Small Town presents guitarist Bill Frisell and bassist Thomas Morgan in a program of duets, captured live at New York's Village Vanguard. Frisell made his debut as a leader for ECM in 1983 with the similarly intimate In Line, establishing one of the most distinctive sounds of any modern guitarist. Frisell's rich history with the label also includes multiple recordings with Paul Motian culminating in Time and Time Again in 2007. Small Town begins with a tribute to Motian in the form of a searching, 11-minute interpretation of the late drummer's composition "It Should've Happened a Long Time Ago," the duo's counterpoint yielding a hushed power. Morgan, who also played with Motian, has appeared on ECM as bassist of choice for Tomasz Stanko, Jakob Bro, David Virelles, Giovanni Guidi and Masabumi Kikuchi.
Frisell first met the California-born Morgan through Joey Baron in the 1990s, when the bassist was "very impressive, even though he was still a kid, basically," recalls the guitarist. "Later, we played together at a session led by drummer Kenny Wollesen. In the midst of all this action there, I heard this bass note that just felt so present and right – even though Thomas was 40 or 50 feet away from me in a big studio. It struck me. And we played together again at Paul Motian's last session, so it's special that we both have this connection to Paul and his music. I asked Thomas to sit in with some of my groups, and we developed this rapport. Thomas has this way of almost time-traveling, as if he sees ahead of the music and sorts it all out before he plays a note. He never plays anything that isn't a response to what I play, anticipating me in the moment. That sort of support makes me feel weightless, like I can really take off.
Guitaristically, "Small Town" has its basis in the playing of Maybelle Carter of The Carter Family, an exemplar of American country music in the 1920s and '30s. "Maybelle Carter has been a big influence on me," Frisell notes. "Actually, she's a big influence on most non-classical guitar players, whether they know it or not, with that way of playing melody and rhythm simultaneously." The guitarist makes another nod to The Carter Family on Small Town by playing the folk tune "Wildwood Flower," made famous by the group.


Here's a vehicle which packs big-league power and versatility in a midsize SUV package. Jeep prioritized comfort and style by including: an automatic dimming rear-view mirror, a roof rack, and 1-touch window functionality. Under the hood you'll find a 4 cylinder engine with more than 170 horsepower, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain.
Test drive this Jeep Compass in Effingham, IL.


We use them every single day; they're how we get to work and how the things we buy get to the shops – and yet we seldom take a moment to appreciate the network of roads that connect us all – until we encounter a pothole, that is! Few construction projects need to be able to stand more wear and tear than a busy road, and there are dozens of factors that need to be taken into account when a new road is planned. Let's take a look at some of the different techniques, materials and processes involved in constructing these most hardworking of structures.
Like so many aspects of modern construction, things aren't quite as simple as they used to be! In the case of major roads and highways, a feasibility study and environmental impact assessment need to be carried out before any kind of work can begin. This might sound like a headache, but it can save an enormous amount of time and resources further down the line. Having a good grasp of the type of soil on which the road is to be built (known as the subgrade), what the drainage is like and how steep the slope is can all affect what type of road is built and what materials will be used. And once everything has been approved and finalized, it's time to break ground!
Now it's time to clear the way for construction to begin. This involves removing any vegetation and topsoil to reveal the subgrade and create an even surface known as the founding layer level. Graders, bulldozers and tractor shovels are often used for this process. In a process known as mounting, diggers and bulldozers carve out the shape that the final roadway will take. Drains, sewage pipes and culverts to divert runoff and stormwater may also be laid at this point.
Once the subgrade is accessible, testing needs to be done to determine if stabilization and additional drainage will be required, and if the water table is likely to affect the road stability as it changes with the seasons.
In particularly challenging soil situations, geocell engineering might be used to improve the ground bearing capacity to the point where it can tolerate the loads it needs to. Geocells are honeycomb-like cells made from a nano-polymeric alloy known as Neoloy that are infilled with soil. Much like a pail of sand, the geocell confinement improves the strength of the infill , and helps to spread the vertical load across a wider area, thus making the road far stronger and more durable. Soil may also be compressed with rollers, and 'sand wicks' put in place. These are essentially sand-filled boreholes that give excess groundwater and runoff place to dissipate to.
Of course it's not just the subgrade that needs to be stabilized. If the road route goes through hilly terrain, any cut slopes created by the excavation process need to be stabilized as well.
Once the subgrade has been prepared, each of the three road layers will be placed, graded and compacted, starting with the subbase, base (or formation) and wearing layer or surface (the hard layer which vehicles will travel on). This process will depend on what the final construction method or surface is set to be.
Unpaved Dirt or gravel roads are the most common forms of road construction – over 80% of the roads in the world are unpaved. But, of course, they are not suited for roads that will be getting a lot of heavy traffic. On dirt roads, only compaction via rollers is done, whereas gravel roads receive a layer of, you guessed it, gravel on top. If the soil has been stabilized properly, these roads can actually be remarkably durable, and so are an excellent option for rural regions where costs need to be kept to a minimum.
Bitumen or asphalt roads involve a 'paving' mix process combining an aggregate such as crushed stone, and the binding agent bitumen, which is a byproduct of petroleum distillation. Up to four layers of asphalt can be placed on top of each other depending on the expected traffic volume of the road, and the batches of hot asphalt are paved on-site by specialized paving equipment. The major advantage of asphalt is that it makes strong and durable roads, and any damaged surface or potholes can be repaired relatively easily.
Concrete road surfaces are composed from cement (which acts as the binding agent), aggregate, chemical admixtures and fly ash, and may be reinforced using mesh or steel. Concrete roads are very strong and long lasting, and they are a good option for particularly steep roads – but there are also more expensive to construct.
Amazingly, people have been laying roads for thousands of years – as early as 4,000BC! Even today, the process is still evolving, with new materials (such as recycled aggregates and binding agents) and new processes being tested all over the world.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Integrated Taxonomic Information System

#### Published in
J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7:101. 1834

#### Original name
null

### Remarks
null

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After the severe earthquake measuring 8 on the Richter scale hit China's Wenchuan County, the Chinese Consulate General in Manchester has been mobilized at once to raise money and relief materials under Consular General Gong Jianzhong.
The Chinese Consulate General contacted Shelter Box, a British charity organization. Its chief Tom Henderson drove for 6 hours to Manchester from south west of England to have in-depth discussion with Consul General Gong Jianzhong. He introduced in detail the origin and past experience of Shelter Box and focused on the role of "shelter box" (with tents and daily necessities inside). He said that it would donate additional 400 "shelter boxes" in addition to the 400 that had already been donated as well as 1850 brand new tents. When the Consulate General heard that "Shelter Box" was unable to cover international freight because of financial difficulty, it contacted Air China immediately. Air China exempted freight of the 400 "shelter boxes".
By now the 2650 tents (800 "shelter boxes" and 1850 family tents) donated by "Shelter Box" have been sent to China, some of which have reached the people in the disaster areas. In addition, Chen Xia, a Chinese national who lives in Britain has donated 40 tents and 50 sleeping bags, which have been delivered by Air China Manchester office free of charge to the disaster areas. There relief materials are of special significance to the people who have suffered from the earthquakes. The tents that are put up among the rubbles can shelter tens of thousands of people.


A military base in Malamfatori area of Abadam local government, Borno state, was stormed by suspected members of the Boko Haram sect on Wednesday, killing 11 soldiers.
ORIENTAL TIMES also learnt that some civilians were also killed in the attack.
Adamu Bamanga, a member of civilian joint task force, who escaped the attack, said the attackers came in a vehicle with anti-aircraft guns.
Texas Chukwu, spokesman of the army, could not be reached for comments at the time this report was filed, as his telephone line was out of reach.
This entry was posted in Inside Nigeria, Top Story and tagged Boko Haram, Nigerian Army.


text:
/ Interview by Eilo.org from 2011
Bassbottle Scene Related
Interview by Eilo.org from 2011
I found an interview that has been made with me in 2011 by Eilo.org. I was "artist of the weekend".
[Go to –> BASSBOTTLE ARTIST PAGE]
EILO: First of all, we want to say thank you for being our artist of the weekend. It is such a pleasure to have a piece of you in our source. Now let me start with the questionnaire…
Everybody treats music differently and probably this is what makes the magic. How did everything begin with you?
BASSBOTTLE: First I wanna thank you for being part of your project. It's a pleasure for me.
Well, everything started in my childhood. I've always been a very creative and musical monkey. I played my first selfmade songs on my small electric pianos, learned to play the guitar and was member of a choir for a few years. My whole life I had melodies in my mind and wanted to express what's in my head. Sometimes completely abstract things awoke my interest, for example the buzzing of an electrical distribution panel or the fundamental tone of a home appliance. Today I sometimes still whistle melodies to the noise of my vacuum cleaner. And what a surprise, as a child I discovered electronic music. First as a consumer. But as you can imagine I had the wish to make my own music.As a teenager I searched for a possibility to do so. You know, today every child has a computer. But back then home computers were way less common than today. I remember myself making weird music with the Nintendo Mario Paint Composer (laughs). Then a friend showed me a four patterns program on his Amiga called ProTracker and I made my first complete track. I called it Rat-Catcher. Its melody I had in mind ages before. From that day I knew
my way. I got my first cheesy computer and tried a program called Techno-Maker. But very quickly I hit the brick wall with it. Then I got my hands on FastTracker II and found what I searched. The next years I produced hours and hours of music of every style. Around the turn of the millenium someone showed me Fruity Loops, a former program version of today's FL Studio. That was the best thing ever happened to me, because the tracks quality improved and I had way more capabilities to do what I wanted. Until today I produce my music with FL Studio, because I'm so used to it and get results quickly.
Where do you get your inspiration?
From everywhere. Sometimes from other Hardtechno tracks, but also from different kinds of music. It merges in my head. Also melodies are still a very important part of my life. A few years ago it was very difficult to include melodies into Hardtechno, but luckily times have changed.
What about the moments that catch you alone? How do they affect your mind?
My mind is always busy. I work on ideas most of the time. I like photography and image editing, making short comedy movies like my "FabeMan TV" series I wanna extend in the near future, writing stories and scripts, but also things like drawing, reading, recruiting soldiers for world domination, cooking, and of course spending time with my wonderful girlfriend.
What is your opinion about the modern sound and the way people get attracted by it?
The modern sound is different. But it's the normal progress. And that's good. It's just sad to see people always complaining about changes. Well… sometimes I'm not better (laughs). We all should try not to stuck on a special sound and accurse everything else… like having blinders on. Some people feel like they've lost their heroes because many of the top artists suddenly changed their style of music. But don't worry, new talents already followed. Just keep yourself open for new things. I have to do the same.
Tell us about your future activities.
As a musician there will be a few cool releases in the near future. And I will focus more on deejaying again. As a label owner I'm gonna work on the next releases for all you Sonic Speed Soldiers out there. The third Sonic Speed Records release will be a four tracks EP only with Bassbottle music. As a private person I'm gonna marry my girlfriend. We already began to rack our brains about the whole organisation.
If you must describe your style with a color what will it look like? Why?
Uh… that's difficult. I don't know which color exactly, but it would be a hard and strong color… and one very tender color. Because I always try to combine hard beats with emotional melodies. That's what makes the magic in my eyes.
Which is the party that you will never forget?
I never forget a party!
What would you say for all of the people who use drugs?
Drugs have always been part of our culture, especially the music culture. It's difficult to say something about it. I don't do drugs. Sometimes I drink alcohol. Well, alcohol is also a drug. And it's dangerous, too. It always depends on how you use drugs, how often you use it and which dose. Always remember: Your life isn't over after your 30th or 40th birthday. Saying "I live in the now" is just a cheap excuse. There's a life after the now. And you'll regret it if you took too much of the shit the guy with the nice smile gave you when you was younger. Make your experiences if you think you have to, but don't misuse it. I talked to a few people who had been near to the border, but luckily got one's act together. I sometimes thought about how different drugs would feel like, but my life is too precious for me to test it. I don't need to know everything.
What is the most important thing for you in one track? Do we all need to search for the deep meaning?
My friends, THAT is a good question. I think it depends on the mood. If you search for answeres, you deserve music with a deeper meaning. If not, if you just wanna have fun, it's enough to keep you interested, to keep you dancing and not bored. Some songs only make sense if you are in a special situation and suddenly you understand them.
Is producing music the best alternative for international success?
Music reaches everyone. Music goes beyond borders. Music tears down walls. Music brings us together. If you are talented and you show the people what you are able to do, there can be success for sure.
How do you treat your fans? How does their attention make you feel?
The fans are great! It's still fascinating for me to see how my music attracts people from all over the world. It's always an honour for me to get compliments. Really! And I try to answere every request. If I should forget someone, don't be angry. Just remind me please. And keep spreading the word. Our army grows and grows!
Do you like our source (http://eilo.org/) ? Any suggestions?
I do. Maybe the artists should be able to care more about their own pages by themself. But Eilo.org is very professional! Keep up your good work.
Who is your favorite artist for all times and why?
I don't know. There are so many things interesting me… I could never set on only one artist.
How do you select your tracks for a party? Do you follow a special label or it is all depends on the moment?
Before the party it depends on my personal mood. At the party it depends on the people's mood.
When you get home after a very good party, what is on your mind?
Hunger… thirst… sleep…
Club or open area?
Club. I like being in dark and dirty rooms with flashing lights and loud music that echoes from the walls.
Think or feel?
Thinking is important. But in the end feeling is the better solution. Don't be a slave of your thoughts. Trust your intuition.
Please, tell us your favorite thought and give us your wishes!
Always accept and respect your neighbours opinion, even if you don't share it.
EILO.org supports you. Respect!
Thanks a lot for the interview! I'm looking forward to meeting all of you soldiers out there.
Bassbottle eilo.org Hardtechno interview Schranz Techno

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
5.16.16: It's Monday Again!
Good Morning! Start Monday off with this video of Steph Curry's MVP speech. Back to back style!
After weeks of great basketball, we've finally reached the Conference Finals. How did we get here, you might ask? Well…
In the East, the Toronto Raptors beat the Miami Heat in Game 7 on Sunday and will move on to play the Cleveland Cavaliers, who have been waiting for a little while to see who they would meet. These guys will kick off their series on Tuesday night. Yes, we know what you may be thinking…who will Drake cheer for?!?
Out West, league MVP Steph Curry led the Golden State Warriors over the Portland Trail Blazers and will next play the Oklahoma City Thunder, who beat the San Antonio Spurs earlier this week. The wild wild western conference finals get started Monday night.
Needless to say, the Conference Finals will be AWESOME. Get ready y'all.
PS- Karl Anthony Towns of the Minnesota Timberwolves was named the NBA's rookie of the year.
And with this past week, we've made it to the Conference Finals. The Tampa Bay Lightning scored a 4-1 series win over the New York Islanders, and the Pittsburgh Penguins won their series 4-2 against the Washington Capitals. The two winners proceeded to the Conference Finals and Tampa Bay won Game 1 against Pittsburgh on Friday, 3-1. They'll play again tonight at 8pm EST on NBCSN. And, the St. Louis Blues won their series against the Dallas Stars 4-3, and the San Jose Sharks won their series against the Nashville Predators 4-3. The Blues played the Sharks in Game 1 yesterday, and won 2-1. They'll play again on Tuesday at 8pm EST on NBCSN.
Baseball is back on the quips and we've got things to share!
Max Scherzer had 20 strike outs for the Washington Nationals last week against the Detroit Tigers — he matched a league record!
In other news, Rougned Odor and Jose Bautista got into a brawl during the Texas Rangers/Toronto Blue Jays game on Sunday.
Luis Suarez scored a hat trick and Barcelona scored a 3-0 win over Granada to capture their 24th La Liga title this weekend. Although Real Madrid beat Deportivo La Coruña on Saturday, Barcelona's performance means that Real Madrid finished the season in second place.
And, in EPL news, Arsenal scored a 4-0 win over Aston Villa and Tottenham Hotspur lost 1-5 to Newcastle United. After those matches, Arsenal finished the season in 2nd and Tottenham finished in 3rd. Manchester City drew against Swansea City 1-1 to secure 4th place for this season. The Manchester United/Bournemouth match was rescheduled to Tuesday night after a scare at the stadium. That will be the last match of the season.
Liverpool will take on Sevilla in the Europa League final on Wednesday, and Crystal Palace will take on Manchester United in the FA Cup final on Saturday.
The science behind marathon-ing
Is it possible to run a marathon in under two hours?
Nothing but Nets
The value of accuracy
Thanks to Steph Curry's partnership with the Nothing But Nets charity, three mosquito proof nets are donated for each basket he makes
PS: Wondering why you're missing out on SQ? If you're using Gmail, make sure you check your Promotions folder! If you want SQ to go to your Primary folder instead, click on this email and drag it into your Primary folder.
Posted on May 16, 2016 May 16, 2016 by The SportsQuip in May'16 SQ Editions 0
Previous post5.9.16: Onwards and Upwards
Next post5.23.16: the finals are gettin' close!


text:
Q: Density of smooth functions in $C([0,1])$ How can I show that smooth functions are dense in the space of continuous function on $[0,1]$? I know that we can use mollifiers. I wiki-ed it but can someone give me a rigorous proof?

A: The original proof of Weierstrass used the heat kernel to approximate continuous functions by smooth functions; Weierstrass then expanded the heat kernel in a power series to obtain a polynomial approximation.
Start with a continuous function $f$ on $[0,1]$. Extend your function from $[0,1]$ to be continuous on $\mathbb{R}$ and to vanish outside $[-\delta,1+\delta]$ for some $\delta > 0$. Consider
$$
           u(t,x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi t}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-(x-y)^{2}/4t}f(y)dy.
$$
This function naturally arises in the solution of the heat equation $u_{t}=u_{xx}$ with initial heat distribution $u(0,x)=f(x)$. As $t\downarrow 0$, the function $u(t,x)$ converges uniformly to $f(x)$ on $\mathbb{R}$, and $u(t,x)$ is infinitely differentiable in $x$ for any fixed $t > 0$. The argument for this uses properties of the heat kernel
$$
               H(t,x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi t}}e^{-x^{2}/4t}.
$$
For example,

*

*$H(t,x) \ge 0$ for all $t > 0$, $x\in\mathbb{R}$;

*$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}H(t,x)dx = 1,\;\;\; t > 0$;

*$\lim_{t\downarrow 0}\int_{|x|\ge \delta}H(t,x)dx =0$ for fixed $\delta > 0$.

So, let $\epsilon > 0$ be given. By uniform continuity of $f$ on $\mathbb{R}$, there exists $\delta > 0$ such that $|f(x)-f(y)| < \epsilon/2$ whenever $|x-y| < \delta$. Therefore,
$$
    u(t,x)-f(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}H(t,x-y)(f(y)-f(x))dy.
$$
Hence, if $M$ is a bound for $f$ on $\mathbb{R}$,
$$
   |u(t,x)-f(x)| \le \int_{x-\delta/2}^{x+\delta/2}H(t,x-y)|f(y)-f(x)|dy
                     +2M\int_{\delta/2}^{\infty}H(t,y)dy \\
            \le \epsilon/2+2M\int_{\delta/2}^{\infty}H(t,y)dy.
$$
Therefore, there exists $t_0 > 0$ such that
$$
           |u(t,x)-f(x)| < \epsilon,\;\;\; 0 < t < t_0.
$$
Then, if you want a polynomial approximation, you can expand the heat kernel in a power series and approximate on a finite interval for some fixed $t \in (0,t_0)$:
$$
                 H(t,y-x) \approx \frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi t}}\sum_{n=0}^{N}\frac{1}{n!}\left(\frac{(y-x)^{2}}{4t}\right)^{n}.
$$
Therefore, $u \approx f$ and
$$
             u(x,t) \approx \sum_{n=0}^{N}\int_{-\delta}^{1+\delta}f(y)\frac{(x-y)^{2n}}{\sqrt{\pi}(4t)^{n+1/2}}dy
       = a_0 +a_1 x +a_2 x^{2}+ \cdots +a_{2n} x^{2n}.
$$

A: Define the sequence of polynomials $(P_{n}(t))_{n=0}^{\infty}$ with $P_{n}(t)=t^{n}$, $\forall t \in [0,1], \forall n=0,1, \cdots$. The set $A=\{P_{n}: n=0,1, \cdots\}$ is countable. So we have to prove that $\overline{[A]}=C([0,1])$.
Let $f \in C([0,1])$ and $\epsilon>0$. From the Stone-Weierstrass theorem we know that there exists a polynomial $P:[0,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that $$||f-P||_{\infty}<\epsilon$$
But this polynomial has to be of the following form
$$P(t)=a_{0}+a_{1}t+\cdots+ a_{m}t^{m}$$
which means that $P \in [A]$. So, we showed that the intersection of the open ball with center f and radius $\epsilon$ with $[A]$ is not the empty set. Therefore, f is a limit point of $[A]$ and that means that the closure of $[A]$ is equal to $C([0,1])$.

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text:
The Scientific Tragedy of the Atomic Bomb
Erica Cook
Throughout history, improperly used science has posed a great threat to society. With the development of the atomic bomb, science has unleashed the means to destroy the world and burdened future generations with its destructive presence. Such threats are the result of unethical science. While for centuries scientists have dedicated themselves to explaining the earth's mysteries, they have often ignored the moral implications of their discoveries. In Richard Rhodes' book, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, scientist Robert Oppenheimer asserted that "it is a profound and necessary truth that the deep things in science are not found because they are useful; they are found because it was possible to find them." Although research is a scientist's primary role, Oppenheimer's statement is dangerous in its meaning. It implies that a scientist's sole responsibility is to function as nature's detective; a role too widely defined in its scope. Science, and its practicioner
s, should not be exempt from morality. Nearly all professions—such as medicine and education—are regulated by a basic ethical code. Just as doctors have an ethical responsibility to consider the consequences of their treatments, scientists should be held partially accountable for the applications of their discoveries.
In many ways, the greatest deficiency of modern science is its lack of moral standards. While the purpose of science is to discover knowledge, ethics are virtually absent from the discipline. This deficiency often causes scientists to investigate potentially evil subjects—like the atomic bomb—without ethical guidance. While delivering a lecture in 1936, physicist Francis W. Aston speculated about the consequences of atomic study, warning that:
there are those about us who say that [atomic] research should be stopped by law, alleging that man's destructive powers are already large enough…Personally, I think there is no doubt that sub-atomic energy is all around us, and that one day man will release and control its almost infinite power. We cannot prevent him from doing so and can only hope that he will not use it exclusively in blowing up his next door neighbor. (141)
Such a statement foretold an era when science would harness the means to annihilate humanity; a condition that stems from a lack of ethics. As a discipline, science answers only questions regarding physical properties, processes and histories; its stringent use of the scientific method marks its distinction from other schools of thought. Moral standards were divorced from science long ago and redistributed to the realm of philosophy. As a result, science no longer has an ethical foundation.
All scientists should be required to learn ethical guidelines that would include absolute standards and exposure to those philosophical modes, such as utilitarianism and relativism, which produce ethical pitfalls. Scientists would then be forewarned of faulty philosophical reasoning; thus, they would possess the ethics necessary to measure the value of their work. Research conducted without applied ethics is morally bankrupt because when scientists lack morals, outside sources can more easily manipulate their work for destructive purposes. In such situations, scientists are likely to adopt the rationalizations of that party to justify their efforts. This dilemma occurred with many of the scientists who conducted nuclear research during WWII. Edward Teller recalled his agreement with President Roosevelt's description of a scientist's role in the war effort: "If scientists in free countries will not make weapons to defend the freedom of their countries than freedom will be
lost" (336). From this statement, Teller "believed Roosevelt was not proposing what scientists may do 'but something that was our duty and that we must do…'" (336).
Unfortunately, some scientists actually believe that research without ethics has substantial value. While promoting the value of research, Robert Oppenheimer promoted moral deficiency when he remarked:
It is not possible to be a scientist unless you believe that the knowledge of the world, and the power which this gives, is a thing which is of intrinsic value to humanity, and that you are using it to help in the spread of knowledge, and are willing to take the consequences. (761)
According to this description, a scientist's only work would be to discover empowering knowledge for humanity; a notion that has value by itself. Such a premise is morally defunct because it does not consider the outcomes of a scientist's work. If scientists were the only ones affected by their work, then consequences would be confined to the individual. Scientists, however, live in a world where all men use their discoveries and share the consequences. The wrong application of technology can detrimentally influence humanity.
Because scientific discoveries potentially affect all of humanity, scientists should be subject to a minimum of ethical standards when doing their research. For example, in 1934 the Hungarian theoretical physicist Leo Szilard prophetically noted that "the discoveries of scientists…have given weapons to mankind which may destroy our present civilization if we do not succeed in avoiding future wars" (214). Although Szilard was probably referring to military aircraft and "the horrors of strategic bombing…almost certainly he was thinking of atomic bombs" (214). Szilard knew that science was on the brink of developing the technology capable of destroying mankind. Accordingly, atomic research was concentrated in America during WWII. Named the Manhattan Project, this scheme involved a $2 billion investment and the gathering of the world's greatest scientists, all to build the world's most destructive weapon.
Despite any peaceful benefits achieved from nuclear technology, its predominant application can still destroy mankind. As citizens of the society that will inherit their discoveries, scientists have a moral duty to consider the consequences of their work. Men have done much to liberate themselves through science. Yet when they use it improperly, they have also caused some of humanity's greatest miseries. For example, during World War I, poison gases—such as chlorpicrin and dichlorethyl sulfide—were used to efficiently immobilize and kill soldiers. More effective than a thousand bullets, these compounds caused masses of inhumane deaths and many other injuries. Although a blatant violation of the Hague Convention, the method was justified as "a way of saving countless lives, if it meant that the war could be brought to an end sooner" (93). This premise paradoxically sanctions the use of killing as a means of preserving life. Science is used to introduce new and im
moral mechanisms which are historically permanent and intensify violence. Human talents that could have improved humanity are abandoned for more violent pursuits. In this capacity, scientists use their skills to destroy their brothers, convincing themselves that their efforts are humanitarian. The creators of the gasses, "like bargain hunters, imagined they were spending a pittance of tens of thousands of lives to save a purseful more" (95). Using science this way for the preservation of life is morally bankrupt; human lives are not guaranteed. Every time a scientific development—such as gassing—is used to kill more efficiently, a destructive precedent is established for future generations to supersede. Thus, the nature of science is perverted, establishing a new standard of human cruelty; ironically, the occupation that discovers cures for illness also develops methods of mass destruction.
Despite ethical obligations, scientists should not be held responsible for every application of their work because they cannot predict the future. Ethical responsibilities do not obligate a scientist to improve society but to at least morally question his work. It is when deliberate research is conducted for destructive purposes and rationalized as humanitarian that great dilemmas arise. Historically, the destruction during WWI established a precedent for using atomic weapons and saturation bombing in World War II. The old methods of destruction had become inefficient; therefore, new techniques were required. Accordingly, the "most compact, efficient, inexpensive, inexorable mechanisms of total death are nuclear weapons. Since 1945 they have therefore come to dominate the field" (779). Like their predecessors, the new breed of scientists rationalized their atomic developments for shortening the war, ending Hitler's terror and saving lives. While justifying the
necessity of atomic research after the war, Robert Oppenheimer asserted:
The reason we did this job was because it was an organic necessity. If you are a scientist you cannot stop such a thing…you believe that it is good to find out how the world works; that it is good to find out what the realities are; that it is good to turn over to mankind…the greatest possible power to control the world and to deal with it according to its lights and values. (761)
Although it is a noble intention to empower the world, Oppenheimer's statement indulges in ethical rationalizations which have no moral foundation. Mankind's control of nature is by its values, which is a belief or condition held in high esteem. Knowledge given to the contemporary world would be wasted because it is obsessed with expanding destruction.
Despite their role in the discovery of knowledge, scientists are not the only parties at fault for the destructive application of science. Once knowledge leaves a scientist's hands, he often has little control over how his discoveries will be used. For example, the American military wanted to utilize the atomic bomb before the technology was replicated, thereby using their atomic monopoly to cement a dominant role in the postwar era. "When other countries acquired nuclear weapons, as they would in 'just a few years,' that advantage would be lost" (637). Rather than share the information, it would be used to intimidate other countries into complying with American political objectives. President Truman's Secretary of State James Byrnes believed "international relations worked like domestic politics as money was to banking, a medium of enriching exchange. Only naifs and fools gave it away" (635).
When the Trinity test proved its reliability, the atomic bomb became a political weapon removed from the scientific realm. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; cities filled with innocent men, women and children that were vaporized in seconds. Telling themselves it was in the world's best interest, American political and military personnel created reasons for the bomb's use and its evil was unleashed. For example, former U.S. Secretary of War Henry Stimson ironically justified the bombings mainly as a humanitarian endeavor. His:
chief purpose was to end the war in victory with the least possible cost in the lives of the men…In the light of the alternatives…which were open to us I believe that no man…holding in his hands a weapon of such possibilities…could have failed to use it and afterwards looked his countrymen in the face. (696)
This statement is a prime example of the danger ethically unguided science and politics pose to mankind. When both are manipulated, the world is endangered by great opportunities for destruction. Politicians eager to pursue their agendas manipulate science for their own ends, while scientists eager to empower the world unleash harmful information. Ultimately, scientists should be careful because their efforts are the primary source of harmful technology.
The world was irrevocably changed with the initiation of the nuclear era. Although not currently embroiled in war, the world has spent half a century in preparation for nuclear fallout. Many people would argue that the devices themselves created peace, but it is an existence established through fear. Danish theoretical physicist, Niels Bohr recognized that nuclear technology had engulfed the world "in a new situation that cannot be resolved by war" (532). When nuclear weapons "spread to other countries…no one would be able any longer to win. A spasm of nuclear destruction would be possible. But not war" (532). Because he believed such a future was inevitable, he envisioned a world so terrorized by nuclear weapons that it would unify mankind. Nevertheless, Bohr and his compatriots were not rationalizing peace but a nuclear cold war. The future they foretold has become psychologically imprisoned by fear and hatred; a world unable to distinguish between
fear and safety. I. I. Rabi remarked that:
the lesson we should learn from all this…and the frightening thing we did learn during the course of the war, was…how it is easy to kill people when you turn your mind to it. When you turn the resources of modern science to the problem of killing people, you realize how vulnerable they really are. (779)
Rabi's statement is the crux of unethical science. Scientists must be subject to ethical guidelines lest their efforts let mankind destroy itself.
Erica Cook is a senior from North Canton, Ohio studying Political Science and Journalism-English.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon and Schuster, 1986.
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Q: Open in 32-bit mode Under MacOS, you can change a little option for 32-bit executables called "Open in 32-bit mode". Wouldn't it work directly? And it works, but for some applications you had to select this option in order to run without problems. This was frequent in Safari, where some add-ons required a 32-bit environment.
I can't understand what makes an 32-bit executable not able to run directly in 64-bit, so what exactly changes in 32-bit mode?

A: This is really only of historical interest. In the transition period from 32 bit to 64 bit many apps were built as universal with 3 or sometimes even 4 architectures combined into one fat binary (aka "Universal Binary"), typically ppc, x86 and x86-64. In a 32 bit x86 environment the 32 bit x86 executable would be used. In a 64 bit x86-64 bit environment the 64 bit executable would be used. However in some cases you might want to use the 32 bit x86 executable even in a 64 bit x86-64 environment, e.g. in the case you mentioned where you have older plug-ins which are 32-bit only and can not be used with a 64 bit executable. Hence the option to launch an app in 32 bit mode.
Obviously a 32 bit app uses 32 bit APIs and has a 32 bit address space, whereas a 64 bit app has a 64 bit address space and uses 64 bit APIs.


Everything is created twice. First in the mind, and then in your life.
This is ancient knowledge from the Hermetic Principal of Correspondence. "As above, so below. As within, so without." What we think in our minds, we create in our external world.
Hermes Trismegistus was an ancient Egyptian philosopher that was so greatly admired the Egyptians revered him as god – Thoth, the god of wisdom. His seven principles are now part of what we know as the 12 Universal Laws.
This is law, or Principle of Correspondence, is very closely related to the Law of Attraction (Cause & Effect) in that we are creating from our thoughts. In the Law of Attraction, your thoughts send out energy vibrations which attracts the same energy back to you. In this way, you are creating your reality. But, LOA also deals with your emotions and actions as well, whereas the Law, or Principle, of Correspondence is more of an intentional creation.
A table, for example, is designed as a thought before it can be sketched on paper and created from wood. Everything we create was first created in the mind.
Why is this an important concept? Why does it matter that we think about something before we create it?
Because you have to know what you want before you can create it. You have to know specifics. What will it look like? What is its function? How will the mechanism work? What are the steps to create this?
If you don't have the plan in your mind you surely won't be able to put it on paper or in to your design. You will fly blindly in your creation process.
More importantly, tables and mechanical things are not the only things you can create. You can create the life of your dreams too! Surprisingly, most people do not use the Law of Correspondence to create their lives – instead, they live on auto-pilot, hoping the life of their dreams suddenly appears.
You can intentionally create the life you want. What would that look like? What would you be doing? If you don't know the answer to those questions then you probably will never get there.
Design it in your mind – then live it in your life.
As a Life Coach it is exactly what I help people do. Acknowledge where you are – discover where you want to be – then fill in the gap with lots of intentional creativity.
It's also the main objective in my new course, Vision Quest – Journey Through Transformation.
Watch the video until the end because I have some giveaways and ways you can earn free tuition to this course!