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15 Of The Best Guitar Riffs Of All Time
The best guitar riffs in rock have become part of the cultural fabric, shaping the face of music and influencing wannabe axe legends down the generations.
Martin Chilton
Some of the great songs of modern times – such as '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction)' or 'Smoke On The Water' – strike you as much for their distinctive guitar licks as their powerful lyrics. The guitar riff, which often opens a song and forms the main repetitive melodic anchor, has been a core part of blues, rock'n'roll and even punk songs for decades, and the best guitar riffs have changed the shape of music. Some of the early jazz guitarists (such as Charlie Christian, in Benny Goodman's pre-war sextet) were pioneers of the riff, paving the way for greats who followed – everybody from Chet Atkins, T Bone Walker and Jimi Hendrix to Van Halen, U2's The Edge, Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi and Rush's Alex Lifeson.
Hundreds of other superb guitarists have laid down classics that deserve to be placed among the best guitar riffs of all time, and the 15 we have chosen, in chronological order, include masterpieces by Chuck Berry and Eric Clapton.
This list of the best guitar riffs in music has missed out dozens of our own favourites – including 'Who's That Lady?' (The Isley Brothers), 'All Right Now' (Free), 'Seven Nation Army' (The White Stripes), 'Day Tripper' (The Beatles), 'Pretty Vacant' (Sex Pistols), 'Should I Stay or Should I Go?' (The Clash), 'There She Goes' (The La's), 'Mr Tambourine Man' (The Byrds), 'September' (Earth, Wind & Fire), 'Sweet Home Alabama' (Lynyrd Skynyrd) and 'Le Freak' (Chic) – but let us know your favourites in the comment section.
For now, here are 15 of the best guitar riffs of all time.
John Lee Hooker: 'Boogie Chillen'' (1948)
John Lee Hooker, the blues master whose introduction and hook on 1962's 'Boom Boom' is so mesmerising, had 13 years earlier come up with the ringing amplified guitar riff for 'Boogie Chillen''. He later said: "I wrote that song in Detroit when I was sitting around strumming my guitar. When I was a little kid I heard my stepfather Will Moore do it years and years before. It had that beat, and I just kept that beat up and I called it 'Boogie Chillen'." The song had a powerful influence on BB King as he was starting out in his career as a radio DJ.
Muddy Waters: 'Mannish Boy' (1955)
Muddy Waters embodied a sound that was all his own, and his classic blues song 'Mannish Boy', recorded on a Telecaster in 1955, inspired a generation of musicians, including The Rolling Stones. The repetitive guitar line on 'Mannish Boy' is stirring electric blues at its best, and has been replicated by countless musicians since, ensuring it will live on as one of the best guitar riffs in history. Waters gave a memorable performance of the song with The Band in 1976 for the concert movie The Last Waltz.
Chuck Berry: 'Johnny B Goode' (1958)
Chuck Berry's popular song about a country boy who can play the guitar "just like ringing a bell" sizzles from the opening note, and it is no surprise that it has been played on Spotify almost 100 million times. Credit where it's due, though, because Berry acknowledged he was imitating the opening guitar riff on Louis Jordan's 'Ain't That Just Like A Woman (They'll Do It Every Time)', which was played by Carl Hogan in 1946. However, Berry's inventive genius, as a singer, songwriter and performer, was transforming the rolling rhythms of Jordan and T-Bone Walker into the rhythmic foundation of rock'n'roll.
The Kinks: 'You Really Got Me' (1964)
After a couple of unsuccessful singles, young London rock band The Kinks were under pressure to deliver a hit, and they did so in spectacular style in August 1964 with 'You Really Got Me'. The arrangement was written by Ray Davies when he was messing around on the piano at home; guitarist Dave Davis came up with the distinctive riff by tearing the speaker cone of his amp to create this distorted guitar sound.
The Rolling Stones: '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction)' (1965)
On 12 June 1965, The Rolling Stones hit the charts with the all-time classic that became their first US No.1. With a riff famously composed by Keith Richards in a hotel room just before he fell asleep, the first version of the song, featuring harmonica by Brian Jones, was recorded at their spiritual home of Chess Studios in Chicago. Two days later, at RCA in Hollywood, they cut the version we all know, and rock history was made. "I'm the riff master," wrote Richards in his autobiography, Life. Indeed, there are no shortage of Stones songs vying for their place among the best guitar riffs in history. Though the power of 'Satisfaction' is undeniable, Richards believes he laid down a better riff with the acoustic one that opens 'Jumpin' Jack Flash'. "When you get a riff like 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' you get a great feeling of elation, a wicked glee," said Richards. "Flash is basically 'Satisfaction' in reverse. Nearly all of these riffs are closely related. But if someone said, 'You can play only one of your riffs ever again,' I'd say 'OK, give me 'Flash'."
Led Zeppelin: 'Whole Lotta Love' (1969)
Jimmy Page said he came up with the 'Whole Lotta Love' guitar riff – partly inspired by Chess Records legend Willie Dixon – while strumming a guitar on his houseboat on the River Thames in England during the summer of 1968. The single was a massive hit in the US and the riff was voted the greatest of all time by BBC Radio 2 listeners in 2014. "I wanted a riff that really moved, that people would really get, and would bring a smile to their faces, but when I played it with the band, it really went into overdrive," Page said. "There was this intent to have this riff and the movement of it, so it was menacing as well as quite sort of caressing." Many of Page's fellow-musicians have hailed it as one of the best guitar riffs of all time. Dave Grohl and Prince once jammed together playing the song, the former recalling, "It was, I swear to God, the most amazing experience of my entire life, and there was nobody there."
Derek And The Dominoes: 'Layla' (1970)
'Layla' was one of the high-water marks for 70s rock. Eric Clapton was inspired to write the first part of the song after being given a copy of the Persian classical poet Nizami Ganjavi's book The Story Of Layla And Majnun. As we now know, it is Clapton's love song to Pattie Boyd, who at that time was married to George Harrison. (She later married Clapton.) Clapton's multi-layered guitars create a riff that is timeless and distinctive; the guitarist was, of course, also behind the riff for Cream's 'Sunshine Of Your Love', during a period in which acolytes called him "God".
Deep Purple: 'Smoke On The Water' (1972)
Deep Purple guitarist Richie Blackmore insists that to play 'Smoke On The Water' properly, a guitarist must always pluck and never use a pick. One of rock's most recognisable guitar riffs was written during a jam session in Switzerland when Deep Purple were recording the album Machine Head. Blackmore, who worked out the riff with drummer Ian Paice, later recalled that they were just trying to create "something straightforward" to play. He said, "We were in this big ballroom in Montreux and the police arrived to tell us to stop, because we were playing so loud that there were complaints. We kept the door locked so that we could keep recording that particular take. The police were hammering on the door during the final take in the last three minutes of the recording session. Had the Montreux police had their way, we never would've recorded 'Smoke On The Water'."
Queen: 'Killer Queen' (1974)
Lots of Queen songs have beautiful chord progressions and potent solos by guitarist Brian May, and a number of their hits have great riffs, including 'Stone Cold Crazy'. Perhaps their finest riff, though, can be heard on 'Killer Queen'. "I was in hospital and almost dying when I heard that. They brought me in the harmonies and waited for me to finish the song," said May. He used his trademark Red Special guitar for a solo that was multitracked to get the distinctive cascading effect.
Aerosmith: 'Walk This Way' (1975)
Joe Perry's riff for 'Walk This Way' is still frequently imitated by young guitarists hoping to master the instrument. Perry came up with it during a soundcheck in Honolulu when he decided to do something more adventurous than a "normal boring chord progression". One of the best guitar riffs in rock (later sampled by Run-DMC for their rock/hip-hop crossover classic) had to wait a while for lyrics, however, but when Aerosmith band members watched the Mel Brooks movie Young Frankenstein, which includes a line where a limping Marty Feldman tells Gene Wilder to "walk this way", singer Steven Tyler began composing the words to one of the guitar world's most iconic tunes.
AC/DC: 'Back In Black' (1980)
AC/DC's tribute to former singer Bon Scott, who had died in February 1980, aged 33, is the stirring 'Back In Black', with Angus Young's guitar riff a masterclass in using the E minor pentatonic scale. The sizzling riff has helped make the song a fixture in modern culture, appearing in dozens of blockbuster movies, including Iron Man, Black Hawk Down and School Of Rock.
The Smiths: 'This Charming Man' (1983)
Fans of The Smiths would probably differ on which song constitutes guitarist Johnny Marr's best riff. While many might favour his playing on 'How Soon Is Now?' or 'What Difference Does It Make?', our vote goes to 'This Charming Man'. Marr originally wrote one of modern pop music's most instantly recognisable opening riffs for a BBC radio session with John Peel. The guitarist's fluid and infectious playing perfectly complements Morrissey's morose lyrics and mournful singing.
Dire Straits: 'Money For Nothing' (1985)
This classic from Dire Straits' Brothers In Arms album contains one of the most instantly recognisable opening riffs in rock history. Mark Knopfler talked to ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons to get some ideas before recording the track. He changed his usual guitar model to use a 1958 Gibson Les Paul so he could get just the right percussive fingerstyle-infused riff. The video was an MTV classic, too.
Guns N' Roses: 'Sweet Child O' Mine' (1988)
London-born Slash delivered an amazing solo and one of his most epic guitar intros on 1988's 'Sweet Child O' Mine' for Guns N' Roses. During a rehearsal session, Slash said he was fooling around with a riff and singer Axl Rose cried out: "Hold the f__king phones! That's amazing!" A hit was born. "Within an hour, my guitar exercise had become something else," Slash explained in his autobiography.
Nirvana: 'Smells Like Teen Spirit' (1991)
Nearly three decades after it was recorded, Nirvana's signature single, 'Smells Like Teen Spirit', still sounds raw and exciting. Kurt Cobain was attempting to write the "ultimate pop song" when he came up with the guitar riff. He also wanted to pen something in the style of Pixies, telling Rolling Stone magazine in 1994, "I was basically trying to rip off the Pixies. I have to admit it." The four-chord pattern of the riff is unoriginal but the quiet-loud dynamic contrasts of the song, and Cobain's visceral delivery, add to the potency of one of the best guitar riffs of the 90s.
Looking for more? Discover the best guitarists of all time.
Related Topics:AC/DCAerosmithChuck BerryDeep PurpleDerek and the DominosDire StraitsGuns n RosesHomepage ListsJohn Lee HookerLed ZeppelinMuddy WatersNirvanaPink FloydRockRock LegendsRock Legends FeaturedRockteoberThe Rolling StonesThe SmithsuDiscover Lists
Steve Gagne
I can't disagree with any of the songs listed or with any of the additional songs listed by the author of the article. Many of these songs are the reason why I love rock music. I would like to add a lesser known tune that I always thought had a very striking guitar intro: Go All the Way by the Raspberries. Wally Bryson is no Jimmy Page but he did alright on this one.
No Steely Dan? Elliot Randall's "Reelin' In the Years" certainly. Even Jimmy Page agrees.
Paul Winston
With Reelin' In the Years you are talking about a solo, not a riff. Big difference.
One of the Greatest LIVE ADVENTURES AL KOOPER&Mike Bloomfield-DEAR MR FANTASY
White album-Beatles While my guitar gently weeps. Let's also not forget Badge.
Loopster
What ?? No Jimi Hendrix ? No Alvin Lee ? No Allman Brothers ? This list is a joke.
Julio Alves
Fully agrre! And no Beatles??????
Jason Nielsen
I can't take any list seriously when smells like teen spirit is included, yet master of puppets is not. There isn't a single metal riff on there and the breakdown riff for Angel of Death by Slayer, Holy Wars by Megadeth, Crazy Train by Ozzy, any of the previously mentioned riffs would take the Pepsi challenge with anything on this list. Even if you want to disregard the entire metal genre, there's still much more credibility than that listed above. Eric Clapton, Joe Satriani, Dream Theater. Smells like teen spirit is nothing more than the same four guitar chords, you might as well throw on some Green Day.
Richie A
25 or 6 to 4….need I say more !???
Cardinal sin is to leave off Issac Hayes "Shaft". Baddest guitar rift of all times.
Re: Layla. Duane Allman was the one who came up with the Layla riff. Why he rarely gets credit for it escapes me. Duane was truly an original, inspirational and eclectic guitar player. That album wouldn't be near the classic it became to be without Duane Allman.
Dave g
My sentiments exactly Kitty. Duanne was the real muse for Eric on that album. They should have done their research.
Ken George
Duane set the standard for slide guitar. Clapton was kind of an asshole who didn't mind taking credit for the Layla sound. After all the whole album was about his friend's wife.
STEVE BUECHLER
How about Jessica by Allman brothers. I run wine tours in Napa valley an everybody loves the song. Jimmy Page has some Amazin riffs in many songs including using the violin while playing guitar.
Everybody that played guitar that was famous in England went to hear Hendrix, he was the most unique
Anyone heard of Led Zeppelin… little tune called Stairway to Heaven???
The same artists every time, can you not give someone else the glory for once. Out of hundreds of thousands of songs its the same old faces. Pointless poll. There must be more creative thought than this, change the record ……please
Mark Ogle
Over Under Sideways Down by The Yardbirds would be nice. Jeff Beck, in high gear.
Rock & Roll Hootchie Koo, anyone?
Ahhh, just about any thing from David Gilmour, "Wearing the Inside Out" comes to mind. Look up "Eddie Hazel Houston 1979". That will blow you the fuck away. Talk about a riff. George Clinton stopped him from continuing, George shoulda let him fly.
Robin Trower was known for his melodic riffs. Give "Caravan to Midnight" a listen.
Cream, "Sunshine of Your Love"…
Jon Oluf Brodersen
You are mossing out on the most played air guitar riff of all times: Hotel.California with the Eagles. Now that is what I and probably the rest of the world would call truly epic.
John Arevalo
I was under the impression that a riff was a single note line, as in Satisfaction. Songs like Smells Like Teen Spirit are a chord pattern, not a riff.
But, no Hendrix? Seriously?
J. Keith Riley
I think of "Heaven on their Minds" from Jesus Christ Superstar
Hmmm….no Frank Zappa…Joe's Garage an air guitarist's heaven….
1973 live intro to Sweet Jane by Lou Reed
Cream – Sunshine of Your Love!
One of rock's greatest riff creators: Tony Iommi. Allways in the riff top ten in guitar periodicals.
He's not one of my top thirty favorite guitarist, but for iconic riffs, it's shameful omission.
Tunester
I completely agree! Not really one of my favourite guitarists, but a riff master, almost unequaled. Savoy Brown's "Street Corner Talking" is probably not really well known but it's got a great riff.
Brent White
David Bowie. Rebel Rebel.
Heart: barracuda, crazy on you, magic man riffs are second to none. Never get any credit for being one of the greatest rock bands ever
Stranglehold, anyone? Uncle Ted's best riff!
BOC Don't Fear the Reaper???
This should be on every "best riff" list.
Sonny James Little Band Of Gold
Insanejames
Breadfan anyone??
Free Ride by the Edgar Winter Group,
Fun, Fun, Fun, by the Beach Boys,
I'm your Captain by Grand Funk Railroad
I can't disagree with most of this list, classics for sure. But I agree with John A. "Smells Like Teen Spirit" doesn't really have a distinguishable riff. One of the greatest rock songs ever, but the slurry of chords underlying the main theme isn't a riff per se.
For recording artists famous for their great guitar riffs, I would suggest:
And the immortal "Shake Some Action" by the Flaming Groovies
Mark casma
Wow im sorry but Eddie van Halen should be on the top of this list!! Van Halen changed music for the 80,s and 90,s you have the kinks "you relly got me" on your list but listen to Van halens rendition of " you relly got me"
Big johnson
Eddie Van Halen rewrote the book when he hit the scene. Yet, curt kobain is on this list? After I completed 1 full year of my guitar lessons, i could out play curt contain! What yuppie made this list?
This guy knows.
Most of these arent even "riffs". You have the smiths on there and not even one from Ted Nugent? Disgracefull. Half his songs had better riffs than most of these.
Hotel California? Day tripper?
shawn bradley
Heart "Barracuda" nuff said!Q
Douglas Trimble
How can Iron Man not be on the list?
gordo53
One of my all time favs is Knopfler's Sultans of Swing.
The best!!!
Albert Cooksey
Long Train Runnin would be at the top of my list. Too soft rock for everybody? I think Billy Zoom was also a fan if that one.
Howard S
Was there a cut off point at the mid 90s and onwards. Plenty of fantastic riffs from green day, the killers, sterephonics, oasis, r.e.m, suede, weezer etc. The songs listed are fantastic and how do you narrow it to 15,but to have none past 1991 is disingenuous.
OMG! The great guitar legends are having a fit! Ernie Isley, Eddie Hazel, Jimi Hendrix! They must be shaking their heads at this list because I am! Pathetic is all I can say!
Cristian Connolly
How can u name EVH and Hendrix as greats and then not put them on the list? With so many great van Halen riffs such as aint Talkin bout love, running with the devil, beautiful girls, unchained, panama, hot for teacher, mean street and more.
What the Who?
This is disgraceful, how do you forget the most iconic riff of all time – Seven Nation Army?
Seven Nation Army?
Steady As She Goes- The Raconteurs
Eminence Front plays it and says it;.
Pink Floyd – Comfortably Numb and Shine On You Crazy Diamond
Two words…Killing Floor. This article is therefore stupid… Also, coulda, shoulda been a mention of Bo Diddley. EVERYONE copied him…
How about Jeff Lynn and ELO, got some great riffs on Showdown!


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LaFromboise Island and Farm Island - Trail Running
Farm Island Recreation Area
Lisa Harsma
LaFromboise Island Nature Area and Farm Island Recreation Area have almost 30 miles for trail runners to explore, with plenty of opportunities for outdoors fun and wildlife watching.
Abbie Mood
Farm Island has eight miles of trails and LaFramboise Island has 21.5 miles of trails, which options ranging from three miles to 14.5. The Lewis and Clark trail connect the two islands.
143.7 miles
The trails on both islands are gravel, dirt, or sand and are easy for children and adults of all ages.
You can spend anywhere from 30 minutes to a few hours running on the trails on the islands.
Both parks are open year-round. Part of the LaFramboise Island closes during the winter, spring and early summer due to bald eagle roosting.
LaFramboise Island Nature Area has no fee. Farm Island Recreation Area has a daily fee of $4 per person or $6 per vehicle. There is also an annual pass for $30 for the first vehicle, $15 for the second vehicle.
Farm Island Recreation Area - Trail Running
Farm Island Recreation Area and LaFramboise Island Nature Area, located on the Missouri River in South Dakota, have nearly 30 miles of trails for runners to explore. Farm Island is well-known for camping, swimming, hiking, running, bird watching, and cycling, while LaFramboise Island is covered in trees and meadows, making it popular for wildlife and birdwatching.
The trail running on both islands is relatively easy, with smooth paths made of gravel, dirt, or sand. There are individual trails on each island, or runners can get on the Lewis and Clark Trail that goes through both. It's a great place for a quick jog, a longer training run, or a walk with the family.
The most popular trail within Farm Island Recreation Area is the 3-mile Nature Exploration Trail. It gives visitors a good overview of the plant and animal life on the island, and many don't realize that Farm Island wasn't always the wilderness that visitors see today. Of course, it was that way back when Lewis and Clark passed through the area, but over the last 200 years the island has changed from wilderness to farming to resort facilities and back to almost wilderness.
The 7-mile LaFramboise Island Trail can be broken into smaller loops, but is a popular route around the island. LaFramboise was originally known as "Bad Humor" Island because of some trouble Lewis and Clark had with a band of Sioux Indians near the Bad River, and then the name was changed when Joseph La Framboise built Fort La Framboise in 1817 for the American Fur Company. The island has a ton of diversity in both plants and animals, and deer and wild turkeys are often spotted. The endangered least tern and bald eagle have also been seen here.
The main attraction of both islands is the Lewis and Clark Trail. It runs 14.5 miles from Farm Island through LaFramboise Island to Oahe Downstream, and is an easy paved/gravel/limestone path.
The trails at Farm Island Recreation Area and LaFramboise Island Nature Area are perfect for families who want to explore nature or trail runners looking to get in a decent workout. The running isn't going to be difficult, but there is the opportunity to for a longer workout with the Lewis and Clark trail. Farm Island requires an entry fee, but you can save a few bucks if you start on LaFramboise Island.
Both islands are just south of Pierre, South Dakota.
Camping is available on Farm Island.
Snakes, ticks and poison ivy are common in the area.
Similar Local Trail Running Spots
Trail Running - Mickelson Trail
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Live like a South Dakota local whenever, wherever

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Ejercicios Present Simple. Affirmative, negative and interrogative.
Conjuga el verbo en present simple/presente simple correctamente.
Completa con la palabra correcta.
Martha never _______ (watch) television.
He always_____(play) football with us.
She ____ up very early.
John never ____ fresh fish.
He often ____ swimming on Thursdays.
_______ he _______ (want) to eat?
John_______ (study) English at university.
She do not speak French.
She does not speak French.
I _______ (not/do) my homework.
I not do my homework.
I don't do my homework.
I sometimes__________(go) to work by car.
Harry always _______ (watch) television.
Martin and I _______ (not/live) in a big house.
Julia _______ (study) English at university.
_______ he _______ (want) to play?
They always _______ (eat) dinner at 8 o'clock.
Ejercicios Present Simple. Afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo.
Revise and do it again!
You can do it better!Go for it!
Ejercicios verbo "to be" (2): frases afirmativa, negativas e interrogativas.


This is a webinar I did for the Herbal Medic Chapter of the American Herbalists Guild. In it, I talk about the effects of trauma and how to help people deal with it. The video contains a lot of good information on the nature of trauma and emotional healing. You can watch the YouTube recording in the window below.
I did a whole series on emergency preparedness and my view on prophecy on my personal website. So, if you're interested in preparedness, check out my Prophecy and Preparedness webinar series. It's also a playlist on YouTube.


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Gisèle Guillemot (24 February 1922 – February 2013) was an award-winning French writer and a member of the French Resistance during the Second World War.

Early life
Gisèle Guillemot was born and brought up at Mondeville in the Calvados region; her mother was from Normandy and her father was Italian.

Wartime activities
Aged 18 when the Germans occupied France in 1940, Guillemot worked as a shorthand typist. She became politically active and was a Communist sympathiser.
By spring 1941 she was in charge of the "Front patriotique de la jeunesse" in Calvados. She joined the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans, and was involved in sabotaging German trains during 1942 and 1943. On 9 April 1943 she was arrested, along with other members of her network.

After a trial beginning in June, she was condemned to death on 13 July 1943, along with fourteen men and one other woman, a teacher named Edmone Robert. All their male counterparts were shot, but Guillemot and Robert had their sentences commuted to imprisonment. After a stay at Fresnes Prison, where Guillemot wrote poems in a notebook that she managed to smuggle past the authorities, they were deported to prisons at Lübeck and Cottbus, and finally, under the "Nacht und Nebel" directive, to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where they arrived in the autumn of 1944. After a transfer to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, Guillemot was freed by the International Red Cross on 23 April 1945, and arrived back at Caen on 1 May. Her condition was such that she subsequently spent three months recuperating at a sanatorium in Switzerland.

Post-war
After her return to health, Guillemot campaigned on behalf of the Fédération nationale des déportés et internés résistants et patriotes, which was formed in 1945. She wrote many articles and several books, notably Entre parenthèses, de Colombelles à Mauthausen, which received the Prix François Millepierres from the Académie française in 2002.

Published works
 Une fin d'année à Dantzig, Paris, FNDIRP, 1996 .
 Entre parenthèses de Colombelles (Calvados) à Mathausen [sic] (Autriche), 1943-1945, Paris, l'Harmattan, 2001, 279 p.
 Des mots contre l'oubli : résistance et déportation, le Struthof, Cabourg, Éd. Cahiers du temps, 2004, 63 p. .
 Elles... revenir, Paris, Éd. Tirésias, 2006, 60 p.  ; rééd. 2007.
 Résistante : mémoires d'une femme de la Résistance à la déportation, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Michel Lafon, 2009, 209 p.  ; avec Samuel Humez.

References

1922 births
2013 deaths
French Resistance members
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors

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/content/basf/www/fr/fr/media
/content/basf/www/fr/fr/media/science-around-us1
/content/basf/www/fr/fr/media/science-around-us1/color-filter
Science Around Us
Compact catalytic converter system from BASF removes gaseous pollutants as well as particulates
Flat screens show their true colors
Innovative pigments from BASF improve television image quality
Tiny but stable
Nanoscale pigments for a high-contrast viewing experience
Less scattering of light
Smaller and more regular pigment crystals for enhanced image brilliance
Enormous color diversity
Green, red, and blue filters for millions of colors
Cathode ray tube television sets have long had their day. Flat screen TVs now provide energy-efficient, low-emission entertainment in three out of four German households, according to the Federal Statistical Office. And this figure is rising, Germans are estimated to have purchased eight million flat screen television sets in 2015, most of which are LCDs. LCD technology is also the basis for many other contemporary communication devices, including smartphones, laptops and tablets. After all, with experts forecasting six percent global annual sales growth for flat-panel displays until 2020.
LCD stands for liquid crystal display. Liquid crystals form the basis for billions of flat-panel displays. The American, George H. Heilmeier, unveiled the first monochrome LCD monitor to the expert community in 1968. Commercialization of the first color monitors took another 20 years. Flat screen TVs started sweeping the world in the 1990s, mainly because of the availability of high-performance color filter materials.
The images on a liquid crystal display with the standard resolution are made up of about two million picture elements, better known as pixels. The color filter pigments attached to the liquid crystal cells are what give each pixel its color. Screen contrast and color purity remain a challenge, however.
Dr. Hans Reichert (center), head of colorants research at BASF, reviews application samples of the red color filter pigment with colleagues Ger de Keyzer (left) and Dr. Roman Lenz (right).
Pigment properties make all the difference
Red, green, and blue: Every pixel contains these three primary colors. The colors are composed of tiny crystals about a thousand times smaller in diameter than a human hair. The crystals act as a filter for the white backlight and only allow light waves from a selected range of the visible spectrum to pass through. These light waves show one of the three colors in its purest possible form. The filters block all the other wavelengths. "A good pigment has a significant impact on the brilliance of the colors the viewer sees," said Dr. Hans Reichert, head of colorants research at BASF.
"Although perfect color selection is not feasible with absorbing materials, we come fairly close to perfection with our red filters." Color purity also has an impact on the range of colors available. The greater the purity of the three primary colors, the more permutations that can be achieved by mixing them – and the more colorful the image.
The picture shows a chemical reaction in the lab yielding diketopyrrolopyrroles, the substances BASF's red filter pigments are made of. Diketopyrrolopyrroles are aromatic organic ring compounds mainly consisting of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
The basic principle is simple. When the color red appears on the screen, the corresponding subpixel lets the red portion of light pass through and absorbs the rest. The other two subpixels – for blue and green – are deactivated when this happens. If, on the other hand, light penetrates through the red and green subpixel while the blue is deactivated, the colors combine to give a rich yellow. Fine-tuning the portions of the three primary colors in this manner produces millions of hues.
The liquid crystals fine-tune the blend of colors by twisting the plane of oscillation of the light waves. "This determines the brightness and color of the subpixels," said Ger de Keyzer, in charge of applications engineering for color filter materials at BASF. "The liquid crystals change direction, and in that way alter their optical properties depending on the voltage applied." They rotate the plane of oscillation of light waves to allow the light to pass through the second polarization filter. When an electrical field is applied, however, the crystals prevent some or all of the light from getting through.
To ensure that subpixels switch on and off the way they are supposed to, it is essential to prevent interferences from the color filter pigments. Any interferences resulting in scattering and depolarization of light will allow the light to pass uncontrolled through the filter. This contaminates the colors and compromises the contrast.
Smaller the better
"A good rule of thumb is: The smaller and more regular the crystals, the lower the scattering and the better the LCD image quality," de Keyzer said. Researchers control the process mainly by managing the conditions in which pigment crystallization takes place. The underlying molecular structure is what determines which parts of the color spectrum are filtered out.
The organic red pigments that BASF manufactures consist mainly of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and belong to the class of diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs). Blue and green pigments are phthalocyanine metal complex compounds. The raw product produced through chemical synthesis is mainly composed of irregular particles. They must then be brought into the ideal size and shape. This is done by a process called pigment finishing. Crystals that are too small are dissolved and precipitated onto the larger crystals. Crystals that are too large are broken into smaller pieces by a mechanical process until the balance is right. Dr. Roman Lenz, BASF lab team leader in charge of new color filter material synthesis, explained: "Our technology gives us color particles of 20 to 40 nanometers – small enough to reduce light scattering to an absolute minimum but large enough to provide a high degree of stability." BASF has honed the technology almost to perfection with its products. The color particles in the latest generation of the Irgaphor® Red product suite are smaller than 0.00004 millimeters, and have double the contrast performance of their predecessors.
Tomorrow's television screens will have to meet even higher expectations in terms of resolution and color purity. In anticipation of the new demands, Lenz and his colleagues are taking their lab experiments one step further. Their aim is to find new materials that will show colors in an even more natural light.
Interview with Dr. Christian Bosshard, President, Thin Film Optics, Swiss Research and Development Center CSEM, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Energy efficiency is an important issue with smartphones. How can pigments help liquid crystal display devices to use less power?
The greater the capacity of color filters to cut out a selected part of the color spectrum and let that light pass completely through, the more they will help in cutting electricity consumption. If, say, only 50 percent of the color gets through, more white backlight needs to travel through the pigment to be able to get an intense color experience. Energy consumption rises. Ultimately, energy efficiency is a product of the art of chemistry.
What part does chemistry play, exactly?
The molecules forming the color-filtering crystals need to be distributed such that they absorb exactly the light that they're supposed to. However, they should not scatter any light, because scattering is one of the ways light gets lost. This means designing nanoparticle synthesis conditions inhibit crystal growth. The smaller and more regular the particles, the less scattering you get. A sphere would be ideal, but you can't create a sphere with crystals.
What new challenges will the television of the future bring?
The color filter materials for the new 4K TVs are 40 nanometers in diameter, which is already small enough and homogeneous enough to produce high-quality images. Performance expectations will probably be even higher for the next generation of 8K TVs, the first prototypes of which have been unveiled. Still, we have to ask ourselves where the limits are. Improvement in one area often entails deterioration in another. The smaller the color particles, for instance, the less stable they will be. At the end of the day, it's all about finding the right balance.
A few grams of a red diketopyrrolopyrrole-based color filter pigment immediately after synthesis in the lab. The pigment is produced by the ton following a production scale-up.
To speak the language of liquid crystal display technology, here are some technical terms you need to know:
The resolution is a measure of image sharpness, based on the total number of pixels. Full HD (high definition) TV screens have a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, or more than two million red, blue, and green pixels.
Liquid crystals are substances that combine some of the properties of liquids and crystals. Their alignment is controlled by electrical fields. Liquid crystals control the color accuracy of the display.
The contrast is the difference between the brightest and darkest possible state of a subpixel. To achieve high contrast, a subpixel needs to be as dark as possible when switched off.
LCD stands for liquid crystal display and is a collective term for liquid crystal displays in devices of all kinds, including watches, TVs, smartphones, and tablets.
LED stands for light-emitting diode. Most LCD televisions on sale today use LED as the white backlight for the screen. Even if the screen is completely black, the backlight still shines.
A light wave is an electromagnetic wave emitted by a light source. It oscillates in all directions.
A pixel is also known as picture element. Pixels are the smallest image elements in displays. They contain red, blue, and green pigments in their subpixels. The more pixels, the sharper and more detailed the image.
A polarization filter only lets light waves through whose electrical field oscillates in a particular direction (polarization).
A subpixel is the smallest possible unit of a liquid crystal display. Each pixel is composed of three subpixels, one for each of the three primary colors – red, blue, and green.
Ultra-HD stands for ultra-high definition. This technology is also known as 4K. Ultra-HD devices deliver four times more pixels than HD displays – about eight million.
Christian Böhme
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How did a 4-year old girl learn 7 languages?
By Michael / English, Language Learning Techniques, Polyglottism / 6 minutes of reading
In this article, I'm going to interview Yulia, the mother of Bella, a 4-year old girl who speaks 7 languages.
How many years did Bella speak? How old was Bella when she first spoke a foreign language? In your opinion, what prompted Bella to speak different languages at such a young age?
Bella began to talk at exactly 2 years of age in Russian, English and French. At that time, she studied these 3 languages.
I started talking with Bella in Russian and English from the very first days of her life, and I tried to keep a balance with these languages (ie about the same number of hours per week of communication in both languages).
Within 10 months, we began to slowly introduce French into our everyday communication. But in French we talked much less (3 times a week for 1 hour). Nevertheless, the results in French were no worse than in Russian and English.
Bella perfectly understood speech in all 3 languages and could build sentences of 3-4 words. I think, at the heart of her success lies a sincere interest in communication in different languages.
Bella really likes to communicate in different languages. Most likely, Bella felt that I was interested in learning languages and I was so happy with her successes that she took up my interest in languages too.
I interviewed the British polyglot Richard Simcott (who speaks 30 languages), now he teaches his daughter 5 languages.
From the point of view of the parent, what are the benefits for a child who speaks many languages? Are there any difficulties or disadvantages in this situation? What would be your advice to other parents who want to bring up children in different languages to get the best possible results?
A child who speaks several languages feels very free in communicating with people. Already now I see how Bella communicates freely with children and adults anywhere in the world.
Last year we visited China, Germany, Italy, Australia, USA, Canada, Vietnam, Holland. In each country, Bella had the opportunity to communicate with the locals in their own language (or in English).
In most cases, I see that languages help learn others but sometimes the construction from one language the child carries into other languages. I wrote about this here
The basic rules for the education of artificial multilingual:
1) to start communicating with the child in different languages, you need to start as early as possible, preferably before the end of the first year. Then the child will perceive languages quite naturally without any resistance from outside. The earlier a child begins to hear speech in one or another language, the closer his or her level will be to that of a native.
2) each language should be studied by the immersion method; without using translation into other languages
3) it is necessary to create a positive attitude towards learning the language, i.e. invent interesting activities for communication in the language (for example, fun board games, walks, reading interesting children's books, etc.
Do you help Bella learn languages, or does she exclusively deal with teachers or native speakers?
I myself deal with Bella in Russian and English. I also read some books with her in French. Sometimes I help teach her Chinese characters. But otherwise Bella speaks languages with teachers who are native speakers.
However, I try to offer the teachers interesting options for conducting the classes.
For example, with the French teacher Bella is engaged in cooking, with the German teacher drawing, with the Chinese teacher it's music, with the Spanish teacher the studies it's chemistry.
Also from time to time we arrange entertainment trips in different languages. With her teachers, Bella goes to the zoo, to the amusement park, to the museum, to the aquarium and so on.
How many hours a day does Bella spend studying foreign languages?
Usually, Bella has 3-4 classes of languages a day (each for 1.5 hours).
How do you choose the language that Bella should study? Does she often confuse words from the different languages during a conversation? If so, is she aware of this?
When choosing languages, I take into account how popular this or that language is in the world, and I also try to choose languages from different language groups.
The last language (Italian) Bella chose herself and persuaded me to find an Italian teacher for her. Bella rarely confuses words from different languages.
Usually, if she can not remember the word, she just asks me how this word will be in the right language.
How does Bella communicate with children who speak only one language? Is she trying to talk to them in other languages?
Bella communicates with children in the languages they can speak. If this is only Russian then Bella communicates with him in Russian. If the child speaks different languages, Bella will be happy to talk with him or her in the other languages too.
We also arrange for Bella in our joint home language classes with other children. In those, the teacher speaks each language with 2-3 children at once. Children find it more fun to practice the language in a mini group.
How was Bella's success on TV for her? Does she realize her popularity as a young polyglot? Do you see any negative or positive points in this?
Many of Bella's appearances on TV have gained millions of views on the Internet. Now Bella already understands that many people know her because she has performed on TV. She is used to being recognized on the streets in different countries of the world and she takes this notice with joy.
We have not notice any negative influence of fame on her. And we ourselves try to prevent Bella from feeling like a star, a genius, or some sort of special child. Bella is an ordinary child, just in her life sometimes they are shooting her on TV.
Do you think that it is easier for children to learn languages than for adults or not?
It is certainly easier for small children to perceive languages. The most favorable age for learning languages is up to 3 years of age.
Up to 3 years of age, the child learns the language at the subconscious level (without rules and grammar) and only at an older age the child already perceives the language as foreign.
What are your plans for the future? Will Bella learn new languages in the near future? And do you think there are any limitations in the number of languages to be learnt in childhood?
We do not plan to add any new languages but only if Bella herself expresses such a desire . I think if an adult polyglot is able to speak 30-40 languages then for the child there are practically no restrictions on the number of languages.
Provided that the child enjoys learning languages and does so with a positive attitude.
Do you think that Bella can enter the history books by speaking the most languages (like Mezzofanti, for example, who spoke around 40 languages)? Maybe she can even go down in history as the first person to speak 100 languages?
We do not set any ambitious goals for Bella's future. For us, it's important that Bella finds a favorite thing in life and does what she really enjoys.
We never planned to publicize this at all even her TV appearance happened quite by accident.
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Issue 1, 1986, volume 29
The twenty-fifth anniversary of the laser
A.M. Prokhorov "On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the laser" 29 1–2 (1986)
A.M. Prokhorov "A new generation of solid-state lasers" 29 3–19 (1986)
N.G. Basov, P.G. Eliseev, Yu.M. Popov "Semiconductor lasers" 29 20–30 (1986)
N.G. Basov, V.A. Danilychev "Condensed- and compressed-gas lasers" 29 31–56 (1986)
G.A. Mesyats, Yu.D. Korolev "High-pressure volume discharges in gas lasers" 29 57–69 (1986)
V.S. Letokhov "Laser-induced processes in spectroscopy, isotope separation, and photochemistry" 29 70–81 (1986)
S.N. Bagaev, V.P. Chebotaev "Laser frequency standards" 29 82–103 (1986)
A.A. Manenkov, A.M. Prokhorov "Laser-induced damage in solids" 29 104–122 (1986)
"The XXVII Congress of the CPSU and the tasks for Soviet science" 29 123–125 (1986)
Reviews of topical problems
V.G. Grishin "Hadronization of quarks and gluons into hadron jets at high energies" 29 126–165 (1986)
E.M. Dianov, A.M. Prokhorov "Lasers and fiber optics" 29 166–178 (1986)
N.G. Basov "Quantum electronics at the P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (FIAN) [Text of an address presented March 21, 1985 at the International Conference on Lasers and Electrooptics (CLEO '85) Baltimore, USA, dedicated to the 25th anniversary of quantum electronics]" 29 179–185 (1986)
S.S. Rozhkov "Dynamics of the order parameter of superfluid phases of helium-3" 29 186–198 (1986)
From the current literature
A.I. Golovashkin "Superconductors with unusual properties and possibilities of increasing the critical temperature" 29 199–209 (1986)
S.P. Kapitsa, A.B. Kurepin "International seminar on semiclassical description of atomic and nuclear collisions (Held at the Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, 24-31 March 1985)" 29 210–211 (1986)
V.L. Ginzburg, V.P. Glushko, A.M. Dykhne, B.G. Konopel'chenko, E.M. Lifshitz, M.A. Markov, A.Z. Patashinskii, V.L. Pokrovskii, M.P. Ryutova, A.N. Skrinskii, G.I. Surdutovich, E.L. Feinberg, B.V. Chirikov "Yurii Borisovich Rumer (Obituary)" 29 212–213 (1986)
I.G. Dymnikova "Motion of particles and photons in the gravitational field of a rotating body (In memory of Vladimir Afanas'evich Ruban)" 29 215–237 (1986)
E.P. Bashkin "Spin waves and quantum collective phenomena in Boltzmann gases" 29 238–259 (1986)
V.N. Ochkin, N.G. Preobrazhenskii, N.N. Sobolev, N.Ya. Shaparev "Optogalvanic effect in plasmas and gases" 29 260–280 (1986)
From the history of physics
Ya.A. Smorodinskii "P. A. M. Dirac (8 August 1902-20 October 1984)" 29 281–285 (1986)
Yu.N. Denisyuk "Imaging wave fields by means of static and Doppler three-dimensional holograms." 29 286–287 (1986)
Yu.T. Mazurenko "Holography of time-varying waves through diffraction of pulsed light" 29 287–288 (1986)
G.I. Lashkov "Energy transport involving triplet states in phase recording of light." 29 288–289 (1986)
V.I. Sukhanov "Phase holograms in recording media with dispersive refraction" 29 289–290 (1986)
K.K. Rebane "Space-time holography of ultrafast events through spectral hole burning" 29 290–292 (1986)
I.K. Yanson "Nonequilibrium electrons and phonons in microcontracts" 29 292–293 (1986)
A.F. Andreev, A.S. Borovik-Romanov, V.L. Ginzburg, L.P. Gor'kov, I.E. Dzyaloshinskii, Ya.B. Zel'dovich, M.I. Kaganov, L.P. Pitaevskii, E.L. Feinberg, I.M. Khalatnikov "Evgenii Mikhailovich Lifshitz (Obituary)" 29 294–295 (1986)
V.F. Kovalenko, E.L. Nagaev "Photoinduced magnetism" 29 297–321 (1986)
R.O. Zaitsev, E.V. Kuz'min, S.G. Ovchinnikov "Fundamental ideas on metal-dielectric transitions in 3d-metal compounds" 29 322–342 (1986)
L.M. Kovrizhnykh, S.V. Shchepetov "Present state of the theory of the MHD equilibrium and stability of stellarator plasmas" 29 343–363 (1986)
New instruments and methods of research
G.V. Spivak, V.I. Petrov, M.K. Antoshin "Local cathodoluminescence and its capabilities for the study of band structure in solids" 29 364–380 (1986)
A.A. Vorob'ev "Muon catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions." 29 381–383 (1986)
V.S. Panasyuk "New types of synchrotrons as dedicated generators of synchrotron and x-ray radiation." 29 383–384 (1986)
N.N. Semenov "The road into science" 29 385–386 (1986)
V.I. Gol'danskii, N.S. Enikolopov, Ya.B. Zel'dovich, M.A. Sadovskii, N.D. Sokolov, Yu.B. Khariton "Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov (On his ninetieth birthday)" 29 387–388 (1986)
A.A. Migdal "Stochastic quantization of field theory" 29 389–411 (1986)
A.I. Buzdin, L.N. Bulaevskii "Antiferromagnetic superconductors" 29 412–425 (1986)
M.V. Koval'chuk, V.G. Kohn "X-ray standing waves—a new method of studying the structure of crystals" 29 426–446 (1986)
A.N. Zaidel' "Application of holographic interferometry for plasma diagnostics" 29 447–466 (1986)
Ya.E. Geguzin "Ascending diffusion and the diffusion aftereffect" 29 467–473 (1986)
Zh.I. Alferov, Ya.B. Zel'dovich, L.V. Keldysh, M.A. Krivoglaz, E.M. Lifshitz, E.I. Rashba, O.V. Snitko, K.B. Tolpygo, V.M. Tuchkevich, I.M. Khalatnikov "Solomon Isaakovich Pekar (Obituary)" 29 474–475 (1986)
L.G. Aslamazov, V.L. Ginzburg, D.A. Kirzhnits, G.A. Leksin, K.K. Likharev, Yu.A. Osip'yan, V.I. Tatarskii, A.I. Shal'nikov, Yu.V. Sharvin "Vadim Vasil'evich Shmidt (Obituary)" 29 476–477 (1986)
M.I. Bashmakov, V.B. Braginskii, A.A. Grib, Ya.B. Zel'dovich, M.A. Markov, V.M. Mostepanenko, V.N. Ponomarev, N.A. Smurova "Sergei Georgievich Mamaev (Obituary)" 29 478–479 (1986)
B.M. Smirnov "Fractal clusters" 29 481–505 (1986)
B.E. Meierovich "Toward the realization of electromagnetic collapse" 29 506–529 (1986)
Physics of our days
S.S. Rozhkov "Topology, manifolds, and homotopy: Basic concepts and applications to n-field models" 29 530–538 (1986)
New instruments and measurement methods
I.B. Borovskii, R.V. Vedrinskii, V.L. Kraizman, V.P. Sachenko "EXAFS spectroscopy: a new method for structural investigation" 29 539–569 (1986)
A.A. Sobyanin "General properties of systems with a 'double' critical point" 29 570–572 (1986)
I.L. Fabelinskii, S.V. Krivokhizha, L.L. Chaikov "Experimental studies of solutions with a 'double' critical point" 29 572–573 (1986)
A.A. Volkov, G.V. Kozlov, E.B. Kryukova, A.A. Sobyanin "New results on the dynamics of Rochelle salt crystals (a system with a 'double' critical point)" 29 574–575 (1986)
B.A. Volkov, O.A. Pankratov "Electronic structure of quasicubic crystals: energy bands, dielectric properties, and defects in narrow-gap semiconductors." 29 575–577 (1986)
L.A. Fal'kovskii "The origin of electron spectra of group V semimetals" 29 577–579 (1986)
B.A. Volkov, O.A. Pankratov "Inverted contact in semiconductors—a new inhomogeneous structure with a twodimensional gas of zero-mass electrons" 29 579–581 (1986)
E.A. Mamidzhanyan, A.D. Erlykin, V.A. Tsarev "Interaction of hadrons at superhigh energies" 29 582–584 (1986)
A.P. Aleksandrov, S.T. Belyaev, E.P. Velikhov, Yu.M. Kagan, B.B. Kadomtsev, V.A. Legasov "Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin (Obituary)" 29 585–586 (1986)
A.P. Aleksandrov, Zh.I. Alferov, N.G. Basov, V.S. Vavilov, L.N. Kurbatov, G.V. Kurdyumov, Yu.A. Osip'yan, A.F. Plotnikov, A.M. Prokhorov, V.M. Tuchkevich, I.M. Khalatnikov, A.P. Shotov "Bentsion Moiseevich Vul (Obituary)" 29 587–588 (1986)
S.A. Akhmanov "Khokhlov's method in the theory of nonlinear waves" 29 589–606 (1986)
F.V. Bunkin, Yu.A. Kravtsov, G.A. Lyakhov "Acoustic analogues of nonlinear-optics phenomena" 29 607–619 (1986)
O.V. Rudenko "Interactions of intense noise waves" 29 620–641 (1986)
S.A. Akhmanov, V.A. Vysloukh, A.S. Chirkin "Self-action of wave packets in a nonlinear medium and femtosecond laser pulse generation" 29 642–647 (1986)
B.Ya. Zel'dovich, V.V. Shkunov, T.V. Yakovleva "Holograms of speckle fields" 29 678–702 (1986)
B.F. Gordiets, V.Ya. Panchenko "Gas lasers with solar excitation" 29 703–719 (1986)
A.P. Aleksandrov, A.S. Borovik-Romanov, K.A. Valiev, E.P. Velikhov, S.V. Vonsovskii, V.L. Ginzburg, Ya.B. Zel'dovich, B.B. Kadomtsev, V.A. Kotel'nikov "Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (On his seventieth birthday)" 29 720–721 (1986)
"Abdus Salam (On his sixtieth birthday)" 29 722–722 (1986)
N.N. Bogolyubov, M.A. Markov, G.N. Flerov, I.M. Frank, P.A. Cherenkov "Aleksandr Mikhailovich Baldin (On his sixtieth birthday)" 29 723–724 (1986)
V.V. Moshchalkov, N.B. Brandt "Nonmagnetic Kondo lattices" 29 725–724 (1986)
V.P. Zhdanov, K.I. Zamaraev "Lattice-gas model of chemisorption on metal surfaces" 29 755–776 (1986)
I.M. Frank "N. Bohr's model of compound nuclei and parity violation" 29 777–779 (1986)
Methodological notes
Ya.B. Zel'dovich, L.P. Grishchuk "Gravitation, the general theory of relativity, and alternative theories" 29 780–787 (1986)
I.I. Abbasov, B.M. Bolotovskii, V.A. Davydov "High-frequency asymptotic behavior of radiation spectra of moving charges in classical electrodynamics" 29 788–796 (1986)
A.Yu. Grosberg, A.R. Khokhlov "Phase transitions in polymer and biopolymer systems" 29 797–799 (1986)
M.V. Vol'kenshtein "Evolution ofbiopolymers and biological evolution" 29 799–800 (1986)
M.D. Frank-Kamenetskii "Topology and structural transitions in DNA" 29 800–802 (1986)
D.F. Baisa, V.G. Bar'yakhtar, M.S. Brodin, G.V. Klimusheva, M.V. Kurik, B.G. Lazarev, M.S. Soskin, V.I. Shakhovtsov, M.T. Shpak "Antonina Fedorovna Prikhot'ko (On her eightieth birthday)" 29 803–804 (1986)
N.A. Armand, Yu.V. Gulyaev, N.D. Devyatkov, Ya.B. Zel'dovich, V.A. Kotel'nikov, G.V. Kurdyumov, A.A. Logunov, A.M. Prokhorov, R.Z. Sagdeev, A.N. Shchukin "Vladimir Vasil'evich Migulin (On his seventy-fifth birthday)" 29 805–806 (1986)
M.V. Nezlin "Rossby solitons (Experimental investigations and laboratory model of natural vortices of the Jovian Great Red Spot type)" 29 807–842 (1986)
A.S. Monin "Hydrodynamic instability" 29 843–868 (1986)
A. Piskarskas, A. Stabinis, A. Yankauskas "Phase phenomena in parametric amplifiers and generators of ultrashort light pulses" 29 869–879 (1986)
V.K. Ignatovich "Étude on the one-dimensional periodic potential" 29 880–887 (1986)
M.I. Kaganov, V.B. Fiks "Conversion of electromagnetic energy into acoustic energy by electrons in metals (theory)" 29 888–889 (1986)
A.N. Vasil'ev, Yu.P. Gaidukov "Contactless excitation of sound in metals (experiment)" 29 889–891 (1986)
V.A. Komarov "Electromagnetic-acoustic conversion—a method of nondestructive testing" 29 891–892 (1986)
A.P. Silin "Semiconductor superlattices" 29 892–894 (1986)
A.I. Golovashkin, A.N. Lykov "Submicron superconducting structures" 29 894–895 (1986)
N.N. Bogolyubov, A.A. Logunov, B.V. Medvedev, D.V. Shirkov "Ernst Stueckelberg (Obituary)" 29 896–897 (1986)
Yu.M. Ado, S.T. Belyaev, I. Golovin, A.A. Logunov, Yu.D. Prokoshkin, V.A. Sidorov, A.N. Skrinskii, L.D. Solov'ev, V.A. Teplyakov, N.E. Tyurin, B.V. Chirikov, V.A. Yarba "Aleksei Aleksandrovich Naumov (Obituary)" 29 898–899 (1986)
M.G. Veselov, L.E. Gurevich, Ya.B. Zel'dovich, N.I. Kaliteevskii, V.V. Novozhilov, Yu.V. Novozhilov, V.I. Perel', O.M. Todes, E.D. Trifonov, L.D. Faddeev, V.Ya. Frenkel' "Sergei Valentinovich Izmailov (Obituary)" 29 900–901 (1986)
Issue 10, 1986, volume 29
I.M. Dremin "Toponium" 29 903–923 (1986)
I.M. Sokolov "Dimensionalities and other geometric critical exponents in percolation theory" 29 924–945 (1986)
V.S. Beskin, A.V. Gurevich, Ya.N. Istomin "Physics of pulsar magnetospheres" 29 946–970 (1986)
I.V. Andreev "Chromodynamics as a theory of the strong interaction" 29 971–979 (1986)
V.L. Afanas'ev "Relation between the structure of galaxies and the activity of their nuclei" 29 980–981 (1986)
I.M. Kopylov "Spectral observations of binary systems with relativistic companions using the six-meter telescope" 29 981–983 (1986)
L.I. Snezhko "Large six-meter BTA telescope: status and prospects" 29 983–985 (1986)
V.L. Dunin-Barkovskii "Multineuronal structures: theory and experiment." 29 985–986 (1986)
L.B. Ioffe, M.V. Feigel'man "Spin glasses and models of memory" 29 986–988 (1986)
B.M. Bolotovskii, A.V. Gurevich, I.M. Dremin, G.F. Zharkov, L.V. Keldysh, D.A. Kirzhnits, V.I. Ritus, V.Ya. Fainberg, E.L. Feinberg, E.S. Fradkin, D.S. Chernavskii "Vitalii Lazarevich Ginzburg (on his seventieth birthday)" 29 989–991 (1986)
A.Yu. Morozov "Anomalies in gauge theories" 29 993–1039 (1986)
L.A. Ostrovskii, S.A. Rybak, L.Sh. Tsimring "Negative energy waves in hydrodynamics" 29 1040–1052 (1986)
S.G. Arutyunyan "Electromagnetic field lines of a point charge moving arbitrarily in vacuum" 29 1053–1057 (1986)
A.M. Leontovich, A.M. Mozharovskii, E.D. Trifonov "Coherent amplification, reflection, and induced superradiance in activated media." 29 1058–1059 (1986)
V.V. Zheleznyakov, V.V. Kocharovskii, V.V. Kocharovskii "Polarization waves and superradiance" 29 1059–1060 (1986)
S.N. Andrianov, Yu.V. Naboikin, V.V. Samartsev, N.B. Silaeva, Yu.E. Sheibut "Optical superradiance in a diphenyl crystal with pyrene" 29 1060–1062 (1986)
M.G. Shchepkin "Majorana neutrino and double beta decay" 29 1062–1063 (1986)
L.A. Mikaelyan "Neutrino experiments on the reactor at the Roven nuclear power plant" 29 1063–1064 (1986)
I.T. Belash, V.F. Degtyareva, E.G. Ponyatovskii "New phases of the Hume-Rothery type—superconductors obtained under high pressures" 29 1065–1066 (1986)
V.V. Brazhkin, V.I. Larchev, S.V. Popova, G.G. Skrotskaya "Metallic glasses and amorphous semiconductors, obtained by quenching from the melt under high pressure" 29 1066–1068 (1986)
V.E. Antonov, I.T. Belash, E.G. Ponyatovskii "Hydrides: investigations under high hydrogen pressures" 29 1068–1069 (1986)
A.A. Ruzmaikin "Magnetic fields on the sun" 29 1069–1070 (1986)
M.B. Voloshin, M.I. Vysotskii, L.B. Okun' "Possible electromagnetic properties of the neutrino and variations of the solar neutrino flux" 29 1070–1070 (1986)
L.N. Smirnova, M.A. Shifman, E.V. Shuryak "Eleventh school on quantum chromodynamics and grand unification models" 29 1071–1074 (1986)
Yu.G. Abov, V.V. Vladimirskii, S.Ya. Nikitin, L.B. Okun', V.G. Firsov "Leonid Yakovlevich Suvorov (Obituary)" 29 1075–1076 (1986)
B.M. Barbashov, V.V. Nesterenko "Superstrings: a new approach to a unified theory of fundamental interactions" 29 1077–1096 (1986)
T.L. Andreeva, A.V. Malyugin "Fine structure of the Rayleigh spectrum of the scattering of light in molecular gases" 29 1097–1118 (1986)
D.I. Kazakov "Superstrings, or beyond standard ideas" 29 1119–1126 (1986)
Yu.A. Khramov "Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev and his school (On the 120th anniversary of the year of his birth)" 29 1127–1134 (1986)
A.M. Gabovich, D.P. Moiseev "Metal oxide superconductor BaPb1-xBixO3: unusual properties and new applications" 29 1135–1150 (1986)
É.L. Andronikashvili, G.M. Mrevlishvili "Low-temperature heat capacity of DNA" 29 1151–1152 (1986)
N.N. Gor'kavyi, A.M. Fridman "Resonance nature of the rings of Uranus and prediction of new satellites of Uranus" 29 1152–1155 (1986)
S.P. Mikheev, A.Yu. Smirnov "Neutrino oscillations in a medium with variable density" 29 1155–1157 (1986)
E.B. Aleksandrov, Zh.I. Alferov, N.G. Basov, F.V. Bunkin, Yu.N. Denisyuk, Ya.A. Imas, M.M. Miroshnikov, G.T. Petrovskii, A.M. Prokhorov, V.M. Tuchkevich "Aleksei Mikhailovich Bonch-Bruevich (On his seventieth birthday)" 29 1158–1159 (1986)


San Sebastián and the surrounding region has more outrageously good restaurants per square mile than just about anywhere in Europe. Even the bad restaurants are good. … You almost can't lose in San Sebastián. The Basque can't seem to help but make good food from great ingredients.
And of course, he's right. San Sebastián is full of Michelin star restaurants, but that's not with this blog is about. The best food we had the entire trip was in San Sebastián and it cost about 1/4 of the price it would cost in the States. They are known for their pintxos (they are not called tapas here). My guess is that you can't possibly go wrong at any restaurant.
Starting the trip off with my favorite meal. Of the whole trip. They were very knowledgeable about gluten allergies, let me know what I could eat, and what they could adapt for me. We sat in the restaurant part, but they also have a more traditional style pintxo section. We ordered: octopus, lamb, razor clams, and steak (served with homemade ketchup and pickles!).
Whatever you do, get the octopus. Trust me! I'm usually not a fan. In fact, I avoid it like the plague. But I vowed to try something new this trip and so I did. And it was the best bite of food I had the entire trip. Quite possibly ever.
They actually advertise that they have a gluten free menu - and they do! It was INSANELY packed here, but it's all apart of the fun. Squish your way up to the bar and start grabbing items (if you don't have a gluten allergy). If you do have a gluten allergy, let the bar tender know and they'll hook you up with your very own menu. The blistered shisito peppers are a must! Next time we go, I'll just ask the bartender to give me their three best gluten free small plates. Everything looks amazing!
First, order Txakoli (chick-ol-i). It's a bubbly white wine poured from height to aerate the wine (bartenders tend to have fun pouring this!). If you're not into wine, most bars also serve local craft beers. Second, don't fill up in one spot. Order one or two things per person, per bar. The entire idea is to hop from bar to bar. Order one drink, a few bites, then move to the next one (all the while freeing up the place you're occupying for the next patron - however, don't rush yourself!). If you get to a place and there is nowhere to sit, don't worry - you'll see plenty of people standing outside the bar with food and drink in hand. It's just the way it goes! The bars are in the old town, so you'll get to soak in plenty of old beauty while you're enjoying some of the best food you've ever had.
While you're there, head up to Monte Igueldo. The views are breathtaking. They turned it into a little amusement park - kinda weird - but our daughter got a kick out of it and we enjoyed the views. So it's a win-win.
We only got to spend two nights here. As we were leaving, my husband and I both said we wanted to come back and spend more time. I know we only touched the surface on the culture and we'll definitely be back. We loved walking around and checking everything out. The beaches were packed. The streets were full of people just enjoying life. And of course, we found a playground! Always, always find the playground when traveling with a toddler, even when it's raining (which it did rain).
If we do it again - which I hope we do - we'll stay longer. Probably closer to a week. It's one of the cities you can easily relax, but still feel like you're exploring. Very Nice-esq in that way. What a lovely city.


I love weekends. I truly have a special little place in my heart just for weekends. It's as if you're retired for two whole days, and you get to do anything that your beautiful heart desires.
This past weekend Sean and I escaped to Chestertown, Maryland on the eastern shore. I'm a graduate of Washington College, located right in the heart of good ol' ctown, and every year the College hosts an enormous dance called Birthday Ball (think of prom, then multiply it by 100) in celebration of George Washington's birthday. It's amazing. But the best part of it all was simply being tucked away with our good friends in their new home. The food, drinks, and laughter were non-stop, and exactly what we all needed. The next morning Sean and I wandered up and down the historic brick walkways that cover the beautiful town. I was long overdue for an "Alaskan" (a frozen mocha drink, sent down straight from heaven) from Play it again Sam's coffee shop, so I took full advantage of being back home.
Just before we began to head back to D.C., Sean bought me a cookbook that I had my eye on: "Easy Soups." I've been wanting to challenge myself to make delicious homemade soup for months! It was meant to be. Flipping through the book on our peaceful ride home through the eastern shore's countryside, I found it: Chicken Noodle Soup. Not too scary, good for the soul, but not too easy either. It was perfect.
I won't go through the whole recipe. You should buy the book and take on a "newlie" perspective of your own. Instead, I'll let you know what happened….all the JUICY details! HAH! Moving on.
Amaaaaazing!!! One hour later I was soaking in the wondrous creation while laughing at Billy Crystal's opening act for the Oscars. What a great way to complete a refreshing weekend. This soup was the gift that kept on giving…we had plenty left over for dinner tonight too! I highly recommend it with garlic bread for dipping.


text:
Home Ephemera Collection (SJPL California Room) Guide 1895, Scenes In and About San Jose
Guide 1895, Scenes In and About San Jose
Colored wood engraving by Charles Graham of scenes in San Jose, "The Garden City of California." Scenes include a view of downtown San Jose looking south from the Electric Light Tower, the Santa Clara County Courthouse, a fountain in St. James Park, the San Jose Post Office, the Sainte Claire Club, and prunes drying on trays. This engraving was published in the February 15, 1895 issue of Harper's Weekly Magazine.
File Name csj_040
Title Guide 1895, Scenes In and About San Jose
Creator Graham, Charles, 1852-1911 (artist)
Description Colored wood engraving by Charles Graham of scenes in San Jose, "The Garden City of California." Scenes include a view of downtown San Jose looking south from the Electric Light Tower, the Santa Clara County Courthouse, a fountain in St. James Park, the San Jose Post Office, the Sainte Claire Club, and prunes drying on trays. This engraving was published in the February 15, 1895 issue of Harper's Weekly Magazine.
Subject-TGM Art
Geographic Coverage San Jose -- California
Object Type Graphic Arts
Format image/jpg2000
Dimensions 28 x 40 cm.
Rights Material in the public domain. No restrictions on use. For more information on copyright or permissions for this image, please contact the California Room: http://www.sjlibrary.org/research/special/ca/contacts_index.htm
Collection SJPL California Room Ephemera Collection
Repository San Jose Public Library California Room
Note Item location: Flat Files, Drawer 54
Add tags for Guide 1895, Scenes In and About San Jose
Post a Comment for Guide 1895, Scenes In and About San Jose


After updating its iOS app earlier this week with the groundwork for AirPlay 2 and HomeKit, Vizio today has officially started inviting users to beta test the features. Here's how to sign up.
Vizio first opened signups for its SmartCast 3.0 beta program earlier this year. Now, with the first invites rolling out, users will have the opportunity to try out AirPlay 2 and HomeKit integration with their Vizio TVs.
VIZIO's beta program lets you help make the next version of SmartCast the best release yet. Test-drive the pre-release versions that include Apple AirPlay 2 and HomeKit, and let us know what you think. We're excited to get you started, but we want to share some pointers.
In order to join the Vizio beta program, you'll have to sign up on Vizio's website with your email address. Once you do that, you'll eventually receive an email from Vizio inviting you to continue with the process. Everything is managed through the SmartCast for iOS app, which was just updated earlier this week in preparation for AirPlay 2 and HomeKit support.
Vizio is bringing HomeKit and AirPlay 2 support to all of its SmartCast-enabled TVs since 2016. The features are expected to roll out publicly sometime during the second quarter of 2019.


So I have a rather simple program, with a rather large text entry. Allow me to show you some simple C++ code.
But my input is MASSIVE. But I think it's killing the query here so here's about 30 characters You can dupe it 1000 times to get a realistic input.
If you run this code it seems to run and then throws an error SIGCONT. It seems like I'm tripping something. remove the Did a Loop output, and everything runs fine. Move the string length count into the do while loop, it throws SIGCONT again? the code only executes .01 seconds, but it seems like it doesn't like the output.
I really like Codechef, and I'm using it to write simple code for … well I don't want to say where this code is from (Spoilers), but things like project Euler and similar, but that error seems to limit my debugging capabilities here. I use a Chromebook at home so Codechef is super useful for me, so is there anyway around this?
Thanks for the answer, and I hope this isn't a really stupid question.
You exceeded the IDE's printing limit. Hence you are getting SIGCONT.
For Codechef IDE, it's around 2^16 Characters.
You can try printing the output directly in a file locally.
But as you are using chrome os, I doubt if you can compile and execute locally. Mostly, you'd be using online compilers. If so, then check out geeksforgeeks IDE which has a higher limit. Also, you can install linux on Chromebook. You'd definitely find how to do so on the internet.
I don't know why you don't want to share the question source.
Because it doesn't really matter to the question. And this code will be a answer for one of their questions.
If there's a reason you need to know where it comes from feel free to ask, but the code and the input is what's important.
It's because I'm not getting SIGCONT error from any of the inputs. With or Without keeping your commented statements. Your code seems okay. But I can't assure you its perfect until I have the exact question.
I just tried it again, that Custom input on a single line, and that code gave me a SIGCONT.
I knew it would be something foolish. That completely makes sense. And outputting that string would get me near the limit as well.
Thank you very much Black_truce. I appreciate your time and will consider if I need that much output (I probably don't).


text:
Home Opinion Rwanda:The danger of palestinizing the HUTU community
Rwanda:The danger of palestinizing the HUTU community
In the census of 1991, there were three ethnic groups in Rwanda, recorded proportionally as in the following statistical figures: HUTU (85%); TUTSI (14%); and TWA (1%). These numbers might have significantly changed since for different reasons, the main one being war.
According to today's upheld propaganda, prevalent especially since 1994 and which is found in many circles dominated by TUTSI extremists across the world, HUTU are genocidaires.
That propaganda preaches that HUTU are genetically born with the intend to kill TUTSI.
This is true at least according to what the Rwandan president Paul Kagame highlighted on June 30, 2013 in a public speech in Kigali.
At the time, he asked all HUTU including those born after 1994, the year of the so called "genocide" (1), to apologize to TUTSI for a crime their fathers might have committed.
And we know where that propaganda originated from. It was initially engineered in the 1950s by the ruling TUTSI elite in Rwanda. This was the time of the monarchy in that country.
The former had well observed how effectively the then entire "civilized" world had come to the rescue of the Jews during Adolf Hitler military campaigns across Europe of WWII.
At the end of the 1950s and early 1960s, the Rwandan ruling TUTSI elite found that by using the genocide card to attract international sympathy for its minority leading community, its royal and political privileges could be safeguarded.
It was under the strength of this logic that for example Dominique Mbonyumutwa, a HUTU leading political figure at that time and which was going to become the first president of Rwanda, was accused of fomenting a genocide against their community. Unfortunately for the latter, the accusation did not work out.
Approximately thirty years later, in 1994, having refined all the required propaganda, – particularly during their exile in Uganda -, understandably with the help of all foreign vested interests which found appropriate to be associated to the new propagandists of genocide, the accusation succeeded.
Today, it is widely accepted by many uninformed people outside Rwanda that HUTU are genocidaires. This might not be their fault because broad interested parties have heavily invested in that propaganda of tarnishing the image of HUTU for strategic reasons.
Why palestinization?
When the Jewish writer Bat Ye'or talks of palestinization, he appears to mean siding or empathizing with Palestinians. However, my reference here to the concept is related to the victimization of the group, i.e in other words, for example in the case of HUTU, treating them the way Palestinians have been treated since the creation of Israel: as pariahs.
In the mind of many around the world who are fed by and consume happily Western propaganda supportive of Israel, Palestinians are terrorists.
When Palestinians defend their right to live decently as other citizens anywhere, not being evicted from their ancestral land, or not treated as second class category people in territories today occupied by the Jewish state, they are called names.
The similarity of their situation with what the HUTU community has been experiencing since 1990 in the Great Lakes region is pertinent.
Its negative portrayal by the West and concurrently the ruling TUTSI in Rwanda serve strategic interests of particularly US, UK and other foreign powers. That is the same treatment that Palestinians are subjected to for the same reasons of political strategy in the Middle East.
Presently
On 05/12/14 Germany prosecuted a number of members said to be part of the FDLR. This is the HUTU movement which today represents those among the community that have resorted to protecting their people at any cost even by giving up their lives.
The victims of the German court still have the right to appeal. "The verdict and the sentences are not yet final. The German Supreme Court could revise them."
The group has been mostly active in the Eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo where more than 250,000 HUTU refugees have been identified.
These are some of the survivors of the many attacks by the Rwandan Patriotic Front [RPF] and foreign forces combined with the complicity of international organisations such as UN and NGOs that targeted them since October 1st, 1990, either inside Rwanda or DRC.
Could there be any correlation between the timing of publicizing the German court's sentencing and the 02/01/15 deadline for the FDLR having disarmed completely? Maybe or maybe not.
Whatever the timing of this court's decision, putting it in front of the public's eyes at this particular period, helps a lot those who, either inside UN institutions, or in Western capitals, and even in Kigali, have tirelessly worked for total annihilation of the FDLR.
Across Europe and the entire world, there are numerous people of HUTU origin who are either in prison or being investigated, not for the crimes they might have committed especially in Rwanda during the "genocide", but only for the fact of being who they are. RPF propaganda has worked so far in this respect.
On 27/11/14 in The Netherlands, the Hutu community organized a public manifestation to protest against the injustices that the country's authorities are committing harassing outrageously its members: removing citizenship to those who had it, imprisoning those who speak out for others, etc. The country is responding to Rwandan government's requests based on fabricated facts against the victims.
The Western policy of recent years of reducing sensibly the number of foreigners in their midsts, particularly those from countries where there are minimal excuses to do so – thanks to propaganda from places like Rwanda, and because of the increasing nationalistic trends developing especially in Europe, will simply be more tightened.
The HUTU community everywhere, inside Rwanda and outside, has two options: either they stand up as a people, or they perish completely as one. The latter process of reducing their number started in 1990.
FDLR has made a stand so far which has preserved the lives of many particularly in the DRC. More needs to be done on that front. And the contribution and support needs to come from any member of the wider community wherever they are.
While officially the pariah is the HUTU, at the same time, the Bantu community by large, particularly in the entire Great Lakes region, is being exterminated in the process. Congolese have lost more than six millions. Africans are being massacred by the millions to give space to exploitation of their minerals.
What about the TUTSI in the region and particularly in Rwanda who might wrongly think that they are not at the mercy of that game of sacrificing African people for safeguarding foreign interests?
There is undoubtedly an elite group among TUTSI which is leading [reference to the speech of Joweri Museveni during the 20th commemoration of "genocide" on April 7th, 2014] and ready to sacrifice anybody, even among their own people, in order to preserve their immediate interests and those of their Western masters.
One can argue that the Palestinian case is different from the Hutu one. I agree at some extent. But the similarities are so striking that one can hardly avoid thinking of their closeness; 1) foreign forces that impose a minority community to rule over a majority people; 2) sustaining the power of the minority by strong military and financial foreign intervention; 3) use of extreme state terrorism to oppress masses; 4) the ruling elite being celebrated in its masters' capitals and universities as role models of governance, democracy and development.
In my overall opinion, the palestinization of the HUTU community started the day US and UK decided to back up RPF and its regional platform of support, meaning Uganda mainly, to become its backbone for their stronghold in the Great Lakes region. Conscious of that reality, and especially what they can learn from the conditions of Palestinians, HUTU survival as a people will depend on how they address their current situation of "pariahs". Better late than never, as seen in The Netherlands on Thursday 27/11/14.
(1) The Rwandan tragedy and its Congolese aftermath have affected enormously every family including mine in all the countries of the region. On the journey of trying to survive the slaughter, we lost countless parents, siblings, in-laws, nephews, and friends. Some survivors have been left handicapped by machetes or bullets for life or simply mentally. Other relatives died some years after because of the consequences and policies put in place by RPF, this in Rwanda. Those who did not die in prisons, have become citizens of second category. Prisons are continuously receiving hundreds of candidates months after months as countries like The Netherlands, UK, US, etc do not stop financing the oppressive regime of Paul Kagame.
Ambrose Nzeyimana
Political Analyst/ Activist
Organising for Africa, Coordinator
The Rising Continent, Blog editor
Email: risingcontinent@gmail.com
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text:
IGCSE (Computer Science)
03-a-Data Representation
10 - Representing characters (text)
Representing characters
Characters can also be represented in binary. Characters are usually grouped together in a character set. A character set includes:
alphanumeric data (letters and numbers)
symbols (*, &, : etc.)
control characters (Shift, Escape etc.)
ASCII uses 8 bits to represent a character.
However, one of the bits is a parity bit. This is used to perform a parity check (a form of error checking).
Extended ASCII
It is possible to disregard the use of a parity bit to allow ASCII to represent 256 characters. This is known as extended ASCII. There are different versions of extended ASCII in use.
Limitation of ASCII
The 128 or 256 character limits of ASCII and Extended ASCII limits the number of character sets that can be held. Representing the character sets for several different language structures is not possible in ASCII, there are just not enough available characters.
Unicode was created to allow more character sets than ASCII.
Unicode uses 16 bits to represent each character. This means that Unicode is capable of representing 65,536 different characters and a much wider range of character sets.
Unicode can represent 65,536 characters
Unicode uses 16 bits to represent each character
Unicode can represent a greater range of character sets than ASCII
There are adapted forms of the original Unicode standard capable of representing millions of characters


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text:
var expect = require("expect.js");

var HTMLHint = require("../../../index").HTMLHint;

var ruldId = 'role-main',
    ruleOptions = {};

ruleOptions[ruldId] = true;

describe('Rules: ' + ruldId, function () {

    it('div with id "mainDiv" without "role" attribute should result in an error', function () {
        var code = '

';
        var messages = HTMLHint.verify(code, ruleOptions);
        expect(messages.length).to.be(1);
        expect(messages[0].rule.id).to.be(ruldId);
        expect(messages[0].line).to.be(1);
        expect(messages[0].col).to.be(1);
    });

    it('div with id "mainDiv" without "role="main"" attribute should result in an error', function () {
        var code = '

';
        var messages = HTMLHint.verify(code, ruleOptions);
        expect(messages.length).to.be(1);
        expect(messages[0].rule.id).to.be(ruldId);
        expect(messages[0].line).to.be(1);
        expect(messages[0].col).to.be(1);
    });

    it('div with id "mainDiv" with "role="main"" attribute should not result in an error', function () {
        var code = '

';
        var messages = HTMLHint.verify(code, ruleOptions);
        expect(messages.length).to.be(0);
    });

    it('div without id "mainDiv" with "role="main"" attribute should result in an error', function () {
        var code = '

';
        var messages = HTMLHint.verify(code, ruleOptions);
        expect(messages.length).to.be(1);
        expect(messages[0].rule.id).to.be(ruldId);
        expect(messages[0].line).to.be(1);
        expect(messages[0].col).to.be(1);
    });

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Enjoy the main Lake view from this large, 1.33 acre lot with an assigned boat slip. The dock is only a short walk from the building site plus the swimming pool, tennis courts and the golf instruction center are all only a short golf cart ride away. Private lot with beautiful mature pine trees. A Cuscowilla Golf Membership is available.


The Matrox VS4Recorder Pro (VS4PRO) features hardware and software allowing you to capture and record up to four channels of HD- or SDI-SDI video simultaneously. In addition, it can be used for Web-streaming applications when combined with separately available streaming software. With the VS4Recorder Pro Software you can frame accurately record up to four live audio/video feeds, either as multi-cam or treated as unrelated streams. It is ideal for recording live multi-camera productions like concerts and sporting events to create video assets that can be easily repurposed and archived with timecode synced ahead of time. In addition, VS4Recorder Pro provides a multi-viewer function allowing you to view all four inputs on a single computer monitor.
The Matrox VS4 Quad HD Capture Card for is a PCIe x8 card that allows you to simultaneously stream and capture from up to four independent SDI video sources using optional vMix, Wirecast, or the full version of VS4 Recorder Pro software applications. The VS4 card includes a trial version of the VS4 Recorder Pro software. The optional VS4Recorder is a versatile application ideal for multi-camera productions that provides HD recording of up to four inputs while simultaneously offering a complete multi-viewer experience, and it provides two recording modes: independent and multi-cam. The optional vMix software is a complete live video production software solution that provides live mixing, switching and streaming.


David MacMain scored a defense verdict for a Bethlehem police officer who ran over a suspect when the officer was responding to a suspected burglary in progress call, and was driving his cruiser the wrong way on a one-way street without his lights and sirens on. The Court, over David's objection, instructed the jury that the officer was negligent per se and in violation of The Vehicle Code. David successfully argued that the suspect was more negligent and should have known that another officer, who was responding on foot, was attempting to detain plaintiff when he ran into the street and into the path of the Officer's cruiser. Despite the significant injuries, which caused a 2 week hospital stay for the plaintiff and the resulting 'sympathy' factor, and the negligent per se instruction, the jury found in favor of our client – the Bethlehem officer.


text:
Bacot, Love lead way in UNC's win over Notre Dame, 81-64
North Carolina forward Leaky Black (1) brings the ball up court in the first half of an NCAA college basketball game against Notre Dame on Saturday, Jan. 7, 2023, in Chapel Hill, N.C. (AP Photo/Jacob Kupferman)[ASSOCIATED PRESS/Jacob Kupferman]
CHAPEL HILL, N.C. (AP) — Armando Bacot scored 21 points with 13 rebounds, Caleb Love added 18 points and North Carolina defeated Notre Dame 81-64. Love and Bacot combined for 25 points in the first half when North Carolina built a 13-point lead on its way to its sixth victory in seven games. The Fighting Irish remained winless in conference play while losing their third straight. Bacot has scored 20 or more points in five straight games, a career first. RJ Davis added 13 points and Puff Johnson 11. Nate Laszewski scored 17 points and Dane Goodwin and JJ Starling 10 each for Notre Dame.
North Carolina guard Seth Trimble (0) guards Notre Dame guard Marcus Hammond (10) in the first half of an NCAA college basketball game on Saturday, Jan. 7, 2023, in Chapel Hill, N.C. (AP Photo/Jacob Kupferman)
Photo: ASSOCIATED PRESS/Jacob Kupferman
North Carolina head coach Hubert Davis looks on during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game against Notre Dame on Saturday, Jan. 7, 2023, in Chapel Hill, N.C. (AP Photo/Jacob Kupferman)


Angel Investors are the most experienced investors in early stage companies in New Zealand. Angel networks and funds invested a record $61.2 million into 94 young New Zealand companies in 2015 taking the total invested since 2006 to $414.7 million.
Angel investors are typically experienced business people seeking investment opportunities in early stage, as well as more established businesses. And may also provide business expertise to companies that seek capital. Members range from young business professionals to wealthy, retired ex-business owners.
To be eligible to invest, an individual must qualify as a Wholesale Investor (clauses 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41, Schedule 1, Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013, see Investor Eligibility for more details).
Many investors bring specific industry expertise and business skills to the table. The skills of Angel investors extend across a variety of areas including governance, senior management, marketing, sales, finance, technology and operations.
Enterprise Angels (EA) Members typically invest a minimum of $10-$25k per deal though investors may sometimes invest much higher amounts.
Diversification is important and many Angel investors build a portfolio of 10 or more investments. We have raised and manage two Angel Funds (EA Fund 1 & EA Fund 2) which helps provide that vital diversification to our members and other Angel investors.
Angel investments can be high risk since the entire investment could be lost if an early stage company fails. A key way Angel investors mitigate risk is to invest with other Angel investors. Actively assessing investment opportunities together (completing due diligence) and guiding investee companies post investment can substantially reduce risk.
Want to find out more about Angel Investing? Subscribe here and Watch here for videos created by the Angel Association of New Zealand.
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