text:
Prophet Noble Drew Ali
Moorish Businesses
We Are Moorish Americans.
Our mission is to uplift fallen humanity.
Black. Negro. Colored. African-American.
Moorish American.
Some say "Negro," another will brand him "Race Man," still another will call him "Afro-American," and then come "Colored," "dark American," "Coon," "Shine," "The Brethren," and your "Folks." It is indeed a hard matter to find something suitable for the various occasion where a title needs to be used. Is it that these people have no proper name? Did they have a National name when first brought to these shores in the early part of the Seventeenth Century? If so, what was it? Did not the land from which they were forced have a name…
…The matter of the various names given to these twenty-two million people with all colors of every race of the globe was an act of European psychology. They gave him a name, then defined it as something inferior to theirs. "White," they defined as a color of purity; "Black," they say, represents everything of evil. The "Negro," as they were called in this nation, have no nation to which they might look with pride. Their history starts with the close of the Civil War or more properly with his being forced to serve someone else. Thus he is separated from the illustrious history of his forefathers who were the founders of the first civilization of the Old World. This matter should be looked into with a hope of correcting it.
-Prophet Noble Drew Ali-
History of the Moorish Movement
In connection with the aims, objects, rules and regulations of the Moorish Science Temple of America. I deem it proper to submit to you a brief statement of our organization, covering its inception, rise and progress and of the Mohammedan religion, which I hope will be satisfactory to you and be the means of causing you at all times to adhere to the principles of Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom, and Justice in your relations with mankind in general. I further, most anxiously hope this brief statement will help you to more clearly see the duty and wisdom of at all times upholding those fundamental principles which are desired for our civilization of our posterity, such as obedience to law, respect and loyalty to government tolerance, and unity.
We organized as the Moorish Temple of Science in the rear of 1925, and were legally incorporated as a civic organization under the laws of the State of Illinois, November 29th . 1926. The name Moorish Temple of Science was changed to the Moorish Science Temple of America, May 1928, in accordance with the legal requirements of the Secretary of the State of Illinois.
Since the work of the Moorish Science Temple of America was largely religious, the organization has been legally changed to a religious corporation and an affidavit to this effect has been properly filed in the Cook County Recorder's office of Illinois.
Temple #35
Moorish Science Temple of America Temple #35 started off as a study group in 2013 under the Grand Major Temple #1 in Chicago, Illinois. Study sessions were held at project Row Houses in third ward for several months. On September 20, 2014, the study group received authority from the Grand Major Temple # 1 to operate as an official temple of the Moorish Science Temple of America. Months later, Temple #35 moved to 6006 Calvacade in 2015. On January 8, 2017 moved to 6021 Calvacade where the temple presently resides.
Learn Even More About MSTA
Read carefully the doctrines of The Moorish Science Temple of America. It contains our hopes, aims, rules and articles of religion.
Contribute to Building a Nation
Calling all true American citizens for moral support and finance to help the Moorish Science Temple of America in its great missionary work.
Make Your Contribution
Website and videos produced by Present The Vision
© Moorish Science Temple of America. All rights reserved.


text:
Q: List unique dates and add line at the beginning of a new month I have long (multiple thousand lines and growing) list of data in Sheets which have a date and additional columns with data. Here's a simplified example of this list (=TAB1):
Date          Number      Product-ID
02.09.2021    123         1
02.09.2021    2           1
01.09.2021    15          1
01.09.2021    675         2
01.09.2021    45          2
01.09.2021    52          1
31.08.2021    2           1
31.08.2021    78          1
31.08.2021    44          1
31.08.2021    964         2
30.08.2021    1           2
29.08.2021    ...
...

Three remarks:

*

*The date is formatted to European standard DD.MM.YYYY

*There definitely is more than one line per day per product (could be a big number depending on the day)

*(for the formulas below) In the European standard Sheets uses ; instead of , as in =IF(A;B;C)
In a different tab (=TAB2), I want to add up all the numbers for a unique date for Product-ID 1. So far I've done it like this:
Date                      Sum (if Product-ID=1)
=UNIQUE('TAB1'!A2:A)      =ARRAYFORMULA(SUMIF('TAB1'!A:A&'TAB1'!C:C;A2:A&"1";'TAB1'!B:B))

02.09.2021                125
01.09.2021                67
31.08.2021                124
30.08.2021                1
29.08.2021                ...
...

This works fine so far. Here's what I want to do now:
For every month (here: August and September 2021) I need an additional line above the current date (in this case: above 02.09.2021) AND above a completed month to sum over the whole month for column B. Here's how it should look like:
Date                      Sum (if Product-ID=1)
September 2021            192
02.09.2021                125
01.09.2021                67
August 2021               125
31.08.2021                124
30.08.2021                1
29.08.2021                ...

Of course, the line for the next day (03.09.2021) should be added above 02.09.2021 and below the sum for the month when it's automatically added to TAB1 on the next day.
I tried to play around with s.th. like =IF(DAY(UNIQUE('TAB1'!A2:A))=1;...;...) but didn't get far.
Is there anyone with an idea how to realize s.th. like this?

A: You want to learn about QUERY().
in cell A1 of an empty tab.
=QUERY('TAB1'!A2:C,"select A,SUM(B) where C = 1 group by A")

it makes a very big difference whether your product ids are text or numbers.  the above was written as if they are numbers, but you might have just been simplifying.  If they are text you would write it like this:
=QUERY('TAB1'!A2:C,"select A,SUM(B) where C = '1XYZ' group by A")

note the single quotes.
if the IDs are a MIX of text and letters then you need to force them all to text values in the original data by highlighting the IDs column and choosing Format>Number>Plain Text from the menu bar.
UPDATE:
I understand the requirements better now for intermixing a cumulative month total into the output.  This may work.
=ARRAYFORMULA({QUERY({EOMONTH('TAB1'!A2:A,0),'TAB1'!B2:C},"select 'Total',Col1,SUM(Col2) where Col3 = 1 group by 'Total',Col1 label 'Total''',SUM(Col2)''",0);QUERY('TAB1'!A2:C,"select '',A,SUM(B) where C = 1 group by '',A label '''',SUM(B)''",0)},"order by Col2,Col1",0))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When a new gang moves into town it's up to the screwball police team to stop them.
The Bradys receive a surprise visit when a man claiming to be Carol's long-lost first husband shows up at their residence, the family question his motives.
In middle of the Vietnam War, a Navy surgeon and a nurse fall in love. Their affection for one another provides a striking contrast to the violence of warfare.
A psychiatrist, who falls in love with a patient, is visited by the spirit of Sigmund Freud, who gives him advice on how to handle it.
Two wannabe heroes and their friends must stop a madman from giving everyone nightmares.
In L.A., a young woman tries to uncover what led to the brutal murder of her old flame and who killed him.
Sir Sean Connery stars in Fred Zinnemann's haunting tale of incestuous love set against a magnificent background of the Swiss Alps.
Duke Jarrett is sent to jail at the John Dillinger prison. However, the prison looks more like a zoo, more or less ruled by the prisoners themselves.
A look at one hundred years of romance in American cinema.
Bert Newton counts down films that dared to push the boundaries from 20 to 1.
Bert Newton counts down Hollywood's hottest hunks from 20 to 1.


See the Brooks Brothers Black Friday 2018 ads at Steps To Become .com. Find the best 2018 Brooks BrothersBlack Friday deals and sales.
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text:
Ponometia acutus is a species of bird dropping moth in the family Noctuidae.

The MONA or Hodges number for Ponometia acutus is 9105.

References

Further reading

Acontiinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Moths described in 1905

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We will always arm you with all necessary information, including all options and upfront pricing, so that you can make the best decision. Our electricians will never make false promises; we only make agreements we are able to keep.
Charles R. Morton Electric was established in 2014 by Charles Morton. With an extensive customer service background and a passion for helping people Charles felt that he could bring that energy into the Electrical Industry. Charles R Morton Electric is a highly reviewed well respected Residential and Commercial Electrical Company. Charles R Morton Electric was recognized by Thumbtack, Amazon Home Services, and Home Depot Pro Services in 2017 for providing exceptional customer service.
Most Recently, Charles R Morton Electric had one of the company's Electricians recognized in EC&M Magazines May 2018 issue as one of the Top 10 Electricians in the entire country under 30 years old. With these types of accolades in only 4 short years of providing excellent service, we at Charles R. Morton Electric feel that this is just the beginning.


Mathieu was appointed Executive Director of the ISSC in November 2015.
Mathieu holds a PhD from the Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany. He has previously taught history, political theory and industrial relations at Université du Québec à Montréal, and Université de Montréal. Mathieu Denis was a post-doctoral researcher on the 2010 World Social Science Report on Knowledge Divides, and later joined the ISSC in 2012 as Science Officer. Prior to joining the ISSC, Mathieu Denis worked as researcher at the Berlin Social Science Centre and the Canadian Centre for German and European Studies.


text:
Q: Why click event calls two time in jquery I have made small plugin for practice. But on click on first span it is printing in console two times. fiddle
$.fn.sample= function(options){
  var setting= $.extend({
    d:false
  }, options)
  $(this).append($('<span/>').attr({id:'jitender'}).text('hi click me'))
  $('span').click(function(){
    if(setting.d)
      console.log(1)
    else
      console.log(2)
  })
  return this
}
$(function(){
  $('div.one').sample({
    d:true
  })

  $('div.two').sample({
    d:false
  })
})

A: You are adding the click event to all span tags every time you call sample. I expect you actually want something like this:
var clickSpan = $('<span/>').attr({id:'jitender'}).text('hi click me');
$(this).append(clickSpan);
clickSpan.click(function(){
    if(setting.d)
      console.log(1);
    else
      console.log(2);
});

http://jsfiddle.net/583vN/3/

A: $('span').click will attach itself to all span tags.
Change:
$('span').click(function()

To:
$(this).click(function()

JSFiddle

A: You are setting an event handler on all <span>s each time you call the plugin.  You can fix this by being more specific with your handler in the plugin, changing:
  $('span').click(function(){
    if(setting.d)
      console.log(1)
    else
      console.log(2)
  })

When this is executed on a click on a <span>, you've set two handlers, each of which get called.
Change the above to the following (which limits the click even to spans in the element the plugin is being called on):
  $('span', this).click(function(){
    if(setting.d)
      console.log(1);
    else
      console.log(2);
  });

See this JSBin

A: Because you have attached two event handlers to that span...
It happens because when you are calling $('span').click(...) - you are attaching vent handler to all spans in a document...
If you want to attach it only to span in div to which you are applying sample plugin- write: $('span', this).click(...)


PumpProducts.com offers an extensive selection of Hoffman replacement parts to optimize the performance and life of your Hoffman pump. Need help in finding the repair parts you're looking for? Call our Hoffman Product Support line: 1-800-429-0800.


text:
South Essex records 4,000 Covid cases in a week - these are the 10 worst-hit areas
Covid: South Essex sees more than 4,000 Covid cases in a week
By Alex Gidden @AlexGidden11 Reporter
CORONAVIRUS cases have risen by 20 per cent across south Essex in the past week.
Most areas are now recording similar infections to figures in January during the height of the second wave.
Both Southend and Basildon are still recording more than 1,000 cases a week, with Thurrock close to reaching that number.
Castle Point are recording around 500 cases a week, but have similar infection rates per 100,000 people due to their smaller populations.
Infection rates in all five boroughs and districts are above 500 cases per 100,000 people, according to the latest data up to November 26.
These are the 10 south Essex neighbourhoods which recorded the highest number of cases in the past week:
Tilbury - 136
Great Wakering - 105
Chadwell St Mary – 99
West Shoebury – 93
Hockley and Hawkwell West - 92
Eastwood – 90
Laindon West and Southfields - 74
Lee Chapel South and Kingswood - 74
Belfairs – 72
Kursaal - 69
A rise in cases and the discovery of the new Omicron variant of Covid has led some experts to call for tighter restrictions and people to limit socialising in the coming weeks, with Christmas parties a particular concern.
No 10 has stressed that it does not want festive events to be cancelled, despite Government departments opting to do so.
Asked why Government departments were cancelling festive celebrations despite Boris Johnson urging people not to, the Prime Minister's official spokesman said: "The Prime Minister has been very clear on this.
"On Christmas parties, we don't want people to cancel such events. There is no Government guidance to that end.
"It is right that post-Step 4 (of the road map out of lockdown), we returned to the position where people can use their individual judgment, but there is certainly no Government guidance to that end, and the Prime Minister has been very clear."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are also a one of the leading Manpower Supply in Kuwait. We are specialized in Outsourcing talented human resources across Nations. We can offer all types of professional resources (Technical, Non Technical, Managerial, etc.), as well as general labors as per your need. We have expertise in providing the workers in shortest possible time, as per your need and at the lower cost as compared to the market. Today's competitive business world demands professional management of human resources.
The successful mix of people at Fawaz Al Khaleejiya, from our dynamic management group to our dedicated administrative staff ensures that our clients obtain optimal results. You can expect a winning performance when our people are mobilized on your project.
We along with our associate company Al Abdali group, are procuring and supplying manpower for various Government/Private/Oil sector companies. We also offer all Manpower maintenance services like arrange for Medical, residence permit and Civil ID, making them Project Ready enabling Parent Companies to concentrate on their core business rather than spending their valuable time on Labor management.
We can take the process further after receiving Project confirmation from Project owners stating that the project is awarded to us and mentioning the manpower requirements. Usually, it takes 45-60 days to import labor and getting it "Project Ready" i.e. after completing all formalities after personnel's entry into Kuwait.


text:
Q: How to create user roles and permission in mongodb / nosql Ive been searching for a while trying to find tutorials on how to make a typical website MVC permission system using user roles.
Ive done such things using SQL and relations, but in nosql databases, its done differently ( i assume).
what i have in mind is something like this
//Role objects
{Roles : [
{
    '_id' : 'uniqueId',
    'role_name' : 'admin',
    'permissions_granted' : [array of permission strings]
},
{
    '_id' : 'uniqueId',
    'role_name' : 'user',
    'permissions_granted' : [array of permission strings]
},
{
    '_id' : 'uniqueId',
    'role_name' : 'guest',
    'permissions_granted' : [array of permission strings]
}
]}

//User objects
{Users: [
{
    '_id' : 'uniqueId',
    'username' : 'mike',
    'password' : 'mypass',
    'permissions' : [an instance of role group, or its id ? ]
},
{
    '_id' : 'uniqueId',
    'username' : 'jonny',
    'password' : '123',
    'permissions' : [???]
}
]}

how could i make a single query which fetches user data + its permissions ?
is there a downside of using 2 querys, one to get user's role id, and then get permissions from roles document. ?
how are user permissions handled in nosql databases like mongodb

A: You should use the IDs and not the objects as such. This way you can update everything easily. If you have a scenario, when you read permissions often and write very seldom (which I assume) you can store additionally to the role ID's also the actual permissions of the user (based on its roles)
However you need to update those permissions, every time a role is updated. But when querying a user you get the roles immediately with it, which is much faster than with 2 separate queries.


Tanjung Benoa nightlife shares the lower key atmosphere of its neighbouring Nusa Dua. While clubbing or late night hangouts are few and far between, there are still plenty of great ways to have a fun evening here. And while most establishments close at midnight, some restaurants take on a bubbly bar and pub scene where you can stay on after dinners with some great live music too.
Some highlights are inside hotels, such as the cabaret shows at the Sol Beach House, while one of the island's must-see theatrical shows, Devdan – Treasure of the Archipelago, is only a short taxi ride away to the hub of Nusa Dua. For a totally different approach to nightlife, there's Pasar Malam, a night market-inspired concept and extension of the pioneering Bumbu Bali cooking school. Here are the best places to go at night while in the peninsula.
Devdan – Treasure of the Archipelago makes up one of the island's must-see attractions, which is held four times each week at the Bali Nusa Dua Theatre. Conveniently located right between the Bali Collection shopping complex and The Bay Bali group of beachfront restaurants, the show is a great combined stopover before or after some shopping or a seafood dinner. The show takes you on a thrilling 90 minutes filled with music fed through an immersive stage sound system, as well as lighting and water features well synced with the spectacular choreography carried out by a full-time cast and a team of acrobats and dancers. The storyline involves a magical journey throughout the Indonesian archipelago after a boy and girl discover an enchanted chest filled with items representing each island and culture.
Enjoy a Bali themed party at this traditional night market-inspired open-air dining concept in Tanjung Benoa. It is the sister establishment of Bumbu Bali, one of the first Balinese cooking schools which calls Tanjung Benoa its home. Pasar Malam invites you to enjoy some samplings of delightful Balinese flavours, all in the surroundings of a Balinese house which is comprised of separate kitchen pavilions stationed by chefs who are able to share insights on the various dishes served. Together, these tell you an entire story of food culture in Bali. You can enjoy delicious Balinese cakes and snacks, as well as freshly brewed coffee, and there's also an arak distillery that is built according to traditional Balinese principles. 'Balinese village nights' are one of the special events here, showcasing various village activities, from arts and crafts, flower offering making, coconut bowling to fruit carving and a run through of the arak-making process.
Sol Beach House Benoa in Tanjung Benoa, formerly the Melia Benoa, became famous for its spectacular cabaret shows and traditional Balinese dance performances, which it shows regularly every Sunday night for its guests as part of its all-inclusive offerings. There are two venues within the resort where the highlights take place. The cabaret curtains part at the dedicated ballroom to a seated audience as they embark on a 45-minute journey with lip-syncing drag queens and Vegas-style dancers in colourful costumes. Another beachfront venue with a Balinese stage shows the beautiful traditional Balinese dances accompanied by live gamelan orchestras.
Pica Tapas Bar & Churrasqueria offers a Spanish and Mediterranean dining experience, together with a bar scene that is filled with festive vibes. The venue is located at the Bali Collection, and its restaurant features regular all-you-can-eat promos together with a blend of caipirinhas, rodicios and some samba thrown in every Wednesdays and Saturdays. Other live entertainment is provided by a band that takes to the stage performing Latin and upbeat music. The Bali Collection is an easy 15-minute transfer from Tanjung Benoa.
For a night out with live music, Luna Bonita on Jalan Pratama, positioned right between Novotel Bali Benoa and the Grand Mirage Resort, offers a great dining experience with local Balinese and Indonesian cuisine as well as an international selection. Linger on after dinner with great company and sit back and relax while enjoying the live acoustic guitarists onstage. A bar presents a good selection of cocktails, and the venue also throws in some cultural nights with traditional Balinese dancers performing. If you're not requesting your favourite song, other nights you can join in and get loose and shake your hips to tango with the Balinese dancers too.
Sakala Bali, part of the Chedi Sakala, is a great spot for an afterdark chill-out while in Tanjung Benoa. The quiet evening coast sets the mood right with its great selection of tapas to be relished on the sky deck or breezy sea terrace. From duck foie gras prepared in two ways, to squid ink fried calamari with garlic mayonnaise, the tapas menu is extensive, with vegetarian options also available. Desserts are also heavenly, such as its parfait glacé with praline paste, premium cognac, caramelized hazelnuts and crispy romia. Cocktails to try include the Guavalitan, the chilli chocolate Martini, and the Cappucino Martini. There's also a poolside and beachfront with 56 sun loungers, a swim-up sunken bar, and a 30-meter infinity pool. Warm summer nights feature DJs with their booths on the sand.
Atlichnaya Bar and Spa might not be particularly large but it is rather inviting with its well-lit setting and unpretentious atmosphere. This is a great spot to head to while in Tanjung Benoa if you're in the mood for some great juices, cocktails, mocktails or cold beer – all at reasonable prices. It claims to serve the largest serving of Mojito in Tanjung Benoa, available at only IDR 39,000 and the bar also stocks a good selection of wines. From its kitchen, there are some great bites to try, from spring rolls and chicken satay, chilli and lime chicken, and delicious seafood dishes. Uniquely, it couples with a spa facility where you can pamper yourself with a great Balinese massage or a long sought foot massage.
Meads is an eponymous bar and grill owned by West Aussie Warren Mead, located on Jalan Pratama. The main highlights on its menu of prime cuts from Down Under, a great range of pizzas and burgers and grilled seafood selections are coupled with live sport feeds on four large screens and cold beers, making it a go-to for watching some great live tournaments and matches, from AFL and NRL, the Melbourne Cup and some MotoGP or Formula One. On other occasions, a pool table offers a good game, and the restaurant is family friendly, with a kids menu available.
The Tree international pub and restaurant offers a great dinner time accompanied by regular live music on the main Jalan Pratama. Named after the large jackfruit tree the looms over the establishment, The Tree features an alfresco area with very cosy seating. Inside is a large bar and the overall scene harks back to an old English pub, with warm wooden interiors and vintage photographs against red brick walls. Reggae fills the air as you relish in European and Asian selections, as well as special Balinese dishes like bebek betutu. The Tree also offers live acoustic music nightly, together with a great selection of wine, cocktail and even cigars.
If you're in for a great seafood dinner with regular live music and dance performances, head to Coco Bistro on Jalan Pratama. The restaurant offers a cosy alfresco atmosphere and is perfect for gatherings while enjoying light meals with cold beers and a selection of cocktails and mocktails available. The menu comprises Balinese, Italian and Western specialties. A fresh seafood display lets you select your lobster, prawn or fish to be prepared. A stage presents traditional Balinese dances Thursdays and Saturdays, while other nights feature a singing duo playing old classics on their guitars. The location is hard to miss, and it is located right across the road from the Grand Aston Bali Beach Resort.


text:
Yuan approaches China's red line for intervention
Sharp depreciation tests Beijing's tolerance
YUSHO CHO, Nikkei staff writer July 20, 2018 02:08 JST
The Chinese currency hit a one-year low against the dollar, raising the prospect of a market intervention or capital controls. © Reuters
SHANGHAI -- The yuan touched a one-year low on Thursday, sparking concerns that the currency will weaken past the threshold that in the past has triggered China's monetary authorities to intervene in the market or impose capital restrictions.
After the People's Bank of China set the yuan's reference rate at 6.7066 per dollar early Thursday, the yuan weakened as far as 6.77, a level last seen in July 2017.
The currency has depreciated by more than 7% from a high reached in April, and is nearing the 6.8 line that has spurred Chinese authorities to take action over the past few years. In Hong Kong, the yuan has already crept into 6.8 territory.
A multitude of factors are putting downward pressure on the yuan, not least being the U.S-China trade war. The friction is sparking worries that the already slowing Chinese economy will soften further.
The shrinking spread between Chinese and American interest rates is also cheapening the yuan. Long-term Chinese yields now hover below 3.5%, tracing a roughly 0.5-point decent since last fall. Meanwhile, rate hikes by the U.S. Federal Reserve have lifted long-term Treasury yields to the upper 2.8% level, equating to a rate spread of just 0.6 point.
In some Asian countries, including China, funds have begun moving to the U.S., said a foreign exchange dealer at a major bank.
Foreign companies operating in China are in the midst of repatriating profits back home after reporting earnings for 2017. That often involves the purchase of foreign currencies. Additional demand for non-yuan currencies is coming from Chinese vacationing outside the mainland. Bank branches have been crowded for days since the middle of July.
Market participants have become watchful whenever the yuan trades between 6.8 and 7 to the dollar because that is the zone where Chinese authorities are expected to take defensive action. After the global financial crisis hit, the currency remained fixed in the lower 6.8 range for approximately two years. When the yuan depreciated starting in the summer of 2015, China tightened capital controls as the currency approached 7 to the dollar.
"I suspect they will take strong countermeasures against the weak yuan," said a source at an investment bank, recalling past experience. So far, though, Beijing has taken limited action. Market analysts believe that China bought yuan and sold dollars on July 3 and 12, but they appear to be one-off moves.
Wang Chunying, spokeswoman for China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange, told reporters Thursday that the U.S.-China trade friction was not causing capital flight.
Chinese bank branches have put in place restrictions such as requiring foreign currency purchases to be declared beforehand. But the government decided not to put a cap on corporate fund transfers.
Other Chinese officials have been restrained in their comments. Yi Gang, governor of the PBOC, simply said the central bank will stabilize the yuan at a reasonable level.
Many analysts predict Chinese exports will weaken in the second half of the year under Washington's punitive tariffs. Beijing is assumed to be tolerating the cheap yuan to make its exports more competitive. Furthermore, Chinese President Xi Jinping is working to open the country's financial market wider, putting him in a poor position to impose capital limits or take other steps that might put off foreign companies.
But if the yuan is left to depreciate steeply, "funds could keep flowing out of China with no end," said a source at a foreign bank. If the previously surmised 6.8-to-7 line has shifted, institutional investors and others might alter their positions significantly.
Others fear a repeat of the yuan sell-off and subsequent stock market crash that started in summer 2015. The Shanghai Composite Index fell for a second consecutive day Thursday, ending at 2,772, near the 2,655 nadir logged in January 2016.
Shanghai's trading volume has increasingly undershot the 200 billion yuan ($29.5 billion) threshold that indicates an active market. That points to a bearish mood among retail investors, who account for 80% of trading. The stock markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen have been trying to draw more overseas investors through mechanisms such as a linkup to Hong Kong, with limited success.
For Chinese authorities, the choice is either allowing the market to determine the value of the yuan or making stability the priority through regulation or market intervention. It was only last year that the PBOC took the bold step of modifying its yuan-fixing formula to curb swings.
Sign up to our newsletters to get our best stories delivered straight to your inbox.
US and China reach currency truce after finding happy medium
US removes China from 'currency manipulator' as talks progress
China's growth does not guarantee yuan's outsize influence in markets
Architect of HK dollar peg says exchange rate system will endure
Trade war could delay yuan challenge to dollar's global role
China's deleveraging weighs on growth as trade war unfolds
About Sponsored Content This content was commissioned by Nikkei's Global Business Bureau.


text:
Q: Fade in an HTML element with raw javascript over 500 miliseconds Once again I find myself stuck by something that I just don't understand. Any help would be appreciated.
I'm working on a modal window, you click something and the background is masked and a modal window shows some content.
I have a div with "display:none" and "opacity:0", and when the user triggers the modal, this div will overlay everything and have certain transparency to it.
In my mind, what I need to do is:
Set the opacity
Perform a "for" loop that will check if the opacity is less than the desired value.
Inside this loop, perform a "setInterval" to gradually increment the value of the opacity until it reaches the desired value.
When the desired value has been reached, perform an "if" statement to "clearInterval".
My code so far is as follows:
var showMask = document.getElementById('mask');
function fireModal(){
showMask.style.opacity = 0;
showMask.style.display = 'block';
var getCurrentOpacity = showMask.style.opacity;
var increaseOpacity = 0.02;
var finalOpacity = 0.7;
var intervalIncrement = 20;
var timeLapse = 500;
function fadeIn(){
    for(var i = getCurrentOpacity; i < finalOpacity; i++){
        setInterval(function(){
            showMask.style.opacity = i;
        }, intervalIncrement)
    }
    if(getCurrentOpacity == finalOpacity){
        clearInterval();
    }
}
fadeIn();
}

As you all can guess, this is not working, all it does is set the opacity to "1" without gradually fade it in.
Thanks in advance for your help.

A: You should use jquery, mootools or extjs for something like this.
But basically you need to do this:
var id = setInterval(function() {
   showMask.style.opacity += .05;
   if (showMask.style.opacity >= 1)
   {
      clearInterval(id);
   }
},200)

This will fade in over 2 seconds.

A: Rack my up as another who strongly advises using jQuery. In my work environment I often face similar challenges due to corporate bosses who are basically afraid of any and all advancement, so I understand your predicament. But, that being said, my suggestion is instead of spending time re-writing the wheel, spend time figuring out how to use the proper solution, which is, in this case jQuery or other javascript framework. If you can write your own function, you can use jQuery.
<script>
  document.write("<scr" + "ipt src='http://givemejquery'></scr" + "ipt>");
</script>


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CALGARY, Alberta (Reuters) - A team of South African firefighters dispatched to Canada to fight a massive wildfire in the oil sands region is heading home after a pay dispute, South African officials said on Thursday.
The 301 firefighters arrived in northern Alberta less than two weeks ago to help quell the blaze near Fort McMurray, which forced the evacuation of 90,000 people, destroyed part of the city and shuttered more than a million barrels per day of oil sands production.
But on Thursday, Working on Fire, a South African government-funded organization that trains firefighters, said a senior management team was on its way to Alberta assist with their demobilization and return home.
At issue is how much pay the firefighters should receive for their work in Canada.
During their deployment, Canadian authorities agreed to cover accommodation and meals, while each fire fighter would also receive a daily stipend of C$15 ($11.80) for discretionary purchases, according to Working on Fire.
In addition, after their return home, each firefighter would receive an "out of country daily allowance" to the Rand value equivalent of C$35 per day. They were also to receive the regular wage they earn at home.
However, local media reports about salary increases for personnel deployed to Canada caused confusion among the firefighters, prompting them to strike on Wednesday, Work on Fire said in a statement.
"We wish to categorically state that the quoted amount of $21 per hour is incorrect and was never agreed to with anyone," Working on Fire said, referring to the media reports. It added in a statement that each firefighter signed the agreement on pay before coming to Canada.
Mike Long, communication director for Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, said the sudden departure of the South Africans would not disrupt efforts to battle the wildfire.
"We have nearly 2,000 firefighters on the line currently and the fire is 70 percent contained at the moment so it's at a point where we are able to manage the need appropriately," he said.


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Q: How often do you add new investment properties in Baltimore to the site and VIP Buyers List?


Thank you for your interest in being apart of the 2019 production of the award winning theater program "Breaking Ground." Here we empower you to put YOUR story on stage and get paid! We are now auditioning for LGBTQIA+ of color ages 16-30 in the Washington DC metropolitan area! This form will be used to schedule your audition on June 1st and/or 2nd.


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Many properties (being even) and relations (musical intervals, being a father) are such that it is not clear what it would mean to take them as natural things existing in space.
How could 'being even', or 'being a father', or a musical interval, exist naturally in space?
'Being even' certainly seems to be a property, and it is a struggle to see how it could exist in space, unless it is a set of actual or potential brain states.


text:
Home » Live Reviews » Live: State Champs and more bring Pure Noise Tour to Indy
Live: State Champs and more bring Pure Noise Tour to Indy
Posted by Reggie Edwards on Dec 15, 2021 in Live Reviews | 0 comments
State Champs are back and stronger than ever in a post-COVID touring year and they've brought Real Friends, Four Year Strong, Just Friends and Bearings with them for the Pure Noise Tour, which recently hit Indianapolis' Deluxe at Old National Centre.
The show was originally slated for the Hoosier Dome but was moved to the Egyptian Room…then moved downstairs to Deluxe, which actually helped the show because the room was packed almost to capacity and that means one thing- fun.
Bearings opened the show with a set that got the crowd jumping and moving, ready for the rest of the bands to take over and Just Friends took it to another level.
Imagine Red Hot Chili Peppers and Black Eyed Peas having a lovechild and that's Just Friends. Their set was nothing but pure fun and they made fans out of anyone who wasn't familiar with them yet before Four Year Strong took the stage and obliterated everyone in the room.
The crowd was able to recharge just quick enough for Real Friends to blow the roof off the room and they made sure anyone in the Egyptian Room upstairs could hear what was going on downstairs and fans were ready for their first taste of new singer Cody Muraro, who came into the band during COVID's height last year and they were more than happy with the new addition and he's the perfect person to step into Dan Lambton's shoes.
When State Champs took the stage, the crowd was intense and ready to give whatever energy they had left to the band and they did exactly that. The second the band ripped into their set, the cryo cannons launched, the crowd surfers made their way to the barricade like a tidal wave on a warm summer day and the band gave every bit of energy right back to them.
The entire set was a pure adrenaline rush and ended faster than it started, making fans beg for more and making sure State Champs knew the Indianapolis chapter of the fanbase was taking things deeper than just enjoying a rock show, the fans were letting a year-and-a-half of pent up emotions out in one night and it was therapeutic for everyone in the room. This was the show these fans needed on every level.
-Reggie Edwards


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The sun is shining and the page has been neglected a bit.
Anyways, since last the SWTOR Legacy Helper has been released.
A few (3) soundboards are also back, but under a different account that is being maintained by a friend of mine, however the future for any soundboards is still unclear at this time.
The soundboards that are up now are: Skyrim, Modern Warfare 3 and Diablo 3.
There has also been some updates during this time.


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Can't believe we're at the end of another read-a-thon! It went by way too fast and I didn't get much reading done unfortunately. I did get started on The Strain by Guillermo Del Toro and Chuck Hogan and it's shaping up to be a right scary read. Delicious!
One note on this time around...the Twitter chats did not work out well this time. I noticed that they have fallen off each time so I'm thinking of retiring the chats. If you'd like to weigh in on this, please leave a comment.
I hope everyone enjoyed Spring into Horror! I'd like to thank everyone who participated and also the authors who generously donated prizes. Be watching for sign-ups in the next couple of months for the High Summer Read-a-Thon, July 21 through July 28. The button is located in the Future Read-a-Thons page and I'll have it in the sidebar soon.
For those of you who might be interested, I'm thinking of hosting two Sit Down and Write Write-a-Thons...one in June and one in August. Be watching for details at the Stories Inside blog.
Be sure to add your wrap-up link below and please double check that your starting post is linked in the starting line linky (HERE) so you will be eligible for the giveaway. You have until Tuesday, May 6 at 11:59pm CST to add your wrap-up link. I will draw giveaway winners on Wednesday (please note the new system of drawing winners in the giveaway details on the prize page). Don't forget that there is a free short story for all participants located on the prize page (link in the menu below header). Leave a comment at the prize page if you would like me to send you the download link. Good luck in the giveaway to all!!!
I just finished reading Bram Stoker's "Dracula". This was my second time reading this novel. The first time I read "Dracula" was in the 8th grade (over 10 years ago. Whew!). I think I enjoyed reading it the second time, even though the element of surprise wasn't there anymore. Has anyone else ever read a novel twice?
I don't used the twitter chat because my twitter profile is private, and I don't think people can see what I chat about because of that?
The page count was there but the horror was missing. I did start the book, I just didn't start it soon enough to finish. I had to put it down between stories.
I don't do the twitter chats so I don't think I should have any say in what you do with them.
I read lots of novels twice! Some times I'll read the series starting from the beginning when a new book comes out.
I'm not good at Twitter chats, mostly because I just don't get on twitter that often.
Thanks for another great week! Overall, I was pretty happy with my results.
I made one of the Twitter chats, and completely missed the last one after a crazy day of traveling. I like Twitter chats personally.
I just got my wrap up posted. I was supper late with this one due to finals. Thanks for hosting. My results weren't too bad.
High Summer Read-a-Thon - Save the Date!


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text:
Obama: 'When We Put Our Shoulders To The Wheel Of History, It Moves'
President Barack Obama thanked supporters Sunday evening during a candlelight inauguration gala at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., commending them for their commitment to "the basic notion that when we put our shoulders
By Diane Sweet — January 21, 2013
President Barack Obama thanked supporters Sunday evening during a candlelight inauguration gala at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., commending them for their commitment to "the basic notion that when we put our shoulders to the wheel of history, it moves."
From the President's remarks:
"As I look out on the room, we've got people from every walk of life, every corner and nook and cranny of this country, every state, every city, every suburb -- people who have invested so much heart, soul, time, money, energy. One of the things that made this campaign unique was the degree of investment and ownership people had in this common project of ours, because you understood this was not just about a candidate; it was not just about Joe Biden or Barack Obama. This was about us, who we are as a nation, what values we cherish, how hard we're willing to fight to make sure that those values live not just for today but for future generations."
"All of you here understood and were committed to the basic notion that when we put our shoulders to the wheel of history, it moves. (Applause.) It moves. It moves forward. And that's part of what we celebrate when we come together for Inauguration."
D.C., Dr. Jill Biden, First Lady Michelle Obama, inauguration gala, National Building Museum, President Barack Obama, Supporters, Vice President Joe Biden
Biden Will Not Run For President, Nor Will He Be Silent
Karoli Kuns — Oct 21st, 2015
Remember The Scary Red Wedding Christmas? All Gone!
Susie Madrak — Nov 29th, 2021
Melania Trump Is A Petty B*tch, Part Infinity
Red Painter — Jan 18th, 2021
Stephen Colbert Welcomes Joe And Jill Biden To His Show And It's Heartwarming
Susie Madrak — Dec 18th, 2020
Brit Hume Praises Jill Biden's Speech: Didn't Have 'Hard Angry Edge' Like Michelle Obama
Heather — Aug 19th, 2020
The Nationwide Pro-Trump Inauguration Protests Were Pathetic
Red Painter — Jan 21st, 2021


text:
Q: Почему не считывает числа из файла в переменную? Надо для мой программы написать ввод котрый состоит из ключевого слова, а после слова будут значения, и почему то значения не вписываются в переменную, почему?
пример ввода:
get_c 10 457 8

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h >
    #include <string.h>
    #include <math.h>
    #include <locale.h>
    #pragma warning(disable : 4996)
int proverka(char *y) {
    int com1[] = { 'g', 'e' , 't', '\_', 'c', '\0' }, com2[6] = { 'g', 'e', 't', '\_', 'a', '\0' }, com3[] = { 'l', 'c', 'g', '\0' }, com4[] = { 't','e','s','t','\0' };
        //printf("%c", y[4]);
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        if (y[i] == com1[i]) {
            if (y[4] == 'c') return 1;
            if (y[4] == 'a') return 2;
        }
        if (y[i] == com3[i]) {
            return 3;
        }
        if (y[i] == com4[i]) {
            return 4;
        }
        else return -1;
    }

}
int main(){
    setlocale(LC_ALL, "Rus");
    FILE* in, *out;
    in = fopen("input.txt", "r");
    out = fopen("output.txt", "w");
    char y[81], per[80];
        fscanf(in, "%s", y);
        fgets(per, 80, in);
        int i=0, flag = 0;
        while (y[i++] != 0 && i < 81) { //считывает из скольки букв состоит слово
            flag++;
        }
        if (flag > 5 || flag <3) {
            printf("inncorect");
        }
        else {
            //printf("%d\n", flag);
            int x = proverka(y);
            if (x == 1) { //get_c
                 long long cmax = 0, cmin = 0, m = 0;
                while (!feof(in)) {
                    fscanf(in, "%lld", &cmax); //не считывает числа которые ввожу
                    fscanf(in, "%lld", &cmin);
                    fscanf(in, "%lld", &m);

                }
                if ((cmin < 0) || (cmax < 0) || (m < 0)) {
                    printf("inncorect");

                }
                printf("%lld %lld %lld", cmax, cmin, m);
                printf("\nyes\n");
            }
            if (x == 2) { //get_a
                            }
            if (x == 3) { //lcg

            }
            if (x == 4) {//test

            }
            if (x == -1) {
                printf("\ninncorect");
            }
        }

A: Поскольку я с proverka() в комментарий не влезу, дам ответом. А поскольку ответ на незаданный вопрос плохо...
По вашему вопросу: я бы просто читал строку как
fscanf(in,"%s %lld %lld %lld",y,&cmax,&cmin,&m);

Но еще я бы переписал вашу proverka() — уж очень она странно выглядит...
int proverka(const char *y)
{
    const char * com[4] =
    {
        "get_c", "get_a", "lcg", "test"
    };
    for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        if (strcmp(y,com[i]) == 0) return i+1;
    return -1;
}

Еще — вам совсем не нужно смотреть, сколько символов считано в слово y — при неверном результате proverka() просто вернет -1. Ну и вместо длинной лесенки if'ов можно воспользоваться switch-case.


This post is the first of the year for 2012, the first in a while…, and one that has absolutely nothing to do with Micropiles; but is one I felt compelled to post as I believe it has great relevance for all of us.
My hope for us all in the new Year is that we will not buy into the myth. Over the past years when economic times have been challenging, it has been easy to fall into the trap of doing what we feel is required for survival without regard for what is right. It is my belief that many of the woes we currently face are based on individuals making decisions based solely on self interest.
My challenge to all of us for 2012 is to look at the situations that we face through the lens of truth and that our decisions will be based on right concepts as opposed to self interest. Let us press forward fearlessly guided by right action and truth that we might forge a better future for ourselves and those around us. Happy New Year!


text:
Hope-Jones at the College of Organists
by Colin Pykett
Posted: March 2004
Last revised: 20 December 2009
Copyright © C E Pykett 2004-2009
Abstract In 1891 Robert Hope-Jones gave a lecture to the College of Organists in London (they were not "Royal" then) about electric actions for organs. The transcript reveals a great deal about him. If it was verbatim, his delivery must have been uncomfortably unctuous. He was also secretive and he seems to have blinded his audience with dubious science. Moreover, some of what he said is difficult to reconcile with the facts. Yet he also demonstrated undoubted competence, and a piercing and accurate technical vision that is impressive even by today's standards. Thus the paper reflects in fascinating microcosm the excesses and contradictions of his future work and his personality.
The way the lecture was received at the time and since is just as interesting. Frequently, commentators ranging from engineers to musicologists and historians seem to have been mesmerised by what he said. These and other matters are the subject of a detailed critique of the Hope-Jones lecture in this article. It examines why there persists to the present day a desire in some quarters to deify the man and his works when the realities were rather different, notwithstanding the positive aspects of his legacy.
Robert Hope-Jones (by kind permission of The Organ)
An author, unfortunately one apparently without the requisite credentials, suggested recently that Robert Hope-Jones might have been mad rather than merely eccentric [1]. Were it true, such a feat of posthumous diagnosis would probably be unique in the annals of psychiatry. He is clearly more than fascinated by the psychology of organ builders because elsewhere in the same volume he ponders at length on Thomas Casson, suggesting he also might have been mad (possibly an occupational hazard at that time), but also describing him as " … a cruel, self-obsessed man ... ". Apparently " … there seems to have been in Casson's personality the same inflexibility and small-mindedness that one tends to associate with a certain kind of clerical worker". What kind, I wonder? [2]. At times in this article I too shall not mince words. But by taking pains to demonstrate the assertions as fact I hope readers will accept them as fair. To balance the process I shall also point to some positive aspects of Hope-Jones's work, including his piercingly accurate ability to foretell the future which remains astonishing even with today's hindsight.
These and other thoughts arose after reading the transcript of a lecture given by Hope-Jones to the College of Organists in 1891 [3] – the RCO had not received its Royal Charter at that time. In a dozen pages he succinctly exposed just about everything which we associate with him today: his excesses as he explored the technical envelope of organ building as it then existed, his extremes of taste, and – yes – perhaps even his personality. I am not competent to judge whether today he would be regarded as mad or even eccentric as he would be up against some formidable competition for either condition, but within this article it does not matter. What does matter is that during this lecture he was secretive, and he seems to have blinded his audience with science in ways that few could have followed. He also displayed a tendency to avoid the facts of a situation on occasion and thus to present his achievements in an excessively favourable light. His lecturing style might have been embarrassing to listen to. Overall, though, we see in microcosm how he presented himself so convincingly that, over a century later, much of what he said is still accepted at face value even though it should have been long dismissed. Thus the transcript is a fascinating and absorbing document on several levels, and the remainder of this article discusses these in more detail.
I have mentioned already the curious excess of humility and unctuousness in Hope-Jones's delivery. Shortly after beginning this lecture he said that .. the task of controlling organs electrically was accomplished by distinguished predecessors almost before my youthful fingers had ever touched a keyboard. Later we find :
.. though I claim no great skill as a performer … ,
.. the weight of my name in musical matters so slight ...,
… as the evening and probably your patience also are far spent … ,
… I should like, if you will permit me … ,
… pray excuse me for having detained you so long.
Even making due allowance for the cant and verbosity of that age, few speakers would actually commit to writing in the published version of their lecture the flourishes of politeness and the informalities which usually adorn a verbal presentation (but see also [4]). In other words, while a presentation itself might contain several or many instances of such ad lib remarks, they will seldom appear in print. It would be ludicrous if they did, and so it is here. We can therefore surmise that Hope-Jones's delivery was probably brimming over in this respect as he amplified and added to the number of the aphorisms and clichés to which he was apparently addicted.
Blinding with science
The foregoing might seem unkind and irrelevant. However the words are there and they were apparently spoken. I have included them because of their contrast with some other ingredients of the lecture, of which the tendency of Hope-Jones to blind his audience with science was one. On the one hand we have him seemingly wringing his hands and almost apologising for having dragged his audience away from their comfortable firesides to listen to one with so slight a name, yet in the next breath he stuns them into silence with matters few if any of them could possibly have comprehended. Shock tactics? Deliberate? Who can say? Whatever the explanation, it was all part of a lecturing style which was astonishingly successful, given the uncritical acclaim it has since received. Here is an example of the contrasting material within the transcript.
Early in the lecture he mentioned the self-inductance of electromagnets and pointed out that large ones with heavy armatures can be slow in response. (It is interesting that this monochrome view persists today in the Orwellian form of "direct electric Bad, electro-pneumatic Good". Whether "slow" is "unsatisfactorily slow" requires that we examine the characteristics of a particular action, and I have shown elsewhere that a direct electric action with a large magnet need not be any slower than an electro-pneumatic one working the same pallet. [5]). He also pointed to the problems of excessive sparking at the key contacts. Both matters were possibly familiar to at least some of the audience, provided we grant that terms such as self-induction were within their intellectual horizon at that time. Therefore I do not consider this an area where Hope-Jones was intending necessarily to blind them with science.
However he then went on immediately to mention the effects of the self-inductance and capacity of the cable, not the magnet, and how these factors affect the propagation speed of an electric impulse along it. Here he must have been way beyond the ken of any of the musical members of his audience, unless they were polymaths and had an understanding of these matters comparable to that of the speaker. Unfortunately he was also wrong, because he had raised issues which were irrelevant to an organ action. To demonstrate the truth of this more details appear in Appendix 1. Moreover, he must have known he was talking nonsense, so we have to ask why he did it. When we do ask such questions it becomes difficult to see how Hope-Jones could duck the charge that he was deliberately blinding his audience with science at this point.
In the space of the next six lines in the transcript he then took the audience on a whirlwind tour of topics such as circuit resistance, magnet efficiency and depolarisers. None were explained; instead he terminated matters by saying "But enough, I will not weary you further by enumerating the hundred and one things which have demanded careful consideration …". Yes, these are the tactics of a speaker who wants to impress, yet with little desire to explain. He did indeed blind his audience with science, and incorrect science at that.
At odds with the facts
In the previous section we have seen that Hope-Jones raised a matter which was of no relevance to an electric action, the self-inductance and capacitance of the connecting cable. Because he must have known that it was irrelevant, he was skating on thin ice as far as the truth was concerned. Elsewhere in the lecture he went further, because we find material which was unsupportable by the facts. He repeated several times that the actions of his organs could be energised reliably for long periods by dry cells. On the first occasion he said " … to reduce the current required to play a large four manual organ for some six months to such an extent that it may all be obtained from a little dry cell …. (He then produced a cell and proceeded for some reason to put the terminals into his mouth). He repeated the words "little dry battery" later on and they recurred again during the post-lecture discussion.
The story became oft repeated, indeed it has played a part in the apotheosis of the man by those willing to believe it. Visitors to St John's Birkenhead, where he was then the organist, were shown a single (though quite large) dry cell and given the same tale [6]. After the lecture he was questioned at length on the matter. He was asked if the bellows produced the current required (it is unclear what was meant though we can surmise it related to the current being generated by the blowing gear). Hope-Jones replied that, although he had done this formerly using a dynamo (presumably driven by the gas engine used to blow the St John's organ), and that he had also used secondary cells (accumulators), the action now only required "little dry cells". This is not incompatible with a description of that organ which had appeared only a couple of months earlier [7]. A matter of days after that he had also written that an organ like that at St John's can be 'constructed to consume a fraction of an ampere and on a pressure of one and a half volts. It will be seen that a single cell will suffice for the supply.' [8].
The facts could not be more different. It is impossible that a Hope-Jones organ could have been made to work at all using only a single dry cell, let alone work for six months, and his figures for voltage and current consumption just quoted are incompatible with the nature of the instrument at St John's. The key action alone would have required a voltage much greater than that of a dry cell before it would have functioned reliably (some evidence suggests his dynamo generated at least 8 volts [10]). Moreover, his value for the current drawn was meaningless because it would have depended on how many notes were keyed simultaneously. It is more useful, and honest, to estimate the storage capacity in ampere-hours required of the battery, and calculations show this to have been beyond the capabilities of dry cells. More importantly, there is no way a single dry cell could have been used to power the stop and combination actions used in that organ because currents of many amperes would have been necessary. I have presented a detailed justification of all these assertions elsewhere [9].
He continued to be pressed on the question of dry cells, as he was then asked whether one cell did all the work. Instead of repeating a story that was well distanced from reality, he now seemed to retreat a little and said that it all depended on the length of the interconnecting cable. If this was long, he maintained its resistance would demand the use of a higher voltage, thus more cells. Again, however, this was quite untrue as a statement of physics. We can be sure of this from the considerations which are rehearsed here in Appendix 2. Then he was asked to confirm yet again that any three or four manual organ would work with dry cells. Presumably having recovered his sang froid, he replied brazenly that it would, and that they would last for six months.
We can state with certainty, therefore, that Hope-Jones had no compunction about dispensing with scientific and engineering fact when it suited his purposes.
At times during the lecture Hope-Jones displayed a coyness amounting to a refusal to answer questions. Although this would have been all of a piece with a man who could dispense with facts so casually, secretiveness is of a lesser order and a different kind and it is worth discussing further.
We have noted already his tendency to skim over issues without explaining them properly. During the discussion which followed the lecture, Hope-Jones was asked "what came between the armature and the pipes?". In other words, he was being asked to describe the totality of his electro-pneumatic action beyond the chest magnet. He declined to reply on the grounds that his patent agent had cautioned him against over-exposure at that moment. On the face of it this was a reasonable response, and it is the case that at the time the lecture was delivered he was in the midst of patenting his ideas [11], [12], [13]. Yet earlier in the lecture he had already mentioned most of the novel aspects of his mechanisms which were among the claims in these patents, including a magnet which consumed a tiny amount of current (but not so tiny that hundreds of them would run for months on a dry cell), an armature which moved only a minute amount (it could have been thus adjusted but it was unnecessary) and his ideas for producing sound entirely electrically (q.v.). He had merely been asked what came beyond this point in the action and the answer, had he given it, was that there was nothing particularly novel. It was merely a two stage pneumatic mechanism of the sort that had been used routinely in most tubular pneumatic and some electro-pneumatic actions already. One can conclude that Hope-Jones resorted to secretiveness on this occasion to hide the fact that there was really nothing out of the ordinary about his actions in these respects.
Solutions looking for problems
The organs designed by Hope-Jones were usually replete with novel facilities and devices. It would be a digression to include all of them here, and also unnecessary because the lecture itself contained enough of them to prove the next point.
During the lecture Hope-Jones referred to some of the attributes of the organ at St John's. These included his "stop switch" registration aid, multiple couplers (nineteen) including those giving the quint of the note played, "suitable bass" to select pedal stops automatically, a stop tab to open the swell shutters rapidly, and so on. He also outlined his concept of the fully unified organ in which all concept of separate divisions was eschewed in favour of all the stops being available on all the keyboards.
Here we see plain evidence, at an early stage in his career, of Hope-Jones's apparent inability to discriminate between what was necessary to assist the player and render the music, and what was a luxury or irrelevant. He seemed to be obsessed by a compulsion to include everything that the technology could conceivably offer. Engineers today with this outlook are usually accused of creating solutions for problems which do not exist, and it is not an uncommon phenomenon in many fields. However they become unpopular with their employers when their ideas threaten profitability, and that fate also overtook Hope-Jones later in his increasingly sad life as he seemed unable to shake off these urges. Even that most extreme realisation of Hope-Jones's unification ideas, the theatre organ, retained distinct divisions though it need not have done if its design was solely technology-driven. The basic ingredients of light popular music are a melody, a contrasting accompaniment and a bass line, and these were reflected in the design of the smallest two manual theatre organs with Accompaniment and Solo departments, as well as the larger ones. If Hope-Jones was able to perceive the importance of history and music as it affected organ design, he demonstrated little evidence of it at a technical level nor, as his later work showed, at a tonal level either.
Is it not all the more astonishing, then, that a matter of only five years after giving this lecture he had more or less completed his monumental organ at Worcester cathedral? The reasons for this rapid ascent to stardom among organ builders are not a legitimate part of this essay, but it must have had something to do with an almost hypnotic quality that he was able to exercise. We shall return to this later when we review some of the things which subsequent authors have written about him.
In this lecture there was an example of Hope-Jones's ability to forecast the way that organs would develop, long after his death, in a rather uncanny way. His closing subject concerned what he called the Electric Organ, an instrument which would contain no pipes. (It was a confusing designation because he also referred subsequently to his pipe organs in the same way, indeed one of the companies he formed to build them was called the Electric Organ Company [14]).
What he described was a purely electrical instrument using what we now call additive synthesis, in which the tones were formed by combination of the various upper partials with the ground tone, each in differing degree (his words). It is interesting to pause and take stock of the historical context of his remarks.
The French mathematician J-B J Fourier (1768-1830) had shown many years earlier that any periodic waveform, such as one which has a definite musical pitch, can be decomposed into its fundamental frequency and a number of harmonics. The inverse process, additive synthesis, reconstructs the original sound by adding the individual pure tones together with the appropriate strengths. So far so good; it is not remarkable in itself that Hope-Jones was aware of this. To the German polymath von Helmholtz, this was apparently the key to understanding subjective timbre or tone quality as described in his famous book of 1865 [15]. Although his ideas were shown subsequently to be over-simplified, they still apply quite well to organ pipes with their sustained and relatively time-invariant tones. Presumably Hope-Jones was also aware of this work, which was by no means novel at the time he was giving his lecture.
What he did not do during the lecture was to illustrate the means he had in mind to generate the necessary pure tones and cause them to be heard. However he described them in another contemporary patent [16] which contains some remarkably prescient notions. The diagram of a toothed or serrated disc rotating near a coil of wire is remarkably like the tone generator made by Laurens Hammond for the Hammond electronic organ of the 1930's, over 15 years after Hope-Jones died and some 40 years after he gave his lecture. To properly appreciate the novelty of Hope-Jones's vision though, we have to remind ourselves that no notion of "electronics" existed at that time. The subject as we know it today had to await the invention of thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) by pioneers such as Fleming and de Forest more than a decade after the lecture. Without these there was no hope of amplifying the tiny voltages generated by his rotating discs, and of course loudspeakers were completely unknown and a thing of the future. Therefore he had also to propose means for causing the signals to become audible, and for this he described a combined fluidic amplifier and loudspeaker using water power. An article elsewhere on this website discusses all these matters in more detail [21].
It was a wholly impractical system because he was limited by the bounds of the technology of the day. However the lecture contains hints of the excitement he felt ("This … makes one long for leisure uninterruptedly to follow it out", and "… the need for earning daily bread has materially interfered with the rapid progress in this matter …", etc). It is obvious that he foresaw clearly the development of what we would call the electronic organ long before a shred of the necessary technology was available, and some of today's digital instruments such as the Bradford Computing Organ and its derivatives (patented nearly a century after the lecture [17]) still use additive synthesis.
Unfortunately he was also probably the first of many future electronic organ enthusiasts to go over the top about its potential: " The huge wind organ will certainly ere long breathe his last, and will become … as extinct as the Dodo". One suspects that such hyperbole relating to a contrivance that had not then been made may have rather spoilt his case in front of that particular audience. He went on to say " … I venture to entertain the hope that it may fall to my lot upon some future occasion to exhibit to the members of this college an electric organ which shall carry all before it" .
Of course that cherished hope remained unfulfilled. So on that somewhat wistful note I end this analysis of what Hope-Jones said in this interesting lecture and turn to how his ideas were received by others.
We have discussed already some of the questions Hope-Jones fielded at the end of his lecture, and have seen that there was possibly some justified if polite scepticism concerning his battery claims. Others seemed to rush to his defence, especially a certain Mr Threlfall who trumpeted that "Mr Hope-Jones had absolutely and entirely succeeded in everything he had put forward" [regarding the organ at St John's, Birkenhead]. He went on to say that "Mr Hope-Jones might have added that he had given his advice and assistance to organ builders without any further charge … " and that "The royalty was extremely low …". It was therefore poor repayment to this naïve and supportive gentleman when the shameless and redoubtable speaker assured him subsequently that a large organ would work for six months on dry cells! But although Mr Threlfall may have been technically naïve, he was probably an astute and successful businessman. He was most likely Thomas Threlfall, the chairman and major shareholder of Hope-Jones's first company at Birkenhead, and he owned the brewery of the same name in Liverpool. It can scarcely be coincidence that some of Hope-Jones's largest subsequent organs arose under the patronage of, and in the localities of, other wealthy brewers [20]. Thus it is interesting, though not perhaps surprising, that this important figure in Hope-Jones's future career was apparently in the audience.
A curiosity of the aftermath of the lecture is that its shortcomings have been seldom, if ever, exposed. On the contrary, virtually everything Hope-Jones said seems to have been taken at face value both during the lecture and subsequently. This persists to the present day. Equally remarkable is the converse: that Hope-Jones's detractors could have seized on many opportunities for objective criticism, yet they have routinely descended into subjective and emotive censure which demonstrates solely their abandonment of scholarship. This also has persisted. Examples of the latter will not be given, not to spare embarrassment to the often eminent authors, but because they do not merit yet further opportunities for parading their views. As to the former, we need only look at one or two instances to illustrate the point.
Bicknell wrote recently that "by using the combined armature/valve electro-magnet he [Hope-Jones] was able to use low voltages and reduced the current consumption of the organ to manageable proportions, opening the way to a solution to the battery problem" [18]. Here the author seems to have assumed that because the magnet armature was small and only moved a short distance, the associated magnet only needed a small amount of power. These were precisely the arguments advanced by Hope-Jones himself during his lifetime as the alleged advantages of his chest magnet. In fact there is no relation between the two, because the current required by a DC electromagnet is determined (for a given voltage) solely by the resistance of its coil and not the mechanical work it has to do. The fact is that the Hope-Jones magnet would have drawn more current than those of most of his competitors [9].
A useful paper referred to earlier was published by no less a body than the Institution of Electrical Engineers (now the IET) itself as recently as 1989 [10]. However it largely failed to investigate critically the claims made by Hope-Jones during his career and during his lecture to the College of Organists, which the authors mentioned in their article. They revealed their take on the matter by concluding that without Hope-Jones " … the world would not have known the Wurlitzer which … encapsulated many brilliant ideas from one man …. That man was Robert Hope-Jones, MIEE".
Sumner remarked on the polarised attitudes of commentators on Hope-Jones's work when he said he "has been the cause of uncritical encomiums on the one hand and wholesale condemnation on the other" [19]. This confirms what we have noted already, that little exists in the middle ground. Unfortunately Sumner himself muddied the waters through his inability to decide which side of the fence he was on. In two successive sentences in his book he said that " … Hope-Jones's influence on organ design … was entirely unfortunate. The cinema organ with … its convenient reliable electric action, was the direct result of the work of Hope-Jones". Since when has a convenient and reliable action detracted from the work of any organ builder? More regrettably still, he praised Henry Willis elsewhere in the same book using exactly the same words ("with the production of convenient and reliable electric action, the control of the [Willis] instrument became easier and more satisfactory in response). Sumner also poured scorn on Hope-Jones's organ at Worcester cathedral because its action lasted for only a quarter of a century, yet he eulogised Willis for his Canterbury organ whose action he claimed "would have continued working for an indefinite time" [had the organ not been rebuilt]. What a daft and meaningless statement! These examples of slack writing illustrate as well as any the phenomenon whereby logic seems to desert some scholars when Hope-Jones is their target, a phenomenon still encountered today.
The situation depicted in this article is actually a simple one. Hope-Jones was, firstly, adept at obscuring simple facts about his work, which means that virtually everything he said has to be examined independently for veracity. Secondly, that is relatively easy to do because he has left us plenty of clues. It is unfortunate that Hope-Jones' scholarship has not, on the whole, taken this route.
Conclusion - man or myth?
The effect that Hope-Jones's lecture and his subsequent work had on contemporary and posthumous commentators has been outlined. Probably the most singular feature is the bifurcated view of him. On the one hand there persists a widespread "will to believe" in the man and his works when the facts are rather different, and some of the quotations above demonstrate this. On the other he has been the target of quite inexcusable opprobrium sometimes, one suspects, by those whose own motives deserve closer scrutiny. Without doubt he was extremely intelligent, well versed in the then novel and exciting exotica of his chosen profession of electrical engineering. His vision of today's electronic organ and the extent to which he pursued it was really quite remarkable by any standards. Yet this alone does not seem able to account for the almost mythical way he has been regarded. Evidence from elsewhere suggests he had a flamboyant and charismatic personality, and if the effects of this are added to his undoubted competence, perhaps the situation becomes more understandable. However one has to set against this shortcomings such as those which have been discussed here. True scholarship cannot avoid taking them into account, any more than it should neglect his indisputable strengths in favour of innuendo and smear.
In his lecture to the College of Organists he exposed just about everything that subsequently characterised his life and work. It must have been a fascinating experience to have been in the audience.
Grateful thanks are due to David Hemsley for having drawn my attention to some additional routes into the literature, and to the publishers of The Organ for permission to reproduce the photograph of Robert Hope-Jones.
APPENDIX 1 - Sending Messages Along Wires
Sending an "on" or "off" message from a key to the magnet of an organ with an early electric action is, at first sight, exactly the same as sending a dot or a dash in Morse code along a Victorian telegraph wire. In both cases a contact is closed and then opened, resulting in a pulse of current which activates an electromagnet at the far end. Thus it is interesting to set both the electric telegraph and early electric organ actions in an historical context, so that we might then be able to understand why Hope-Jones raised esoteric subjects such as the self-inductance of wires in his lecture to the College of Organists.
The electric telegraph was developed from about 1840, and as line lengths increased it was found that problems arose which were not simply due to the increased electrical resistance of the length of wire (which could have been overcome merely by raising the voltage used). These problems came to a head in the mid-1860's when transatlantic submarine cables were laid (one of the first by Brunel's monumental Great Eastern ship). It was found that a data rate of only a few dots or dashes per minute was possible on these enormously long lines, because the rapid closure or opening of the contact at the sending end appeared as a smeared-out pulse of long duration at the receiving end. At first there was only the vaguest understanding of why this occurred, until minds such as that of Lord Kelvin focused on the matter. His work and that of Oliver Lodge laid the foundations of transmission line theory which ultimately enabled the development of waveguides for microwave radar during the second world war, and the optical fibres of today. Lodge's beautiful piece of work which led to his famous "telegrapher's equation" emerged at almost exactly the time Hope-Jones gave his lecture.
Early transatlantic cables were single-cored; the ocean itself was used for the return leg. Not only was the resistance of the cable substantial, but its self-capacitance was enormous as a result of the water surrounding it. When a current pulse with the rapid rise and fall times from a Morse key was applied to such a cable, the waveform was grossly distorted at the receiving end into one which had sloping rather than vertical edges. Because the received pulses were so stretched out in time, it was difficult to distinguish a dot from a dash, and they could only be sent slowly. One way to analyse the situation is to represent the pulse at the sending end as a sum of an infinite number of sine waves with different frequencies (Fourier integral analysis). Each of them in effect travels at a different speed down the cable - they are subjected to a frequency-dependent phase shift. Therefore, when they emerge at the other end they are no longer in step with each other, thus they add up to produce a distorted pulse with a completely different shape.
The transmission speed of each frequency component could be made the same by adding coils of wire to augment the self-inductance of the cable itself. The inductances compensated for the self-capacitance of the cable by inserting time delays which varied in an inverse manner with frequency. Thus the emerging pulse then had the same shape as that which was transmitted, although there was now an overall propagation delay – contrary to what might be believed, the pulse in such a compensated cable does not travel at the speed of light. This is a crucial point when we examine what Hope-Jones said in his lecture because it enables us to decide whether he understood the subject or not. For telegraphy the delay was not an issue however, as the main problem of pulse distortion had been overcome. Dots and dashes could then be sent at normal speeds and transatlantic telegraphy rapidly became big business.
Hope-Jones was a professional communications engineer. His 1891 lecture was delivered only some twenty years after these epoch-making developments had first arisen, and they must have been fresh in his mind. No telephone engineer could demonstrate competence unless he had a working practical knowledge of transmission lines, if not the details of the mathematics. On the face of it, one can therefore understand why Hope-Jones mentioned these matters in his lecture: electric actions were superficially similar to telegraph systems, and these required special transmission line techniques before they would work properly. However, there were some important differences between organs and telegraphs because the line lengths differed markedly. Even Hope-Jones's organs with their much-vaunted moveable consoles seldom used more than 50 metres of cable, thus the line resistance would not have exceeded a few ohms (see Appendix 2), hundreds or thousands of times less than that of a typical telegraph line. Nor would there have been any significant self-capacitance or inductance on such short lines. Therefore pulse distortion and transmission delay at the magnet end of the line would both have been completely negligible.
One is led to ask, therefore, why Hope-Jones mentioned the matter at all. There seem only to be two possible explanations: either he was more incompetent and ignorant of his subject than is usually supposed, or he wanted to blind his audience with science. Because of the seniority of the positions he held, one must surely discount the former possibility. Moreover, in his lecture he said that "We all credit electricity with great speed, but … its speed is considerably affected by the capacity and self-induction of the line … ". Therefore it is plain that he understood the effects described above. What he did not say, though he must surely have known it to be true, is that these effects were irrelevant for the short line lengths used in an organ action.
Therefore we can only assume he wanted his audience to agree that, in his own field, he could justifiably say "see how clever I am". If this was so, why? Maybe he then felt it easier to demonstrate submissiveness to them in musical matters, as he did during the lecture. We might also ascribe to his performance a desire to sow the seeds of misinformation to baffle erstwhile competitors. He certainly did indulge in such tactics at other points during the lecture, and frequently later in his career. The electrical aspects of an organ action are fundamentally simple, and we can only conclude that Hope-Jones thought his interests would be best served by disguising this at a time when electricity mystified most people, including other organ builders.
APPENDIX 2 – Resistances in a Hope-Jones electric action
After his lecture Hope-Jones was pressed repeatedly on the issue of how many dry cells would be required to power the action of his organs, presumably because he had emphasised several times that only one was necessary. Perhaps the audience smelt a rat. It is not difficult to show that even a battery consisting of several dry cells, let alone a single one, would be inadequate [9]. However Hope-Jones continued, unabashed, to point out that when the cable connecting the console to the organ was long, or consisted of thin wire, it might be necessary to use more cells.
This, like so much else in the lecture, was a red herring. The resistance of his action magnet (the one in the key action which was energised when a key contact closed) would likely have been between 100 and 50 ohms [9]. The length of the cable would seldom have exceeded 50 metres (about 165 feet). It would not have been practical to have used individual wires in the cable thinner than about 26 SWG (diameter about 0.5 mm) as otherwise they would have been too fragile for a cable which was subjected to frequent movement. It is probable the wires would, in fact, have been thicker than this on the basis of what we see in surviving fragments of Hope-Jones's actions. However the electrical resistance of such a wire (26 SWG) is about 0.1 ohms per metre, therefore the total resistance of each wire in a 50 metre cable would have been around 5 ohms. This would have been to all intents and purposes negligible compared to the resistance of the magnet it was feeding (assuming there was a common return wire made of thicker material whose resistance was insignificant, or multiple thinner return wires in parallel). Therefore there would have been no need to multiply the voltage by a factor of two or three, using two or three cells instead of one, in order to bring the current up to a value large enough to work the magnet.
The fact is that the magnet would not have worked reliably, if at all, on the voltage provided by a single dry cell (1 ½ volts) [9]. Therefore, to introduce the resistance of the cable into the argument was a diversion with no substance in reality. Hope-Jones was hoodwinking his audience.
1. The remark is contained in a book review written by Relf Clark in the Journal of the British Institute of Organ Studies, volume 26, p. 192, 2002.
2. Clark 2002, op cit, p. 72.
3. "Electrical Aid to the Organist", R Hope-Jones, Proceedings of the College of Organists, 5 May 1891.
4. It is possible the transcript was not by the hand of Hope-Jones but written afterwards by a stenographer and/or a secretary. Just as nowadays, it would be usual in this situation to have allowed the speaker to read the proof before publication and, if he did, the observations regarding excessive humility made in the body of this article still stand. However, if he was not offered this opportunity it would be reasonable to attenuate or withdraw them.
5. "Response Speed of Electric Actions", C E Pykett 2001, currently on this website. (read)
6. Reprinted from Musical Opinion in "Organs and Tuning", T Elliston, 3rd edition, p.166, Weekes, London 1898
7. The Musical Standard vol. XL no.1388 7 March 1891
8. The Musical Standard vol. XL no.1390 21 March 1891
9. "Hope-Jones and the Dry Cell", C E Pykett 2003, currently on this website. (read)
10. "Development of the electric organ and the significance of the contributions of Robert Hope-Jones, MIEE", C E and A J Ramsbottom, IEE Proc, 136, Pt A (6), November 1989.
11. British Patent 15461, September 1890.
12. British Patent 18073, October 1891.
13. British Patent 18803, November 1890.
14. "A Brief Description of the Hope-Jones Electric Organ now being erected in Worcester Cathedral by the Electric Organ Co Ltd, London and Birkenhead", company pamphlet dated April 1896.
15. "On the Sensations of Tone", a translation by Ellis in 1872 of the German original by H L F von Helmholtz, Brunswick, 1865.
16. British Patent 15245, 1890.
17. British Patent 1,580,690, December 1980.
18. "The History of the English Organ", Stephen Bicknell, Cambridge 1996 ISBN 0 521 55026 2.
19. "The Organ", 3rd edition, W L Sumner, Macdonald, London 1962.
20. "From Wirral to WurliTzer", Roger C Fisher, Classfern Ltd, Wirral 2001. ISBN 0 9532991 9 8.
21. "Robert Hope-Jones and the Pipeless Organ", C E Pykett 2010, currently on this website (read).