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The recent opinion by the International Court of Justice on the legality of Kosovo's declaration of independence has not provided a definitive answer to Kosovo's status. The International community remains divided. For this reason, a political solution will need to be found. Possible scenarios for the future of Kosovo include continuation of the status quo; enforcing Pristina's full authority across all of Kosovo; partition or partial territorial readjustment between Kosovo and Serbia; or some form of extended autonomy for northern Kosovo. While each of the models has its advantages and drawbacks, on balance the case for some form of extensive autonomy or a territorial readjustment remain the most compelling options for resolving the conflict in a manner most acceptable to Belgrade and Pristina, and which would open the way for Kosovo to gain wider, if not full, international acceptance.
This report follows the history of the CPN (M) since its beginning in 1995, focusing on key turning points and analysing how the organisation constantly tried to adapt its strategy and tactics in relation to political developments inside and outside Nepal. For that purpose, exclusive interviews were carried out with Maoist leaders, most frequently with Dr. Baburam Bhattarai, who is one of the main policy makers of the CPN (M) and has been a key figure in successive peace negotiations with the state.
The conduct of stability operations is a mission area with particular promise for the application of capabilities-based planning. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05, "Military Support for Security, Stabilization, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations," requires components to give such operations priority comparable to that of combat operations. It also assigns the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff the responsibility to "identify stability operations capabilities and assess their development." Yet there is no agreed definition of capabilities-based planning, no framework for its use in force development, and no approach to developing outcome metrics to gauge progress. Those within the Defense Department charged with tracking progress on the directive's implementation have underscored their inability to assess the state of stability operations capabilities development because the joint and interagency community does not yet have a framework for conducting such assessments. The study was conducted from March 2007 through August 2007 and included a scenario-based workshop to test the validity and utility of CBP-derived capability packages. This report delineates CSIS's findings and recommendations on the project. Chapter 1 describes the study's overall methodology and analytic framework. Chapter 2 summarizes five stability operations cases examined by the CSIS team and the key insights derived from them, with particular attention to operational and environmental considerations. Chapter 3 sets forth a proposed typology of stability operations and associated measures of success. It concludes with a proposed set of generic capability packages derived from the typology and metrics. Finally, chapter 4 discusses the findings from the scenario-based workshop, the project's overall insights into the application of CBP to the stability operations mission set, and key policy and capability considerations for stability operations.
Decades of conflict and violence coupled with drought and earthquakes have had devastating impacts not only the people of Afghanistan, but also on its natural environment, once pristine and rich in biological diversity, but now suffering from years of overexploitation of natural resources and habitat loss. It was clear from the outset that the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), as part of the overall response by the United Nations, would give its support to the people and authorities of Afghanistan by offering its expertise in post-conflict environmental assessment and analysis. This report presents facts on the state of the environment, specific findings concerning the urban environment and the natural resources of Afghanistan and recommendations on how to improve environmental conditions and policies.
UNEP was able to meet this challenging task thanks to the close cooperation with the Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and environment, and I extend my thanks to the Minister, Dr Ahmad Yusuf Nuristani, for his collaboration and strong commitment, and for the hard work by his staff. Moreover, the activities were planned in close coordination with the Afghan Assistance Coordination Agency (AACA) and the United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan (UNAMA).
This study begins to develop a typological theory of spoiler management and pursues the following research objectives: (1) to create a typology of spoilers that can help custodians choose robust strategies for keeping peace on track; (2) to describe various strategies that custodians have used to manage spoilers; (3) to propose strategies that will be most effective for particular spoiler types; (4) to sensitize policymakers to the complexities and uncertainties of correctly diagnosing the type of spoiler; and (5) to compare several successful and failed cases of spoiler management in order to refine and elaborate my initial propositions about strategies. The article argues that spoilers differ by the goals they seek and their committment to acheiving those goals. Some spoilers have limited goals; other see the world in all-or-nothing terms and seek total power.
War today is filled with individuals covered imprecisely, if at all, by the international law of war. The law of war, a largely binary structure, is incapable of classifying the myriad of actors falling somewhere between traditional notions of "combatant" and "civilian." Though scholars recognize this imprecision among two prominent irregular forces– private military contractors and unlawful combatants–none offer a comprehensive legal revision addressing irregular actors broadly rather than individually. This article offers a new approach that expands both the number of combatant categories and characteristics used to assign actors to these categories. This new structure requires the creation of six new classifications, ranging from traditional, regular combatants to nonparticipating civilians. The new classifications are based on ten characteristics shared by modern forces. The law then maps available privileges and protections to each status classification with an eye towards alignment with the law's normative purposes. This new scheme will significantly improve the law of war's ability to precisely ascribe the appropriate protective, targeting, and accountability consequences to today's battlefield actors.
This Comment argues that private military firms (PMFs) need to be regulated to hold them accountable for their human rights abuses and curb further illegal actions. It also argues that along with regulation should also come protection under international law. Part II of this Comment discusses the history of private military actors from mercenaries in antiquity to the PMFs in the present, highlighting one example of a well-respected group of private actors and another that was despised. This Comment then looks at a sampling of activities of PMFs and looks at cases of human rights abuses by PMPs. Part III discusses the efforts that have been made to regulate PMFs and the successes and shortcomings of these efforts. Part IV then argues that along with regulation, protection of these reallife "A-Team[s]" should also be advanced, specifically by giving PMPs unambiguous prisoner-of-war (POW) status. It then explores a few methods of implementing this legal protection. Finally, Part V concludes by emphasizing the necessity of both regulation of PMFs and protection of their employees.
In the context of the Global War on Terrorism and modern counterinsurgency operations, the Department of Defense and other agencies within the U.S. government utilize an unprecedented number of private contractors to support missions in Iraq and Afghanistan.These contractors are vital to counterinsurgency efforts because they augment force limitations by performing services ranging from logistics support to security functions. However, unlike members of the Armed Forces who are "accountable under [the Uniform Code of Military Justice] wherever they are located," private security contractors fall into "legal 'gray areas"' between host-nation laws, domestic criminal laws, and international laws such as the Geneva Convention. As civilians, they would normally be subject to host-nation laws. In Iraq and Afghanistan, however, contractors are expressly protected by agreements providing immunity from prosecution in the local jurisdiction. In addition, although Congress passed the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act ("MEJA") to hold civilians accountable under domestic criminal laws, MEJA has not been widely utilized due to significant resource limitations. Finally, contractors do not "fit the formal definition of mercenaries" and are thus "undefined by international law." While perhaps well intended, section 552 raises many questions. One of the most important questions concerns the constitutionality of section 552. On one hand, numerous federal court decisions have upheld military convictions of civilians accompanying the force during times of declared war. On the other hand, the Supreme Court has declared that subjecting civilians to the UCMJ in peacetime is unconstitutional. As such, the question of whether the UCMJ can be constitutionally applied to civilian contractors during contingency operations, which fall between war and peace, remains unanswered. This Recent Development will argue that, although there are significant due process barriers to constitutionality, these concerns do not completely rule out the possibility of applying the UCMJ to civilian contractors accompanying the force in contingency operations.
UNEP commenced its post conflict work in Liberia in November 2003 by assuming the lead for the cross-cutting theme of "environment" in the UN/WB Needs Assessment. This responsibility involved integrating environmental issues and priorities in the needs assessment report, reviewing information from other sectors, holding consultations with stakeholders and fielding missions in 2003/ 2004. As supplementary information to the Needs Assessment, UNEP produced the "Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia", which was presented at the International Reconstruction Donors Conference in New York on 5-6 February 2004. The report aimed at providing a rapid and strategic overview of the environmental problems faced by the country, and identified the immediate needs to be addressed during the reconstruction and development process. Overall, the study found that the misuse of natural resources has not only been a source of conflict in Liberia and the wider region, but has also sustained it. Furthermore, the massive movement of refugees and internally displaced people have had very serious impacts on the environment. Based on these findings and in consultation with the national authorities, it was agreed that an important contribution towards increasing national and regional stability would be to provide the Liberian Government with the capacity and proficiency to manage its natural resources and economic development in an environmentally sustainable and equitable manner. To this end, UNEP's efforts over the past two and half years have focused on strengthening the enabling policy and legislative frameworks and the technical capacity of the country's nascent environmental administration. In April 2005 UNEP established a Project Office in Monrovia, led by an international UNEP staff member.
3. To document the lessons learned by UNEP in implementing activities in a complex situation such as Iraq.
the fieldwork will be published in 2007.
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia stands on the threshold of a new and decisive phase in its history as it looks to emerge from the turmoil of armed conflicts and to begin reconstruction and development. It is at this moment that the opportunity must be seized to base plans for economic growth on the principles of sustainable development. This means integrating environmental considerations into all policy areas at all levels to ensure that everyone living in the FYR of Macedonia can breathe clean air and drink clean water. It means provision of universal and affordable access to sanitation, and solid waste disposal, and it means the conservation of the country's outstanding natural heritage. Above all, it means creating and maintaining the environmental conditions in which investment, employment, health and peace can flourish.
While this vision can only be achieved by the people and Government of FYR of Macedonia, the international community has a vital role to play. Not only in the provision of funding, capacity building and technical support, but also in pressing for environmental issues to be at the top of the development agenda. The United Nations occupies a special role within the donor community. While having access to a broad range of environmental knowledge and resources, the UN, at the same time, has the flexibility to adapt and pursue a policy agenda that closely reflects the immediate needs of the FYR of Macedonia. As a contribution towards the realisation of sustainable development in the FYR of Macedonia this report has been prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) country office in the FYR of Macedonia. It presents the results of a Strategic Environmental Policy Assessment (SEPA) carried out in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia during September 2001. The SEPA was conducted by UNEP, in response to UNDP's formal request for a comprehensive review of environmental policy in the country.
The original programme was to be implemented during the period October 2003 to December 2006. Based on a combination of early successes and expanding needs, an extension has been requested by NEPA for UNEP to continue until 2008. Support and funding for the programme has been provided by the European Commission, the Government of Finland and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). This report outlines the progress that was made during the 2003-2005 period and provides an overview of the focus areas for 2006.
This report continues the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) investigation of the impacts of the Kosovo conflict. It extends the body of knowledge about the environmental impacts of the conflict, and about the urgent environmental challenges facing Albania. The report should provide a useful tool for international community members seeking to assess Albania's needs and assist the country. It also underscores the importance of environmental management during humanitarian assistance efforts. To conduct the assessment, UNEP drew on the skills of international experts from various scientific and environmental policy disciplines. During a field mission to Albania, the team visited refugee camps and environmental 'hot spots', including neglected industrial sites. The team also took samples and analyzed various environmental and human settlement data. I would like to thank this dedicated and highly skilled team for their hard work.
The period that stretches from the end of the Cold War until today has weathered the emergence of a large number of new states. With each addition, the international community has striven to regulate statehood and rein in its most erratic and unpredictable manifestations. In particular, the international community has tried to affect what kind of political regimes are set up in these new states. To reach that goal, multi-dimensional administrations have been set up by States or International Organizations to (re)build governmental institutions in territories where the governments have floundered completely. This strategy, while costly, has not been unsuccessful. Through international administrations of territories, several states have been rebuilt or restored, all of them endowed with democratic institutions. It is the aim of this Article to analyze the use of international administrations of territories to create or to reconstruct democratic states. After briefly recalling the status of democracy in international law (Section I), the Article explains how modern administrations of territories have proven to be democracy-building machines (Section II). Finally, it offers a critical appraisal of the contemporary resolve of the international community to create democratic states (Section III).
The Iraqi Ministry of Environment (MoEn), which stemmed from and incorporated the Ministry of Health's former Environmental Protection and Improvement Directorate, was established in September 2003. Since its inception, the Ministry has operated under four different governments, with three different ministers. In spite of this political flux, security constraints and resource limitations, the Ministry has succeeded in establishing its presence, training its staff, improving infrastructure and carrying out a number of projects. UNEP initiated this institutional assessment of the Ministry of Environment as part of its project for Strengthening Environmental Governance in Iraq, which is funded by the Government of Japan through the Iraq Trust Fund. Ministry officials undertook the fieldwork, and UNEP provided technical assistance. The assessment found the Iraqi Ministry of Environment to be fully operational, with competent staff and functioning legislation. While its work covers all areas of environmental management, including law-making and law enforcement, the Ministry's core strength is in environmental monitoring, due to its historical background as the monitoring arm of the Ministry of Health. These three roles should in future be segregated, and the law-making and inspection capabilities reinforced. The Ministry is currently working on both these issues. In addition, a new framework law on the environment is being developed, which should be followed by a new set of standards and regulations. The Ministry is also being reorganized to better carry out its current mandate. Once these activities are completed, the law-making and enforcement components can be strengthened.
As the smoke and dust settled and peace was re-established in what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the summer of 1999, it was evident that not only had people been through untold pain and suffering but that the environment had suffered as well. However, the extent and nature of the conflict-related damage to the environment and the threats these might pose were unknown.
In response to widely voiced concerns, the United Nations Environment Programme established a task force (the Balkans Task Force) with a mandate to assess objectively and scientifically immediate threats to human health and the environment arising from the conflict.
This was the first time that environmental issues had been recognized and integrated as a central part of the immediate United Nations post-conflict humanitarian effort. In October 1999 UNEP presented its findings in the report entitled The Kosovo Conflict – Consequences for the Environment and Human Settlements. This drew a number of important conclusions on the post-conflict situation in the region and – in particular – singled out four heavily polluted environmental 'hot spots' (Pancevo, Kragujevac, Novi Sad and Bor), for immediate humanitarian assistance. This report documents in detail how, during a period of four-and-a-half years (mid-1999 to December 2003) UNEP went about assessing the environmental consequences of the war and implementing a pioneering clean-up project to address serious conflict-related environmental damage.
The urgency of humanitarian concerns during refugee and IDP movements means environmental considerations are not always taken into account. This places extra responsibility on organizations and authorities to incorporate such considerations into the planning process. Failure to do so will likely have a negative effect on the very people they seek to help. In a worst case scenario, new cycles of displacement could be sparked over conflict relating to the use of natural resources. A number of potential environmental impacts associated with refugees and IDPs were highlighted – perhaps for the first time – as a result of UNEP's work in 2003 and 2004, as part of the United Nations and World Bank Joint Needs Assessment for Liberia. A large body of environmental management knowledge was known to exist from previous refugee operations – including UNHCR's Environmental Guidelines (UNHCR, 1996 and 2005), a range of UNHCR environment-related handbooks, and the Norwegian Refugee Council's Camp Management Toolkit (2004) – but virtually no such information was specific to Liberia. Moreover, there was little knowledge in Liberia that these resources actually existed and could help with planning and decision-making. UNEP sought to address this gap as part of a broader project entitled 'Strengthening Capacities for the Integration of the Environmental Dimension in Refugee and IDP Settlements and Flows in Angola, Liberia and Sierra Leone'. Financial assistance from the governments of Norway and Sweden enabled an appropriate response to be implemented in Liberia. Starting with basic needs assessments and a review of existing literature, two capacity building workshops were designed and organized in Monrovia for Liberian practitioners and decision-makers.
UNEP's intention in conducting the assessment was not to assign blame, but to present an accurate picture of the state of environmental affairs. UNEP will further actively share the findings and recommendations of this report with donors who have an interest in future environmental projects in the region.There was no real precedent for an assessment of this nature. UNEP developed its own methods, focusing on four objectives: First, to gather a baseline data set of the environment in the disengaged settlements. Second, to identify areas posing immediate risk to people. Third, to create an information base, including satellite images and maps, for future planning. Fourth, to provide training on environmental assessments to Palestinian experts. Using satellite imagery, reports and comments from Israeli, Palestinian and international sources, UNEP scientists – prior to commencement of the field work – identified approximately 100 areas of interest, including industrial buildings, waste disposal sites, agricultural plants and storage tanks. The field work was carried out in Gaza from 9-18 December 2005 by a UNEP team of 8 experts with expertise in the fields of hazardous waste, including asbestos, marine and coastal issues, soil contamination and water quality. The UNEP team was consequently able to cover all 21 disengaged settlements, as well as the Erez industrial site. Following the field work, samples were produced in triplicate, handed to the Palestinian and Israeli laboratories and sent to an independent, UNEP contracted laboratory in the UK.
This report presents the findings of the survey. Other than some localized pollution, the former Israeli settlements did not cause contamination of water, land or buildings posing a significant risk to the environment or to public health. Pollution at the former Erez Industrial Estate was also localized and could be mitigated by targeted clean-up action. The study thus finds that overall the environmental impact of the former Israeli settlements in the Gaza strip was limited – welcome news for everyone concerned with the region's environment, long-term stability and economic progress. We hope that the findings presented in this report would bolster Palestinian resettlement plans and foster hopes for economic investment and peace in the region.
As major military operations in Iraq were drawing towards an end in late April 2003, UNEP published its Desk Study on the Environment in Iraq, aimed at providing a timely overview of key environmental issues in the context of the recent conflict. Background materials used in the report's preparation relied on UNEP's earlier work in the region, including three studies it had carried out about the environmental impacts of the 1991 Gulf War, and the 2001 report on the demise of the Mesopotamian Marshlands. Due to the conflict situation, it was not possible to conduct field assessments and the study was rapidly compiled from published and online information sources as well as satellite data. Despite these limitations, the report sets out the general environmental context and provides guidance on the next steps for addressing key environmental challenges. UNEP's Desk Study was prepared as part of the overall 'UN Humanitarian Flash Appeal for Iraq', launched in March 2003.
This Progress Report should not be considered as a substitute for the Iraq Desk Study, but is intended to provide updated information about the evolving environmental situation in Iraq, with a view to highlighting priority areas for action. In addition to other sources, it draws its information from two fact-finding missions that UNEP was able to field to Iraq in July and August 2003. Unfortunately, however, the security front remains unstable, seriously curtailing the United Nations margin of manoeuvre in Iraq. The Progress Report also makes use of background material collected for the United Nations Development Group (UNDG) / World Bank Joint Iraq Needs Assessment, which will be presented at the International Donors' Conference in Madrid on 24 October 2003. Within the UNDG process, UNEP has been mandated to identify and evaluate environmental concerns; one of the four cross-cutting sectors of the Iraq Needs Assessment. This has provided an opportunity for UNEP to actively link environmental activities with other relevant sectors such as agriculture, water and sanitation, energy, housing and institutions.
Every conflict generates risks to human health and to the environment. The post-conflict situation in Iraq compounds a range of chronic environmental issues, and presents immediate challenges in the fields of humanitarian assistance, reconstruction and administration.
Now that major military combat operations have ended, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is addressing post-conflict risks to the environment and to human health, and promoting long-term environmental management. Timeliness is paramount. Lessons learned from earlier conflicts show that the immediate environmental consequences must be addressed as soon as possible to avoid a further deterioration of humanitarian and environmental conditions. For this reason, UNEP, as a part of the wider UN family, integrated its post-conflict activities into the UN Humanitarian Flash Appeal launch on 28 March 2003.
this most recent conflict, Iraqi citizens may have fears about environmental threats from military activities, such as air pollution, drinking water contamination, and the presence of hazardous substances, including heavy metals and depleted uranium. Objective and reliable information will help set aside such fears where the risk is minimal, and will help to target measurement and clean up activities in areas where the risk is higher. For these reasons, and based on this study and the information currently emerging from Iraq, UNEP is recommending that field research and analysis be carried out in Iraq at the earliest possible time. The approach of this Desk Study is environmental and technical. The intent is not to attach blame for various environmental problems. Rather, it is to provide an overview of chronic and war-related environmental issues, and to identify the steps needed to safeguard the environment. Top priorities include environmental issues that have a direct link with easing the humanitarian situation, especially the restoration of water, power, sanitation networks and ensuring food security.
I am delighted to present this report on the assessment of contaminated sites in Iraq. This pioneering work has been conducted by the Iraqi Ministry of Environment and its professional experts under the guidance and supervision of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The project is part of a series of capacity building activities being undertaken by UNEP, with support from the Government of Japan through the UN Iraq Trust Fund. While UNEP has been undertaking post-conflict environmental assessments since 1999, the situation in Iraq posed some unique challenges. Initial field visits by the UNEP team indicated the need to urgently assess the level of contamination at a number of industrial sites. However, the security situation did not permit UN staff to work inside the country.
and samples were analysed in international laboratories. All of the field work was documented in great detail using global positioning systems and digital cameras. The outcomes of the work highlight a number of important findings and lessons. First and foremost, the report demonstrates that while there are contaminated sites in Iraq, the environmental risks are still very localised and the opportunity exists to initiate immediate clean-up before public health is threatened. Urgent action should be taken as soon as possible to contain the large quantities of toxic chemicals lying unattended and unguarded. In this regard, I am extremely pleased that the findings of this project have resulted in UNEP being awarded additional financial resources by the UN Iraq Trust Fund to initiate clean-up activities. Throughout this work, UNEP has also learned that an approach based on remote supervision, modern communications equipment and remote sensing can produce very useful results even in conditions where the United Nations cannot be present on the ground. This vastly expands the operating envelope for future UNEP interventions in other parts of the world.
change in Afghanistan, and highlights the latest achievements and prospects ahead. It is intended as an overview of the more multifaceted First State of Environment (SOE) Report for Afghanistan, which is being produced by the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) in accordance with section 9(12) of the Environment Law, 2007, and will be published in mid-2008, with the assistance of the United Nations Environment Programme. It is designed for both a national audience (Government officials, community leaders, and natural resource policy-makers at a central and local level) and the broader international community: donors and international organizations, policy-makers in neighbouring countries, people and institutes interested in Afghanistan. It provides in a consolidated format the best available information and also identifies gaps in data on the state of the environment.
In January 2007, the final version of the Environment Law came into force. The Law, which has been approved by the National Assembly, is based on international standards which recognize the current state of Afghanistan's environment while laying a framework for the progressive improvement of governance, leading ultimately to effective environmental management. It is now binding on both the government and the people of Afghanistan.
The purpose of this brochure is to give the Afghan people, and other interested persons, a basic overview as to why and how the Law was developed, and the implications of the Law for the ordinary person and the government. This brochure should therefore be read in conjunction with the Law itself (see Official Gazette No. 912, dated 25 January 2007).
Public health problems in armed conflicts have been well documented, however, effective national health policies and international assistance strategies in transition periods from conflict to peace have not been well established. After the long lasted conflicts in Sri Lanka, the Government and the rebel LTTE signed a cease-fire agreement in February 2002. As the peace negotiation has been disrupted since April 2003, a long-term prospect for peace is yet uncertain at present. The objective of this research is to detect unmet needs in health services in Northern Province in Sri Lanka, and to recommend fair and effective health strategies for post-conflict reconstruction. First, we compared a 20-year trend of health services and health status between the post-conflict Northern Province and other areas not directly affected by conflict in Sri Lanka by analyzing data published by Sri Lankan government and other agencies. Then, we conducted open-ended self-administered questionnaires to health care providers and inhabitants in Northern Province, and key informant interviews in Northern Province and other areas. The major health problems in Northern Province were high maternal mortality, significant shortage of human resources for health (HRH), and inadequate water and sanitation systems. Poor access to health facilities, lack of basic health knowledge, insufficient health awareness programs for inhabitants, and mental health problems among communities were pointed by the questionnaire respondents. Shortage of HRH and people's negligence for health were perceived as the major obstacles to improving the current health situation in Northern Province. The key informant interviews revealed that Sri Lankan HRH outside Northern Province had only limited information about the health issues in Northern Province. It is required to develop and allocate HRH strategically for the effective reconstruction of health service systems in Northern Province. The empowerment of inhabitants and communities through health awareness programs and the development of a systematic mental health strategy at the state level are also important. It is necessary to provide with the objective information of gaps in health indicators by region for promoting mutual understanding between Tamil and Sinhalese. International assistance should be provided not only for the post-conflict area but also for other underprivileged areas to avoid unnecessary grievance.
This study contains the results of research on reconstructing internal security institutions during nation-building missions. It analyzes the activities of the United States and other countries in building viable police, internal security forces, and justice structures. This study examines in detail the reconstruction efforts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kosovo, three of the most important instances in the post-Cold War era in which the United States and its allies have attempted to reconstruct security institutions. It then compares these cases with six others in the post-Cold War era: Panama, El Salvador, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and East Timor. Finally, the study draws conclusions from the case studies and analysis, and derives recommendations to help the United States and other international actors improve their performance in the delivery of post-conflict security. The results should be of interest to a broad audience of policymakers and academics concerned with the successes and shortcomings of past security efforts. Although the study is not intended to be a detailed analysis of U.S. or allied military doctrine regarding stability operations, we believe it provides a useful set of guidelines and recommendations for a wide range of military, civilian, and other practitioners.
The following paper addresses the whole gamut of peace tasks and roles confronting civil actors in the post-communist societies of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. We work on the assumption that the current ethnopolitical movements and conflicts are an expression of a massive change in the pace of development and of a drastic redistribution of opportunities and chances to participate. For this process of 'civilization' to take place, many different actors and forces-political and social, party and non-party, domestic and external – must be involved. Given the meagre resources usually available, 'the more the better' is not good counsel here. A preferable course is to identify strategic priorities and alliances for peace work in societies undergoing transformation.
In Iraq and Afghanistan, the United States has relearned painful lessons on how to win the peace. Institutionalizing these lessons requires establishing a common national strategic concept for post-conflict operations. Post-conflict operations are among the most difficult to plan and execute, even under the best of circumstances. Expectations that post-conflict activities will be smooth, uncomplicated, frictionless, and nonviolent are unrealistic, as is the assumption that grievous policy errors or strategic misjudgments cause all difficulties. The Administration and Congress must adopt policies that ensure effective interagency operations and unity of effort. Successful post-conflict operations cannot be planned effectively in Foggy Bottom or the Pentagon. Planning and implementation must be done in theater, in concert with the military combatant commands.
Reflecting a growing awareness of the need to integrate security and development agendas in the field of conflict management, the authors of this original volume focus on the case of the Pacific Islands. In the process, they also reveal the sociopolitical diversity, cultural richness, and social resilience of a little-known region. Their work not only offers insight into the societies discussed, but also speaks to the realities of political community and statebuilding efforts throughout the developing world.
Author addresses the widespread practice of intervention by outside actors aimed at building 'sustainable peace' within societies ravaged by war, examining the record of interventions from Cambodia in the early 1990s to contemporary efforts in Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The book analyses the nature of the modern peacebuilding environment, in particular the historical and psychological conditions that shape it, and addresses the key tasks faced by outside forces in the early and ciritical 'post-conflict' phase of an intervention.
Since the end of World War II, the norm of fixed borders-the proscription against foreign conquest and annexation of homeland territory-has gained prevalence in world politics. Although the norm seeks to make the world a more peaceful place, it may instead cause it to become more conflict prone. Among sociopolitically weak states-states that lack legitimate and effective governmental institutions-fixed borders can actually increase instability and conflict. Adherence to the norm of fixed borders can lead to the perpetuation and exacerbation of weakness in states that are already weak or that have just gained independence. It does so by depriving states of what was traditionally the most potent incentive to increase efforts of state building: territorial pressures. By creating conditions that are rife for the spillover of civil wars and by supplying opportunities for foreign predation, sociopolitically weak states in a world of fixed borders have become a major source of interstate conflict in much of the developing world. Investigation into one case, the war in Congo, reveals the plausibility and the potential force of this argument. Good fences indeed can make bad neighbors.
This monograph addresses the topic of 'transitions' in complex stability operations and is intended to serve a wide audience that includes military and civilian policymakers, international development experts, and scholars in academe. It is a primer, systematic review and comprehensive assessment of the fields of research and practice on transitions. Transitions are conceived of through four lenses: as a process, authority transfer, phasing, and end state. Considering these perspectives, the authors provide a definition of 'transition' in the context of complex stability operations. The intellectual landscape on transitions is immense. From a sample of more than 170 sources, the monograph outlines a typology of six transitional categories while noting their embedded interdependencies: war-to-peace, power, societal, political-democratic, security, and economic. The state of practice reveals a variety of "approaches" and "tools" to address the challenges of post-conflict transitions, although these tend to be narrow and serve parochial interests. The authors conclude with recommendations that include a need for greater research emphasis on the following: testing underlying assumptions of current transition tools and indicators, understanding institutional resilience, identifying thresholds and tipping points between transition phases, and isolating interdependencies between institutions experiencing simultaneous transitions.
This is a theoretical paper on the individual and group rights in the context of conflict transformation. Excerpt from conclusion: The discourse on group rights is committed to explore, protect and strengthen individual and collective identities. One must see group rights as a component of the larger system of rights. The central issue is to make individuals and groups compatible and thereby avoid contradiction.


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CHINA'S TINY GYMNASTS IN SERVICE TO THE GOLD
by Mitch Albom | Aug 14, 2008 | Detroit Free Press | 0 comments
DAY 7: Gym wars and pigtails.
BEIJING – What did you expect? Any country that would lip-sync out a 7-year-old singer because she wasn't cute enough for the opening ceremony wouldn't hesitate to use underage children to capture gold medals. That's a no-brainer. There is what you see and there is what really goes on in China, and what you see at these Games, the image they project, is as precious as oxygen to the New Emperor of the Planet. Who cares if a gymnast is so young she is, as one critic charged, "missing a tooth"?
"Deng …" a reporter, according to Reuters, asked a Chinese gymnast who looks small enough to pack in a suitcase, "what Chinese zodiac animal are you?"
"A monkey," Deng responded.
Not only was it the correct chronological answer, it was dead on in the irony department. Every four years, female gymnasts become dueling national Tinker Bells. And while we ignore their sport in between, during the Olympics it's as if our existence hangs in the balance.
China beat the U.S. for gold in the team competition, and it became a drama and a controversy. Tonight, they battle for the individual title of Olympic champion.
Brace yourself. It's barefoot war out there. A question for the ages
America gasped when our blonde pixies slipped and stumbled. Alicia Sacramone, a 20-year-old from Boston (making her almost a grandma), fell off her balance beam mount and plopped on her rump during the floor exercise. Her teammates, at times, seemed wobbly.
Meanwhile, the Chinese girls, performing before a raucous home crowd, delivered mostly flawless performances and waved with wild exuberance before, presumably, being put down for their naps.
You must turn 16 in the Olympic year to compete in this sport. But honestly. This one girl? Deng Linlin? She's 16 the way I'm 16. All the girls are tiny: She looks up to them. Previous registrations for events suggest several Chinese gymnasts may barely be 14 (even that is hard to believe), but all you need for the Games is a valid passport, and, surprise, the team has those. Who are you going to interrogate? The Chinese president?
Instead, Deng and her teammates were grilled by journalists with: "How did you spend your 15th birthday?""What are your memories of it?" All that was missing were the hot lights and the cops.
But they won. That's what matters here. If you're looking for outrage, remember that not long ago, with its One Child policy, little girls were in danger of being killed over here or, at the least, shipped out for adoption. Now, in service to the state, they are on a pedestal. It's a win-or-else mentality
But then, China is not in this for the warm and fuzzies. They don't make commercials here about the joy of trying even if you fail. There is an expression you see – I spotted it at a museum that featured the urban planning of Beijing – and it goes "Have no best, only better."
Translation for the Olympics: Gold is the minimum. More gold after that.
It is the reason why, as of this writing, China had more gold medals than anyone, and more than three times as many golds as it had silver or bronze. America may have more total hardware, but second or third place is of little interest here. The Chinese planned for years to specialize in sports that yielded multiple medals and go for gold. East Germany did it. So did the Soviet Union.
Now the Chinese are getting their wish – no matter what the sacrifice – and we seem more upset over it than they are. When news broke that the darling of the opening ceremony, a cute-as-a-button, pig-tailed singer who performed "Ode to the Motherland" was actually lip-syncing, because the true singer, a 7-year-old girl, was judged by a high-ranking official as not pretty enough, the Western world was aghast. But not the hosts.
"We combined the perfect voice and the perfect performance," Chen Qigang, the ceremony's chief music director, told Beijing Radio. "The audience will understand that it's in the national interest."
It may sound cruel and robotic. But Luciano Pavarotti lip-synced his Olympic aria in Torino. And Bela Karolyi, the hysterical gymnastics analyst for NBC who blasts the Chinese for age abuse, was accused of similar things when he was the "enemy" coaching Romania, remember?
Tonight, if an American finishes second, we can say she gave her all. And if a Chinese girl wins gold, her government can say "as expected." It's a barefoot war out there, with young women crying and little girls on the firing line. You can forget sometimes, here in Beijing, that sports are supposed to be fun.
Aren't they?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: While will a div with min-height: 100% not expand when it's content grows to large Here is a codepen with the general problem:
https://codepen.io/tgreen/pen/PJbPEB
.canvas {
   padding: 40px;
   max-width: 1170px;
   width: 100%;
   align-self: center;
   min-height: 100%;
   background: white;
   display: flex;
   justify-content: center;
}

I want the canvas to start at a minimum height of 100% so it fills the whole browser window, but if its content grows larger than that it should also grow to contain that. Basically I want that white box to reach the bottom at all times.
Thanks.

A: Switch the percentage values to vh based values,
Here is a working demo
This is because percentage values are relative to parent container, and what you are trying to achieve is relative to viewport size (you can simply replace the height: 100% of the html, body attributes by a min-height: 100%, but the canevas won't take 100% of the page if the red box is small, it will just adapt to it.

A: just simply remove height property from body, html
body, html {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  /*height: 100%;*/
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Football Santi Mina: Spanish footballer sentenced to four years in prison for sexual...
Santi Mina: Spanish footballer sentenced to four years in prison for sexual harassment
Kabita Chakraborty | Kolkata | May 05, 2022 |
Santi Mina. Photo: Twitter
A Spanish footballer has been jailed for sexual harassment. The footballer named Santi Mina has been found guilty in an incident in 2017.
A Spanish court has sentenced 26-year-old Celta Vigo striker to four years in prison and a €50,000 fine. The footballer, who plays for the Under-21 national team, appealed to the Spanish Supreme Court against the lower court's ruling. However, the apex court dismissed his appeal and upheld the lower court's verdict.
A woman brought sexual harassment charges against him. Mina's lawyer claimed in court that there was no incident of harassment. The relationship took place with the consent of the two adults. However, he could not present any evidence in support of his claim. The public prosecutor demanded eight years imprisonment for the accused footballer. The plaintiff's lawyer demanded nine and a half years in prison. Because the section of the law in which Mina has been convicted can lead to a maximum of 10 years imprisonment.
Mina's lawyer said his client's football career would end if he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Considering all the aspects, the judge ordered four years imprisonment. La Liga club Celta Vigo has expelled a convicted footballer. Mina has played 33 matches for the team this season.
Santi Mina
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Stirchley and Cotteridge against the Cuts did a tour of the main picket lines in our area this morning; Lifford Refuse Depot, Lifford House, The Blood Service and the Cotteridge Church Centre, before joining the main march in town.
At each location, there was a constant honking of horns to show support. There was barely any negativity from passers-by. There was a good, confident and determined mood on the picket lines. We got the feeling that although the government is not crumbling just yet, our side is beginning to get its act together. The ConDems had better watch out.


text:
BMW Group India launches Skill Next a technical skilling initiative
Through the initiative, 365 BMW engine and transmission units will be provided for learning purposes to engineering and technical institutes free of cost.
Chennai: On its 11th anniversary BMW Group Plant Chennai launched 'Skill Next, a technical skilling initiative. A BMW engine and transmission was assembled at the main assembly line of the plant to commemorate the beginning of the project by cricketer Sachin Tendulkar and students of the College of Engineering, Anna University, according to a company statement.
Skill Next will reach educational institutes and students in every state and union territory in India. Through the initiative, 365 BMW engine and transmission units will be provided for learning purposes to engineering and technical institutes free of cost.
This initiative will provide an opportunity for engineering and technical students to get hands-on training on advanced technologies of BMW engines and transmissions. BMW Group India will also deliver the engine and transmission units to campuses of engineering colleges / Industrial Training Institutes / polytechnics at no cost by end of 2018.
The handover of demonstration units will be done on a first-come-first-serve basis after due undertakings are submitted by the institutes. The undertakings will ensure that the engine and transmission units are used inside the laboratories on campuses of the institutes for learning purposes only.
ALSO READ:  Daimler-BMW mobility venture aims to be global player - Daimler CFO
Vikram Pawah, President, BMW Group India said, "The luxury automotive segment in India has witnessed tremendous growth in the last decade and with the growing number of cars on road, there is a high requirement of good technical talent in the industry. 'Skill Next will strongly promote the development of technical competencies in students across the country by enhancing their practical knowledge of advanced automotive technology. This initiative will also contribute in increasing the availability of skilled technical staff required at automotive dealerships in India."
The engineering unit, including the BMW TwinPower Turbo in-line 4-cylinder diesel engine and the BMW eight-speed steptronic automatic transmission, will serve as a valuable learning tool for students. Since 2007, this engine has proved its mark in India by powering close to 50,000 units delivered to customers.
The engine presently powers six cars locally-produced at BMW Group Plant Chennai – BMW 3 Series (320d), BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo (320d GT), BMW 5 Series (520d), BMW X1 (xDrive 20d), BMW X3 (xDrive 20d) and the upcoming MINI Countryman Cooper D. The BMW eight-speed steptronic automatic transmission is presently featured in five cars locally-produced at BMW Group Plant Chennai – BMW 3 Series, BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo, BMW 5 Series, BMW X1 and BMW X3.
Post-handover, a 'Train the Trainer' module will be devised for institutes where 40 Aftersales Master Technicians will conduct extensive workshops at BMW dealerships in more than 20 cities. The module has been devised by professional trainers from BMW Group India Training Centre and BMW Group Plant Chennai.
The workshops will be a combination of classroom sessions and hands-on practical sessions using detailed training materials.
Dr. Jochen Stallkamp, Managing Director, BMW Group Plant Chennai said, "The know-how of advanced technology and the confidence to work with state-of-the-art machinery and complex processes is a great asset in engineering field. Skill Next initiative will facilitate development of talent in the future generation of engineers. These skills will open up new doors for a workforce that wants to make a successful career in automotive industry in India."
During extreme rain and weather conditions in Chennai in the past, a considerable number of engine and transmissions were water affected. As per BMW quality standards, these parts could not be used in the vehicles.
The parts were insured and Bharti AXA General Insurance honored the claims. BMW India proposed providing the engines and transmissions to educational institutes at no cost as they could be used as a learning resource to impart theoretical and practical knowledge to students. Bharti AXA General Insurance played a vital role by giving special approval to allow realisation of the project.
Sanjeev Srinivasan, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Bharti AXA General Insurance said, "When BMW Group India approached us with the innovative idea of Skill Next, we were excited to be part of it. Vehicle insurance premiums amount to nearly 45% of Gross Written Premium (GWP) recorded by the General Insurance industry and is considered to be a growth generator for the category. We strongly believe that as leading players in our arenas, we have both the responsibility and the means to bring about change for good and upskill our future leaders to deliver efficiently."
Sachin Tendulkar said, "I strongly feel that initiatives like Skill Next will promote development of automotive engineering skills in our country. It is an opportunity for technical students in every state and union territory to get directly trained on BMW engine and transmission."
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The largest source of copper is from porphyry ore deposits in which one or a combination of the aforementioned minerals occurs. A typical copper sulphide ore contains various levels of iron sulphide types that generally include pyrite (FeS2) and pyrrhotite (Fe1xS).
The origins of its name unknown. Copper is one of the first metals to be used, largely because it occurs in metallic form at the surface. By 4000 , it was being smelted from ores in Israel and other parts of the Middle East.
Today most copper is produced from sulfide ores. Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity. Most copper mined today is used to conduct electricity mostly as wiring.
Copper Ore is the lowest level ore in World of Warcraft. It's usually worth 510g for a stack of 20 on the auction house and can be farmed very easily.
With the command typed correctly, hit Enter to spawn all the copper ore you could possibly need! You can do this over and over to get large quantities very quickly.
Get periodic table facts on the chemical and physical properties of the element copper.


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text:
Families, LLC
The Attunement Bridge: Healing After An Affair Jenny TeGrotenhuis, LMHC
Sometimes I write my own articles and sometimes I share articles that have been written by someone else, when my words could not say it better. This is a repost of an article written about a couple that could have been me or you. Jenny has the ability to put you there with the couple. Walk over this bridge with them and see how they work to heal their relationship.
John and Shannon brought their tattered marriage to therapy, to see if they could salvage it from an affair. Right away, we discovered they had a deep habitual communication pattern. John had a veneer of sweetness that we decided to call the "chill dude." He liked to maintain this state of seeming "easy-going," which appeared flexible but was actually a defense—another form of rigidity. Meanwhile, Shannon's nervous system ran hot. She functioned from a high-energy, high- productivity demeanor which her family referred to as "the boss."
John's "chill dude" triggered Shannon's "boss," and vice versa. He blamed her for being uptight. She blamed him for being immature and indifferent. They each stimulated disintegrating shame in the other. After arguments, they'd reinforce their own angry beliefs through the stories they'd tell themselves in their heads.
When Shannon's world collapsed through her discovery of John's two-year affair with their mutual friend, Robin, she entered therapy with me. She was reeling from the double betrayal and wanted to focus exclusively on her own healing. We set to work on emotion regulation, processing her trauma, rage, and grief, and recovering from her life-long kinship with stress.
"I'm committed to my own healthier future with or without John!" she declared, which was the wisest thing she could have done.
John also agreed to do some therapy with me. He was interested in healing his childhood wounds so that the emotional blocks from the past, which he suspected were getting triggered in his relationship with Shannon, could be resolved.
In time, they agreed to attempt couple therapy to see if they could save their relationship. A sequence of therapeutic changes was the key that unlocked the damage in their relationship and allowed a healthy bridge of attunement to grow between them.
Although counter-intuitive, the first step they needed was detachment. This was followed by a form of empathy called cognitive perspective-taking, which paved the way for the deeper exquisite empathy needed for actually healing trauma.
After a few weeks, Shannon's calmer, detached demeanor was the first thing that helped them both. It changed the dynamic of their ordinary interactions. She had pulled back—to protect herself—and she was no longer "the boss," but her genuine self.
Although deeply hurt, Shannon was respectful with John. The differences in her seemed to leave some room for John to feel remorse, and his "chill" warmed a bit. He wasn't using any energy to defend or to hide as he had before, since now Shannon wasn't blaming or criticizing him.
John was more comfortable connecting with Shannon. Meanwhile, he and Robin completely ended their affair, and after wading through a murky sea of complex grief in his personal therapy, John could reexamine the situation. He had a deep shift in perspective, felt used and betrayed by Robin, and regretted the affair that had wounded Shannon so completely and cost him so dearly.
Even though he was under tremendous emotional strain, if he were to salvage the marriage with Shannon, it would be essential that he be able to listen well and actually empathize with Shannon by adopting her perspective.
And, even though she was essentially blameless in the situation, Shannon was willing to own her part in some factors in their relationship that had made John unhappy.
What he'd done about his unhappiness was never okay. They were perfectly clear on that. But she wanted to extend empathy to him, as well, and this helped them both. She owned that she'd been preoccupied with the kids and work and had taken him for granted; that she hadn't put any effort into their relationship for a long time.
This didn't level the playing field, but it did offer an opportunity for connection. It was Shannon's way of reaching out to him, a reach in his direction.
If they were each able to share in the others' experiences, needs, and desires, they might be able to create the emotional bridge needed to cross back over to a committed marriage.
We processed their most painful issues together, and slowed all of these important conversations way down, allowing them to reflect and resonate with the emotions of the other. It was important that they take the time to deeply validate the feelings they heard because that process stimulates cognitive perspective-taking, a very important part of empathy.
Cognitive Perspective-Taking
After the first few couple sessions, I had John interview Shannon. I wanted him to stay open and genuinely curious to learn how Shannon was doing. He needed to slow his brain and keep his natural defenses from rising so he wouldn't emotionally flee and put on the mask of the "chill dude." I reminded him to start with learning her feelings first, before getting the whole story. That would help him stay open, curious, and nondefensive.
He leaned over toward her and looked into her eyes. "Can you tell me the feelings you've been having since you found out I cheated?"
She looked up at him from the feelings chart in front of her. "This is going to be a lot, I hope you're ready!" she exclaimed.
A little smile of shared sadness passed between them, and she softened. Her feelings of betrayal trauma poured out, and he patiently reflected them all back to her.
She then narrated the account of her discovery of the affair, and he responded by mirroring it all back to her slowly, checking to see if he got the details of her experience correct.
If she was ever going to trust him again, Shannon needed to see him fully engaged — emotionally and cognitively — with her experience.
At one point, she stopped and asked him how he was feeling.
He glanced at a feelings chart. "Fragile," he answered. "But not that fragile. It hurts, but let's keep going." He softened and soothed, so he could stay present as his genuine self.
"Okay," she agreed.
"Tell me more," he said until she was finished, and he'd reflected it all back to her with loving kindness.
John heaved a full breath and paused, with eyes closed. Then his gaze reconnected with Shannon's, and he said, "I know I did this to you. I don't know where my head was at. Obviously not connecting to you like this. And I'm so sorry. You never deserved this."
"I can't make it up to you," he continued. "All I can do is tell you how much I want to be with you now. I'm really feeling hopeful that we can love each other again, if you'll have me."
Through tears, she nodded "yes."
He continued, "I know it's going to take time for us to fully reconcile, but I owe you that time. I am all in. I'm not going anywhere."
While Shannon longed for a new, whole-hearted commitment from John and accepted it, when offered, she would also need to continue to process the trauma of John's betrayal to piece together her fragmented sense of the timeline from the past two years. This helped her clarify her feelings about the relationship and determine what changes she needed if things were to move forward.
At the same time that he witnessed healthy changes in Shannon, John also saw the scars that his betrayal had left on her. When she reached out for him, they both had to acknowledge her worry and insecurity.
She had to confide to him that she needed him to check in with her or disclose where he'd been, what he was doing on his phone, or what he'd spent money on. John willingly did these things because he understood he needed to be an open book for Shannon if she were ever to trust him again. The trauma of betrayal wounded her brainstem, giving her a form of PTSD, which could heal in time if he was consistently transparent with her.
Exquisite Empathy and Memory Reconsolidation
In order to stimulate deeper empathy between them, I had them voice what they imagined their partner was going through—and how they would feel if roles were reversed. In using their imaginations this way, they were engaging in a complex interplay of neural networks allowing them to experience exquisite empathy. This solidified the connection upon which they could continue to build their relationship bridge.
Through this process in therapy, each partner became a safe support to the other, where once they had been the source of their partner's pain. The deeper listening conversations I was able to facilitate between them did reactivate painful memories in the present moment, but through a therapeutic process of memory reconsolidation, built upon exquisite empathy, true healing happened in this couple. Their old painful memories were now paired with the new experience of loving attentive care from their partner.
In therapy together, you and your partner can learn to rebuild a stronger, more intimate relationship. Allow me to guide you through this process. Kay at Families, LLC
In therapy together, they each experienced a mismatch between their expectations from old patterns and this new exquisite empathy. Shannon once assumed John's "chill dude" would continue to be untrustworthy and would refuse to commit to her, while John had expected that her "boss" would perpetually blame and criticize him. When neither of these old patterns reappeared, and they met instead with the very safe supportive love they longed for from the other, old triggers stopped firing in their brains. New bridges of deeper bonding were literally built through the loving surprise of new firing and rewiring in their nervous systems.
As they repeated these experiences by turning towards one another frequently, processing everyday arguments in healthier, more supportive ways, and giving one another positive reminders of their loving presence, the bridge of attunement was reinforced and strengthened.
So many factors contribute to recovery from an affair, and not every couple is able to reconcile as well as John and Shannon. Both of them did significant individual therapy to bring growth and healing changes to their own parts in the relational rupture. And most importantly, they each genuinely desired to stay together.
Now, for John and Shannon, the affair is not only in the past, but has been integrated into their shared story. They can each describe how it devastated their marriage, and then how together they rebuilt a stronger, more intimate relationship.
John Gottman's book What Makes Love Last describes research on betrayal in a relationship, as well as steps a couple can take to heal from the trauma of betrayal.
Jenny TeGrotenhuis, LMHC
Jenny facilitates changed lives. Her gifts blend wisdom with wit, and neuroscience with kind connection. As a Certified Gottman Therapist and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional, she sees clients in her private practice in Kennewick, Washington.
This article was originally published by The Gottman Institute. I am proud to have trained with the Gottman Institute and am a leader of "7 Principles of Making Marriage Work" and "Bringing Baby Home". Kay Hamilton APRN, CRNA, LMFT
What is Wholehearted Parenting?
Love, Honor and Cherish? Part 3
The Purpose of Marriage-Part 2
Kay Carson Hamilton APRN, CRNA, LMFT Marriage and Family Therapy
© 2019 by Kay Carson Hamilton, LMFT Proudly created by Wix.com


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        <property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSourceClassName">org.postgresql.ds.PGSimpleDataSource</property>
        <property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.url">
            jdbc:postgresql://freedb.cvreult42hwn.us-west-2.rds.amazonaws.com/freedb
        </property>
        <property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.user">freedb</property>
        <property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.password">123freedb456</property>
    </session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Mi Vida Loca (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to Allison Anders' 1994 film Mi Vida Loca. It was released on March 8, 1994, via Mercury Records and consisted of hip hop and contemporary R&B music, with Jellybean Benitez serving as the soundtrack's supervisor. The album reached number 70 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

Track listing
 "Tales from the Westside" – 3:45 (Proper Dos)
 "The Good Hit" – 3:18 (Funkdoobiest)
 "If the Papes Come" – 4:14 (A Tribe Called Quest)
 "Run, Catch & Kill" – 4:58 (Boss)
 "Scandalous" – 3:34 (Psycho Realm)
 "Crooked is the Path" – 4:06 (Shootyz Groove)
 "Hey D.J." – 4:00 (A Lighter Shade of Brown)
 "Weather 4 2" – 5:20 (Tony! Toni! Toné!)
 "Two Lovers" – 3:33 (A Lighter Shade of Brown)
 "Suavecito" – 4:39 (4-Corners)
 "Girls It Ain't Easy" – 4:02 (4-Corners)

Chart history

References

External links

1994 soundtrack albums
Mercury Records soundtracks
Hip hop soundtracks
Contemporary R&B soundtracks
Albums produced by DJ Muggs
Drama film soundtracks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
//========================================================================
//Copyright 2007 Mort Bay Consulting Pty. Ltd.
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
//you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//You may obtain a copy of the License at
//http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//limitations under the License.
//========================================================================

package org.mortbay.cometd.continuation;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.cometd.Bayeux;
import org.cometd.Extension;
import org.cometd.Message;
import org.mortbay.cometd.AbstractBayeux;
import org.mortbay.cometd.AbstractCometdServlet;
import org.mortbay.cometd.ClientImpl;
import org.mortbay.cometd.JSONTransport;
import org.mortbay.cometd.MessageImpl;
import org.mortbay.cometd.Transport;
import org.mortbay.util.ArrayQueue;
import org.mortbay.util.StringUtil;
import org.mortbay.util.ajax.Continuation;
import org.mortbay.util.ajax.ContinuationSupport;

public class ContinuationCometdServlet extends AbstractCometdServlet
{
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
    @Override
    protected AbstractBayeux newBayeux()
    {
        return new ContinuationBayeux();
    }

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
    @Override
    protected void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException
    {
        // Look for an existing client and protect from context restarts
        Object clientObj=request.getAttribute(CLIENT_ATTR);
        ContinuationClient client=(clientObj instanceof ClientImpl)?(ContinuationClient)clientObj:null;
        Transport transport=null;
        boolean connect=false;
        int received=-1;

        // Have we seen this request before
        if (client!=null)
        {
            // yes - extract saved properties
            transport=(Transport)request.getAttribute(TRANSPORT_ATTR);
            transport.setResponse(response);
        }
        else
        {
            Message[] messages = getMessages(request);
            received=messages.length;

            /* check jsonp parameter */
            String jsonpParam=request.getParameter("jsonp");

            // Handle all messages
            try
            {
                for (Message message : messages)
                {
                    if (jsonpParam!=null)
                        message.put("jsonp",jsonpParam);

                    if (client==null)
                    {
                        client=(ContinuationClient)_bayeux.getClient((String)message.get(AbstractBayeux.CLIENT_FIELD));

                        // If no client,  SHOULD be a handshake, so force a transport and handle
                        if (client==null)
                        {
                            // Setup a browser ID
                            String browser_id=browserId(request);
                            if (browser_id==null)
                                browser_id=newBrowserId(request,response);

                            if (transport==null)
                            {
                                transport=_bayeux.newTransport(client,message);
                                transport.setResponse(response);
                            }
                            _bayeux.handle(null,transport,message);
                            message=null;

                            continue;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            String browser_id=browserId(request);
                            if (browser_id!=null && (client.getBrowserId()==null || !client.getBrowserId().equals(browser_id)))
                                client.setBrowserId(browser_id);

                            // resolve transport
                            if (transport==null)
                            {
                                transport=_bayeux.newTransport(client,message);
                                transport.setResponse(response);
                            }

                            // Tell client to hold messages as a response is likely to be sent.
                            if (!transport.resumePoll())
                                client.responsePending();
                        }
                    }

                    String channel=_bayeux.handle(client,transport,message);
                    connect|=AbstractBayeux.META_CONNECT.equals(channel);
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                if (transport!=null && client!=null && !transport.resumePoll())
                    client.responded();

                for (Message message : messages)
                    ((MessageImpl)message).decRef();
            }
        }

        Message pollReply=null;
        // Do we need to wait for messages
        if (transport!=null)
        {
            pollReply=transport.getPollReply();
            if (pollReply!=null)
            {
                if (_bayeux.isLogDebug())
                    _bayeux.logDebug("doPost: transport is polling");
                long timeout=client.getTimeout();
                if (timeout==0)
                    timeout=_bayeux.getTimeout();

                Continuation continuation=ContinuationSupport.getContinuation(request,client);

                // Get messages or wait
                synchronized (client)
                {
                    if (!client.hasMessages() && !continuation.isPending()&& received<=1)
                    {
                        // save state and suspend
                        ((ContinuationClient)client).setContinuation(continuation);
                        request.setAttribute(CLIENT_ATTR,client);
                        request.setAttribute(TRANSPORT_ATTR,transport);
                        continuation.suspend(timeout);
                    }

                    if (!continuation.isPending())
                        client.access();

                    continuation.reset();
                }

                ((ContinuationClient)client).setContinuation(null);
                transport.setPollReply(null);

                for (Extension e:_bayeux.getExtensions())
                    pollReply=e.sendMeta(pollReply);
            }
            else if (client!=null)
            {
                client.access();
            }
        }

        // Send any messages.
        if (client!=null)
        {
            synchronized(client)
            {
                client.doDeliverListeners();
                ArrayQueue<Message> messages= (ArrayQueue)client.getQueue();
                int size=messages.size();
                boolean flushed=false;

                try
                {
                    if (pollReply!=null)
                    {
                        // can we bypass response generation?
                        if (_refsThreshold>0 && size==1 && transport instanceof JSONTransport)
                        {
                            MessageImpl message = (MessageImpl)messages.peek();

                            // is there a response already prepared
                            ByteBuffer buffer = message.getBuffer();
                            if (buffer!=null)
                            {
                                request.setAttribute("org.mortbay.jetty.ResponseBuffer",buffer);
                                ((MessageImpl)message).decRef();
                                flushed=true;
                            }
                            else if (message.getRefs()>=_refsThreshold)
                            {
                                byte[] contentBytes = ("[{\""+Bayeux.SUCCESSFUL_FIELD+"\":true,\""+
                                        Bayeux.CHANNEL_FIELD+"\":\""+Bayeux.META_CONNECT+"\"},"+
                                        message.getJSON()+"]").getBytes(StringUtil.__UTF8);
                                int contentLength = contentBytes.length;

                                String headerString = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"+
                                "Content-Type: text/json; charset=utf-8\r\n" +
                                "Content-Length: " + contentLength + "\r\n" +
                                "\r\n";

                                byte[] headerBytes = headerString.getBytes(StringUtil.__UTF8);

                                buffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(headerBytes.length+contentLength);
                                buffer.put(headerBytes);
                                buffer.put(contentBytes);
                                buffer.flip();

                                message.setBuffer(buffer);
                                request.setAttribute("org.mortbay.jetty.ResponseBuffer",buffer);
                                ((MessageImpl)message).decRef();
                                flushed=true;
                            }
                            else
                                transport.send(pollReply);
                        }
                        else
                            transport.send(pollReply);
                    }

                    if (!flushed)
                    {
                        Message message = null;
                        for (int i = 0;i<size;i++)
                        {
                            message=messages.getUnsafe(i);
                            transport.send(message);
                        }

                        transport.complete();
                        flushed=true;
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (flushed)
                        messages.clear();
                }
            }

            if (transport.resumePoll())
                client.resume();
        }
        else if (transport!=null)
        {
            transport.complete();
        }
    }
}


Colombia's president says the notorious Golfo Clan is ready to disband after a 25-year campaign of drug-related violence. The country has recently signed a peace deal with FARC guerillas and a truce with ELN rebels.
Colombia's most powerful drug trafficking gang is ready to turn itself in as the country attempts to brush off five decades of armed conflict and lawlessness, President Juan Manuel Santos announced on Tuesday.
"We received an expression of willingness by the head of the Golfo Clan to turn themselves in, to submit to justice," Santos said at an event in Bogota. "I have asked the justice minister and the attorney general to evaluate it."
The message came a day after the Colombian government signed a ceasefire deal with the National Liberation Army (ELN), the lesser known counterpart to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) who recently laid down their arms to transition into mainstream politics.
The surrender offer was sent by Golfo Clan's chief Dairo Usuga, who has spent his life on the run with a $5 million bounty on his head. The request came following last week's killing by the army of Golfo's second-in-command, Roberto Vargas, in a shootout.
Santos added that the government would not negotiate with the gang, because unlike politically motivated rebel groups like the FARC and ELN who have renounced their campaign of violence, the clan's members are criminals.
Usaga has sent authorities a document that his clan would likely make public soon, the country's vice president said.
A video was shown on local media showing a Golfo member confirming the surrender offer.
"We respect the peace processes that have been agreed or are in progress with Juan Manuel Santos' government," the representative said. "We want to be part of the end of the conflict and have a complete disarming of all armed groups in the country."
The Golfo Clan is Colombia's largest drug-trafficking organization. With around 2,000 members, it is accused of working in partnership with Mexico's notorious drug cartels, and is also suspected of illegal gold mining. It is infamous for a series of police officer assassinations in the South American country.
The group was formed in 2001 by former right-wing paramilitaries who opposed leftist armed groups including the FARC and ELN during a conflict that has wracked the South American country since the 1960s. More than 200,000 people have been killed and millions displaced by the fighting.
The FARC, who signed a peace deal with the government last year, laid down its arms three months ago to become a leftist political party. The FARC will keep its acronym and take up 10 seats in the country's national assembly.
The ELN has continued its campaign of kidnappings, which it uses to raise funds. But it's hoped Monday's ceasefire agreement, which will last three months, will allow long-term peace talks to proceed.
On Tuesday, Pope Francis will begin a five-day visit to Colombia to see for himself the progress made towards peace.


Search giant claims 1,000 authorized resellers in its year-old program.
One year after launching its channel partner program aimed at offering Google Apps to enterprise customers, Google says it's approaching 1,000 authorized resellers. Moreover, a growing number of those who offer managed services are recommending Google Apps, according to a survey released around the same time.
The news is noteworthy in that there is much debate about whether Google Apps is a strong threat to the Microsoft Office franchise and Business Productivity Online Suite (BPOS).
When Computer Sciences Corp. recently won the $7.2 million contract to run the city of Los Angeles hosted e-mail network with Google Apps, many dismissed its significance. But some held it up as an example that Google and others such as Oracle Corp., IBM Corp. and VMware Inc. may be a credible threat to BPOS and Office and an alternative for partners frustrated with the BPOS pricing and licensing terms.
"Millions of businesses have [moved to] Google -- and our resellers, too, have gained momentum," said Stephen Cho, director of the Google Apps channel program, in a February blog post.
Appirio Inc., a San Mateo, Calif.-based solutions provider that has migrated 15,000 employees at the pharmaceutical giant Genentech Inc. from Microsoft Exchange to Google Apps, is among those who joined the Google Apps Authorized Reseller program, according to Cho.
One of the first to join Google's partner program from the outset was Atlanta-based Cloud Sherpas, which recently moved 950 employees at Lincoln Property Co. from Novell GroupWise to Google Apps.
Cloud Sherpas Founder and CEO Michael Cohn said in an interview that a growing number of enterprises are willing to consider Google Apps as a lower-cost alternative to offerings from Microsoft, IBM, Oracle and Novell.
"A lot of decisions are being made based on budgets," Cohn said. "The economy was certainly slow in 2009 and IT departments still have to do more with less, and when they look at Google, it's a great solution."
Despite Google's gains, many analysts say most enterprises are likely to stick with Microsoft's suite and corresponding hosted services, especially as the forthcoming Office 2010 gains more Web capabilities and serves as a front-end to SharePoint 2010.