text:
Space Exploration referat
Introduction page 2
1. The Sputnik Shock page 2
2. The Mercury Project page 3
2.1. What was Mercury about?
2.2. Mission History
2.3. The importance of Mercury
3. "Twins" in space: Gemini page 4
3.1. Just another step on the way to the Moon?
3.2. Important Missions
4. From the Earth to the Moon page 6
4.1. From the Earth to the Moon
4.2. The Missions that Made History
5. Other Apollo Missions page 8
5.1. Skylab
5.2. Apollo-Soyuz
6. "Revolution" in space: the Space Shuttle page 9
6.1. The Design of the Space Shuttle
6.2. Shuttle Missions
7. The Mir Space Station page 11
Bibliography page 12
The stars have always fascinated us. This fascination was probably born when the first human directed his eyes into the nightly sky. Of course, these ancient peoples had no idea of the nature of the stars, so they made up fantastic myths about the stars. They believed to see constellations in the stars, and even found rules how one could predict the future by looking at them. For thousands of years these believes have hardly changed. Finally, at the dawn of the modern age, thinkers, such as Copernicus and Kepler, were able to reveal more secrets about the star, but still no sane being thought that it would be possible to travel to the stars or at least to the Moon. The first time that such a thought was discussed when Jules Verne wrote his visionary book "From the Earth to the Moon."
It was not before the end of World War II, however, when people became serious about traveling to the Moon. It was the time of the Cold War and both superpowers were struggling to prove that they possessed superior technology. At first the Soviet Union seemed to be ahead but the United States were far from admitting defeat in the space race.
In the following I want to give you a more detailed picture about mankind's way into space. Since it was difficult to access Russian sources I had to focus on the American efforts.
1. The Sputnik Shock
In both Russia and the United States the space race was a military project in the beginning. In the Soviet union it was headed by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. In the 30s he led an amateur rocketry organization. In the 40s and early 50s he was forced to work in Stalin's labor camps.
After Stalin's death he was allowed to focus on his rocket project again. On May 20, 1954, his design bureau got an order from the government to develop the first Russian intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Some plans already existed for the so-called R-7. It was supposed to be an offensive weapon against the United States that could be launched from Russian territory. Six days later he handed over a paper that was written by his friend M. Tikhonravov. It was titled "Report on an Artificial Satellite of the Earth". It stated that the R-7 missile could be used to launch satellites into space. Yet, the R-7 remained a military project. The military officials intended it to be a weapon and were reluctant to admit missile launches with it.
About a year afterwards the first Soviet Organization devoted to space flight was born. In August 1955 Korolev presented a new paper to a Soviet governmental commission. The R-7 should be used to lift a 1500kg object into space. Based on the report he received permission to use the rocket as a satellite launcher. Many Soviet military leaders were against the project because they feared that it might interfere with the ballistic missile development. Korolev was able to convince the Soviet leader Khrushchev of the contrary. The program could finally be started.
In the first days the program was processing slowly. It was formally approved on January 30, 1966, months after the plans were turned in. Subcontractors were not making required deliveries. Worst of all the R-7 did not have enough thrust to lift the heavy satellite. Its weight had to be reduced form 1500kg to 100kg.
The program was nearing completion in August 1957 when the first Russian ICBM, the R-7 was successfully tested. The rocket was now being modified for the world's first satellite launch. It had two stages and a length of 29 meters. On October 4, 1957 the rocket was ready for launch. Six minutes after lift-off Sputnik was released. Sputnik was designed to determine the density of Earth's upper atmosphere. However, it only transmitted signals for a short time. A month later, a second Sputnik was launched. It brought the first living being into space, the dog Laika. For about a week medical data was collected. Afterwards the dog had to be put to sleep since a safe reentry was not possible at that time. The last Sputnik that was shot into space was the one that was intended to go up first. It was launched on May 15, 1958. For two years it performed experiments on the Earth's magnetic field and ionosphere.
The launch of Sputnik was a shock to the western world since there were no previous announcements. The Russians seemed to be ahead of the Russians. In order to close this gap the National Aeronautics and Space Organization (NASA) was created on October 1, 1958.
2. The Mercury Project
Project Mercury was launched one year after Sputnik was shot into space on October 7, 1958 as NASA's first project. It had three prime objectives.
to send manned spacecraft into orbit (circle Earth)
to find out weather humans can work properly in space, and
to recover both man and spacecraft safely.
The Mercury engineers were true pioneers. Nothing that they were doing has ever been done before. The engineers had to build a space capsule that protects humans in space from the vacuum, the freezing cold temperatures, the radiation of space that has just been discovered, and the astronauts had to survive the heat of the reentry into the atmosphere during which the spacecraft would be flying very fast.
The engineers found that the ideal shape for the spacecraft was bullet-like. They put strong heat shields on the front side so that the astronaut could survive the reentry. The Mercury capsules were driven into space by to different propulsion systems. At first the astronauts were boosted into space by Redstone Rockets which were only good for sub-orbital flights. Later the more powerful Atlas-D rockets were used. The Atlas-D was a modified ballistic missile. Its skin was extra thin to safe weight, so that it had to be pressurized from within.
Compared with today's standards the Mercury capsules were very small. They had about 12,000m3 of Volume which is just the right size for one person to squeeze in. The internal controls were powered with batteries. Inside there were 120 controls, and 90 switches and levers. Despite that great number of instruments Mercury was only able change its orientation in space.
Out of a group of 110 military pilots, seven were chosen to become America's first Astronauts, the Mercury Seven. They all gave their spacecraft a name which ended with a 7 to emphasize the teamwork among them. Before they could go on their mission tests on animals, and even a breathing robot were conducted.
On May 5, 1961, a Redstone, that was given the name Freedom 7, was ready to take off. It took Allan B. Shepard Jr. on a 15 minute space ride that was watched by 45 million Americans on TV. He had the experience of weightlessness for five minutes while he was traveling in a height of 187km.
Nine months later it was John H. Glenn's turn to make the first trip with an Atlas-D, which he had named Friendship 7. Glenn remained in the orbit for almost five hours, circling Earth three times. After experiencing a sunrise and a sunset in space he returned safely to Earth as a national hero. The primary objective of the "Mercury Project" was thus fulfilled.
Other Mercury missions followed, most noticeably Faith 7 the last one which started in May 1963. It was supposed to be an endurance test. L. Gordon Cooper spent 34 hours in space and rounded Earth 22 times. On board he slept, and made some great pictures of the Earth. He was also the first person to launch a satellite in space.
The Mercury Project answered many of the basic questions about space flight. It has proven that is possible to build rockets that are strong enough to launch humans into space, and that they could survive there. The engineers gained much experience and learned about the difficulties of preparing a rocket. It also showed that a global communications network was necessary to make the missions more secure.
The program was so successful that the last scheduled mission could be canceled. President Kennedy announced in 1961 that the United States would reach the Moon before the end of the decade. By 1963 most of the Mercury engineers had already been working on NASA's other projects: Gemini and Apollo.
3. "Twins" in space: Gemini
After the success of Mercury the Gemini Program was showing the Gemini Program was introduced to the public on January 3, 1962. At this time Apollo had already been called into life. To the public it was not as interesting as Mercury or Apollo since it was not real pioneering anymore. It was a mere preparation for the Apollo program. The Gemini Program had three main objectives.
The first was to accomplish space fights of two weeks in duration. The lunar missions would later take the same time. So NASA had to demonstrate the man and machine could work in space for so long.
The second goal was to dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked combination using the propulsion system. Later these techniques would be used when the lunar lander separates from the command module in the lunar orbit.
The third was to perfect the methods of reentry into the atmosphere and land on a pre-selected point on Earth. The goal of making a landlanding was canceled in 1964, however.
The Gemini capsule was an improvement of Mercury. That's why it was originally called "Mercury Mark II". It had to be maneuvered by two pilots. The module had twice the weight of the Mercury capsules, but size of the cabin was increased by only 50 per cent. As a result the Gemini capsules appeared to be more cramped. In case of emergency the pilots could leave the capsule with an escape rocket instead of ejection seats. The batteries that provided Mercury with electrical power were replaced with fuel cells.
The capsule sat on a Titan 2 launch vehicle. The docking maneuvers were practiced with unmanned Agena upper stages[1] that were always started shortly before the Titan 2 rockets. In order to fly the complicated docking maneuvers the maneuvering capabilities of Mercury have been improved a lot. Gemini was able to fly forward, backward, and sideways on its way around Earth. It was even possible to change orbits. These maneuvers required great precision, so besides the two astronauts the first board computers were required to make complex calculations.
The constructors of Gemini had to avoid long delays between the flights. Many parts of the spaceship were reusable. Thus the coast of the project have also been lowered. In only 20 months ten Gemini missions were launched. As there was little time between the flights space flight became routine. The ground operations became smoother and the risk for the astronauts decreased after every mission.
The first manned Gemini mission (Gemini 3) took off on March 23, 1965. It was a successful test of the design and lasted just four hours. The first full-time Gemini mission was launched on June 3, 1965, and returned safely four days later. Its highlight was the first space-walk ever. James McDivitt left the capsule for 22 minutes tied to a tether.
The goal of a two week space flight was accomplished by Gemini VII from December 4-18, 1965. The mission solved many problems of long-duration space flight. It included studies of nutrition in space and proved that even longer trips to space do not pose a threat to the astronaut's health. The Gemini VII pilots also managed to rendezvous[2] with an Agena for the first time.
The most exciting Gemini mission was undoubtedly Gemini VIII that took off on March 16, 1966. Its objective was to achieve the first docking maneuver ever. The pilot Neil Armstrong approached the Agena carefully and managed to dock. The successful action was almost followed by a catastrophe. While docked to the Agena the Gemini capsule began rolling over. A thruster was stuck and could not be deactivated. The crew undocked immediately and the capsule began rotating even faster, at the rate of one revolution per second. In order to stop the motion the astronauts had to use their reentry thrusters. They used up much of their fuel so that an emergency landing had to be made as soon as possible. 10 hours after launch Gemini VIII was already back on Earth.
The last Gemini mission was launched on November 11, 1966. By then all the goals of the Gemini project had been accomplished. Space-walks and complicated maneuvers such as rendezvous and docking procedures had become routine. Fears about the risks to health had been eliminated. The final objective of Gemini (smoothing the reentry) has been completed when the board computer controlled the reentry. Now it was time to tackle the next mission: the flight to the Moon.
4. From the Earth to the Moon
4.1. The technical aspects of Apollo
The Apollo Program was initiated in July 1960, a year earlier than Gemini. At first its prime objective was to fly astronauts around the Moon. Another program including a lunar landing was planned to follow. When President John F. Kennedy declared that an American astronaut would be landing on the surface of the Moon before the end of the decade Apollo shifted its focus. Besides taking men to the Moon the program had two other objectives. The first was to establish the technology to meet other national interests. The second one was to achieve preeminence for the United States in space. Apollo was not just pioneering like Mercury. The constructors also wanted to discover new technologies that could be used for later missions such as skylab.
The Apollo spacecraft consisted of three modules. The command module, the service module and the lunar module. The command module functioned as living quarters for the three-man crew. The cylindrical-shaped service module contained the supplies for the astronauts and the Service Propulsion System engine which was used to maneuver in the lunar orbit.
The lunar module was the first true spacecraft. It was designed for space flights only. Thus, it did not have any aerodynamic qualities. It could separate from the command/service module in the moon orbit taking two astronauts down to the surface.
In order to boost the Apollo vehicles the strongest rockets in history were built. The Saturn V was 110 meters high and fueled it had a total weight of 2.7 million kilograms (!). It was parted in three stages. Each stage was to be disjoined from the rocket after it burnt out. Then the next one would start burning to take the space ship closer to the Moon.
The lunar missions were highly complex and required faster ground operations than Mercury and Gemini since there were now two objects to track in space. The astronauts had to practice hard for their mission. Altogether they spent 84.000 hours, this are nearly 10 man years, on geology field trips, simulations of lunar gravity, and, of course, flying the lunar vehicle.
The United States lost some of its astronauts for the first time as Apollo was nearing completion. It happened on January 27, 1967, when a test for the first manned Apollo mission was scheduled. The command module caught fire, trapping three astronauts inside. The intense investigation and the modifications to Apollo delayed the program for more than a year.
The next manned mission left off on October 11, 1968. It did not start with the lunar module and remained in Earth orbit to conduct tests on Apollo's other components. The cabin for the astronauts was larger than Gemini's but still the eleven days of the mission took their toll on the astronauts. They complained about the bad food, and everyone developed a cold.
Apollo 8 that left ground on December 8, 1968, was the first space ship that took astronauts around the moon. Originally a test of the lunar module in Earth orbit was intended but plans had to be changed when it became obvious that the Soviets were catching up. The lunar module for Moon landings still was not included. Instead the service propulsion system for navigation around the moon was tested.
Two missions with further tests followed. Then the time to make history has come for the crew of Apollo 11. On July 20, 1969, four days after lift-off, Neil Armstrong put his feet on the lunar surface speaking his famous words: 'That's one small step for man . . . one giant leap for mankind.' He and Edwin Aldrin spent 21 hours on the surface of the Moon. They left a flag of the United States of America and a plaque with the following words engraved: "HERE MEN FROM PLANET EARTH FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON. JULY 1969 AD WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND." Four days later they returned to Earth as heroes.
With Apollo 11 the objectives of the program were basically met. The USA not only won the race against the Russians they also proved that it was generally possible to reach other worlds. Even if there is going to be a Mars mission it will never overshadow the great achievement of making the first trip to another planet. It will just be another step of mankind on its way to the stars.
Six other Moon missions were scheduled. One of them never reached its goal. Tragedy almost struck on Apollo 13 when on oxygen tank in the service module exploded within 321,860 kilometers of Earth. The only way to safe the lives of the astronauts was to abort the moon landing and to return to Earth by using the gravity forces of the Moon. The command module of the space ship was almost completely inactive so the crew had to spend most of the time in the lunar module. After four tense days in space Apollo 13 eventually returned back to Earth.
Apollo 17, the last mission, was launched on December 7, 1972. Like the crews of the two preceding missions they had a moonrover that allowed them to get a better overview of the lunar surface. The Apollo Program ended as Apollo 17 splashed into the pacific on December 19, 1972.
5. Other Apollo missions
Since the earliest days of the NASA space program concepts for a space station were studied. They all failed, however, since there was no way of getting such a station into orbit. As the powerful Saturn V rockets were invented in the mid-Sixties for the Apollo program Skylab initially called the "Apollo Applications Program", was born. Leftover Apollo hardware was should be used to male longer stays of astronauts in space possible.
At first there were two concepts for the Skylab mission. The concept of the "wet" workshop was to launch one of the weaker Saturn IV-B rockets and then vent and refurbish its upper stage in space. The second concept that was later realized was the "dry" workshop.
According to the plan a Saturn IV-B upper stage was modified on ground. It was divided into two levels. The "lower" one served as the astronaut's living quarters. It had three bedrooms, a dining table, a work area, as well as, a bathroom and a shower. In the "upper" level there was a storage room and a large space for experiments.
The largest piece of equipment was the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM). It was attached to the end of the cylindrical workshop. Its purpose was to study the sun without any atmospheric interference.
Furthermore, Skylab had an airlock module for space-walks. Space-walks were not only required to do repairs but also to change the film in the ATM and to conduct other experiments.
Skylab was launched into space by a Saturn V rocket on May 14, 1973. The crew was scheduled to follow the next day but Skylab was damaged during the start. The combined meteorite shield and sunshade was torn loose and took one of the two solar arrays with it. Ten days later a fix was worked out and the astronauts were able to go on the first of three skylab missions.
The three man crew failed had to complete the repairs as fast as possible since the missing of the sunshade caused high temperatures in the station. These conditions could have spoiled the food for the astronauts and the sensitive film material for the ATM. They succeeded in setting up a parasol as a replacement for the sunshade but failed to deploy the second solar panel which was also damaged. After two weeks the repair was finally completed so that Skylab was provided with energy. After one month the first Skylab mission was competed. Two more missions of two and three months in duration followed. Until today, Skylab 4 is the longest mission ever carried out by a U.S. astronaut. It lasted 84 days. Between the missions the space station was deactivated. On July 11, 1979 the empty Skylab station burned up in the atmosphere.
The Skylab missions provided weather scientists with some valuable data. By photographing targets on the sun and evaluating weather conditions on Earth some valuable solar orientated material was obtained. The final crew also made observations of he Comet Kohoutek that was coincidentally passing Earth. The astronauts carried out lots of other experiments. For example they found out that spiders were also able to spin webs in the state of weightlessness.
Apollo-Soyuz was the last mission of the Apollo era. It was less a technical matter than it was a political one. In 1972 U.S. President Nixon and the Soviet leader Kosygin initiated the program. It was a symbol for the goodwill between the two superpowers.
American and Soviet scientists had to grant each other inside into their respective programs so that a common docking system could be designed. In preparation of the flight Soviet cosmonauts were practicing at Johnson space center, and the American crew did the same in Moscow. Flight controllers from both nations also conducted joint simulations.
Apollo 18 and Soyuz 19 left Earth within seven-and-a-half hours on July 15, 1975. Two days later Thomas P. Stafford and Alexei Leonov exchanged handshakes. The two space ships remained linked for 44 hours. During that time they ate together, exchanged gifts and flags and paid visits to each other's ships. They also conducted further docking maneuvers in which the Soyuz took over the role of the active ship. The Soviets spent five days in space. The Americans concluded their trip after nine days.
6. "Revolution" in space: the Space Shuttle
The Space Transportation System, better known as the Space Shuttle, meant a revolution to space flight in many ways. It was the first reusable space craft, and allowed not only to take satellites into space but also to take them back to Earth. Furthermore, many of today's Shuttle flights are non-military operations
The Shuttle project was started in 1972. A spacecraft that could be used over and over again proved to be a difficult task for the constructors. Insulating Tiles that are able to stand the heat of the reentry and better engines which can survive many missions had to be invented.
Space Shuttles are very different from the previous types of space crafts. They look a little bit like airplanes and have got three main engines. These engines burn the liquid hydrogen and oxygen that are stored in the large External Tank. Most of the thrust for the lift-off, however, is derived from the two Solid Rocket Boosters which are attached to the tank. Two minutes after lift-off they have burnt out and they are dropped into the ocean for recovery. Eight minutes after he start the Shuttle has reached the orbit and the Shuttles own engines are deactivated as well.
The Space Shuttle has a 18 meter long cargo bay where additional modules can be placed. Respective to their mission the Space Shuttles can be equipped with mission specific tools or modules. One of them is the Spacelab Module. It was built by the European Space Agency and provides the astronauts with a fully equipped laboratory. It allows scientists to conduct experiments ranging in subject matter from astronomy to biomedical examinations. Another important tool is the Remote Manipulator System, a 15 meter crane. It is used to move heavy payloads such as satellites in and out of the Shuttle. The Manned Maneuvering Unit backpack changed the art of space walking. With it the astronauts could move outside their spacecraft without a connecting tether and therefore work faster in their spacesuits.
In 1995 a new capability was added to the repertoire of the Shuttle. In order to prepare for the service on the International Space station, Shuttle crews began a series of dockings with the Russian space station Mir. U.S. astronauts sometimes spent months in space so that they get used to living and working in space.
Today the Space Shuttles make up a fleet of four spacecrafts. The first one, Atlantis, entered service in 1981. It was followed by the Challenger (1983), the Discovery (1984) and the Columbia (1985), and the Endeavour (1991).
Space Shuttles usually take off with a seven-man-crew. Such a large crew allows to divide the astronauts into two categories. There are the pilots who are responsible for flying and maintaining the orbiter and there mission specialists for experiments and payloads. These specialists are not necessarily career-astronauts.
During the early missions the Space Shuttles often carried communications satellites into the sky. Sometimes three satellites were place in orbit during one single mission.
This policy changed when the greatest catastrophe in human space flight so far took the lives of seven astronauts. On January 28, 1986, the Challenger exploded just 73 seconds after lift-off. Later it was determined that a seal in one of the two Solid Rocket Boosters did not work properly due to the freezing cold temperatures that day. The Shuttle program was suspended for over two years in order to make several improvements to the other Shuttles.
The number of flights was greatly reduced as a result to the accident. Today the Shuttles are only used when a payload requires them or when human presence is absolutely necessary. The majority of the missions were of defensive or scientific nature. Most recent payloads include the decade's most important space science projects such as the Hubble Space Telescope , the Galileo Jupiter spacecraft, and the Gamma Ray Observatory. The most recent Shuttle mission was launched on December 4, 1998. The Endeavour brought a module for the International Space Station into orbit and the crew connected it to the Functional Energy Block that is already in space. The next Shuttle launch is going to be on May 20. The Discovery crew is also going to work on the International Space Station. This mission will be the 95th Shuttle mission.
7. The Mir Space Station
After Skylab Mir was the second permanent space station. Its core was launched on February 19, 1986. Over ten years later it was completed with the adding of the Remote Sensor Module. During its 13 years in orbit it was a home for 62 cosmonauts from 24 different countries.
Mir is floating 390 km above Earth. A Russian cargo and resupply vehicle is used to send science equipment and data to and from the station. Each transport also includes food and water supplies for Mir. When it is leaving the station it takes care of the removal of waste materials.
The entire complex is composed of six modules. The most important of the is the core module. It has a total length of 43 meters and contains the crew's living quarters and control area. Each cosmonaut has got a room for himself as well as a personal hygiene area. From the control area the crew has got access to every major system on board. The core has got multiple docking ports where additional modules are attached to. They also allow space craft dockings.
Mir has got four additional modules. Besides contributing to the station's energy supply and adding storage space for food and water the modules have got a special purpose. The astrophysics module Kvant-1 gathers information from far-away stars, Kvant-2 provides laboratory areas for biological research. In addition it has an airlock for space walks. The Kristall Technological Module is used for material development in a space environment, and has got a docking port that can be used with the Space Shuttle. The Remote Sensing Module contains a number of Spectrometers. Its purpose is to make observations of the Earth atmosphere.


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Q&A with Palomar Governing Board Candidate Jacqueline Kaiser
Published October 5, 2022 by Max Cruz
Editors Note: The following transcript has been edited for clarity and brevity. It is not verbatim.
SAN MARCOS — Palomar Governing Board Candidate said she will work on the financial stability of Palomar College to possibly bring on-campus living a reality in the future. Kaiser, who is running against Norma Miyamoto for district 5 of Palomar College, answered a series of student-focused questions generated by reporters from the campus newspaper.
The Telescope: Tell us a little bit about yourself. And what was the last book that you read?
Jacqueline Kaiser: A little bit about myself, I'm a Midwest transplant. I moved here with my husband about fifteen years ago with our three kids and all the rest of it, packed up everything, sold everything else, and um have loved the Southern California lifestyle. I am a regional director for MetLife. So I manage a large group of retirement plans that are primarily in the not-for-profit governmental space.
So I do work with a lot of educational institutions, community colleges, some not-for-profits, some hospitals for those governments, things like that. So I hate to be really boring, but I did look up the last books I read. It was Fundamentals for Income Taxation, because I'm an avid learner, and I'm a lifelong learner. So I am always taking a class. I'm always taking a course. I'm always getting some kind of certification. I'm actually working on another certification for my field, and the last course was the income taxation. Very interesting, right?
Governing Board Candidate Jacqueline Kaiser interviews with The Telescope staff in September 2022. She is running for one of five seats on the Palomar Governing Board. Photo: Ryan Marlowe/The Telescope
The Telescope: Who are your influences?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Well, I had to think about that one, and I think my biggest influence was probably my grandmother and my mother. They were both really faced with a lot of difficult situations in life, and both of them had to persevere beyond. It was not easy for them. They had to work really hard, and one of the things that really probably motivated me the most in my educational pursuit was my mom because I saw how hard she worked as a single mom with five kids and an eighth-grade education, and we grew up pretty poor. She never complained, and she always just persevered through all the difficulties, and my grandmother was the same way. My grandfather was very ill during the great depression and ended up having to leave the farm for almost a year, and my grandmother single-handedly saved that farm when many other farms were lost. So I feel like I have a heritage of perseverance.
The Telescope: Why are you running for the Palomar Governing Board?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Well, you know honestly, during the pandemic really because I wasn't traveling as much, and I was home a lot more, and it just really caused me to reflect a lot about where we are as a society, how our government is, and it really motivated me to get involved. So you know, the first thing that I did in 2020 was I just went down to the voter's registration. I'm like, "Okay, this is where I live. What can I run for?" I put my name in for the Fallbrook community planning group. I actually won a position on the group and I'm happy with that.
But when this opportunity came I was actually approached to run for this opportunity. Just kind of given my work experience, and my love of education. So it's really that. I feel like I'm at a different place in life, right? I've been where all of you guys are, and I'm on the other side of that now, and you know, I've worked really hard and have been able to achieve a certain level of success. Always room for more growth. But you know, I feel like now that my kids are grown, it's time for me to give back, and I know that maybe sounds a little corny, but it's true. You kind of get to that place in your life where you want to leave this world a better place for your kids, for my grandkids for my community as well.
The Telescope: Can you tell us about what experiences and skills you have that will make you a good governing board leader?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Yeah, I think my work experience is somewhat applicable. I certainly don't do the same type of role as this would be in the job that I have now. But I do work with those same kinds of people, I do meet with college administrators and HR departments, and although we're talking about some different issues, I do have experience with those types of people in that type of setting and administration.
Also, like I mentioned earlier, I truly do have a love of learning, and I've never stopped taking classes. I've never stopped reading. I've never stopped growing, so I think that is unique. And then I think also I kind of bring a special skill set in that I personally have had to persevere over a lot of obstacles, a lot of things in my way, and I feel like I'm a very resourceful person. So when there is a challenge or a problem, I really enjoy brainstorming and coming up with creative solutions, or maybe things that haven't been done before, and I'm able to do that a lot in the position that I'm in. And I've really been able to bring some unique solutions to kind of challenges that we have had at work that people haven't ever really thought of before, and that you know what? Some of your experiments work out good. Some of your experiments, you know not quite as good, but I think I bring kind of an openness, and a willingness, and open to new ideas, new ways of doing things.
The Telescope: Did you ever attend any community colleges for your education? If so, where and what do you study?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Well, of course, in the Midwest I did. I was a really good student when I was younger, and I was always pulled out for being in all of the top classes when I was really young. But as I kind of mentioned you know, we had a really rough situation when I was growing up, and no one had ever gone to college ever that I knew of, I didn't even know people who had gone to college. So when I graduated from high school, that was not something that was even thought about, talked about, planned for. I did try to do a four-year college institution shortly after I graduated, and you know what? I wasn't ready. I did not have the support which I needed. It was too expensive for me. I also found because I really wasn't focused in high school, I wasn't really prepared for even the academic rigors. I wasn't. And it was kind of, not a good experience for me. And so I ended up going back. But I took a really long and circuitous route to get where I am.
I did go back to community college because it was just something that was local to me. It was in my community and didn't feel so daunting to me. I had a really busy schedule. I mean, I put myself through college with a husband, three kids, two dogs, a mortgage, running a business. So, I had a lot to juggle, and that was really a good segue. And kind of as I mentioned, I did need some remedial skills, too, and that was a good way for me to kind of pick up on some of those skills that I just didn't do in high school. I wasn't focused at that time. I was just really, I think, too distracted by what was going on.
The Telescope: Do you have any prior experience with Palomar College?
Jacqueline Kaiser: I don't, no. As I said, we moved to Southern California about fifteen years ago. I moved to San Diego County about seven years ago. So Palomar is a new experience for me. I have experience with community colleges and those other ways that I mentioned, but not with Palomar.
The Telescope: What did you study when you were going to community college?
Jacqueline Kaiser: It was mostly General Ed. I was a legal assistant back in the day, So I did take some coursework around that. But I ended up using it mostly as transfer credits for going for the bachelor's degree and then ultimately for a master's degree.
The Telescope: What is one thing that you like about Palomar? And what's one thing that you would change?
Jacqueline Kaiser: I do like the accessibility, and I think I mentioned that earlier. I think community college, I mean let's face it there's always going to be a group of students where there's going to be a good segue and a good path for them to a four-year university. Maybe there's other groups of students that know exactly what they want to do, or they have a career path, and they can take that. There's a lot of students that fall into kind of that gray area where maybe they're not even sure what they want to do personally. Or maybe they don't have that kind of support to take that lead to the four-year university. Maybe they weren't, you know, integrated into that system. Because you do kind of have to have some exposure to it.
So I like that It's an accessible point and that it provides a starting point for students that whether they decide they want to do something on an academic path, and they want to continue their education or maybe they just want to get a certain and specific skill set or training to actually just go into a career at that point in your life, and excel at that. I like that. It's close, and it's accessible, and it's affordable for people.
The Telescope: What is the one thing that you would change about it?
Jacqueline Kaiser: You know, learning a little bit more about Palomar, I think obviously the fiscal responsibility is a big piece of this. Because that needs to be addressed to really, look at the long-term health of this organization. I mean, that's pivotal. We've got to get your enrollment at a certain level and hopefully increasing, and the finance is in a place where the college is at a sustainable level for a long time. So I think that that's probably one of the really key items that needs to be addressed immediately.
And then I think also, really I'm not an academia, I don't come from that type of background. I'm a business person. I understand business, and I think there's so many opportunities in Southern California here, and especially in San Diego County. In some of the high tech areas, some of the sciences areas, the law enforcement, the firefighter, EMT route that partnering with people in the community to really bring some specialized training and course work to the college. I think that would be really beneficial, too.
The Telescope: What are some of your short-term and long-term goals both at Palomar and personally?
Jacqueline Kaiser: I think the fiscal responsibility piece is huge and providing a really high-quality educational experience, I mean, that's really key that's going to drive your enrollment and that's going to drive interest and continuing to build a good reputation. Long-term like I mentioned earlier, is incorporating, I think, the needs of the business community here and the desires of the community that we serve. So actually, there's businesses that need specialized skills and specialized talents. Why not meet those needs, because I will tell you, it's I mean again, I'm at a different stage of life, and many of my friends have kids who, would love to see them stay in Southern California, but sometimes that's just getting more difficult to do. It's a high cost of living, it's an expensive place to be, it's not the easiest with the housing market. So really working within a community with what can we provide at Palomar that will bring some of those good-paying career outcomes that can help people to build a life here and be able to stay here in Southern California.
Personal, you know I thought about that one, and I just honestly, I came up with finish strong. I mean, that is honestly what me and my husband talk about a lot, you know? Not to be a doom and gloom, but I think, "Okay, so what do we have? Twenty years left? Maybe twenty-five? I don't know." So I'm at a different stage of life, and it's really important to me to finish strong to utilize every opportunity I have, every skill I have to leverage that not only for my family, but for my community as well.
The Telescope: What are some resources you think students are lacking? And how do you make them available?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Well, that's a great question. And as I mentioned earlier, I don't have a lot of experience with Palomar, and so that's where I think that I personally, and probably all the other trustees as well, really do need input from the student body. I mean, everybody is a stakeholder, right? The faculty, the students, the community, the business community, and I would really lean upon the students to help me to determine what are those needs? Is there something missing? Is there something that can be easily provided that will really make a difference in the educational outcomes? So you tell me, do you have something that you feel like it's missing?
The Telescope: I don't know how objective it would be to put my opinion.
Jacqueline Kaiser: Everything is subjective right? Because you're in a different place than anybody else is.
The Telescope: I'd say, when I was enrolling for courses here at Palomar I noticed that there was a lack of high-flex options. The majority of it is online and for me personally, I have a hard time with online learning, which is why I want to do in-person learning. So I'd say, being able to have more classes available in the high-flex module, going forward.
Jacqueline Kaiser: That's a really interesting and good point because, during the pandemic, my daughter ended up moving, and they lived with us for a couple of months, and I saw my two granddaughters in school online, and you know, one did fairly well, and the other one really struggling, and it just was not her personally. It was not a good fit for her, and I think that that's a great point that we need to be respectful of that. That people do learn in very, very different ways, and what might work for one person isn't necessarily going to be a fit for another. So I think that's good feedback, Thanks.
The Telescope: And so on that. How would you work to ensure that everyone's academic needs are met?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Well, I think, as you mentioned, I mean, if we're going to take that as an example. I think it's really digging in and finding out what can be offered as far as onsite and at the college itself. Maybe there are some courses that may be better suited to an online learning environment. So I think it's difficult to kind of make a blanket statement about how we would do that. But I do agree with you that I think that as much as possible, bringing that in-person learning, or at least a component of it. Even in a course that maybe a lot of it is offered online by bringing some of that community back, and some of that kind of experience with other students back. I think that's important.
The Telescope: Have you spoken to the faculty about the merits and concerns of AB1705, and what perspective did you gain?
Jacqueline Kaiser: I did not. You know, to be really frank, I'm not an academia. So the Palomar faculty, they did endorse my opponent. You know she does have a long history in academia. I don't, so I didn't have that opportunity to interact with them on this legislation. My understanding is, I do kind of understand what's behind the legislation and kind of the intent of it. And helping students to get through their college experience at a good faster pace, and not using those kind of remedial courses as a way to keep students in the system longer. I think we need to really think about how that's implemented.
And I'm just looking at it from a totally subjective point, because, as I mentioned to you, guys earlier, I started out strong in school, but high school, I was lost. I was kind of the lost kid, and by the time I graduated from high school I had decent skills, but I didn't have the mathematics and the English that I needed to go into a college setting. So I think that to me is probably going to be one of the trickier parts. When you have non-traditional type students how do you bridge that gap between their current skill set and what they're going to need if they decide to transfer on and go to higher course work.
The Telescope: How often do you visit campus and interact with the staff and students directly?
Jacqueline Kaiser: I don't at this point in time. I don't have a student here, so I'm not part of the, you know, kind of visiting here on a regular basis. But of course, if elected, that would be an exciting part of my job, and being here on a regular basis and making sure that – I mean, I'm a very open person okay, and I'm willing to hear any side and every side of an issue and try to come up with some kind of decision or conclusion that's hopefully kind of a win for everybody. So all I can pledge to you is that I'd be open to that.
The Telescope: How do you plan on boosting enrollment?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Well, a couple of thoughts that I had about that; I think that we kind of as a board kind of as a community really need to take a look at why enrollment is declining. Because you don't know how to fix the problem until we kind of understand why we have a problem, and I don't know what the answer to that is. My guess is, it's probably a combination of several different factors, and so it probably wouldn't be just one easy thing to change that around. I thought it was kind of interesting, because, you know I've been probably a little more in tune with articles and things coming across the newspaper and my desk about colleges. And I thought it was kind of interesting to see that some of the four-year universities are seeing higher enrollment numbers and higher admissions than ever. So I don't think that it's a lack of a need. But what is it that we're not fulfilling? So I think we need to get to the bottom of that piece as well.
Another thing that I kind of thought about, too, was maybe with some of the different funding options that are available to students now, and loan forgiveness, and maybe more emphasis on college aid and assistance. Maybe that's kind of driving people more towards four-year universities versus doing a community college route to get to a four-year degree, so it could potentially be part of that solution. It could be focusing in on what are some ways we can be tying into the community, tying into the business needs. So there's always going to be that group of students. If we have the type of programs that are going to be a great fit for people that live here, and they can get jobs, and they can have a good income, I think that's really a win for the community college system.
And I'll tell you, I serve on the Fallbrook community planning group, and every month we do get updates from our partners in the community, like the Sheriff's Association, and we have an update from the firefighters, and I mean, especially here in the Sheriff's Association. They're really hurting for people. They have tons of openings, and they just don't have enough people to fill those positions. So I definitely would be strong behind keeping those types of programs and really enriching them as much as possible, and making them really kind of a first choice for students.
The Telescope: If elected to the governing board, where would you want to see Palomar four years from now, and how do you plan on getting us there?
Jacqueline Kaiser: Yeah, I'd like to see when you look up Palomar that you see good reviews on Palomar. That your community has great things to say about you. That you're really a thriving and integral part of the community and that you provide really top-notch quality education that really fits the needs of what students have. That it's a win all the way around, that people love working here. Students love coming here, and the outcome is a really quality educational experience.
The Telescope: Do you think Palomar should provide affordable on-campus housing? If so, how would you help with that?
Jacqueline Kaiser: That's a really interesting concept. I guess that baseline, first of all, I think you have to ensure that the college is in a good position, financially so that there is a continual path to growth in the future, and it's stable. And I think you need to address the enrollment too. Because those are going to be the key drivers for the student housing, and maybe that's one of the missing pieces that drives enrollment. I don't know yet, but I think you have to be really careful with that. Because there has to not only be funding on the front end for that type of housing, but I mean there's a maintenance issue as well, and ensuring that the housing is maintained, and really a standard that all of us would be comfortable and want to live in and participate in that kind of community. So I think it could be part of the long-term solution, part of the long-term growth opportunities for the community college. But I think we have to do it in a really smart and a measured way, and I think we have to ensure that it really is a need that the college students have.
Like where I live in Fallbrook, it's an unincorporated area, most of our lots are bigger. It's a little more semi-rural, and we understand that it's going to be growth in Fallbrook. But it's like, how do you balance the growth of the community against also kind of maintaining that great community standard that you already have? And I see that as the same way as the college here, it's being smart about the growth of opportunities that are before you, and ensuring that it's really going to meet the need and that there are the long-term resources to ensure that it really will be an asset and a great place to live.
The Telescope: Is there anything else that we should know about you or anything you want to talk about that we didn't ask?
Jacqueline Kaiser: That's a great question, too. I'm really committed to my community, and I'm really committed to bringing all the stakeholders together. I'm really committed to… I feel like I represent some of those unincorporated areas right? Fallbrook, Bonsall, they are out a little further. We don't really have a City Council government, we just have a planning group. So really representing the needs of that community, like I said, ensuring that we have a long-term plan to really bring some programs that will allow for some decent high-paying jobs that are good educational outcomes. And just like I also mentioned earlier, just really using my time, talent, and skill. All my kids have moved away and now my grandkids moved away. So it's like, "All right so what am I going to do with my free time now?" Obviously, I'm still working, but just giving back to my community that is important to me, and utilizing the skills and the resources that I have to make this community better.
Editor's Note: In a previous draft of this story, the candidate's photo was mislabeled and minor errors were left in the transcribed interview. These mistakes have been rectified. The Telescope regrets the error.
Image Sources
Jacqueline Kaiser 2022: Ryan Marlowe/The Telescope | All Rights Reserved
Jacqueline Kaiser: Ryan Marlowe/The Telescope | All Rights Reserved
Published in Campus Governance, Featured, Focus, Focus, Home, News and Series
Governing Board elections 2022
Jacqueline Kaiser
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Palomar Governing Board
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One of a number of different kinds of vinegar I use for just the right touch in a variety of recipes.
While I don't use this often, it is an excellent element of Asian sauces and marinades; also certain cream sauces.
We use a number of cooking wines, sold at grocery stores exclusively for cooking. I know Julia Child would not approve. However we use wine only for cooking, letting the alcohol cook off. I find the results to be very yummy, and others seem to agree heartily. Of course, each cook may substitute as he or she wishes.
There are so many varieties of vinegars. My favorite light colored is Heinz tarragon, but I rarely find it. Other than that, I'm still scouting for a favorite.


Man, You deserve to have nice bass in your car that doesn't take a lot of space and don't take so much money from your pocket. Don't you think so?!
We started our series on reviewing the best under seat subwoofers in the market with the ALPINE PWE-S8. Which we found AMAZING. And today we continue reviewing the best under seat subwoofers in the market with the Pioneer TS-WX120A which was a pleasant experience for us to review.
With full confidence, you can go with the WX120A if you don't have a lot of space in your car and want to add solid (not a rattling) bass in your car.
First of all, let's define who the TS-WX120A is made for?
You see, under seat subwoofers are not for everybody and also are not for every car and these things are what make all the difficulty in deciding whether you should buy an under seat sub or not.
Another scenario to consider this under seat sub is that if you have a good speakers system but you want to support them with solid bass.
The last scenario is that if your type of music is something do not need a lot of bass and vibration even if you have space and the money you can go with the WX120A. It will provide all you need.
Now, if you are in a situation that is similar to the scenarios we sorted above you should continue reading our review to know everything about the TS-WX120A before deciding if it is the best under seat sub for you or not. If not you should go check our review for the Top Rated SPL subwoofers in 2017.
Why is the Pioneer TS-WX120A an amazing compact sub?
You see, when you buy a compact sub you need its installation to be easy and that's exactly what Pioneer made in this sub, you can read every customer review on the internet whether they liked the WX120A or not they can't complain about the installation because it is so easy.
With 150 Watt Built-in MOSFET Amp, you are going to get enough electricity to power this little monster. And with a 98dB sensitivity, the sub is going to take full advantage of the amp. And with the MOSFET technology, you are going to enjoy the amp.
So now you see how small the sub is. But something we would love to highlight is the design, which is completely magnificent. Pioneer has done an amazing job designing this sub and we like how they used different materials and the black color to give us such beautiful sub.
People love this remote it is so fancy and gives you more options to enjoy the experience controlling the Gain, phase, and LPF.
the sub is not going to rattle your car. What you will get is a very clean sound with deep and clean bass that will fill your car with JOY. do not expect it to break the windows but it will shake it :).
Look, you will pay less than $150 for the Pioneer TS-WX120A. For the price range and the size, you aren't going to find a better deal. So, if you liked the features we listed believe us it the best in its price range and size range.
So, what the people think about the Pioneer TS-WX120A?
As always, we read and analyzed the reviews of the customers on the web. Nobody hated the sub. Some people said that you could get a better deal for the same amount of money and others said that the sound is not as they expected but this is something that variates from a guy to another.
49 people reviewed the subwoofer on Amazon and 90% of them gave it 5 stars so, it's up to you now to decide whether you like the Pioneer TS-WX120A or not and if you are going to include it to your sound system.
What do we think about the TS-WX120A?
We think it is pretty decent under seat subwoofer and it is at least the best compact subwoofer Pioneer made. If feel that it fits you and your needs go with it and you will be happy.


Jobst Relief - Knee High 15-20mmHg Compression Stockings (Open Toe) are medical legwear that deliver style and support at an economical price. Providing 15-20mmHg of gradient support to relieve tired, aching legs, swollen feet and ankles. These Jobst compression stockings feature an open toe design, and are made of Nylon and Spandex. Available in Small - X-Large full calf sizes.


text:
Q: Simplifying $ 2\cos^2(x)\sin^2(x) + \cos^4(x) + \sin^4(x)$ who can simplify the following term in a simplest way?
$$ 2\cos^2(x)\sin^2(x) + \cos^4(x) + \sin^4(x)$$
(The answer is 1). Thanks for any suggestions.

A: HINT :
$$2ab+a^2+b^2=(a+b)^2$$
with
$$\cos^2 (x)+\sin^2(x)=1.$$

A:
$$ 2\cos^2(x)\sin^2(x) + \cos^4(x) + \sin^4(x)$$
$$(a+b)^2=2ab+a^2+b^2$$

$$=(\cos^2x+\sin^2x)^2$$
$$=1^2$$
$$=\boxed{\color{red}1}$$

A: $$2\cos^2x\sin^2x + \cos^4x + \sin^4x = (\cos^2x + \sin^2x)^2$$
I'm sure you can work out what $n$ should be. Mathlove already gave you a big clue there!

A: Although the answer is straight forward but here are some steps if you find helpful
Notice, $$2\cos^2 x\sin^2 x+\cos^4 x+\sin^4 x$$ $$=(\cos^2 x)^2+(\sin^2 x)^2+2(\cos^2 x)(\sin^2 x)$$ Now, assume $\alpha =\cos^2 x$ & $\beta=\sin^2 x$ & apply $\alpha^2+\beta^2+2\alpha \beta=(\alpha+\beta)^2$$$=(\cos^2x+\sin^2 x)^2$$$$=(1)^2=1 \quad (\text{since,}\ \cos^2 x+\sin^2 x=1)$$

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Prime retail ground floor space, corner Washington Road and Rt 1 at the traffic lights. Traffic volume on Route 1 is over 21,000 cars daily. Good visibility from the intersection. Roof line can host a large sign. Space is well proportioned at 28' x 40', giving good visibility with 2 large front windows. This building has offered a retail environment for many years (formerly The Home Center of Rye). Flooring is currently parquet flooring, but landlord could convert to carpeting. Open space suitable to many layouts (see pictures). Very sunny location.


Mary Jo became the first women's varsity athletic coach to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. A 1964 graduate of The University of Akron, Chionchio returned to her high school alma mater, St. Vincent, where she remained for 17 years. She was head coach of three sports - basketball, track and volleyball. In track her teams won 40 of 46 meets from 1966-71 and her volleyball squads captured 93 of 100 matches from 1971-78. However, it is in basketball where Chionchio achieved her greatest success. In 17 years on the job, her Irish girls had 10 undefeated seasons and her record was a phenomenal 234 wins and only 22 losses. From 1969-75 her St. Vincent teams strung together a 72-game win streak - a state record. Mary Jo also guided the Irish girls to back-to-back Ohio AAA titles in 1978-80, including an unbeaten mark of 26-0 in 1979-80.


Nintendo has revealed three more titles to join the NES lineup this month. On April 10th those subscribed to the Switch Online service will gain access to Punch-Out!! as well as Star Soldier and Super Mario Bros. The Lost Levels.
From the looks of it, none of these will be receiving any special treatment and appear to be straight ports. As opposed to some previous games, which have received 'SP' versions with additional features.
Still, it does mean Switch owners will have easy access to Super Mario Bros. The Lost Levels, the western name for Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan. This game is very similar to the original, but much harder. Imagine if FromSoftware got hold of Super Mario Maker and made a tribute to the NES classic. There's a reason it wasn't officially released in the west.
Punch-Out!! on the other hand is the classic, incredibly popular boxing game which saw a reboot on the Wii. This is obviously the NES version, but it's still a fun game even 30-odd years later. And it still features one of the greatest, most addictive theme tunes of all time.
Star Soldier, meanwhile, is the first in the franchise created by Hudson Soft. It's a top-down shooter, the likes of which were very popular in the mid to late 80s. You can see the game for yourself in the video yourself and, if you're a Switch Online subscriber, you can try it out for yourself on April 10th for no additional cost.


text:
Major UK tech firm ARM ceases business with Huawei
ARM's chip designs are used in most processors in electronic devices. They are in Huawei smartphones and telecoms equipment
UK-based chip designer ARM has suspended all business with Huawei, in the wake of the Chinese vendor being blacklisted by the US government.
According to emails seen by the BBC all ARM employees are to stop "all active contracts, support entitlements, and any pending engagements" with Huawei and its subsidiaries to comply with the recent US trade sanction.
A company memo said ARM's designs contain "US Origin technology", which consequently is affected by the trade sanction enforced by the Trump administration.
The majority of processors made and used across electronic devices are from ARM designs.
One analyst described the ban, if it became long-term, as an "insurmountable" blow to Huawei's business.
It will badly affect the firm's ability to develop its own chips, many of which are currently built with ARM's technology, for which it pays a licence.
ARM's technology is also used in Huawei 5G base stations and computer servers in addition to its smartphones.
Cambridge-headquartered ARM is one of the UK's largest technology firms until its takeover by a Japanese fund. It employs 6,000 workers and has eight offices in the US.
An ARM spokesperson said: "ARM is complying with the latest restrictions set forth by the US government and is having ongoing conversations with the appropriate US government agencies to ensure we remain compliant.
"ARM values its relationship with our long-time partner HiSilicon and we are hopeful for a swift resolution on this matter."
Huawei added: "We value our close relationships with our partners, but recognise the pressure some of them are under, as a result of politically motivated decisions," it said.
"We are confident this regrettable situation can be resolved and our priority remains to continue to deliver world-class technology and products to our customers around the world."
ARM ban Huawei trump US
Vodafone unveils 5G prices for Samsung Galaxy S10 and Xiaomi Mi Mix 3
Prices start from £50 to £77 per month
Manufacturers - Manny Pham
European smartphone market decline continues despite Chinese growth
Europe accounted for 14.5 per cent of total global smartphone sales in the first quarter of the year, as Chinese brands flourished in the region with sales up 39 per cent YoY
Manufacturers - Paul Lipscombe
EE and Vodafone pause Huawei 5G phone launches
Both operators planned to launch two 5G Huawei smartphones
Oppo's Reno debut is a 'landmark' moment in its European journey
Observers say it is arguably Oppo's first big smartphone launch since it entered the region last year


text:
Can Etsy Please Shareholders and Still Stay True to Its Folksy Roots?
Public Heroes
The craft seller plans to go public--which could have an impact on the company's core values.
If craft seller Etsy goes public later this year it will be a test of how well the company can balance an explicit social mission with shareholder expectations for making money.
Founded in 2005, Brooklyn-based Etsy sells everything from a $110,000 antique desk from the 1800s to a $20 handmade antler pendant, and everything in between. In 10 years it's grown from a scrappy startup offering craftspeople a way to sell necklaces and needlepoint online to a marketplace of 54 million members that generated $1.93 billion in sales in 2014. And on Wednesday, Etsy filed for an initial public offering of stock valued at up to $100 million.
The company is more than a folksy, funky brand. It's a B Corporation, which is a for-profit company with a stated social mission certified by a nonprofit organization called B Lab. In its prospectus filed with the SEC, Etsy says its mission is to build a "human, authentic and community-centric global and local marketplace," and cites any loss of its B Corp status as a risk factor to its brand.
There are only about 1,000 such B-Corporations worldwide, including Warby Parker, Patagonia and Ben & Jerry's. But none of them are public companies on their own (Ben & Jerry's is owned by Unilever). If Etsy does go public, it will be the first test of how well certified B Corps can work on Wall Street.
Analysts agree it makes sense for Etsy's growth to go public or seek a buyer, but some say it is difficult for companies to maintain their entrepreneurial or social spirit in the face of Wall Street pressure for financial returns.
"It's going to be a tall order for a management team in the future to be true to its core company values while also delivering shareholder value," said Forrester analyst Sucharita Mulpuru on Thursday. "When companies go public they're held accountable for quarterly goals that shareholders want and it's very, very difficult to stay true to core values." An Etsy spokeswoman declined to comment citing the company's quiet period ahead of the IPO.
But the cash infusion that an IPO brings could juice Etsy's growth. And some Etsy sellers welcome the added awareness an IPO would bring.
"I am excited about the additional attention the site will be receiving," said Michael Webb, 41, a Colorado artist who sells his art through Etsy and other sites and galleries.
Others are playing wait-and-see.
Holly Marshmueller, 32, has sold her line of new mom and baby products, like handmade changing pads and car seat covers, on Etsy since 2011. She said she understands that an IPO will help Etsy grow, but expects it will bring some changes to the site. When she heard about the expected IPO, she signed up for Shopify to host a shopping cart on her own site so she can sell her goods outside of Etsy.
"I was a little nervous and I wanted to protect my brand," said the Portland, Oregon, resident.
But she added that she has no plans to close her Etsy shop.
"I'm positively curious about how things are going to go," she said.
Etsy Inc. plans to list its shares on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol "ETSY."
--Associated Press


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Oldham Athletic 2-1 Swindon Town: Failing to push the boundary
Posted on October 27, 2013 by TheWashbag Leave a comment
Adam Tanner made it up the M6 (eventually) to Oldham to witness Swindon Town's response to their midweek setback…
The suspension of Jay McEveley left Town without either a recognised left-back or a third centre back with any league experience. This meant that regardless of the formation chosen, some improvisation would be needed. Mark Cooper's solution was to persist with the 3-5-2 used against Walsall, with Nathan Thompson deputising at centre back for the first time in his career, and Jack Barthram replacing him at wing back. In the only other change, midfielder Ryan Mason took the place of forward Nicky Ajose, as a result of which Alex Pritchard was pushed up and asked to play just behind lone striker Nile Ranger.
In the first half, Town created nothing. Not so much as a half chance, or even a corner. Oldham Athletic were also uninspiring, and during the first 20 minutes there was very little excitement, but as the half wore on the hosts became increasingly dominant. Their first real chance came when a dangerous ball was whipped in from the right flank and striker Kirk Millar eased in front of Darren Ward for a free header. He should have done better than put it wide of the far post.
A few minutes later, Luongo's square ball to Pritchard was too easily intercepted, and Carl Winchester was played in down the right. He had plenty to do, but hit a strong, dipping 25-yard effort just above the reach of Wes Foderingham and into the net. Nearly 15 minutes of the first half remained, but Swindon were the team longing for the half time whistle, which sounded particularly welcome after Ward's headed clearance drifted narrowly wide of his own goal in stoppage time with Foderingham beaten.
After a poor 45 minutes, the only apparent change ahead of the second half was a switch in flanks for Barthram and Nathan Byrne. In fairness, Town did begin to compete and, without being anywhere near their fluid best, put together some tentative attacking moves. Pritchard's 50th minute shot was easily gathered by the Oldham keeper, but it was a start. Moments later, Massimo Luongo was just too slow to capitalise after a cross was fumbled, and the loose ball was deflected clear.
It didn't matter, as, for the second consecutive away game, Town enjoyed a huge slice of luck in front of goal. The equaliser is a hard one to describe, and I can only suggest that you watch it for yourself. In attempting to intercept Thompson's ball forward to Pritchard, Oldham defender James Tarkowski somehow managed to loop the ball over his own keeper from 18 yards. I suspect if he tried 100 times to repeat it, he would fail. Anyway, Town had a lifeline.
Swindon briefly built on this, and applied some light pressure. Byrne used his pace to burst into the box down the right, before just about being dispossessed by the last defender. Mason then fired narrowly wide from 20 yards after cleverly working some space. But Oldham soon regained control, using their numerical advantage in wide areas to fizz in a few dangerous balls. Foderingham was equal to most of what they offered, but the lead was eventually restored in the 77th minute when Danny Philliskirk got in front of Barthram to bundle in a far-post cross.
The best Town could offer in response was a couple of set pieces deep into stoppage time. Foderingham came forward, and took part in a couple of frantic goalmouth scrambles; at one stage, Dany N'Guessan poked in a shot which was blocked by a defender. But a point would have flattered Town, who were fortunate not to concede a third when Oldham's Sidney Schmeltz scuffed his shot from 40 yards wide of the empty net with the last kick of the game. In truth, Swindon failed to get a serious effort on target all afternoon.
So what's gone wrong in the space of a week? I think Foderingham and Ranger can largely be absolved of blame, so the issues must lie in between them…
1. The Defence
Darren Ward has, in general, served us well over the last 14 months. But his last two performances have both been poor. Against Walsall, his serious deficiencies in terms of distribution, pace and mobility were all clearly exposed within the space of five second-half minutes. Yesterday, he looked cumbersome and unconvincing throughout. He appeared to be sitting deeper than Thompson and Grant Hall, effectively playing a sweeper role which requires a level of composure on the ball that he does not have.
Cooper must take much of the blame for this. Ward's strengths are his aerial and man-marking abilities, and being the "spare man" of a back three simply does not suit him as those attributes become largely redundant. Grant Hall has more athleticism and footballing ability, but is a less resilient defender, so I'd suggest that he would be much better suited to the sweeper role.
Having said all that, I'm not seeing enough from Ward or Hall to justify being selected by default for each game. If possible, I'd love to see us sign up a reasonably experienced centre back to provide some genuine competition, and to keep them both on their toes. Ward is widely perceived to be an essential team member because he is by far our oldest and most experienced player, but that alone is not enough and he needs to offer more than we are currently seeing. Extra cover would also enable Nathan Thompson to stick to what he does best. He did a decent job covering at centre back, but it isn't his natural role, and he was sorely missed out wide. Barthram has shown some promise, but yesterday he spent too long hugging the touchline, looked isolated and had no tangible impact on the game at either end.
2. The Midfield
This week we've all had a reality check where the midfield is concerned. In both games, our central three have looked outnumbered and have failed to offer either the attacking or defensive support to which we had become accustomed.
Perhaps there is some weariness. Yaser Kasim collected his fifth booking yesterday and is now suspended. With no midweek games imminent, he gets a two-week break, which may not be such a bad thing. After the Port Vale game, I would consider giving Luongo the same. Not only did many of our first teamers lack a proper pre-season but, for the majority, playing a competitive 90 minutes every Saturday and every other Tuesday is a very new concept.
We are now past September, in which we had Wolves one week, Bristol City the next and Chelsea the one after that, and adrenaline might have prevailed. Now, we have the drudgery of playing Walsall, Oldham and Port Vale, and a different set of attributes is required. We have reasonable depth in midfield; Ryan Harley is apparently close to fitness, and Louis Thompson and Lee Cox are both capable deputies. We need to start using them more.
3. Tactics
This time last week there was a consensus, and understandably so, that the main way in which run-of-the-mill League One sides could beat Swindon would be to bully us off the park.
Neither Walsall nor Oldham could really be described as physical. And, although Oldham fully deserved their win, I wouldn't call them a particularly good side either. The disturbing point is that both teams have managed to almost completely nullify Town, simply by instructing the midfield to sit deep, leaving very limited space in front of defence, and ensuring that they had nine or ten men behind the ball within a second or two of losing it. They also applied pressure to any Town midfielder who had possession.
And it worked. We still haven't shown any concrete evidence of a "Plan B" to counteract these tactics. That isn't good enough, and Cooper urgently needs to devise an alternative plan to cope with these scenarios. Otherwise, word as to how to nullify Swindon will rapidly spread throughout the division, and we could be in for a tough time. On a related note, we need to become much more adept at "nicking" results when we are not playing well. As a general rule, whenever we do play badly we lose, and, for as long as that remains the case, we will always run the risk of going on a damaging run of defeats.
I suppose it's time for some perspective. Three months ago, a mere three weeks before the start of the season, the unfancied Cooper inherited a messy situation. In the meantime, he has made several excellent signings and implemented an attractive and effective playing style. We are 8th in the league, and have performed well in the cups. Since the departure of Andy Williams, we have scored against every opponent except Chelsea.
The downside for Cooper is that the secret is out; we have all witnessed the quality of our side, and have therefore rapidly (and understandably) overwritten all pre-season expectations. Port Vale next week is a big game. A team of this calibre shouldn't lose three games in a row, and we need to make sure that it doesn't.
See you there.
Follow Adam Tanner on Twitter @adamtanner87
tagged with Alex Pritchard, Football, Football Soccer, Jack Barthram, League One 2013/2014, Mark Cooper, Nathan Thompson, Oldham Athletic, Report, Ryan Mason, Swindon Town, Yaser Kasim


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April 13, 2013 / 11:28 AM
Eight cardinals appointed to advise pope on Church reforms
VATICAN CITY, April 13 (UPI) -- Pope Francis has appointed eight Roman Catholic cardinals to look into ways of reforming the Church, the Vatican said Saturday.
The group will consider possible revisions to the Vatican constitution that sets the rules for running the Roman Curia, the Church's administrative and central governing body, CNN reported.
U.S. Cardinal Sean O'Malley of Boston is among the officials who were selected from North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia and Europe.
The group will hold its first meeting Oct. 1-3, Vatican Radio reported.
The cardinals will have no legislative power, said Vatican spokesman the Rev. Federico Lombardi in a press briefing.
The group's main function will be to "help" and "advise" the pope, Lombardi said.
Federico Lombardi
Sean O'Malley


IMMIGRATION Minister Scott Morrison says the government's tough stance on asylum seekers continues with no boat arrivals this month.
NO people-smuggling venture had succeeded in landing asylum seekers on Australia for more than four months, the government says.
In the latest update on Operation Sovereign Borders, Immigration Minister Scott Morrison said on Saturday that vigorous border protection activities was deterring illegal boat arrivals, even into the post-monsoon period when weather conditions usually improve.
Mr Morrison said the practice of turning back unauthorised boats remained in effect.
"Anyone seeking to enter Australia illegally by boat will be faced with the same policies those who previously attempted illegal entry met," he said in a statement.
Mr Morrison said no one had reached Australia since December 19 and that continued this month. But 3351 on 47 boats arrived in April 2013 under the former Labor government.
The latest Operation Sovereign Borders operational update says there are now 1281 in the processing centre on Manus Island and 1177 on Nauru, making a total of 2458.
Another 1405 remain on Christmas Island. During the last week, eight asylum seekers were transferred to Nauru.
Seven unauthorised maritime arrival transferees were voluntarily returned to Iran.
Since Operation Sovereign Borders started on September 18, 220 asylum seekers have voluntarily returned to their home countries.


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Mookie Betts
Mookie Betts parents, age, height, net worth, wife, nationality, weight, wiki, family, girlfriend, house, birthday, ethnicity, father, Brianna Hammonds, markus lynn betts
Do you want to know about Mookie Betts ? we have done a research about Mookie Betts net worth in 2021, hеight, wеight, wifе, age, biography, аnd соmрlеtе dеtаil аbоut his lifе
Markus Lynn "Mookie" Betts date of birth is October 7, 1992 and place of birth is Smyrna, Tennessee. By profession he is an American professional baseball right fielder. He is known playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Mookie Betts parents, age, Nationality, wiki, biography
Mookie Betts birthday is on October 7, 1992 and birth place is Smyrna, Tennessee. His nationality is American and his ethnicity is African-American. His parents are Willie Betts and Diana Benedict. Willie Betts is his father name and Diana Benedict is his mother name. During the Vietnam War, his father served in the Air Force. His father worked as a mechanical superintendent for a railroad. Mookie Betts mother worked for the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT). When Mookie Betts was in elementary school, his parents divorced.
He has done his education from John Overton High School in Nashville. The University of Tennessee is where he has done his graduation. Libra is his sun sign. He follow Christianity as his religion. Mookie Betts is staying in Encino, Calif. He is a baseball player who plays right field. He bats and throws right-handed. Tim Hyers provided him with the necessary training.
Mookie Betts dating, relationship, Girlfriend and wife
Mookie Betts has dated and his girlfriend is Brianna Hammonds.
Mookie Betts got engaged with his girlfriend Brianna Hammonds in January 2021. This pair has been doing great together since they were in high school. The couple is blessed with 1 children/ kids, a daughter was born. His daughter name is Kynlee Betts. Kynlee Betts date of birth is in November 2018.
Mookie Betts is a married man. His wife name is Brianna Hammonds. Mookie Betts, a baseball player, marries his longterm girlfriend Brianna Hammonds. On Wednesday, he wedded his girlfriend in California on 1st December 2021. The couple married in Rancho Palos Verdes in an intimate oceanside ceremony.
On 29th November 2021 on Monday, Betts and Hammonds, as well as their families and close friends, hosted a pre-wedding celebration at Dodger Stadium.
Talking about his agе, hеight, Wеight & bоdу
According to you what you think is the age of Mookie Betts - No worries we will tell you his age in 2021 also we will let you know about his how tall, height and weight.
He is 29 years of old birthdate is October 7, 1992. He measures 5 feet 9 inches in height and his weight is 92 in Kg in kilograms. He is the famous as American professional baseball right fielder. Mookie Betts is a difficult man to forget. His hair is Dark Brown and his eyes are Black.
How much is Mookie Betts Net Worth?
Mookie Betts is one of the wealthiest American professional baseball right fielder. His Net Worth and Salary is talked by most of His fans. We have no information about Mookie Betts salary.
From His career He earns a pretty good salary. He is an American professional baseball right fielder who has a estimated net worth of $51 million from his work/career. He is known to be one of the good paid personality in the world. He is a famous American professional baseball right fielder has made a big name for himself and is very successful in what he does and has lots of wealth and an amazing Net Worth.
He is one of the popular American professional baseball right fielder who has always been noticed for his work. If you are new to know who is Mookie Betts then it is nice to see the images, pictures of Mookie Betts. You can get His pictures, images of Mookie Betts in this article, or also on Google. His Wikipedia, biography details is given here. He has a lot more to work in his profession, and considering that fact it would be fair to say; that his net worth as well as his salary will surely increase in the coming years.
Mookie Betts Career
Mookie Betts has earlier played for the Boston Red Sox. While playing for the Red Sox in 2018, Mookie Betts became the first player in Major League Baseball history to earned the Most Valuable Player the Silver Slugger, the Gold Glove, the batting title, and the World Series. In 2011 Mookie Betts was chosen by the Red Sox. In 2014 season he made his Major League Baseball debut managing both with second base and the outfield. In 2014, he was promoted to the Red Sox's center field position, before being shifted to right field in 2016. Mookie Betts has been matched to retired Red Sox fellow player Dustin Pedroia because of his short natural second baseman, high contact rate, and high level of productivity while pulling the ball. Betts also bowls for the Professional Bowlers Association as a professional tenpin bowler (PBA). In the 2017 World Series of Bowling, he threw a perfect game.
Mookie Betts batted .548 with 24 steals in his junior year in 2010 at John Overton High School in Nashville. Mookie Betts. At the University of Tennessee Mookie Betts signed a letter of intent on a baseball scholarship in November 2010 after being recruited by Vanderbilt, Mississippi State, and the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Mookie Betts was also a top class basketball player at Overton, where he was named Most Valuable Player of the District 12-AAA league his senior season while accumulating 14.1 points, 9 assists, 4 rebounds, and 3 steals per game. He was also titled Class AAA All-City Player of the Year for the Nashville, Tennessee metropolitan area. During his junior year, Betts was titled the Most Valuable Player of the District 12-AAA event. Betts also succeeded in bowling, earning the title of Tennessee Boys Bowler of the Year in 2010 with a top score of 290. Bowling at the Donelson Strike and Spare, in Donelson, Tennessee, was a part of his childhood
The Red Sox transferred Betts, David Price, and cash to the Los Angeles Dodgers on February 10, 2020 for Alex Verdugo, Connor Wong, and Jeter Downs.
The Dodgers extended Betts contract on July 22, for 12 years until 2032. The $365 million deal included a $65 million signing on fee, possibly the biggest deal in Dodgers history and the third largest deal in North American sports history. Because of the COVID-19 epidemic, the 2020 season was postponed and reduced from 162 games to 60 games. Betts was the starting right fielder, on July 23, for the Dodgers' Opening Day game verses the San Francisco Giants, in which he recorded his 1st bat , a single, as a Dodger, verses pitcher Tyler Rogers. Betts was known for his necklaces while with the Red Sox. One was gifted to him by a 13-year-old supporter in 2018, during his spring training just before he won the American League Batting Championship, the MVP Award, and the World Series. After being transferred to the Los Angeles Dodgers, Betts carried on wearing the necklace where he won his second World Series.
Short Bio of Mookie Betts
Markus Lynn "Mookie" Betts is his born and real name. His date of birth is October 7, 1992 and birthplace is Smyrna, Tennessee. He is 29 Years of age as in 2021. By profession he is a American professional baseball right fielder. His Parents are Willie Betts and Diana Benedict. Diana Benedict is his mother's name and Willie Betts is his father's name.
Mookie Betts Age and Height
Name Markus Lynn "Mookie" Betts
Mookie Betts	Wiki and Biography
Mookie Betts Wiki and Biography
Born and Real Name Markus Lynn "Mookie" Betts
Nickname Mookie Betts
Birthday October 7, 1992
Profession American professional baseball right fielder
Birthplace Smyrna, Tennessee
Sun sign Libra
Ethnicity African-American
Mookie Betts	Height, Weight and Body Measurements
Mookie Betts Height, Weight and Body Measurements
Mookie Betts	Net Worth and Salary
Mookie Betts Net Worth and Salary
Mookie Betts	Education Qualifications, School and College
Mookie Betts Education Qualifications, School and College
Educational Qualifications Graduation
School John Overton High School
College University of Tennessee
Mookie Betts	Professional Life
Mookie Betts Professional Life
Famous and well known Baseball right fielder
Mookie Betts	Family Details/ parents/ family background?
Mookie Betts Family Details/ parents/ family background?
Parents /Father Willie Betts
Parents /Mother Diana Benedict
Wife	 Brianna Hammonds
Children/Son's Name N/A
Children/Daughter's Name Kynlee Betts
Mookie Betts	Girlfriend/Wife/dating/Affairs?
Wife/Spouse Name	 Brianna Hammonds
Dating /Girlfriend Name/Affairs	 Brianna Hammonds
Mookie Betts	Marriage Details
Mookie Betts Marriage Details
Wedding dates/ Marriage date	 1 December 2021
Mookie Betts	Home Address and Residence
Mookie Betts Home Address and Residence
Home town	 Smyrna, Tennessee
House address	 Smyrna, Tennessee
Mookie Betts	Social Media Websites
Mookie Betts Social Media Websites
Twitter	 https://twitter.com/mookiebetts
Instagram	 https://www.instagram.com/mookiebetts
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BASEMENT REVOLVER - HEAVY EYES
LABEL : SONIC UNYON // RELEASE DATE : AUGUST 24, 2018
Heavy Eyes is the debut album from Canadian indie-rock trio Basement Revolver. There's an air of weariness pervading the album, with the sleepy title Heavy Eyes summing up a general exhaustion right down to the bone, as well as hinting at a heavier direction as they deftly merge 90s infused indie rock with fuzzy dreamy pop and poignant, yearning lyrics. Unable to disguise the emotion in her voice, songwriter Chrisy Hurn shares intimate stories and personal wounds from her past, revealing a deeply affecting and rewarding set of songs.
Bringing together the talents of Chrisy Hurn (vocals, guitar), Nimal Agalawatte (bass, synth) and Brandon Munro (drums), the band hail from Hamilton, Ontario and were named Basement Revolver due to Chrisy's basement apartment, rather than any trigger happy leanings. Their ascent to the spotlight has been a steady trajectory, capitalising on the success of their debut single "Johnny" in 2016. The track garnered endorsements from DIY Magazine and Exclaim! as well as respected tastemakers Gold Flake Paint, who hailed it a "'favourite song of the year" contender. They had stumbled across a sound that is capable of stripping listeners of inhibition, yet heavy hitting enough to leave a lasting impression.
On the back of "Johnny", they were signed by Memphis Industries' UK sub-label Fear Of Missing Out, who released their debut self-titled EP in 2016 with "Johnny" and their second single "Words" reaching the higher echelon of the Hype Machine chart and the EP flagged up in several end of year lists. They followed this up with the Agatha EP in 2017 where the single "Bread & Wine" reached the B-list on Radio BBC 6 Music and also garnered support from John Kennedy at Radio X. The band have racked up over one million plays on Spotify across the two EPs.
To record their debut full-length, the band returned to local studio TAPE (Memoryhouse, Dirty Nil, Edgar Breau), where they had recorded their first two EPs. They had build up a solid relationship with producers Adam Bentley and Jordan Mitchell, as they continued to hone their signature sound. In this comfortable environment, they found the freedom to get heavier for some songs and more laid-back for others. As Chrisy explains; "It also gave me the confidence as a writer to not take myself so seriously, to let myself get cheesy or goofy with some songs."
And what great songs they are, it really is the songwriting that makes Basement Revolver stand out from the rest. Assured yet open, beguiling yet honest, heartfelt yet playful. Right from the off the listener is greeted by opening track "Baby", an expansive and vast echoing anthem laden with emotion and melancholia. As Chrisy elaborates; "Baby is about feeling sad and down even though you are generally happy about everything and everyone in your life. It is about crying a lot and my tendency to retreat when things get too overwhelming, to spend all day and night in bed and watching Netflix and eating Doritos."
There are subjects that we can all relate to; "Dancing" is about confronting feelings of boredom and seeking adventure, "break out of your shell, and dance, or get some fresh air" Chrisy says, whilst "You're Okay" is about struggling with self-confidence and body image.
"Knocking" is probably the heaviest song emotionally on the album. As Chrisy explains, "I often still can't sing it without crying." Written after writing her family a long letter coming clean about her past, it left her feeling vulnerable and raw, ashamed of some of the things she had done and worried about being a disappointment. Chrisy continues,"I basically kept telling myself that I was garbage, broken, unlovable, used and a whole other slur of things. I think that knocking was my way out of that dark place." But when she came clean she felt forgiveness and acceptance, in a place where she could move on and forgive herself.
In a relatively short time, Basement Revolver have successfully encapsulated the yearning and hopefulness of their generation, whilst harnessing a unique, yet familiar soundscape.
HEAVY EYES TRACKLIST
02 Johnny
03 Dancing
05 Knocking
06 Johnny Pt. 2
08 Wait
09 Tree Trunks
10 You're Okay
11 Heavy Eyes
Rohann Agalawatte
CLICK PHOTOS TO DOWNLOAD HIGH RES
BASEMENT REVOLVER SHARE VIDEO FOR "BABY"
BASEMENT REVOLVER SHARE TITLE TRACK FROM UPCOMING DEBUT LP
BASEMENT REVOLVER SHARE NEW FUZZ-POP SINGLE FROM UPCOMING LP
BASEMENT REVOLVER DEBUT "KNOCKING" FROM UPCOMING LP
BASEMENT REVOLVER ANNOUNCE DEBUT LP VIA SONIC UNYON, SHARE NEW SINGLE
Line Of Best Fit : Oh! Canada 31 - Bernice, Basement Revolver, FRIGS, nêhiyawak
A Journal Of Musical Things : Basement Revolver "Baby"