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Cut apple in horizontal slices. Pat apple slices dry with a paper towel. Divide ½ cup peanut butter between all six slices and spread evenly. Sprinkle with white chocolate chips, Craisins and coconut flakes. Enjoy!


text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/bubdps/492019.html
The transmission of bank capital requirements and monetary policy to bank lending
Imbierowicz, Björn
Löffler, Axel
Vogel, Ursula
Bjorn Imbierowicz
Ursula Vogel
We investigate the transmission of changes in bank capital requirements and supranational monetary policy, and their interaction effect, on euro area bank lending and lending rates. Our results show that - for weakly capitalized banks - increases in capital requirements are in the short-run associated with a decrease in the total of domestic and cross-border bank lending. In addition, we find that there is no similar effect of capital requirements for strongly capitalized banks. Furthermore, changes in the monetary policy stance are positively related to lending rates. Regarding the interacting effect of national capital requirements and supranational monetary policy, we observe that increases in capital requirements attenuate the general effects of monetary policy on interest rates. Overall, the transmission of an accommodating monetary policy to lending rates is attenuated by contemporaneous increases in bank capital requirements which additionally imply a transitory decrease of the loan growth of weakly capitalized banks.
Imbierowicz, Björn & Löffler, Axel & Vogel, Ursula, 2019. "The transmission of bank capital requirements and monetary policy to bank lending," Discussion Papers 49/2019, Deutsche Bundesbank.
Handle: RePEc:zbw:bubdps:492019
File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/213860/1/1689859172.pdf
Reint Gropp & Thomas Mosk & Steven Ongena & Carlo Wix, 2019. "Banks Response to Higher Capital Requirements: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(1), pages 266-299.
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Gabriel Jiménez & Steven Ongena & José-Luis Peydró & Jesús Saurina, 2017. "Macroprudential Policy, Countercyclical Bank Capital Buffers, and Credit Supply: Evidence from the Spanish Dynamic Provisioning Experiments," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 125(6), pages 2126-2177.
Jiménez, G. & Ongena, S. & Peydro, J.L. & Saurina, J., 2012. "Macroprudential Policy, Countercyclical Bank Capital Buffers and Credit Supply : Evidence from the Spanish Dynamic Provisioning Experiments," Other publications TiSEM d7c251ef-f04d-43d2-a395-e, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
Gabriel Jiménez & Steven Ongena & José-Luis Peydró & Jesús Saurina, 2012. "Macroprudential policy, countercyclical bank capital buffers and credit supply: Evidence from the Spanish dynamic provisioning experiments," Economics Working Papers 1315, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Aug 2015.
Jiménez, G. & Ongena, S. & Peydro, J.L. & Saurina, J., 2012. "Macroprudential Policy, Countercyclical Bank Capital Buffers and Credit Supply : Evidence from the Spanish Dynamic Provisioning Experiments," Discussion Paper 2012-036, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
Gabriel Jiménez & Steven Ongena & José-Luis Peydró & Jesús Saurina, 2012. "Macroprudential Policy, Countercyclical Bank Capital Buffers and Credit Supply: Evidence from the Spanish Dynamic Provisioning Experiments," Working Papers 628, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics.
Gabriel Jiménez & Steven Ongena & José-Luis Peydró & Jesús Saurina, 2012. "Macroprudential policy, countercyclical bank capital buffers and credit supply: Evidence from the Spanish dynamic provisioning experiments," Working Paper Research 231, National Bank of Belgium.
Jiménez, G. & Ongena, S. & Peydro, J.L. & Saurina, J., 2012. "Macroprudential Policy, Countercyclical Bank Capital Buffers and Credit Supply : Evidence from the Spanish Dynamic Provisioning Experiments," Other publications TiSEM ea797f30-d12c-4450-8352-9, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
Björn Imbierowicz & Jonas Kragh & Jesper Rangvid, 2018. "Time‐Varying Capital Requirements and Disclosure Rules: Effects on Capitalization and Lending Decisions," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 50(4), pages 573-602, June.
Imbierowicz, Björn & Kragh, Jonas & Rangvid, Jesper, 2018. "Time-varying capital requirements and disclosure rules: Effects on capitalization and lending decisions," Discussion Papers 18/2018, Deutsche Bundesbank.
Leonardo Gambacorta, 2009. "Monetary policy and the risk-taking channel," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, December.
Gabriel Jimenez & Steven Ongena & Jose-Luis Peydro & Jesus Saurina, 2012. "Credit Supply and Monetary Policy: Identifying the Bank Balance-Sheet Channel with Loan Applications," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(5), pages 2301-2326, August.
Gabriel Jimenez & Steven Ongena & José-Luis Peydró & Jesús Saurina, 2010. "Credit supply and monetary policy: Identifying the bank balance-sheet channel with loan applications," Economics Working Papers 1706, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Sep 2011.
Jeremy C. Stein & Anil K. Kashyap, 2000. "What Do a Million Observations on Banks Say about the Transmission of Monetary Policy?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(3), pages 407-428, June.
Markus Behn & Rainer Haselmann & Paul Wachtel, 2016. "Procyclical Capital Regulation and Lending," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 71(2), pages 919-956, April.
Markus Behn & Rainer Haselmann & Paul Wachtel, 2013. "Pro-Cyclical Capital Regulation and Lending," Working Papers 13-11, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics.
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Budnik, Katarzyna & Bochmann, Paul, 2017. "Capital and liquidity buffers and the resilience of the banking system in the euro area," Working Paper Series 2120, European Central Bank.
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Bridges, Jonathan & Gregory, David & Nielsen, Mette & Pezzini, Silvia & Radia, Amar & Spaltro, Marco, 2014. "The impact of capital requirements on bank lending," Bank of England working papers 486, Bank of England.
Budnik, Katarzyna & Kleibl, Johannes, 2018. "Macroprudential regulation in the European Union in 1995-2014: introducing a new data set on policy actions of a macroprudential nature," Working Paper Series 2123, European Central Bank.
Eickmeier, Sandra & Kolb, Benedikt & Prieto, Esteban, 2018. "Macroeconomic effects of bank capital regulation," Discussion Papers 44/2018, Deutsche Bundesbank.
Jérôme Vandenbussche & Ursula Vogel & Enrica Detragiache, 2015. "Macroprudential Policies and Housing Prices: A New Database and Empirical Evidence for Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 47(S1), pages 343-377, March.
Jerome Vandenbussche & Ursula Vogel & Enrica Detragiache, 2012. "Macroprudential Policies and Housing Price; A New Database and Empirical Evidence for Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe," IMF Working Papers 2012/303, International Monetary Fund.
Claudia M. Buch & Esteban Prieto, 2014. "Do Better Capitalized Banks Lend Less? Long-Run Panel Evidence from Germany," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17(1), pages 1-23, March.
Buch, Claudia M. & Prieto, Esteban, 2012. "Do better capitalized banks lend less? Long-run panel evidence from Germany," University of Tübingen Working Papers in Business and Economics 37, University of Tuebingen, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, School of Business and Economics.
Claudia M. Buch & Esteban Prieto, 2012. "Do Better Capitalized Banks Lend Less? Long-Run Panel Evidence from Germany," IAW Discussion Papers 84, Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung (IAW).
Gambacorta, Leonardo & Mistrulli, Paolo Emilio, 2004. "Does bank capital affect lending behavior?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 436-457, October.
Elod Takats & Judit Temesvary, 2019. "How does the interaction of macroprudential and monetary policies affect cross-border bank lending?," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2019-045, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
Előd Takáts & Judit Temesvary, 2019. "How does the interaction of macroprudential and monetary policies affect cross-border bank lending?," BIS Working Papers 782, Bank for International Settlements.
Hartmann, Philipp & Smets, Frank, 2018. "The first twenty years of the European Central Bank: monetary policy," Working Paper Series 2219, European Central Bank.
Hartmann, Philipp & Smets, Frank, 2018. "The first twenty years of the European Central Bank: monetary policy," CEPR Discussion Papers 13411, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Shekhar Aiyar & Charles W. Calomiris & Tomasz Wieladek, 2014. "Does Macro‐Prudential Regulation Leak? Evidence from a UK Policy Experiment," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 46(s1), pages 181-214, February.
Bank Lending; Lending Rates; Capital Requirements; Monetary Policy; International Policy Interaction;
E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
F30 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - General
NEP-CBA-2020-02-24 (Central Banking)
NEP-MAC-2020-02-24 (Macroeconomics)
NEP-MON-2020-02-24 (Monetary Economics)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Infectious disease alert surrounds Ebola nurse Pauline Cafferkey in Glasgow
Police had to escort Pauline to hospital in Glasgow where she is being monitored
Julie Gilbert
Pauline Cafferkey
Nurse Pauline Cafferkey, who contacted Ebola in Sierra Leone, has been taken to hospital in Glasgow under police escort.
Pauline fell seriously ill after returning to the UK at the end of 2014.
Today, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde confirmed she was being treated by the infectious diseases team at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Glasgow.
She is said to be in stable condition.
Pauline Cafferkey sick of being known as the 'Ebola nurse' as she eyes return to work
This is her fourth admission to hospital since returning from Sierra Leone. She initially recovered at the Royal Free Hospital in London but was readmitted twice after suffering complications.
Ms Cafferkey initially travelled to west Africa to volunteer with Save The Children.
A spokeswoman for NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde said: "Ms Cafferkey was admitted to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital under routine monitoring by the infectious diseases team.
"She is undergoing further investigations and her condition remains stable."
Drugs worth £200k seized from home in Coatbridge
First Minister Nicola Sturgeon tweeted: "Sending my very best wishes to Pauline Cafferkey. She has already suffered way too much - & all for trying to help others. Thoughts with her."
Queen Elizabeth Hospital


text:
LOCKDOWN IN SLOVENIA. SETTING OFF TO TURKEY.
Neither we nor anybody else could have imagined that a global pandemic was just around the corner!
The arrival of Covid-19 and lockdown in Slovenia
Back in Italy, we visited beautiful Venice, a city Fernanda had never seen. From there, we should have continued on towards central Asia, but neither we nor anybody else could have imagined that a global pandemic was just around the corner!
The Covid-19 emergency was already taking hold and the day after we left for Slovenia, in early March 2020, Venice and the whole Veneto region went into lockdown. We just missed being stuck in Venice for a long period of quarantine!We started to ride through small Slovenia, where we made some good friends. After a few days, there was a real chance of an imminent lockdown there too, although we clearly couldn't have imagined the impact it would really have, nor the fact that all the borders would close.First we tried to enter Croatia, but we were told that we'd have to go to hospital to quarantine for 15 days. Considering that we would have to bear all the costs relating to a stay at that centre, it wasn't a feasible option and so we started to look for a place to stay. We didn't have many options, seeing as almost all the hotels and vacation apartments were closed. We did find a campsite that had space but we weren't accepted as we have Spanish citizenship and Spain at that time was one of the countries with the highest number of deaths and cases. The only time our Spanish passports were a hindrance.All we could do was head towards Slovenia's short stretch of Adriatic coast, in case we needed to stop for a few days, unable to travel further.
While looking for a place to stay, we came across a small room in a country house. Then, when it became clear that the situation would not be resolved quickly, we moved to a small apartment in the centre of the pretty town of Pirano, on the Adriatic coast, and we stayed there for three months!
Time passed and the situation looked like it would never change, everything was so uncertain and confusing.
This virus, which came from nowhere, had totally changed our way of living right across the planet.
When you start a long round-the-world trip, you think about the possibility of your journey being interrupted by sickness or an accident, perhaps even a natural disaster or armed conflict. But we could never have imagined what would happen with this virus that, once here, looked as if it didn't want to leave.It's not easy to live in close contact with another person, for so long, 24 hours a day, seven days a week – the lockdown pushed us to reconsider many things. They say that closeness is good for love, and that might be true, but it also means more problems and less personal space.
Vicente and I, as strange as it might seem to anyone on the outside, find it easy to live together. We barely notice the age difference and are used to spending a lot of time together. I'm not saying we're a perfect couple, because there is no such thing. We have our flaws and our differences, like everyone, and that's normal, we're only human.
Being together seven days a week, 24 hours a day is not strange for us because we've done it for the last three years, so our living situation hasn't really changed. Our relationship is definitely not perfect but, despite the age difference and however strange it might seem, we know to give each other the necessary space and perhaps it is down to a combination of Vicente's maturity and my restlessness that we complement each other and love each other more each day.
Setting off again in July 2020
The months passed by and at the end of month three of lockdown, we began to see light at the end of the tunnel. The border with Croatia was about to be reopened and the news could only make us happy, as we would be getting back to normal.
And so we hurriedly got all our stuff together to try and continue our journey through the Balkans. We were pumped up and full of enthusiasm as we got ready, as if we were setting off for the first day of the trip.
We reached the border and there were very few people. We approached, trying to be as positive as possible and tempted fate.
It was a memorable day as, after not being able to move for so long, we were finally able to continue with our life project. Rather than a long trip, this was actually becoming our new way of life.
At the border, we finally received the news we'd been waiting and hoping for, the greatest yes we'd heard in a long time. It was time to resume our journey. We entered Croatia and explored its most hidden corners, we bathed in its crystal waters and admired wonderful sunsets from our tent.
And for a while we were able to forget what the world had become, although this sensation didn't last long unfortunately. We set off in the direction of Montenegro but because we had to cross Bosnia first, so we took the opportunity to explore this little country, one that suffered so much during the war.
What we didn't predict was that the decision to venture a few miles inland, to explore as much of the place as we could, would create so many problems for us.
After a few kilometres, we were stopped by the police. It was quite difficult to communicate, as they didn't speak English, but they told us that we could only cross Bosnia to travel back to the southern part of Croatia, seeing as the opening to the sea of Bosnia split Croatia in two, before continuing on to Montenegro.
Due to the pandemic, it was forbidden to travel around Bosnia. The result? A fine of more than 180 Euro, which surprised us because no one had told us when we entered the country. We could sense tension, worry and fear in the air. The police accompanied us as far as the border with Croatia and, from there, we headed to Montenegro.
The Montenegro police made it difficult for us to enter the country, particularly Vicente as a Spaniard. After a lot of insistence and having talked about our journey, we were authorised to cross the country, and they gave us a maximum of seven hours in which to do it.
Montenegro is a truly beautiful county but, as was the case with Bosnia, we had little time to admire it.
Croatia on the other hand, we'd already seen on our way back from North Cape, so we didn't really mind that we couldn't visit it again.
And so we hurried to reach the next border, Albania, where we would stay for almost two months. Here, we really had chance to admire the landscape, from the spectacular mountains to the beaches, speak with the people and get to know a little more about the culture.
Turkey and the goal to reach Asia
The next goal was to enter Asia, by way of the wonders of Greece and, before that, Bulgaria, because that was the only border via which Greece would allow foreigners to enter. It was in Bulgaria that we had do a Covid test for the first time. The police told us we'd receive a text message on our phone if the result was positive.
Luckily it all went well, we visited the country and were able to confirm everything we'd heard about the crystal waters of the Aegean sea and the history of this nation.
After almost a month of travelling, we entered Turkey. It was November and winter was on its way to this great nation that straddles two continents, Europe and Asia.
A little more than a month after we arrived in Turkey, all the borders were closed again, but luckily the Turkish territory is vast and, as tourists, we weren't subject to travel limitations.
We had to request residency in Turkey and, after having covered more than 20,000 km in this fantastic country, we can say that we know it rather well and particularly appreciated its people, so friendly and hospitable. Once the borders started to open up again, we headed towards Caucasia.
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Vicente and Fernanda and the idea of travelling around the world
Preparations, bike and gear selection: ready to go!
Riding lessons in UK, Morocco, Tunisia
Italy and visiting GIVI headquarters
Vicente and Fernanda: Winter in Eastern Europe


text:
More in Truth
The Most Misapplied Verse In The Bible: Philippians 4:13
6 Things To Remember When You Don't Think Your Spouse Can Change
By Dustin Dedrick on March 31, 2017
husband • marriage • truth • wife
When Waiting To See Change In Your Spouse
Dr. David B. Hawkins has advice for couples facing difficulties. Fixing the problems in our relationships often means something (or someone) has to change. If it's starting to feel like things will never improve between you and your spouse, here are 6 things to keep in mind!
Credit: ©Thinkstock/Medioimages/Photodisc
An Example: Jen And Frank
I sat with a new couple today.
Jen and Frank were the stereotypical couple coming to see me: they had been married 15 years, with the past five being "absolutely terrible."
"What's going on?" I asked by way of introduction.
"I'm just one big 'I'm sorry,'" Frank said. He stroked the tuft of hair on his chin. "I just can't seem to get it. I'm always messing up and having to apologize for it."
I was impressed with his sincerity. He was in the beginning stages of change, knowing something was wrong, knowing he needed to change and yet being unclear how to do it.
"There are stages to change Frank," I said, "and being willing to change is a huge first step."
"That doesn't seem to be helping me much now," he said in a surly tone. He was obviously quite discouraged.
"I don't know if I can wait for change," Jen said. "This has been going on for years and I'm at the end of my rope."
"We are just beginning our work together folks and it is going to take some time to learn these new skills and apply them to your lives," I said.
RELATED: A Prayer For Wives Who Don't Feel Loved
"But we've been to counseling before," Jen said with exasperation. "Like Frank said, he's one big 'I'm sorry.' I'm ready for change!"
"I'm not sure what relationship counseling you've done before," I said. "What we can do now is assess where you are at, what the problems are, and what needs to be done to get you connected in a healthy way. How does that sound to you?"
"I'd like change to happen now," Jen said impatiently. "I'm telling you I can't take much more of our fighting. I can't take Frank saying hurtful things and then apologizing. He's good about saying he's sorry, but not good about changing his behavior."
"I agree with you Jen, that things need to change. I will help you do that. However, in the process, you both must manage your expectations. Change will come slowly but steadily. Let's talk more specifically about what our work will look like and what you can expect from each other."
RELATED: Defend Your Marriage From Divorce With These 4 Powerful Prayers
I offered the following counsel to Jen and Frank, as well as others attempting a new change process:
First, change begins with a decision to change.
We cannot simply wish to change; we must be determined to change and know exactly what it is that must be changed. You will likely need a coach or therapist to help you look objectively at yourself and your marriage. Find the best help you can to step back and look at yourself in a new light. Then, make the decision to dedicate time and energy to changing.
Second, change is a process.
Change involves giving up old habits and replacing them with new, healthy ones. Change begins with changing our hearts and minds. Scripture says, "Be transformed by the renewing of your minds." (Romans 12:1) As we renew our minds, we think differently and behave differently.
Third, change comes from a motivation to be different, to be a healthy husband/ wife and to be like Christ.
We decide we want to change because we love the Lord and desire to be like Him. "This is love for God: to keep his commandments." (I John 5:3) This love for the Lord motivates us to want to be different and to incorporate His power and strength.
Fourth, set clear goals for change.
Again, it is likely you will need outside feedback on what exactly needs to be changed. We are often not the best observer of our behavior. Seek outside help to discover your "shadow side" and your self-defeating behaviors.
Fifth, seek accountability for change.
It is the nature of all things to revert back into chaos. If you don't establish a clear plan of change and accountability for change, you will be disappointed. Someone has said it takes 40 days to establish a new pattern of behavior, however it takes accountability to maintain the change process. Stay in counseling, stick to your Bible study plan, continue reading good self-help books. Stick with it!
Finally, be patient with each other in the change process.
Know that change takes an honest appraisal of the situation, a clear plan for change as well as accountability for change. Then, catch each other doing things well and be patient with setbacks. With these pieces of the puzzle in place, change will occur.
Do you really want change? Do you find yourself sabotaging growth? If you would like further help, we are here for you. Please send responses to me at [email protected] and read more about The Marriage Recovery Center on our website and learn about our Personal and Marriage Intensives as well as our newly formed Subscription Group for women struggling with emotional abuse.
Credit: Crosswalk
3 Things To Remember When Your Spouse Disappoints You
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St. Francis and St. Mary share the responsibility for supporting the school in time, talent and treasure. The Board of Education has six basic functions: planning, policy-making, hiring the administrator, finance/budgeting, evaluation and public relations. The Notre Dame School has classes for preschool through 8th grade. Weekly Masses are celebrated with the school children at St. Francis. Sacramental programs are also scheduled for the children through the parish of the family. There are also Boy Scout and Girl Scout programs available to the children.
Through the Scrip program established at Notre Dame, scrip (gift certificates for local stores and shops) is available for purchase in the Narthex after weekend masses. A percentage of the proceeds from these sales can then be donated back to St. Francis Xavier Parish or to Notre Dame School.
Be an active participant in the weekend Liturgy when they are in town.
Contribute financially to the welfare of the church.


Korda State Of the Art Underwater Dvd Part 3.
Part 3 of the enormously successful series was filmed at RMC's Blue Pool, a 3 acre lake in Berkshire with generous stocks of carp to 32lb.
After the more technical korda Undewater Part 2, Part 3 is much more akin to the widely acclaimed Part 1, and reverts back to the formula of Danny Fairbrass fishing a standard carp session but adjacent to the underwater camera.
Of course Danny rings the changes, experimenting with rigs, baits & presentations as he goes about fooling cute carp in very clean water.
The footage on this Korda Dvd is very clear, aided by the crystal clear lake & margin swim, and there is plenty of carp & tench action to keep the film interesting.


text:
MakePDF () {

     #Get the document name and page number, which would have been passed to this function.
     documentName=$1
     Number_of_Files=$2

     # The directory where I've chosen to store the image fles
     directory='/home/pi/Documents/'

     # Will hold the file locations (the file path) and the file names as a string
     files=''

     # The first file name will always end in a zero
     i=0
     while [ $i -lt $Number_of_Files ]
     do
          # After the 1st iteration of loop, files will hold "/home/pi/Documents/FileName0.ppm " followed by a space
	  # the space is used as seperator for successive file paths
	  # After 2nd iteration of loop, files will hold "/home/pi/Documents/FileName0.ppm /home/pi/Documents/FileName1.ppm "
	  # And so on . . .
	  files=$files$directory$documentName$i$'.ppm '

	  # increment page number
          i=$[$i+1]
     done

     #trim that blank space that was left at the end of the last string
     files=${files::-1}

     #Make a multipage pdf document from our images
     convert -density 300 $files -compress JPEG $documentName$'.pdf'

     #Delete all the scanned images
     rm $directory*.ppm

}

Scanpage () {
     echo "Running sane software..."

     # Combine the document name with the page number ($1 is the document name, where $2 is the page number)
     # $1 and $2 are the function parameters
     documentName=$1$2

     # Note if the page being scanned is the 1st page, it will have a page number of ZERO

     #Next: Take the document name, File extension, and directory path as a string. Aftwards Convert the strings to the appropriate file paths below
     directory='/home/pi/Documents/'

     #Will hold file path, document name followed by the page number
     picture_filepath=$directory$documentName$'.ppm'

     #Scan the document
     scanimage -d 'pixma:04A91712_14799B' --resolution 300 -x 2550 -y 3300 > $picture_filepath
     wait

}

clear

#The total number of sheets scanned at this point is zero
ScanTally=0

#Get the name of the document
DocName=$(whiptail --title "Scan Document" --inputbox "Please name the document." 10 60 Scanned_Page 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3)

#Bring up Document name dialog box
exitstatus=$?
if [ $exitstatus = 0 ]; then

    #Replace any spaces in the document name with an underscore
    DocName=${DocName// /_}

    echo "The name of your document is:" $DocName

    #Scan Document code here (Run the function Scanpage)
    Scanpage $DocName $ScanTally

    #Tally the scan (We need to keep track of how many pages have been scanned, so we can later label each scanned image with a page number)
    ((ScanTally++))

    while :
    do
       #Do we want to scan another page: If no, make pdf and then exit program, If yes Scan another page
       if (whiptail --title "Scan another page?" --yes-button "Yes" --no-button "No"  --yesno "If yes, Insert a new page, and select Yes" 10 60) then
    	     echo "Yes"

	     #Scan Document code here, and then tally the scan
             Scanpage $DocName $ScanTally

             #tally (Increment page number)
             ((ScanTally++))

        else
             echo "No"
	     #Since the User doesn't want to scan more pages

             #Generate PDF from scanned image
             MakePDF $DocName $ScanTally

             #exit the script
             exit
        fi
    done
else
    echo "You chose Cancel."
    exit
fi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This complex brought Iowa State University Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (ABE) faculty, staff, instructional and research activities to one complex via the construction of two new, four-story buildings with an atrium connecting to the third building of the Biorenwables Complex. The project included office, classroom, instructional and research laboratory spaces as well as a 150-seat auditorium; chemistry laboratories; and large and small laboratories designed for ABE teaching and research.
Instructional facilities included working areas for student scholarship, lab and lecture spaces that support an interactive laboratory learning environment and gathering space for faculty and students that encourages social and informal interactions.


Suggested Congress Accommodation. Accommodation is very limited, early booking is essential. Please quote the relevant Reservation number detailed with each of the hotels below, in order to receive the preferential rates negotiated on behalf of the PAPSA 2012 Congress.
The Commodore, a Legacy hotel where stylish living, excellent service and a tranquil setting comes standard. Enjoy breathtaking views of the charming 'Mother City' from the upper floors of the hotels superior rooms or treat yourself to cocktails on the terrace. Complimentary WiFi connectivity is available in all rooms.
Originally built as part of the convict's station, today, The Portswood is the type of place where you are more likely to want to extend your stay. This elegant hotel not only offers superior accommodation and a relaxed atmosphere, but a uniquely personal approach to service. This commitment to service excellence extends far beyond the needs of the leisure traveller, providing all the amenities business traveller's demand. Complimentary WiFi connectivity is available in all rooms.
This affordable hotel is ideally situated on the bustling Mouille Point promenade and offers 24 rooms and suites with majestic views of either the Atlantic Ocean or the newly developed Golf Course and Green Point World Cup Stadium. A fixed schedule complimentary shuttle service will be available between La Splendida and the conference venue in the morning and the afternoon.
Just minutes away from restaurants, pubs, theatres and shops, the Protea Hotel Breakwater Lodge is premier Cape Town hotel accommodation, ideally positioned in the heart of Cape Town's V & A Waterfront development. Once a 19th Century prison, the Protea Hotel Breakwater Lodge today provides comfortable and affordable Cape Town hotel accommodation in a spectacular setting that looks over the bay and up onto Table Mountain.
A centrally located hotel at the gateway to the vibrant and dynamic V & A Waterfront, within walking distance of Cape Town's CBD, close to the N2 motorway and 15 minutes from the international airport.
A nautical theme runs through the hotel and a spa-pool is available for guests to relax in the warm Cape weather.


text:
New Horizons steht für:

 New Horizons, Raumsonde zum Pluto
 New Horizons (Partei), politische Partei in Zypern
 New Horizons (Programm), britisches Programm zur Psychohygiene

Werke:

 New Horizons (Album), Album von Flyleaf (2012)

Sonstiges:

 New Horizons Computer Learning Centers, Unternehmen der Erwachsenschulung
 New Horizons Film Festival, Filmfestival in Wrocław, Polen
 New Horizons (Musikfestival), Festival der Elektronischen Tanzmusik am Nürburgring
 New Horizons in Mathematics Prize, Mathematikpreis für Nachwuchswissenschaftler, siehe Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics
 New Horizons in Physics Prize, Physikpreis
 Operation New Horizons (auch Beyond the Horizons), US-amerikanische Militäroperationen
 ROH New Horizons, US-amerikanische Wrestling-Veranstaltung (2008)
 Uncharted Waters: New Horizons, japanische Videospielserie
 Animal Crossing: New Horizons, Videospiel für Nintendo Switch

Siehe auch:
 New-Horizon-Klasse, Frachtschiffklasse

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Die LG Hockey Games 2006 fanden vom  26. bis 29. April im Stockholmer Ericsson Globe statt. Ein Spiel wurde in der Hartwall Areena in Helsinki ausgetragen.

Spiele

Abschlusstabelle

Auszeichnungen
Spielertrophäen
 Bester Torhüter:  Daniel Henriksson
 Bester Verteidiger:  Kenny Jönsson
 Bester Stürmer:  Alexander Sjomin

All-Star-Team
Das All-Star-Team wurde durch eine Wahl der Medienvertreter bestimmt.

Weblinks
 LG Hockey Games 2006 auf SFRP's Hockey Archive

Euro Hockey Tour
Eishockeywettbewerb in Helsinki
Eishockeywettbewerb in Stockholm
Eishockeyveranstaltung 2006


text:
Washington 5, San Diego 2
When: 4:10 PM ET, Sunday, June 9, 2019
Where: Petco Park, San Diego, California
Umpires: Home - Adrian Johnson, 1B - Quinn Wolcott, 2B - Gary Cederstrom, 3B - Marvin Hudson
Pinch-hitter Howie Kendrick, Trea Turner, Adam Eaton and Anthony Rendon connected on four straight eighth-inning homers off San Diego reliever Craig Stammen on Sunday afternoon to break a 1-1 tie and lead the visiting Washington Nationals to a 5-2 victory over the Padres.
The four homers came in a span of seven pitches with one out in the eighth. It was the second time in Nationals history that players had connected on four straight home runs, the first being on July 27, 2017, against Milwaukee.
Sunday marked the ninth time in major league history that a team hit four consecutive homers. The Nationals are the only team to do it twice. The Padres are the only team to twice give up four straight homers, also doing so against the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2006.
Kendrick's one-out, 421-foot drive to left on a 2-and-2 pitch officially broke the tie between Nationals starter Stephen Strasburg (7-3) and the Padres' game-long group of bullpen pitchers. Stammen (4-3) was the fourth of five relievers deployed by the Padres.
It was Kendrick's 11th homer of the season.
Turner followed with a 425-foot drive to center on a 1-0 count for his fourth of the season. The count on Eaton was also 1-0 when he connected on a 402-foot drive to center for his sixth homer.
Rendon, who drove in the Nationals' first run in the first inning on a grounder, hit his 12th homer on a one-strike count, the 391-foot drive reaching the second row in right-center.
The four homers travelled a combined 1,639 feet.
The game started poorly for the Padres.
Turner popped up to very short center on the first pitch thrown by Luis Perdomo. Padres second baseman Ian Kinsler was in position to catch the ball when it popped out of his glove for a two-base error. Turner came around on two ground outs to Kinsler.
Perdomo was the first of four relief pitchers the Padres used against San Diego County native Strasburg, who allowed one run on six hits with six strikeouts over seven innings. Perdomo allowed two hits and an unearned run over 3 1/3 innings. Robbie Erlin allowed a hit in 1 2/3 scoreless innings, and Trey Wingenter issued a walk with a career-high four strikeouts in two hitless innings before San Diego turned to Stammen.
The Padres tied the game in the fourth on a Franmil Reyes single, a Strasburg wild pitch and a two-out single by Kinsler.
The Nationals won the last two games to split the series 2-2 and are 11-4 over their last 15 games. The Padres won the season series 4-3, but finished their longest homestand of the season with a 4-6 mark.
Washington San Diego
Stephen Strasburg Player Luis Perdomo
Win W/L No Decision
Trea Turner Player Franmil Reyes
.500 Avg .500
Washington 8 4 21 .235 10 5 5 1 0 1
San Diego 7 0 8 .212 11 7 2 0 2 1


text:
Pamphlets on Forest Economics, Volume 4
County board of supervisors equalizes assessments
any taxable property has been omitted from the rolls or that individual assessments have not been made in compliance with the law, the State Tax Department may arrange for a hearing within the county on such doubtful assessments. Any assessment reviewed by one or more Commissioners of the State Tax Department must stand as approved by these officers for three years unless the State Tax Department gives written consent to a change before that date.
The county board of supervisors (township and city supervisors of the county) meets on the fourth Monday of June to equalize assessments of real and personal property as between the various townships, wards, and cities of the county, Any supervisor who believes that his district has been unjustly equalized is entitled to appeal to the State Tax Department from the action of the county board.
The final step in the assessment of general property is the action of the State Board of Equalization (Auditor General, Commissioner of Agriculture, and the three Commissioners of the State Tax Department). This board meets at Lansing on the third Monday in August. It is empowered to equalize assessments between the various counties of the State. After hearing the official representatives of the counties, and after reviewing evidence submitted by the State Tax Department as to the true value of all taxable property in the several counties, the Board of Equalization adds to or deducts from the assessed valuations of the counties such amounts as, in its judgment, will cause all property in the State to be equalized at cash value. The action of this board is final.
Equaliza-
tion.
Township road taxes.
Levying Taxes The annual tax paid on general property in Michigan goes to meet the costs of state, county, township, and school district governments. In cities and incorporated villages, there is an additional tax for the support of these municipal governments.
Township road taxes are voted by the electors of the township at the annual meeting the first Monday in April. Residents of incorporated villages included in the township may vote on road improvement taxes but not on road repair taxes. If the annual township meeting neglects or refuses to vote road improvement or repair taxes, the township board, acting with the road commissioner, is empowered to authorize such levies.
When an emergency arises and it is the opinion of the highway commissioner that the road funds voted by the annual township meeting are insufficient, or when 15 or more land owners of the township sign a petition for more road funds, the commissioner and the township board, acting jointly, may vote additional funds, not exceeding $1,000, to be raised by township taxes. If the additional sumi needed is over $1,000, the matter inust be submitted to an annual or special tozenshis meeting to be voted on by the electors.
Additional township road funds.
district levies.
Upon the petition of 25 landowners, the township board may Township submit the question of a bond issue for road purposes to the
bonds. voters at a township meeting or an election. However, bond issues for road purposes are limited to an amount equal to five per cent of the assessed valuation of the township, and the bonds much receive a majority vote to carry.
Tares to meet the ordinary expenses of the township may be Township voted at a township meeting, but the township board is einpowered general to vote any necessary taxes for ordinary expense which the township meetings do not vote. The board is also authorized to vote taxes, without the action of the voters, to meet any obligations such as court orders, bond interest, or principal, which accrue against the township.
The annual meetings of the school districts are held on the School second Monday in June or on the second Monday in July, the date varying by districts. Certain school taxes may be voted at this or any special meeting of the school district called for the purpose. Only citizens of the United States who are 21 years of age and who are residents and taxpayers in the district can vote on school district taxes at these meetings. Taxes may be voted at these meetings for the purchase, building, or hiring of a school house, and for other purposes not otherwise provided for by law. School bonds may also be voted at school district meetings. The district school board, elected at the annual meeting, has authority to vote taxes necessary to pay the running expenses of the school. These expenses are school furnishings, teachers' salaries, transportation of pupils, and similar items.
On or before Sept. 1 of each year, the Auditor General deter- State mines, from the various statutes and acts of the legislature which re
levies. quire the levy of state taxes on general property, the amount of state taxes to be raised for the year. He apportions these taxes between the counties on the basis of the valuation of each as fixed by the State Board of Equalization in August. The Auditor General reports to the county clerks the amount of state taxes apportioned to each county. This report is made before the date of the October meeting of the county boards of supervisors. The Auditor General also reports at this time the amount of any debt which the county may owe to the state, which is to be met by county taxes unless otherwise paid by October 1.
On the second Monday of October, the county board of super- County visors meets to determine the amount of county taxes to be levied. These levies are used to pay county officers, to meet county debts and judgments against the county, to pay for road building and repairs, and for certain other purposes.
The board of supervisors in counties with an assessed valuation of $10,000,000 or over cannot borrow or raise by taxation more than the proceeds of a tax of one-tenth of one mill in any one year for constructing or repairing public buildings or bridges, unless authorized to do so by the voters at an election. The board of supervisors in counties where the assessed valuation is less than $10,000,000 may levy or borrow not over $1,000 for the above
tax levies.
Apportion ment of State and county taxes among townships.
Hearing on township levies.
named purposes, annually, and any additional amounts which the voters may approve by a majority vote.
The board of supervisors also apportions state and county taxes among the townships according to the assessed valuation of each as determined by the board at its June meeting, or as determined by the later review by the Commissioners of the State Tax Department.
At the same meeting, proposed township, school, road, drain, and other tax levies are reviewed by the county board of supervisors. An opportunity is given for a hearing of objections against these levies on the part of persons affected.
After the October meeting of the county board of supervisors, the township supervisor apportions the township, county, and state taxes payable in his township according to the assessment made by the township board of review in June, and prepares the township tax roll.
Supervisor prepares tax roll.
The Collection of Taxes
Dec. 1 to
Jan. 10 to
March 1.
The collection of state, county, and township taxes begins the first day of December. The township treasurer is required by law to be in his office from 9:00 a. m. to 5:00 p. m. every Friday in December to receive taxes, but he is authorized to receive them on any other week day on which they may be offered. A collection fee of one per cent is added to the tax bill from December 1 to January 9, inclusive.
On January 10, the collection fee on all taxes not yet paid is increased to four per cent. After this date, the township treasurer is required to make a demand in person upon all property owners living in the township for the taxes due. Upon their refusal to pay, the treasurer is authorized to seize and sell their personal property in sufficient amount to pay the taxes. An additional charge of $1.50 for sale expenses may be imposed when a sale is made. If unable otherwise to collect for personal taxes, the treasurer may sue for the taxes, and collect from persons owing debts to the delinquent taxpayer.
A renter of real estate may pay the taxes on the rented property and deduct the amount paid from his rent unless he has previously agreed not to do this.
Taxes assessed on land will be dropped if the land is deeded to the state free of all incumbrances within 10 days after the seizure for taxes of the personal property of the owner.
The township treasurer continues to collect taxes on personal property throughout the year, but real estate taxes which are paid after March 1 must be paid to the county treasurer. In addition to the four per cent collection fee previously imposed, persons paying real estate taxes after March 1 must also pay an interest charge of three-fourths of one per cent per month or part of a month from March 1 until the date of payment. A further charge of one dollar is added on all descriptions of land on which taxes remain unpaid on October 1, one year and 10 months after the tax was first payable.
When tenants may pay.
Lands deeded to State for taxes.
Collections after March 1
Sale and Redemption of Real Estate Delinquent for Taxes
Whenever land has been delinquent for taxes for two years or Circuit longer, it is liable to be sold for taxes. Owners of delinquent land
hearing usually will be sent written notice of the proposed sale at least on tax 30 days in advance. Before such a sale takes place, it is also petition. necessary that a hearing be had in the circuit court of the county in which the land is located. Notice of this hearing will be published in one newspaper of the county at least once a week for four successive weeks before the hearing. Owners may appear at these hearings and protest against the legality of the tax which was assessed against their property.
If the owner appears in court and protests the legality of the Appeal to taxes remaining unpaid and the court rules against his claim, coure. he may appeal to the Supreme Court upon depositing with the county treasurer within 10 days after the hearing the amount decreed against his land by the lower court. If the taxpayer receives a favorable decision from the Supreme Court, the full amount so deposited will be returned to him. If the decree of the circuit court is in favor of the taxpayer, either the county treasurer or 'the Auditor General may appeal to the Supreme Court.
The circuit court may withhold from sale any lands which are When shown to be the property of minors or insane persons who are minors and without legal guardians. Action on such lands may be postponed hereine until legal guardians can be appointed. Even where the sale may be has already taken place, the court has authority to cancel such sale from sale. when it is shown that such incompetent owners were without legal guardians at the time of the sale.
Lands approved by the circuit court to be sold for taxes are Sale of sold by the county treasurer on the first Tuesday in May. The taxes. sale begins at 10:00 a. m. and continues daily, except for Sundays and legal holidays, until each description of delinquent lands has 'been offered twice. If the land cannot be sold for enough to pay all taxes and charges against it at the second offering, it is bid in for the state. At
any time after the annual tax sale is closed, any lands bid Purchase off to the state can be purchased from the Auditor General for the sale. amount of the taxes and charges against the land at the time of sale plus interest at one per cent per month or fraction of a month from the date of the sale until the date of such purchase.
The former owner of lands which have been sold for taxes Redemption may redeem such land at any time before the first Tuesday in sold for May in the year following the sale. To do this the former owner must pay the county treasurer or the Auditor General the total amount of the charges against the land at the time of sale, plus interest at one per cent per month or fraction of a month from the time of sale until the date of the redemption.
after tax
of lands
Michigan Farm Tax Calendar
JANUARY January 1-9, inclusive. Taxes receivable by township treasurer with one per cent collection fee. January 10. Tax collection fee increases from one per cent to four per
Township treasurer begins making personal demands for unpaid taxes. Township treasurer authorized to seize and sell personal property for all taxes on refusal of demand for taxes.
Personal demands for taxes and sales of personal property for taxes by township treasurer continue throughout the month.
First Tuesday. Regular meeting of the Commissioners of the State Tax Department.
Real estate taxes payable to the county treasurer with added interest at the rate of 34 of one per cent per month or part of month from March 1. Township treasurer continues the collection of personal taxes.
APRIL First Monday. Annual township meeting. Township appropriations, road taxes, and bond issues are voted. Township supervisor, assessor), and one other member of the township board of review are elected.
Supervisor begins the annual assessment of real and personal property.
Notices of proposed tax sales of real estate mailed to owners.
Watch papers for notices of hearings on tax sales of real estate.
County treasurer continues to receive taxes and interest due estate.
MAY First Tuesday. Beginning of sale of real estate delinquent for taxes for two years or more. Sale conducted by county treasurer.
Township supervisor continues the assessment of real and personal property.
First Monday. Township supervisor completes assessment roll.
Tuesday following first Monday. Township board of review meets to correct assessment roll.
Second Monday. Annual meetings of school districts at which certain school district taxes are voted. (In some districts this meeting is the second Monday in July.)
Second Monday and following Tuesday. Township board of review meets to hear and adjust complaints of taxpayers against the assessment roll. Any tax payer may make a written protest to the State Tax Department, complaining of assessinents made by the township board of review.
Fourth Monday. County board of supervisors meets to equalize assessments between townships, wards, and cities.


text:
Aircraft Fuel System
Aircraft · 7 min read · Aug 11, 2022
Integral fuel tank
Rigid fuel tank
Bladder fuel tank
What are the types of aircraft fuel systems?
Gravity feed fuel system
Fuel selector valve
Fuel pump system
Other essential components of aircraft fuel systems
Fuel strainers and sumps
Tank Ventilation
Fuel quantity gauges
Fuel Primer
Some final words
Being such complex machines, aircraft have many components and systems that must work in synchrony to guarantee a smooth and safe flight.
One of those systems is the fuel system. The fuel system of an aircraft has a very specific purpose, delivering a steady flow of fuel from the fuel tanks to the engines while meeting the flow rate and pressure established by the manufacturer. No matter the type of fuel or the type of engine, that is the ultimate goal.
Of course, there are many more details behind the operation of a fuel system, and they will widely vary from one aircraft to another. Yet, we will do our best to describe the most critical aspects of fuel systems found in different types of aircraft, so keep reading to find them out.
The first component in an aircraft fuel system is the fuel tank. Aircraft fuel tanks are critical components of fuel systems since they store a flammable fluid while being exposed to vibration, aerodynamic forces, heat, cold, inertial loads, and even lightning strikes during flights.
Therefore, the fuel tanks installed on aircraft must be capable of withstanding even the toughest conditions that can be found during a flight without suffering any deformation, surface alteration due to corrosion, or any similar issue.
Moreover, it is vital that fuel tanks keep sealed at all times to avoid any external contamination to reach the fuel system, including dirt, dust, and water. There are some tasks that an aircraft fueler is usually responsible for.
Fuel tanks must not be installed on the engine side of the firewall and there must be half an inch clearance, at least, between the tank and the firewall if installed in the fuselage.
Tanks must be isolated from, and cleared of personnel compartments by a fume and fire-proof enclosure. It is important that tanks remain ventilated at all times so that no accumulation of dangerous fumes or vapors occurs while in the air or on the ground.
Fuel tanks are usually classified in three types. They are integral, rigid, and bladder tanks. Let's see each type in detail.
Often called wet wings, this is formed through sealed wing construction within regions referred to as fuel cells. An integral tank generally consists of aluminum frames which do not corrode when immersed in fuel.
The storage space in the wing must be properly sealed to prevent rivets, bolts, nuts, fuel lines and hose to leak. This type of fuel tank must be capable of bending under aerodynamic stress, and to withstand expansion or contraction under ambient temperatures changes. The seal must support this through the operating temperature range as well as flight envelope.
Limiting the amount of fuel that can flow during maneuvers is critical since the fuel is free to move about the wing structure. Baffles and guides are built into the wing to achieve the limit to do so.
Integral tanks are usually lighter than the equivalent rigid metallic tanks, but they tend to be more difficult to maintain and repair as there is no way to remove or replace the tank alone.
Image source: © Tosaka
Typically, this type of tank is built separately to the aircraft and then installed in either the wings or the fuselage.
They are self-storage units which are usually made of aluminum alloys or stainless steels in 3-series configurations and installed in specially adapted fuel bays.
This fuel tank has no part in the structure of the aircraft, so the structure must support it adequately throughout the entire flight envelope. Rigid tanks simplify repair and maintenance as tanks can be easily removed from aircraft to be repaired and reinstalled, or replaced by a new one.
Rigid tanks are pressure tested to ensure that they will not leak or collapse during flight.
A bladder tank is similar to a rigid tank except for being produced in reinforced flexible materials such as synthetic rubber. So, unlike rigid tanks, it does not require large cuts into aircraft structures for installation.
Instead, installation could be done by deflating the tank and folding or rolling it to its minimum expression, placing the bladder through a check hole, and unfolding it in the desired place. During installation, the personnel must guarantee there are no wrinkles to avoid contamination from entering the tank.
Image source: https://www.pfw.aero/en/products/fuel-tanks
The types of tanks described above are suitable for specific types of aircraft and their fuel systems. So, let's see the types of systems to better understand how the tanks adapt to them.
The gravity feed fuel system, or only gravity feed system, uses gravity to pump fuel from the tank to the engine. Therefore, installation is required to allow that gravity to transport the fuel. Consequently, this fuel system is often used in light aircraft with a high-wing desing such as the Cessna 172.
While integral tanks could be used with this system, the simplicity of the system and the aircraft that use it make the use of rigid or bladder tanks installed in the wings a more suitable solution. This design places the fuel tanks installed on high-wing aircraft above the carburetor.
Regulatory requirements specify that the system must allow flow rates to exceed 150 percent of the takeoff fuel consumption for the aircraft engine. Occasionally booster pumps are also used as a means for augmenting gravity fed systems – typically for engines with fuel injection instead of carburetor-based systems.
This is an important component for these aircraft fuel systems. According to the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA), the fuel selector valve "allows the pilot to choose which tank is feeding fuel to the engine. Some systems require you to alternate between Left and Right tanks, while others offer a Both position. Some aircraft might favor one side over the other when Both is selected; select the appropriate side to rectify any fuel imbalance. The selector also has an Off position."
Low-wing airplanes with tanks on installed in their wings need pumps to transport the fuel from the tanks to the carburetor or injectors. A system dependent for pumps feeding the engines needs a minimum amount of redundant power achieved by using two fuel pumps, one driven by the main engine and one electrically driven. The electric auxiliary fuel pump operates from an electrical switch inside the cockpit.
This auxiliary fuel pump or boost pump is generally used to start the engines, but it also provides added reliability to fuel systems. According to regulations, both pumps must be independently capable of supplying the engine at a rate of 125% of the maximum requirement.
Fuel pump systems are the ones used in more complex aircraft with low-wing designs, and they are more suitable when using integral tanks. Yet, the other two types of tanks can also be used with a fuel pump system.
Let's now see some of the most essential components of a these systems.
After leaving the fuel tank, and before reaching the carburetor or injector, the fuel passes through a fuel strainer to get rid of any moisture in the system. These pollutants are heavier as fuel for aircraft so they settle in sumps in the bottom of a strainer. Depending on fuel type and location, the fuel pump may include a drain pipe or outlet.
Fuel samples can be taken from the sumps. The fuel sample should be cleaned and examined for contaminants. Water inside sumps is dangerous as it can freeze in winters and block a power line.
Every tank has a drain installed below to allow all sediments and water to be safely drained from the tanks together with any fuel remaining. Also, because fuel is not pumped from the bottom of the tank but from higher levels, it is the bottom of the tank where the fuel is more susceptible to contamination. This explains why certain amounts of fuel in the tank are always considered unusable; therefore, aircraft manufacturers provide the usable fuel capacity compared to the total fuel capacity.
All tanks are vented to the atmosphere, no matter the type. This is done so that ambient atmospheric pressure is maintained in the tank at all times to help prevent airlocks in the system which could occur if a vacuum was present in the tank.
As the temperature in the tank changes, the density and hence volume of the fuel will also change. Therefore, a vented tank is a good idea because it allows fuel to escape if expansion has occurred at elevated temperatures.
Finally, by venting the tank to atmosphere, any fuel vapors that have formed in the tank will not dangerously accumulate. This prevents a vapor lock which could result in the engine no longer receiving fuel and ultimately stopping.
Fuel quantity gauges are used to show the fuel quantity that a sense device measures within each fuel tank. This gauges ensure that the planned fuel quantity required for the flight is accurate.
If fuel pumps are installed within the fuel system, a fuel pressure gauge may also be provided. This gauge measures the pressure within fuel lines. The normal operating pressure can be found in the AFM/POH or on the gauge by color coding.
Both gravity feeding and pumped fuel systems can include fuel primers. The fuel primer can be used for injecting gasoline directly into the cylinder before launching the vehicle. In the cold weather when engines find difficulties while starting, fuel primers help as long as the fuel is not frozen.
This primer should remain safely secured if not used. The levers may move in flight without being manipulated, so an excessive fuel-air mixture may be generated. If a plane has a problem with priming read the instructions provided by the manufacturer.
As you know now, the engine fuel system of an aircraft is simpler than many people imagine, especially when it comes to light aircraft with a single engine. Obviously, the bigger the airplane the more necessary fuel pumps become to make sure the flow is steady as required for proper operation.
Also, the type and number of components can be different from one aircraft design to another as we described above, but they all essentially have the minimum we described above.
Of course, the descriptions offered within this guide are simplified for general understanding, and you can rest assured these systems will evolve as well as the rest of the technology applied on future aircraft.
Moreover, the way aircraft are powered is changing with the advent of hybrid aircraft and the potential of having fully electrically powered aircraft in a not so far away future. Therefore, we can expect these systems to be very different sooner than anyone could imagine, and they could even disappear for good.
When time comes, we will share a guide with the new systems for you to have a clear understanding of their composition and how they work.
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You can see how Safford families moved over time by selecting different census years. The Safford family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. The most Safford families were found in the USA in 1880. In 1840 there were 88 Safford families living in New York. This was about 36% of all the recorded Safford's in the USA. New York had the highest population of Safford families in 1840.
In 1880, the most common Safford occupation in the USA was Farmer. 32% of Safford's were Farmers. Farmer, Keeping House and Laborer were the top 3 reported jobs worked by Safford. A less common occupation for the Safford family was Carpenter.
There are 642 immigration records available for the last name Safford. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure.