text:
Scholarly Digital Editions
I am a twenty-year veteran of the making of scholarly editions in digital form, as editor, toolmaker, teacher, commentator, theorist and publisher.
The Woodstock of the Web: Geneva 25-27 May, 1994
Background: about this article (27 July 2013)
In 1994 I was based in Oxford University Computing Services, clinging post-doctorally to academic life through a variety of research posts at the intersection of computing and the humanities (creating the Collate program with Leverhulme support, starting off the Canterbury Tales Project with minimal formal support but lots of enthusiasm, advising Cambridge University Press about the new world of digital publication, etc.) Because I had no regular post, people threw me the crumbs they could not eat themselves ("people" being mostly Susan Hockey, Lou Burnard and Marilyn Deegan). At that time, Lou and Harold Short were writing a report outlining the need for a computing data service for the humanities: this report served as the template for what became the Arts and Humanities Data Service (now alas deceased, killed by British Rover -- that's another story). You might still be able to get a copy of this report online. They had got some money for travel to research the report, more travel than Lou, for his part, could manage: so several times that year Lou (whose office was beside mine in 6 Banbury Road) said to me, "Peter, how would you like to go to..". So I got to go to Dublin to see John Kidd commit public academic hari-kari at the James Joyce conference. And, I got to go to Geneva for the first 'WWW' conference, ever. Some time in that period -- 1993, it must have been -- Charles Curran called me into this office at OUCS to show me the latest whizzy thing: a system for exchanging documents on the internet, with pictures! and links! This was the infant web, and OUCS had (so legend goes) server no. 13.
The total triumph of the web as invented at CERN in those years (that is, http + html, etc) makes it easy to forget that at that time, it was one among many competing systems, all trying to figure out how to use the internet for information exchange. Famously, a paper proposed by Tim Berners-Lee and others for a conference on hypertext in 1992 was rejected; Ted Ritchie, who ran OWL which looked just like the web before the Web, has a nice TED video telling how he was unimpressed by Tim Berners-Lee's idea. So in early 1994, it was not a slam-dunk that the Web would Win. I had already met TBL: he came to Oxford, I think in late 1993 or early 1994, with the proposal that Oxford should be a host of what became the WWW3 consortium. I was present (with Lou, and others) at some of a series of meetings between TBL and various Oxford people. The Oxford reception was not rapturous, and he ended by going to MIT (as this report notes).
The report is completely un-edited: I've highlighted headings, otherwise the text is exactly as I sent it to -- who? presumably Lou and Harold. And, I still have, and occasionally wear, the conference t-shirt.
****My trip report****
The first World Wide Web conference showed the Web at a moment of transition.
It has grown enormously, on a minimum of formal organization, through the
efforts of thousands of enthusiasts working with two cleverly devised interlocking
systems: the HTML markup language that allows resource to call resource across
networks, and the HTTP protocol that allows computer servers to pass the
resources about the world. However, the continued growth and health of the Web
as a giant free information bazaar will depend on sounder formal organization, and
on its ability to provide efficient gateways to commercial services. The challenge
for the Web is to harmonize this organization and increasing commercialism with
the idealistic energies which have driven it so far, so fast. For the Arts and
Humanities Data Archive, the promise of the Web is that it could provide an ideal
means of network dissemination of its electronic holdings, blending free access with
paid access at many different levels.
From Wednesday 25th to Friday 27th I braved the clean streets and expensive
chocolates of Geneva, in search of an answer to a simple question: what is World
Wide Web? and what will it be, in a month, a year, a decade?
Once more, I donned my increasingly-unconvincing impersonation of Lou
Burnard. This time, I was the Lou Burnard of the Arts and Humanities Data
Archive feasibility study, in quest of masses of Arts and Humanities data which
might need a secure, air-conditioned, (preferably clean and chocolate-coated)
environment for the next few millennia. In the past months, WWW has become
possibly the world's greatest data-generator, with seemingly the whole of academe
and parts far beyond scrambling to put up home pages with links to everything. So
my mission: what effect is the enormous success of WWW going to have on the
domains of data archives in particular, and on library practice and electronic
publishing in general?
The conference was held at CERN, the European Centre for Nuclear Research.
Underneath us, a 27km high-vacuum tunnel in which a positron can travel for three
months at the speed of light without ever meeting another atomic particle.
Ineluctably, the comparison presents itself: one can travel for weeks on WWW
without encountering anything worth knowing. The quality of the Web was a
major subtext of the conference. One thing the Web is not (yet) is any sort of
organization: it is a mark-up language (HTML), a network protocol by which
computers can talk to each other (HTTP) and it is a lot of people rushing in
different directions. Anyone with a computer and an internet account can put
anything on the Web, and they do. In no time at all, the Web has grown, and
grown...
Here follow questions I took with me, and some answers...
How big is the Web?
From the conference emerged a few remarkable figures on the growth of the Web:
in June 1993 there were 130 Web servers. This had doubled by November 1993 to
272, then doubled again within a month to 623, then doubled again by March this
year to 1265 (source: David Eichmann conference paper 113, 116). Other speakers
at the conference indicated that between March and June this year the number of
servers has doubled and redoubled again, and is probably now somewhere over
5000. Another speaker estimated that there were around 100,000 'artifacts'
(articles, pictures etc etc...) on the Web (McBryan; Touvet put the figure at
'billions'). The volume of information is matched by the level of use. The NCSA
home page currently receives around one million requests a week. Around 500 gb
a week are shifted around the Web, and WWW now ranks sixth in total internet
traffic and will accelerate to first if it continues its current growth.
Who is the Web?
All this, from an idea in the head of Tim Berners-Lee, with no full-time staff or
organization to speak of. I met (at lunch on Friday) Ari Luotonen, one of the two
staff at CERN who have direct responsibility for running the CERN server, the
first home of the Web, and still its European hub. Simultaneously, they are
running the server, writing software etc. for it, and refining the file transfer
protocol HTTP which underpins the whole enterprise. Before I went, I met Dave
Raggett of Hewlett-Packard, Bristol, who is busy simultaneously inventing the next
incarnation of HTML+ and writing a browser for it, and I spoke several more
times to him during the conference. HTML, the Web's 'native' markup language, is
to the software of the Web what HTTP is to the hardware: without these two,
To one used to the rigours of the Text Encoding Initiative, which has
ascetically divided design from practice in search of truly robust and elegant
solutions, the spectacle of the base standards of the Web being vigorously
redesigned by the same people who are writing its basic software is exhilerating
(there is a lot of: that's a nice idea! I'll have that) and also rather scary. There is a
glorious mix of idealism and hard-headed practicality about the people at the heart
of the Web. This is nowhere better epitomized than in Tim Berners-Lee, whose
address on the first morning had machines manipulating reality, with the Web being
'a representation of human knowledge'. Along the way, Tim tossed out such
treasures as the Web allowing us to play dungeons and dragons in the Library of
Congress, or the Web finding the right second-hand car, or putting together a
skiing party including Amanda. And, he said, you could buy a shirt on the Web.
If the Web is to continue to grow and prosper, and become more than a
computer hobbyist's super toy, it will need to be useful. Or will it? Can we only
have all human knowledge on the Web if we can buy shirts on it, too? Useful, to
Who uses the Web?
One paper (Pitkow and Recker) reported the results of a survey on who uses the
Web, based on 4500 responses to a posting on the Web in January 1994: over 90
per cent of its users are male, and 60 % are under 30, and 69% are in North
American universities. One could say that this survey was rather skewed in that the
survey relied on the 'forms' feature in Mosaic, and as few people had access to this
on anything other than Unix 93% of respondents (the same 94 % who were male?)
were Unix/Mosaic users. In any case, the conference was overwhelmingly male,
and strongly American in accent. And the papers at the conference were
overwhelmingly technical: concerned with bandwidth, Z39.50 protocols, proxy
servers, caching, algorithms for 'walking the Web', and so on. In part this
technical bias is necessary. The very success of the Web threatens Internet
meltdown. But extreme technical skill in one area can mean frightening naievety in
another, and vast quantities of naievety were on view over the three days. For
many people, the Web is the world's greatest computer playground: hacker heaven
in 150 countries at once. And so, many of the papers were exercises in ingenuity:
look what I have done! without reflection as to whether it was worth doing in the
first place. But, ingenuity certainly there was. Here are some examples...
How do we find out what is on the Web?
The sudden and huge size of the Web has created a monster: how do you find just
what you want amid so much, where there are no rules as to what goes where, no
catalogue or naming conventions. The whole of Thursday morning, and many
other papers outside that time, were devoted to 'taming the Web': resource
discovery methods for locating what you want on the Web. It is typical of the
extraordinary fertility of invention which the Web provokes (and this just might be
the Web's greatest gift to the world) that no two of these papers were even
remotely alike in the methods they proposed. One system (SOLO, presented by
Touvet of INRIA) focussed on directory services: indexing all the file names
accessed through the web and constructed a 'white pages' for the Web which maps
all the file names and their servers to resource names, so that one need only point at
the SOLO directory to find an object, whereever it is. Again, something like this is
badly needed as lack of 'name persistence' -- the distressing tendency for files to
disappear from where they are supposed to be -- is a major Web shortcoming.
Fielding (UC at Irvine) outlined a different solution to this particular problem: a
'MOMspider' which would walk the Web and find places where files have been
mislaid, and hence compute the Web's health and alert document owners of
problems. Fielding argued that living infostructures must be actively maintained to
prevent structural collapse: so, who is to do the maintenance?
A quite different approach, though still centred on whole documents, is
ALIWEB, presented by Martijn Koster of NEXOR Ltd. This uses index files
prepared according to standard formats, containing information on who made the
file, what it is, and some key-words, etc. These files must be 'hand-prepared' by
someone at each server site; ALIWEB then collects all these files together and loads
them into a database sent back to all the servers. This is modelled on the working
of Archie, where servers similarly compile and exchange information about ftp
resources, etc. There is no doubting the value of something like ALIWEB. But
how many of the people running those 5000-plus servers (especially, the 4000 or so
which have joined in the last three months) even know of ALIWEB?
Another system using 'hand-prepared' data based on whole-document
description was outlined by McBryan (University of Colorado). This is GENVL,
or 'the mother of all bulletin boards'. This uses a very clever system of nested
'virtual libraries' deposited in GENVL by outside users. I can make up my own
'virtual library' of Web resources in my own area of interest using the format
supplied by GENVL. This library can then be nested within the existing GENVL,
and point at yet other virtual libraries supplied by other people. People can find my
library and the documents and libraries it points at by travelling down the
hierarchy, or by WAIS searching on the whole collection. But, who guarantees the
accuracy and timeliness of the data in GENVL? No-one, of course: but it seems on
its way towards being the biggest yellow pages in the world. McBryan's
demonstration of this was far the best demonstration seen at the conference: you can
get into it for yourself by
http://www.cs.colorado.edu/homes/mcbryan/public_html/bb/summary_html. I must
say the competition for the best demonstration was less intense than might have
been supposed. Indeed, there were more presentational disasters than I have ever
seen at any conference. Many presenters seemed so struck by the wonder of what
they had done that they thought it was quite enough to present their Web session
live, projected onto a screen, in happy ignorance of the fact that the ergonomics of
computer graphics meant that hardly anyone in the auditorium could read what was
on the screen. This enthusiastic amateurism is rather typical of a lot which goes on
in the Web.
Other papers in this strand looked into the documents themselves. The
Colorado system described by McBryan supplements the hand-prepared 'virtual
libraries' by an automated 'Worm' (it appears the Web is breeding its own parasitic
menagerie; in Web-speak, these are all varieties of 'robots') which burrows its way
through every document on the Web, and builds a database containing index entries
for every resource on the Web (as at March 1994, 110,000 resources, 110,000
entries). It does not try to index every word; rather it indexes the titles to every
resource, the caption to every hypertext link associated with that resource, and the
titles of every referenced hypertext node. This is clever, and again was most
impressive in demonstration: you simply dial up the worm with a forms aware
client (Mosaic 2.0, or similar) and type in what you are looking for. Each of
McBryan's systems (GENVL and the Worm) currently receives over 2000 requests
a day. They were far and away the most impressive, and most complete, of the
search systems shown at the conference.
We met many more of these 'robots' during the conference: beasts bred by
computer science departments to graze their way through the web. They are
creatures of controversy: they can add considerably to the network load and there
are some who would ban all robots from the web. Eichmann of the University of
Houston (Clear Lake) described his 'spider' which again walked the whole Web,
like McBryan's worm. However, his system performs a full-text index of each
Web document, not just an index of titles and hypertext captions. This is a
modified WAIS index which works by throwing away the most frequently
referenced items. However, the Web is so large that the index of even a part of it
soon grew to over 100 megs. The sheer size of the Web, and the many near-
identical documents in some parts of it, can have entertaining consequences.
Eichmann related the sad tale of the time his spider fell down a gravitational well.
It spent a day and a half browsing a huge collection of NASA documents (actually a
thesaurus of NASA terms) and got virtually nothing back you could use in a search:
all it found was NASA, ad infinitum, and so it threw the term away from the index
and .... eventually Eichmann had to rescue his spider. As NASA were sponsoring
this research they were not amused to find that if you asked the spider to find all
documents containing 'NASA' you got precisely nothing.
Every conference on computing must contain a paper with the title 'lost in
hyperspace': this one was from Neuss (Fraunhofer Institute, Germany). I was by
now rather fatigued by techies who thought that running GREP across the Web
actually was a decent search strategy. Neuss did a little more than this (using 'fuzzy
matching') but what he had was essentially our old friend the inverted file index.
Which of course when faced with gigabytes finds it has rather too many files to
invert and so tends to invert itself, turtle-like, which is why both Neuss and
Eichmann found themselves concluding that their methods would really only be
useful on local domains of related resources, etc. At last, after all this we had a
speaker who had noticed that there is a discipline called 'information retrieval',
which has spent many decades developing methods of relevance ranking, document
clustering and vectoring, relevance feedback, 'documents like...', etc. He pointed
out the most glaring weaknesses in archie, veronica, WAIS and the rest (which had
all been rather well demonstrated by previous speakers). However, it appeared he
had good ideas but no working software (the reverse of some of the earlier
speakers).
Finally, in this strand, the true joker of the pack: De Bra of Eindhoven
University with -- hold your hat -- real-time full-text searching of the web. That
is: you type in a search request and his system acually fires it off simultaneously to
servers all over the Web, getting them to zoom through their documents looking
for matches. It is not quite as crude as this, and uses some very clever 'fishing'
algorithms to control just how far the searches go, and also relies heavily on
'caching' to reduce network load. But it is exactly this type of program which
rouses the ire of the 'no-robots' Web faction (notably, Martijn Koster).
So: masses of ways of searching the Web. But is there anything there worth
finding?
How serious is the Web? -- Electronic publishing and the Web
There were times in these three days when I felt I had strayed into some vast
electronic sandpit. I had come, on the part of the Arts and Humanities archives, in
search of masses of data which might need archiving. What I found instead was a
preoccupation with how the Web worked, and very little interest in the quality of
material on it. On the Wednesday morning, Steffen Meschkat (ART + COM,
Berlin) described his vision of active articles in interactive journals. These would
present a continuous, active model of publication. The boundaries between
reviewed and published articles would disappear, and the articles themselves would
merge with the sea of information. To Meschkat, the idea of publication as a
defining act has no meaning; there is no place in his world for refereed publication,
so important to University tenue committees. There is no doubt that the Web is a
superb place for putting up pre-publication drafts of material for general comment,
and many scholars are making excellent use of it for just that. But to argue that this
is a completely satisfactory model of publication is absurd. A journal whose only
defining strategy is the whims of its contributers (how do you 'edit' such a
journal?) is not a journal at all; it is a ragbag. I am pleased to report that the
centrepiece of Meschkat's talk, a demonstration of the active journal, failed to
In general, I was surprised by the level of ignorance shown about what the
Web would need if it were to become a tool for serious electronic publishing of
serious materials. It is the first conference I have been to where the dread word
copyright hardly appeared. Further, there was hardly any discussion of what the
Web would need to become a satisfactory electronic publishing medium: that it
would have to tackle problems of access control, to provide multilayered and fine-
grained means of payment, to give more control over document presentation. A
SGML group met on Wednesday afternoon to discuss some of these issues, but did
not get very far. There were representatives of major publishers at this group
(Springer, Elsevier) but none yet are doing more than dip a toe in the Web.
From the talk at the conference, from the demonstrations shown, and what I
have seen of the Web, it is not a publication system. It is a pre-publication system,
or an information distribution system. But it is as far from a publishing system as
the Thursday afternoon free paper is from OUP.
How serious is the Web? free information, local information
The free and uncontrolled nature of the Web sufficiently defines much of what is
on it. Most of what is on the Web is there because people want to give their
information away. Because it is free, it does not matter too much that the current
overloading of the internet means that people may not actually be able to get the
information from the remote server where it is posted. Nor does it matter that the
rght files have disappeared, or that the information is sloppily presented, eccentric
or inaccurate. These things would be fatal to a real electronic publishing system,
but do not matter in the give-away information world which is much of the Web.
There is an important category of Web use which does not fit this
description. That is its use for distribution of local information systems: for
carrying the local 'help' or 'info' system for a university, or a company. The most
impressive instances of Web use offered at the conference fitted this model. Here,
we are dealing with information which is valuable but free: valuable, because it is
useful to a definable group of people. Typically, the information is owned by the
local organization and so there are no copyright problems to prevent its free
availability. Further, because the information is most valuable to the local user,
and rather less valuable to anyone beyond, it is quite valid to optimize the local
server and network for local access; those beyond will just have to take their
chances. The Web server currently being set up in Oxford is an excellent example
of the Web's power to draw together services previously offered separately
(gopher, info, etc.) into a single attractive parcel. Several conference papers told
of similar successful applications of the Web to local domains: a 'virtual classroom'
to teach a group of 14 students dispersed across the US, but linked to a single Web
server (Dimitroyannis, Nikhef/Fom, Amsterdam); an on-line company-wide
information system by Digital Equipment (Jones, DEC). Most impressive was the
PHOENIX project at the University of Chicago (Lavenant and Kruper). This aims
to develop, on the back of the Web, a full teaching environment, with both students
and teachers using the Web to communicate courses, set exercises, write papers etc.
Three pilot courses have already been run, with such success that a further 100
courses are set to start later this year. Because it is being used for formal teaching,
PHOENIX must include sophisticated user-authentication techniques. This is done
through the local server; a similar method (though rather less powerful) is in use at
the City University, London (Whitcroft and Wilkinson).
Such local applications resolve the problem of access to remote servers
which threatens to strangle the web (and with it, the whole Internet). They also
solve the problems of accountability and access: someone is responsible for the
information being accurate and available. As for access: if restriction is required,
this can be done through the local server, so avoiding all the problems of trying to
enforce control through servers on the other side of the world. The Web is so well
suited to these local information services that these alone will see the Web continue
to burgeon. Much of the Web will be a network of islands of such local systems,
upon which the rest of the world may eavesdrop as it will. Among these islands,
we can expect to see many more distance learning providers, on the model of
PHOENIX but distributed across world-wide 'virtual campuses'. Butts et al.
described the 'Globewide Network Academy' (GNA), which claims to be the
world's first 'virtual organization', and appears to intend to become a global
university on the network. This seems rather inchoate as yet. But already 2500
people a day access GNA's 'Web Tree'; where they are going, others will certainly
follow. We could also expect to see many more museums, archives, libraries, etc.
using the Web as an electronic foyer to their collections. There was only one such
group presenting at the conference, from the Washington Holocaust museum
(Levine): that there should be only this one tells us a great deal about the lack of
computer expertise in museums. The Web is an ideal showplace for these. Expect
to see many more museums,etc., on the Web as the technology descends to their
range.
How can I make sure I can get through to the Web?
For days on end, I have tried to get through to McBryan's server at Colorado, or
the NCSA home page, or indeed anywhere outside the UK. Unless you are
prepared to time it for a moment when all the rest of the world is in bed (and you
should be too), you cannot get through. This alone appears as if it could be doom
for the Web's aspirations. Certainly, it could not be a commercial operation at this
basis: noone is going to pay to be told that the server they want is unavailable. Of
course, this does not matter if all you want is local information, as described in the
last section. But this is far from the vision of the world talking to itself promoted
so enthusiastically by Berners-Lee and others.
Help is at hand. A surprising number of papers were devoted to problems
of making the Web work. The answer is simple: if lack of network bandwidth
means we cannot all dial into America at once, set up clones of America all over the
world. There are many ways of doing this: 'mirror' servers, etc, as long known in
the FTP world, for example. There are obvious problems with mirror servers in
the fast-moving world of the Web, with some documents both changing and being
accessed very frequently. The method that seems most enthusiastically pursued is
'caching', otherwise 'proxy' servers. Instead of dialling America direct, you dial
the proxy server. The server checks if it has a copy of the document you want; if it
has, then it gives you the document itself. If it has not, it gets the document from
America, passes it to you and keeps a copy itself so the next person who asks for it
can get it from the cache. Papers by Luotonen, Glassman, Katz and Smith
described various proxy schemes, several of them based on Rainer Post's Lagoon
algorithms. It is the sort of topic which fascinates computer scientists, with lots of
juicy problems to be solved. For example: once someone has dialled into a proxy
and then starts firing off http calls from the documents passed over by the proxy,
how do we make sure all those http calls are fed to the proxy and not to the 'home'
servers whose address is hard-wired into the documents? or, how do you operate a
proxy within a high-security 'firewall' system, without compromising the security?
how do you make sure the copy the proxy gives you is up to date? and so on.
These systems work, and work well: since I have caught on to dialling the
Web via the HENSA proxy at Kent, life has suddenly become possible. An
interesting statistic, drawn from Smith of Kent's talk: over an average week, it
seems that around two thirds of the calls to the Web by all those hundreds of
thousands of people are to some 24,000 documents (about a quarter of the total on
the Web, as of May), amounting to just 450 Meg of data. The Web is both
enormous, and surprisingly small. One point is clear: proxies and similar devices
can only work given sophisticated co-operation between servers.
Has the Web a future?
If the Web stays as it is, it will slowly strangle itself with too much data, too little
of which is of any value, and with even less of what you want available when you
want it. I had more than a few moments of doubt at the conference: there were too
many of the hairy-chested 'I wrote a Web server for my Sinclair z99 in turbo-
Gaelic in three days flat' to make me overwhelmingly confident. The Web will not
stay as it is. The Web has grown on the enthusiastic energies of thousands of
individuals, working in isolation. But the next stages of its growth, as the Web
seeks to become more reliable and to grow commercial arms and legs, will require
more than a protocol, a mark-up language and enthusiasm. Servers must talk to
one another, so that sophisticated proxy systems can work properly. Servers will
have to make legal contracts with one another, so that money can pass around the
Web. Richer mark-up languages, as HTML evolves, will require more powerful
browsers, and create problems of standardization, documentation and maintenance.
All this will require co-operation, and organization. The organization is on the
way. After much hesitation, CERN has decided to continue to support the Web,
and the EC is going to fund a stable European structure for the Web, probably
based at CERN and possibly with units in other European centres (including,
perhaps, Oxford). Berners-Lee himself is going to MIT, where he is going to work
with the team which put together XWindows.
What will the Web look like, then, in a few years? The momentum for
much of the Web, at least, to remain free and uncontrolled (even, anarchic) will
continue: it will become the world's free Thursday afternoon paper, a rag-bag of
advertizing, vanity publishing, plain nonsense and serious information. There will
be many local islands of information -- help systems, archive galleries, educational
material. Eccentrics, like the Norwegian family who have put their whole house on
the Web so you can dial up a video camera in their living room and watch what
they are doing, will continue to find a home on the Web (Ludvigsen). But
increasingly the Web will provide a gateway to other, specialist and typically
commercial services: electronic publishing, databases, home shopping, etc. The
presence of these satellite services will relieve the Web itself from the need to be all
things to all people, and allow it to continue to be the lingua franca to the
electronic world -- demotic, even debased, but easy, available and above all, free.
The Web will not be the only gateway to services which can do what the Web
cannot, but it may well be the biggest and the most widely used. For organizations
like Universities, libraries, archives of all sorts (and, especially, the AHDA), which
give some information away and sell other information, the Web and its satellites
will be an ideal environment. This aspect of the Web has been barely touched, to
now. But it will happen, and it is our business to make sure it happens the right
What have I not described?
Even this rather long account omits much. Briefly, a few things I have not
covered:
1. HTML tools: there was discussion about HTML and its future (Raggett; various
workshops); several HTML editors were described (Williams and Wilkinson;
Kruper and Lavenant; Rubinsky of SoftQuad announced HotMeTaL); various
schemes for converting documents to HTML were outlined (from FrameMaker:
Stephenson; Rousseau; from Latex: Drakos).
2. Connectivity tools for linking the Web to other resources: to CD-ROMs
(Mascha); to full-featured hypertext link servers (Hall and the Microcosm team); to
computer program teaching systems (Ibrahim); to databases (Eichmann)
Thirty years after McLuhan, the global village is here.
Posted by PeterRobinson at 05:24
Labels: CERN, first web conference, tim berners-lee, www3 history
Why digital humanists should get out of textual sc...
PeterRobinson


text:
Název Hraničný potok má více vodních toků:

 Hraničný potok (přítok Handlovky) – pravostranný přítok Handlovky na Slovensku v okrese Prievidza
 Hraničný potok (přítok Klanečnice) – pravostranný přítok Klanečnice v okrese Uherské Hradiště a na Slovensku v okrese Nové Mesto nad Váhom
 Hraničný potok (přítok Nitry) – pravostranný přítok Nitry na Slovensku v okrese Prievidza
 Hraničný potok (přítok Váhu) – levostranný přítok Váhu na Slovensku v okrese Piešťany

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Should I get a Radar?
Was just wondering whether a radar on a rib is really necessary as I was thinking of getting one!
Simple answer, I don't know I have radar on BP, I can honestly say that I've never had to rely on it to get me out of the sh1t. It works to a point, picking up land masses, large vessels, beacons etc. Anything small in all but flat calm waters & you're struggling. If money is a consideration, IMHO AIS is better value, considering anything over 300t now must have it. Just worth mentioning that mine is traditional fry yer heed radar, not the new-fangled broadband/HD/Digital type, so I can't comment on those.
Are Bwig doing radar now?
If you haven't got AIS then I would install it in preference to a radar.
I have AIS but its not that much help!
Afaik the Raymarine HD system is their version of the new tech broadband radar.
Is the purpose of RADAR to help you see stuff that nobody else can? Because in that case the Admin team might need to invest in RADAR. I'm not sure what the RADAR signature of a troll would look like but I guess that SPAM should give a good reflection.
Are Brig doing radar now?
Ouch. Are there no second chances on here?


A pen & ink drawing with watercolor washes picturing a male figure reclining in such a manner as to suggest anguish or despair.
This artwork is sold and shipped to you by John Power, and will be packaged rolled in a tube. Artworks are dispatched within 2 working days from United States.


– If you are looking for a cool, easy and quick way to edit your photos, you should try the online free photo editing app Fotoflexer. The ease of applying some cool animations and effects to photos is simply amazing with this excellent online tool.
Fotoflexer has a simple but powerful interface and it is an excellent free photo editor. You can get started by simply uploading a photo in your computer, or any photo on the web or photo in any of your photo accounts with Photobucket, Flickr, Picasa, Facebook and the likes. You can also capture a quick snapshot of yourself via the web-cam attached to your computer and edit it online.
After you upload the photo, you can do some basic stuff like cropping, fixing red eye and adjusting hue, saturation, brightness, lightness and contrast. You can also create a quick collage by choosing a pre-defined layout, and then play around with spacing and proportion. If you thought that this is cool, then we will have to warn you that these are just a few basic stuff you can accomplish with Fotoflexer, which has a lot more to offer!
Hit the Effects tab to find an amazing range of photo effects or the Decorate tab to apply some cool borders, posters and text effects or create some interesting fun cards. You can also beautify the photos to make a old woman look young by removing the wrinkles on her face, or even distort a good looking youngster by applying some funny or ugly effects!
Get into layers, and you can do stuff like stitching a panorama by simply duplicating a single photo and flipping it around.
Overall, we were quite impressed with this online photo editor. Fotoflexer is free to use and if you like to edit your photos, head on to Fotoflexer, the best and free photo editing shop, online.


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Rodrigo Alves implant rupture
There is no trace of the former beauty.
In early 2019, Rodrigo Alves underwent several plastic operations at once. One of them was the installation of a new implant in the chin. But a month later it turned out that the operation was not as successful as it seemed at first. The implant was damaged, and a dent appeared in the chin.
At this time, Rodrigo was at Milan Fashion Week, and an appeal to a plastic surgeon was clearly not part of his plans.
Live Ken several times gave himself a promise to no longer put himself at risk and abandon plastic surgery, but he still cannot keep his word.
To date, Rodrigo had 69 operations, and not all of them were carried out successfully. Therefore, it is not known how such a passion will affect the health of a 35-year-old man in the future.
Copyright 2022 \ Women's magazine \ Rodrigo Alves implant rupture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To produce and perform plays, poetry readings etc. Rehearsals principally at Bramfield Village Hall. Performances principally at The Cut Halesworth, Bramfield and other village halls in the Blyth Valley area. We usually stage 3 productions each year, including an outdoor shortened Shakespeare each summer.


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Health topics Life-course approach Sexual and reproductive health Publications Social determinants of health and well-being among young people. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study
Social determinants of health and well-being among young people. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2009/2010 survey
English (PDF, 44.1 MB)
Pусский (PDF, 46.7 MB)
By Candace Currie, Cara Zanotti, Antony Morgan, Dorothy Currie, Margaretha de Looze, Chris Roberts, Oddrun Samdal, Otto R.F. Smith and Vivian Barnekow
Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 6
Updated reprint 2012, xviii +252 pages
In developing countries: CHF 28.00
Order no. 13400117
Highly commended in the 2013 BMA Medical Book Awards competition, health and social care category
Through this international report on the results of its most recent survey, the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study supplies the up-to-date information needed by policy-makers at various levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, and professionals in sectors such as health, education, social services, justice and recreation.
The latest addition to a series of HBSC reports on young people's health, this report presents findings from the 2009/2010 survey on the demographic and social influences on the health of young people (aged 11, 13 and 15 years) in 43 countries and regions in the WHO European Region and North America. Responding to the survey, the young people described their social context (relations with family, peers and school), physical health and satisfaction with life, health behaviours (patterns of eating, tooth brushing and physical activity) and risk behaviours (use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis, sexual behaviour, fighting and bullying). Statistical analyses were carried out to identify meaningful differences in the prevalence of health and social indicators by gender, age group and levels of family affluence.
The aim was to provide a rigorous, systematic statistical base for describing cross-national patterns, in terms of the magnitude and direction of differences between subgroups, thus contributing to a better understanding of the social determinants of health and well-being among young people, and providing the means to help protect and promote their health.
This report is best viewed on screen, or printed out in colour. Hard copies are also available.
Fact sheets for 5 areas of adolescent health
Key findings from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2009/2010 survey
Available in French, German and Russian
WHO report reveals teenagers do not get a fair deal on health
WHO/ Europe Press release, Copenhagen, 29 April 2012


The U.S. Congress will soon be addressing current Intellectual Property policies and debating various approaches to patent reform. Anticipated changes will have far-reaching implications for the innovation economy and San Diego's business and entrepreneurial communities. More information and online registration is here.


A map of the districts can be found at http://www.co.jefferson.wa.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1128.
1. What is your educational, professional, and/or volunteer experience that relates to serving on the Jefferson County Planning Commission?
2. What other skills or qualities do you have that may help you serve as an effective planning commissioner?
3. Regularly scheduled meetings occur twice monthly – typically the first and third Wednesdays of each month. Will you be able to fulfill the the schedule through the end of the 4-year term? Please explain.
4. The Planning Commission serves to hold public meetings and make recommendation to the Board of County Commissioners. How do you approach decision-making in a setting where there are multiple complex issues with the possibility of strong emotions behind proponents or opponents of the issue?


I've been coming to Michael for instruction for three years now, 2-3 each year to both reinforce what he's taught me and to improve on new areas. I am in my mid-30's, play in a 9 hole league once a week and try to get out with friends every few weekends. When I first came to Michael I was about a 16 handicap, since working with him I've gotten it to as low as 10.5, after working off the winter rust I'm hoping for single digits this year.
Michael has the ability to give you very technical reasons why he's having you do something and then dumb it down for those of us that didn't major in physics or geometry. After working with Michael once, the next time I went to him it felt more like talking to an old golfing buddy than a student-instructor relationship. You really get the sense when working with him that he wants you to improve as much as you want to. I have e-mailed Michael after having a certain issue in a round when I didn't necessarily have time to come in for a lesson before heading out of town to play and he called me back in ten minutes to talk through the issue with me. I have personally recommended Michael to several friends, new to the game and experienced players, and they've all enjoyed working with him. I would recommend Michael to anyone who wants to improve their game, learn more about the golf swing, or someone just starting out and wants a good base to build from.


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Victim killed in mysterious Bethesda house fire identified
By Paul Wagner, FOX 5 DC
BETHESDA, Md. - Seventeen days after a mysterious house fire in Bethesda, Montgomery County police have finally identified the man who was found dead in the home's basement.
On Wednesday, the victim was identified as 21-year-old Askia Khafra of Silver Spring.
Daniel Beckwitt, the 26-year-old homeowner who was also inside the house located in the 5200 block of Danbury Road, was able to escape the fire that took place on Sept. 10. He was taken to a hospital with non-life-threatening injuries.
RELATED: Man who escaped mysterious fatal Bethesda fire has checkered past
Khafra's parents declined an on-camera interview, but they did say their son was an entrepreneur who was interested in crowdsourcing, data science and running his own company. He was in ROTC at Kennedy High School and graduated from Northwood.
The parents say their 21-year-old son was friends with Beckwitt, but declined to say how they came to know each other. The parents are highly suspicious of what happened inside the basement, but so far, the medical examiner has not ruled their son's death as a homicide.
Montgomery County Assistant Fire Chief Maurice Witt says Beckwitt has been cooperative in their investigation so far and is helping to identify some of the materials investigators have found inside the house.
"There were a lot of materials in the house so there were some chemicals in there, and we are sending them off to the Maryland state lab to find out what they are because sometimes people repurpose canisters," said Witt.
The cause of the fire has still not been determined. Investigators said there is a lot of stuff inside the house. According to two sources familiar with the investigation, a bunker or a series of tunnels was also found.
Since the fire, FOX 5 has repeatedly attempted to reach Beckwitt without any success.
Police seek suspect in deadly December double shooting in Adams Morgan


Register with Southwest Vacations® and our online booking tool for travel agents, VAX VacationAccess, to get full access to research and book Southwest Vacations for your clients.
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See Campaign Setting Help for help on organising and formatting your campaign setting on this wiki.
Please see Campaign Setting Help for help on organising and formatting campaign settings on this wiki.
This is a list of campaigns that use the 5e D&D rules, rated in order of completeness.


GMM Law Firm | Maritime Class Network, collaborate with featured Maritime Lawyers and Law Firms of Spain – Professor Doctors advocates in practice and Maritime Consultant – that are in the most important cities and ports of our country.
Our new Maritime Class Network aims to provide legal assistance in any country/port of the world. Thanks to the software platform we are already developing, clients are going to be able to search and hire maritime lawyers in advance to Arrest or Release Ships in problems.
This will permit an accurate collaboration: 'tight, staunch, strong and in every way fitted for the (legal) service'.
In fact, in this moment we are ready to advise you and defend your interests in any type of matter.


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Private protected areas of India refer to protected areas inside India whose land rights are owned by an individual or a corporation / organization, and where the habitat and resident species are offered some kind of protection from exploitative activities like hunting, logging, etc. The Government of India did not provide any legal or physical protection to such entities, but in an important amendment introduced by the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002, has agreed to protect communally owned areas of ecological value.

Private ownership
In pre-British India, and erstwhile British India and associated suzerainties, large tracts of wilderness were under private ownership, typically under the ownership of the royal families of the suzerainties. Animals and habitat in these tracts were protected by royal decree and royal  forces. Later, after the advent of the British, these lands were protected by personal guards of the royal families.

However, these lands were usually used as hunting grounds for the maharajahs and other noble families, so while the animals and habitat were accorded protection from external entities, hunting for sport by the owners of the land was commonly practised. Even so, some of such hunting was done on a sustainable basis, and some wildlife like the Asiatic cheetah were trained to hunt in such hunting grounds.

After independence, the political integration of India caused most of the royal families to lose their ownership rights to these lands, and these were converted into reserved forests, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. Some of India's most famous protected areas had their origins in privately owned protected lands. Some of these are listed below.

From the Northern princely states

Dachigam National Park - Once the private hunting preserve of the Maharaja of Kashmir Hari Singh, it was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1951 after the accession of Kashmir, and was designated a national park in 1981.
The Gadoli and Manda Khal Fee Simple Estates in the Pauri Garhwal district of the western Himalayan state of Uttarakhand.

From the Western princely states

Gir National Park - These were the private hunting grounds of the Nawab of Junagadh, who by royal decree banned the hunting of the increasingly rare Asiatic lion in 1900. It was only in 1966 that the region was protected as the Gir Forest Area, and the region received national park status in 1975
Ranthambhore National Park - The area around the Ranthambhore Fort were the private hunting grounds of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur. After integration with India, the Government of India declared the region  Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955, making it a Project Tiger reserve in 1973, and a national park in 1980
Keoladeo National Park - These were the private hunting grounds of Maharaja Brijendra Singh of Bharatpur. Upon joining the Union of India, the maharaja kept his hunting privileges at the grounds until 1971, when it was declared a wildlife sanctuary. It was upgraded to the status of a national park in 1982.
Sariska National Park - Sariska was the private hunting grounds of Maharaja Jai Singh of Alwar. It was given the status of a reserved forest in 1955 and became a wildlife sanctuary in 1958, before becoming a national park in 1992.
Darrah National Park - These were the hunting grounds of the Maharaja of Kota, and were declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1955 after the merger of Kota with India, and combined with two other sanctuaries a national park in 2004.

From the Central princely states

Bandhavgarh National Park - The area around the overgrown Bandhavgarh Fort were the hunting grounds of the Maharaja of Rewa. After the union of Rewa with India, the maharaja still retained hunting rights to the area until 1968, when the Maharaja handed over the hunting grounds (with the exception of the fort) to be declared a national park. A special permit is still required to visit the fort.
Madhav National Park - The area around Shivpuri were the private hunting grounds of the Scindia royal family of Gwalior. Upon accession to India, the grounds were designated to be Madhya Bharat National Park (1959), later being renamed to Shivpuri National Park and finally to Madhav National Park.

From the Southern princely states

Periyar National Park - The region around the Periyar lake was fashioned as a private game sanctuary by the maharaja of Travancore to stop the encroachment of tea plantations. Founded as Nellikkampatty Game Sanctuary in 1934, it was consolidated as a wildlife sanctuary in 1950 after the political integration of India, and designated as a national park in 1982.
Bandipur National Park - These were private hunting grounds of the Maharaja of Mysore. In 1930, Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV declared Bandipur a game reserve of 80 km2, and in 1941 expanded it to 800 km2, reinventing it as Venugopala Wildlife Park. After the Kingdom of Mysore joined India, the park was made a Project Tiger reserve in 1973, and a national park in 1985.
Nagarhole National Park - The park area and its surrounding regions were the hunting grounds of the Maharaja of Mysore. After the merger of Mysore with India, Nagarhole first became a wildlife sanctuary in 1955, and later became a national park in 1988.
Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park - This region was the private hunting ground of the Nizam of Hyderabad. After the annexure of Hyderabad in 1956, it was wildlife sanctuary in 1975, and a national park in 1994.

Among the other former hunting grounds of the Nizam of Hyderabad (once one of the richest persons in the world) are the Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary and the Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Wildlife Sanctuary. Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary was also privately owned by the Maharaja of Mysore before he was persuaded by Salim Ali to declare it a wildlife sanctuary in 1940.

From the Eastern princely states

Simlipal National Park - Initially a hunting ground for the Maharajas of Mayurbhanj. After the merger of Mayurbhanj with India in 1949, it became a reserved forest in 1956. It then became a tiger reserve (1973), wildlife sanctuary (1979), national park (1980) and finally a biosphere reserve (1994).
Manas National Park - The area was initially the hunting grounds of the Maharaja of Cooch Behar and the Raja of Gauripur. It was declared a protected area - Manas Sanctuary, as early as 1928, but the hunting rights of the royal families were not revoked. The sanctuary finally turned fully protected when it became a tiger reserve in 1973, and a national park in 1990.

However, royal families were allowed to keep personal land holdings below a certain threshold area, and hence some small scale privately held protected areas still exist in India.

Non-profit ownership
The biggest non-profit private organization which acquires wilderness tracts for development into private protected areas, the Nature Conservancy - does not operate in India, but has shown interest in expanding its operations to the country.

The World Land Trust, another non-profit organization, in partnership with the Wildlife Trust of India has funded two significant privately owned protected land holdings in India. The purpose of the holdings are to provide migration corridors to herds of Indian elephants, and the corresponding project is called the Wild Lands Corridor. The two corridors are:
 The Siju-Rewak corridor in the Garo Hills in the state of Meghalaya, for connection between the Siju Wildlife Sanctuary and the Rewak Reserved Forest. This is one of only four forded corridors across the Simsang River, which bisects the Garo Hills. This region also contains large omnivores and carnivores like the Bengal tiger, clouded leopard and the Himalayan black bear.
 The Tirunelli-Kudrakote corridor in the state of Kerala between the Tirunelli Reserved Forest and the Kudrakote Reserved Forest acts as a migration corridor for India's largest extant elephant population. The region is part of the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot which is home to the Nilgiri tahr, Salim Ali's fruit bat and 13 endemic bird species including the Malabar parakeet. The trust is in the process of reallocation of villages in the corridor, and is planning to register the corridor as a reserved forest once reallocation is complete, so that standard government protection is obtained.

The introduction of the protected area category community reserves under the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 has introduced legislation for providing government protection to community held lands, which could be used for obtaining state protection in non-profit privately held lands of ecological value. (See Conservation reserves and community reserves of India)

See also
 Protected areas of India
 Reserved forests and protected forests of India
 Conservation reserves and community reserves of India

References

Protected areas of India
Nature conservation in India


ORLANDO, Fla. — For centuries, missionaries have ventured to the farthest reaches of the globe to share the gospel. Today, the new mission field is just a mouse click away.
Some 2 million surfers a day type keywords like "God" and "Jesus" into search engines, and hundreds of thousands of them end up at one of 91 web sites operated by Global Media Outreach, a ministry of the Orlando-based Campus Crusade for Christ that dispatches domestic missionaries to the far corners of the World Wide Web.
The sites describe the basics of Christianity, such as who is Jesus, and provide forms where surfers can submit questions and share personal stories with one of the ministry's 3,000 missionaries. The missionaries, in turn, respond via e-mail with personal messages, Bible passages and prayers.
It is the newest way to reach out, said Allan Beeber, the Orlando director of Global Media Outreach, which also has offices in Silicon Valley.
Maria Rodriguez, an accountant at Campus Crusade for Christ in Orlando, Fla., helps oversee Spanish-language outreach through Campus Crusade's new online missionary work, Global Media Outreach.
The number of these spiritual surfers has grown so much since the ministry launched less than a decade ago that officials now hope to double the number of missionaries by the year's end. In the last year alone, traffic on the ministry's web sites more than doubled.
Campus Crusade is among the nation's largest nondenominational campus ministries, with some 55,000 students involved at more than 1,090 colleges and universities nationwide. Worldwide, the organization offers 29 ministries in 191 countries.
Global Media Outreach has partnered with Northland, a local megachurch whose pastor is the up-and-coming Joel Hunter, to add missionaries and a church-planting effort to the ministry. Now, when surfers e-mail about how to start a church, Northland can respond with church-planting resources.
The partnership is a fit for Northland, which subscribes to the philosophy that a church is defined by its people and can be as small as three people gathered around a dinner table, said Dan Lacich, a pastor at Northland. Some 10,000 people worship each Sundays at one of Northland's multiple locations, including 1,000 online.
Technology is now at a point where Christian leader can track how many people worldwide are exposed to Christianity, and how many want to become Christians, Beeber said. It also is the first time missionaries can reach into dangerous countries, and other hard-to-reach populations, such as teenagers here at home, without ever leaving their desks. What's more, online outreach can be specialized to target a variety of groups, from members of the military to hurricane victims.
One group of pastors handles especially difficult theological questions. Most missionaries respond within 24 hours, Beeber said.
Evangelicals are not the only ones turning to point-and-click proselytizing. Mormon missionaries spend 12 hours fielding questions online as part of their training before being dispatched around the world. Missionaries who can't go overseas for health reasons can instead put in a two-year stint at the Mormons' online referral center in Provo, Utah.
"Absolutely it's the new frontier," said Lee Rainie, director of the Pew Internet and American Life Project. "In advanced economies, the majority of people are online, and ... they begin to think of the Internet as the default starting place for all kinds of information searches.
Rodriguez helps oversee the ministry's Spanish speakers and enjoys developing online relationships with those who write in, including a woman from Peru who is moving to Canada but worries about leaving her mother, who is in poor health, behind.


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World's 10 Craziest Hotels
by Chris Obenschain
Riverside Capsule Hotel - Tokyo, Japan
Sure, they're tiny. But business travelers don't need big suites.
Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images
As its name implies, the Riverside Capsule Hotel in Tokyo isn't known for its spacious accommodations. In fact, staying at the hotel is kind of like sleeping in a bunk bed that looks like the inside of a microwave oven. As long as you're not claustrophobic, it can be surprisingly cozy.
Some may find the sleeping quarters not all they're stacked up to be. The small spaces include TVs, alarm clocks, mattresses and pillows, and that's about it. The capsules are so tiny, your luggage has to be stashed in a locker during your stay. Also, don't expect to use the limited space to snuggle up to your sweetie, as the floors are strictly separated by gender, even for married couples. The division of the sexes makes the restroom situation a bit more bearable, as the facilities are all communal.
Still, you get what you pay for, and spaces at the Riverside Capsule Hotel are cheap. As of 2011, capsules are still less than $35 per night, which isn't bad for a safe, clean place to snooze in the Land of the Rising Sun.
20 Facts About the Statue of Liberty
The Illustrious History of the Statue of Liberty
The Taj Mahal Is Turning Green: The Struggle to Preserve Priceless Monuments


Ms. Loos is the founder of Katherine M. Loos, LLC. She has had an active litigation practice for 36 years. From 1983 to 2010, she was a partner in a mid-size Lafayette defense firm. Ms. Loos has represented both plaintiffs and defendants in a wide variety of cases. She has extensive litigation experience in both state and federal courts throughout Louisiana and in Texas. She has been involved in the successful resolution of a variety of disputes including mass torts, toxic torts, product liability, premises liability, construction defect, automobile liability, insurance, and workers' compensation. Ms. Loos has also worked extensively on the resolution of many complex multi-party disputes.
Ms. Loos has tried dozens of jury trials in many of the state courts of Louisiana and in U.S. District Court and has had extensive experience in the state and federal appellate courts. Her years of experience as an accomplished litigator, along with her natural ability to connect with people, enable her to achieve settlements in the vast majority of her mediations.
Ms. Loos was appointed by United States District Judge Carl J. Barbier to serve as the Associate Documentation Reviewer under the Deepwater Horizon Economic and Property Damages Settlement Agreement. Ms. Loos is a disciplinary hearing officer for the Lafayette Parish School Board.
Ms. Loos is AV-rated by Martindale-Hubbell (highest possible rating). She has always been active in multiple civic and charitable organizations as well as her church. She has served in positons of leadership with those groups and in her church. She serves on the Advisory Council of LSU's College of Humanities & Social Sciences (formerly known as the College of Arts and Sciences). She is the proud mother of two daughters.


"The Gathering – 77 Poems for Every Occasion" is designed to bring a fresh breath of God's power and encouragement to every reader of any age and any stage in their walk with Jesus. Whether you are going through a valley or planting your banner on another victorious mountaintop, this book of 77 anointed poems will bring you tremendous encouragement in God. In "The Gathering", there are poems that speak to major decisions in life, challenges in career, marriage, ministry or the departure of a loved one to glory. These anointed poems from God will bless readers of all ages!


Featuring smoke lenses and Lucasfilm's Star Wars print on the side strap, the all new Speedo ® Disney Illusion Star Wars Junior Goggles are perfect for young swimmers. They are constructed as a soft, flexible one piece frame for a comfortable and secure fit. With a simple push button adjustment mechanism it is easy to get the perfect fit every time.


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Manga de cocina, también conocido como manga gournet, es un género del manga  y  anime  donde elalimento, la  cocina, la  alimentación, o la bebida es parte de la trama central de la historia. El género alcanzó gran popularidad a principios de los años ochenta como resultado del " boom gourmet"  asociado con la  burbuja financiera e inmobiliaria en Japón.

Características
En Manga! Manga! El Mundo de los Cómics japoneses, el autor Frederik L. Schodt categoriza el manga dentro de un los tipos de  " manga de trabajo", una categoría ambigua definida por historias sobre actividades y profesiones que enfatizan "la perseverancia frente   a las probabilidades  imposible , la artesanía, y la búsqueda de la excelencia," y cuyos protagonistas son frecuentemente "hombres jóvenes de entornos desfavorecidos quiénes se introducen en una profesión y que se convierten en los 'mejores de  Japón." Los capítulos Individuales de los mangas de cocina típicamente se enfocan en un plato concreto, y los pasos implicados en su preparación. Mientras las historias todavía incorporan elementos narrativos estándares como la trama y  el desarrollo de los  personajes, con frecuencia  el énfasis significativo es   puesto en los aspectos técnicos de cocinar y comer. Las historias de los mangas de cocina a menudo se caracterízan por poner detalles en las  descripciones del plato o ilustrandolos de una forma  fotorealista ; una receta para e lplato es a menudo también incluida.

El manga de cocina  es un género multi-categoríco , con historias de los  mangas de cocina que se centran en el romance, el crimen,el misterio y numerosos otros géneros  producidos. La edad y el  género del protagonista de un manga de cocina típicamente indica su audiencia pretendida, siendo tanto  hombres y mujeres parte de la audiencia del género ; si bien en casa la preparación de los alimentos es estereotipada  como trabajo para mujeres  en Japón  al igual que en occidente ,  la cocinaprofesional y conocimiento  tienden a ser considerados como actividades masculinas.  El manga de cocina tiene inclusive historias sobre  que se centran en  la variedad de  las cocinas mundiales, y no está limitado a  historias sobre la  cocina japonesa exclusivamente.

Historia
Mientras que el manga ha tenido durante mucho tiempo contuvo referencias a los alimentos y la cocina,  los mangas de cocina no emergerian como género discreto hasta la década de los setenta .Los tres mangas  que son considerados como precursores del género moderno es Totsugeki Ramen (Weekly Shōnen Jump, 1970) por Mikiya Mochizuki,   Cake Cake Cake (Nakayoshi, 1970) por Moto Hagio y Aya Ichinoki, y Kitchen Kenpo (Shimbun Akahata, 1970) por Mieko Kamei. El aumento del interés en la cocina gurmé y  el manga de cocina ha sido  relacionado al  ascenso de los ingresos familiares promedios que se dio en los setenta y la capacidad de las familias japonesas de clase media para comer fuera de casa.

 Hōchōnin Ajihei (Ajihei  el cocinero) de Jirō Gyū   y  Jirō Gyū , serializado en la  Weekly Shonen Jump desde 1973 hasta 1977, es conocido como uno de los primeros mangas de cocina. Hōchōnin Ajihei estableció  muchas de las convenciones que prevalecen en los mangas de cocina hasta hoy, siendo algunas como las exageradas reacciones de las personas que prueban la comida lo cuál sirve como una forma de sugerir al lector lo delicioso que deben ser los ingredientes dibujados que posiblemente nunca ha probado y las batallas de cocina donde un juez calificado describe el sabor de la comida al lector.

El género consiguió una  popularidad masiva a principios de la deacada de los ochenta a raíz del "boom gourmet" que se produjo en Japón, donde el crecimiento económico asociado con la economía de la burbuja japonesa facilito el acceso a los bienes de lujo y provocó la apreciación por la buena comida, la buena mesa, y las artes culinarias se convirtieran en pasatiempos y  intereses populares.[8][10] Durante este periodo, Oishinbo (. El Gourmet) era primero publicado en  la  revista de manga Big comic Spirits; la serie de 103 volúmenes devendría el manga de cocina de myor circulación  de todos los tiempos. Oishinbo es notable por cambiar el enfoque de los mangas de  cocina de la habilidad o el oficio de un artesano al discernimiento de un crítico. El arte es extremadamente comedido en comparación con los anteriores mangas de cocina y los personajes  muestran su buen  gusto a través de monólogos sobre la pureza de los ingredientes o las técnicas utilizadas para extraer el mejor sabor. Junto con Oishinbo, los otros dos mangas de cocina de largo recorrido que influyeron en este periodo   fueron The Chef (1985) por Tadashi katou y Cooking Papa (Shukan Morning, 1986) por Tochi Ueyama.

A principios del nuevo milenio , el manga de cocina empezó a centrarse más en comidas asequibles o cotidianas. La representación de las especialidades de restaurantes reales  se hizo algo común así como la inclusión de recetas al final del capítulo del manga o el episodio del anime, una técnica en la que  Cooking Papa  fue pionero. Después de que Oishinbo entrara en pausa en 2014,  hubo una explosión de manga de cocina y comida estrechamente relacionados. Los temas  incluían de todo , desde  ekiben hasta hamburguesas y anguila.

Hasta la fecha , casi 1,000 mangas de cocina han sido publicados

Trabajos citados

Lecturas en mayor profundidad

 Kei Sugimura, 50 Años de Gourmet Manga. Kodansha, 2017.  ISBN 978-4061386181

Referencias

Terminología de manga y anime
Wikipedia:Artículos con texto en japonés


As a carpenter and president of La Jolla Studios, Dan Trobee looks for houses he can renovate and sell. His interest is usually piqued by small, older homes in need of an interior and exterior face-lift.
The house at 1020 Dearborn Road in Unity, Westmoreland County, was a much bigger and more complex job than his usual projects. Despite its dingy exterior and ramshackle interior, he couldn't resist.
"To get an opportunity to restore a house like this is a once-in-a-lifetime thing," he said.
The 6,000-square-foot house on 2 acres was built in 1929, with additions in 1941, for Philip M. McKenna, founder of Kennametal Inc. He would recognize it today only on the outside. The inside has been transformed.
"It is the original historic house that was built, but everything inside is completely new and updated, which is really tough to find in a historic house these days," said Keith Wible, an agent with Howard Hanna Real Estate Services.


There are several possibilities to integrate AllergyScreen® into your lab routine - from manual testing up to automated test and analysis centers.
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Rebecca Adler-Nissen has just won the Nils Klim Prize to the tidy sum of NOK 250,000.
The Nils Klim Prize is aimed at promising, young scholars and Associate Professor Rebecca Adler-Nissen fits all the criteria. Alongside multiple books, various awards, and numerous other publications and speeches, she has managed to become an Associate Professor at the University of Copenhagen and act as a visiting scholar to McGill University in Montreal and the University of Sydney.
Much of her research revolves around the European Union, international relations and diplomacy and she hopes that her research contributions can help create more peaceful international relations .
Tell us a bit about your research!
The specific works or topics that helped Rebecca Adler-Nissen receive the award is best explained by a passage from the Nils Klim Prize Committee.
Have you received any other awards recently?
The award is for promising scholars under the age of 35. How have you managed to be successful at such a young age? Any tips for our students?
Danes are likely to hold a referendum on one their opt-outs of EU policy, namely Justice and Home Affairs.
Any future research aspirations at this point that you haven't been able to address? Any new ideas now that Danes may no longer have an opt-out in Justice and Home Affairs soon?


Damien Keogh & Associates has extensive experience in advising on the application and principles of procurement legislation in relation to construction and infrastructure projects and public tenders in Ireland. This includes advising on the tendering process as well as any issues which may arise during the tender and award process.
We adopt a practical commercial approach and always seek to provide a cost effective solution to our client's procurement issues.


Donald Trump says US-Saudi relationship is more important than the possible involvement of Crown Prince Mohammed in the crime.
Washington: President Donald Trump vowed on Tuesday to stick by ally Saudi Arabia even while admitting that de facto leader Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman may have been behind the brutal murder of a dissident journalist.
"It could very well be that the crown prince had knowledge of this tragic event — maybe he did and maybe he didn't!" Trump said in a statement.
"We may never know all of the facts surrounding the murder of Mr Jamal Khashoggi. In any case, our relationship is with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia," he said. "The United States intends to remain a steadfast partner."
"The United States intends to remain a steadfast partner of Saudi Arabia to ensure the interests of our country, Israel and all other partners in the region," the president added.
The Washington Post responded that Trump had placed "personal relationships and commercial interests above American interests in his desire to continue to do business as usual."
"Trump is correct in saying the world is a very dangerous place. His surrender to this state-ordered murder will only make it more so," the Post's publisher and CEO Fred Ryan said in a statement.
Trump's statement caps a steady campaign to delay judgement on the Saudis over the fate of Khashoggi, a US resident who was sometimes critical of MBS and wrote for the Post.
Again, Washington slow-pedalled, but the CIA report forced Trump into making a definitive statement.
While Trump told journalists that the CIA had found "nothing definitive," US media reports described the intelligence agency's analysis as concluding with "high confidence" that the crown prince ordered the murder.
"Since Mr Trump excels in dishonesty, it is now up to members of Congress to obtain & declassify the CIA findings on Jamal Khashoggi's death," tweeted John Brennan, a former CIA director and fierce Trump critic.
"No one in Saudi Arabia—most especially the Crown Prince—should escape accountability for such a heinous act."
Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen said the White House maneuver demonstrated "President Trump's habit of siding with murderous foreign dictators over American intelligence professionals," calling the approach a "stain on our democracy."
There was a chorus of disapproval from senior figures on his own side too, with Bob Corker, the chairman of the Senate's powerful Committee on Foreign Relations accusing the White House of moonlighting "as a public relations firm" for the crown prince.
But Secretary of State Mike Pompeo echoed Trump, indicating that Washington's relationship with the Saudis is bigger than the horrific murder.
"It's a mean, nasty world out there, the Middle East in particular," he told journalists.
"It is the president's obligation, indeed the state department's duty as well, to ensure that we adopt policies that further America's national security. So as the president said today, the United States will continue to have a relationship with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They're an important partner of ours."
However, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu told reporters after meeting Pompeo that his country was pushing for "whoever gave the instruction" for Khashoggi's murder to be brought to justice.
"We sont see this issue as a bilateral issue — it is a criminal and judicial case and it has to be dealt like that," he added.
"There are still questions that are unanswered and we're trying to find the answers."


These frugal habits for better financial condition improves your personal finance. Your wealth grow when you learn how to use your money properly . The three pillars of finance are earning, saving and investing. Spending is required for only those things which are needed for better health and better family life.
Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links which means if you click on link and make purchase, I may get compensated with no extra cost to you.
There is no chance of controlling your finances without creating a budget. And before creating a budget, you need to track your spending. It is important to know the path of your cash flow. Budgets work when you are really serious about your finances.
This way, you know from where you can squeeze money to save.
Money saved is the money earned.
Starting a side hustle diversify your income streams if you are already working. It also helps parents staying at home to earn some income. Everybody have some kind of craft or hobby but it would be really great if you can turn your hobby to a side hustle. Some people have made their side hustles a full grown business.
If you are good at words you can start proofreading. Learn proofreading here.
You can start a transcription side hustle. Learn transcription here.
Maintaining health is required for happy life. But you don't need to spend a lot on food. Just eat mindfully , a simple seasonal food and you are done. Wherever possible, cook your food at home. When you cook your food from scratch, you know which ingredients you are using and how much.
You and your wallet, both will be healthy.
Grocery is a big expenditure. Ultimately food or basic necessities are very important. And believe me, without a list, most of us have tendency of buying everything else but not the necessary stuff. If you don'e have list, you just go and look on supermarket aisles for inspiration "what to buy".
Mind gets confused and buy those things which you even don't need.
O wow, what an incredible job these cashback sites are doing. I just love the idea of getting cash after shopping. If you love online shopping then don't leave this money on the table. Grab that money and try to shop through these cash back sites.
Living on less doesn't need to be boring. You can really enjoy your life without spending huge amount of money. Go for free entertainment. If you already have internet, you can watch Youtube videos. Everything is there.
Watch free to air TV. And go for outing that doesn't need to get tickets. Go to library and read free books and magazines. These are small expenses but if you will count the money, you will be amazed how much you can save from these.
Compounding is considered a magic in money terms. Money grow without you doing anything. And it is nice to have more money without earning. Investing can do magic for you but you need to have some basic knowledge of investing.
Read books on investing and trading and only then go this route. Because sometimes it is bit risky.
If you will not track where money is going, you will not be able to save enough. Saving every dollar which get wasted on unimportant things will give you some amount to save.
All of us know the importance of tracking our goals and setting . But financial goals are overlooked. Make financial goals and track those goals. Analyse your finances every 3 months and make required changes.
Before making any big purchase, ask yourself you really need this or you can wait for some time. In the meantime , look if you can find that thing on low price. Never buy on a whim. Because it is a big purchase and will take a big chunk of money from your pocket.
You have to look for things that may be recurring fees. I happened to me last year. I had a bank account that I was not using but I was paying a fee of 4 dollars every month. That made me pay 48 dollars in a year.
I closed that account otherwise I would have finished all the money in that account. It is better to look for banks that operate bank accounts without fee.
Unused subscriptions are of no use. If you have magazine subscription, gym membership or other memberships which you never use, just cancel them. If you cannot find time to use those subscriptions today, it is highly that you will not have time for them tomorrow.
Instead of keeping those memberships, use that money to save for future.
If you have friends who love to spend money a lot. You will be tempted to spend but with frugal friends, you will try to save and be frugal like them. Some people like to spend money and feel happy that way.
This should not be the case. Create happiness with good relationships and be happy with your own self.
Whatever you are earning, make a habit of saving some money. Keep some percentage for saving then start your budget. This way, you will have that money set aside even if you earn less. Saved money will not be available for expenses.
Everybody have some kind of hobby or craft. Turn that into your side hustle and earn money. If you have some skill of craft, you can sell your crafts on Etsy. Some people have very expensive hobbies and they become masters of that.
Instead of spending money on your hobby, earn money from that hobby by teaching others or making products and selling.
You can either save money by earning more or by saving whatever you have. Instead of living a life king size and buying everything you want, try to live below your means. You don't need to have lot of flashy things to show people, you just need to live a fulfilling life.
If you are having good amount of money now, keep it for future.Never spend all of your money once you get. Living below your means and earning money wherever possible is the key to save money.
These are the ideas I myself practice o save some money. It is not rocket science but simple small habits that leads to save money and grow your wealth.
Please share these ideas by sharing this post. I will be really thankful to you for this.


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text:
Our Bucket Lists
Our Favorite Foods at DCA
Disney's New Beauty and the Beast Themed Bar
Walt Disney World's Rise of the Resistance Tips
Our All-Time Favorite Travel Destinations
A Day in Hallstatt, Austria
Staying At The Hotel Where They Filmed 'The Sound of Music'
My Favorite Affordable Fall Fashion Pieces
Five Things I'm Loving Lately
How To Find Community As An Adult
Oga's Cantina at Galaxy's Edge
Our Favorite Disney Food Under $5
What's In Our Camera Bag
Laura April 23, 2017 466 views
Photography466 views 0
The number one question we get is about our camera gear. Let me be upfront with you – this isn't going to be a super technical post, full of photographers lingo and gobblygook. When I first started taking pictures three years ago, I wanted things put in the simplest terms possible. I didn't want someone pitching a camera to me by telling me its shutterspeed or other such nonsense. I just wanted words that made sense to me. So today, we're telling you all the gear that we carry in the parks with us (including the bag itself), and why we like it, in the SIMPLEST terms possible.
The Camera:
We use a Nikon D750. Several years ago, when we were choosing between Canon and Nikon, we decided to go with Nikon, and be loyal to it forever, for one simple reason – in our totally personal opinion, we think that it's more user friendly for beginners. We've since gone through several models, and now we're using a full frame (or professional) 750. The 750 has fantastic image quality, and great autofocus. It has built in wi-fi (which we love for uploading photos to our phones for Instagram!).
The Lens:
We use a Sigma 24-35 mm f2 lens. We SWEAR by the Sigma art series as far as lens go. This is the world's first full frame lens that has an f2 aperture. So essentially, it's a prime lens that can zoom, which means you get the image quality, and low light ability of a prime, with the ability to zoom. To put it as simply as possible, it takes great pictures day and night, up close, and a little bit further away.
The Bag:
We use a Langly Alpha Pro Camera Bag. We like it because it's waterproof (hello, Florida rain storms), has a tripod holder, and has plenty of room for the camera, extra lenses, and extra stuff as well.
The Tripod:
We use a SLK Professional Tripod with a Panhead. It stands about 5 and a half feet tall, and folds up small enough that we've never had trouble getting it through security at Disney. The tripod feels stable, which is nice when you have expensive equipment on it, but isn't stupid expensive like a lot of tripods out there.
We've put links on all the equipment listed above, if you're interested in getting any of it (because we're greedy, and like to be able to feed our dog). If you have any other questions about the equipment feel free to contact us, or just look at our photos. If you don't like our photos (not everyone does), the gear we use probably isn't for you.
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ordered Caribbean Petroleum Refinery L.P. (CAPECO) to resume cleanup work in the aftermath of the October 2009 explosion and fire at its facility in Bayamon, Puerto Rico.
During the week of Feb. 15, contractors hired by CAPECO to perform cleanup actions walked off the job. This is the second time a contractor has quit work at the site, and EPA is ordering the company to address the situation. The agency will continue to provide oversight of the work being conducted by CAPECO's contractor at the property. The explosion, two-day long fire, and subsequent oil spill at CAPECO's petroleum tank farm created a dangerous situation that impacted the adjacent wetlands and waterbodies; the environmental impacts continue to pose a threat to human health and the environment.
"This facility is right in the middle of a densely populated community and it is very important that this cleanup continue," said Judith Enck, EPA regional administrator.
Under an order issued by EPA, CAPECO must restart its work to repair damages at the facility, clean up oil, remove residual oil from damaged storage tanks, and clean up the fuel transfer pipeline. In addition, plans must be developed and implemented to monitor the air, conduct other sampling and analysis, and ensure the site is safe and workers and community members are protected.
The agency also has ordered CAPECO to submit to EPA bi-weekly reports describing significant developments. Once the cleanup is complete, CAPECO must submit a final report that explains the quantities and types of materials removed from the site, and how they will be handled.
EPA personnel will continue to work alongside and oversee CAPECO in its cleanup efforts. The U.S. Chemical Hazard and Safety Investigation Board (CSB) continues its investigation into the source and cause of the explosion that caused the initial fire in October 2009.


Catholic Medals from Italy. This lovely St. Paul medal necklace features a 24" pewter chain, a 1" pewter St. Paul medal, and is a wonderful Catholic Gift from Italy for any occasion.
Along with your St. Paul medal - necklace, you will receive a St. Paul Holy Card and luminous rosary... Free of Charge!
St. Paul medal is 1" on 24" chain, pewter. St. Paul Cromo NB Holy Card from Italy, with Luminous Hand Rosary.


The role is very much new business focussed, working with pre-existing and new customers, offering product transportation solutions to OEM's and End Users in the Food, Non-food, Plastics and FMCG markets, with average order values of approx. £15,000.Therefore, you will need to demonstrate a track record in New Business Development and lead generation.
You should have an engineering background, or sound understanding of technical issues, as you will be required to take technical specifications and, with the help of the design team, provide bespoke solutions to customers.
Although you will be concentrating on new business, you will be working alongside Directors of the business, who work independently on Key Accounts.
Based from home, you will cover the whole of the UK, with visits to the Berkshire based Head Office, as required.
This is an excellent opportunity for someone who is looking for career progression as there is a very realistic opportunity to become Sales Director, in the short to medium term!
Privately owned UK company established in 1975 for the design and manufacture of bespoke belt conveyors and conveyor systems for the plastics, food, packaging, and other industries.
INTERESTED? Please apply to our retained consultant Tony Moroney quoting Sales Engineer - Conveyor Systems, reference TM14832 to DD: +44 (0)1604 683310 Wallace Hind Selection. The Old Vicarage. Duston. Northants. NN5 6JB. Tel: +44 (0) 1604 758857. Please note that the postcodes used for this vacancy are for searching purposes only, they may not refer exactly to where the role is based.


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W. David Ball
WBall@scu.edu
Professor W. David Ball works primarily in the field of criminal justice, writing and teaching in the areas of criminal law, criminal procedure, sentencing and corrections. His articles have been published in the Columbia Law Review, the Yale Law and Policy Review, the American Journal of Criminal Law, and the Stanford Law and Policy Review, among other journals. In 2013 he was voted 1L Professor of the Year.
Prior to becoming a full time member of the Santa Clara University School of Law faculty in 2009, Ball served as a Social Justice Teaching Fellow at Santa Clara, a Research Fellow at the Stanford Criminal Justice Center, and a law clerk for the Honorable John T. Noonan, Jr., of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco. Before law school he was an actor, writer, and filmmaker in New York City. He graduated with highest distinction from the University of North Carolina, where he was a Morehead-Cain Scholar, and got a second BA from Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar.
Ball is currently Co-Chair of the Corrections Committee of the American Bar Association's Criminal Justice Section. He has also served as the Chair of the Public Safety Working Group for Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom's Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Law and Policy and a member of the Advisory Board of the Bill of Rights Defense Committee. In his spare time, he enjoys traveling, photography, and playing with his cat-sized dog, Nellie.
Teaching Evaluations
J.D., Stanford University
B.A./M.A., Oxford University
B.A., University of North Carolina
Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, Sentencing & Corrections, Islamic Law
SSRN Page
Jul 17 News
David Ball quoted in San Jose Spotlight about the rise in rapes in several cities in California
Jun 3 News
Michelle Oberman and W. David Ball authored an opinion piece in the New York Times on abortion and men
Feb 15 News
David Ball quoted in Mercury News about appellate court decision allowing inmates to be considered for early release under Prop. 57
All Faculty News
Criminal Law and Policy Spring 2020
Criminal Procedure: Adjudication Fall 2019
Criminal Law Fall 2019


text:
In software design, web design, and electronic product design, synthetic monitoring (also known as active monitoring or proactive monitoring) is a monitoring technique that is done by using a simulation or scripted recordings of transactions.  Behavioral scripts (or paths) are created to simulate an action or path that a customer or end-user would take on a site, application, or other software (or even hardware).  Those paths are then continuously monitored at specified intervals for performance, such as functionality, availability, and response time measures.

Synthetic monitoring enables a webmaster or an IT/Operations professional to identify problems and determine if a website or application is slow or experiencing downtime before that problem affects actual end-users or customers. This type of monitoring does not require actual traffic, thus the name synthetic, so it enables companies to test applications 24x7, or test new applications prior to a live customer-facing launch.

Because synthetic monitoring is a simulation of typical user behavior or navigation through a website, it is often best used to monitor commonly trafficked paths and critical business processes. Synthetic tests must be scripted in advance, so it is not feasible to measure performance for every permutation of a navigational path an end-user might take.  This is more suited for passive monitoring.

Synthetic testing is useful for measuring uptime, availability, and response time of critical pages and transactions (how a site performs from all geographies) but doesn't monitor or capture actual end-user interactions, see Website monitoring.

Synthetic monitoring will report myriad metrics, and it's up to the  a webmaster or an IT/Operations professional to identify which ones are most important. Common metrics from synthetic website monitoring includes Time to First Byte, Speed Index, Time to Interactive, and Page Complete.

See also
 Application performance management
 Website monitoring

References

Network management