016.
FLIR also announced today it is making FLIR Lepton 3 available to OEMs to integrate into products. Lepton 3, at 160x120 resolution, delivers four times the thermal resolution as the previous Lepton generation, providing OEMs with superior image detail, while maintaining the easily integrated package for even greater utility in commercial applications. Common to all versions of Lepton, its small size allows for integration in a variety of products, including smartphones, diagnostic tools, automobiles, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, building controls, process equipment, security systems, machine vision systems, advanced gaming devices and unmanned aerial systems.
The production of our one millionth Lepton is a critical milestone for FLIR and signifies our progress toward making the power of thermal imaging more accessible to people around the world. Our commitment to develop low-cost, high-volume thermal imaging technology continues to open new markets. The availability of Lepton 3 represents another important step, as it enables OEMs to create new products with higher performance while maintaining the breakthrough size, weight, power and cost benefits that Lepton has pioneered.
To learn more about the features and specifications of the various configurations of FLIR Lepton available to OEMs, please visit www.flir.com/lepton.


Having the right lighting is important throughout the home, however, it is even more important for bathrooms. If you're looking for lighting to suit your bathroom space then you've come to the right place. It is very important to choose correctly so that you are able to use the bathroom safely. We stock a collection of beautiful ceiling mounted lighting fixtures as well as illuminated bathroom mirrors that are certain to provide the wow factor. These are a great option for focusing light directly onto a certain area!


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Music maestro please!
A celebration of the best of Berkshire's musical talent will be performing at the Concert Hall, Reading, on Sunday.
Saxophonist Joshua Poole
Get our ultimate guide on things to do in Berkshire with our What's On email
This year marks the 25th anniversary of the inception of the Berkshire Maestros: one of the UK's leading music organisations, dedicated to providing a huge choice and range of musical activities to the widest possible number of pupils and schools in the county.
Maestros' Youth Orchestra, Youth Brass, Wind Orchestra, Percussion and Marimba Ensemble and the Guitar Ensemble and Orchestra, will be joining together for this concert.
Together they will excite and inspire the audience with a programme that features some highly energetic music from Africa and Latin America, along with some rather more relaxing music by Edward Elgar.
Maestros pupils are encouraged to start learning at an early age, and are educated at all levels regardless of background, aptitude, age or ability to pay. Some of the Mini Maestros classes involve children as young as six months.
One extremely talented member of Berkshire Youth Wind Orchestra, 15-year-old Joshua Poole, was recently awarded a place in the National Youth Wind Orchestra.
Joshua, who plays tenor saxophone amongst many other instruments, has been an active member of Maestros for the last five years.
David Marcou, principal of the Berkshire Young Musicians Trust, said: "The young musicians in these groups are all exceptionally talented, proof of which is always evident at these types of events.
"The sizes of the groups means that there are a very few occasions during the year in which they can get together to rehearse so the standard that they achieve is all the more impressive."
The organisation has four main music centres which are situated in Reading, Windsor, Bracknell and Newbury. Over 300 choirs, bands, orchestras, jazz and rock groups meet weekly after school or on Saturday mornings.
The main aim is to provide pupils with opportunities for developing their performing, creative and appraising skills, together with growing confidence, sensitivity and understanding.
For general enquiries call (0118) 901 2370, or visit the website www.berkshiremaestros.org.uk
For tickets to Sunday's concert call the box office on (0118) 960 6060.
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Online Dating works – but are you aware of the many reasons why? Did you know that nowadays, it's estimated that nearly 1/5 of all marriages start from online dating? Here's why internet dating or online dating works and why it really can be the answer to finding true love….
A UK study revealed dating websites can give people a "surprisingly high" chance of long-term romance. Some 94% of UK online agency customers questioned, saw their "e-partner" again after the first face-to-face meeting. Bath University psychologist, Jeff Gavin, surveyed 229 adults, telling BBC news that web dating worked "for many people". Almost one in five of those interviewed had started a relationship lasting more than a year via a dating website. Log on. What have you got to lose?
Ever tried to talk to someone you were attracted to, but stumbled over your introduction because you were nervous? Or struggled to start a conversation because you didn't know what they were interested in? The benefit of online dating is that you can take time to compose your first message and think about exactly what you want to say before pressing the send button, giving you time to make a good first impression, without the embarrassment of an awkward face-to-face chat up line.
The reality of online dating is that all it takes is common sense. Despite some of the bad rap it gets in the media, dating online is a great way to meet new people, and all it takes to make the most of it is a little know-how and a smidgen of luck. There are a lot of lovely people online, but just like in real life some online daters are a nuisance. Use your gut feelings and best judgement to be safe on line. "Your profile is there to lure potential partners looking for love, so try to keep it positive and upbeat," says Dr Jo Hemmings, a behavioural psychologist, who is also an experienced dating and relationship coach. "I think there is a temptation on internet dating sites to give away too much or be a bit self- deprecating." She explains, "You don't want to put people off you want to attract people." Keep guarded and don't reveal all your personal details in the first email. It's pretty simple. It's just common sense.
Traditional ways of meeting a date are all very well, but these days, they simply don't work for a lot of over-scheduled busy people. For others they just don't work fast enough. It's a bit hit and miss hoping to bump into Mrs. Amazing while getting the car serviced, or Mr. Hot while walking the dog. In a society where we bank and do the weekly shop online; we send texts rather than talk, we may seem more connected—but we're actually more isolated than ever. Trying to meet someone in pubs and clubs, you're really up against it. A) They might be a bit drunk. B) The noise means zero chance of conversation, and C) He might just be out having fun with his mates, not looking to meet you, Mrs. Right, at that moment, on that night. But, when you're introduced to someone through an online dating web site, they may not be Mr. or Mrs. Perfect for you right away, but at least you found out in a couple of clicks and emails, rather than the couple of years it could to take to meet someone offline. Thanks to the internet, you're pretty much now only two minutes away from having access to thousands of potential love-matches that could change your life forever.
There are tons of UK and worldwide internet dating sites around, with new ones springing up each week, all promising thousands of singles online waiting to meet you. The key is to pick the right one for you. The internet dating market has become big business, but it's important to remember that online dating sites are NOT all the same, and it's worth shopping around to see which dating sites offer what, and what sort of people they attract. It's quite common for people to register with multiple dating sites at once, to increase their chances of love. Therefore, you have more chance to thoroughly vet several potential dates, all at the same time, before you agree to a meeting. You can't do that hoping to bump into the love of your life in a bar, now can you?
In 2013, scientific researches in the USA, found evidence that relationships that began online are slightly happier and less likely to split, than those that started offline. Based on a survey of more than 19,000 individuals who married between 2005 and 2012, findings put the percentage of married couples that now meet online at almost 35%. About 45% of couples met on dating sites; the rest met on online social networks, chat rooms, instant messaging or other online forums. "It's a very impressive study," says social psychologist Eli Finkel of Northwestern University in Evanston, USA. "Does this study suggest that meeting online is a compelling way to meet a partner who is a good marriage prospect for you? The answer is, absolutely. But," he concludes, "It is premature to say that online dating is better than offline dating".


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This particular post is for Analu's Armoire Diversity Challenge. I think I'd like to entitle it, "Snakes -- why does it always have to be snakes?!" The Doc Eldritch Undiscovered outfit meant for men goes so very well with the ::69:: ENVY hair, and also with this riding crop to create a very Indy look (and I don't mean the band scene). I should probably have a whip, right?


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Empire Digital Resources
Make Money Online Biz Op with Mark Z
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Welcome to Empire Digital Resources Make Money Online with Mark Z
Welcome to Empire Digital Resources
When I'm not working, I like to spend my time playing the guitar and going to open mic events like pictured below.
Let's take this journey together and be sure to ask me questions if you have them. In this game, the only stupid question is the one that isn't asked!
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