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Forestry of the Third Reich
DEUTSCHER FORSTVEREIN
DEUTSCHE JÄGERSCHAFT
FORSTSCHUTZKOMMANDO
GERMAN FORESTS
FOREST HISTORY 1933 - 1945
FORESTRY RANK INSIGNIA
FORESTRY HEADGEAR
FORESTRY UNIFORMS
INTERNATIONALE JAGDAUSSTELLUNG 1937
FORESTRY RELATED
FORESTRY DEATH CARDS
UNKNOWN ORGANISATIONS
German Forests - Treasures of a Nation
By Dr. Adalbert Ebner
This page is build up through information from the book: German Forests - Treasures of a Nation, written by Dr.Adalbert Ebner in 1940. It was published by the German Library of Information in New York. I recently bought the book and it contains a lot of information about the how and why of German Forestry. On this page i will sum up the highlights of the book. The copy i bought is signed by the author.
Ownership of forests in Germany
National forests 0.3%
State forests 32.4%
Community forests 15.5%
Institutional forests 1.6%
Association forests 2.4%
Entailed private forests 12.9%
Free private forests 34.9%
Percentage of forest and wood varieties in Germany
Forests in Germany
Total forested area of the Reich 27%.
Oak 5.2%
Beech 13.2%
Birch 2.4%
Hardwood coppice 8.0%
Pine 43.6%
Spruce and Fir 27%
Others 0.6%
Types of forests
High forest 92%
Coppice with standard 4.0%
Coppice 4.0%
What forests means
Tree-growth and the abundant life of forests cover immense stretches of land and centuries of time. Forests as we know them today, are the results of a succession of natural developments. Nature, always a mistress of many moods, reveals particular complications in the forest. For it is more than merely a mass of trees. It teems with life of every kind, beginning with the mysterious soil bacteria, too minute to be recognized by the human eye.
There are the angleworms, unimportant as individuals, yet trough the multiplicity of their efforts moulding the structure of the soil; the beetles, the caterpillars and the butterflies, loved by the layman for their beautiful colors and strange shapes, but dreaded by the forester as a destructive power when their numbers assume the proporties of a pest; the big and small enemies of insect life, which in a natural way contribute an important share toward the expense of controlling pests by artificial means; the ground-covering mosses, herbs, small shrubs and inferior trees, so modest in their importance to the observer, yet providing food for game and birds, shading the soil, hatching seedlings and storing moisture; the soil itself, simply defined as an accumulation of weathered rock and decayed matter, yet varying according to the underlying geological formations and reflecting the prosperity of all the plants it bears in its physical and chemical properties; the wide variety of tree species, some of them rearing their heads as the aristocrats of the forest, others more humble, striking their sturdy roots deep into the soil, pumping up strength from its lower layers ans protecting their taller fellows from the blasts of the storm.
Into this elemental group comes man; and the relationship which is thus established we sum up in the term "forest economy".
In the endless struggle to coordinate the well being of man and forest we sense the living expression of all our mistakes and their correction, of all progress and retrogression, of all hopes and beliefs. One thought, i think, will be found to be woven into this description of German forests like a bright thread; it is the idea that at a certain point forestry ceases to be a mere skillfully applied technique of logging or milling, and becomes an art in the widest sense of the world.
It is a master craft rooted deep in ethical beliefs; it combines the thought of the scientist with the work of the craftsman. Technical skill is essential, but the underlying ethics raise it to the level of an art. This is why forestry reflects the soul of the German people, following their needs in all phases of its life.
The state forests are dotted with cabins build by the government as a shelter for foresters and workman.
While it is true that forestry, as an economic undertaking, has no room for sentimentality, the true forester approaches his work with a keen sense of moral and ethical values which, in their significance, far outweigh the superficial sentimentality he lacks. When the time comes for cutting a tree whose growth to maturity he has watched and tended for years, his decision to harvest it is unclouded by sentimental considerations of its beauty, for he knows that in taking it down, he makes room for the seedling he has just planted and is helping to preserve his forest as a whole.
What is the real meaning of "forestry"?
Some people, when they speak of forestry, think only in terms of reforestation; they believe that the forester's main job is the planting of trees. Others, when they hear of the forester, immediately think of the fire warden, who fights the red devil with hose and water. Still others confuse it entirely with the lumber industry or see in it an attempt to impose administrative control upon the business undertakings of the lumberman. In answer to these various misconceptions, it must be admitted that forestry may imply something different in one place or at one time then it does elsewhere or at another time, just as the forests themselves differ in area and time according to their distribution.
The most primitive form of forestry is the clearing of regions of forest land to satisfy the needs of the settler. The clearance of land for agriculture and the harvesting of a naturally-grown crop to provide rough timber for houses and tools, wood for fuel and other purposes, marks the first stage in the meeting of man and forest for economic purposes. The second step is what we might describe in general as the purely utilitarian stage. It is characterized by a completely arbitrary and thoughtless exploitation of the forest's various products. The third, like the two preceding stages also consists of predominantly commercial utilization, and represents a proces of depletion similar to that of mining, in which little or no attention is paid to the future yields. Here management is principally based on considerations of private profit, since the work is carried on by an industry whose main interest is making wood available for manufacturing purposes.
In considering any of these phases of development one must of course bear in mind the various local conditions among which they occur. Where there are huge tracts of virgin timber old enough to be close to decay, and where general economic conditions impose a limit upon the desirability of intensive management, forestry's task must be considered in relation to this background rather than by comparison with conditions prevailing in some other part of the world. In every country, forestry will pass through these various stages before, sooner or later, it reaches the point at which exploitation becomes uneconomic.
With the arrival of sustained management, a new form of utilization makes its appearance. It involves a revolution in the old attitude towards the forest. Exploitation is no longer the sole motivating force. Besides introducing considerations of a general economic, social and ethical nature, management assures the permanency of a crop and lays down plans for maintaining the productive powers of the forest in the future.
The final and most satisfactory stage of development is that of sustained management on an absolutely biological basis. Here the biological point of view, namely the management of the forest according to the highly complicated laws of biological unity to which it is subject, becomes the central point in the management program. There exists a community of interests between the German people and their forests. The forestry program is based upon reciprocal interests and inclinations of the nation and the individual.
By "forest", we generally understand a large area stocked with various species of trees growing wild. Its distinctive characteristic is that it takes the form of a sociological community which contains within itself sufficient productive power to assure self-perpetuation. The virgin or natural forest is a product of the free interplay of natural forces, such as soil, climate and the competition of flora and fauna, without human interference. Its opposite is the cultivated forest, the product of management, where human effort or interference has resulted in a timber crop. Although virgin forests still have many uses, they no longer suffice to fulfill all the needs of present-day demand, as the time required for commercial timber growth, though steady and organic, is too slow. The haphazard manner in which it is stocked results in the leaving of too much open space, and therefore quantity production is insufficient. A large part of this timber is frequently of excellent structural quality, yet due to the uneven processes of growth in a virgin stand, the percentage of quality timber will be uneconomic.
This criticism does not pretend to disparage the aesthetic appeal of virgin timber or its value for research and recreation, nor does it underestimate the economic result of harvesting old, natural growth. Nevertheless, under the pressure of modern commercial trends we are compelled to think of a timber crop in the same terms as we do of an agricultural crop, where science and planning combine with nature to produce a maximum result.
The cultivated forest of today has many different purposes. First among these, of course, is its crop yield. In addition, it occupies an important place in the scheme of conservation an recreation.
Whenever a forester speaks of a "crop yield" he thinks in terms of both the main product, timber and bark, and of the various kinds of by-products, such as seed, fruits, berries, mushrooms, resin, leaves, grass, stone, sand, and even peat. For the different purposes to be served, different types of cultivation are employed. Thus the "high forest" is originated from seed to produce the taller varieties of trees; the "low forest" is a crop of sprouts which are harvested in short rotations; the "coppice type with standards" is a loose shelter of older trees grown from seed and an understory of quickly rotating coppice.
Forestry therefore is an art - an art involving management - an art of welding countless factors toward a single, many-sided purpose.
The definition given by the Reichsforstmeister serves to illustrate this concept:
"The German forest belongs to the German people. it is the task of those who hold it on fief from the people, or who manage or tend it, to protect and cherish the forest as a basis of German culture; to foster its beauty as a source of enjoyment and strength for the German people; to preserve and expand it as a means of national defense; to find work within it for German fellow citizens, and to provide the German market with its products in maximum quantity and quality, at the same time constantly bearing in mind the needs of the future." - Hermann Göring
Sustained yield
Forestry, while it is an economic enterprise, nevertheless has certain phases which distinguish it clearly from kindred undertakings. While it requires a great capital investment, its growing stock , its labor requirements, though limited in number, are of necessity exacting. It is an enterprise which is bound to the soil and spreads its activities over unusually large areas. Moreover, its operations must be conducted over long periods of time - one needs only to consider that the average rotation of a single crop is approximately one hundred years. Just as forestry as such a must take into account its many peculiar characteristics, so its economic aspects as an industry are bound by special features. The natural laws governing growth in a given area must be taken into account. Due consideration must be given to the needs of the distant future. Economic calculations drawn up for any large-scale program must, of course, be modified to suit local requirements. Every forestry project must fit into the forestry plan of the whole country and conform to its general economic needs.
"Sustained yield" forestry, though simple of explanation, is a fascinating topic when compared with other economic enterprises. Capital, in a forest, is represented by the growing trees or "stock"; interest, by the annual increase in the volume of this stock known as the "wood increment". When an expert speaks of "sustained yield", he refers to a permanent production process, whereby the forest stock is maintained and only the interest on the invested capital, namely, the increment, actually harvested. The forest area making up a single management unit contains growing trees of different ages. All of these have an annual increment, the total volume of which will depend on their number, the variety of their species and ages, and on the production capacity of soil and climate. Thus, if we assume that the increment will amount to 300 board feet per acre per year, the estimated cutting budget will equal this figure times the number of acres under cultivation. "Sustained yield" also implies still other variations and refinements - for example, the regulation of the crop so that it remains approximately equal year after year. Since mere volume production of wood is in itself an extremely crude concept, the forester must aim not only at maintaining the quantity but also at increasing the quality of the crop from year to year. In addition, he must see that the proper assortment of grades is provided, both for present and future use. He is confronted with purely monetary problems, such as the assurance of equal financial returns, of balancing income with expenses and of planning in such a way that the proper proportion of both items will be maintained for the future. Last but not least, sustained forestry should seek, by wise management, gradually to increase production in quality, quantity and net income to conform with the growing needs of national economy.
At its best, old-fashioned "pure stand" planting produces heavy yielding spruce forests.
A mature, 140 year-old pine stand, in which wood volume and quality are high.
Glimpse of a "pine-spruce-fir" type forest with an admixture of various hardwoods.
The solid, octogenarian spruce trunks are interspersed with the green of young beeches.
The German Forester and His Duties
Forest management is an art, whose object, in simple terms, may be described as the continuous harvesting of forest crops; "utilization" satisfies the needs of the present, "silviculture" provides for those of the future.
"Silviculture" represents the supreme art and is the greatest pride of the forester. It means using the ax as the only tool. It means building up a forest on the basis of natural reproduction, to fulfill all the forest's sociological needs, and to provide for the future economic needs of the owner in terms of species, quality and quantity of woods. It means, furthermore, safeguarding the beauty of the woods and assuring the necessary financial returns.
In the course of time many forms of silviculture have evolved. The first. was probably a selective cutting, where individual trees were taken out because of the value of their species and the quality of their timber. The spaces thus opened up filled in sporadically, and the value of the forest slowly declined. [In cases where the grazing of live-stock and the browsing of game furthered this depletion of 4 stand, the productive capacity of the forest was almost nullified. [t was during these happily by-gone days that the idea of planting stands of softwood alone gained ground in Germany. General economic influences encouraged the growing of coniferous woods, the variety which seemed to provide the best return in the shortest possible time. From Germany this idea spread throughout the world. Mixed stands of scattered trees were cleared and the areas replanted with single species in straight
rows.
The result was twofold. While the crops produced, ranging from 28,000-3 5,000 cubic feet per acre per 100 years, proved a tremendous success, the lack of knowledge of the "biological welfare" of the forest resulted in various disasters. Insect pests found a truly wonderful playground in the pure, even-aged spruce and pine forests; soil quality declined, storms threatened the weak, shallow-rooting forests, production became poor and regeneration expensive. The "Mining Motive" of exhaustive exploitation had found its other extreme in the "Timber Factory" system.
Although these obviously unsound methods caused great concern to thinking men in various places, it was mainly Professor Gayer of the University of Munich who laid down the new theory for developing silviculture along sound, natural lines. His theory, which gained world-wide application, was based upon the establishment of small groups of trees in mixed stands of different age. Its nucleus was the idea that the regeneration of a stand should be achieved by natural reproduction rather than by artificial methods.
Gayer's theory rejected the "timber factory" procedure of planting in straight rows. He originated what is today known as the ""Dauerwald"', a natural forest in which it is predominantly nature's reproductive powers which regenerate the stand and maintain the productivity of the forest at a maximum. Since then, the technique of applying his principles, which have been vindicated by world-wide experience, has resulted in a variety of notable silvicultural methods. Because Nature cannot always be relied upon to produce a perfect crop by her own reseeding, skillful reforestation work still has its place filling out the gaps and holes she sometimes leaves. Besides supplementing nature's work in re-establishing cut-over areas, reforestation has also been responsible for establishing entire new forests on what was previously bare land. The present German reforestation
program calls for an area of approximately 1,7 million acres to be reforested in the near future.
The cutting of timber as a part of silviculture on a sustained yield basis calls for skillful calculation, Therefore the forester must set up a plan under which growing conditions, production capacity, increment, and distribution of cuttings over different areas and periods of time must all be laid down. Thus forest mensuration and management are one of the most important parts of his work.
Harvesting the timber confronts the forester with many purely technical problems. Cutting it, either using the ax, saws or power machinery i one part, Skidding, whether by man-power, by gravity, by animals or by machine is another. Transportation too, calls for various methods which require considerable engineering skill. The laying out of roads, the building of flumes, chutes, cable ways and dams for drifting and rafting are only a few of the many problems he must solve. In perfecting the various technical operations, the American logger is unsurpassed.
Cut timber must be marketed. Thus the structural needs and regulations of market conditions as well as an adequate knowledge of the wood-consuming industries form a further part of the forester's many-sided calling. He must deal with forest policies and consider the requirements for timber and wood, not only of his local region, but of the entire nation. Export and import conditions, tariffs, and substitute materials—all must be carefully taken into account.
Besides all this he is an employer. The supervision of officials and workers, their efficiency and their adjustment to their work must be carried out with tact and understanding. The administration of a property places a thousand and one responsibilities upon his shoulders. In some aspects of his work the forester almost needs to be a lawyer. Old timber and grazing rights often confront him with intricate legal questions which must be settled or cleared up. He also must deal with the manifold legal problems arising from the contracts he is called upon to conclude, whether they deal with
the sale of timber, construction work or the purchase of lease of land for various purposes.
Protection, conservation, and maintenance of the forests as a source of recreation for the public are major aspects of his work. The protection against torrents, landslides and avalanches, the fighting of fires and insect pests, the control of fungus and other diseases are important, not only for the welfare of the forest, but also, in a wider sense, for that of an entire country and its people. Conservation is in no way a sideline of forestry. Rather, "forestry" means "conservation" in the best sense of the word.
In Germany another task falls to the forester's lot. Here forest and game management go hand in hand. Hunting is a part of the forester's profession. But his duties go considerably farther than the popular concept of merely shooting game. He must tend it and care for it to establish the proper balance between the timber crop and the game crop. Like his timber, he manages his game too, on the basis of a sustained yield. The marketing of venison, the guidance of the hunting guest and the protection of wild life are all part of his important task.
In the woods, the State Forester represents the arm of the law whenever his duty calls upon him to enforce the regulations applying to the forest. The
domain of his office extends far beyond the limits of the state forests; the Forest Laws require him to draw up and supervise management plans for the community, institutional and association forests within his territory. To these and to the private forests he is friend and adviser.
From the foregoing the reader will have gathered that the German forester is no mere technician, no mere administrator of publicly-owned land, not solely a professional consulting expert on applied botany and ecology. On the contrary, he is one of the mainstays of culture and education. He is a friend who shares in the hopes and sorrows of his community, who plays a leading part in the social and economic welfare of that corner of the earth to which he has been appointed.
Around this man, whose choice of his profession was rooted in his love of nature and his sympathy with the community idea which plays so big a part in the biological welfare of his forest, the little community groups itself to draw on his deeper knowledge and wider view. He is not called by legal power alone, but by the ethics of his profound belief in his profession which make him a central figure wherever
a man of good will is needed for the benefit of Man and Nature. Thus, the German forester far exceeds the bounds of his purely professional task; he is the preserver of plant and animal life, of culture and welfare, of happiness and hope. Is this not after all the fulfillment of the ideals underlying the ethical concept of any profession, that the spirit be always of as great importance as mere scientific knowledge and that success in terms of technical results be built up within the framework of an inner urge always striving towards the cultural and the artistic?
Eras have come and gone, wars have scarred the countries, the flames of political, economic and social theories have swept across the creations of human pride, reducing to ashes the old monuments to mankind's efforts and bringing forth signs of newer times.
The German forester has preserved for his nation one of its greatest treasures and in so doing built the best possible monument to his own professional career. The esteem, in which the German forester is held by the people among whom he labors, is in itself the highest acknowledgment of the value they attribute to his work. Foresters the world over are surely bound together by common ideals.
May the peoples of the earth reap the benefits to be derived from the wisdom which comes from close comradeship between forests and peoples. May they draw closer to the oftentimes lonesome guardians of the nation's treasure—their woodlands. This wish is like a seed planted by a forester starting a crop which he will never live to see full grown.
Composition and Size of Territory Administered by Local Offices of State Forest Authorities (in acres)
State State forest Community under state Community under community Private forests
Saxony 8920 2861 447 15587
Westphalia 5337 2824 9135 39981
Prussia 8920 2810 2281 14925
Bavaria 6919 2943 62 9328
Wuerttemberg 3286 3378 255 3657
Upper Bavaria 12207 1483 - 12701
The winter mountain-landscape is almost inconceivable without its alternating blankets of snow and dark trees.
A glance at a few rather dry statistics will give the reader an indication of the extent of private, community and state ownership of Germany's forests. They clearly show that private and community forestry have a definite place in the broad scheme. The former alone covers about half of Germany's entire forest area and therefore constitutes a prime factor in the nation's economy. But figures speak a cold language.
They give us no hint of the multiple patterns formed within this structure. They show us nothing of how these forests meet so many of the necessities of life. They completely disregard many values which it is impossible to express in terms of statistics.
Each of the three types of ownership mentioned above has its place and its special role in the broad forestry scheme, and each contributes its special share towards filling the needs of its owner, the people, and the country as a whole.
State Owned Forests
As to the state owned forest, it is best suited to long rotation crops; its management therefore is not comparable to the other two types in every respect. For example, in the production of three hundred-year old veneer oak stands it has definite obvious advantages. In view of the comparatively large areas involved in state forests, they can be managed more efficaciously. Their administration is unified and highly organized and with an eye to public interest is able to effect improvements not dictated solely by the promise of financial gain. Private and communal forestry work, however, is much more individual in character.
Private Forests
The total private forest area, covering approximately 16 million acres, is distributed among some 830,000 proprietors. Of this area, about half belongs to owners whose holdings exceed 250 acres. The remainder is distributed among 823,000 proprietors, of whom 784,000 own lots containing less than 50 acres. One quarter of Germany's entire forest area, therefore, is in the hands of small proprietors.
While the State forests produce an average of about 322 board feet of commercial timber per acre yearly, the large privately owned forests attain averages of approximately 293 board feet, and the small plots from 143 to 155 board feet. It is generally recognized that the small private forests will yield a lower return of wood than do the larger properties, even when climatic and soil conditions are equal.
There are, however, certain definite reasons for this, which vary with the particular district in question, As a general rule, it is easier to manage large properties profitably than small ones. The small forest owner also frequently lacks the necessary scientific knowledge. However, we must not lose sight of the fact that the function of the small wood-lots differs essentially from that of the large tracts and particularly from that of the State forests. The small farmers' wood-lots provide less wood for commercial and industrial purposes, but on the other hand supply timber and fuel for agricultural needs and, where required, grass litter and other forest by-products. The small forest is in a sense its owner's savings bank. When times are hard, trees are felled in order to pay off debts. When the farmer's children leave home to start a new life of their own, the forest may con-
tribute its share towards establishing the young household. When the farmer wants to rebuild his stable or barn, when he plans a fence or stocks the winter's fuel, the wood-lot is a valuable reserve from which he can draw.
To some extent, the lower yield of the small forest can probably be traced to the innate conservatism of the peasant proprietor, for he is inclined to be suspicious of innovations. On the other hand, his conservative nature is often a valuable asset and possesses many happy constructive and creative features. For example, it has contributed much toward the spread of conservation. It would be a pity if all things were measured in terms of material results only.
One of the drawbacks of highly individual forest management lay in the fact that the small holder was frequently governed by private motives having little in common with the broader objectives of national forest economy. Yet it stands to reason that the condition of private forests, both large and small, cannot remain a matter of indifference to the state. Since wood is one of the most important modern natural resources, the public at large has a vital interest in the welfare of private as well as State forests. Much more can be done to make the forest an even more important factor for conserving property and increasing the profitable of agriculture than is being done today.
Formerly, it was not generally recognized that forestry's part in the life of the nation warranted its own representation in the government, and private forestry had to be satisfied with being a branch of agriculture. With the formation of the Reichsforstamt, a strong central authority was created which took its place be side other public organizations and gave forestry as such, and particularly private forestry, belated recognition of its importance. The Reichsforstamt includes all the country's forests, whether they belong to the State, to communities or to private owners, all those employed in the forests, and finally, the entire wood-consuming industry. This administrative center outlines general forest policy and enacts forest legislation. The latter is indispensable if forestry is to achieve its maximum prosperity, at the same time preserving and conserving the woods along sound lines as a national resource. To some extent, these legislative measures already were embodied in the old State Forest Laws, to some extent they were amplified or initiated by new nation-wide regulations. Legislation restricts itself mainly to preventing devastation and destructive thinning, to assuring reforestation and safeguarding the forest's protective qualities.
The law also intervenes to protect the small holdings of the hereditary farmer (Erbhofbauer) from being split up into uneconomic units. Experience long ago demonstrated that legislation alone was insufficient to exhaust every possibility of helping private forestry towards its ultimate goal.
For this reason an advisory authority, the Reichsnährstand was created side by side with the Reichsforstamt. This authority, which is an independent, non-governmental institution, comprises all owners of both forest and agricultural land. It is a cooperative enterprise, designed to make available to the individual the education, advice and active assistance which are indispensable aids to the successful operation of land.
In addition to the central office, the forestry division of the Reichsnährstand has numerous local branch and forest ranger offices. These provide field-advice on such things as marketing conditions and advance the general education of the small private owner. While certain restrictions have been placed upon private owners, in the general interest of preserving the country's forest wealth, they are for the greater part free to manage their property as they please. Enterprise and initiative based on private ownership and the pride in individual accomplishment have made invaluable contributions to modern forestry both in theory and in practice. Some of its outstanding names are known not only in the nation but throughout the world.
German private forestry, building on the basis of new knowledge and increasing capacity, carefully guided and tended, inspired by the love of the forest and nature, of people and country, may well look forward to its future yields with hope and confidence.
Successful management of this community forest achieved a yield of 54,000 board feet per acre.
A richly ornamented peasant home, build in 1621. The pride of the peasantry in their houses extends to their fields and forests.
For six hundred years, a single family has lived entirely off this forest, bringing in to a high state of mixed growth development.
The Bavarian peasant's house with its flowers and carved balconies reflects his innate love of beauty and his affinity to the soil.
Community Forests
Where the road to Nuremberg, the old town of the Mastersingers, winds through a gap in the gentle slopes of Jura mountains, the ancient little city of
Weissenburg extends a friendly greeting of the traveler. Only two years ago, its citizens celebrated the one thousandth anniversary of their little town's existence. The high point in the festival celebration was a pageant outlining the history of Weissenburg's famous city forest. An old document, complete with signature and seal, gave the forest to the city in the long-ago days of the Carolingians. After this it became a much loved haunt in which to hunt the deer and the wild boar. Precious honey came from the bees it harbored. And not the least of its contributions to the welfare and trade of the townsfolk was its timber. Revenue from wood balanced the tax budget, and to prove its importance, the main street was called the "Wood Market". An administrationship for the forest, created by the town, was handed down through one family for many generations. Money from the timber trade built the school houses; the forest's good water was a boon to the inhabitants and—made into beer by them—gained thousands of admirers far from the little town.
Slowly its population grew into the thousands, and the need for greenery and parks became urgent. When mineral springs were discovered, Weissenburg drew new prosperity from the people who came there in search of health and relaxation. Here, too, the forest played its part. Though the tax budget of the grown up town had long since become too great to be borne by the proceeds from logs and cord-wood, the forest, now a park and playground attracting visitors from near and far, constituted an essential factor in the city's growing popularity as a watering place. Little inns were built to offer rest and refreshment to strollers in the shade of its cover and when it became the site of an open air theater, the lyric beauty of its musical festivals drew additional thousands of visitors to Weissenburg every year. Hand carved wooden posts guide your steps through the forest; easy trails wind through the lovely woods created by years of careful management; old folks and children spend their vacation hours in "their forest". To the stranger, Weissenburgers Jove to tell of the history, the secrets, and the ways of their famous community forest.
This is but one story of what community forestry can mean. Its place is truly important, and with time and the adaptation of the property to new needs, it will grow still greater.
In early times, the community forests supplied the citizens of their communities with wood for fuel and building. The cutting rights were legal servitude's. Because of the financial benefits accruing from them when properly managed, the community forests were and still are, highly important. In Switzerland, for example, many communities have proved this in a manner which has gained the admiration of the professional and layman world alike. There are instances in which 1000 board feet of wood have been cut per acre and where the annual net income from an acre has run as high as 132 francs. Although with the increase in present-day populations, the monetary value of the forest compared with the total expense of a community's
administration may sometimes seem small, other aspects of its usefulness have gained new importance. For example, in 1900, the net income from community Forest products in the city of Freudenstadt exceeded the city's expenses by more than 20% ; in 1910 it reached but 34% and 1935 it fell to 6% of the total budget. Meanwhile, however, Freudenstadt had developed into a world-famous watering place and the forest's recreational value as a form of indirect financial return became of great importance. Today, Freudenstadt's reputation as a spa is inseparable from the city forest.
The influence of the forest upon health conditions is not generally realized. Yet statistics show us that the incidence of certain diseases in large cities is in almostbdirect ratio to their area of greenery. For example, in London where 14% of the city's area Is covered by woods, the annual mortality from tuberculosis is only 1.9%; in Berlin where only 10% of the city is wooded, the mortality figure rises to 2.2. Paris, which has the lowest green area of all three, 4.5%, has the highest tuberculosis mortality, 4.1%.
The Role of Forests as Greenery in German Cities.
Total area of German cities 1,874,690 acres
Covered by houses, streets, squares, railroads and so on 24.63%
Parks, gardens, sports fields 3.12%
Forests (used only as greenery) 14.9%
Cemeteries (often woods) 13.02%
Agricultural area 36.41%
Miscellaneous 8.23%
The collapse of economic prosperity caused what we call "unemployment", a condition simple enough to define but dramatic when we consider its causes. It is interesting to note that England, with little more than 4% of its land in forests, called upon the communities to do their share in the rebuilding of trees and forests, if only to create more beauty. For while the growing stock might help to foster the home wood-industry and to provide work, it would principally be a haven where the human mind can find refuge. Here it could escape from desperation and unhappiness at the source of a deeper and more primal strength which would do more to renew its confidence in the wisdom in life's destiny than the dole or gifts from the public purse.
Community forests trace a beautiful design through the pattern of a nation's gardens. Their planting and tending are worthwhile, not only for each community, but for the welfare of the entire nation. Monetary returns are not the only dividend they pay; they are vitally intertwined with the needs of present-day mankind in many other ways.
"To the forest theater"
Hand carved signposts mark the trail in the community forest.
Puck and his fairies play their tricks amid the greenery of Weissenburg's Open-Air Forest Theater
New roads open up old forests.
The little Suabian village of Denklingen, seen through the towering spruces of its community forest.
German forester....
... and his station, denoted by the deer's head over the door.
This was the most important information (regarding my website) in the book. The book has 125 pages with other subjects like: "The forest and their values" and "What forestry needs".
© 2019 - 2022 by Forestry of the Third Reich.


text:
Royal Holloway launches choir for adults with learning disabilities
About us News
The Volunteering Team at Royal Holloway, University of London will be working with the Surrey-based charity, LinkAble, to launch a new a choir for adults with learning disabilities in the local area.
The choir will be a social action initiative led by Royal Holloway student volunteers, supported by experienced choir mentor, Alison Wrigley from Surrey Arts, as a result of funding from LinkAble.
Kicking off in September, the choir will aim to bring people from the local community together to make new friends, learn new skills, and have fun through the joy of singing. A taster session will be held at Royal Holloway's Egham campus on Wednesday 5 June, at 1.30pm, where people are welcome to drop in on the day.
Speaking of the new choir, Phil Simcock, Volunteering Manager at Royal Holloway, said: "We're very proud of our volunteers here at Royal Holloway, and their commitment to the work they do within the community.
"We're very excited about the new partnership with LinkAble, and their support in assisting us to set up a choir that we believe will have a great positive impact on the local community."
The choir taster session will take place within Volunteers' Week, where, from 1 to 7 June 2019, volunteers from up and down the country will celebrate their achievements and commitment to volunteering.
Staff and students at Royal Holloway will be marking Volunteers' Week with a number of other events across campus and in the local community, such as:
Litter picking and gardening in Egham town centre
Assisting with food bank collection in Virginia Lodge, in collaboration with Runnymede Foodbank
Painting the Englefield Green Scout HQ
Hosting a visit from school children from St Jude's School in Englefield Green. They will be visiting the university's Community Garden on campus as part of Grow Wild, an intuitive funded by Royal Botanical Gardens.
The annual Runnymede and Spelthorne Volunteer Awards will also be held at Royal Holloway on Tuesday 4 June, to recognise and celebrate the voluntary contributions made by people of all ages in the Runnymede and Spelthorne areas.
These awards are hosted by Royal Holloway Volunteering and Voluntary Support North Surrey, with the support of Runnymede and Spelthorne Borough Councils, and Enterprise Rent-A-Car. The guest speaker is Wendy Solesbury MBE, National Youth Development Manager for British Red Cross, with special performance from local group the Revelaires.
Royal Holloway has an ever growing voluntary presence in the local community, for which it has won The Queen's Award for Voluntary Service. The award was bestowed upon Royal Holloway's Community Action for work in helping build strong communities by inspiring students to volunteer and lead projects to support local organisations.
To find out more about the choir and how you can be involved, please email volunteering@royalholloway.ac.uk or for further information about Royal Holloway Volunteering visit royalholloway.ac.uk/volunteering.
Volunteering and charity
Volunteering at Royal Holloway
New version of EV News reader for people with age-related Macular Degeneration now available
EV News, a free web app for people with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), the biggest cause of sight loss in the UK, has been updated with even more features.
Does restorative justice help or harm victims?
Research from Royal Holloway has evaluated the effectiveness of restorative justice in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims and has concluded more evidence is needed.
Think you're failing in life? Think again
What are you hoping for in 2020? Maybe you're looking to buy a new car, start a new relationship or finally achieve that pay rise? Well Stoicism can help you.
Anna Jones awarded Honorary Doctorate from Royal Holloway
Anna Jones has been awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science, (Honoris Causa), by Royal Holloway, University of London, for her commitment to empowerment and entrepreneurship.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Austin Collazo is Captain Marcus DeVol!
We are thrilled to announce our very first cast member!!! Austin Collazo will be joining us as Captain Marcus DeVol.
Here is what he has to say about joining us for Into The Void:
"Most of my life has seemingly been composed of two parts. One consists of my "normal, everyday" type of life and the pursuits along with it (beautiful as they can be), while the other consists of an invigorating and creative hustle. Right now, for me, this energizing, fresh pursuit is acting. I have loved getting to exist in worlds that we all get to make up, as it partially allows me to be someone I've always wanted to be, and to express myself in ways that I sometimes find difficult to in normal life. I suppose it's where my strengths and weaknesses come together to make something called art.
"I am both excited and honored to be a part of "Into The Void" for a number of reasons. One, from the get-go, Michael and Laura Gates have been over-the-top vision casters. It was obvious to me that they wanted to make something special and something GOOD, and their professionalism have made me think they are on track to making both! Not to mention, while the character I'm playing is the captain of the ship, he lives in a relatable struggle, and I'm excited to tap into this. I imagine that working with such a big cast, this is gonna be a hell of a good time!"


If you experience mental illness and tend to isolate, our no-cost Creating Connections program in Tulsa and Oklahoma City can empower you to engage in community life and enjoy fun classes, activities and outings.
Our peer supporters offer you transportation to three to five group events per week. Check out this month's activities below.
Beyond these fun social outings, peers can help improve your level of self-esteem by planting the seed of empowerment by providing you a close support network and increasing your knowledge of available mental health and life skills resources within your community, such as medication management and mental health information.
The Creating Connections program can be your first step toward reclaiming your place in the community, and to feel a part of, and accepted by, others who understand what it's like to experience mental illness.
How do you join Creating Connections?
Our no-cost Creating Connections program serves Oklahomans who are 18 or older and are impacted by mental illness in the Tulsa and Oklahoma City area.
New participants can join the program through referrals from mental health professionals and case managers.
If you do not have a service provider call our free Mental Health Assistance Center at 918.585.1213 or 405.943.3700 and ask about Creating Connections. We are available Monday-Friday, 8:30 am-5 pm. You can also email our team with the below form.


text:
Greetings from L.A. est un album de Tim Buckley, sorti en 1972.

L'album

Il fait partie des 1001 albums qu'il faut avoir écoutés dans sa vie.

Titres
Tous les titres sont de Tim Buckley, sauf mentions.

 Move with Me (Buckley, Jerry Goldstein) (4:52)
 Get on Top (6:33)
 Sweet Surrender (6:47)
 Nighthawkin''' (3:21)
 Devil Eyes (6:50)
 Hong Kong Bar (Buckley, Joe Falsia) (7:08)
 Make It Right'' (Larry Beckett, Buckley, Falsia, Goldstein) (4:07)

Musiciens

 Tim Buckley : guitare, voix
 Chuck Rainey, Joe Falsia : guitare
 Venetta Fields, Clydie King, Lorna Willard : chœurs
 Reinhold Press, Chuck Rainey : basse
 Harry Hyams, Ralph Schaeffer : alto
 Louis Kievman, William Kurash : violon
 Robert Konrad : violon, guitare
 Jesse Ehrlich : violoncelle
 Kevin Kelly : orgue, piano
 Paul Norros, Eugene Siegel : saxophone
 Carter Collins : congas
 Ed Greene : batterie

Liens externes

Album musical sorti en 1972
Album de funk
Album de pop rock
Album de Tim Buckley

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package org.yaml.snakeyaml.issues.issue193;

import org.yaml.snakeyaml.Yaml;

public class TestYaml {

    public static abstract class BeanA {

        public abstract Object getId();

    }

    public static class BeanA1 extends BeanA {

        private Long id;

        // @Override
        public Long getId() {
            return id;
        }

        public void setId(Long id) {
            this.id = id;
        }

        private String name;

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        BeanA1 b = new BeanA1();
        b.setId(2l);
        b.setName("name1");
        Yaml yaml = new Yaml();
        String dump = yaml.dump(b);

        dump = "!!org.yaml.snakeyaml.issues.issue193.TestYaml$BeanA1 {id: 2, name: name1}";

        yaml.load(dump);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?php

namespace Surfnet\StepupMiddleware\CommandHandlingBundle\Command;

/**
 * Interface that must be implemented by all Step-up commands. All Step-up commands MUST sport a $UUID string
 * field, {@see \Surfnet\StepupMiddleware\CommandHandlingBundle\Command\AbstractCommand}
 */
interface Command
{
    public function __toString();
}


text:
Fermín Herrero Bahillo (Revenga de Campos, 1871-Ávila, 1921) fue un psicólogo español.

Biografía
Nació en la localidad palentina de Revenga de Campos en 1871. Fue uno de los introductores de la psicología wundtiana en España y pionero de la psicología científica española. Herrero Bahillo, que llegó a ser concejal del Ayuntamiento de Ávila, falleció en dicha ciudad en 1921.

Obras
Nociones de psicología moderna (1911).
Psicología genética de la religión: I. Las raíces de la psicología religiosa contemporánea (1917).
Introducción al estudio de la psicología de la raza latina (póstumo, 1999).

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Psicólogos de España del siglo XIX
Psicólogos de España del siglo XX
Psicólogos de Castilla y León
Nacidos en Revenga de Campos
Concejales del Ayuntamiento de Ávila
Fallecidos en Ávila


text:
Speech at Celebration Meeting of the Moscow Soviet of Working People's Deputies and Moscow Party and Public Organizations
Comrades! To-day we are celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the victory of the Soviet Revolution in our country. Twenty-five years have elapsed since the Soviet system was established in our country. We are now on the threshold of the next, the twenty-sixth year, of the existence of the Soviet regime.
At meetings in celebration of anniversaries of the October Soviet Revolution it is customary to pass in review the results of the work of the Government and Party organs for the past year. It is on these results for the past year, from November of last year to November of the current year, that I have been authorized to make a summary report to you.
The activities of our Government and Party organs during the past period proceeded in two directions: in the direction of peaceful construction and the organization of a strong rear for our front, on the one hand, and in the direction of carrying out defensive and offensive operations by the Red Army, on the other.
I. Organizational Work in the Rear
The peaceful, constructive work of our directing organs in this period consisted in shifting the base of our industry, both war and civilian, to the Eastern regions of our country; in the evacuation and establishment in their new places of the industrial workers and the equipment of the plants; in extending the sown areas and increasing the winter crop area in the east; and lastly in radically improving the work of our industries producing for the front and strengthening labour discipline in the rear, both in the factories and on the collective and state farms. It should be said that this was a most difficult and complex work of organization on a large scale on the part of all our economic and administrative People's Commissariats, including our railways. However, we managed to overcome the difficulties. And now our factories, collective farms and state farms are indisputably, in spite of all the difficulties of war-time, working satisfactorily. Our war factories and allied enterprises are conscientiously and punctually supplying the Red Army with guns, mortars, aircraft, tanks, machineguns, rifles and ammunition. Our collective farms and State farms are likewise conscientiously and punctually supplying the population and the Red Army with foodstuffs and our industries with raw materials. It must be admitted that never before has our country had such a strong and well-organized rear.
As the result of all this complex organizational and constructional work not only our country but also the people themselves in the rear have been transformed. They have become more efficient, less slipshod, more disciplined; they have learned to work in war-time fashion and have come to realize their duty to the Motherland and her defenders at the front – the Red Army. Bunglers and slackers with no sense of civic duty are growing fewer and fewer in the rear. Organized and disciplined people, imbued with the sense of civic duty, are becoming more and more numerous.
But, as I have said, the past year was not only one of peaceful construction. It was at the same time a year of patriotic war against the German invaders who vilely and treacherously attacked our peaceful country.
II. Military Operations on the Soviet-German Front
As regards the military activities of our directing organs in the past year, these consisted in providing for offensive and defensive operations by the Red Army against the German-fascist troops. The military operations on the Soviet-German front in the past year may be divided into two periods:
The first period was chiefly the winter period, when the Red Army, having beaten off the Germans' attack on Moscow, took the initiative into its own hands, passed to the offensive, drove back the German troops and in the space of four months advanced, in places, over 250 miles; and the second period was the summer period, when the German-fascist troops, taking advantage of the absence of a second front in Europe, mustered all their available reserves, pierced the front in the south-westerly direction and, taking the initiative into their own hands, in the space of five months advanced in places as much as 300 miles.
Military operations in the first period, especially the successful operations of the Red Army in the Rostov, Tula and Kaluga areas, at Moscow and at Tikhvin and Leningrad, disclosed two significant facts. They showed, first, that the Red Army and its fighting cadres have grown into an effective force capable not only of withstanding the onslaught of the German-fascist troops, but also of defeating them in open battle and driving them back. They showed, secondly, that for all their staunchness, the German-fascist troops have such serious organic defects that, given certain favourable conditions for the Red Army, these may lead to the defeat of the German troops. It cannot be regarded as mere chance that the German troops, having marched in triumph through all Europe, and having smashed at one blow the French troops which had been considered first-class troops, met with effective military resistance only in our own country, and not only met with resistance, but were compelled, under the blows of the Red Army, to retreat more than 250 miles from the positions they had occupied, abandoning on their road of retreat an immense quantity of guns, machines and ammunition. This fact cannot be explained by winter conditions of warfare alone.
The second period of military operations on the Soviet-German front was marked by a change in favour of the Germans, by the passing of the initiative into the hands of the Germans, by the piercing of our front in the south-western direction, by the advance of the German troops and their reaching the areas of Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossisk, Pyatigorsk and Mozdok. Taking advantage of the absence of a second front in Europe, the Germans and their allies hurled all their available reserves to the front and, massing them in one direction – the south-western direction – created a largo superiority of forces and achieved a substantial tactical success.
Apparently the Germans are no longer strong enough to conduct an offensive simultaneously in all three directions, in the south, north and centre, as was the case in the early months of the German offensive in the summer of last year. But they are still strong enough to organize a serious offensive in one direction.
What was the principal objective of the German-fascist strategists when they started their summer offensive on our front? To judge by the comments of the foreign Press, including the German, one might think that the principal objective of the offensive was to capture the oil districts of Grozny and Baku. But the facts decisively refute this assumption. The facts show that the Germans' advance on the oil districts of the U.S.S.R. is not their main aim but an auxiliary one.
What then was the principal objective of the German offensive? It was to outflank Moscow from the east, to cut it off from our rear in the Volga and Urals areas and then to strike at Moscow. The advance of the Germans southward towards the oil districts had an auxiliary purpose which was not only and not so much to capture the oil districts, as to divert our main reserves to the south and to weaken the Moscow front, so as to make it easier to achieve success when striking at Moscow. This, in fact, explains why the main grouping of German troops is now to be found not in the south but in the Orel and Stalingrad areas.
Recently an officer of the German General Staff fell into the hands of our men. A map was found on this officer showing the plan and time-table of the advance of the German troops. From this document it transpires that the Germans intended to be in Borisoglebsk on July 10 of this year, in Stalingrad on July 25, in Saratov on August 10, in Kuibyshev on August 15, in Arzamas on September 10 and in Baku on September 25.
This document completely confirms our information to the effect that the principal aim of the Germans' summer offensive was to outflank Moscow from the east and to strike at Moscow, while the purpose of the advance to the south was, apart from everything else, to divert our reserves as far as possible from Moscow and to weaken the Moscow front so as to make it easier to strike at Moscow.
In short, the main aim of the Germans' summer offensive was to surround Moscow and end the war this year.
In November of last year the Germans reckoned on capturing Moscow by a frontal attack, compelling the Red Army to capitulate, and thus achieving the termination of the war in the east. They fed their soldiers with these illusions. But, as we know, these calculations of the Germans miscarried. Having burnt their fingers last year in attempting a frontal blow at Moscow, the Germans conceived the intention of capturing Moscow this year, this time by an outflanking movement, and thus ending the war in the east. It is with these illusions that they are now feeding their duped soldiers. As is known, these calculations of the Germans also miscarried. As the result of chasing two hares – both oil and the encirclement of Moscow – the German-fascist strategists found themselves in a difficult situation.
Thus the tactical successes of the Germans' summer offensive were not consummated owing to the obvious unreality of their strategic plans.
III. The Question of the Second Front in Europe
How are we to explain the fact that the Germans this year were still able to take the initiative of military operations into their hands and achieve substantial tactical successes on our front?
It is to be explained by the fact that the Germans and their allies succeeded in mustering all their available reserves, hurling them on to the eastern front and creating a large superiority of forces in one of the directions.
There can be no doubt that but for these measures the Germans could not have achieved any success on our front.
But why were they able to muster all their reserves and hurl them on the eastern front? Because the absence of a second front in Europe enabled them to carry out this operation without any risk to themselves.
Hence the chief reason for the tactical successes of the Germans on our front this year is that the absence of a second front in Europe enabled them to hurl on to our front all their available reserves and to create a large superiority of forces in the south-western direction.
Let us assume that a second front existed in Europe, as it existed in the first World War, and that a second front diverted, let us say, sixty German divisions and twenty divisions of Germany's allies. What would have been the position of the German troops on our front then?
It is not difficult to guess that their position would have been deplorable. More than that, it would have been the beginning of the end of the German-fascist troops, for in that case the Red Army would not be where it is now, but somewhere near Pskov, Minsk, Zhitomir and Odessa.
That means that in the summer of this year the German-fascist army would already have been on the verge of disaster. If that has not occurred, it is because the Germans were saved by the absence of a second front in Europe.
Let us examine the question of a second front in Europe in its historical aspect. In the first World War Germany had to fight on two fronts in the west, chiefly against Great Britain and France, and in the east against the Russian troops. Thus in the first World War there existed a second front against Germany.
Of the 220 divisions which Germany had then, not more than 85 German divisions were stationed on the Russian front. If to this we add the troops of Germany's allies then facing the Russian front – namely, 37 Austro-Hungarian divisions, 2 Bulgarian divisions and 3 Turkish divisions – we get a total of 127 divisions facing the Russian troops.
The rest of the divisions of Germany and her allies mainly held the front against the Anglo-French troops, while part of them performed garrison service in occupied territories of Europe. Such was the position in the first World War.
What is the position now, in the second World War, in September of this year, let us say? According to authenticated information which is beyond all doubt, of the 256 divisions which Germany now has, not less than 179 German divisions are on our front.
If to this we add 22 Rumanian divisions, 14 Finnish divisions, 10 Italian divisions, 13 Hungarian divisions, 1 Slovak and 1 Spanish division, we get a total of 240 divisions which are now fighting on our front.
The remaining divisions of Germany and her allies are performing garrison service in the occupied countries (France, Belgium, Norway, Holland, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.), while part of them are fighting in Libya for Egypt against Great Britain, the Libyan front diverting in all 4 German divisions and 11 Italian divisions.
Hence, instead of the 127 divisions as in the first World War, we are now facing on our front no less than 240 divisions, and, instead of 85 German divisions, we now have 179 German divisions fighting the Red Army.
There you have the chief reason and foundation for the tactical success of the German-fascist troops on our front in the summer of this year.
The German invasion of our country is often compared to Napoleon's invasion of Russia. But this comparison will not bear criticism. Of the 600,000 troops which began the campaign against Russia, Napoleon scarcely brought 130,000 or 140,000 as far as Borodino. That was all he had at his disposal at Moscow.
Well, we now have over 3,000,000 troops facing the front of the Red Army and armed with all the implements of modern warfare. What comparison can there be here?
The German invasion of our country is also sometimes compared to the German invasion of Russia at the time of the first World War. But neither will this comparison bear criticism. First, in the first World War there was a second front in Europe which rendered the Germans' position very difficult, whereas in this war there is no second front in Europe.
Secondly, in this war, twice as many troops are facing our front as in the first World War. Obviously the comparison is not appropriate. You can now conceive how serious and extraordinary are the difficulties confronting the Red Army, and how great is the heroism displayed by the Red Army in its war of liberation against the German-fascist troops.
I think that no other country and no other army could have withstood such an onslaught of the bestial bands of the German-fascist brigands and their allies. Only our Soviet country and only our Red Army are capable of withstanding such an onslaught. (Loud applause.) And not only withstanding it but also overpowering it.
It is often asked: But will there be a second front in Europe after all? Yes, there will be; sooner or later, there will be one. And it will be not only because we need it, but above all because our Allies need it no less than we do.
Our Allies cannot fail to realize that since France has been put out of action, the absence of a second front against fascist Germany may end badly for all freedom-loving countries, including the Allies themselves.
IV. Fighting Alliance of the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the U.S.A. Against Hitlerite Germany and her Allies in Europe
It may now be considered indisputable that, in the course of the war imposed upon the nations by Hitlerite Germany, a radical demarcation of forces and the formation of two opposite camps have taken place: the camp of the Italo-German coalition and the camp of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. It is equally indisputable that these two opposite coalitions are guided by two different and opposite programmes of action.
The programme of action of the Italo-German coalition may be described by the following points: racial hatred; domination of "chosen" nations; subjugation of other nations and seizure of their territories; economic enslavement of subjugated nations and plunder of their national wealth; destruction of democratic liberties; the institution of the Hitlerite regime everywhere.
The programme of action of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition is: the abolition of racial exclusiveness; the equality of nations and the inviolability of their territories; the liberation of the enslaved nations and the restoration of their sovereign rights; the right of every nation to arrange its affairs as it wishes; economic aid to the nations that have suffered and assistance to them in achieving their material welfare; the restoration of democratic liberties; the destruction of the Hitlerite regime.
The effect of the programme of action of the Italo-German coalition has been that all the occupied countries of Europe – Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Holland, France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece and the occupied regions of the U.S.S.R. – are burning with hatred for the Italo-German tyranny, are doing all the damage they can to the Germans and their allies and are waiting for a favourable opportunity to take revenge on their enslavers for the humiliations and outrages which they are suffering.
In this connection, one of the characteristic features of the present moment is the progressively growing isolation of the Italo-German coalition and the depletion of its moral and political reserves in Europe, its growing weakness and disintegration.
The effect of the programme of action of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has been that all the occupied countries in Europe are full of sympathy for the members of this coalition and are prepared to render them all the help of which they are capable.
In this connection, another characteristic feature of the present moment is that the moral and political reserves of this coalition are growing from day to day in Europe – and not only in Europe – and that this coalition is progressively winning millions of sympathizers ready to join in the fighting against the Hitlerite tyranny.
If the relative strength of these two coalitions is examined from the standpoint of human and material resources, one cannot help reaching the conclusion that the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has an indisputable advantage.
The question is: is this advantage alone sufficient for victory? There are occasions, as we know, when resources are abundant, but are expended so unwisely that the advantage is nullified. Obviously, what is needed in addition to resources is the capacity to mobilize these resources and the ability to make the correct use of them. Is there any reason for doubting the existence of such ability and such capacity on the part of the men of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition? There are people who doubt this. But what grounds have they for their doubts? In the past the men of this coalition displayed their ability and capacity to mobilize the resources of their countries and to use them correctly for purposes of economic, cultural and political development. One asks: what grounds are there for doubting that men who have displayed capacity and ability in mobilizing and distributing resources for economic, cultural and political purposes will prove incapable of doing the same thing for purposes of war? I think there are no such grounds.
It is said that the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has every chance of winning and would certainly win, if it did not have one organic defect which is capable of weakening and disintegrating it. This defect, in the opinion of these people is that this coalition consists of heterogeneous elements with different ideologies and that this circumstance will prevent their organizing joint action against the common enemy.
I think that this assertion is incorrect.
It would be ridiculous to deny the difference in the ideologies and social systems of the countries composing the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. But does this preclude the possibility and expediency of joint action on the part of the members of this coalition against the common enemy who holds out the threat of enslavement for them? It certainly does not preclude it. More than that, the existence of this threat imperatively imposes the necessity of joint action upon the members of the coalition in order to save mankind from reverting to savagery and mediæval brutality. Is not the programme of action of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition a sufficient basis for the organization of the joint struggle against Hitlerite tyranny and for the achievement of victory over it? I think that it is quite sufficient.
The assumption of these people is incorrect also because of the fact that it is completely refuted by the events of the past year. Indeed, f these people were right we should be observing a progressive mutual alienation of the members of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. Yet, far from observing this, we have facts and events indicative of progressive rapprochement between the members of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition and their uniting into a single fighting alliance. The events of the past year supply direct proof of this. In July, 1941, several weeks after Germany attacked the U.S.S.R., Great Britain concluded with us an Agreement on "Joint action in the war against Germany." At that time we had not yet any Agreement with the United States of America on this subject. Ten months later, on May 26, 1942, during Comrade Molotov's visit to Great Britain, the latter concluded with us a "Treaty of Alliance in the war against Hitlerite Germany and her associates in Europe and of collaboration and mutual assistance after the war." This Treaty was concluded for a period of twenty years. It marks an historic turning-point in the relations between our country and Great Britain. In June, 1942, during Comrade Molotov's visit to the United States, the United States of America concluded with us an "Agreement on the principles applying to mutual aid in the prosecution of the war against aggression," an Agreement representing an important step forward in the relations between the U.S.S.R. and the United States. Finally, one should mention so important a fact as the visit to Moscow of the Prime Minister of Great Britain, Mr. Churchill, which established complete mutual understanding between the leaders of the two countries. There can be no doubt that all these facts point to a progressive rapprochement between the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the United States of America, and to their uniting in a fighting alliance against the Italo-German coalition.
It follows that the logic of things is stronger than any other logic. There can be only one conclusion, namely that the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has every chance of vanquishing the Italo-German coalition and undoubtedly will vanquish it.
V. Our Tasks
The war has torn aside all veils and laid bare all relationships. The situation has become so clear that nothing is easier than to define our tasks in this war.
In an interview with the Turkish general, Erkilet, published in the Turkish newspaper Cumhuriet, that cannibal Hitler said: "We shall destroy Russia so that she will never be able to rise again." This seems clear, although rather ridiculous. (Laughter). We have no such aim as to destroy Germany, for it is impossible to destroy Germany, just as it is impossible to destroy Russia. But the Hitlerite State can and must be destroyed. (Loud applause.)
Our first task, in fact, is to destroy the Hitlerite State and its inspirers. (Loud applause.)
In the same interview with the same general, that cannibal Hitler went on to say: "We shall continue the war until there is no organized military force left in Russia." This seems clear, though illiterate. (Laughter) It is not our aim to destroy all organized military force in Germany, for every literate person will understand that this is not only impossible in regard to Germany, as it is in regard to Russia, but it is also inexpedient from the point of view of the victor. But Hitler's army can and must be destroyed. (Loud applause.)
Our second task, in fact, is to destroy Hitler's army and its leaders. (Loud applause.)
The Hitlerite blackguards have made it a rule to torture Soviet prisoners of war, to kill them by the hundred and to condemn thousands of them to death by starvation. They outrage and murder the civilian population of the occupied territories of our country: men and women, children and old folk, our brothers and sisters. They have made it their aim to enslave and exterminate the population of the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic Republics, Moldavia, the Crimea and the Caucasus. Only villains and blackguards, devoid of all honour and fallen to the level of beasts, can permit themselves such outrages against innocent, unarmed people. But this is not all. They have covered Europe with gallows and concentration camps. They have introduced the vile system of "hostages"; they shoot and hang absolutely innocent citizens taken as "hostages" because some German beast was prevented from violating women or robbing ordinary people; they have turned Europe into a prison of nations, and this they call the "New Order in Europe." We know who are be men guilty of these outrages, the builders of the "New Order in Europe" – all those newly baked governor-generals or just ordinary governors, commandants and sub-commandants. Their names are known to tens of thousands of tormented people. Let these butchers know that they will not escape responsibility for their crimes or elude the avenging hand of the tormented nations.
Our third task is to destroy the hated "New Order in Europe" and to punish its builders.
Such are our tasks. (Loud applause.)
Comrades, we are waging a great war of liberation. We are not waging it alone, but in conjunction with our allies. It will bring us victory over the vile enemies of mankind, over the German-fascist imperialists. On its banner is inscribed:
Long live the victory of the Anglo-Soviet-American fighting alliance! (Applause.)
Long live the liberation of the peoples of Europe from. Hitler's tyranny! (Applause.)
Long live the liberty and independence of our glorious Soviet Motherland! (Applause.)
Execration and death to the German-fascist invaders, their State, their army, their "New Order in Europe"! (Applause.)
Glory to our Red Army. (Loud applause.)
Glory to our Navy. (Loud applause.)
Glory to our men and women guerillas! (Loud and prolonged applause. All rise.)


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How to handle it? Electricity and its power. | Gorące newsy i chłodne spostrzeżenia
Repairing electric installations and appliances is our job, so if you are in need of this services, leave a message at and we will take care of it!
Where to find help regarding problems with electricity?
The virtual network is a source of information of all kinds, and this is primarily due to the fact that anyone who has access to the Internet, you can actually write anything there. When it comes to electrical services, this issue looks the same.
The Internet is full of advice relating to self-repair minor faults.
If they do not come from a known source, however, we should not make major repairs on their own.
Websites specific electricians also contain different advice, but here they concern primarily the need to call an electrician. It may turn out that insufficiently tightened the fuse will make that we will be deprived of light, and for such a trifle is not worth it to call professional help.
Definition of electric vehicle
electrician City of London
An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.
An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery or generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft. EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time.
The internal combustion engine (ICE) has been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
Wikipedia about high and low voltages
The electric code makes a distinction between "high" voltages (100 volts and higher), and "low" voltages below that, and which have two different safety classifications and regulations.
For circuits defined as low voltage, in some jurisdictions, there no requirement for licensing, training, or certification of installers, and no inspection of completed work is required, for either residential or commercial work.
Low voltage cabling run in the walls and ceilings of commercial buildings is also typically excluded from the requirements to be installed in protective conduit. The precise reasoning for the selection of 100 volts as the division between high and low is not clearly defined, but appears to be based on the idea that a person could touch the wires carrying low voltage with dry bare hands, and not be electrocuted, injured, or killed.
This is generally true for 12 volt systems, but becomes more ambiguous as the voltage increases to 100. The meaning also varies when alternating current is used, as there is the more commonly known root mean square voltage (120v) but also a peak wave voltage (170v). Telephones for example use low voltage cabling, but the ringing voltage from the central office is approximately 90 volts peak AC, and which has an RMS voltage of 63v. In more recent terms, the upper cutoff for what is considered low is approximately 50 volts, with most computer network equipment operating at 48 volts DC or lower, and not requiring special training to connect or use. Although low voltage cabling does not require inspection or training to install in some jurisdictions, it is still important for installers to be aware of specific electric code safety rules such as how to correctly penetrate building fire barriers and use firestop putty (intumescents) to prevent a low voltage cable from reducing building fire protection and increasing the risk of injury or death for building occupants.
Access to such safety information is typically restricted and limited access by the electrical industry itself so as to only permit licensed professionals to learn the NEC rules and educate themselves.Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electrical_Code.
Tagi: London electrician cheap electrician electrical services appliance repair wiring lighting local electrician electrician london city of london


As the cool, crisp air of fall blows in to replace the summer heat, fashion trends here in the northern hemisphere change from light and colorful to warm and refined. According to the fashion magazine Lucky, this year's fall and winter fashions focus on classic and traditional styles.
Gentlemen looking for refined fall fashion can find great deals on khaki pants in fall colors at U.S. retailer Dockers. In addition to chinos, you can also find low prices on corduroy and even on plaid flannel shirts.
Of course, no man's fall outfit is complete without a great pair of jeans, and an October article in Men's Health magazine suggests that grey jeans are the hottest trend this fall and winter. The U.S. retailer Mavi carries grey jeans for both men and women, and you can also find their jeans available in tan, brown, black and classic blue.
To round out your fall and winter outfit, be sure to pick up a new pair of boots, another hot fall trend and an essential style element for winter. The U.S. retailer Bass carries a wide selection of boots at great prices, and their Amsterdam line of boots fits perfectly with grey jeans and fall colors.
For our friends in the southern hemisphere like Australia, Chile and Mozambique, where spring is in the air and summer is on, this is a great time to pick up summer clothes at closeout prices from merchants in the United States.
U.S. retailer Bealls always offers great prices, but you can find deep discounts and current styles in their end-of-summer sale. American clothier Lands' End also has bright, colorful summer wear available at deep discounts for both men and women.
Wherever you are in the world, right now is a great time to pick up fall and winter clothes in pre-season sales or to find summer styles at closeout prices. With MyUS.com shipping, too, you can have these new purchases at your door and ready to wear in just a few days!
Do you have some favorite sources for fall or spring fashion? Or favorite retailers that offer end-of-season discounts? Please use the comments area below to share your favorite retailers with us!


Active retirees undertaking some house sitting while we spend endless years travelling Australia. Our names are David and Sue Parkinson. We commenced travelling in 2016 and spent 18 months in Tasmania which included 3 housesits. One of these was a total of 7 weeks looking after an orchard/berry farm, customer service and cash handling, stock control, monitoring cold rooms, caring for 2 dogs, geese and chickens. David also monitored electric fencing and fence wires around the orchards. Susan gardened, pruned raspberries as well as some shop attendance.
We are experienced gardeners having owned our own homes including 2 acreage properties, one with orchards and cattle. David can operate most machinery - mowers, slashers, tractors, forklifts and trucks of all sizes.
We love pets especially dogs. Happy to look after farms / houses with acreage or extra large house blocks that can accomodate our truck and van. Currently we are in southern Vic moving to SA, prepared to move to southern WA for a long housesit.
We have high ethics pertaining to work and commitments. Both honest and reliable.


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Conica Strengthens UK Team
CONICA Ltd, the Newark-based international sports, play, and functional flooring specialist, has added to its growing team with the appointment of James Wright as Commercial Director.
Wright's key initial focus will be to further build the UK and Irish business through a strengthening of the company's sales and marketing activities in the sports and play surfacing industry. He will be based in Newark and will be a Director of the UK business, whilst also reporting to Thomas Møller-Nielsen, Global Segment Head – Playgrounds.
James has held senior positions within high-profile flooring and industrial companies including, most recently, 14 years as Commercial Director at Degafloor Ltd, a leading resin flooring supplier. He has extensive sales and commercial leadership experience gained across diverse markets.
"I'm delighted to have joined a recognised industry leader with huge experience in the sectors it serves. CONICA has a strong customer base, an exceptional team of people, and an outstanding, high-quality product range," said James, "I look forward to working with new and existing customers to further develop long-lasting, mutually beneficial relationships".
"My appointment reflects CONICA's drive to be even more customer focussed and builds on our strategy of investment and innovation to deliver processes and solutions that offer outstanding performance and value."
Since 1977, the CONICA brand has been synonymous with supplying superior sports, play surfacing, and resin flooring systems, while CONICA in the UK – formerly known as Charles Lawrence International – has established itself as a market leader in the supply of sports and playground surfacing materials. CONICA is part of a global group of companies owned by German-based Serafin GmbH.
Richard Hills, CFO for CONICA Ltd, said "The business was looking for an experienced Commercial Director with strong sales and marketing skills. We are confident that James' experience, expertise, and approach will help guide the company to an even more successful future".


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PIC commission of inquiry resumes today
Economy / 22 January 2019, 09:48am /
Chairperson of the inquiry, former president of the Supreme Court of Appeal, Justice Lex Mpati,
JOHANNESBURG - The second day of the commission of inquiry into allegations of impropriety at the Public Investment Commission (PIC) continues on Tuesday in Pretoria.
The former president of the Supreme Court of Appeal, Justice Lex Mpati is heading the commission.
On Monday, Mpati appealed to individuals to come forward and submit evidence.
"We are this morning commencing with the hearing of evidence from witnesses in relation to the issues the commission has been instructed to investigate, and for which it was set up," Mpati said in his opening remarks at the Tshwane Council Chambers.
"The commission has sent out notices ... inviting anyone with information relevant to the terms of reference to come forward, to assist the commission in its task.
"Responses to that call have been received, but the invitation still stands. I want to repeat: I invite any person with information that may be relevant to the commission's terms of reference to contact Advocate Setati, or the evidence leader Advocate Jannie Lubbe SC. Their contact details are available on the commission's website."
The PIC head of research and project development, Sholto Dolamo, has told the commission of inquiry into the entity that he has no knowledge of impropriety at the PIC.
Dolamo was testifying on Monday - the first day of the public hearings of the inquiry - led by evidence leader Advocate Jannie Lubbe SC.
Today's hearing will start at 10am.
Follow Business Report on Twitter for the latest from the inquiry.
- BUSINESS REPORT ONLINE
I've seen no impropriety, PIC executive tells inquiry
LIVE: Commission of Inquiry into PIC begins
PIC inquiry appeals for information as probe gathers momentum


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Will Jeff Bezos Speed Past Virgin Galactic to Tourist Space?
By Doug Mohney May 07, 2015
With little fanfare, Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin conducted the first launch of its New Shepard space vehicle last week, on April 29 from the company's spaceport in West Texas. The suborbital test flight was mostly a success, one that will likely worry Virgin Galactic if it is paying attention. Shortly after conducting the test flight, Blue Origin put up marketing material and started collecting names and addresses for "early access" to seat pricing and tickets. The company may beat Virgin Galactic to flying paid tourists on short-hop space flights.
The first developmental test flight of New Shepard, a fully reusable single-stage rocket with a crew capsule, traveled at a speed of Mach 3 to a planned test altitude of 307,000 feet. The first stage used a single liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen BE-3 engine that performed nominal—space geek speak for "just fine"—throughout the flight, but the stage lost hydraulic pressure on descent. Plans were for the first stage to perform a vertical landing, so it could be recovered and reused, but it apparently crashed.
Blue Origin is not sweating the loss of the first stage, noting that they've been working on an improved hydraulic system and are assembling two more "propulsion modules" so they will be ready to fly again soon.
The unmanned crew capsule hit all of its marks, including separating from the first stage, then returning back to earth on a trio of parachutes with a retrorocket slow-down when it gets close to the ground. The New Shepard capsule is designed to take up to six paying passengers to 100 kilometers above the Earth—the magic line that defines space—for a weightless stint, looking out the huge capsule's windows before returning to Earth. A Boeing 747 has windows that are 10.8 by 15.3 inches while Blue's capsule is more than double the size at 28.6 by 42.7 inches.
Short-hop tourist flights are only the tip of Blue Origin's suborbital story. NASA and the research community will be able to book space for suborbital experiments, getting several minutes of zero-g time without the cost and complexity of going into orbit or having to ride a roller-coaster "Vomit Comet" flight path aboard a converted jetliner to scrape up 25 seconds of weightlessness at a time.
Blue Origin hasn't said when it will start booking tickets, but a number of unmanned test flights have to take place before paying customers can start flying. It could be two or more years before the first people get a ride into space.
The New Shepard is also a proving ground for Blue Origin orbital spaceflight technology. The BE-3 engine, the first new U.S. liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen engine built from scratch in decades, will likely show up in a the second stage of a larger Blue Origin rocket and is a candidate to be used in United Launch Alliance's (ULA) Vulcan second state in the 2020s.
ULA is also planning to use the Blue Origin's BE-4 liquid oxygen/liquid methane main rocket engine in the Vulcan, replacing Russian-made engines with USA hardware. Successful operations of BE-3 and suborbital flights give ULA added confidence in working with Blue Origin as a major hardware partner.
Similarly, New Shepard capsule development will roll into a passenger carrying space capsule capable of operating in low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Virgin Galactic also has eyes on the suborbital flight business. The company's first SpaceShipTwo flew a total of three rocket powered test flights before encountering disaster on the forth flight, breaking up in flight. A new SpaceShipTwo is under construction, but isn't expected to be available for first flight until the fall of this year or later. It will have to go through its own set of certification flights before loaded up with rocket fuel to cross over the magical 100 kilometer line.
Blue Origin has already demonstrated it can put a capsule up to 307,000 feet, just short of the magic 382,084 feet (100 kilometers) that qualifies humans for astronaut wings. It already has two more first stages in build. The question becomes how fast the company can (safely) work through a test schedule, but it becomes clear that Virgin and Blue Origin may be unwittingly in a race for a commercial "first flight" to space.
Edited by Dominick Sorrentino
Doug Mohney


At its plenary sitting on 22 November 2007, the National Assembly adopted at first reading amendments to the Protection, Rehabilitation and Social Integration of Disabled Persons Act, moved by Hristina Hristova, MP of National Movement Simeon II, and Peter Mrutskov, MP of Coalition for Bulgaria. Under the amendments, the registered providers of medical products, technical aids, assistive devices and equipment for persons with disabilities will be able to provide them and repair them until 31 December 2007, as well as to receive the resources allocated for this by the Agency for Persons with Disabilities until expiry of their serviceability. The revisions are related to amendments to the same Act adopted in June 2007, regarding the registration requirements for providers of technical aids and medical products and with the conditions for their provision.
Parliament discussed at first reading three bills amending the Income Taxes on Natural Persons Act and revisions of the Local Taxes and Fees Act.


This is a hybrid position of a Receptionist and a Customer Service Agent. While serving as a Receptionist this position acts as the first point of contact for visitors and callers to the corporate offices.
Key Partners (Positions): DC Management Team; Customer Service Representatives (CSRs); Administrative Clerk; Warehouse Team; Customer Service Manager. Experience(s) that Best Prepares You:.
You will be receiving job alerts for Administrative Clerk Jobs in Wetumpka, AL.


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package com.gs.obevo.api.platform;

import com.gs.obevo.api.appdata.Change;
import com.gs.obevo.api.appdata.Environment;
import org.eclipse.collections.api.list.ImmutableList;

/**
 * Represents a unit of work that will be invoked against an {@link Environment}.
 *
 * This will encapsulate a {@link Change}; the variations here are around whether we do a regular
 * deploy, an undeploy, an audit-only change, or to emit warnings/exceptions.
 */
public interface ChangeCommand {
    /**
     * Returns the Changes that are involved in this command.
     */
    ImmutableList<Change> getChanges();

    /**
     * Friendly-text of the command to display for end-users.
     */
    String getCommandDescription();
}


The Student Ministry exists for the purpose of building disciples who live for Christ today. Programming and events for teenagers are designed to help them grow in their faith in Christ and to teach them to live like Christ in their homes, schools and jobs.
By building life-changing relationships in Bible Fellowship Classes, students are encouraged and taught by Christ-like adults. Through creative and practical Bible Study, students gather for Powerhouse on Wednesday evenings, a high-energy student worship service full of videos, laughter, friendship, and challenging messages. Through service opportunities, both local and across the nation, students learn to model the example of Christ by placing others ahead of themselves. Through positive social interactions such as fellowships, retreats, concerts and trips, students form Christ-honoring friendships which encourage each other in their faith.
We would love to have you join us and learn how you can get plugged in to the Student Ministry at First Baptist Montgomery.
For more information, visit the Student Ministry Website.


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Let this be a sign, FT Weekend Magazine
My new series of work 'Let this be a sign' is published in today's FT Weekend Magazine. It incorporates the signs, iconography and language that have become part of Britain's era of austerity.
One of the ways we remember an economic crisis is through its images. When we think of the Great Depression in America we think of black-and-white portraits of men in bread lines wearing placards that beg for work. When we remember Thatcher's Britain we see news pictures of the miners' strike or stolen moments from the inside of dole offices. While barely a day goes by without more grim economic news, the current recession has been less visually memorable, perhaps because the outward signs of today's economic pain are hard to capture without resorting to cliché, even though the eventual effects of such news – a lost job, a vanishing pension, cutbacks to social services – are intensely personal and painful.
Roberts' credit crunch lexicon, overlaid with a graph showing falling consumer confidence, 2007-2010
Over the past 12 months I've been looking at different ways of representing these effects. I started with the series "Star Chambers", published in the FT Weekend Magazine in April 2011. These were photographs taken inside city halls around the country, where annual budgets were agreed and major cuts signed off. But as the situation has moved on, I have employed video, text, objects such as protest banners, as well as photographs, in an attempt to record our new predicament and its shifting economic and political geography.
The crisis has moved terminology and jargon from the business pages on to the front pages of our newspapers, radios and TV sets; these words have become part of our everyday language. Arranged alphabetically, they highlight the fog of rhetoric, hyperbole and exotic, sometimes contradictory terms used by politicians, economists, protesters and journalists to describe the effects of the credit crunch. I collated the text from political speeches, papers from the governor of the Bank of England, newspaper headlines, protest poster slogans and economic reports, all of which reference the economic situation from 2007 to 2012. Against this lexicon I traced the downward graph of consumer confidence during the same period.
The UK high street has been one of the major casualties of the credit crunch, with a recorded dive in consumer spending leaving a wake of failed shops and brands. Sale signs are now omnipresent in shop windows, desperate to entice us with bright colours, shouty promises and seemingly massive price reductions. But while some shopfronts are shuttered for good, discount stores are enjoying a booming trade – known as "the Aldi Effect".
A photo-montage of the omnipresent "Sale" signs now seen in shop windows across Britain
The increase in demonstrations, student sit-ins and union strikes has seen a plethora of home-made, low-tech protest signs – ironic given the ways movements such as UK Uncut use social media to rally their followers. Compared to the angry slogans of the 1970s, the tone of these placards is quite gentle, with an underlying element of humour.
The Occupy London movement almost became an art installation in itself. Between mid-October and late February, the encampment outside St Paul's Cathedral focused the protest against corporate greed and briefly became part of the local landscape. The montage opposite uses some of the hand-crafted notes, messages and signs posted up around the cathedral and Paternoster Square before the camp was closed down at the end of February.
What isn't clear is how much difference the protests will make. As
the new financial year unfolds, and recovery is even slower than predicted, there is no guarantee that the fiscal landscape will improve. In this sense, my work is unresolved. The installation is ongoing, mutable and subject to all of our fears and desires.
A photo-montage of the notices and messages posted by the Occupy London protesters around St Paul's, between October 2011 and February 2012; "the [Occupy] movement almost became an art installation in itself."
"Let This Be a Sign", works by Simon Roberts, will be exhibited at the Swiss Cottage Gallery as part of the London Festival of Photography from May 23 to June 30; www.simoncroberts.com.