text:
\section{Introduction}

Within the quark-bag model, the $H$ dibaryon, a six-quark [two up ($u$), two down
($d$) and two strange ($s$)] state with spin-parity  $J^\pi = 0^+$, and isospin
$I = 0$,  was predicted to be a stable system with a mass about 80 MeV below
the $\Lambda \Lambda$ threshold, some 35 years ago~\cite{jaf77}. Later calculations,
which included the center-of-mass (c.m.)~\cite{liu82} and pionic-cloud~\cite{mul83}
corrections within this model, predicted this state to be much less bound or even
unbound. Around the same time calculations performed within a quark cluster model
also found it unbound~\cite{oka83}. Since then a lot of experimental effort has
gone into searching for the $H$ dibaryon [see, e.g., the review~\cite{sak00}
for references up to the year 2000 and Refs.~\cite{yoo07} and~\cite{neh11} for more
recent investigations done by Japan's National Laboratory for High Energy Physics
(KEK) and the STAR Collaboration at the BNL Relativistic Heavy ion Collider,
respectively]. These studies have led to the conclusion that the existence of this
system as a deeply bound object is highly unlikely. At the same time, the observation
of the double-$\Lambda$ hypernucleus $^6_{\Lambda \Lambda}$He (NAGARA event) and the
precise determination of its binding energy at KEK in the experiment E373 \cite{tak01}
have put a lower limit of 2.224 GeV to the $H$ dibaryon mass at a 90$\%$  confidence
level, which is just about 6.9 MeV below the $\Lambda \Lambda$ threshold.

The interest in the $H$ dibaryon has been revived by the recent lattice quantum
chromodynamics (LQCD) calculations of different groups. The NPLQCD~\cite{bea11a}
and HAL QCD~\cite{ino11} collaborations have reported that the $H$ particle is
indeed bound at somewhat larger than physical pion masses. However, extrapolations
of the calculations of these groups to the physical pion mass region suggest
\cite{sha11,hai11,bea11b} that this particle is likely to be in either a very
loosely bound state or an unbound state near the $\Lambda \Lambda$ threshold. In a
very recent chiral constituent quark model calculation~\cite{car12}, the value
extracted for the binding energy of the $H$ particle has been found to be compatible
with the restrictions imposed by the NAGARA event. These results together with the
previous experiments~\cite{yoo07} that give an upper limit for the cross section of
the $H$ production in the $^{12}$C($K^-,K^+ \Lambda\Lambda)X$ reaction, have led to a
proposal to look for this particle in a future experiment~\cite{ahn12} at the Japan
Proton Accelerator Research Complex (JPARC) using a high-intensity $K^-$ beam. This
is expected to answer the long standing question about the existence of the
$H$ dibaryon. Furthermore, with the measurement of the exclusive $\Xi^-$ production
in the $\gamma p \to K^+ K^+ \Xi^-$ reaction at the Jefferson Laboratory~\cite{guo07},
a possibility has been opened for producing the $H$ dibaryon with a photon beam.

The $(K^-,K^+)$ reaction leads to the transfer of two units of both charge and
strangeness to the target nucleus. Thus this reaction is one of the most promising
ways of studying the production of $S = -2$ systems such as $\Xi$ hypernuclei and
the $H$ dibaryon. Recently, the production of cascade hypernuclei via the
$(K^-,K^+)$ reaction on nuclear targets, has been investigated within an effective
Lagrangian model~\cite{shy12,shy13}. This is a new approach, where the $K^+\Xi^-$
production vertex is described by excitation, propagation and decay of $\Lambda$
and $\Sigma$ resonance intermediate states in the initial collision of the $K^-$
meson with a target proton in the incident channel. The $\Xi^-$ hyperon gets
captured into one of the nuclear orbits leading to the formation of the $\Xi^-$
hypernucleus.  In calculations of the  $\Xi^-$ hypernuclear production cross sections,
one requires the bound state spinors for the proton hole and $\Xi^-$ particle bound
states. These were  obtained by solving the Dirac equation with vector and scalar
potential fields having Wood-Saxon shapes. Their depths were fitted to the binding
energies of the respective states. In Ref.~\cite{shy12} bound state spinors obtained
in the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model~\cite{gui08} were also used. The cross
sections for the hypernuclear production were found to be quite different from those
calculated previously in Ref.~\cite{dov83}.

In Ref.~\cite{shy12}, the parameters at the resonance vertices were determined by
describing the available data on total and differential cross sections for the
elementary process $^1$H$(K^-, K^+)\Xi^-$ within a similar effective Lagrangian
model~\cite{shy11,shy12}, where contributions were included from the $s$-channel and
$u$-channel diagrams, which have as intermediate states $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma$
hyperons together with eight of their three-and four-star resonances [$\Lambda(1405)$,
$\Lambda(1520)$, $\Lambda(1670)$, $\Lambda(1810)$, $\Lambda(1890)$, $\Sigma(1385)$,
$\Sigma(1670)$ and $\Sigma(1750)$] with masses up to 2 GeV.  It was observed that
the total cross section of the $^1$H$(K^-, K^+)\Xi^-$ reaction is dominated by the
contributions from the $\Lambda(1520)$ (with $L_{IJ} = D_{03}$) resonance i
intermediate state. The region for beam momentum ($p_{K^-}$) below 2.0 GeV/c was
found to be dominated by contributions from the $s$-channel graphs - the $u$-channel
terms are dominant only in the region $p_{K^-}$ $\le$ 2.5 GeV.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.50\textwidth]{Fig1-H.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
Graphical representation of the model used to describe the $^1$H$(K^-, K^+)\Xi^-$
[Fig.~1(a)] and $A(K^-, K^+)H B$  reactions [Fig. 1(b)], where $A$ represents
the target nucleus while $B = (A-2)$ the residual nucleus. In Fig.~1(a),
$\Lambda^*$ and $\Sigma^*$ represent the $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma$ resonance states,
respectively.
}
\label{fig:Fig1}
\end{figure}

In this paper, we describe the production of the $H$ dibaryon by the $(K^-,K^+)$
reaction on a $^{12}$C target using a similar approach. The basic production mechanism
considered in our work is depicted in Fig.~1, where this reaction proceeds in two
steps. In the first step the $K^ + \Xi^-$ production takes place by following the
process as described above [see, Fig. 1(a)], while in the second step the $\Xi^-$ hyperon
fuses with another proton of the residual nucleus to form the $H$ dibaryon. A similar
method  was also used earlier in Refs.~\cite{aer82,aer83,aiz92} in calculations of the
production of this particle via $(K^-,K^+)$. However, there are some differences between
those calculations and the present work. In our method the amplitude for the $K^- + p_1
\to K^+ + \Xi^-$ reaction is calculated by employing the same method as that described in
the previous paragraph. However,  $p_1$ is treated as a bound particle and in the
calculations of the corresponding amplitude a bound state spinor is used for the initial
proton state ($p_1$). Therefore, the dynamics of the $K^+ \Xi^-$ production is intimately
related to the wave function of the initial proton bound state [see Fig.~1(b)]. On the
other hand, in the procedure of Refs.  \cite{aer82,aer83,aiz92}, the initial state is
described by a product of the target wave function and the amplitude of the $K^- + p \to
K^+ + \Xi^-$ reaction.  The latter is  determined from a parametrization of the sparsely
available experimental zero degree differential cross-section for this reaction
[see Fig.~1(a)]~\cite{aer83}. Furthermore, while the previous calculations were limited to
a very light $^3$He target, we apply our method to $^{12}$C. This makes it possible to
compare our cross sections directly to the existing experimental results and to make
predictions for future measurements.

As discussed in Ref.~\cite{aer83}, there may be several higher order processes through
which the $H$ dibaryon production can proceed. They lead to the $H$ dibaryon  via
$\Lambda \Lambda$ or $\Sigma \Sigma$ fusion. The latter are produced via the following
reactions: $K^- + p \to \Lambda (\Sigma) + \pi;\, \pi + p \to \Lambda (\Sigma) + K^+$,
or $K^- + p \to K^+ + \Xi^-; \, \Xi^- + p \to \Lambda \Lambda (\Sigma \Sigma)$.  It is
shown in Ref.~\cite{aer83} that the contributions of such terms are not expected to be
large and they can be ignored. Therefore, like these authors, we have also neglected
such diagrams in our study.

In Ref.~\cite{aer84}, an alternative scheme of $H$ production has been discussed in which
a tagged $\Xi^-$ hyperon is first produced on a hydrogen target via the reaction
$K^- + p \to K^+ + \Xi^-$; it is then slowed down by passing through a moderator. After
moderation, the slow $\Xi^-s$ are captured in a second target into an atomic orbit, and
the $H$ is subsequently produced via, e.g., the processes, ($\Xi^-$ p)$_{atom} \to
H + \gamma$, ($\Xi^-$ d)$_{atom} \to H + n$ and ($\Xi^-$$^4$He)$_{atom} \to H + t$. To
ensure that an $H$ with sharply defined mass is indeed produced, the $K^+$ and
monoenergetic $\gamma$, neutron or triton should be detected in coincidence. These
authors have estimated the branching ratios ($R$) of the three $H$ formation reactions
relative to the total decay widths of the $\Xi^-$ atoms. It has been found that $R$
has a sizable value (in excess of 0.5) for ($\Xi^- d$) and ($\Xi^-$$^4$He) atoms if
$H$ mass ($m_H$) is very close to the $\Lambda \Lambda$ threshold. Therefore, these
processes have their merit for such values of $m_H$. However, these estimates of $R$
are based on very poorly known amplitudes for the transitions $\Xi N \to \Xi N, \Lambda
\Lambda, and \Sigma \Sigma$ at low momentum and are strongly dependent on the models
chosen to calculate them. The virtue of the $A(K^-,K^+)HB$ reaction studied in this
paper is that $H$ production occurs through a second order process within a
single nuclear target where all the components of the total amplitude can be calculated
relatively more reliably. Furthermore, unlike the $\Xi^-$ atom method, there are no
weak decay losses of $\Xi^-$ during moderation to low momentum.
\section{Formalism}

We have followed the procedure and notations of Ref.~\cite{bjo64} in deriving the
formulas for the invariant cross section of the $K^- + A \rightarrow
K^+ + H + B$ reaction, which can be written as (see, e.g., Ref.~\cite{shy99})
\begin{eqnarray}
d\sigma & = & \frac{m_H m_A m_B}{\sqrt{[(p_{K^-} p_{A})^2-m_{K^-}^2-m_A^2]}}
                     \frac{1}{4(2\pi)^5}\delta^4(P_f-P_i)|A_{fi}|^2 \nonumber \\
                 & \times &    \frac{d^3p_{K^+}}{E_{K^+}}\frac{d^3p_B}{E_B}
                     \frac{d^3p_{H}}{E_{H}},
\end{eqnarray}
where $A_{fi}$ represents the total amplitude, $P_i$ and $P_f$ represent the sum of
all the momenta in the initial and final states, respectively; and $m_H$, $m_A$, and
$m_B$ represents the masses of $H$ dibaryon, and nuclei $A$ and $B$, respectively. The
cross sections in the laboratory or c.m. systems can be written from this equation by
imposing the relevant conditions. Summations over final spin states and average over
initial spin states are implied in $|A_{fi}|^2$.

Following the factorization approximation of Ref.~\cite{aer83}, the total amplitude
$A_{fi}$ is written as the product of the amplitudes for the processes
$K^- + p_1 \to K^+ + \Xi^-$ [$M (K^- + p_1 \to K^+ + \Xi^-)$], and $\Xi^- + p_2 \to H$
[$F(\Xi^- + p_2 \to H)$] [see Fig. 1(b)]. We write
\begin{eqnarray}
A_{fi} & = & \int \frac{d^4p_1}{(2\pi)^4} \int \frac{d^4p_2}{(2\pi)^4}
\delta(p_1 + p_{K^-}- p_{K^+} - p_{\Xi^-})
\nonumber \\ & \times & \delta(p_H - p_{\Xi^-} - p_2)
\Big [\sum_{Y^*}M (K^- + p_1 \to K^+ + \Xi^-) \Big ]
\nonumber \\ & \times & F(\Xi^- + p_2 \to H),
\end{eqnarray}
where $p_{K^-}$, $p_{K^+}$, and $p_{\Xi^-}$ are the four momenta of the incoming and
outgoing kaons and the $\Xi^-$ hyperon, respectively. In Eq.~(2) the delta functions
represent the momentum-energy conservation at various vertices. Some of them can be
used to reduce the dimensionality of the integrations in this equation.

The amplitude $M (K^- + p_1 \to K^+ + \Xi^-)$, where the summation is done over all the
resonance intermediate states $Y^*$ as described above, has been determined by following
the method discussed in Ref.~\cite{shy12}. The effective Lagrangians, the corresponding
coupling constants and the form factors for the resonance-kaon-baryon vertices, the
propagators for the intermediate resonances and the bound state and free-space wave
functions for the bound proton $p_1$ and the intermediate $\Xi^-$ hyperon, respectively,
as used in the calculations of the amplitude $M$, are discussed in the following.

The effective Lagrangians for the resonance-kaon-baryon vertices for
spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ resonances are taken as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\ensuremath{\mathcal L}}_{KBR_{1/2}} & = & -g_{KBR_{1/2}} \bar{\psi}_{R_{1/2}}
                            [\chi\,{i\Gamma}\, {\varphi_K}+
      \frac{(1-\chi)}{M}\,\Gamma\, \gamma_\mu\,(\partial^\mu \varphi_K)]
                            {\psi}_B,\\
{\ensuremath{\mathcal L}}_{KBR_{3/2}} & = & \frac{g_{KBR_{3/2}}}{m_K} \bar{\psi}_{R_{3/2}}^\mu
        \partial_\mu \phi_{K} \psi_{B} + \text{h.~c.},
\end{eqnarray}
with $M \,=\,(m_R \,\pm\,m_B)$, where the upper sign corresponds to an even-parity and
the lower sign to an odd-parity resonance with $B$ representing either a nucleon or a
$\Xi$ hyperon and $R$ representing a resonance. The spinors ${\psi}_B$ are defined later
on.  The operator $\Gamma$ is $\gamma_5$ (1) for an even-parity (odd-parity) resonance.
The parameter $\chi$ controls the admixture of pseudoscalar and pseudovector components.
The value of this parameter is taken to be 0.5 for the $\Lambda^*$ and $\Sigma^*$ states,
but 0 for the $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma$ states, implying pure pseudovector couplings for
the corresponding vertices, in agreement with Refs.~\cite{shy99,shy08}. The  Lagrangian
for spin-$\frac{3}{2}$, as given by Eq.~(4), corresponds to that of a pure
Rarita-Schwinger form that has been used in all previous calculations of the hypernuclear
production reactions within a similar effective Lagrangian
model~\cite{shy08,shy04,shy09,shy10}. The values of the vertex parameters were taken to
be the same as those given in Ref.~\cite{shy12}.

Similar to Refs.~\cite{shy12,shy11}, we have used the following form factor at various
vertices,
\begin{eqnarray}
F_m(s)=\frac{\lambda^4}{\lambda^4+(s-m^2)^2},
\end{eqnarray}
where $m$ is the mass of the propagating particle. The cutoff parameter $\lambda$
is taken to be 1.2 GeV, the same as that used in Refs.~\cite{shy12,shy11}.

The two interaction vertices of Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig1} are connected by a
resonance propagator. For the spin-$1/2$ and spin-$3/2$ resonances, the
propagators are given by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:propspin12}
\mathcal{D}_{R_{1/2}} = \frac{{\it i} (\gamma_\mu p^\mu + m_{R_{1/2}})}
{p^2 - (m_{R_{1/2}} - {\it i}\Gamma_{R_{1/2}}/2)^2},
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:propspin32}
\mathcal{D}_{R_{3/2}}^{\mu\nu} = -
 \frac{{\it i} (\gamma_\lambda p^\lambda + m_{R_{3/2}})}
{p^2 - (m_{R_{3/2}} - {\it i}\Gamma_{R_{3/2}}/2)^2} P^{\mu\nu} \;,
\end{equation}
respectively. In Eq.~\ref{eq:propspin32} we have defined
\begin{equation}\label{eq:prop32proj}
P^{\mu\nu} =
 g^{\mu\nu} - \frac{1}{3} \gamma^\mu \gamma^\nu - \frac{2}{3m_{R_{3/2}}^2}
p^\mu p^\nu + \frac{1}{3m_{R_{3/2}}} \left( p^\mu \gamma^\nu - p^\nu \gamma^\mu \right)
\;.
\end{equation}
In Eqs.~(\ref{eq:propspin12}) and~(\ref{eq:propspin32}), $\Gamma_{R_{1/2}}$
and $\Gamma_{R_{3/2}}$ define the total widths of the corresponding resonances. We
have ignored any medium modification of the resonance widths while calculating the
amplitude $M$, because information about such changes is scarce and uncertain.

The bound proton wave function [$\psi (p_1)$] is a four component Dirac spinor,
which is the solution of the Dirac Equation for a bound state problem in the
presence of external scalar and vector potential fields. This is written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi(p_1) & = & \delta(p_{10}-E_1)\begin{pmatrix}
                    {f(k_1) {\cal Y}_{\ell 1/2 j}^{m_j} (\hat {p}_1)}\\
                    {-ig(k_1){\cal Y}_{\ell^\prime 1/2 j}^{m_j}
                     (\hat {p}_1)}
                    \end{pmatrix},
\end{eqnarray}
In our notation $p_1$' represents a four-momentum, and $\vec{p_1}$ a three-momentum.
The magnitude of $\vec {p_1}$ is represented by $k_1$, and its directions are
represented by $\hat {p}_1$.  $p_{10}$ represents the time like component of momentum
$p_1$. In Eq.~(9) $f(k_1)$ and $g(k_1)$ are the radial parts of the upper and lower
components of the spinor $\psi(p_1)$, ${\cal Y}_{\ell 1/2 j}^{m_j}$ are the coupled
spherical harmonics
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal Y}_{\ell 1/2 j}^{m_j} & = & <\ell m_\ell 1/2 \mu_i | j m_j>
                                Y_{\ell m_\ell}(\hat {p_1}) \chi_{\mu},
\end{eqnarray}
and $\ell^\prime = 2j - \ell$ with $\ell$ and $j$ being the orbital and total
angular momenta, respectively. $Y$ represents the spherical harmonics, and
$\chi_{\mu}$ the spin space wave function of a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ particle.

We assume that the nucleon bound state has a pure single particle-hole
configuration with the core remaining inert. To simplify the nuclear structure
problem, we assume that the initial bound proton ($p_1$) is picked up from
the $1p_{3/2}$ orbit with a binding energy of 15.96 MeV. Although it is
straightforward to include also those cases where the participating proton occupies
both $p$ and $s$ orbits. However, picking a proton from the $s$-state will lead to
an unstable residual nucleus in the present case (see, eg. Refs.~\cite{sel90,sel88}).
Treatment of such systems is beyond the scope of this work.

The free-space spinor for the $\Xi^-$ hyperon is written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi(p_{\Xi^-}) & = \delta(p_{{\Xi^-}_0}-E_{\Xi^-}) &\sqrt{\frac{E_{\Xi^-} +
m_{\Xi^-}}{2m_{\Xi^-}}} \begin{pmatrix}
                        \chi_{\mu}\\
              \frac{\sigma \cdot {\vec p}_{\Xi^-}}{E_{\Xi^-} + m_{\Xi^-}} \chi_{\mu}
              \end{pmatrix},
\end{eqnarray}
where $p_{{\Xi^-}_0}$ is the time-like component of the momentum $p_{\Xi^-}$.
Because our calculations are carried out in momentum space, they include all the
nonlocalities in the production amplitudes that arise from the resonance propagators.

We have used a plane wave approximation to describe the relative motion of
kaons in the incoming and outgoing channels. However, the distortion effects are
partially accounted for by introducing a reduction factor of 4 to the overall cross
sections, as described in Ref.~\cite{dov83,shy12}. It should be mentioned that this
factor corresponds to absorption effects on only the $K^-$ and $K^+$ wave functions.
There could still be the distortion effect on the $H-B$ relative motion in the final
channel which is ignored here.

For calculating the amplitude $F(\Xi^- + p_2 \to H)$, we follow the same procedure
as described in Ref.~\cite{aer83}. In this method, the $H$ dibaryon is treated
as a bound particle with a mass $m_H$; however its six-quark structure is taken
into account. This implies that the three-quark internal structures of the $\Xi^-$
hyperon and the proton $p_2$ [see Fig. 1(b)] also have to be invoked as the formation
of $H$ is thought of in terms of the fusion of two three-quark bags ($\Xi^-$ and
$p_2$).   The amplitude $F$ is calculated by taking the overlap of the internal wave
functions of $H$, $\Xi^-$ and $p_2$, which are described by a Gaussian approximation
(see Ref.~\cite{aer82}). The final result for the amplitude $F$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}{\label{fusion}}
F(\Xi^- + p_2 \to H) & = & \Gamma_0 \Big(\frac{2R_pR_H}{R_H^2 + R_p^2}\Big)^3
\Big(\frac{2R_{\Xi^-}R_H}{R_H^2 + R_{\Xi^-}^2}\Big)^3
\Big(\frac{2R_H^2}{3\pi}\Big)^{3/4} \nonumber \\
& \times & exp\Big[-\frac{R_H^2}{12}({\vec p}_2 - {\vec p}_{\Xi^-})^2\Big],
\end{eqnarray}
where the factor $\Gamma_0$ arises from the color-flavor-spin recoupling as defined
in Ref.~\cite{aer83}. Its value is $\sqrt {1/20}$.  The values of the oscillator
parameters, $R_p$, $R_{\Xi^-}$ and $R_H$ have been taken to be 0.83, 0.73 and
0.95 fm, respectively. The chosen value of $R_p$ reproduces the root mean square (rms)
radius of the proton, while the value of $R_{\Xi^-}$ comes from the quark-bag model
relation between the proton bag radius and that of the $\Xi^-$. The bag radius of the
$H$ dibaryon is about 20$\%$ larger than that of the proton (see, eg. Refs.
\cite{liu82,mul83}). Therefore, we have increased the value of $R_H$ over $R_p$
accordingly. In deriving Eq.~\ref{fusion}, the normalizations of the baryon wave
functions have been made consistent with those of the amplitude $M$.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.40\textwidth]{Fig2-H.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
(a) Momentum space spinors [$\phi(k_1)$] for the $1p_{3/2}$ nucleon orbit in $^{12}$C.
$f(k_1)$ and $g(k_1)$ are the upper and lower components of the spinor, respectively.
(b) Momentum distribution [$\rho(k_1)$] for the same state calculated with the wave
function shown in panel (a).
}
\label{fig:Fig2}
\end{figure}
\section{Results and discussion}

\subsection{Initial bound state spinors}

The initial bound state spinors in momentum space are obtained by Fourier
transformation of the corresponding coordinate space spinors, which are the solutions
of the Dirac equation with potential fields consisting of an attractive scalar part
($V_s$) and a repulsive vector part ($V_v$), both having  Woods-Saxon shapes. For
fixed geometry parameters (radius and diffuseness) we search for the depths of these
potentials to reproduce the binding energy of the respective state. With our choice of
quantum numbers and the binding energy for the $p_1$ proton state, the resulting depths
were 382.6 and -472.3 MeV, respectively for the fields $V_v$ and $V_s$, with the
radius and diffuseness parameters of 0.983 and 0.606 fm, respectively, for both. To
show the momentum spread of the corresponding spinors, we have displayed in
Fig.~2(a) and 2(b), the spinors  $|f(k_1)|$ and $|g(k_1)|$ and the momentum
distribution $\rho (k_1) = |f(k_1)|^2 + |g(k_1)|^2$  as a function of momentum
$k_1$, respectively. It may be noted that spinors calculated in this way provide
a good description of the nucleon momentum distribution for the $p$-shell
nucleons as shown in Ref.~\cite{shy95}. It should further be added here that
these spinors are the same as those used in Refs.~\cite{shy09,shy12} to
describe the productions of the $\Lambda$ and $\Xi^-$ hypernuclei via the
$(\gamma,K^+)$ and $(K^-,K^+)$ reactions, respectively on a $^{12}$C target.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.50\textwidth]{Fig3-H.eps}
\caption{
Differential cross section $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}$ at $\theta_{K^+} = 0^\circ$ for
$H$ production in the $^{12}$C($K^-, K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be reaction at the beam momentum of
1.67 GeV/$c$, as a function of $H$ dibaryon mass. The $\Lambda \Lambda$ and $\Sigma N$
thresholds are shown by arrows as indicated.
}
\label{fig:Fig3}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Dibaryon production cross sections}

The method discussed above has been used to study the $^{12}$C($K^-,K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be
reaction. In Fig.~3, we show the results for the differential cross section
$d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}$ at the $K^+$ angle of $0^\circ$ and the beam momentum
($p_{K^-}^{lab}$) of 1.67 GeV/$c$, as a function of the rest mass of the $H$ dibaryon.
We note that the cross section decreases uniformly as $m_H$ approaches the $\Lambda
\Lambda$ threshold (indicated by an arrow), where we stopped the calculations because
our method treats the $H$ as a bound particle. In Ref.~\cite{yoo07}, the upper limit of
the production cross section of $H$ with a mass range between $\Lambda \Lambda$ and
$\Sigma N$ thresholds (also indicated in Fig.~2 by an arrow) has been estimated to be
2.1 $\pm$ 0.6 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.1 (syst.) $\mu b/sr$ at a 90$\%$ confidence level, in a
measurement of the $^{12}$C($K^-,K^+)\Lambda \Lambda X$ reaction at the beam momentum of
1.67 GeV/$c$ where the $K^+$ meson was confined mostly in the forward directions. In
Fig.~3, the cross-section at the $\Lambda \Lambda$ threshold is comparable to this value.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[scale=0.50]{Fig4a-H.eps} & \hspace{0.30cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.50]{Fig4b-H.eps}
\end{tabular}
\caption{
Differential cross section $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}$ at $\theta_{K^+} = 0^\circ$ for
the reactions $^{12}$C($K^-, K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be (a) and $^{3}$He($K^-, K^+)H\,n$ (b)
as a function of the laboratory beam momentum $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ corresponding to a $H$
dibaryon mass of 2.224 GeV.
}
\label{fig:Fig4}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~4(a), we show the beam momentum dependence of the cross section
$d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}$ for the $^{12}$C($K^-, K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be reaction. The result
in this figure, mirrors the beam momentum dependence of the same cross section in the
$\Xi^-$ hypernuclear production reaction $^{12}$C($K^-,K^+)^{12}\!\!\!{_{\Xi^-}}$Be,
shown in Refs.~\cite{shy12,shy13}. The cross section peaks near the $p_{K^-}^{lab}$
value of about 1.05 GeV/$c$, which is approximately 0.30 GeV/$c$ away from the
production threshold for this reaction (0.735 GeV/$c$). This is similar to the case of
the hypernuclear production reactions, as mentioned above, where the threshold is 0.761
GeV/$c$. We recall that in the case of the zero degree differential cross section for
the elementary production reaction $p(K^-,K^+)\Xi^-$, the peak also occurs at about
0.35-0.40 GeV/c above the corresponding production threshold
(see Refs.~\cite{shy11,shy12}).

The magnitude of the cross section near the peak position in Fig.~4(a), is about an
order of magnitude larger than that at the beam momentum of 1.8 GeV/c. This is
similar to that  seen in Refs.~\cite{shy12,shy13} for the
$^{12}$C($K^-,K^+)^{12}\!\!\!{_{\Xi^-}}$Be reaction. Moreover, the peak cross
section of the present reaction is smaller than that of the elementary production
reaction by roughly a factor of 2. However, it is about an order of magnitude larger
than that of the $^{12}$C($K^-,K^+)^{12}\!\!\!{_{\Xi^-}}$Be reaction.  This is the
consequence of the extremely restricted phase space available in the latter case that
has a two-body final state involving a bound system.

It is evident that in our model the bound state spinors in the initial state are
calculated within a mean field approximation, therefore, its application to a lighter
target like $^3$He should be less valid. Nevertheless, in order to have a direct
comparison with the results shown in Refs.~\cite{aer83,aiz92} for the $^3$He($K^-,K^+)Hn$
reaction, we have calculated the beam momentum dependence of the cross section
$d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}$ at $\theta_{K^+} = 0^\circ$ for this reaction within our model.
The initial bound proton in this case is from the $1s_{1/2}$ orbit with a binding energy
of 5.49 MeV. The corresponding spinors were determined by a procedure similar to that
described above using the same geometry parameters. The depths of the fields $V_v$ and
$V_s$ were 210.41 and -259.76 MeV, respectively. The spinors were normalized to
reproduce the experimental rms of $^3$He (1.88 fm). Our results for the zero degree
cross section $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}$ for the corresponding $H$ production reaction are
shown in Fig.~4b. We note that the peak position of the cross section in this case is at
a $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ value near 1.20 GeV/$c$. The shift in the peak position to a larger
$p_{K^-}^{lab}$ as compared to that in Fig.~4(a) can be understood from the fact that
the threshold for the $^3$He($K^-,K^+)Hn$ reaction ($\approx$ 0.80 GeV/$c$) is larger
than that of the reaction on a ${12}$C target.

It should be mentioned here that in Refs.~\cite{aer83} and~\cite{aiz92} the
corresponding cross section peaks at $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ $\approx$ 1.75 GeV/$c$, which
coincides exactly with the peak position of the zero degree $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}$ of
the elementary reaction $^1$H$(K^-,K^+)\Xi^-$ used by these authors in their calculations.
In this context two points are worth noticing. Firstly, the peak in the elementary
production cross section calculated in our model occurs at a lower $p_{K^-}^{lab}$
(around 1.5 GeV/c) as shown in Refs.~\cite{shy11,shy12,shy13}. Secondly, because in our
calculations of the $A(K^-,K^+)HB$ reactions, the $K^+ \Xi^-$ production amplitudes are
obtained by considering the initial proton as a particle bound in one of the orbits of
the target nucleus, the threshold effects pull back the peak positions in the
$^3$He($K^-,K^+)Hn$ reaction to a $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ value lower than that of the
elementary reaction. This effect is not seen in results shown in Refs.
\cite{aer83,aiz92} due to their particular choice of the initial state as discussed in
the previous section.

Near $p_{K^-}^{lab} \approx$ 1.75 GeV/$c$,  the magnitude of our cross section is about
0.95 $\mu b/sr $. This is larger than those of Refs.~\cite{aer83} and~\cite{aiz92},
by factors of 2-3 and 1.5-2.0, respectively. This can be attributed to the difference
in the model used to calculate the $K^+ \Xi^-$ production amplitudes by these authors
as compared to that of ours.

Looking at the results for the $H$ production reactions shown in Figs.~4a and 4b,
we notice that the ratio ($R_{cs}$) of the magnitudes of the cross sections for the
$^{12}$C and the $^3$He targets, is greater than one for all the beam momenta. However,
the point to note is that this ratio is beam momentum dependent. While near peak
positions the value of $R_{cs}$ is about 10, in the tail region ($p_{K^-}^{lab} > $
1.6 GeV/c) it varies between 4 and 2. From Eq.~(1), it is evident that the mass terms
already make the phase-space factor of the reaction on a $^{12}$C target larger than
that on $^3$He by nearly an order of magnitude. Of course, there is a strong
dependence of the product of the rest of the phase-space and the modulus square of the
amplitudes on various momenta. They combine with the mass terms of the phase space to
produce the target mass dependence seen in Figs~4(a) and 4(b). Results shown in
Fig.~4(a) may affect some of the conclusions of Refs.~\cite{ahn96,yam00} where the cross
sections for the $H$ production via the $(K^-,K^-)$ reaction on a $^{12}$ target have
been estimated from an extrapolation of the results on a $^3$He target reported in
Ref.~\cite{aer83}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.40\textwidth]{Fig5-H.eps}\hspace{0.3cm}
\caption{(Color online)
Double differential cross section $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}dp_{K^+}$ at
$\theta_{K^+} = 0^\circ$ for the $^{12}$C($K^-, K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be reaction as a
function of the c.m. momentum $p_{K^+}^{c.m.}$ of the $K^+$ meson at the
$p_{K^-}^{lab}$ values of 1.50 GeV/$c$ (solid line) and 1.67 GeV/$c$ (dashed line).
The $H$ mass is fixed at 2.224 GeV for both the cases.
}
\label{fig:Fig5}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~5, we show the double differential cross sections
$d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}dp_{K^+}$ for the same reaction as in Fig.~4 at $p_{K^-}^{lab}$
values of 1.5 and 1.67 GeV/c and at the $K^+$ c.m. angle $\theta_{K^+} = 0^\circ$, as a
function of the c.m. momentum of $K^+$ meson ($p_{K^+}^{c.m.}$). The c.m. frame refers
to that of the $K^- + ^{12}$C system. The $H$ dibaryon mass was taken to be 2.224 GeV
in both cases. It is seen that these cross sections are peaked very close to the
kinematically allowed maximum of $p_{K^+}^{c.m.}$ ($p_{K^+}^{c.m.,max}$) and have narrow
widths of about 90 MeV. The peaking of the cross section near $p_{K^+}^{c.m.,max}$
can be understood from the fact that the quark-fusion amplitude is largest for smallest
values of $\Xi^-$ momenta, which happens for the maximum value of the $K^+$ momentum.
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.40\textwidth]{Fig6-H.eps}\hspace{0.3cm}
\caption{(color online)
(a) Double differential cross section $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}dp_{K^+}$ at
$\theta_{K^+} = 0^\circ$ for the $^{12}$C($K^-, K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be reaction as a
function of the c.m. $p_{K^+}^{c.m.}$ of the $K^+$ meson for $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ values
of 0.9 GeV/$c$ (solid line), 1.0 GeV/$c$ (dashed line), 1.1 GeV/$c$ (dashed-dotted line),
and 1.2 GeV/$c$ (dashed-dashed-dotted line). (b) The same as in panel (a) for
$p_{K^-}^{lab}$ values of 1.6 GeV/$c$ (solid line), 1.7 GeV/$c$ (dashed line) and
1.8 GeV/$c$ (dashed-dotted line). The $H$ mass is fixed at 2.224 GeV
for all the cases.
}
\label{fig:Fig6}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~6,  $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}dp_{K^+}$ is shown for several beam momenta
($p_{K^-}^{lab}$) for the same reaction as in Fig.~5. It is observed that the
peaking in the $K^+$ momentum spectra very close to $p_{K^+}^{c.m.,max}$ is found
in all the cases. As $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ increases $p_{K^+}^{c.m.,max}$ shifts to
higher values and so does the peak position in the corresponding cross-section.
However, the widths of the distributions remain unaltered. Nevertheless, at very
large values of the $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ [in Fig. 6(b)] the distributions tend to become
more symmetric and the peak positions are at relatively somewhat lower values of
$p_{K^-}^{c.m.}$ as compared to those at lower $p_{K^-}^{lab}$. This is mainly
due to more dominant role of the phase space component of the cross section at
these higher values of $p_{K^-}^{lab}$. The magnitudes of the peak cross sections
at various values of $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ have a trend that is consistent with that seen
in Fig.~4.

To understand more clearly the cause for the narrow width of the $K^+$ momentum
spectra, we display in Fig.~7 a decomposition of the cross section
$d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}dp_{K^+}$ into phase-spacer-only (dotted line), $\Xi^-$
production-only (dashed line) and quark-fusion-only (solid line) components. The
$p_{K^-}^{lab}$ is chosen to be 1.67 GeV/$c$ and various curves in this figure are
normalized to the same maximum value. The three-body phase-space component is broad
and has a peak at $K^+$ momentum much below the corresponding $p_{K^+}^{c.m.,max}$ (
$\sim$ 1.05 GeV). Therefore, if the shape of the $K^+$ momentum spectrum were
estimated from the pure phase space, it would have a much more spread-out distribution.
Although the $\Xi^-$-production-only component is narrower than the phase-space-only
component, it is still broader than the cross sections shown in Fig.~5. On the other
hand, the quark-fusion-only component has a narrower width that is similar to that of
the final cross section. Because of the domination of this component in the cross
section near the peak position, the shape of the $K^+$ spectrum is governed by it in the
region of interest. The magnitude of the width of the $K^+$ momentum spectrum obtained
by us can be understood from simple kinematical arguments as discussed in the Appendix.
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.40\textwidth]{Fig7-H.eps}\hspace{0.3cm}
\caption{(Color online)
The phase-space-only (dotted line), $\Xi^-$-production-only (dashed line) and
$\Xi^- + p \to H$ fusion-only (solid line) components of the differential cross
section $d\sigma/d\Omega_{K^+}dp_{K^+}$ at $\theta_{K^+} = 0^\circ$ for the
$^{12}$C($K^-, K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be reaction as a function of  momentum $p_{K^+}^{c.m.}$
at the $p_{K^-}^{lab}$ value of 1.67 GeV/$c$. The $H$ mass is fixed at 2.224 GeV.
All the curves are normalized to the same peak cross section.
}
\label{fig:Fig7}
\end{figure}

It is important to compare the narrow peak in the $K^+$ spectrum for the $H$ production
reaction with that in the momentum spectrum of the $K^+$ for background processes
like the $^{12}$C($K^-,K^+)^{10}$Be $\Xi^- p$ reaction. The results of the
calculations for this type of background reaction on a $^3$He target are discussed in
Refs.~\cite{aer83,aiz92}. It is shown there that such processes have a relatively
larger magnitude and a much broader width of the $K^+$ momentum spectrum. Therefore, it
should be possible to separate the $H$ production from the $\Xi^- p$ background as the
peak of the $K^+$ spectrum in the latter reaction would be well separated from that for
$H$ production. There is another potential source of background, namely the possible
production of two $\Lambda$ hyperons in the interaction of the $\Xi^-$ with proton
$p_2$. The probability for such processes, initiated by the $\Xi^-$ particle in a nuclear
bound state, has been calculated in Refs.~\cite{ike94,dov94,yam94}. These calculations
suggest that the relative probability for the $\Xi^- + p \to \Lambda \Lambda$ reaction
involving a free $\Xi^-$ particle may not be more than 10-20$\%$.

\section{Summary and conclusions}

In summary, we have studied the production of the stable six-quark $H$ dibaryon,
via the $(K^-,K^+)$ reaction on a $^{12}$C target within an effective Lagrangian
model. We have also made some calculations for this reaction on a $^3$He target. The
model assumes this reaction to proceed in two steps. In the first step, a $\Xi^-$
hyperon and a $K^+$ meson are produced in the initial collision of the $K^-$ meson
with a proton bound in the target.  In the second step, the $\Xi^-$ hyperon fuses
with another target proton to produce the $H$ dibaryon. Our method differers from the
previous calculations of this reaction, which use a similar two step approach, in
several ways. In our work the $\Xi^- + K^+$ production amplitude has been calculated
by excitation, propagation and decay of $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma$ hyperon resonance
intermediate states in the initial collision of the $K^-$ meson with a target proton.
The vertex parameters (the coupling constants, and the form factors) at the resonance
vertices have been taken to be the same as those fixed earlier by describing both the
total and the differential cross sections of the elementary $^1$H$(K^+,K^-)\Xi^-$
reaction within a similar model. The same parameters were also used recently in the
calculations of the $\Xi$ hypernuclei. The bound proton spinors have been  obtained
by solving the Dirac equation with vector and scalar potential fields having
Woods-Saxon shapes. Their depths are fitted to the binding energy of the respective
state. In the previous studies of this reaction, the$\Xi^- + K^+$ production amplitudes
were obtained from a parametrization of the scantily known experimental differential
cross sections of the $^1$H$(K^+,K^-)\Xi^-$ reaction at $0^\circ$. Moreover, while we
have applied our model to compute cross sections for the $(K^-,K^+)$ reaction on both
$^{12}$C as well as $^3$He targets, in the previous models the numerical calculations
were limited only to a $^3$He target.

In our study, the $H$ dibaryon production cross section in the $^{12}$C($K^-, K^+$)
$H\,{^{10}}$Be reaction at the $K^-$ beam momentum of 1.67 GeV/$c$, and for a $H$ mass
very close to the $\Lambda \Lambda$ threshold, is found to be comparable to the upper
limit of the $H$ production cross section estimated just above this threshold with
a 90$\%$ confidence level in a study of the $^{12}$C($K^-,K^+) \Lambda \Lambda X$
reaction at the same beam momentum.

We notice that the differential cross section of the $^{12}$C($K^-, K^+)H\,{^{10}}$Be
reaction for observing $K^+$ at zero degrees peaks around the beam momentum of
1.05 GeV/$c$. This mirrors the beam momentum dependence of the corresponding cross
section in the $\Xi^-$ hypernuclear production reaction
$^{12}$C($K^-,K^+)^{12}\!\!\!{_{\Xi^-}}$Be.  In case of the $^3$He target the peak
position shifts to a higher beam momentum of 1.20 GeV/c, because as the threshold of
the reaction on this target is larger than that on  $^{12}$C. The peak positions in
these cross sections are above the production thresholds of the corresponding reactions
by almost the same amount as the position of the maximum is above the corresponding
threshold in the zero degree differential cross section of the elementary
$^1$H$(K^-, K^+)\Xi^-$ reaction. In our model, the magnitude of the cross-section
on a $^{12}$C target is larger than that on  $^3$He by an order of magnitude near the
respective peak positions. However, in the tail region (for beam momenta larger than
1.6 GeV/$c$) this difference varies by factors of only 4-2.

The $K^+$ momentum spectrum has a peak very close to the kinematically allowed
maximum $K^+$ momentum and its width is narrow (about 90 MeV/$c$). This feature is
independent of the $K^-$ beam momentum.  It is also shown here that a larger $H$
production cross section is expected in experiments performed at beam momenta around
1 GeV/c. The background process such as the $K^+$ recoiling against the continuum
$\Xi^- p$ pair~\cite{aer83,aiz92} has a relatively larger magnitude and broader width
of the $K^+$ momentum spectrum and therefore can be rather cleanly separated from
the $H$ signal.

\acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Dutch Research Foundation (NWO), the Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur
Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), Darmstadt, the University of Adelaide and the Australian
Research Council through grant FL0992247(AWT), and Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), India.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: How to get view depend on user in sap UI5? How should I project my application to get contexts based on logged user in sapUI5? I was thinking about providing this information by oData service, is this a proper way?

A: If you use the launchpad:
If you want to provide the same application in different forms, you could give users different roles and start the APP with different StartUp parameters: Handling Startup Parameters
Startup Parameters in Launchpad
Then all you have to do is, to check the parameters and display the APP differently.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Local delegate wants possible laptop of VB mass shooter to go to Department of Justice
by: Julius Ayo
VIRGINIA BEACH, Va. (WAVY) — A local delegate who claims to have a laptop discovered in a condo belonging to the Virginia Beach mass shooter, says she would like the Department of Justice to have it.
In a statement Thursday, Delegate Kelly Convirs-Fowler acknowledged that several attorneys, as well as the Virginia Beach Police Department, have reached out to her asking for the laptop.
View the full statement from Delegate Kelly Convirs-Fowler here
Former Virginia Lt. Governor Justin Fairfax voiced his concern regarding Convirs-Fowler's possession of the laptop.
"No one has given a justification as to why you (Convirs-Fowler) would withhold that property, that laptop and the truths contained in there," said Fairfax in a public statement on Wednesday.
PREVIOUS: Possible laptop of VB mass shooter now in attorney's hands
Since announcing her possession of the laptop, Convirs-Fowler has handed it over to her attorney. She says they are now working to give it to the Department of Justice, with the ultimate goal of "transparency and accountability."
On Monday, Convirs-Fowler announced that she had the personal laptop, believed to belong to the Virginia Beach mass shooter. The family of one of the victims now owns the mass shooter's condo, after a deed transfer, which is where and how the laptop was reportedly discovered.
Convirs-Fowler believes law enforcement overlooked the possible evidence.
"A missed piece of evidence, like a laptop, doesn't need to go to the Investigative Authority that missed the piece of evidence to begin with or a private attorney that has a potential financial interest in the laptop," said Convirs-Fowler in the statement Thursday. "This missed evidence needs to go to a higher investigative authority, so I ask the DOJ to take the laptop."
On Tuesday, she confirmed to WAVY that she provided Jason Nixon, the husband of one of the mass shooting victims, a copy of the contents of the laptop. Nixon is currently being represented by Fairfax, along with several families whose loved ones were murdered during the May 2019 mass shooting.
The Law Office of Justin E. Fairfax, PLLC and Martin Law PLLC, with Attorney Thomas B. Martin, now legally represent the families of:
Kate Nixon
Michelle "Missy" Langer
Joshua O. Hardy
Laquita C. Brown
Convirs-Fowler stated that "many survivors of the shooting, family members of victims, as well as city employees" have asked her to take the laptop to a "higher authority."
"This is about justice for the victims, the families, the survivors, the employees, and all of Virginia
Beach. Virginia Beach wants to heal, but we cannot without transparency from our leadership."
Check WAVY.com for the latest updates.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He wiped my tears and took away my despair.
He repaired my soul from the inside out.
It was then and only then I knew what love was about.
Was the love of the Lord as he carried me.
"In that sweet holy land someday you will be.
Where loved ones embrace and angels await.


text:
Rinku does linking
==================

Rinku is a Ruby library that does autolinking.
It parses text and turns anything that remotely resembles a link into an HTML link,
just like the Ruby on Rails `auto_link` method -- but it's about 20 times faster,
because it's written in C, and it's about 20 times smarter when linking,
because it does actual parsing instead of RegEx replacements.

Rinku is a Ruby Gem
-------------------

Rinku is available as a Ruby gem:

    $ [sudo] gem install rinku

The Rinku source is available at GitHub:

    $ git clone git://github.com/vmg/rinku.git

Rinku is a standalone library
-----------------------------

It exports a single method called `Rinku.auto_link`.

~~~~~ruby
require 'rinku'

Rinku.auto_link(text, mode=:all, link_attr=nil, skip_tags=nil)
Rinku.auto_link(text, mode=:all, link_attr=nil, skip_tags=nil) { |link_text| ... }
~~~~~~

Parses a block of text looking for "safe" urls or email addresses,
and turns them into HTML links with the given attributes.

NOTE: The block of text may or may not be HTML; if the text is HTML,
Rinku will skip the relevant tags to prevent double-linking and linking
inside `pre` blocks by default.

NOTE: If the input text is HTML, it's expected to be already escaped.
Rinku will perform no escaping.

NOTE: Currently the follow protocols are considered safe and are the
only ones that will be autolinked.

    http:// https:// ftp:// mailto://

Email addresses are also autolinked by default. URLs without a protocol
specifier but starting with 'www.' will also be autolinked, defaulting to
the 'http://' protocol.

-   `text` is a string in plain text or HTML markup. If the string is formatted in
HTML, Rinku is smart enough to skip the links that are already enclosed in `<a>`
tags.`

-   `mode` is a symbol, either `:all`, `:urls` or `:email_addresses`,
which specifies which kind of links will be auto-linked.

-   `link_attr` is a string containing the link attributes for each link that
will be generated. These attributes are not sanitized and will be include as-is
in each generated link, e.g.

     ~~~~~ruby
     auto_link('http://www.pokemon.com', :all, 'target="_blank"')
     # => 'http://www.pokemon.com'
     ~~~~~

    This string can be autogenerated from a hash using the Rails `tag_options` helper.

-   `skip_tags` is a list of strings with the names of HTML tags that will be skipped
when autolinking. If `nil`, this defaults to the value of the global `Rinku.skip_tags`,
which is initially `["a", "pre", "code", "kbd", "script"]`.

-   `&block` is an optional block argument. If a block is passed, it will
be yielded for each found link in the text, and its return value will be used instead
of the name of the link. E.g.

    ~~~~~ruby
    auto_link('Check it out at http://www.pokemon.com') do |url|
      "THE POKEMAN WEBSITEZ"
    end
    # => 'Check it out at THE POKEMAN WEBSITEZ'
    ~~~~~~

Rinku is a drop-in replacement for Rails 3.1 `auto_link`
----------------------------------------------------

Auto-linking functionality has been removed from Rails 3.1,
and is instead offered as a standalone gem, `rails_autolink`. You can
choose to use Rinku instead.

~~~~ruby
require 'rails_rinku'
~~~~

The `rails_rinku` package monkeypatches Rails with an `auto_link` method that
mimics 100% the original one, parameter per parameter. It's just faster.

Developing
----------
```
$ gem install rake-compiler

$ rake
```

Rinku is written by me
----------------------

I am Vicent Marti, and I wrote Rinku.
While Rinku is busy doing autolinks, you should be busy following me on twitter.
[`@vmg`](http://twitter.com/vmg). Do it.

Rinku has an awesome license
----------------------------

Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A total meltdown. The whole school watching. Now Poppy's an ex-straight-A with no Plan B.
When Poppy Johnson throws away a full scholarship to Columbia, she can only blame the jelly beans. The yucky green ones? Midnight cram sessions and Saturday's spent studying. The delicious red? The family legacy: Columbia, and a future in finance. Except now it's starting to look like Poppy's jelly bean theory is wrong. School has been her life until, but maybe it's time to start living now.
Poppy has thirty days to try a new life. No school, no studying. Just jumping into every possible world. Thirty days to find her passion, her path, and maybe even love. The Jelly Bean Crisis is officially on.
I'm Jolene, a fast-talking film fan that loves fizzy drinks and shiny things. I was the shy kid. I couldn't speak but I read a lot, and plotted my world take over by torchlight.
When my lack of confidence threatened my dreams, I took action and changed my life! I know what it takes to think big, jump in, and create a dream world. Now I want to help you do it, too!


Traditional Indian outfits are beautiful, often hand-crafted pieces of art using traditional methods of embroidery and design that have been around for hundreds of years. It can be a daunting prospect to learn about so I've decided to give you all a quick intro to the most popular Indian embroidery types (that you've probably worn) broken down into categories. Here's a quick intro on three of the most popular and easily recognizably North Indian embroidery styles!
Chikan is an intricate and light style of embroidery originally from Lucknow that is commonly seen style on Indian kurthas. It's usually seen on light fabrics, such as cotton, linen and chiffon, making it pretty fantastic for a sweltering summer.
Kashida is a style hailing from Kashmir that uses a single stitch and motifs from nature, such as, birds, leaves and trees. It is not just found on clothing but is also popular on shawls, throws and pillows.
Phulkari is a famous, colorful style of embroidery from Punjab focused on floral patterns and designs. It's known for its bright, colorful designs that fully consume the clothing or item, leaving very little or no blank spaces.
Rose Quartz is one of Pantone's colors of 2016 - and a color I'm dying to add to my wardrobe for the spring season. That is, once my parka is no longer my number one fashion item. I've recently become a bit obsessed with all of the Pantone colors for 2016. They're all soft yet strong hues that are perfect to add to your wardrobe without worry that it will be out of style by next season. I'm starting out by focusing on Rose Quartz, which is a muted rose tone that can carry a standalone dress or coat but can also be a great color for an accessory. I've compiled some of my favorite pieces for you - some more muted and some a bit stronger - but mostly in floaty, ethereal fabrics like silk/chiffon or sturdy fabrics like twill/denim as I think the color can get a bit cutesy in more casual fabrics.
I've been spending more time on Pinterest lately and have been particularly enamored by the idea of romantic glamour. Soft fabrics like velvet in dusky, natural colors, like dusty rose and hunter green, have been circling about my thoughts and my recent consumption of seasons 4 +5 of Downton Abbey hasn't helped. I've put together a moodboard to help inspire you - maybe you're updating your bedroom or looking to change up your wardrobe. Whatever it may be - we're all in need of a little romance/glamour in our lives!


I kind of love how ridiculous things get repeated endlessly by people who claim to be informed. In his NYT column, Avik Roy warned us against taking seriously the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO) projections of a surge in the uninsured under the Republican health care plan.
"First, some caution regarding the C.B.O.'s numbers. The C.B.O. is chock-full of committed and talented public servants, but the agency is neither omniscient nor infallible. In 2010, when the Affordable Care Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama, the C.B.O. predicted that by 2017, 23 million Americans would be enrolled in the law's new insurance exchanges. Only about 11 million actually are.
"That's because the C.B.O. failed to account for how the A.C.A.'s insurance regulations would drive premiums up for relatively healthy individuals. A new study by researchers at the Department of Health and Human Services finds that for people buying coverage on their own, premiums have more than doubled in the Obamacare era. Most adversely affected have been those whose incomes — while modest — were not low enough to qualify for sufficient amounts of the A.C.A.'s insurance subsidies.
"While the C.B.O. was overly optimistic in 2010 about Obamacare, there's a strong case that it is being overly pessimistic about the new House bill, the American Health Care Act."
Actually, CBO was overly pessimistic about Obamacare. If we look to CBO's last report on the Affordable Care Act, before the exchanges began operation in 2014, it projected that there would be 29 million people uninsured as of 2017 (Table 3). In its most recent analysis, it puts the number of uninsured in 2017 at 26 million (Table 4). In other words, the number of people who are uninsured under the ACA is 3 million fewer than CBO had predicted back in 2012.
In what world is overestimating the number of uninsured "overly optimistic?" It is true that fewer people are in the exchanges than CBO expected. This is due to the fact that more people have qualified for Medicaid and also more people are receiving employer-provided insurance, as fewer companies than expected dropped coverage.
But, so what? The point was to get people insured, not necessarily to have them insured through the exchanges.
So remember the facts when you read Roy's NYT column giving his prognostications for the Republican health care reform. Here's a guy who couldn't even bother to get the basic numbers on the ACA right.


If you want to learn the seven strategies of protecting your finances and your family's financial well being in a bad economy then this article is a quick must read.
Many of the old rules no longer apply.
Is six months of cash enough?
I'm a long term investor so I'll just ride this out.
How do I save more in case this bad economy continues?
If you have asked any of these questions or made any of these statements, you might be headed for real danger.
To read the first in a three part series about the new rules of family finances and the hidden dangers in the old assumptions just click here.
David M Frees III is an attorney representing affluent families, business owners, executives and banks and trust companies in the areas of trust and estate planning, wealth preservation in Pennsylvania and Chester, Montgomery and surrounging Philadelphia counties.


text:
Jeffrey Halliburton (born July 3, 1949) is an American former basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for two seasons. He is the cousin of Basketball Hall of Famer Julius Erving.

College career

Halliburton, a 6'5" guard, transferred to Drake University from San Jacinto Junior College and played for the Bulldogs for two seasons from 1969 to 1971.  He led the Bulldogs to consecutive NCAA Tournament Regional Final appearances in 1970 and 1971.  He was named first team All-Missouri Valley Conference both seasons at Drake, and was named MVC Player of the Year and an honorable mention All-American as a senior.

Professional career

Halliburton was drafted in the third round of the 1971 NBA Draft (39th pick overall) by the Atlanta Hawks.  He played the 1971–72 season with the Hawks, averaging 4.0 points and 1.0 rebounds off the bench.  He started the 1972–73 season with the Hawks, but was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers, where he averaged 9.5 points per game for the remainder of the season.

He played for the Iberia Superstars of the European Professional Basketball League in 1975.

References

1949 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks draft picks
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players from New York (state)
Drake Bulldogs men's basketball players
Malverne High School alumni
People from Rockville Centre, New York
Philadelphia 76ers players
San Jacinto Central Ravens men's basketball players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Nassau County, New York

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There is no point in offering a helping hand to someone who wants to drown.
The woman who takes a wolf for a husband is always looking into the wood.
The wolf and the dog agree about the goat -- which together they eat.
The thread must be longer than the needle.
The sickness of the body is the cure of the mind.
The needle dresses people but stays naked itself.
Sleep with a woman and she will make sure you wake up.
Old bachelors and old maids are either too good or too bad.
My skin is closer to me than my shirt is.
My dog slaps you with his tail and bites you with his teeth.


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9.27.11 Flower Child
photos by george billard and gluttonforlife
Squash blossoms are delicate and ethereal, yet somehow sturdy enough to stand up to a good frying. They're delicious other ways, too, as in this fresh vegetable stew from Mexico, full of flores de calabaza, chiles and herbs. You'll find them fried all over Italy where they're known as fiori di zucca, always battered and sometimes stuffed. One classic version calls for a stuffing of anchovy filets and mozzarella, but mine—herb-flecked goat cheese—is lighter and feels a bit more in tune with these days of Indian summer. Like most fried foods, they're best served fresh from the oil, so they're really not the thing for a big party. But it's lots of fun to fry up a dozen or two for a group of friends gathered in the kitchen, sipping prosecco or rosé and singing the chef's praises. I can't remember where I learned to use masa harina for these, but I'm always on the lookout for gluten-free substitutes for wheat flour. As with my fried calamari, rice flour would probably work well, though the understated corn flavor of the masa harina really does seem to complement the subtle, sweetly vegetal note of the squash blossoms. By the way, zucchini flowers are said to be better than those of yellow squash, which can get slightly bitter. Choose the freshest, perkiest ones you can find. They need to be slightly open. Too tight and the fragile petals will tear as you attempt to pipe in the filling. Ain't that always the way?
some from the farmers market, and a couple of big ones from our garden
a bee's-eye view
I mixed chopped mint into a soft, creamy goat cheese but any herbs from the garden will do—shiso, tarragon, chives, oregano or even rosemary would also be delicious. A little lemon zest brightens it up nicely, if you like. Or you could stir in some minced chile or a sprinkling of pimentón if you're in the mood for that kind of kick. If your goat cheese is very stiff, whisk in a tablespoon or two of milk or cream, and/or a little olive oil.
using a ziploc bag is a great tip
Many recipes tell you to simply spoon the filling into the flowers, but they are so delicate that this can be very awkward. A pastry bag works well and, as an easy alternative, you can also use a ziploc bag. You simply scoop the filling into it and snip off one corner from which to pipe the filling. A quick dip in beaten egg, a roll in the masa harina, and they're ready for the pan. As for the oil, peanut or sunflower work fine but I also like to use lard, which fries up the yellow bundles to a virtually grease-free crisp. Right before serving, add a generous sprinkling of Maldon sea salt for extra crunch. And tell your friends to watch out for that molten cheese...
Fried Squash Blossoms
serves 4 as an hors d'oeuvre or snack
— 12 fresh squash blossoms
— 3/4 cup fresh goat cheese
— 1/4 cup fresh herbs, finely chopped
— sea salt and freshly ground black pepper, to taste
— 2 eggs
— 1/4 cup milk
— 1 cup masa harina (or all-purpose flour, or rice flour, or a mix of either with a little cornmeal)
— vegetable oil or lard, for frying
— coarse sea salt, for serving
In a small bowl, mix together the cheese and herbs. Open up the individual blossoms wide enough to insert a couple of teaspoons of cheese mixture, pushed towards the stem end. Do not overfill or fried blossoms will be soggy. In a shallow bowl, beat the eggs and milk together. In a separate shallow bowl, mix the masa harina with a bit of salt and pepper. Dip each blossom into the egg mixture and then roll quickly and evenly in the masa harina mixture, gently shaking off any excess. Pour 2 inches of oil into a skillet and heat to about 350º. Deep-fry the blossoms in batches until they begin to turn light golden brown. Don't crowd them. Drain on crumpled paper towels and serve immediately, dusted with coarse sea salt.
Download Recipe
Tagged — goat cheese, squash blossoms, fried zucchini blossoms, zucchini blossoms, Italian, mint, vegetable, vegetarian
Yummy! I only tried making these once before and my flowers ripped; next time I'll try your trick of piping the filling in...it makes sense. As for your question the other day... I read way too many cooking blogs but for the writing just a few: -Yours! ;p -Eating from the ground up (http://www.eatingfromthegroundup.com/2011/09/fall-festival-circuit.html) -Cauldrons and Crockpots (http://www.cauldronsandcrockpots.com/) -17 and Baking (http://17andbaking.com/) -Old recipes for a new world (http://oldrecipe.wordpress.com/) I hope you'll like them too!
alwayshungry on September 27, 2011 at 11:39 am —
Thanks, alwayshungry! I look forward to checking out these blogs. (Somewhere there is a spare moment...)
laura on September 27, 2011 at 1:07 pm —
YAHOO!!! I cannot WAIT to try these!! Thanks for posting!!
OnMyPlate.com on September 27, 2011 at 1:27 pm —
Let me know how they turn out, Melissa!


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Project Linking the City to Water Slated to Restart
After a long delay, the project dubbed as the South Bay Harbor Trail is set to start working again next spring. When completed, it will connect the Seaport District and Roxbury through the South End neighborhood.
About the South Bay Harbor Trail
The bike trail that is also pedestrian friendly is a work in progress. It is considered an ambitious project that provides a pathway for the inner city communities in Boston to the harbor. There are some segments that are already completed, but there are also other parts needing attention. There are also some parts of the path that require the help on construction from abutting lots.
Initially, the path was made possible by concentrating on connections with facilities that were considered large scale. The trail has one of its sections created during the time when Orange Line was constructed through Roxbury and the South End.
There is also another part of the trail that parallels the construction of the Big Dig/Central Artery, which has hugely affected Central Boston. Meanwhile, another section of the trail relates to the redevelopment of the waterfront in South Boston.
Along the route of the trail, the effects of the construction are visible in which parts of its path are connected to complete an uninterrupted walking route that would take the walker or biker to Roxbury or the South End to the Harbor.
The trail is a project of the South Bay Harbor Trail Coalition, along with the help of the city of Boston and the Save the Harbor, Save the Bay environmental advocacy group.
The Plan for the Harbor Trail
Upon the completion of the Harbor Trail, it will connect the inland neighborhoods of Boston, which will further expand the amenities of the Harbor. These would include the Children's Museum, the new Harbor Islands National Park, and the New England Aquarium.
What makes the route quite attractive is that it is ideal for pedestrians who often walk along the trail. It will also function as access via a relatively uncultivated area on the borders of downtown Boston. In addition to that, the South Bay Harbor Trail will closely connect the paths along the Charles River and the Boston Harbor.
Because of the connection, walkers can entirely encircle the outer fringes of the city center, including places such as Chinatown and South End. It will also effortless link other areas such as the shopping districts in the city, as well as the financial districts, the North End, the Back Bay, the Government Center, and Beacon Hill.
The trail will encompass 3.4 miles and will begin from the MBTA's Ruggles Orange Line Station, which is found in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston. It will then follow the boundaries of the communities of Fort Point Channel and the South End of the city until it reaches the South Boston waterfront.
A New Style for Urban Walks
The trail carves out a path that would help people get to know more about an unchartered area. The unique approach represents a whole new style brought to how urban walking should now be. Apart from the three-hour walk, it will allow residents easy access to their jobs as well as public transportation.
The trail can also be used to get to cultural institutions, and it crosses under highways and over bridges. Although the route is not yet completed, the city of Boston has guaranteed that it will be completed stage by stage. Despite being incomplete, there are segments that are open for use daily, including the areas in Harborwalk, South Boston. Along with this corridor, there will be a reconstruction soon for the future Melnea Cass Boulevard, which will upgrade this part of the trail.
The city of Boston has already secured financial backing, which will be used to construct the trail to connect South Boston and South End. The completed design was provided this year, and the construction is set to begin next year in spring.
Expected Phases of the Project
The South Bay Harbor Trail is aimed at running3.5 miles, starting exactly from Fan Pier which is on the waterfront of the city. It will go all the way to the Ruggles stop of Orange Line. Based on the plans for the project, it will have the following phases:
The first phase includes the stretch near Albany Street at South End, which will run 0. 75 miles along and underneath the Southeast Expressway. More or less, it will connect with the Harborwalk.
The second and final phase involves the larger overhaul of the Melnea Cass Boulevard, which is in the Roxbury neighborhood. It will be a huge project and is not expected to begin anytime soon. There is no exact date yet, but it could start in 2019 or even later than that.
The city officials have already finalized the designs for the trail, which may be the signal that the project is really set to restart and up for completion.
The first phase is considered complicated because of the path will be detached from the street. The separation will happen as it crosses under the main road and it will initially move through the neighborhood of South Boston.
As soon as the link rejoins the streets of the city over the bridge in Broadway and through Dorchester Avenue, it will become a bike track that will make sure the bikers are well-protected. Pylons and curbing will separate the cyclists, so that they do not have to worry about vehicle traffic.
The rest of the path will move through the properties between the Massachusetts Avenue Connector and the Albany Street before it joins Melnea Cass Boulevard all the way to the final stretch to Ruggles. In the last part of the construction, most of the work will be performed by joining forces with the redesign of Melnea Cass, which has a budget of $25 million. It is scheduled to start in 2019.
Along the boulevard, there will be some landscaping, which will isolate the cycle tracks from the highway. An old bike trail will be hit by the construction, and it will become obsolete because it has not been maintained properly for several years now.
What Happened with the Project?
The original plan was raised in 2001, and it was later approved. The project began in 2008 but there were problems with it, and it soon languished. The expected year for the completion of the project was 2010, but until today, it is still unfinished.
There were some problems with the construction, including issues about roadway limitations. According to the deputy director of the transportation department of Boston, crossing water as well as railroad tracks are some of these roadway limits that forced the planners of the project to redirect the path on the streets of the city.
There were more reasons why the project weakened as it went along even though construction already started at that time. One of them is that Boston could not guarantee access to the Boston Flower Exchange, which is located in the South End and is at a key juncture for the trail.
Nevertheless, this problem has been sold because Flower Exchange has already been sold to a developer in which the plan for the area is to build lab and office space. The deputy director has released a statement that the new owners of the property are quite willing to allow the trail construction to take place, which finally bridges the gap between Albany Street and Melnea Cass Boulevard.
The city intends to build the trail in a few phases. As mentioned, the first section will get underway in spring of next year. The complete path will flow from the Fort Point Harborwalk, which is just near the headquarters of Gillette and the MBTA station as mentioned. Cyclists can use the path further because it will soon be connected to the Southwest Corridor.
The project's original plan was established in 2001 and was proposed by the Save the Harbor, Save the Bay. The advocacy gave way to the plan of connecting more neighborhoods that are landlocked, so that people can access the waterfront much easier than before. The group was able to raise approximately $1 million for the funds, and the members were also able to find pro-bono engineering services, which provided the early planning and design for the project.
The reemergence of the trail and the restarting of the work can have more benefits for the cyclists, residents, and the pedestrians than if the project is terminated. According to the president of the nonprofit group above, it is not easy to be patient sometimes, especially when the project is quite ambitious. However, at the end of the day, what matters is everyone is committed to make sure it will advance.
The group also believes that the South Bay Harbor Trail is important, not only in linking people to the harbor but also in alleviating transportation challenges. Many of Boston neighborhoods face such issue, including Seaport.


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Home / Obituaries / LaVerne Haug
LaVerne Haug
LaVerne Haug, age 86, of Virgil, passed away peacefully, Saturday, November 16, 2013 at Lincolnshire Place, in Sycamore, IL. He was born October 23, 1927, in Elgin, the son of Joseph and Margaret (Mettel) Haug. LaVerne grew up on the family farm until he reached eight years old. The family moved to Virgil in 1936 and continued to farm while LaVerne attended local schools. He graduated from Maple Park High School with the class of 1946. After graduation, LaVerne returned to fields of his youth and helped run the farm from sunrise to sunset. LaVerne met his future wife in the halls of his high school. Iris Barrett caught his eye but kept his heart. They graduated together and eventually walked down a different isle together when they were united in marriage on December 12, 1953. At age 25, LaVerne was drafted into the United States Army. There were no wars to be fought during his time in the service, but he served his country proudly and faithfully nonetheless. He was honorably discharged in September of 1955. LaVerne and Iris called El Paso, TX, home while he was stationed there for a time. After returning to civilian life, they moved back to the family farm while LaVerne's parents moved to town. Thousands of memories were "harvested" during the next many years as LaVerne and Iris welcomed three children to make their family complete. LaVerne added construction to his list of jobs and worked for Soderquist Construction in Geneva, building rural bridges. After he was self-employed for a time, LaVerne was a union cabinet installer in Chicago. When he wasn't working, LaVerne, his family and a host of childhood friends, loved to escape eight hours north to a cabin in Wisconsin. Fishing and waterskiing (and maybe even a few beers) were enjoyed immensely by LaVerne. The memories made during those trips were as indelible as they were priceless. When he was "semi-retired", he would take his granddaughter to her babysitter every day and was always ready to help friends and neighbors with projects (as long as they had beer). He is survived by his loving wife of almost 60 years, Iris Haug, Three children:Joe (Karen) Haug of Corpus Christi, TX, James (Mary Beth) Haug of Pittsburgh, PA and Amber Jorgensen of Sycamore, IL;Six grandchildren:Dennis, Glenna,Sara,Adam,Luke andIris;Three great-grandchildren:Carson, Ethan and Landon;One sister Carol Schulz;One sister-in-law, Joan Haug;Many nieces, nephews and a family of farming friends far and wide. He is preceded in death by his parents, Joseph and Margaret Haug, one sister, Virginia Haug and two brothers; Donald Haug and Eugene Haug, A memorial visitation will be from 4-8 p.m., Monday, November 18, 2013, at Conley Funeral Home, 116 W. Pierce St., Elburn, IL 60119. Private family burial will follow cremation at a later date. A memorial has been established in his name to benefit LaVerne's favorite charities. Checks may be made to the "LaVerne Haug Memorial" and mailed in care of P.O. Box 66, Elburn, 60119. Tributes may also be forwarded to the same address or on the web at www.conleycare.com where you can also see his full life story.


Munster Office 801 MacArthur Blvd.
Valparaiso Office 3800 St. Mary Dr.
"Dr. Hyder's approach allows for shorter surgeries and quicker recoveries."
Dr. Hyder's commitment to patient-first care has given thousands of patients a pain-free life. He custom builds treatment plans to fit each individual, taking time to understand their history, their symptoms, and their goals.
Dr. Hyder and his team believe that the majority of spine issues can be resolved without surgery, through non-invasive treatments like physical therapy and pain management. If surgery is required, Dr. Hyder's minimally invasive TrueMIS approach allows most patients to go home the same day.
Cervicalgia is the clinical term for many types of neck pain. Cervicalgia pain can often be accompanied by neck stiffness, headaches, or pain in the back of the neck.
Cervical spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the protective canal around the spinal cord in the neck. This compresses the spinal cord, causing a number of neurological symptoms like pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of coordination.
Cervical radiculopathy, often referred to as a "pinched nerve," is irritation of the nerves of the neck, or "cervical spine." It can appear as pain or neurological symptoms like weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arm.
Lumbar radiculopathy, often referred to as "sciatica," refers to the symptoms of pain, numbness, or weakness that radiate from the lower back to the lower extremities. Lumbar radiculopathy is often caused by herniated disks or spinal stenosis.
Spondylolisthesis, or "spinal instability," occurs when one vertebra slips forward, backward, or laterally relative to the one above or below it. This puts pressure on the spinal nerves and can cause back pain, difficulty walking or standing, and leg weakness.
Scoliosis is a condition where the spine develops one or more side-to-side curves. Adolescent scoliosis most often appears in the growth spurt just before puberty and may increase as a child grows, while degenerative scoliosis can occur due to arthritis in older patients.
Lumbar spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the protective canal around the spinal cord in the lower back. This compresses the spinal canal, causing pain or weakness in the lower back and legs.
Dr. Hyder is committed to treatment that is best for the patient, so he and his team have developed a multi-step approach. Leading with non-invasive treatments like physical therapy, Dr. Hyder can build a treatment plan that works for you and your lifestyle.
When physical therapy is unable to correct the problem, we can provide pain management through injections of anti-inflammatory or nerve-blocking medicines.
If pain management fails to offer good quality of life, Dr. Hyder uses his minimally invasive surgical technique, TrueMIS, to repair the damage without long recovery times.
© 2019 Dr. Zeshan Hyder. All rights reserved.


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Home Climbing Areas Climbing Routes Guidebooks Free Topos Photos Forum
Home >> Our Guidebooks >> Tahoe Bouldering Tuesday, January 18, 2022
Downloadable eBook
Price: $26.95 (no shipping cost, save 21%)
Format: Downloadable eBook (PDF)
Ships in: immediately downloadable
Authors Kevin Swift and Chris McNamara
Problems: 1400 (click to see the complete route list)
Difficulty: VB-V11
Edition: 1st Edition, July 2006
Lake Tahoe is quickly becoming California's largest summer bouldering area. There are more than 35 areas with more than 1,400 problems and new challenges are discovered every week. What sets Tahoe apart is not just the numbers, it is the variety. You can climb Joshua Tree style rock by the lake or climb Yosemite-esque holds in the forest or drive 30 minutes east to the desert and climb impeccable volcanic pockets. It is all here, it is all year round, and even this book, offering the most complete coverage yet on the subject, can only whet your appetite.
Features available in eBooks:
Most accurate & detailed topos ever in full color!
Color photos from Chris McNamara and Eric Volz
Detailed approach and descent options
Lake Tahoe's first and only bouldering guide
Immediately ready for download (no shipping charges)
View the Table of Contents and Introduction (1MB)
Learn more about downloadable SuperTopo eBooks
To read about eBook compatibility information click here.
Check out some Tahoe Bouldering Movies by Eric Volz
To watch some short bouldering movies shot at Donner, Bliss, Pie Shop, Lovers Leap and more click here
Try before you buy!
We've put one of the Lake Tahoe Bouldering Select routes, the SuperTopo for The Secret Boulders on this web site—free for you to download. Check it out, it may be the best climbing topo you've ever seen!
Complete List of Included Climbs
clear	 1 - 35 of total 35 bouldering areas found. [ Thumbnails | Text ]
Bouldering Area Rock Type
# of Problems
Ratings Review
v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8+
White Lines Area
v4, v6, v8
The Saddle
v0, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8+
Washoe Boulders
v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7
Alpine Club
v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6
Flagpole Peak
Ladder Boulder
v1, v2, v3, v4
Middle Bliss
Old County
Split Rock
The Sticks
vB, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5
The Mystics
Barbed Wire Boulders
The Secrets
CCC Boulders
v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10
Echo View
v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8
Momma Cat
v0, v2, v3, v4, v5, v8+
North Bliss
Sun Wall
Grouse Slabs
Top of Snowshed
The Snags
Luther-Slutty Boulders
The Binder
v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9,
Lake Audrain
Deli Slicer
South Bliss
Memorial Boulder
1 - 35 of total 35 bouldering areas found
Home | Climbing Areas | Free Topos | Guidebooks | Route Beta | Forum | Trip Reports | Photos
Copyright 2022 SuperTopo LLC


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Q: Count values in table according to values from table2 Hello I have this query and I'm trying to achieve that in column NextColumn would be count of rows that has the same value in column z. I thought it can be done this way:
(SELECT COUNT(U1.z) GROUP BY U1.z)

But I got this:
Each GROUP BY expression must contain at least one column that is not an outer reference.
 SELECT K.name AS Name, K.surname AS Surname, U1.akce AS Event,
    U2.[text] AS [Scheme], U1.[text]  AS [Registered under], u1.z, NextColumn
          FROM klient K
          INNER JOIN ubytov U1 ON U1.[text] = K.ubytov
          LEFT OUTER JOIN ubytov U2 ON U1.z = U2.id WHERE U1.akce = '140012-02'
        ORDER BY U1.[text]

Would somebody help me solve this out please?
Thank you for your time.
My data now:

Name z NextColumn

1 8 1

2 8 1

3 7 1

4 7 1

I would like to get according to z values
Name z NextColumn

1 8 2

2 8 2

3 7 2

4 7 2

With this query
    with CTE as
(
select Count(u.z) as NextColumn, u.z as Z
from ubytov u
group by u.z
)
select * from CTE

I get these results:
NextColumn Z

0 NULL

1 34

1 36

1 37

A: Try making NextColumn a correlated subquery instead:
SELECT K.name AS Name, K.surname AS Surname, U1.akce AS Event,
    U2.[text] AS [Scheme], U1.[text]  AS [Registered under], u1.z,
    (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ubytov u3 WHERE u3.z = u1.z) NextColumn
          FROM klient K
          INNER JOIN ubytov U1 ON U1.[text] = K.ubytov
          LEFT OUTER JOIN ubytov U2 ON U1.z = U2.id WHERE U1.akce = '140012-02'
        ORDER BY U1.[text]

A: Another possible solution:
with CTE as
(
  select Count(u.z) as NextColumn, u.z as Z
  from ubytov u
  inner join Klients K on  u.[text] = K.ubytov
  LEFT OUTER JOIN ubytov U2 ON u.z = U2.id WHERE u.akce = '140012-02'
  group by u.z
)

SELECT K.name AS Name, K.surname AS Surname, U1.akce AS Event,
    U2.[text] AS [Scheme], U1.[text]  AS [Registered under], u1.z,
   CTE.NextColumn
          FROM klient K
          INNER JOIN ubytov U1 ON U1.[text] = K.ubytov
          INNER JOIN CTE on U1.z = CTE.Z
          LEFT OUTER JOIN ubytov U2 ON U1.z = U2.id WHERE U1.akce = '140012-02'
        ORDER BY U1.[text]


Ducabike Ducati CNC Adjustable Lever Kit LO2, OEM for Brembo master cylinders. Machined from solid aluminium, hard anodised surface. Adjustable length settings on the lever tips. Hinged joint to prevent damage to the radial master cylinder. Multicoloured tips specifically designed for your Ducati motorcycle.


A fantastic opportunity for an experienced and motivated customer services or membership benefits management professional to join this established and sector specific supply and services business, supporting niche healthcare businesses throughout the UK.
Ideal candidates will have experience within a commercial role, ideally focussed on B2B membership benefits or rewards programmes financial performance.
Applicants should be able to demonstrate excellent interpersonal and presentation skills, great customer service/care, be highly articulate and be commercially aware with solid negotiation skills.
The post holder will be joining an established team offering a broad range of services and products to a membership base of around 3000 customers in their specific market sector.
Create, model and implement Membership services and plans to ensure that customers are benefitting from their membership packages and associated discounts.
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Prior experience in B2B membership/partnership programmes is essential.
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text:
Legendary filmmaker and comedian Mel Brooks brings his classic monster musical comedy Young Frankenstein to life on stage in a musical collaboration with Tony-award winning Broadway director and choreographer Susan Stroman. Recorded live in London's West End.Grandson of the infamous Victor Frankenstein, Dr. Frederick Frankenstein (pronounced 'Fronk-en-steen') (Hadley Fraser) inherits a castle in Transylvania leading him to fulfill his grandfather's legacy by bringing a corpse (Nic Greenshields) back to life. With help and hindrance from hunchback henchman Igor (Ross Noble), buxom assistant Inga (Summer Strallen) and needy fiance Elizabeth (Dianne Pilkington), his experiment yields madcap success and monstrous consequences.After opening on Broadway in November of 2007 the show ran until 2009. A revised version of the show opened in London's West End in October of 2017 to mostly positive reviews.ABC was set to air Young Frankenstein Live last October and delayed it due to COVID-19 restrictions. The show has been rescheduled to air October 2021 on ABC.
Label: NOTEFORNOTE ENT
Young Frankenstein Original London Cast Recording
Artist: Mel Brooks


One man died in a recent motorcycle accident that was caused by a worn tire, according to a local news report. The accident occurred as the man was traveling south on Interstate 95, just outside of Darien. Our personal injury lawyer in Georgia reports that the rider lost control of his bike and got thrown into a guardrail in the median. Witnesses said that the rear tire of the motorcycle was wobbling before the crash occurred, and authorities have stated that the rear tire of the bike was severely worn and failed, causing the wreck. The accident ended in tragedy, as the man lost his life.
Witnesses who saw the horrific accident said that the back tire of the bike was wobbling before the crash happened and authorities have stated that the rear tire of the motorcycle was badly worn and failed. The rider was wearing a helmet at the time of the accident. However, the helmet was not a DOT approved model.
Before you take your first motorcycle ride of the season, be sure to inspect your bike thoroughly. Check tire wear, brake function, and all of the lights. Check these items regularly throughout riding season to ensure that your motorcycle is always as safe as it can be.
Do not mix drinking and riding. Riding a motorcycle requires precision movements and fast reflexes, and even a small amount of alcohol can negatively affect your riding skills.
Protective riding gear can greatly reduce your risk of injury in a crash. The most important piece of riding gear is a properly fitted, DOT-approved helmet. Long pants, gloves, and a sturdy jacket are essential for your safety. Proper footwear, such as a pair of boots with rubber soles and good treads is also a necessity.
When you ride, keep a safe distance between yourself and other vehicles so that other drivers can see you. Leaving adequate space also gives you time to react to the movements of other vehicles. Give yourself at least one second per ten miles per hour of speed to arrive at the spot where the closest vehicle just passed.
Riding season is road construction season, so watch out for work zones. Construction areas often contain hazards like grooved pavement, exposed manhole covers, uneven pavement, debris, and puddles. Watch for changing traffic patterns and watch the vehicles near you in case of abrupt braking, sudden lane changes, and other rapid movements.


#Budapest's baths seeing unprecedented popularity.
The congestion fee is coming to #Budapest!
#Hungary will face the big guns of ice hockey in next year's World Championships.
Shocking! Unprecedented income disparity in #Hungary.
Change of fortunes? #Puskás' former club #Kispest #Honvéd is acquired by new owners. What do you think?
Interested in #Hungarian culture in #London?
We found the best places in the city.


Ron Pynenburg is our expert in this area. He is an Accredited Barrier Free Advisor, as well as being a trainer for the Barrier Free NZ Trust. This sees him regularly auditing existing buildings, peer reviewing documents for proposed buildings, and training others on the requirements to make buildings useable to all, with particular emphasis on access and facilities for people with disabilities.
Initially, aspects of this may not appear to be relevant for some scientific facilities, however the same principles of accessibility (for people with disabilities) are directly relevant for the use of trolleys, the handling and moving of samples, the safe use of wet or hazardous areas, the list goes on.
To quote the Lifetime Design Foundation (of which Ron is a council member) "The issues of safety, ease, design and usability are not just 'older' people, or 'disability' concerns, but concerns for all of us throughout our lives. It is about all of us experiencing the world around us as being designed to meet our changing needs over time. Places need to be 'fit' for people, rather than the current practice that requires people to 'fit' the place".


The Coalition meets to identify unmet needs and determine how the resources of volunteer agencies can be best utilized to meet the continued or on-going needs of the affected communities. Thus far, The Salvation Army has participated and contributed to the recovery by ensuring that survivors have food, household goods and hygiene items. "In partnership with other community organizations, we will continue receiving tornado survivors to address their needs," said Annabelle Tsui, Salvation Army Lee County Service Center Director. "It is truly a blessing to witness wounded hearts and communities being mended through the volunteer efforts of The Salvation Army and many other partner organizations," she continued.