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Vertical Interface Induced Dielectric Relaxation in Nanocomposite (BaTiO3)1-x:(Sm2O3)x Thin Films
In-plane quasi-single-domain BaTiO3 via interfacial symmetry engineering
J. W. Lee, K. Eom, … C. B. Eom
Moiré enhanced charge density wave state in twisted 1T-TiTe2/1T-TiSe2 heterostructures
Wei-Min Zhao, Li Zhu, … Shao-Chun Li
Native point defects of semiconducting layered Bi2O2Se
Huanglong Li, Xintong Xu, … John Robertson
Signatures of enhanced out-of-plane polarization in asymmetric BaTiO3 superlattices integrated on silicon
Binbin Chen, Nicolas Gauquelin, … Gertjan Koster
Two-dimensional ferroelasticity in van der Waals β'-In2Se3
Chao Xu, Jianfeng Mao, … Ye Zhu
Reversible magnetoelectric switching in multiferroic three-dimensional nanocup heterostructure films
Hyunji An, Hyo Jin Hong, … Sanghan Lee
Universal superlattice potential for 2D materials from twisted interface inside h-BN substrate
Pei Zhao, Chengxin Xiao & Wang Yao
Field-induced orientational switching produces vertically aligned Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets
Changjae Lee, Soon Mo Park, … Dong Ki Yoon
Enhanced ferroelectric switching speed of Si-doped HfO2 thin film tailored by oxygen deficiency
Kyoungjun Lee, Kunwoo Park, … Seung Chul Chae
Weiwei Li1,2,
Wei Zhang2,
Le Wang3,
Junxing Gu3,
Aiping Chen4,
Run Zhao2,
Yan Liang2,
Haizhong Guo3,
Rujun Tang2,
Chunchang Wang5,
Kuijuan Jin3,
Haiyan Wang4 &
Hao Yang1,2
Ferroelectrics and multiferroics
Vertical interfaces in vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films have been approved to be an effective method to manipulate functionalities. However, several challenges with regard to the understanding on the physical process underlying the manipulation still remain. In this work, because of the ordered interfaces and large interfacial area, heteroepitaxial (BaTiO3)1-x:(Sm2O3)x thin films have been fabricated and used as a model system to investigate the relationship between vertical interfaces and dielectric properties. Due to a relatively large strain generated at the interfaces, vertical interfaces between BaTiO3 and Sm2O3 are revealed to become the sinks to attract oxygen vacancies. The movement of oxygen vacancies is confined at the interfaces and hampered by the misfit dislocations, which contributed to a relaxation behavior in (BaTiO3)1-x:(Sm2O3)x thin films. This work represents an approach to further understand that how interfaces influence on dielectric properties in oxide thin films.
The emergence of novel phenomena and functionalities at artificially constructed oxide heterostructures has stimulated intense research activities over the past decade1,2. Among these studies, oxide interfaces are very attractive because the coexistence and interplay between different degrees of freedom (charge, orbit, spin and lattice) at interfaces can lead to rich physical phenomena, including two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance and multiferroic behavior3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. For instance, Liu et al. demonstrated that oxygen vacancies (VOs) are the dominant origin of the 2DEG at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces when the LaAlO3 overlayer is amorphous6. A novel ferromagnetic state was observed at the interface between antiferromagnet BiFeO3 and ferromagnet La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, which is directly attributed to an electronic orbital reconstruction at the interface11.
In addition to these conventional lateral interfaces (parallel to substrate surface), vertical interfaces (perpendicular to substrate surface) in vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films have been introduced and used to create or enhance functionalities of oxide thin films8,9. Compared to lateral interfaces, vertical interfaces possess impressive advantages, such as reduced clamping effect from substrates, larger interfacial area, strain tunability to larger thickness and easy interface probing etc12,13,14,15. Furthermore, such ordered structures allow for precise tuning of mechanical, electronic and magnetic properties through vertical strain control, as well as interfacial couplings. For example, Moshnyaga et al. showed colossal magnetoresistance effect has been enhanced in (La0.7Ca0.3MnO3)1-x:(MgO)x thin films through lattice strain8. Zheng et al. reported that magnetoelectric coupling has been realized in (BaTiO3)0.65:(CoFe2O4)0.35 thin films by vertical interfaces coulpings9. Besides, vertical interfaces induced strain state reversion and leakage current reduction have been achieved in (BiFeO3)0.5:(Sm2O3)0.5 thin films12,16. And enhanced low field magnetoresistance has been reported in heteroepitaxial (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3)0.5:(ZnO)0.5 via tuning the microstructure and vertical interface density17. It is clear that oxide interfaces are effective to control functionalities of oxide thin films. Most previous reports have focused on exploring magnetism, ferroelectricity, magnetoelectric coupling and electric transportation6,8,9,10,11. However, the question that arises naturally is whether dielectric properties can be manipulated by oxide interfaces. The work presented here suggests an answer in the affirmative.
Relaxation properties have been approved to be critical for the applications (such as transducers, actuators and sensors etc.) of dielectric materials18,19,20,21. It is highly attractive to manipulate relaxation properties through interfaces, which is also helpful to understand the relationship between oxide interfaces and physical properties. It has been showed that VOs is responsible for dielectric relaxations observed in epitaxial K0.5Na0.5NbO3/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3/Bi1.05La0.05FeO3 heterostructures22,23. As a typical dielectric oxide, BaTiO3 has attracted extensive studies because of excellent ferroelectric and dielectric properties. For instance, high Curie temperature, positive transverse piezoelectric coefficient and low leakage current have been obtained in (BaTiO3)0.5:(Sm2O3)0.5 thin films, which has been revealed to be originated from the strain at the vertical interfaces between BaTiO3 and Sm2O324,25,26. Considering the ordered interfaces and large interfacial area, (BaTiO3)1-x:(Sm2O3)x can be an unique system for investigating the relationship between the interfaces and dielectric properties. In this work, we present a comparative study on dielectric properties of (BaTiO3)1-x:(Sm2O3)x nanocomposite thin films with compositions of x = 0.5 and 0.62. Due to a relatively large strain generated at the interfaces, vertical interfaces between BaTiO3 (BTO) and Sm2O3 are revealed to become the sinks to attract VOs. The movement of VOs is confined at the interfaces and hampered by misfit dislocations along the interfaces, which results to a dielectric relaxation in the (BTO)1-x:(Sm2O3)x (BTO:Sm2O3) nanocomposite thin films.
Typical x-ray diffraction (θ – 2θ) patterns for the composite thin films are shown in Fig. 1. Only (00l) diffraction peaks appear in the patterns for both thin films and substrates, suggesting that the BTO and Sm2O3 phases coexist in the composite thin films and are preferentially oriented along the c-axis. According to our previous works24,25,26,27, the orientation relationship between thin films and substrates is determined to be (002)BTO||(002)Sm2O3||(002)STO and [200]BTO||[220]Sm2O3||[200]STO. It should be noted that, due to the lattice mismatch between the BTO and Sm2O3 (the lattice constants of bulk BTO and Sm2O3 are 4.03 and 10.93 Å, respectively), misfit dislocations are thus generated for partial strain relaxation, which is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements and will be discussed later. Additionally, large residual strains of ~2.3% and ~3.4% have been found in the BTO phase in the composite thin films with compositions of x = 0.5 and 0.62 respectively, which is consistent with the reported results24,26.
Comparison for the XRD θ-2θ scans for BTO:Sm2O3 thin films with compositions of (a) x = 0.5 and (b) x = 0.62.
In previous works, we have revealed that the BTO and Sm2O3 phases grow alternatively and spontaneously and form a vertically aligned columnar structure in the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films24,25,26. Fig. 2(a) show high resolution TEM images of the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films with compositions of x = 0.5 and 0.62 respectively, which demonstrate the excellent heteroepitaxial growth of the BTO and Sm2O3 on the STO substrates. Combined with previous results24,25,26, these images indicate that self-assembled Sm2O3 nanocolumns are evenly sized, distributed and embedded in a BTO matrix. And the diameter of single Sm2O3 nanocolumn is about 10 nm. So, the density of interfaces is estimated to be about 108/m. More than this, a periodic arrangement of misfit dislocations is found along the vertical interfaces, as shown in the corresponding Fourier-filtered images in Fig. 2(b). The density of misfit dislocations along the interfaces is estimated to be about 4.0 × 108/m for x = 0.5 and about 5.0 × 108/m for x = 0.62. Considering the density of interfaces, the areal density of misfit dislocations is estimated to be about 4.0 × 1016/m2 for x = 0.5 and about 5.0 × 1016/m2 for x = 0.62. In other words, the density of misfit dislocations is very high in the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films, which may originate from the large lattice mismatch between the BTO and Sm2O3. Besides, the density of misfit dislocations for x = 0.5 is lower than that for x = 0.62. All these results suggest that self-assembled vertical heteroepitaxial nanostructures of BTO:Sm2O3 are synthesized as expected and can be used as model system to explore the relationship between the vertical interfaces and dielectric properties in oxide thin films.
High-resolution TEM images of BTO:Sm2O3 thin films with (a) x = 0.5 and (c) x = 0.62. Corresponding Fourier-filtered (FFT) images along column boundaries are shown as (b) and (d), respectively. The FFT images are enlarged to show misfit dislocations clearly.
To investigate the vertical interface effects on dielectric behavior, the temperature dependence of the real part of dielectric constant (ε') and dielectric loss (tanδ) are measured at the frequency ranging from 1 kHz to 1 MHz by using a structure of Pt/BTO:Sm2O3/Nb-STO (shown as Fig. 3). In general, as the frequency increases, the tanδ ~T curve shifts towards a higher temperature region, indicating a typical characteristic of dielectric relaxation phenomenon. Furthermore, it is obvious that ε' gradually increases with increasing temperature (shown as insets of Fig. 3). It should be pointed that, because of a relatively large vertical strain observed in the BTO phase in the composite films (~2.3% and 3.4% for x = 0.5 and 0.62, respectively), the ferroelectric Curie temperature of the composite films may be over 833 K, which is comparable to the previous results24,28,29.
Temperature dependence of tanδ for BTO:Sm2O3 thin films with (a) x = 0.5 and (b) x = 0.62 measured at various frequencies. The insets show temperature dependence of dielectric constant.
Figure 4 shows the frequency dependent tanδ for the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films measured at different temperatures. The peaks of tanδ shift towards a higher frequency region with increasing temperature, further approving the existence of dielectric relaxation in the composite thin films. In order to explore the physical mechanism of the relaxation process, we calculated the relaxation parameters for BTO:Sm2O3 thin films in terms of the Arrhenius Law
Frequency dependence of tanδ for BTO:Sm2O3 thin films with (a) x = 0.5 and (b) x = 0.62 measured at different temperatures. The insets show the Arrhenius plots of relaxation times. The red straight lines in insets are the linear fitting based on the Arrhenius law.
where is the pre-exponential factor, is activation energy required for relaxation process, is the Boltzmann constant and is the temperature where the maximum loss tangent occurs. The Arrhenius plots were shown as insets of Fig. 4(a). The values of and were found to be 0.53 eV and 2.17 × 107 Hz for x = 0.5 and 0.61 eV and 2.19 × 108 Hz for x = 0.62, respectively.
To further understand the physical process of the observed dielectric relaxation in the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films, the imaginary ( ) part of electric modulus ( ) given by M "= as a function of temperature at a series of frequencies were illustrated in Fig. 5(a). As we expected, well-defined M "(T ) peaks have been found in the whole temperature range. The ~ T curve shifts towards higher temperature with increasing frequency, indicating a typical relaxation nature. The Arrhenius plots for Ln (fmax) vs 103/T were also shown in Fig. 5(b). Accordingly, the relaxation parameters of and were deduced to be 0.54 eV and 4.85 × 108 Hz for x = 0.5 and 0.59 eV and 1.72 × 109 Hz for x = 0.62, respectively. The activation energy obtained from is almost the same as the calculated values from tanδ(T) (see insets of Fig. 4(a)), which further confirms that the fitting results are reasonable. It should be pointed out that, because the relaxation time (τ = 1/f) for and tanδ (T) follow the general rule of τtanδ > τM"30,31, the pre-exponential factor deduced for is always one order of magnitude larger than that estimated from tanδ (T).
Variation of as a function of temperature for BTO:Sm2O3 thin films with (a) x = 0.5 and (c) x = 0.62 measured at different frequencies. The corresponding Arrhenius plots of the frequency against temperature were shown in (b) and (d), respectively. The solid curves are the best fits to the Arrhenius law.
Now it is important to investigate the origin of the dielectric relaxation in the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films. As a Pt/BTO:Sm2O3/Nb-STO vertical capacitor has been used in the dielectric measurements, the composite thin film can be reviewed as three parts connected in parallel: the BTO phase, the Sm2O3 phase and the vertical interfaces. Up to now, as far as we know, there are no reports on dielectric relaxation in the Sm2O3. And the activation energy of BTO-based perovskite oxides is 0.88 ~ 1.56 eV32,33,34,35, which is obviously higher than those in the present work. To further exclude the influence of the BTO and Sm2O3 phases on dielectric relaxation, the dielectric properties of pure BTO and Sm2O3 thin films were measured (not shown). There is no obvious dielectric relaxation in the pure Sm2O3 thin film. And, dielectric relaxation was observed in the pure BTO film with an Ea value of 1.08 eV, which is in consistent with the previous results. Therefore, neither the BTO nor the Sm2O3 phase is responsible for the dielectric relaxation observed in the composite films. In other words, the vertical interfaces dominate the relaxation behavior. On the other hand, it is well known that the dielectric loss is closely correlated with the leakage current in oxide thin films. And we have demonstrated that the leakage behavior is dominated by the vertical interfaces in (BTO)0.5:(Sm2O3)0.5 thin films, which further approves that the vertical interfaces are those who resulted to the dielectric relaxation26. It has also been reported that the electrode interfaces related to VOs gradients affect fatigue and dielectric loss in ferroelectric oxides36. However, the vertical interfacial area is about twenty ~ forty times of the electrode interfacial area in the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films. Though the contribution of the electrode interfaces may dominate the dielectric behavior in the pure BTO and Sm2O3 thin films, the dielectric behavior of the BTO:Sm2O3 composite films is totally different from those of the pure thin films. And, as we discussed earlier, the density of misfit dislocations is very high in the composite thin films. Considering all these factors, the contribution of the electrode interfaces to the dielectric relaxation in the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films should be neglected in the present work.
It is well known that VOs have been demonstrated to be intrinsic defects and are often unavoidable in oxide thin films. The relaxation occurring at high temperatures are exclusively related to the VOs. And an activation energy of 0.3 ~ 1.0 eV is the typical value for relaxation behavior caused by VOs, which is verified by many previous reports32,37,38,39. According to the values obtained in the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films, the dielectric relaxation in the measured temperature region was proposed to associate with VOs. On the other hand, because of the structural discontinuity as well as the strain, the interfaces have been approved to attract and gather the VOs6,40,41,42,43,44. For example, strain-driven accumulation of VOs along the vertical interfaces has been observed in (REBa2Cu3O7-δ)1-x:(BaZrO3)x composite thin films45. More than this, in our previous work, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements revealed that a large concentration of VOs forms at the vertical interfaces in (SrTiO3)0.5:(Sm2O3)0.5 composite thin films due to a large lattice misfit46. Considering a large vertical strain generated at the interfaces in the present work, the vertical interfaces are believed to become the sinks to attract VOs, which is the origin of the dielectric relaxation in the composite thin films26,47,48,49.
To understand the mechanism of the observed relaxation behavior, a model has been proposed and shown in Fig. 6. In this system, as shown in Fig. 6(a), Sm2O3 are nanocolumns embedded in a BTO matrix and vertical sandwich capacitors with a configuration of Pt/BTO:Sm2O3/Nb-STO have been used to investigate the dielectric properties. Electric field is applied parallel to the interfaces between Sm2O3 and BTO (shown as Fig. 6(b)). On the other hand, VOs have been attracted at the interfaces and can be viewed as ions with positive charges50,51. With the assistance of an electric field, VOs can move along the vertical interfaces in the direction of electric field. However, the long range movement of VOs will be hampered by the misfit dislocations observed in the vertical interfaces, which results to the dielectric relaxation of the BTO:Sm2O3 thin films. In addition, with the increasing density of misfit dislocations, the values of the activation energy varied from 0.53 to 0.61 eV, further confirming the above mechanism.
(a) Schematic diagram of Pt/BTO:Sm2O3/Nb-STO vertical sandwich capacitors. (b) The expanded view of the dashed part in the schematic diagram to show the interfaces between Sm2O3 nanocolumns and BTO matrix. E and blue lines represent the electric field and the pathway of movement of VOs, respectively.
The outcome of our above analysis shows that self-assembled vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films have three unique features: ordered vertical interfaces, large interfacial area and VOs gathered at the vertical interfaces26,45,46,47,48,49. With the assistance of an electric field, VOs can only move up and down along the vertical interfaces, which means that the transportation of VOs has been effectively confined. Meanwhile, misfit dislocations formed along the vertical interfaces can be used to manipulate the dynamics of VOs. These unique features are very helpful to investigate the transportation mechanism of VOs and to enhance ion conductivity in oxides, which play a key role in determining the performance of energy conversion and storage devices, such as thin films solid oxide fuel cells, photocatalysts and batteries52,53,54.
In summary, epitaxial (BTO)1-x:(Sm2O3)x vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films with compositions of x = 0.5 and 0.62 have been fabricated by pulsed laser deposition, which were used as model system to investigate the relationship between the microstructure, the interfaces and the dielectric behavior. The structural discontinuity and a relatively large residual strain attract the accumulation of VOs at the vertical interfaces between the BTO and Sm2O3. With the assistance of an electric field, the movement of VOs has been confined along the interfaces and been hampered by the misfit dislocations, which results to an interface-induced relaxation behavior. The present work has broad implications for the understanding of the correlation between the interfaces and physical properties, for the manipulating or optimizing of functionalities in the nanocomposite oxide thin films and for the utilization of dielectric materials in high-temperature applications. More than this, the unique characteristics of vertically aligned nanocompsite thin films present potential applications in energy conversion and storage devices.
Epitaxial (BTO)1-x:(Sm2O3)x thin films with compositions of x = 0.5 and 0.62 were deposited on (001) oriented SrTiO3 (STO) and Nb-doped SrTiO3 (Nb-STO) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with a KrF excimer laser (Lambda Physik, λ = 248 nm). A laser fluence of ~2 J/cm2 with a repetition rate of 3 Hz were focused onto composite targets with different molar ratios. An optimized substrate temperature of 720 oC and oxygen pressure of 25 Pa were used during depositions. Immediately following depositions, films were annealed in situ for one hour at a temperature of 450 oC and an oxygen pressure of 0.8 atm. X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku K/Max) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai F20 analytical microscope) were used to investigate the microstructure of thin films. The thickness of thin films was measured by cross-sectional TEM.
For electrical measurements, vertical sandwich capacitors with a configuration of Pt/BTO:Sm2O3/Nb-STO were fabricated, where thin films with a thickness of ~200 nm were used and Pt top electrodes with an area of 8 × 10−4 cm2 were deposited by sputtering. The dielectric properties were investigated using an Agilent 4294 A Impedance Analyzer. The measurements were performed at selected temperatures in a Linkam Scientific Instruments HFS600E-PB4 system.
How to cite this article: Li, W. et al. Vertical Interface Induced Dielectric Relaxation in Nanocomposite (BaTiO3)1-x:(Sm2O3)x Thin Films. Sci. Rep. 5, 11335; doi: 10.1038/srep11335 (2015).
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The authors acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11274237, 51228201, 11004238, 11004145 and 51202153) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). The effort at Texas A&M University is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DMR-1401266, 1007969 and 0846504). C. Wang thanks financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11404002, 11404003 and 51402001) and Co-operative Innovation Research Center for Weak Signal-Detecting Materials and Devices Integration of Anhui University (Grant No. 01001795). K.J. Jin also thanks the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11134012) and the "Strategic Priority Research Program (B)" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB07030200).
College of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
Weiwei Li & Hao Yang
College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
Weiwei Li, Wei Zhang, Run Zhao, Yan Liang, Rujun Tang & Hao Yang
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
Le Wang, Junxing Gu, Haizhong Guo & Kuijuan Jin
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-3128, Texas, USA
Aiping Chen & Haiyan Wang
School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230039, China
Chunchang Wang
Weiwei Li
Le Wang
Junxing Gu
Aiping Chen
Run Zhao
Yan Liang
Haizhong Guo
Rujun Tang
Kuijuan Jin
Haiyan Wang
Hao Yang
W.L. and W.Z. contributed equally to this work. H.Y. supervised the project. W.L., W. Z., R.Z., Y.L. and R.T. conducted the thin films fabrication and data analysis. W.L., L.W., J.G., H.G. and K.J. did the electrical properties measurements. A.C. and H.W. helped to collect and analyze the TEM results. C.W. helped to analyze the dielectric data. W.L., W.Z. and H.Y. co-wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Li, W., Zhang, W., Wang, L. et al. Vertical Interface Induced Dielectric Relaxation in Nanocomposite (BaTiO3)1-x:(Sm2O3)x Thin Films. Sci Rep 5, 11335 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11335
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11335
Oxygen vacancies in nanostructured hetero-interfacial oxides: a review
C. Dharanya
Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam
Journal of Nanoparticle Research (2022)


text:
Q: Type of generated fold, iter and map not coherent with ppx_deriving documentation I am struggling to properly set up my OCaml environment to use ppx derivers map, fold and iter, as devined here:
https://github.com/ocaml-ppx/ppx_deriving#plugins-iter-map-and-fold
My minimal example is here (I am using Base since this is a library I am using in my wider project):
open Base;;

type data = Row of float array | Dim of data array
[@@deriving iter, map, fold, show];;

let t = Row [|2.;2.|];;
pp_data Caml.Format.std_formatter t;;
map_data (fun x -> x +. 1.) t;;
pp_data Caml.Format.std_formatter t;;

The following code is compiled with
ocamlfind ocamlc -package base -package ppx_deriving.iter -package ppx_deriving.map -package ppx_deriving.fold -package ppx_deriving.show -linkpkg -g test.ml && ./a.out; I get a compilation error stating that map_data has type data -> data. But according to the documentation and my general knowledge, map gets a function and a mappable structure, which seems not to be the case here. Testing this in utop gives me the same error.
Is there anything I am missing?
Thank you in advance :)

A: These derivers work on polymorphic data structures and apply a user function to all values corresponding to the type variables of that structure. Since you don't have any type variables the generated map_data function is deficient, but quite natural, as an absence of the type variable implies a constant function.
In other words, the general structure of the map_x function for some polymorphic type ('s1, ..., 'sN) x with N type variables is
('s1 -> 't1) -> ... -> ('sN -> 'tN) -> ('s1,...,'sN) x -> ('t1,...,'tN) x

I.e., for each type variable it expects a function that maps values of that type to some other type so that the number of arguments to the map function is N+1 In your case since you have zero type variables, there are no mapping functions so you have just x -> x.
If you will redefine your type  as
type 'a data = Row of 'a array | Dim of 'a data array
[@@deriving iter, map, fold, show]

You will get map_data with the expect type ('a -> 'b) -> 'a data -> 'b data. The deriver will even understand that an array is a data structure and recurse into it, e.g.,
let input = Dim [|Row [|1;2;3|]; Row [|3;4;5|]|]
map_data (fun x -> x + 1) input;;
- : int data = Dim [|Row [|2; 3; 4|]; Row [|4; 5; 6|]|]

Of course, if you don't want a polymorphic type in your interface, you can always create a type alias, e.g.,
type t = float data

and expose map_data as
val map_data : (float -> float) -> t -> t

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Geopedia
Home » Saudi Arabia: The most Prominent Financier of Terrorism
Saudi Arabia: The most Prominent Financier of Terrorism
Sondoss Al Asaad
In the past years, the axis of resistance has inflicted heavy defeats upon the imperialist project in the region. These dominant forces became aware that the best option is the sectarian [Sunni-Shiite] narrative, by relying on the rulers of Saudi Arabia and its fanatical ideologues.
Undeniably, Saudi Arabia is the most prominent financier of terrorism in the world; as admitted by various American and European officials.
Iran has occasionally emphasised that it makes a major breakthroughs in its defense sector and that its arsenal does not pose any threat to other states.
Unlike Saudi Arabia, Iran has a military doctrine; based on deterrence and defence, which aims at providing security of Iran and its allies. For this reason, it has been recently sanctioned in addition to its already imposed sanctions since 1979.
The Saudi terrorism targeted dozens of innocent people in Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Yemen, Egypt, London, Madrid, New York, etc. Its terrorism is a sectarian revenge that mobilises tens of thousands of youth to carry out terrorist operations and spread chaos, in different parts of the world.
This systematic planning between Riyadh and Tel Aviv aims at inciting hatred by financing terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda , Boko Haram, MKO, etc., with money, weapons and equipment.
Mohammed bin Salman's reformist claims of democracy and openness have been nothing but a cunning trick to smoothly access power. This fascist policy has undermined all the peace efforts in the region, has opened new avenues for terrorism and has destabilised the regional and global security.
The twenty-first century was initiated by a terrorist attack, in September 2001, in which 15 Saudis out of the 19 took part in hijacking the aircrafts and killing dozens of innocent people. However, Western interests prevented this terrorist regime from being held accountable.
Again in 2011, and for the 7th consecutive year, the Saudis have been interfering in destroying Syria and expelling its citizens. The war in Syria was in retaliation for the positions of its national president, Bashar al-Assad. Saudi Arabia has been supplying terrorists with advanced weapons, equipment and millions of dollars.
In Yemen, despite Mohammed bin Salman's reformist claims, the aggression has claimed tens of thousands of lives. Since its onset in March 2015, tens of millions of Yemenis have been displaced by the indiscriminate bombing; most of them are children, women, and patients.
The international silence, especially American, on Saudi terrorism is derisory and defective. Recently Trump said it frankly that the US defends the Saudis and thus they [the Saudis] are obliged to pay the price.
Indeed, the scourge of global terrorism requires active action and deliberate plans to curb this dangerous monster, such as that pursued by the axis of resistance in Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq. It is required to immediately punish Riyadh and to globally stop its armament; especially after it killed the journalist Jamal Khashoggi and its barbaric war against the defenseless Yemeni people.
New Saddam Hussein and New Failed Arab Actor: Saudi Arabia
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Islam and its Saudi perversion
New Saddam Hussein and New Failed Arab Actor:...
Sayyad Sadri Alibabalu
When Iraq attacked Iran on September 1980, the world thought that Iranian new post revolution' political system will...
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Thomas C. Mountain
Since May, 2017 an ongoing insurgency has been raging in the Shia heartland town of Awamiya in eastern Saudi Arabia...
Ousama Khurshid Khan
Martin Luther King had a tendency that in essence separated him in character from his more radical and in certain...
Death in Yemen - UK Arms Sales to Saudi and the "Proper Use...
Felicity Arbuthnot
Amnesty has been pressing the British government on the Saudi's use of these outlawed weapons, only to be told sanguinely that UK Ministers have been...
The Imposition of Artificial States in the Middle East: The...
Multi-awarded adjunct professor from California on issues of zionism and wahhabism
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Nuhu Othman
Recently Turkey's president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said there is nothing like "moderate Islam" in Islam. This was a subtle rebuttal to Crown Prince...
Yemeni missile hits targets in Saudi Arabia
The Missile Force of the Yemeni army launched a rocket of the type Qaher 1 on the military base Allyamva in 'Asir or 'Aseer region, Saudi Arabia....
Yemen: history of conflicts
1967 - Formation of People's Republic of Yemen, comprising Aden and former Protectorate of South Arabia.
Whose Yemen? Yemen's game of thrones
Yemen's political history is a complicated one – one filled with tales of wannabe conquests, tribalism, and an insistent yearning for independence....
Peace in the Middle East means Defeating the Saudis
Morteza Agha Mohammadi
After the Arab Spring, the region underwent very rapid changes and, since then, it has experienced unstable and fragile circumstances. Unfortunately...
Crown Prince bin Salman and Pakistan
Muhammad Tariq Iqbal
Relations between Nations are as complicated as between individual's person to person relations between important state players can and does affect...
The Saudi-Qatar tensions: real reasons
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Bahrain, Qatar and Yemen announced a break in diplomatic relations with Qatar. Qatar was accused of...
Saudi Arabia: terror and intrigue
Over the past few days, several explosions have rocked Saudi Arabia. Today, explosive devices were found in the vicinity of the US consulate in the...
The Global Ambitions Of The Saudi's New "Anti-Terror"...
Saudi Arabia's "anti-terrorist" coalition may have come as a news-making surprise the moment it was first reported and was widely treated as a sick...
Yemenis Call for UN Action against Saudi Blockade
Yemenis held a massive rally in front of the United Nations (UN)'s office in the capital, Sana'a and called for the international community's action...
Putin blames CIA
foundations of geopolitics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Michael Selmi joined the law school faculty in 1996, after having taught at the University of North Carolina for two years. Prior to entering academia, he litigated employment discrimination cases at the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. He also served as a law clerk to Judge James R. Browning, then Chief Judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Professor Selmi teaches courses on employment law, employment discrimination, contracts, and civil rights. He has served as a visiting professor at Harvard Law School and Boston University.
Professor Selmi has published more than forty articles in the areas of employment discrimination, employment law, and constitutional law, and his articles have appeared in many law journals including the Stanford Law Review, Texas Law Review, Georgetown Law Journal, UCLA Law Review, and Virginia Law Review. He has co-written casebooks in employment discrimination, employment law, and the law of discrimination.
Professor Selmi has worked on a number of Supreme Court cases and has been a frequent media commentator for, among others, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, NPR, and MSNBC.
"State Voters OK Higher Minimum Wages, Block Other Labor Issues"
Michael Selmi is quoted in Bloomberg Law about voters approving higher hourly wages in Arkansas and Missouri.
"Could a DC Restaurant Legally Refuse Service to Sarah Sanders or Another Trump Official?"
Michael Selmi is quoted in Washingtonian about the outcomes of a D.C. restaurant removing a Trump administration official.
"Selmi on Tesla Lawsuit (Audio)"
Michael Selmi speaks to Bloomberg about a recent racial harassment lawsuit filed against Tesla.
"How to Handle Harassment at Work"
Michael Selmi speaks to WUSA-CBS 9's "Off Script With Bruce Johnson" about sexual harassment in the workplace.
"Bloomberg Law Brief: Changes to Birth Control Coverage (Audio)"
Michael Selmi speaks to Bloomberg Law about the move to let employers opt out of providing health insurance that covers birth control.


William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby. John de Beauchamp. Edmund de Bassingburnn. Simon de Ver.
Pointed, Azure, Bartolomé de Yattendon, Outlined in sable, Edmundo de Bassingbourne, Fretty, Personal, Guillermo Bardolf, Guillermo de Ferrers, Gules, Buckle, Illuminated, Interpreted, Gironny, Juan de Beauchamp, Semi-circular, Eight, Ordered, Or, Argent, Without divisions, Cinquefoil, Ricardo de Mandeville, Sable, Simón de Vere, Shaded, Spot ink, Tomás Roscelyn, Freehand, Three, Triangular curved, Vairy and Vair.


Medial animations can be created for biology animations and medical e learning projects. Cellular Animations and Nanotechnology Animations produced custom in house. 3D medical models are used in each medical e learning presentation. E learning is a valuable tool for medical marketing companies product education. Learning institutions are using on line medical e learning as part of their require classes. Medical e learning is a combination of medical interaction with the medical animation.


text:
Anwar Hadid Biography
Biography by Rob Williams Published on 06 Sep, 2017 Updated on 18 Aug, 2018
Facts of Anwar Hadid
1999 , June-19
Anwar Mohamed Gerard Hadid.
View more / View Less Facts of Anwar Hadid
The youngest child and only son of a reality star, Anwar Hadid is the son of Mohamed Hadid. Besides, he is also a model and is extremely popular on Instagram with over 1.5 million followers. He was signed to IMG Model in the year 2016. He has been in a relationship with actress, Nicola Peltz, daughter of billionaire businessman Nelson Peltz from 2016 to 2018.
Early Life and Education Of Anwar Hadid
Anwar Hadid was born on June 22, 1999, in California, United States of America. He comes from an acting background whereas his father, mother, along with his siblings who are former actors and model in the making respectively.
He is the son of Palestinian real estate developer, Mohamed Hadid and Dutch-American television personality and model, Yolanda Hadid.
Anwar belong to American nationality and ethnicity wise, he has mixed ethnical background as his father is Palestinian-American and mother is a Dutch-born American. He also has two sisters who are models named Gigi Hadid and Bella Hadid.
Anwar initially was raised on a ranch in Santa Barbara and then moved out to Malibu as a schoolboy. He also has two half-sisters from her father's previous marriage. Yolanda is also super close with her family, and he said in an interview with Nylon:
"My family is my foundation. My sisters are awesome; they probably taught me everything I ever need to know about girls,"
In the same interview, he stated:
"[My mom] taught me to always be kind and treat others with respect."
Anwar attended Malibu High School and Westmark School, where he also participated in several games like football and soccer.
Anwar Hadid's Professional Career
Anwar Hadid made his modeling debut with Nylon Magazine, in October 2015. In Jun/July 2016, he was on the cover of Teen Vogue. He was named the face of Hugo Boss Menswear's HUGO line at the beginning of 2017.
In February 2017, Anwar walked the ramp in the Zadig & Voltaire New York Fashion Week. He also featured on the cover of Teen Vogue alongside Cameron Dallas. He also became Youths fashion editorial for Paper Magazine.
Anwar made his appearance on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills.
Anwar Hadid's Personal Life
Anwar Hadid is unmarried. Hadid is currently dating twenty-two-year-old Nicola Peltz. The couple confirmed their relationship, while they were spotted on a lunch date on Wednesday, January 18 in Beverly Hills, California.
Anwar and his girlfriend Nicola belongs to the same field. Nicole previously was involved in a relationship with Justin Biber in 2016. She first met Justin in Toronto, Canada at the album release party. The couple split up the same year after they were seen on a few dates together.
Anwar Hadid's Net Worth And Body Measurement
Anwar Hadid's net worth is $3 million at present. He has earned a good amount of money from his modeling career. His main source of wealth is his modeling career. He is the son of Palestinian real estate developer and Dutch TV personality and it's obvious for him to maintain such a huge net worth.
He stands at the height of 6 feet 1 inch.
Real Housewives of Beverl


text:
Home Dinner for 8
Due to COVID-19 this ministry is currently on hold. Please check this page again for additional information for the 2020/21 season.
Join a Dinner Group!
Dinner for 8, sounds great! Beginning in October, get connected to others in your church family that share a similar life stage and/or geographic location. We consider this new ministry to be one of the best ways to be part of the "True Family" at Voyagers as these dinners are designed to help people find community around the sacred act of breaking bread and enjoying a meal together. The book of Acts repeatedly conveys the beauty of gathering together over a meal and that's what this ministry is all about. We are really excited to see what God is going to do in and through these gatherings.
Click HERE to join a Dinner for 8 group, and you will be invited to a dinner with other members of our church body. You may also be asked to bring a side dish or dessert.
Conversations Starters
What's one of your most memorable meals? Situation, location, food itself (either good or bad), etc.
What's the worst and best part of being a woman or a man?
Would you prefer money for a housekeeper, cook, gardener or personal secretary?
What did you get into the most trouble for when you were young?
If you could be brilliant in one subject which would you choose?
If you could be anyone's assistant for one year, who would it be?
What was the most fun you ever had at a party?
What's the best and worst gift that you've ever received?
Which historical sporting event would like to witness?
What life experience has strengthened you the most?
Who's the most unusual member of your family?
Who has inspired you as a mentor and why?
What one fear would you like to conquer?
Would you stop eating all junk food to live 5 years longer? What's the most amazing weather that you've ever seen?
What celebrity would you most like to see in person?
Is there anything you were scared to do but did anyway?
What is a goal you have for this year?
If you could travel anywhere in the world, where would you travel?
Is there a book/ show/ podcast/ blog you'd recommend?
What was a favorite childhood memory?
What would constitute a perfect afternoon for you?
What's something you're passionate about or proud of?
Given the choice of anyone in the world, whom would you want to have coffee with?
What's something you love about someone in your family?
What's something new you've tried recently?
What personality quality has stayed the same since childhood and what's a characteristic that has changed?
If you could change something about the way you were raised what would it be?
What's something you'd love to learn how to do?
Click the recipe link above to view instructions for some meals!
Any questions, feel free to contact Suzy Hermes Ministry Coordinator, or Pastor Clarke. Suzy, her team, along with Pastor Clarke, will help you make your gathering thrive!
Need more info? Download the FAQs.


Footed Mug is rated 3.0 out of 5 by 2.
Sure you can use this Footed Mug for hot chocolate, coffee or tea, but it also makes quite the stylish vessel for ice cream or sorbet. The round foot gives it an air of grace and sophistication. Constructed of earthenware. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Footed mug measures 6 inches high and holds 16 ounces.
Microwave and dishwasher safe. Earthenware can become extremely hot when used in the microwave, use of potholders or padded mitts is recommended.
Rated 1 out of 5 by KKPMN from Poor quality/defects Poor quality, foot is not flat, of the 6 we bought 4 have defects of some kind. Would not buy footed mugs again and most likely nothing else From the online site.


text:
Product Information Specifications for Barely Lethal Below:
The Hateful Eight [Blu-ray]
Friends: The Complete Series
Friends: The Complete Series [Blu-ray]
Men, Women And Children
The Ex (Unrated)
Manufacturer: The Weinstein Company Brand: TCFHE/ANCHOR BAY/STARZ Model: 35335918
The Hateful 8 is set 6 or 8 or 12 years after the Civil War in wintery Wyoming, and a blizzard is coming. Bounty Hunter John Ruth is trying to get his bounty, Ms. Daisy Domergue (Dah-mer-goo), to the town of Red Rock where she's scheduled to be brought to justice. Along the way he and his wagon driver Olie pick up two strangers; another bounty hunter and former union soldier, Major Marquis Warren, and a former southern renegade who claims to be the new mayor of Red Rock, Chris Mannix. The impending storm has forced them to stop at Minnie's Haberdashery, a stagecoach stopover on a mountain pass. When they arrive at Minnie's, they are not greeted by the proprietor but by four strangers. As the storm takes over the mountainside cabin our eight travelers come to learn they may not make it to Red Rock after all…
Manufacturer: WARNER HOME VIDEO Brand: Warner Manufacturing
In the 1994 comedy series on TV, Friends, Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), Ross Geller (David Schwimmer), Monica Geller (Courteney Cox), Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc), Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) and Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow) are all friends, living off of one another in the heart of New York. Over the course of eight years, this average group of buddies go through massive mayhem, family trouble, past and future romances, fights, laughs, tears and surprises as they learn what it really means to be a friend. This box set on DVD includes all 10 seasons of the hit comedy TV series.
Manufacturer: Warner Home Video Brand: FilmFuss.com Model: 8.83929E+11 Color: color
Friends: The Complete Series (Blu-Ray)The ultimate collector set features over 110 hours of content (90 hours of features and 20 hours of bonus content). All 236 original broadcast episodes (released for the 1st time in the US) Highly Collectible Premium Packaging Lenticular Box Cover Hard-cover book that holds 21 discs 32-page episode guide with content from the Warner Bros. archives]]>
Top Level Categories for Barely Lethal.


Huntington Beach is a California city southeast of Los Angeles. It's known for surf beaches, such as Huntington City Beach, with its long Huntington Beach Pier. The International Surfing Museum displays longboards and other memorabilia. Sprawling Huntington Central Park features fields, gardens and lakes, plus an equestrian center. Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve's wetlands and dunes shelter hundreds of bird species. Huntington Beach (locally initialized "HB") is known for its long 9.5-mile (15.3 km) stretch of sandy beach, mild climate, excellent surfing, and beach culture. The ocean waves are enhanced by a natural effect caused by the edge-diffraction of open ocean swells around Santa Catalina Island.Swells generated predominantly from the North Pacific in winter and from a combination of Southern Hemisphere storms and hurricanes in the summer focus on Huntington Beach, creating consistent surf all year long, hence the nickname "Surf City".


With 28 years of experience as a psychotherapist I offer Solution Based Therapy & coaching Appointments are available throughout the week. My expertise is anxiety, stress management and emotional healing. BUPA recognised. I work with respect.
I am a person centred counsellor. I believe in the persons own ability to help themselves. I will work with you in a safe, nonjudgmental, professional way to help you help yourself. I am passionate about the power and value of talking therapy.
Welcome. I am a UKCP Registered Psychotherapist and Supervisor, and a BACP Registered and Senior Accredited Counsellor. I have worked in private practice for over 25 years, and as a therapist, supervisor and trainer in a variety of organisations.
Are you struggling to cope with stress, anxiety, depression or trauma? Counselling can help you to see things from a different perspective, find clarity, feel less alone and depressed, and discover the resilience to move on and make changes.
Elaine McKenzie, Adv.Dip., MA, UKCP reg'd.
Learning from my own and others life's experience I now believe that there is nothing too awful or too difficult that it "cannot be gotten around !". Sharing with another always "takes the power out of the difficulty and shines a light".


text:
Charters' Path to Success or Failure Set Early, Study Finds
By Sean Cavanagh — January 30, 2013 4 min read
Charter schools' academic success or failure during their first year is a strong predictor of whether they will excel or struggle in later years, a new, far-reaching study finds.
The study, released Wednesday by Stanford University's Center for Research on Education Outcomes, which has conducted extensive research on charters across the nation, also concludes that significant improvements in charter school performance over time is rare among middle and high schools, though it occurs more often in elementary schools.
The analysis seeks to test a number of the most pressing questions about charter schools. Those include the extent to which they can improve over time, or whether the academic strategies and other policies they put in place out of the gate determine their success as they reach maturity; as well as whether charters can expand beyond their original, flagship schools to form networks of successful charters.
There is currently an assumption within the charter sector that even if "the first few years are rocky" at a school, charters can eventually rise to higher performance over time, the authors say. But the study casts doubt on that assumption.
On the one hand, study authors Margaret E. "Macke" Raymond, James L. Woodworth, and Emily H. Peltason find that many new charters, regardless of the grade levels they serve, succeed from their inception, and that there is no structural "new school" phenomenon that would cause them to struggle at the outset.
At the same time, charter schools' early academic performance is a strong predictor of how well they perform later, researchers from the center found. The vast majority of schools, 80 percent of them in the lowest quintiles of performance, remained low-performers through their fifth year in operation.
Top-tier charters followed a similar pattern. Ninety-four percent of schools that started in the top quintile of performance remained at that lofty level over time. When the researchers waited until the third year of charters' operation to make predictions, the patterns for predicting success or failure were even stronger, the authors found.
The study's findings offer a number of lessons for charter school authorizers, the entities that typically approve and oversee charters, the authors say. Authorizers need to pay close attention to charters' performance early in their lives, and be willing to close stragglers if they show signs of not improving.
"Poor first-year performance simply cannot be overlooked or excused," they write. "For the majority of schools, poor first-year performance will give way to poor second-year performance."
"Once this has happened, the future is predictable and extremely bleak. For the students enrolled in these schools, this is a tragedy that cannot be dismissed."
The study also seeks to examine the performance of charters overseen by various types of operators, large and small. It finds that charter management organizations, defined as operators of three or more charters, score at about the same level as smaller, independent charters. There is a wide range of performance among management organizations, with some outpacing traditional public schools academically, and others faring much worse, the study concluded.
The Stanford researchers followed student-level performance in schools from the time they open through their fifth year, mapping charters' academic showing against a "static set of performance thresholds" so that academic trends over time could be evaluated. The analysis of charter management organizations is based on a "virtual control record" method, in which students in those schools are compared to "virtual twins" who attend regular public schools the charter students would otherwise have attended.
The study also examines the performance of students in charter school networks whose member schools have been replicated in local communities—organizations that are dubbed "super-networks" by the authors.
Of four super-networks reviewed in the study, a pair of them, KIPP and Uncommon Schools, generally had a strong academic showing, the authors found, while the other two, Responsive Education Solutions and White Hat Management, did not fare as well.
For example, both KIPP and Uncommon Schools had a large, significant positive effect on the academic growth of students in both reading and math, the study found.
But Responsive Education Solutions had a significant negative impact on student reading and non-significant effects in math. White Hat, meanwhile (whose financial operations have come under scrutiny in Ohio) had a small but significant positive impact on reading progress, but a significant negative effect in math.
"[T]he positive findings for KIPP and Uncommon Schools across their portfolios," the study concludes, "[suggest] that is possible to simultaneously scale quantity and quality in charter schools."
Managing Editor, EdWeek Market Brief, EdWeek Market Brief
Sean Cavanagh is the managing editor of EdWeek Market Brief.
A version of this news article first appeared in the Charters & Choice blog.
School Choice & Charters Letter to the Editor Are NOLA Charters a Mixed Bag?


text:
All Comics For Sale
Bundled Lots
Buying Comics And Stuff
Selling Your Comics
Opening A Store
Brian Braddock
image: Large Small
Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 of 74
Title - Date
Classic Marvel Figurine Collection (UK)
(Statue / Bust) By Eaglemoss Publications
Captain Britain
Cover Date Unknown | View Details
(Magazine) By Eaglemoss Publications
Marvel Team-Up (1972)
(Comic Book) By Marvel
Marvel Universe Edition
Captain Britain (UK) (1976)
(Comic Book) By Marvel UK
Oct 1976 | View Details
Nov 1976 | View Details
Why CCL
All images on comic collector live copyright of their respective publishers. © Copyright 2015, MidTen Media Inc. P-WIN-IIS01


text:
4.25.2016 Coachella News
Usher Performs Prince Tribute at Coachella
Prince takes over Coachella. Many musicians including Ice Cube paid homage to the late great on the first weekend since the Purple One's death. Usher also came through with a couple of special covers.
The ATLien took the stage with Major Lazer during Sunday's set to perform "I Would Die 4 U" and "1999," two of Prince's biggest hits—hits that continue charting.
When @MAJORLAZER brings out @Usher #TributetoPrince<3!! #Coachella #Weekend2<3! ???? pic.twitter.com/qqH68ccfLe
— Missy B (@dj_missyb) April 25, 2016
Usher wasn't alone as LCD Soundsystem also covered "Controversy" during their headlining performance and Jack Ü delivered a Prince-heavy set on Friday. Elsewhere, Sufjan Stevens and Gallant covered "Purple Rain," and Jhené Aiko also joined Gallant for a duet of "Diamonds and Pearls."
Gallant x Jhene Aiko. Diamonds and Pearls. #coachella #prince
A video posted by gerrick d. kennedy (@gerrickkennedy) on Apr 22, 2016 at 6:46pm PDT
The tributes kept pouring in. According to the Los Angeles Times, Ellie Goulding took on Prince's "When Doves Cry," Ice Cube wore purple shoes and a purple bandana, and Killer Mike delivered these potent words: "Prince, wherever you are, we are burning this to the ground in your name."
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text:
#include "config.h"
#include "core/frame/DOMTimer.h"

#include "core/dom/ExecutionContext.h"
#include "core/inspector/InspectorInstrumentation.h"
#include "core/inspector/InspectorTraceEvents.h"
#include "platform/TraceEvent.h"
#include "wtf/CurrentTime.h"

namespace blink {

static const int maxIntervalForUserGestureForwarding = 1000; // One second matches Gecko.
static const int maxTimerNestingLevel = 5;
static const double oneMillisecond = 0.001;
// Chromium uses a minimum timer interval of 4ms. We'd like to go
// lower; however, there are poorly coded websites out there which do
// create CPU-spinning loops.  Using 4ms prevents the CPU from
// spinning too busily and provides a balance between CPU spinning and
// the smallest possible interval timer.
static const double minimumInterval = 0.004;

static inline bool shouldForwardUserGesture(int interval, int nestingLevel)
{
    return UserGestureIndicator::processingUserGesture()
        && interval <= maxIntervalForUserGestureForwarding
        && nestingLevel == 1; // Gestures should not be forwarded to nested timers.
}

double DOMTimer::hiddenPageAlignmentInterval()
{
    // Timers on hidden pages are aligned so that they fire once per
    // second at most.
    return 1.0;
}

double DOMTimer::visiblePageAlignmentInterval()
{
    // Alignment does not apply to timers on visible pages.
    return 0;
}

int DOMTimer::install(ExecutionContext* context, PassOwnPtrWillBeRawPtr<ScheduledAction> action, int timeout, bool singleShot)
{
    int timeoutID = context->timers()->installNewTimeout(context, action, timeout, singleShot);
    TRACE_EVENT_INSTANT1(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("devtools.timeline"), "TimerInstall", "data", InspectorTimerInstallEvent::data(context, timeoutID, timeout, singleShot));
    InspectorInstrumentation::didInstallTimer(context, timeoutID, timeout, singleShot);
    return timeoutID;
}

void DOMTimer::removeByID(ExecutionContext* context, int timeoutID)
{
    context->timers()->removeTimeoutByID(timeoutID);
    TRACE_EVENT_INSTANT1(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("devtools.timeline"), "TimerRemove", "data", InspectorTimerRemoveEvent::data(context, timeoutID));
    InspectorInstrumentation::didRemoveTimer(context, timeoutID);
}

DOMTimer::DOMTimer(ExecutionContext* context, PassOwnPtrWillBeRawPtr<ScheduledAction> action, int interval, bool singleShot, int timeoutID)
    : SuspendableTimer(context)
    , m_timeoutID(timeoutID)
    , m_nestingLevel(context->timers()->timerNestingLevel() + 1)
    , m_action(action)
{
    ASSERT(timeoutID > 0);
    if (shouldForwardUserGesture(interval, m_nestingLevel))
        m_userGestureToken = UserGestureIndicator::currentToken();

    double intervalMilliseconds = std::max(oneMillisecond, interval * oneMillisecond);
    if (intervalMilliseconds < minimumInterval && m_nestingLevel >= maxTimerNestingLevel)
        intervalMilliseconds = minimumInterval;
    if (singleShot)
        startOneShot(intervalMilliseconds, FROM_HERE);
    else
        startRepeating(intervalMilliseconds, FROM_HERE);
}

DOMTimer::~DOMTimer()
{
}

void DOMTimer::dispose()
{
    m_action = nullptr;
    m_userGestureToken = nullptr;
    stop();
}

void DOMTimer::fired()
{
    ExecutionContext* context = executionContext();
    ASSERT(context);
    context->timers()->setTimerNestingLevel(m_nestingLevel);
    ASSERT(!context->activeDOMObjectsAreSuspended());
    // Only the first execution of a multi-shot timer should get an affirmative user gesture indicator.
    UserGestureIndicator gestureIndicator(m_userGestureToken.release());

    TRACE_EVENT1(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("devtools.timeline"), "TimerFire", "data", InspectorTimerFireEvent::data(context, m_timeoutID));
    InspectorInstrumentationCookie cookie = InspectorInstrumentation::willFireTimer(context, m_timeoutID);

    // Simple case for non-one-shot timers.
    if (isActive()) {
        if (repeatInterval() && repeatInterval() < minimumInterval) {
            m_nestingLevel++;
            if (m_nestingLevel >= maxTimerNestingLevel)
                augmentRepeatInterval(minimumInterval - repeatInterval());
        }

        // No access to member variables after this point, it can delete the timer.
        m_action->execute(context);

        InspectorInstrumentation::didFireTimer(cookie);

        return;
    }

    RefPtrWillBeRawPtr<DOMTimer> protect(this);

    // Unregister the timer from ExecutionContext before executing the action
    // for one-shot timers.
    OwnPtrWillBeRawPtr<ScheduledAction> action = m_action.release();
    context->timers()->removeTimeoutByID(m_timeoutID);

    action->execute(context);

    InspectorInstrumentation::didFireTimer(cookie);
    TRACE_EVENT_INSTANT1(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("devtools.timeline"), "UpdateCounters", "data", InspectorUpdateCountersEvent::data());

    // ExecutionContext might be already gone when we executed action->execute().
    if (executionContext())
        executionContext()->timers()->setTimerNestingLevel(0);
}

void DOMTimer::stop()
{
    SuspendableTimer::stop();
    // Need to release JS objects potentially protected by ScheduledAction
    // because they can form circular references back to the ExecutionContext
    // which will cause a memory leak.
    m_action.clear();
}

double DOMTimer::alignedFireTime(double fireTime) const
{
    double alignmentInterval = executionContext()->timerAlignmentInterval();
    if (alignmentInterval) {
        double currentTime = monotonicallyIncreasingTime();
        if (fireTime <= currentTime)
            return fireTime;

        // When a repeating timer is scheduled for exactly the
        // background page alignment interval, because it's impossible
        // for the timer to be rescheduled instantaneously, it misses
        // every other fire time. Avoid this by looking at the next
        // fire time rounded both down and up.

        double alignedTimeRoundedDown = floor(fireTime / alignmentInterval) * alignmentInterval;
        double alignedTimeRoundedUp = ceil(fireTime / alignmentInterval) * alignmentInterval;

        // If the version rounded down is in the past, discard it
        // immediately.

        if (alignedTimeRoundedDown <= currentTime)
            return alignedTimeRoundedUp;

        // Only use the rounded-down time if it's within a certain
        // tolerance of the fire time. This avoids speeding up timers
        // on background pages in the common case.

        if (fireTime - alignedTimeRoundedDown < minimumInterval)
            return alignedTimeRoundedDown;

        return alignedTimeRoundedUp;
    }

    return fireTime;
}

void DOMTimer::trace(Visitor* visitor)
{
    visitor->trace(m_action);
    SuspendableTimer::trace(visitor);
}

} // namespace blink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub