Actualidad Económica, American Banker, Asian Banking & Finance, BAI, Banking Review, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, The Business Times, BusinessWeek, Capital, CNN, Corriere della Sera, Datamonitor, Dinero, The Economist, Efma(g), Emerce, Euromoney Magazine, Eurostat, Evening Standard, Le Figaro, Het Financieele Dagblad, Le Figaro, Financial Times, Flickr, Focus, Forbes, Forrester, Fortune, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Global Finance Magazine, The Guardian, Harvard Business Review, Huffington Post, Il Sole 24 Ore, The Independent, Information Age, Insurance Technology, Insurance Journal, iStat, Los Angelos Times, Marketingfacts.nl, Marketing Week, The McKinsey Quarterly, Le Monde, El Mundo, Newsweek, New York Times, Nikkei Weekly, Nouriel Roubini's Global EconoMonitor, NRC Handelsblad, El Pais, El Periodico, Reputation Garage, Singapore Business Review, Der Spiegel, socialnetworkbuzz, Springwise.com, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Stern, The Sydney Morning Herald, De Telegraaf, The Telegraph, Time, The Times, Tijdschrift voor Marketing, Trendwatching.com, US Banker, La Vanguardia, VODW Futureyes, VODW Time to Market, De Volkskrant, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Die Welt, Wharton Business School, Wired, Wirtschaftswoche, YouTube.
ABN AMRO, Admiral Group, AEGON, Aeon Bank , Allianz, Allstate, American Express, ANZ, Asahi Life, Assicurazioni Generali, Australian Commonwealth Bank, ASR Nederland, Aviva, AXA, Axis Bank, Bank of America, Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi, Banque Populaire du Maroc, Barclays, BNP Paribas, BBVA, Brand New Day, Buzz Insurance, Caisses d'Epargne, La Caixa, Caixa Catalunya, Caja Navarra, Chaabi Bank, Charles Schwab, Chase, CheBanca!, CitiGroup, Commerzbank, Co-operative Bank, Crédit Agricole, Credit Suisse, Cyworld, Deutsche Bank, Danske Bank Group, Dexia Group, DKV, EasyMoney, E*TRADE, Eureko, Expedia, Facebook, Falabella Group, Farmers, Fidor Community Banking, First Direct, First National Bank South Africa, Garanti Bank, GMAC, Goldman Sachs, Google, Grupo Santander, HBOS, HSBC, ICA Banken, ICICI, ING Group, InShared, Insurance Australia Group, Intesa SanPaolo, Jibun Bank, Jyske Bank, KaChing.com, KBC Group, Kookmin Bank, Korea Exchange Bank, Life Financial Group, Lloyds Banking Group, Mapfre, Marks & Spencer Money, Mediobanca, Mint, Mitsui Sumitomo Kirameki Life, M-Pesa, Munich Re, Naama Gat, NAB, Nadra Bank, National Australia Bank, National Reserve Bank, New China Life, Nordea Bank, O2 Money, Ohpen, Onna-Onna, Orkut, PayPal, Philips, Pinnacle Life, Ping An, Postbank, Ppdai, Progressive, Prosper, Prudential, Public Bank of Hong Kong, Quicken, Qzone, Rabobank, Raiffeisen Bank Austria, Rakuten Bank, Royal Bank of Canada, Royal Bank of Scotland, Sainsbury's Bank, Saxobank, Sberbank, ShoreBank of the Pacific, Smile Bank, SNS Reaal, Groupe Société Générale, Sony Life, Standard Chartered Bank, State Bank of India, State Farm, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Swiss Life, Swiss Re, T. Rowe Price, Tapiola Group, Tesco, Triodos Bank, Twitter, UBS, Umpqua Bank, UniCredit Group, United Arab Bank, United Mizrahi Tefahot Bank, United Overseas Bank, USAA, Validas, Vantage Credit Union, Virgin Money, Visa, Wainwright Bank, Wells Fargo, Wesabe, West Bank, Western Union, Westpac, World Bank, Zopa, Zurich Financial Services.
•	'Authenticity', James H. Gilmore and B. Joseph Pine II, 2007.
•	'Blue ocean strategy', W. Chan Kim, W. and R. Mauborgne, 2005.
•	'The bottom billion', P. Collier, 2007.
•	'Corporate sustainability', Roger Peverelli, VODW Time To Market, 2004.
•	'Easy does it', Maurice Rohde and Reggy de Feniks, VODW Time To Market, 2008.
•	'The experience economy', Joe Pine II and James H. Gilmore, 1999.
•	'Four drivers to improve the sales of advice sensitive products', Joost Oostveen and Stephan Stergiou, VODW Time To Market, 2008.
•	'From consumer to prosumer', Marinde van Leeuwen-Fontein and Huub Vulink, VODW Time To Market, 2008.
•	2009 Global Language Monitor's annual global survey of the English language.
•	'¿Incremento de las ventas de seguros en un 40%? ¡Es posible!', Interview with Luis Badrinas, Reggy de Feniks and Julián López, VODW Time To Market, 2007.
•	'Led by Facebook, Twitter, Global Time Spent on Social Media Sites up 82% Year over Year', The Nielsen Company, January 2010.
•	'Made to stick', C. Heath and D. Heath, 2007.
•	'17 million struck by financial confusion', First Direct, 2009.
•	'Mobile Social Networks study', eMarketer, 2009.
•	'The new Asian hemisphere', K. Mahbubani, 2008.
•	'The new strategic brand management', Jean-Noël Kapferer, 2008.
•	'The nine features of a smash hit', Jan Heuvel, VODW Time To Market, 2008.
•	'The laws of simplicity', John Maeda, 2006.
•	'Publieksmonitor Wijzer in geldzaken', October 2009.
•	'Queremos ser el banco privado más recomendado a nivel mundial', Interview with Ellen Kousen, Senior Vice President at ABN-AMRO Private Banking, VODW Time To Market, 2007.
•	'The quest for identity in the 21st century, Susan Greenfield, 2008.
•	'Reconnecting brands to business', interview with Jean-Noël Kapferer and Roger Peverelli, VODW Time To Market, 2007.
•	'Reverse engineering, Google's innovation machine', Bala Iyer and Thomas H. Davenport, Harvard Business Review, April 2008.
•	'El secreto del éxito de "tu otro banco" en España', Interview with Sofía Rodríquez-Sahagún, Director ING Direct, VODW Time To Market, 2007.
•	'Sweet spot', Arun Sinha, 2007.
•	'World Wealth Report 2009', Merrill Lynch & Cap Gemini, June 2010.


text:
ETSI EN V1.1.1 ( )
Download "ETSI EN V1.1.1 ( )"
Elfrieda Arnold
1 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and using an integral antenna; Part 2: Harmonized EN covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
2 2 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Reference REN/ERM-RP Keywords Antenna, data, mobile, radio, regulation, speech, transmission 650 Route des Lucioles F Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: Fax: Siret N NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other documents is available at If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute All rights reserved.
3 3 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Contents Intellectual Property Rights...5 Foreword...5 Introduction Scope References Definitions, symbols and abbreviations Definitions Symbols Abbreviations Technical requirements specifications Environmental profile Conformance requirements Transmitter frequency error Definition Limit Conformance Effective radiated power Definition Limit Conformance Adjacent channel power Definition Limit Conformance Radiated spurious emissions Definition Limit Conformance Transmitter attack time Definition Limit Conformance Transmitter release time Definition Limit Conformance Transient frequency behaviour of the transmitter Definition Limit Conformance Average usable sensitivity Definition Limit Conformance Co-channel rejection Definition Limit Conformance Adjacent channel selectivity Definition Limit Conformance Spurious response rejection...12
4 4 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Definition Limit Conformance Intermodulation response rejection Definition Limit Conformance Blocking or desensitization Definition Limit Conformance Receiver spurious radiations Definition Limit Conformance Testing for compliance with technical requirements Test conditions, power supply and ambient temperatures Essential radio test suites Frequency error Effective radiated power Adjacent channel power Radiated spurious emissions Transmitter attack time Transmitter release time Transient frequency behaviour of the transmitter Other test specifications General Receiver sensitivity Co-channel rejection Adjacent channel selectivity Spurious response rejection Intermodulation response rejection Blocking or desensitization Receiver spurious radiations...14 Annex A (normative): The EN Requirements Table (EN-RT)...15 History...16
5 5 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for members and non-members, and can be found in SR : "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to in respect of standards", which is available from the Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the Web server ( Pursuant to the IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in SR (or the updates on the Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). The present document is part 2 of a multi-part EN covering the Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and using an integral antenna, as identified below: Part 1: Part 2: "Technical characteristics and test conditions"; "Harmonized EN covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". The present document has been produced by in response to a mandate from the European Commission issued under Council Directive 98/34/EC [5] laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations. The present document is intended to become a Harmonized Standard, the reference of which will be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities referencing the Directive 1999/5/EC [1] of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity ("the R&TTE Directive"). National transposition dates Date of adoption of this EN: 21 July 2000 Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 October 2000 Date of latest publication of new National Standard or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 30 April 2001 Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 30 April 2001
6 6 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Introduction The present document is part of a set of standards designed to fit in a modular structure to cover all radio and telecommunications terminal equipment under the R&TTE Directive [1]. Each standard is a module in the structure. The modular structure is shown in figure f 3.3e 3.3d 3.3c 3.3b 3.3a Disability* Emergency* Fraud* Privacy* No harm to the network* Inter-working via the network* Inter-working with the network * If needed Scoped by equipment class or type 3.2 Spectrum Use of spectrum New radio harmonised standards Scoped by frequency and/or equipment type 3.1b EMC Radio Product EMC Existing EMC standards to be replaced by a new, single, multi-part standard Generic and product standards also notified under EMC Directive 3.1a Safety New standards for human exposure to Electromagnetic Fields and, if needed, new standards for acoustic safety Standards also notified under LV Directive Non-radio Radio (RE) TTE Non-TTE Figure 1: Modular structure for the various standards used under the R&TTE Directive [1]
7 7 EN V1.1.1 ( ) The left hand edge of the figure 1 shows the different subclauses of Article 3 of the R&TTE Directive [1]. For article 3.3 various horizontal boxes are shown. Dotted lines indicate that at the time of publication of the present document essential requirements in these areas have to be adopted by the Commission. If such essential requirements are adopted, and as far and as long as they are applicable, they will justify individual standards whose scope is likely to be specified by function or interface type. The vertical boxes show the standards under article 3.2 for the use of the radio spectrum by radio equipment. The scopes of these standards are specified either by frequency (normally in the case where frequency bands are harmonized) or by radio equipment type. For article 3.1b the diagram shows the new single multi-part product EMC standard for radio, and the existing collection of generic and product standards currently used under the EMC Directive [2]. The parts of this new standard will become available in the second half of 2000, and the existing separate product EMC standards will be used until it is available. For article 3.1a the diagram shows the existing safety standards currently used under the LV Directive [3] and new standards covering human exposure to electromagnetic fields. New standards covering acoustic safety may also be required. The bottom of the figure shows the relationship of the standards to radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment. A particular equipment may be radio equipment, telecommunications terminal equipment or both. A radio spectrum standard will apply if it is radio equipment. An article 3.3 standard will apply as well only if the relevant essential requirement under the R&TTE Directive [1] is adopted by the Commission and if the equipment in question is covered by the scope of the corresponding standard. Thus, depending on the nature of the equipment, the essential requirements under the R&TTE Directive [1] may be covered in a set of standards. The modularity principle has been taken because: - it minimizes the number of standards needed. Because equipment may, in fact, have multiple interfaces and functions it is not practicable to produce a single standard for each possible combination of functions that may occurinanequipment; - it provides scope for standards to be added: - under article 3.2 when new frequency bands are agreed or - under article 3.3 should the Commission take the necessary decisions without requiring alteration of standards that are already published; - it clarifies, simplifies and promotes the usage of Harmonized Standards as the relevant means of conformity assessment.
8 8 EN V1.1.1 ( ) 1 Scope The present document covers the minimum characteristics considered necessary in order to make the best use of the available frequencies. It does not necessarily include all the characteristics which may be required by a user, nor does it necessarily represent the optimum performance achievable. The present document applies to constant envelope angle modulation systems for use in the land mobile service, using the available bandwidth, operating on radio frequencies between 30 MHz and MHz, with channel separations of 12,5 khz, 20 khz and 25 khz intended for data transmissions. It applies to digital and combined analogue and digital radio equipment which is hand portable, using an integral antenna and intended for the transmission of data and/or speech. The technical characteristics given in this present document are independent of data rate but may in practice limit the maximum data rate achievable. Future editions of this present document may be prepared which may allow complex modulation methods, together with their appropriate limits, for use at higher bit rates. In this present document, a digital radio equipment is defined as a radio equipment which transmits and/or receives data. Data equipment is understood as equipment handling continuous bit streams or messages. The equipment comprises a transmitter and associated encoder and modulator and/or a receiver and associated demodulator and decoder. The encoder and/or decoder may be a separate piece of equipment, in which case this present document covers the combination of encoder and/or decoder and transmitter and/or receiver equipment. The present document is intended to cover the provisions of Article 3.2, of Directive 1999/5/EC [1] (R&TTE Directive), which states that " radio equipment shall be so constructed that it effectively uses the spectrum allocated to terrestrial/space radio communications and orbital resources so as to avoid harmful interference". In addition to the present document, other ENs that specify technical requirements in respect of essential requirements under other parts of Article 3 of the R&TTE Directive [1] may apply to equipment within the scope of the present document. NOTE: A list of such ENs is included on the web site 2 References The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R&TTE Directive). [2] Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC Directive). [3] Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (LV Directive).
9 9 EN V1.1.1 ( ) [4] EN (V0.1): "Land mobile service radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and using an integral antenna; Technical characteristics and test conditions ". [5] Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations. 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in the R&TTE Directive [1] and EN [4] apply. 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the symbols given in EN [4] apply. 3.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in EN [4] apply: EMC LV R&TTE Electro-Magnetic Compatibility Low Voltage Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment 4 Technical requirements specifications 4.1 Environmental profile The technical requirements of the present document apply under the environmental profile for operation of the equipment, which shall be determined by the environmental class of the equipment. The equipment shall comply with all the technical requirements of the present document at all times when operating within the boundary limits of the required operational environmental profile. 4.2 Conformance requirements Transmitter frequency error Definition The transmitter frequency error is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The transmitter frequency error limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause table Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause shall be carried out.
10 10 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Effective radiated power Definition The effective radiated power is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The effective radiated power limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause shall be carried out Adjacent channel power Definition The adjacent channel power is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The adjacent channel power limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause shall be carried out Radiated spurious emissions Definition The radiated spurious emissions is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The radiated spurious emissions limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause table Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause shall be carried out Transmitter attack time Definition The transmitter attack time is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The transmitter attack time limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause shall be carried out.
11 11 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Transmitter release time Definition The transient periods are defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The transient periods limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause shall be carried out Transient frequency behaviour of the transmitter Definition The transient frequency behaviour of the transmitter is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The transient frequency behaviour of the transmitter limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclauses and Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause shall be carried out Average usable sensitivity Definition The average usable sensitivity is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The average usable sensitivity limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause table 3(a) and table 3(b) Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause may be carried out Co-channel rejection Definition The co-channel rejection is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The co-channel rejection limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause may be carried out.
12 12 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Adjacent channel selectivity Definition The adjacent channel selectivity is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The adjacent channel selectivity limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause table Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause may be carried out Spurious response rejection Definition The spurious response rejection is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The spurious response rejection limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause may be carried out Intermodulation response rejection Definition The intermodulation response rejection is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The intermodulation response rejection limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause may be carried out Blocking or desensitization Definition The blocking or desensitization is defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The blocking or desensitization limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause may be carried out.
13 13 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Receiver spurious radiations Definition The receiver spurious radiations are defined in EN [4], subclause Limit The receiver spurious radiations limit shall be as stated in EN [4], subclause table Conformance Conformance tests as defined in subclause may be carried out. 5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements 5.1 Test conditions, power supply and ambient temperatures Conformity tests shall be made under normal test conditions, and also, where stated in EN [4], under extreme test conditions. The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in EN [4] subclauses 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 and Essential radio test suites Frequency error The test specified in EN [4], subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Effective radiated power The tests specified in EN [4], subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Adjacent channel power The tests specified in EN [4], subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Radiated spurious emissions The tests specified in EN [4] subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Transmitter attack time The tests specified in EN [4], subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Transmitter release time The tests specified in EN [4], subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement.
14 14 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Transient frequency behaviour of the transmitter The tests specified in EN [4], subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement. 5.3 Other test specifications General The requirements in subclauses to inclusive have been set on the assumption that the test specifications in subclauses to will be used to verify the performance of the equipment Receiver sensitivity The test specified in EN [4], subclauses and or subclauses and shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Co-channel rejection The test specified in EN [4], subclause or shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Adjacent channel selectivity The test specified in EN [4], subclause or shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Spurious response rejection The test specified in EN [4], subclauses 9.5.2, 9.5.3, and or subclauses 9.5.2, 9.5.3, and shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Intermodulation response rejection The test specified in EN [4], subclause or shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Blocking or desensitization The test specified in EN [4], subclause or shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement Receiver spurious radiations The test specified in EN [4], subclause shall be carried out. The results obtained shall be compared to the limits in subclause in order to prove compliance with the requirement.
15 15 EN V1.1.1 ( ) Annex A (normative): The EN Requirements Table (EN-RT) Notwithstanding the provisions of the copyright clause related to the text of the present document, grants that users of the present document may freely reproduce the EN-RT proforma in this annex so that it can be used for its intended purposes and may further publish the completed EN-RT. The EN Requirements Table (EN-RT) serves a number of purposes, as follows: - it provides a tabular summary of all the requirements; - it shows the status of each EN-R, whether it is essential to implement in all circumstances (Mandatory), or whether the requirement is dependent on the supplier having chosen to support a particular optional service or functionality (Optional). In particular it enables the EN-Rs associated with a particular optional service or functionality to be grouped and identified; - when completed in respect of a particular equipment it provides a means to undertake the static assessment of conformity with the EN. Table A.1: EN Requirements Table (EN-RT) EN Reference EN Comment No. Reference EN-R (note) Status Frequency error M Effective radiated power M Adjacent channel power M Radiated spurious emissions M Transmitter attack time M Transmitter release time M Transient frequency behaviour of M the transmitter Receiver sensitivity M Co-channel rejection M Adjacent channel selectivity M Spurious response rejection M Intermodulation response rejection M Blocking or desensitization M Receiver spurious radiations M NOTE: These EN-Rs are justified under Article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive. Keytocolumns: No Reference EN-R Status M O O.n Comments Table entry number; Subclause reference number of conformance requirement within the present document; Title of conformance requirement within the present document; Status of the entry as follows: Mandatory, shall be implemented under all circumstances; Optional, may be provided, but if provided shall be implemented in accordance with the requirements; this status is used for mutually exclusive or selectable options among a set. The integer "n" shall refer to a unique group of options within the EN-RT. A footnote to the EN-RT shall explicitly state what the requirement is for each numbered group. For example, "It is mandatory to support at least one of these options", or, "It is mandatory to support exactly one of these options". To be completed as required.
16 16 EN V1.1.1 ( ) History Document history V1.1.1 March 2000 One-step Approval Procedure OAP : to V1.1.1 September 2000 Publication
EN 300 341-2 V1.1.1 (2000-12) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile service (RP 02); Radio equipment
EN 300 471-2 V1.1.1 (2001-05) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Rules for Access and
EN 301 357-2 V1.1.1 (2000-08) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Analogue cordless wideband audio devices
EN 300 219-2 V1.1.1 (2001-03) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment transmitting
EN 300 718-2 V1.1.1 (2001-05) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Avalanche Beacons; Transmitter-receiver
EN 300 113-2 V1.2.1 (2002-04) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land mobile service; Radio equipment intended
Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment with an internal or external RF connector
Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Harmonized EN for Global System for Mobile communications (GSM); Base Station and Repeater equipment covering essential requirements under
EN 300 330-2 V1.1.1 (2001-06) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment
Final draft ETSI EN V1.1.1 ( )
Final draft EN 302 291-2 V1.1.1 (2005-05) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Close
EN 300 296-2 V1.4.1 (2013-08) Harmonized European Standard Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment using integral antennas intended primarily
Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Portable Very High Frequency (VHF) radiotelephone equipment for the maritime mobile
ETSI EN V1.5.1 ( ) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series)
EN 300 330-2 V1.5.1 (2010-02) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment in the
EN 301 166-2 V1.2.3 (2009-11) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment for analogue
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Draft ETSI EN V2.1.0 ( )
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EN 302 500-2 V2.1.1 (2010-10) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra WideBand (UWB)
EN 302 617-2 V2.1.1 (2015-12) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Ground-based UHF radio transmitters, receivers and transceivers for the UHF aeronautical mobile service using amplitude modulation; Part 2: Harmonised
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EN 300 676-2 V1.5.1 (2011-09) Harmonized European Standard Ground-based VHF hand-held, mobile and fixed radio transmitters, receivers and transceivers for the VHF aeronautical mobile service using amplitude
EN 302 729-2 V1.1.2 (2011-05) Harmonized European Standard Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the
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TS 100 220-1 V1.1.1 (1999-10) Technical Specification Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRDs); Measurement Specification for Wideband Transmitter Stability
EN 32 217-4-2 V1.5.1 (21-1) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-point equipment and antennas; Part 4-2: Antennas;
EN 300 220-2 V2.3.1 (2010-02) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used
EN 300 220-4 V1.1.1 (2017-02) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Short Range Devices (SRD) operating in the frequency range 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz; Part 4: Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements
EN 301 841-3 V1.1.1 (2011-11) Harmonized European Standard VHF air-ground Digital Link (VDL) Mode 2; Technical characteristics and methods of measurement for ground-based equipment; Part 3: Harmonized
EN 300 674-2-2 V1.1.1 (2004-08) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Road Transport and Traffic Telematics
Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Cordless audio devices in the range 25 MHz to 2 000 MHz; Part 2: Harmonized EN covering
DraftETSI EN V1.1.1 ( )
Draft EN 301 893 V1.1.1 (2001-01) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIPERLAN Type 2; Harmonized EN covering essential requirements
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ISBN 978-0-626-30579-6 Edition 2 EN 300 296-2:2013 Edition V1.4.1 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment using
Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services;
EN 300 119-4 V2.1.1 (2004-09) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Environmental Engineering (EE); European telecommunication standard for equipment practice; Part 4: Engineering requirements
Draft EN 301 213-2 V1.2.1 (2000-04) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-multipoint equipment; Point-to-multipoint digital radio systems in frequency bands in the
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Draft EN 301 682 V1.1.1 (1999-06) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Satellite Personal Communications Networks (S-PCN); Network Control Facilities (NCF) for Mobile Earth Stations (MESs), including
Draft EN 300 659-2 V1.3.1 (2000-09) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Access and Terminals (AT); Analogue access to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Subscriber line protocol over
ETSI ES V1.1.1 ( )
ES 202 007 V1.1.1 (2002-03) Standard Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Close Range peer-to-peer symmetrical Data Communication (CRDC) system 2 ES 202 007 V1.1.1 (2002-03)
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EN 301 091-2 V2.1.1 (2017-01) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Short Range Devices; Transport and Traffic Telematics (TTT); Radar equipment operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz range; Harmonised Standard covering
Final draft EN 301 460-3 V1.1.1 (2000-08) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-multipoint equipment; Part 3: Point-to-multipoint digital radio systems below 1 GHz
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Draft EN 300 659-2 V1.2.1 (1999-12) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Subscriber line protocol over the local loop for display (and related) services;
EN 301 489-51 V1.1.1 (2016-11) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 51: Specific conditions for Automotive, Ground based Vehicles
Final draft EN 301 843-1 V1.1.1 (2000-12) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD VHF air-ground Digital Link (VDL) Mode 4 radio equipment; Technical characteristics and methods of measurement for ground-based equipment; Part 5: Harmonised Standard covering
Final draft ETSI EG V1.1.0 ( )
Final draft EG 203 367 V1.1.0 (2016-03) GUIDE Guide to the application of harmonised standards covering articles 3.1b and 3.2 of the Directive 2014/53/EU (RED) to multi-radio and combined radio and non-radio
Draft EN 301 489-22 V1.1.1 (2000-07) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Standard Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Wireless digital video links operating above 1,3 GHz; Specification of typical receiver performance parameters for spectrum planning
Draft EN 301 783-1 V1.1.1 (2000-03) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Commercially available amateur radio
Final draft EN 301 489-3 V2.1.1 (2017-03) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 3: Specific conditions for Short-Range Devices
Final draft EN 301 215-4 V1.1.1 (2003-07) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Fixed Radio Systems; Point to Multipoint Antennas; Antennas for multipoint fixed radio systems in the 11 GHz to 60
EN 302 426 V1.1.1 (2006-09) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Harmonized EN for CDMA spread spectrum Repeaters operating
EN 301 559-2 V1.1.2 (2012-06) Harmonized European Standard Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Low Power Active Medical Implants (LP-AMI) operating
EN V1.6.3 ( )
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Draft EN 301 511 V12.0.0 (2015-02) HARMONIZED EUROPEAN STANDARD Global System for Mobile communications (GSM); Harmonized EN for mobile stations in the GSM 900 and GSM 1800 bands covering essential requirements
Draft EN 303 609 V12.4.1 (2016-01) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Global System for Mobile communications (GSM); GSM Repeaters; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the
EN 301 489-6 V1.3.1 (2008-08) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio
Draft EN 300 609-4 V9.1.1 (2010-03) Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Global System for Mobile communications (GSM); Part 4: Harmonized EN for GSM Repeaters covering the essential
Final draft EN 300 395-1 V1.2.0 (2004-09) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Speech codec for full-rate traffic channel; Part 1: General description of speech
EN 300 220-3-1 V2.1.1 (2016-12) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Short Range Devices (SRD) operating in the frequency range 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz; Part 3-1: Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements
ES 201 235-2 V1.2.1 (2002-03) Standard Access and Terminals (AT); Specification of Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) Transmitters and Receivers; Part 2: Transmitters 2 ES 201 235-2 V1.2.1 (2002-03) Reference
EN 303 035-2 V1.2.2 (2003-01) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Harmonized EN for TETRA equipment covering essential requirements under
Draft EN 302 245-1 V1.1.1 (2004-05) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Transmitting equipment for the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)
ETSI TR V1.1.1 ( )
TR 102 475 V1.1.1 (2006-07) Technical Report Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Wideband Transmission Systems; Data transmission equipment operating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band
ES 201 729 V1.1.1 (2000-02) Standard Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); 2-wire analogue voice band switched interfaces; Timed break recall (register recall); Specific requirements for terminals
EN 301 489-23 V1.5.1 (2011-11) Harmonized European Standard Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services;
TS 151 026 V4.0.0 (2002-01) Technical Specification Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); GSM Repeater Equipment Specification (3GPP TS 51.026 version 4.0.0 Release 4) GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR
EN 300 487 V2.1.2 (2016-11) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Harmonised Standard for Receive-Only Mobile Earth Stations (ROMES) providing data communications operating
EN 301 893 V1.3.1 (2005-08) Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series) Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); 5 GHz high performance RLAN; Harmonized EN covering essential requirements
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ETSI TS V1.5.1 ( ) Technical Specification
TS 100 392-15 V1.5.1 (2011-02) Technical Specification Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 15: TETRA frequency bands, duplex spacings and channel numbering 2 TS 100 392-15 V1.5.1
Text Comparison Documents Compared en_302567v010101p.pdf en_302567v010201p.pdf Summary 1168 word(s) added 991 word(s) deleted 7995 word(s) matched 65 block(s) matched To see where the changes are, please
Draft EN 300 487 V2.1.0 (2016-02) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Harmonised Standard for Receive-Only Mobile Earth Stations (ROMES) providing data communications
EN 300 390-1 V1.2.1 (2000-09) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Radio equipment intended for the transmission
Final draft ETSI EN V2.1.1( )
Final draft EN 300 132-3-0 V2.1.1(2011-10) European Standard Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment; Part 3: Operated by rectified
ETSI EN V ( )
EN 300 609-4 V10.2.1 (2012-11) Harmonized European Standard Global System for Mobile communications (GSM); Part 4: Harmonized EN for GSM Repeaters covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Press ReleasesMartin Sheen Calls Out Ron Johnson For Putting Partisanship Ahead of the Constitution
Martin Sheen Calls Out Ron Johnson For Putting Partisanship Ahead of the Constitution
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: February 18, 2016
Contact: Laura Epstein or Drew Courtney at People For the American Way
Email: media@pfaw.org
In a robocall released today by People For the American Way, Wisconsinites are hearing from Martin Sheen about Senator Ron Johnson's obstruction of President Obama's judicial nominees. The recording, which is being delivered to activists in Wisconsin, asks voters to contact Senator Johnson and demand that he fulfill his constitutional duty to give fair consideration to President Obama's nominee to the Supreme Court.
"There's no question that Senator Johnson is putting partisanship above the Constitution," said Marge Baker, Executive Vice President at People For the American Way. "The Supreme Court shouldn't be held hostage to the same partisan gridlock that's brought Congress to a halt. Ron Johnson should stop playing politics with the law and make clear that he'll push for the Senate to give fair consideration to President Obama's Supreme Court nominee. We're thrilled that Martin Sheen is willing to lend his voice to this campaign, and we're looking forward to working with our activists to hold GOP senators accountable for their obstruction."
You can listen to the call here:
A transcript of the recording reads:
Hi, I'm Martin Sheen, calling on behalf of People For the American Way.
Our Constitution is very clear about what happens when a vacancy occurs on the Supreme Court. It says the President shall nominate a new judge, and that the Senate will give that nominee fair consideration.
As you've heard, Republicans are playing politics with our Constitution and with the Supreme Court. Senator Ron Johnson has said he doesn't think that Congress should even give a fair hearing to anyone nominated by President Obama.
That's irresponsible, and it puts partisanship above the law.
Call Senator Johnson at (202) 224-5323, and tell him you expect him to put his Constitutional duties first—and give fair consideration to President Obama's nominee.
People For the American Way is a progressive advocacy organization founded to fight right-wing extremism and defend constitutional values including free expression, religious liberty, equal justice under the law, and the right to meaningfully participate in our democracy.


text:
Let's talk about … ammunition
By Capt. Nick Posted on 22/04/2020 22/04/2020 Category :
The three types of live ammunition we fire in the cadet forces. We will learn more about each type in this article.
In the cadet forces we are privileged to have the opportunity to fire a number of different weapon systems as we progress through the syllabus. Generally we start with the air rifle on a short indoor or outdoor range, perhaps also firing the paintball markers in an outdoor Close Quarter Battle lane, then move on to the Cadet Small Bore Target Rifle (CSBTR) before training and spending the majority of our shooting career on the Cadet GP Rifle. At the top end of cadet shooting, is the Cadet Target Rifle (CTR), and we may also have the opportunity to fire shotgun. What all of these weapons have in common, is ammunition.
This article is part of your continuation training, and aims to broaden your military knowledge and introduce some engineering and scientific principles that you may wish to research further or introduce as examples in coursework. This article will not look at air rifle pellets, paintball pellets or shotgun shells, but will focus on rifle ammunition.
Currently, the limit of your knowledge regarding ammunition most likely comes from Cadet GP skill at arms lessons, mainly Rifle Lesson 3 Basic Handling Drills. For this, we are taught that we have "3 types of ammunition available:
Drill – Either a silver coloured grooved case and a copper jacketed bullet, or a solid machined single piece round all silver in colour neither of which have a percussion cap.
Blank – This round has an extended smooth brass case but no bullet. The top of the case is closed by crimping and there is a percussion cap in the base.
Ball – This has a smooth brass cartridge case, a jacketed bullet with a percussion cap in the base."
And in the lesson we are told to "always look after ammunition, keep it clean, dry and free from oil. In addition:
Never let it lie in the direct rays of the sun as this can cause inaccuracies.
Never use a round as a tool.
Tampering with ammunition is dangerous and is forbidden.
Damaged rounds are not to be fired and should be handed into an adult instructor.
Magazines are to be inspected regularly. Damaged magazines will cause stoppages."
But to really understand ammunition and in order to broaden our knowledge, let's go deeper into the subject.
Our existing knowledge of the mechanism of the rifle and ammunition operation probably extends to this simple diagram. Hammer hits firing pin, firing pin hits primer, primer ignites propellant, propellant creates rapidly expanding hot gas, bullet leaves the barrel. As we'll learn, there is a lot more to ammunition than this.
Remember, at the end of each exercise or range period you give a declaration stating you are not removing anything. This is against cadet regulations and you could be disciplined for doing so. Live ammunition is illegal to possess without a licence. You must not remove anything from a cadet or military range.
Ammunition Construction
Cartridge Case
Propellant
Calculating Muzzle Energy
Example (CSBTR, 0.22 LR)
ME Summary
There is some terminology we use in the Cadet Force that is worth clarifying before we begin.
Small bore – Typically ammunition up to and including .22″ which in our world is the CSBTR.
Full bore – Anything above .22″ meaning 5.56mm Cadet GP and the 7.62mm CTR.
Live – A round of ammunition with a primer, propellant and bullet. Should not be used for ammunition that has not been fired, as this can also include blank ammunition.
Unfired – A round of ammunition, either live or blank for which the primer has not been struck and has not been fired.
Misfire – A round of ammunition, either live or blank for which the primer has been struck but has not functioned.
Before getting into the technical depths of ammunition design and construction, there is one identifying feature on all issued ammunition that will help us to identify the ammunition; this is known as the headstamp.
At the base of each round will be stamped a number of pieces of information giving us information such as:
Ammunition designation
NATO standard
Examples of headstamps on ammunition likely to be encountered when firing cadet forces weapons. All cases are to scale. L-R: 7.62mm ball, 5.56mm ball, 5.56mm drill, .22 ball.
As you notice, the larger the base of the round, the more information that can be stamped. Starting on the left is a 7.62 mm cartridge case, and it contains 4 pieces of useful information for identification.
L46A1 is the designation of the complete round. We know from researching the designation online that this was used for ball ammunition.
CBC is the manufacturer. This stands for Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos, and is one of the largest ammunition manufacturers based in Brazil.
09 is the date of manufacture – 2009.
Finally is the NATO cross, this symbol (+) is included in the headstamp of all ammunition that is manufactured to the required NATO standard.
Another interesting feature is the green lacquer that is used around the primer cup. This is known as the annulus and tells us what bullet was fitted to the cartridge. A green annulus of this era indicates a ball round.
Moving along are two 5.56 mm cartridges, the first being a case from a live round, and the second from a drill round. While there is no designation due to space restrictions, we can see the round was manufactured in 1988, it is NATO standard and was manufactured by RORG (Royal Ordnance Radway Green). The purple annulus seen around the primer indicates this was a ball round. The drill round was also manufactured by RORG, a year later in 1989.
Finally is an example of a .22 inch rimfire round such as those fired in the CSBTR. While not military ammunition, and with no space for a full headstamp, the E simply indicates a manufacturer – Eley.
We are also probably able to visually identify a type of ammunition, and it is from this initial visual check we can start to see some differences. Below is a visual comparison; on the left is a single .177″ air rifle pellet, made from lead, next is a .22″ ball round for the CSBTR, with the bullet also made from lead. The two larger rounds on the right are 5.56mm and 7.62mm his velocity rounds for the Cadet GP and CTR weapons. Compare the size difference, and considering the cartridge case (the brass cylinder) contains the propellant, there will be much more energy on the right of the image that for the round on the left. It's also no coincidence that there is a metal jacket around the lead core of the bullets with the most kick. Later on, we'll explore why this may be.
Here is a visual comparison of each of the ammunition types we are likely familiar with in the cadet forces. Pellets aren't technically classed as ammunition as they do not contain 3 of the 4 main components of ammunition. We will learn that they could be classed as projectiles however.
A 'round' of ammunition as it is often described as, consists of 4 main components. A failure in any one of these will result in a performance failure of differing proportions, however when it comes to the accuracy of the ammunition, the projectile design is most important, with propellant.
So what does each component consist of or do? Let's break it down and have a look.
Something we consider as being disposable has quite a large role to play in firing a weapon system. The cartridge case not only has to hold the propellant and protect it from moisture, but also has to hold the ignition system (primer), retain the projectile, protect the propellant from ignition when sitting in a hot chamber waiting to be fired, but it also has to create a gas tight seal to prevent any gas escaping rearward when the propellant is ignited; this final stage is called obturation. To achieve this, an alloy called 'cartridge brass' is generally used, made from anywhere between 80:20 or 70:30 copper zinc (that's between 70-80% copper and 20-30% zinc). This material is soft enough to allow the cartridges to be manufactured by drawing out (or stretching) the case from a solid disc of cartridge brass. It can then be swaged (moulded) to achieve precise dimensions and annealed (heat treated) to change the hardness to varying degrees along the length of the case. Let's look at the anatomy of a cartridge case.
The anatomy of a rifle cartridge.
Starting at the base of the cartridge case is what as generally referred to as the rim. This is a bit of an inaccurate name, as both the 5.56 and 7.62 ammunition used by Cadet Forces are rimless, however old rifle ammunition contained a rim, so the term has stuck. If you look at the .22 ammunition used in the CSBTR, it is rimmed. What our example above does have, is an extractor groove. It is this groove that the extractor on the face of the bolt grips to remove the case from the chamber.
Moving on to the body, and there is little of note here, other than the varying wall thickness. The bottom of the cartridge body will be thicker and stronger, and towards the neck of the cartridge the thickness decreases. It is the neck of the cartridge that fits into the barrel extension, and this part must be stiff enough to hold the projectile in place during storage and normal carriage in a magazine, but soft enough to expand to let the projectile leave when fired.
The length of a cartridge case is used to supplement the description of ammunition in order to avoid confusion between different rounds of the same calibre. For example, 7.62mm is a common ammunition type. It is also known as .308 in the civilian shooting world. Just using the calibre is not enough to ensure we have the correct ammunition. However, the cartridge length gives us a complete description, which for a 7.62mm NATO cartridge is 51mm, and for a 5.56mm NATO cartridge is 45mm. So, this now gives us correct descriptions of 7.62x51mm and 5.56x45mm. What about that .308? Well, the .308 Winchester (or .308 Win) cartridge is manufactured to the same standards as the NATO 7.62x51mm, so provided the correct designation is used, then you may have transferable rounds.
Did you know that Soviet bloc countries have two sizes of 7.62mm cartridge, and neither were the same as the NATO 7.62x51mm? Thats right! The 7.62x39mm or 7.62 Short is the ammunition used in assault rifles such as the AK series, and the 7.62x54R or 7.62 Long is a rimmed round used in light machine guns like the PKM or sniper rifles such as the SVD.
Without including the cartridge length in the description, we could end up with the wrong ammunition!
Someone once told you it was gunpowder? How dare they! Although technically any form of powder used in firearms could be classed as a 'gun powder' the term probably makes us think of black powder – the old charcoal and saltpetre mix used in canon and muskets. Modern propellants are an exact science that have progressed since the days of gunpowder. Not only do they have to provide sufficient volumes of gas and pressure to fire the round, they have to burn at a sufficient rate to expel the round from the barrel, but not too much or there will be energy wasted. Too little gas produced and the barrel friction will slow down the round, even getting it stuck in the barrel. But if it burns too slowly, the desired velocity won't be achieved; but burn too quickly and the breech could explode. Adding to the problem, the more heat and pressure that is generated, the faster the remaining propellant will burn. A mathematical and chemical conundrum, the exact science I won't cover here. All of this with a minimum of smoke and flash; we don't want to give away our position do we?
And why can't we leave ammunition in direct sunlight? Because raising the temperature of the propellant can cause the reaction to speed up, raising pressures and velocities, normally resulting in inaccuracies, but in extremes this could cause a failure of the chamber or barrel.
Extruded rifle propellant similar to that in our rifle ammunition.
Modern military propellant is one of two varieties; single based or double based. Single based propellant uses nitro-cellulose (NC) as the main ingredient and are found in the British manufactured 7.62×51 ammunition. Double based propellant, consisting of nitro-cellulose and nitro-glycerine (NG) burns hotter and can deliver higher energy than a single based propellant, and is the propellant of choice for our 5.56×45 ammunition.
During manufacture, the propellent is extruded into tubes, and then cut into tablets. This is done when the propellant ingredients are a paste, and it is then squeezed under pressure through a die, just like a sausage machine, to create the tubes that are cut to size as they are extruded. As well as tubular propellant used in UK ammunition, spherical (balls) are common elsewhere in the world.
The rate at which a propellant burns is key to the performance of the ammunition. To moderate and control the burn rate, some propellants have internal voids or holes to increase the burning surface area. Given that burning will only take place on the outer surface of a grain of propellant, being able to control (and increase) the surface area of the grains is an advantage. Manufacturing internal voids, holes, or even creating star shape grains will all increase the surface area.
Once a common unit of measure, the grain is rarely used today, other than in the measuring of propellants and bullets. 1 grain is equal to 64.79891 mg, or 0.064 grams. You may notice weights on ammunition containers, and this will be for the specific bullet used.
The primer is the friction sensitive means of ignition of the propellant. It is the firing pin of the weapon that contacts the outer casing of the primer, pinches it against an internal anvil, and ignites the very small quantity of primary explosive compound containing barium nitrate and lead styphnate. The resulting flame is then directed through flash holes to ignite the propellant. For the ammunition we use, there are two types of primer used; centre fire and rimfire.
Ammunition fitted with centre fire primers are the most common, found in ammunition of all varieties across the world. In this type, the primer is central to the base of the round, and is what we would recognise as being the portion of the ammunition stuck by the firing pin. A primer hole is required to be manufactured into the base of the cartridge case, into which is pressed the primer cup.
The two types of centre fire primer, the Burden with two flash holes and the anvil manufactured into the cartridge case, and the Boxer primer with an anvil integrated into the primer cup.
The second type of primer is simpler to manufacture, but not suitable for use in the demanding situations of military ammunition, and this is rimfire ammunition. Almost exclusively reserved these days for .22″ ammunition. With the primer compound contained in the rim of the cartridge case, the propellant is in direct contact with it, eliminating the need for flash holes. The primer is initiated by the firing pin striking anywhere around the edge of the rim, compressing the compound and igniting the propellant.
Often referred to as a bullet, the term projectile is technically more accurate as some weapons do not use bullets; such as shotguns or grenade launchers. However, the rifle ammunition we are looking at does use traditional bullets, so we will continue to use the term.
In the cadet force, we use two types of bullet; the solid lead type with the CSBTR, and the metal jacketed type with the full bore rifles. So what are the differences? Muzzle velocity is the main factor in bullet design.
The relatively small and low pressure round of the CSBTR leaves the barrel just above the speed of sound (roughly 330 m/s). We consider this to be low velocity in weapon terms. The low volume of propellant is sufficient to burn at a rate that forces the solid lead round down the barrel to its maximum velocity. As the gas form the propellant expands, it forces the bullet out of the case and into the rifled barrel, but the bullet is slightly too large. Lead, being a very soft metal, changes its shape to accommodate the rifling in the barrel, and to form a gas tight seal preventing any of the expanding propellant gases to escape. You may notice that the rounds are waxy to touch? These are known as outside lubricated bullets, and the lubricant is generally a mixture of vaseline, beeswax and graphite. With jacketed bullets, the metal jacket sufficiently reduces friction to avoid the use of lubricated bullets.
If a solid lead bullet was the be subjected to the increased pressures of a larger bullet case, it would deform to such an extent that it would not be in one piece leaving the barrel. But conversely, if we covered the .22 bullets with a metal jacket, the pressure of the small amount of propellant would not be enough to get it down the barrel. A solid lead bullet has very little penetrating power, in the range once it hits the steel back plate the bullet will deform and most likely break up.
Looking at the basic external anatomy of a high velocity bullet, there are a number of components that they all have in common.
The anatomy of a bullet.
Body – Often with a lead core, most modern military ammunition also contains a steel core to enhance penetration properties. The outer case or jacket of the bullet is made from soft copper. Technically they are not pure copper jackets, but a 90:10 copper zinc alloy, but the term Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) is used to describe the bullet type.
Boat Tail – The base of a bullet is profiled to aid aerodynamics and stability. In the case of our high-velocity rifle ammunition, the base profile is known as a boat-tail.
Ogive – A technical term for the curved profile at the front of a bullet. The radius of the ogive is calculated as being 6 times the diameter of the bullet calibre. The ogive is critical to the aerodynamic properties of the bullet.
Cannelure – This is the grove around the top of the bullet body used to assist fixing into the cartridge case.
This bullet design is known as a spitzer. A German term for a bullet with an elongated ogive.
The NATO standard 5.56mm bullet is designated as the SS109. It is a full metal jacketed (FMJ) projectile with a steel tip and a lead core.
The 7.62mm bullet is designated SS77/1 and is similar in design to the SS109, with a steel tip penetrator and a lead core. The SS77 design of bullet has a solid lead core. As with most high velocity ammunition, it is also FMJ.
The science behind the flight of a bullet is known as ballistics. While this discipline is outside the scope of this article, it is broken down into 4 main areas:
Internal ballistics – The science behind what happens inside the weapon. This is the interaction between the propellant and the bullet.
Intermediate ballistics – Covering the moment the bullet leaves the muzzle and is no longer being acted upon by the propellant or barrel.
External ballistics – The flight of the bullet through free air.
Terminal ballistics – The target effect once the bullet arrives at its target or enters a medium that is no longer free air.
Depending how this article is received, I may explore ballistics further. In particular, external ballistics, which of course we apply every time we aim off for wind.
The table below is a technical comparison between the weapon systems and their ammunition. There is far more information here than you will ever need to know, but it will help us to draw comparisons between the performance of the various ammunition types.
CSBTR
Cadet GP
Weapon Designation Scorpion L144A1 L98A2 L81A2
Weapon Manufacturer BSA Savage Arms Heckler Koch Parker Hale
Calibre .177 inch .22 inch Long Rifle (LR) 5.56 mm 7.62 mm
Cartridge Length N/A 15 mm 45 mm 51 mm
Chambered for N/A .22 LR 5.56×45 NATO 7.62×51 NATO
Also known as 4.5 mm 5.6x15R .223 in .308 in
Ammunition Types Pellet Ball Drill, Ball, Blank Ball
Ball Ammunition Designation N/A N/A L17A2 L2A1/A2/A3/A4
L42A1 (155 grain)
Ammunition Manufacturer Various Various BAE Systems Radway Green BAE Systems Radway Green
Primer Type N/A Rimfire Centre-fire Centre-fire
Complete Round Weight N/A 12 grams
Bullet Designation N/A N/A SS109 SS77 (Lead)
SS77/1 (Lead/Steel)
Bullet Weight 0.5 grams 2.6 grams 4 grams 9.3 grams (L44A1)
10 grams (L42A1)
Muzzle Velocity 190 m/s 370 m/s 930 m/s 870 m/s
Muzzle Energy 8.8 Joules 180 Joules 1800 Joules 3250 Joules
Barrel Length 385 mm 533 mm 518 mm 660 mm
Barrel Grooves 8 6 4
Rifling Pitch (inches) 1 in 16 1 in 7 1 in 14
Twist Right Right Right
System Effective Range 25 m 100 m 600 m 1,200 m
Comparison table of cadet in-service weapons and ammunition types. Calculated values have been rounded up.
In the table above, there was a lot of terminology you are probably unfamiliar with. As I explain what some of this means, it should also broaden your understanding of the effect altering some of these factors will have.
Calibre – The internal diameter of the bore of the barrel, which generally equates to the outside diameter of the bullet; however, not always.
NATO – North Atlantic Treat Organisation. In ammunition terms, it means that member states of NATO can produce ammunition to the same specification.
Grain – Already mentioned in the propellant section, grains is a unit of measure often used to weigh
Muzzle Energy – The amount of energy imparted from the burning of the propellant to the bullet as it leaves the muzzle.
Rifling – In order to impart stabilisation to the bullet, it is spun. This is known as spin stabilisation. The calibre of the bullet will generally dictate the spin required for optimum stabilisation. As a bullet is propelled down the barrel, it is forced into rifling inside the barrel to impart the twist. The high points are know as lands, and the low points are known as grooves. It is rifling that leaves the marks on the bullet after it has been fired.
Twist – The direction the bullet will spin. Generally this is to the right or clockwise.
In this section, we can start to use some of the data in the tables above to calculate the forces and energy involved at various stages of the bullets flight. As with all mathematical and physical calculations, we must be certain of the units involved. For the calculations below, I will use SI units – meters, kilograms, seconds and Joules.
The muzzle energy of a bullet is the kinetic energy that it has as it leaves the muzzle of the weapon. Once out of the barrel the propellant no longer assists the bullet and environmental factors (mainly air resistance or drag) start to take over and slow the projectile. This number can be calculated using the standard equation for Kinetic Energy:
Where ME is the kinetic (or muzzle) energy in Joules, m is the mass of the projectile in kilograms (Kg) and v is the muzzle velocity of the projectile, in meters per second (m/s).
Because the muzzle velocity is directly connected to the velocity of the ammunition, this means that the same ammunition through a different weapon with a different barrel length will have an impact on the muzzle energy. Shorter barrelled weapons typically have lower velocities, and therefore a lower muzzle energy.
Grams to kilograms x 0.001
Kilograms to grams x 1000
Grains to grams x 0.064
Grams to grains x 15.432
Joules to foot-pound x 0.737684
Foot-pound to Joules x 1.35582
Bullet Mass (m) 0.0026 Kilograms (Kg)
Muzzle Velocity (v) 370 Meters per section (m/s)
Mass and velocity data for the CSBTR firing .22 LR ball ammunition.
Following through the calculation, we work out that the muzzle energy of the CSBTR is around 178 Joules. Did you follow that through?
Now it's your turn. You will need a calculator, a pencil and some paper for your calculations. Using the large specification table above, see if you can calculate the muzzle energy for the Cadet GP and Cadet Target Rifles. You can click on the (i) at the top left of each question for a hint – the answer is not the same as the muzzle energy included in the data table!
Ammunition Calculations
Calculate the muzzle energy for the Cadet GP rifle and Cadet Target Rifle (CTR) using the ammunition data from the table above. Look closely at the question to check which weapon and what designation of ammunition you will be using.
The bullet weighs 4g and the muzzle velocity os 930 m/s. You will need to convert bullet weight into kilograms.
Calculate the muzzle energy for the L98A2 Cadet GP rifle using L17A2 ball ammunition with a SS109 bullet. Enter you answer rounded up/down as appropriate to the nearest whole Joule.
Not quite. Do you want another go? Remember that the bullet weight must be in kilograms (0.004 kg) and the muzzle velocity of 930 m/s must be squared on its own.
Congratulations! The muzzle energy in this instance is 1,729 Joules.
With a bullet weight of 0.004 kg and a muzzle velocity of 930 m/s, we can enter these numbers directly into our equation. Make sure to get the order of your functions right.
The bullet weighs 10g and the muzzle velocity os 870 m/s. You will need to convert bullet weight into kilograms.
Calculate the muzzle energy for the Cadet Target Rifle using L42A1 ball ammunition with a SS77/1 bullet. Enter you answer rounded up/down as appropriate to the nearest whole Joule.
Not quite. Do you want another go? Remember that the bullet weight must be in kilograms (0.01 kg) and the muzzle velocity of 870 m/s must be squared on its own.
With a bullet weight of 0.01 kg and a muzzle velocity of 870 m/s, we can enter these numbers directly into our equation. Make sure to get the order of your functions right.
The bullet weighs 9.3g and the muzzle velocity os 870 m/s. You will need to convert bullet weight into kilograms.
Not quite. Do you want another go? Remember that the bullet weight must be in kilograms (0.0093 kg) and the muzzle velocity of 870 m/s must be squared on its own.
With a bullet weight of 0.0093 kg and a muzzle velocity of 870 m/s, we can enter these numbers directly into our equation. Make sure to get the order of your functions right.
What conclusions could we draw when we calculated the muzzle energy of the various weapons?
The muzzle energy of a 7.62×51 bullet is around twice that of a 5.56×45. But is that really surprising? The bullet weighs over twice as much, and there is both more propellant in the cartridge as well as the rifle has a longer barrel. So not surprising.
A heavier bullet results in a higher muzzle energy. Again, not necessarily surprising. Applying the same force or energy to a heavier bullet gives that bullet greater kinetic energy. Not only does this mean that it will have a greater target effect, but that the bullet will have the ability to travel a greater distance. It is why competitive target rifle shooters prefer a heavier bullet.
There is a trade off with firing a heavier bullet; recoil. Newton's third law of motion tells us "when one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body." So, more muzzle energy at the front of the rifle, will mean more recoil energy rearwards into our shoulder. And we know this because we can compare the recoil thump between the CSBTR, Cadet GP and CTR rifles.
Well let's go back to some of those safety rules we know too well and apply what we now know:
Never let it lie in the direct rays of the sun as this can cause inaccuracies – Propellant that is too hot, will burn faster. This increased burn rate will cause an increase in pressure, which in turn will alter the velocity of the bullet; causing a hot round to fire differently than a cold round. Not only could it make you miss your target, but this increase in burn and pressure may exceed the pressure the chamber is designed to contain, resulting in a dangerous failure of the weapon.
Never use a round as a tool – The aerodynamics of a bullet are key to it's performance. If you have used the tip of a round to unload rounds from a magazine, it will be damaged and therefore not perform as it should.
Tampering with ammunition is dangerous and is forbidden – With a sensitive explosive compound in the primer, and soft metal cartridge case along with a precisely engineered bullet, any damage to these could result in inaccuracies as well as dangerous conditions. Altering a bullet may also change the terminal ballistics, or the target effect, and this may be illegal.
Damaged rounds are not to be fired and should be handed into an adult instructor – For all the reasons above, any round that has sustained damage, or been involved in a stoppage shouldn't be used.
Having looked at the ways of describing ammunition, we should now be able to accurately describe the correct ammunition we use, this being:
.22″ LR BALL
5.56x45mm BALL / BLANK / DRILL
7.62x51mm BALL
It is also useful to know the anatomy of a round of ammunition, the cartridge case, the bullet as well as knowing about the primer and propellant.
Finally, we looked at muzzle energy and used the technical data we know to calculate the ME for the two main types of ammunition we use in both the GP and CTR.
5.56mmammunitioncadet gpriflesenior cadetSTEM
Capt. Nick
Capt. Nick author is an experienced CFAV, having joined the Campbell College Army Section in 1996, he has technically never left! Formally commissioning in 2004, he now holds the rank of Captain and undertakes the role of Training Officer, as well as assisting with national courses such as those at CTC Frimley Park and STEM Camp. With qualifications in exercise and range conduct, as well as skill at arms and first aid, they are at the frontline of cadet training and continues to draw on his experience to deliver safe and engaging cadet training to all age groups. All views are those of the author.


Additionally, the account will be considered part of your child's assets for purposes of bankruptcy or other purposes. As a result, there is a tremendous risk in adding even responsible, financially stable individuals as owners of your bank account. I recommend doing this in almost all circumstances because the downside consequences are so significant. There are other options like having a properly completed Power of Attorney completed that will allow your children to assist you with your finances later in life. Also, if you are trying to avoid probate for those accounts, then you can list them as a Pay on Death (POD) or Transfer on Death (TOD) beneficiary on the account. Regardless, when making these decisions, you need to consult a Tennessee estate planning attorney to assist you further so that you have the best advice to avoid the pitfalls that are present.


Once again new varieties of apples were the stars of the show at the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair in Toronto.
Highlights of this year's competition for B.C. apple growers are the Grand Champion and Reserve Champion of the New Varieties Category for the second year in a row, with 2018 winning entries for Ambrosia and Aurora Golden Gala varieties.
Robert and Jane Mennell of Cawston received the Canadian Horticultural Council Trophy for Grand Champion of new varieties with their Ambrosia variety entry. Tom Davison, of Davison Orchards, Vernon, was awarded Reserve Champion for the Aurora Golden Gala entry in New Varieties.
B.C. placed top of the commercial categories of Red Delicious, Gala and Golden Delicious with entries from Vernon (Bruno Gutknecht and Tom Davison for the Galas and Goldens). Billy and Shauna Boerboom of The Apple Barn, Summerland, placed third and fourth in the most unusually shaped apple as well as placing in several other categories.
B.C. did especially well with Ambrosia in the New Varieties, taking first to fourth places.


Knee pain is one of the most serious types of pain, as it can affect the mobility and independence of patients who suffer from it. Physical therapy rehabilitation is a great option for patients who want to regain their quality of life while avoiding the risks and complications of surgery. The Advent Physical Therapy office of Hastings, Michigan, explains some of your knee pain and rehabilitation treatment options.
For minor knee pain and injuries, there are some home treatments that patients can use to recover.
RICE method — The RICE method stands for rest, ice, compression and elevation. For overuse injuries such as tendonitis, these four steps can help alleviate symptoms of pain and help your body heal. Don't rest too much as muscle atrophy can set in after just a few days and make joint pain worse.
Low-impact exercise — Sports that are rough on the knees like running, tennis or basketball should be avoided. But lower intensity exercise like walking, swimming or yoga can be beneficial for knee pain. Exercise increases circulation and blood flow to aid the body's healing process. Building strength and stability in the muscles around the knee may also help prevent future injury.
The therapists of Advent Physical Therapy are skilled in treating patients with any type of knee injury. If you are in the Hastings area, contact us today to schedule your initial appointment and discuss your knee pain and rehabilitation treatment options.


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Rachel Goodrich shares a carefree afternoon in the tropical tune "Matcha Matcha"
To kick off the new year, singer/songwriter Rachel Goodrich has shared a tropical, feel-good new ditty in the form of "Matcha Matcha." While visiting friends and family in Miami, where Goodrich used to live and where she was dubbed the "Queen of Miami Indie-Rock" — the song was produced and recorded at River 71 Studios in Little Haiti, Miami.
"Matcha Matcha" was written with Goodrich's friend Marlana Sheetz of Milo Greene and created in ten minutes as a simple call and response. The song is a bubbly, delicate tune that leaves you glowing under its sunny disposition. According to Goodrich, "Matcha Matcha" is all about living free and letting go, and that's exactly the kind of jubilant clarity it offers in its warm melody.
"My friends from middle school built out and run a studio in Little Haiti called River71 Studios. Such a cool space. We arranged a session, made piña coladas, maybe munched on a little psilocybin surrounded by friends I grew up with, feeling tropical & psychedelic and recorded 'Matcha Matcha'. We had a lot of fun making it," Goodrich says of the song. "Lots of laughter, lots of freedom, sunshine breaks, a few late nights and lots of real tropical vibes [going] on. There was some good energy in the room for sure. It was really a magical journey."
Listen to Rachel Goodrich's "Matcha Matcha" below!
Rachel Goodrich is currently working on a new album. Visit her website, Facebook, and Instagram to stay updated on new releases and tour announcements.
This entry was posted in New Music, Songs and tagged Rachel Goodrich on January 14, 2020 by Steven Ward.


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You are here: The Job Explorer > By County > Montana
Montana Counties
Overview for Montana
Montana is one of 50 states in the United States (ranks include the District of Columbia).It has 145,552.4 sq. miles in land area and a population density of 6.7 per square mile. In the last three decades of the 1900s its population grew by 29.9%. On the 2000 census form, 98.3% of the population reported only one race, with 0.3% of these reporting African-American. The population of this state is 2.0% Hispanic (of any race). The average household size is 2.45 persons compared to an average family size of 2.99 persons.
In 2008 health care and social assistance was the largest of 20 major sectors. It had an average wage per job of $36,498. Per capita income grew by 22.1% between 1998 and 2008 (adjusted for inflation).
Population (2009) 974,989 Covered Employment 437,591
Households (2000) 358,667 Manufacturing - % all jobs in State 4.5%
Labor Force (persons) (2009) 498,907 Average wage per job $40,645
Unemployment Rate (2009) 6.2 Transportation & Warehousing - % all jobs in State 3.1%
Median Household Income (2008) $43,948 Health Care, Social Assist. - % all jobs in State 13.6%
H.S. Diploma or More - % of Adults 25+ (2000) 87.2 Finance and Insurance - % all jobs in State 3.6%
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Ohio may get its first Mormon temple in 160 years.
Gordon B. Hinckley, president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, said the temple would be built in the Columbus area if a suitable location is found.
In 1838, members abandoned a temple near Cleveland because of financial problems and political pressure. Devout Mormons now travel to the closest temple, in Kensington, Md., for sacred rites.
The Mormon temple is not a place for regular worship but one for sacred rites such as special wedding ceremonies. While the church recognizes civil marriages, they are valid only until death. For families to be united for eternity, a special marriage must be performed in a holy temple by the authority of the holy priesthood.
Speaking to about 6,800 followers, Hinckley said the new temple will be "small, but beautiful," accommodating about 80 people.
The Columbus temple would be one of 30 small temples that Hinckley plans to build in the next two years. The church claims 10 million followers worldwide.


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With Linda Smith Davis - New England's Fine Living Muse
We love to walk and explore areas of New England, but I for one no longer enjoy heavy huffing and puffing while, while taking in my surroundings. Here are a few suggestions of places to visit that pass the "Linda Didn't Whine" test.
Beautiful walking trails and paths in New England that are full of history and charm.
Easy to moderate walking trails in New England
My husband and I love to walk and explore areas of New England, and we do it as much as possible to help clear the work-week cobwebs out of our brains.
What kind of trails do I like? That's easy. I enjoy walking in areas that also have gardens, old foundations, and a bit of history. Now don't get me wrong, I love a good hike that gets the heart pumping, and a few of the trails listed will do just that, but the New England walking trails I'm sharing with you here, lack the need for hiking gear or grabbing hold of trees limbs as you ascend to your destination.
PS: For most of these walking and hiking trails, your hiking boots can be left at home. Sneakers or shoes with a good grip on the sole is sufficient. Just keep in mind the weather or the season. Nobody wants muddy or wet sneakers due to mud or stepping through over-flowing streams.
The walking trail links below, will take you directly to the host's website unless otherwise noted.
Monson Center in Hollis, NH
Monson Center is considered by leading archeologists to be one of the most significant archeological sites in New England. Many of the original foundations of the homes that were built in this late 1700s village are preserved.
Visiting Monson Center, a historic gem, is literally a breath of fresh air, and a step back in time. This small portion of history is off the beaten path, but once you find it, you will never forget.
After parking in the small lot, you walk a few hundred yards down a forest lined dirt road. Each step carries you away from the busyness of every day life. There is no electricity or running water, but there is an energy to the place. A carved sign announces Monson Center, and after another few steps, the forest opens up. There are fields on either side as well as stone walls, wild flowers, and bird houses. Up ahead is the only habitable house on the property. Via the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests
Beaver Brook in Hollis, NH
Beaver Brook Association was established by cousins Hollis Nichols and Jeff Smith in 1964 as a nonprofit land conservation and environmental education organization. Today it is one of the largest land trusts and nature based learning centers in southern New Hampshire and neighboring Massachusetts. With 35 miles of hiking trails, 2.187 acres of protected land, and programming for 15,000+ visitors annually, Beaver Brook provides a unique opportunity to enjoy the outdoors and learn more about the natural world. BBA trails and gardens are open to the public from dawn to dusk 365 days a year. Via Beaver Brook Association
Oak Point Farm - 60 Samoset Road - Booth Bay Harbor, Maine
Mowed paths and trails allow visitors to meander through fields and along the waterfront.
Founded in 1980, Boothbay Region Land Trust (BRLT) is a non-profit organization with the Mission to conserve for the public benefit the natural habitat, scenic beauty and working land of the Boothbay region.
BRLT preserves provide over 30 miles of pet friendly hiking trails open year-round to the public, free of charge.
Coolidge Reservation - Manchester-by-the-Sea
Perched on the peninsula known as Coolidge Point in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Coolidge Reservation showcases an unusual variety of natural settings in a relatively small area. Within its 66 acres, breathtaking vistas await as you explore rocky outcrops, woodlands, wetlands, a sandy beach, and the open expanse of the Ocean Lawn. This notable collection of diverse habitats harbors an assortment of plant and wildlife species.
Part of historic Coolidge Point, Coolidge Reservation is named for the family who came to own the peninsula. At the tip of the Point is the magnificent Ocean Lawn. At one time the site of the family's "Marble Palace," a Georgian-style mansion, it is now an open, grassy expanse edged by rocky headlands, with sweeping views of the Atlantic Ocean, Manchester-by-the Sea, the North Shore coastline, and, on a clear day, the distant Boston skyline and Cape Cod. Via the Trustees of Reservations
Greenwood Farm - Ipswich, MA
The pasture that greets you at Greenwood Farm reveals little of the property's splendor. At first, you only see fields cleared by generations of farmers, a stand of trees, and brambles entwined around a rock wall. After a short walk, the estate begins to reveal itself: several small structures and a root cellar appear, then a rambling clapboard farmhouse and the late First Period Paine House. It is the view of the marsh, however, that dominates the landscape.
The reservation takes its name from Thomas S. Greenwood who built the 19th-century white farmhouse. To its rear, the Paine House (1694), a yellow clapboard saltbox, is a remarkable example of First Period (1620–1725) architecture. Three generations of the Paine family made their home here, including Robert Paine, foreman of the Salem witch trial jury in 1692. From 1916, Greenwood Farm was a summer retreat for the Robert G. Dodge family, who used the Paine House as a guesthouse. Furnished with a fine collection of American furniture and decorative arts, it radiates with Colonial Revival ambiance. Recent archaeological investigations revealed a rare survival of an 18th-century milk room or dairy inside the house. via The Trustees of Reservations
Halibut Point, Rockport, MA
On a clear day, visitors to Halibut Point State Park will be able to see Mount Agamenticus, located 81 miles away in Maine, and the Isles of Shoals off the coast of New Hampshire. You can explore the parks trails and tide pools, picnic on the rocky ledges, and learn about the history of Cape Ann's granite industry. Via Mass.gov
Old Town Hill - Newbury, MA - Moderate
A spectacular mix of tidal river, salt marsh, open fields, and woodlands that define the hill and lands to the west. From the 168-foot hilltop, you can see as far as Mount Agamenticus in southern Maine.
A three-mile network of trails and pathways leads you through thriving wetlands and up to landscape-level views of this corridor of protected open space along the Parker River. The Ridge Trail climbs moderately to vistas to the south, east, and north. The River Trail, a short and especially scenic family friendly trail, passes an old pasture along the marsh's edge and then loops into an oak forest along the banks of the Little River. Old Town Hill is a link in the Bay Circuit Trail. Via The Trustees of Reservations
Maudslay State Park, Newbury, MA
Maudslay State Park features 19th century gardens and plantings, rolling meadows, towering pines, and one of the largest naturally-occurring stands of mountain laurel in Massachusetts. It's the perfect place for a walk, bike ride or picnic. Educational programs are offered during the summer. Via Mass.gov
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[S3966] 1881 Census: Lower St, Doveridge (Derby), Staffordshire.
[S88] 1911 Census: 30 Colin St Uttoxeter, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire.
[S89] 1891 Census: Carter Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire.
[S90] 1881 Census: Carter Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire.
[S91] 1901 Census: Picknalls Road, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire.