A layered protection strategy works best against ransomware. Organizations must be diligent about backing up data, monitoring suspicious activity and testing restores.
Ransomware is a new phenomenon that has developed from the exposure of IT environments to the public internet. Hackers gain access to computer systems and encrypt data, only providing the encryption keys or unlocking the data after a ransom has been paid.
Even with the most stringent security rules, there is always a risk that systems can be compromised using genuine credentials acquired through other routes (usually social engineering). This means additional protection layers are needed to ensure data can be recovered rather than paying out to get data back.
With that in mind, here are some dos and don'ts regarding ransomware backup.
Back up all of your data regularly. Any backup regime should be based on business requirements. It should also ensure that the amount of data lost after a ransomware attack is minimized as much as possible.
Check the status of backups. Ensure backups are completed successfully, and resolve any issues as soon as possible. Don't wait to rerun a ransomware backup after a failure.
Have some offline backup copies. Data stored on tape or other offline media isn't as easy to compromise as online backups. If primary data is corrupted, hackers may also try and compromise the ransomware backup system to prevent restores. Offline copies reduce that risk.
Perform regular restore tests. Knowing data is backed up is great, but you should verify that restores work. Don't wait until the restore is needed to see if it works.
Build in data validation tests to restore checking. How can you ensure data is still valid after the restore? One approach is to create dummy or proxy data that sits in the file system and acts as a control for checking content. If the dummy files have changed compared to a known good value, you should suspect data has been compromised.
Don't use the same credentials for everything. Backup credentials should be used only for that purpose. The more people who have access to the credentials, the more likely it is they will be compromised.
Look into tracking suspicious behavior. This is in addition to validating restores. For example, if data is encrypted, incremental backup sizes will increase dramatically. This may indicate that data has been compromised.
Design resiliency into your ransomware backup and restore process and remain vigilant to changes in the environment, as early detection is key.
How often do you perform restore tests of your ransomware backups?
How do I get started with Oracle backup scripts for RMAN?


text:
Theory of Mind, Part 1
狗的情感与认知
Dog Emotion and Cognition will introduce you to the exciting new study of dog psychology, what the latest discoveries tell us about how dogs think and feel about us, and how we can use this new knowledge to further strengthen our relationship with our best friends.
Cognitive Science, Evolution, Animal Behavior, Dog
This was a great introductory course for dog evolution and cognition. I hope there will someday be a part two to this - presenting more insights into dog cognition as more research is done.
This course was engaging and informative. Dr. Hare picked a great line of work, as he kind of reminds me of a friendly puppy himself. I look forward to more research from these experiments!
How Biology Studies Cognitive Evolution
In this module, Dr. Hare describes how the internal processes of the mind are studied through experiments. He explains how animal problem solving is best explained as scientists work toward better understanding the topic. Next, he describes the ecological approach to cognition through an evolutionary lens, which involves Tinbergen's four levels of analysis.
Theory of Mind, Part 14:32
Brian Hare
選擇語言英語(English)西班牙語(Spanish)
So now that we have been introduced to an ecological approach to cognition,
let's use it.
We're gonna use it to understand dogs of course, but actually the way that
we started to understand dogs better was we were first trying to understand human.
We were using the ecological approach to cognition
to try to understand human evolution.
In the beginning I told you that the big question that I'm interested in is what
makes us different from other species,
what's the little difference that's the big difference in humans cognitively.
And it was that question that then lead us to realize that dogs were doing something
really remarkable.
So let me introduce you to theory of mind, or the ability to think
about the thoughts of others, and it was that work that led us to dogs.
Okay, for this lecture what will be most relevant is chapter three in the book, and
of course anything in Dognition, but I think especially the communication or
the reasoning games might be useful here.
Okay, so the challenge of human cognitive evolution.
Darwin really saw thinking about human cognitive evolution
as one of the greatest challenges for his theory of evolution.
And in Descent of Man, which he wrote in 1871,
12 years after the Origin of Species and, really,
the Origin of Species dealt with animals and the evolution of animals and
plants, and he really avoided humans in the Origin of Species.
It wasn't until 12 years later he wrote a book really dealing with humans, and
in that book he addresses what he saw the greatest difficulty for his theory,
which was human cognition.
He says, the greatest difficulty which presents itself,
when we are driven to the above conclusion on the origin of man, his evolution
through natural selection, is the high standard of intellectual power and
moral disposition which he has attained.
So we define evolution as a change in allele frequency over time, and of course,
Darwin was famous for proposing the mechanism which non random change might
occur, which is natural selection.
But, the challenge for that was, how could natural selection have
produced human cognition, the ultimate challenge he saw for evolutionary theory.
So that's a really fun problem to work on, lots of people are.
And we've been using Tinbergen's reverse engineering, or
using function to predict mechanism.
If we think about what the function of human cognition would have been for,
we might understand why the mechanisms evolved.
So what are the problems that humans evolved to solve?
And what are the problems that primates evolved to solve?
If we can answer that question, we'll have a lot of insight into Darwin's challenge.
And there are really two main categories that humans and primates have to solve.
First we have to forage for food, and we have to process it once it's obtained.
And we don't, as modern humans, think about it that way, but it wasn't that
long ago that this was a day to day thing that you had to worry about.
And then the second thing of course is attracting mates, and
protecting your offspring.
And this is something that I think for most people, if you stop and
think about it you can realize yes, okay I might not say it in those terms.
But yes, obviously, finding somebody to have a family with and
protecting your family is something that is a big challenge,
that everyone who's human deals with.
Of these categories, if we divide the problem we have to solve into those two
things, you know, what is it that's most different?
And what we have to face as either primates or
humans, in terms problem solving, you know relative to other animals.
And what a lot of people have argued Is really, it's the social problems,
the second category, things that are relevant to attracting mates,
protecting offspring, interacting with others of your own species,
competing or cooperating with them to be successful.
And that's called the social intelligence hypothesis.
And the idea is that really, human cognition and the human,
what is human about our species is really going to be the social domain.
That what makes us different is how we solve social problems, and
that's really where we should focus.
That the function of the flexibility we see in our species, cognitively,
is really a result of the need to solve really complex social
problems that result from being human.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Place a marker in the template where the cursor should be after the template has run.
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Create a data element in the template's data set.
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Inhibit the automatic Rule commands that are generated for functions taking numeric values as input.
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Get the singular or plural depending on the number.
Remove the paragraph after the template has merged.
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Sets a custom document property in the merged document.
Set the document name (referenced as ).
Set the file name of the data that was captured in an interview for the template.
Sets the folder where the data captured in the interview will be saved.
Set the file name of the merged document.
Set the folder where the merged document will be saved.
Insert the contents of a script defined in another part of the template.
Return the value of whatever is passed.


text:
dr challoner's high school term dates
view results vote now. No - I live at home during term anyway. The school may follow the dates provided by the local authority - you can find the Buckinghamshire Local Authority dates here We are planning to build a new School Pavilion on the back fields. Dr Challoner's High School is a girls' grammar school in Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire. There are 44 schools in the area, of which 9 are secondary, 9 private primary/secondary and 28 primary. Dr Challoner's High School welcomes applications for joining for Years 7 and 12. Summer Term 2021. In September 2001, the school was awarded specialist school status as a Sports College, by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES).It was also awarded a second specialism as a Language … We don't currently hold this school's information. Dr Challoner's High School school holidays 2020-2021. No - I'm staying at my term time address over Christmas. ... Information; Term Dates; Term Dates Term Dates 2020-2021. The school takes girls from the age of 11 through to the age of 18 and has approximately 1,140 pupils. Yes (54) 28.72%. Autumn Term 2021. Alan Roe was appointed Headteacher in 2015. News New Community Pavilion. Sorry! Home Page. 19th April-28th May 3rd May Bank Holiday 31st May-4th June - Half Term 16th July - End of Summer Term - school closes at 1.15pm . No - I have already returned home (24) 12.77%. Church of England School. The Kingswood experience is characterised by the intrinsic belief in the importance of moral and spiritual education as well as the personal and social development of each child based on Christian principles. At Challney High School for Girls our vision is to 'Develop influential women of the future'. Opinions on Dr Challoner's High School at Sixth Form? The cost of the project is £160,000 and will be made up from School Funding, PTA Donations and the Fundraising Efforts of Challoner & Friends. ACADEMIC YEAR 2021 - 2022 AUTUMN TERM 2021 Dr Challoner's High is a selective Girls Grammar School. Dr Challoner's High School, abbreviated to DCHS, is a grammar school for girls between the ages of 11 and 18, located in Buckinghamshire, England.In August 2011 the school became an Academy.. 15th-19th February - Half Term 1st April - End of Spring Term - school closes at 1.15pm . Dr Challoner's School Games Area is hosted by Dr Challoner's High School based in Little Chalfont. ... No - I plan on travelling outside these dates. We are committed to achieving academic excellence for our students and are committed to ensuring that they flourish personally and make a difference to the world around them: locally, nationally and internationally. Office Telephone - 01494 726901. Alongside this it has been clear that the drive to provide a high standard of education for the students and continue to encourage them to be the best that they can be has never once been lost. NB From the Autumn Term 2020, the last day of term for both Nursery and School is a full day.. Thank you for doing an incredible job, making the impossible possible with constantly changing, often contradictory guidance and limited resources. The school has an excellent record of examination successes and most children are destined to enter leading independent or grammar schools. Miss Sara Tilbey - Headteacher. Secondary, 9 private primary/secondary and 28 primary... information ; Term Dates Term ;. 9 private primary/secondary and 28 primary dr Challoner ' s High School is a full day 28 primary pupils... To build a new School Pavilion on the back fields most children are destined to leading., making the impossible possible with constantly changing, often contradictory guidance dr challoner's high school term dates... Build a new School Pavilion on the back fields and 12 's School Games Area is hosted by dr 's. 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dr challoner's high school term dates 2020


NITED STATES -- (PRESS RELEASE) -- What do you get when you mix Bodog Entertainment with The Warped Tour? A killer punk-rock poker tournament! In the hottest after-hours party to hit the Warped Tour all summer, Bodog brought the many personalities of Warped together for its second annual winner-takes-all Texas Hold'Em Tournament at the Tweeter Center in Camden, NJ on August 3.
In a poker paradise that included everything from custom poker tables to an open bar to beautiful Bodog Girls, over 80 players showed off their poker prowess. Musicians from a number of bands on the Warped Tour played, including members of Bad Religion, Cute Is What We Aim For, Killswitch Engage and Meg & Dia and Bodog Music's own The Vincent Black Shadow.
In the end, however, only Vans founder Steve Van Doren and Allura's Sean Grant were left standing. As the two went head to head with one hand to go, both went all-in for the run. The final table was surrounded by a mob of crazed tournament-goers who raised their voices and glasses in tandem, bringing forth a rumble that rivaled the concert-goers earlier in the day.
Sean Grant reigned supreme as the king of the Bodog Texas Hold'Em Warped Tour Poker Tournament '07. Grant took home the grand prize of an iPhone, a custom Bodog poker table with the "Lucky 13" Warped Tour '07 insignia, and a Bodog poker chip set. While Van Doren said goodbye to the table, he said hello to a brand new pair of Bose Quiet 2 Noise Canceling Headphones and a coveted chip set.
Bodog Entertainment proved once again that when it comes to bringing music and poker together, no one does it better than Bodog!
Bodog rocks Warped Tour is republished from CasinoCityTimes.com.


Today I am delighted to be one of the bloggers taking part in the cover reveal for Shadows of Regret by Ross Greenwood!
Ross Greenwood's second book, The Boy Inside, was picked up by Bloodhound Books, and in September 2017, Fifty Years of Fear was published. The year 2018 saw the publication of his next psychological thriller, Abel's Revenge. All his books are thought provoking, and told with a sense of humour and he hopes you enjoy reading them.


When planning our 2014 Summer European Road Trip, we knew we were going to need some down time. After scouring the web for the perfect accommodation, we found the perfect cottage. In France a cottage is often referred to as a gite, and this was named Gite La Chayotte. As you know we love to share with you where we've stayed and give a little love to our hosts as well.
Imagine driving along rolling hills covered in beautifully organized rows of grapes! For any neat freak, this is a sight to see. Everything lined up so nice and neat, with an occasional town peeping through the greenery. This was going to be the perfect 5 nights of "chill time" for us. We had reserved a cottage owned by Champagne makers, near the vineyards and couldn't wait to arrive in our small town of Trélou-sur-Marne. With the population near 1000, we knew it was going to be quite the contrast from our time in Amsterdam.
Trélou-sur-Marne is located a little over an hour East of Paris and about 20-30 minutes from Épernay and Reims, France.
For us this was the ideal location, set in the Champagne France countryside. This little town has many Champagne makers and is on the Champagne tourist route. If you are after the "big names", you won't have far to travel as there are plenty nearby in Reims and Épernay. The owners shared their Champagne cellars and gave us a private tour. You can't beat that! Alan wrote all about it please check it out.
I have to say, this was far more spacious than I anticipated. It felt like an old farm cottage inside, so I guess that would be the real "French Country" feel. There was so much character with the old rustic feel of the 2 foot thick stone walls and dark wood beams exposed on the ceiling. The fireplace was so huge, we could just imagine having a snuggle on a cold winter day. That said, we visited in July and we were tempted to light up a fire a couple of days.
Downstairs we had a large open space (family room and dining room) with a huge fireplace. We also had a very good-sized and extremely well equipped, eat-in kitchen. We had a gas stove, microwave, oven, dishwasher, toaster, kettle, food processor and plenty of cooking dishes. Just off of the kitchen was a storage room with the washing machine and 4 bikes, for our use.
Upstairs we had 3 bedrooms (2 with queen beds and 1 with 2 twins). There was also a small toilet room and a good-sized bathroom. We loved the jetted tub and the rain shower. All of the fittings were very modern and looked recently renovated.
The price was right, the location was perfect and the owners were wonderful. We give it double thumbs up. We found this to be a wonderful romantic getaway, even with the kids. Now that the kids are a bit older, we are fine with going out for a couples walk and leaving the kids behind. The hosts had a bottle of champagne awaiting our arrival as well. This really was just what we needed.
We found their cottage via homeaway, but they are also listed on Airbnb and their own site.
If you decide to stay with them, please say "hello" to Sylviane and Edmond from Wagoners Abroad!
Would you like to stay here too?
This entry was posted in Accommodation, Reviews and tagged Europe, European Road Trip, places to stay, road trip, Road trips, Summer 2014 by Heidi. Bookmark the permalink.
Oh Judy, I am certain they would love this place. We had the best time and the owners were like family. It is right in the heart of the Champagne region, but in the peaceful countryside. After just one day, the baker already knew us and would wave when we walked by. Really something special.


Immerse yourself in the world of colors by Gudrun Sjödén. We have been inspired by the Swedish designer and lent the rooms a touch of color and beautiful fabrics. Beautiful details with flowers and ornaments give the whole a Nordic flair. Natural homeliness and comfortably furnished rooms make the stay in our house to be a very special experience.


Last year we brought you the most incredible array of tricks performed off of Vermont's finest quarries. Almost 10 millions views later, Coulter Productions couldn't be more happy with the outpour of feedback from our audience. With that being said many have criticised our activities. Major media outlets don't seem to understand why we put ourselves through such dangerous situations. instead they would rather report stories about warning tourists of the dangers of cliff jumping. This video means a lot to me as I felt it was necessary to speak my mind about how the general media views our hobby. It's simple. This is our passion and we will never stop doing what we love.
This year we came back to step our game up to a completely different level. The west coast assembled their best cliff jumpers to collaborate with the east coast's best cliff jumpers. The outcome was a gathering of the nation's best cliff jumpers truly creating one the most epic cliff jumping events of all time. Last year's event I claimed it to be the most unique combination of tricks YouTube has ever seen. This year we raised the bar, destroyed our limits and took it to a completely different level.
Many of these major jumps featured in this video are performed by highly experienced professionals. I don't recommend anyone take it to this level. If you must, I recommend a wakeboard comp vest. It's what I wear in case I lose consciousness the jacket will keep me a float for the safety crew to grab me.
Cliff Life Media made an amazing edit of this trip as well. You can find it at the link below.
Cliff Jumping, Lucian "Infrared", Backmill "A Journey's End"
Slip and Slide off 500 Foot Cliff!!! In 4K!


text:
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/**
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class IBindable
{
public:
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	 * \brief Report that the entity has been transformed.
	 * \param mat The new model matrix.
	 */
	virtual void transform(Matrix mat) = 0;
};

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
People/
Dossier: the return of hunger
Written by Mark Rowe
Published in People
February 2021: A young girl living in a displacement camp in Taiz, Yemen boils water over a makeshift stove SHUTTERSTOCK/Akramal Rasny
The decades-long decline in hunger has now ended, despite the fact that we produce enough food to feed the global population. What can be done?
A hungry man, goes the adage, is an angry man. Perhaps it was with this in mind that the Norwegian Nobel Committee handed its 2020 Peace Prize not to a person but to the world's largest humanitarian organisation, the World Food Programme (WFP). The gesture was in recognition of the WFP's efforts and of the knotty relationship between famine, food and conflict, but it also acknowledged the daunting to-do list faced by the UN's most overworked logistics arm. There is, David Beasley, the head of the WFP, recently warned, 'a lot of bad coming our way'.
A decades-long decline in hunger in the world has unfortunately ended and the WFP openly speaks of an unfolding 'hunger pandemic', exacerbated by climate change, Covid-19 and, above all, political unrest. 'It's good to be recognised, but we know the prize is a call to arms,' says Arif Husain, chief economist at the WFP. 'The job is far from done. It's a shame in the 21st century in a globalised world with such wealth that we are still talking about trying to give people a decent meal once a day. We're not asking for the moon.'
According to the WFP, in 2017, 80 million people faced imminent starvation; by 2020, this had risen to 135 million; in 2021, it already stands at 270 million. These aren't people just going to bed hungry (that number, this year, is 690 million, or one in nine people on the planet, 414 million of them women and girls, according to Action Against Hunger [AAH]). Every 13 seconds, according to AAH, somewhere on the planet a child dies from hunger or a hunger-related disease. In 2019, that added up to a total of 2.3 million children.
'Famine has continued into the 21st century, long after it should have been eradicated,' says Stephen Devereux, a fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex and a director of the Centre for Social Protection. The fear of the 1970s, that we genuinely might not have enough food to feed a growing global population, has long gone, he says. 'The Green Revolution saw to that. We have capacity to move food from surplus to those areas with a deficit. We have early warning systems of drought and other extreme weather.'
Four famines have been declared by the UN in the 21st century, the most recent of which, in Somalia in 2011, left 260,000 dead – an estimated 4.6 per cent of the total population and up to 18 per cent of children under five in some regions. Earlier this year, the UN warned that Yemen (see box on page 22) faced the prospect of the worst famine the world had seen in decades, with distressing reports that 400,000 children there were severely malnourished, 'and as a result are in their last weeks and months'.
Long-term conflicts are now really biting, says Husain. 'The world has been in turmoil for some time – Syria for ten years, Yemen for five years, South Sudan for ten years and northeast Nigeria for seven years.' Conflict continues to apply pressure in many corners of the world. In northern Mozambique in the past year alone, 565,000 people have been displaced and pushed into food insecurity by attacks by non-state armed groups.
And, like a Russian matryoshka doll, hunger is merely the outer shell around deeper problems. According to the WFP, about one in three people in 55 of the world's poorest countries suffer from some form of malnutrition, caused by lack of access to healthy food, poor healthcare systems and unhealthy environments. Five years after the world committed to the concept of zero hunger by 2030 (enshrined as Goal 2 of the 17 Global Goals for Sustainable Development), we're way off track. The same goes for the ambition of ensuring good health and nutrition for the first 1,000 days of a child's life (from conception, nine months gestation and the first two years or so after birth), which would prevent stunting and promote healthy development. Two billion people, or 26 per cent of the global population, lacked regular access to nutritious and sufficient food in 2019. According to AAH, a child with severe acute malnutrition is nine times more likely to die than a healthy child. In 2019, 21.3 per cent (144 million) of children under five were estimated to be stunted (low height-for-age), 6.9 per cent (47 million) wasted (low weight-for-height). Meanwhile, 5.6 per cent (38.3 million) were overweight.
The price of food
The WFP's 2020 Cost of a Plate of Food report highlights the countries in which a simple meal such as rice and beans costs the most when compared with people's incomes. South Sudan came top of the list, with basic ingredients costing an eye-watering 186 per cent of a person's daily income. If a resident in New York State had to pay the same proportion of their salary for a basic meal, the food would cost US$393. In New York State, ingredients for a simple meal – perhaps a soup or a simple stew – costs just 0.6 per cent of someone's income.
Seventeen of the top 20 countries featured in the index are in sub-Saharan Africa, including Burundi (US$91); Malawi (US$74); Sudan (US$61); and Mali (US$49). Other countries with high food costs include Pakistan (US$16) and Haiti, where people spend more than a third of their daily income on a single plate of food.
Development agencies use a metric known as the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) to quantify whether people are eating enough. The PoU in Africa was 19.1 per cent of the population in 2019, more than 250 million undernourished people, up from 17.6 per cent in 2014, double the world average. Even for the many who do get enough food to keep them alive there is the question of monotony – the same meal of rice and beans for 30 days straight, or longer. The situation is sufficiently dire that, incredibly, the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) felt it necessary to declare – without irony – 2021 to be the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables. All this in a world where one third of the food we produce is wasted.
Antidote democracy
So why, given international awareness, food networks and early warning systems, do famines still occur? Simon Levine, senior research fellow in the Humanitarian Policy Group at the Overseas Development Institute, puts it bluntly: 'Famine is about war, politics and denying people food.' Shocking as this sounds, just about everyone in development and humanitarian circles agrees and sees this observation as uncontroversial. 'Famine is anything but pre-ordained. You can sum it up in one word: politics,' says Devereux.
There is, he adds, no longer such a thing as a 'Biblical famine'. 'You can get drought, crops fail and it's all a catastrophic failure,' he says. 'But to say drought causes famines nowadays isn't a good enough explanation. That doesn't apply in the modern world. We have crises where people can't grow their own food or rear livestock and don't have enough money to buy food in markets when prices spike, but usually, in most cases, the WFP or the government can deliver food. The critical question isn't why famines happen, but why they aren't prevented.'
True famine occurs when this system of intervention breaks down. 'Either the government doesn't have the capacity or the political will, or the international community has a problem with the government of the country,' says Devereux, who points to the mid-1980s famine in Ethiopia that killed one million people, affected eight million others and prompted the Live Aid concerts. 'The Marxist government [in Ethiopia] actually bombed the food markets; drought was used as a weapon.' Devereux endorses international pressure that ratchets up accountability for famine prevention. 'If famine happens, someone has allowed it to happen. We saw that with Al-Shabab [an Islamist militant group in Somalia], which prevented aid getting to areas in which it was needed in Somalia in 2011. That cost 250,000 lives. The capacity to prevent famine is there, the problem is faulty security and conflict.'
August 2011: Women queue at the Dadaab refugee camp during a famine in Somalia. SHUTTERSTOCK/HIKRCN
Levine looks back to Ethiopia in the 1980s and notes that 'there was a drought, but its effects were intensified by a civil war. It wasn't random who died – those at the bottom of society died.' He points out that there was a 30 per cent drop in food production not only in Ethiopia but also in Uganda at the same time. 'But you don't hear about the Great Uganda Famine, because there wasn't one. If the UK ever faced the same problem, the government of the day would import more food and stick a couple of pence on income tax to pay for it later.'
The issue, Levine suggests, is more about wider political accountability. 'There has never been a famine in a country with a free press.' Devereux agrees, drily noting that 'democracy is a good antidote to famine.'
Long-term strategies needed
While politics is generally the catalyst that can tip a region or country into famine, Jon Cunliffe, Middle East regional director for Action Against Hunger, believes that the underlying rhythms of subsistence farming provide the opportunity for vulnerable people to be exploited. Cunliffe refers to 'the hunger gap' – the period of time between a crop being planted and it being harvested. 'For a subsistence farmer, any change during this period puts them at risk,' he says. 'They don't have assets to draw on – if they have nothing to sell, they become at risk of famine.' Often, erratic weather is the final straw that tips livelihoods that were already acutely vulnerable over the edge. 'Politics can make that vulnerability much more exaggerated. If a country has functioning governance, then climate change can be mitigated more effectively.'
Yet there remain unrelenting pressures on food security that leave communities vulnerable to the politics of the day. As Husain puts it, 'In any given place, it's never a single thing – conflict and climate come together.' According to AAH, severe drought is a leading cause of undernutrition in more than a third of countries that have seen a rise in hunger levels in the past 15 years. Droughts lead to steep falls in food production, which means less income for small producers and higher food prices – putting a healthy diet beyond reach for the poorest people. 'The days of saying climate change is a hoax are over. It's here and it's real,' says Husain. 'We see shrinking growing seasons, with real consequences for subsistence farmers and those in the rural economy.'
Levine argues that what's really being talked about – and needs to be addressed – is food insecurity. 'Hundreds of millions of people face food insecurity all the time,' he says. 'It means a daily struggle, not quite enough food, very unpleasant trade-offs, such as kids not going to school because what little money a family has must go on food. But that's not starvation and it's not famine – it's desperate poverty. The reality is that millions have always gone to bed hungry. We're simply getting a new appreciation of the way people have been living for ages.'
While conflict and climate change have long affected people's ability to produce or afford food to feed their families, Covid-19 has now added another layer to the challenges faced by most vulnerable groups, through increased unemployment, loss of remittances and weak economies. 'The problem is that you can't lay famine at the doorstep of Covid – things have been unravelling for a few years,' says Husain. 'What Covid did was to double the numbers of people facing famine.'
Longer-term solutions include development of sustainable domestic food markets, social protection schemes and, simply put, more employment. In 2005, India passed the Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act that ensured people in rural areas 100 days work at a minimum wage every year. Policies like these 'helped ensure that countries such as Bangladesh, Russia, China and India have left behind the horrific famines that they endured during the 20th century,' says Levine. Grass roots social-protection schemes create a snowball effect, adds Husain. 'If you give money to people who need things, they will spend that money, not save it. That creates jobs and incentives to produce food to sell.'
Measures such as cash payments and early warning systems, innovative when they first emerged, are now established as mitigation techniques. Artificial intelligence and satellite mapping are also making a huge difference. In Bangladesh, hit this year by floods that covered a quarter of the country, early-warning systems provided four days' notice of the coming deluge. This triggered anticipatory payouts – cash delivered via mobile phones through a social-safety-net programme – that gave 20,000 families the resources to move their valuables out of harm's way. 'The aid community has got a lot better,' says Levine. 'It's not just about throwing sacks of maize out of the back of a plane. We're pretty good at stopping people dying in large numbers.'
As with many public health measures, the world doesn't tend to notice when something terrible is averted ahead of time. In 2019–20, there were apocalyptic warnings of desert locusts that were destroying crops in East Africa, putting five million people at risk of famine in the worst infestation for 70 years. 'But the desert locust famine never happened – the international community responded,' says Devereux. Interventions included manual and aerial spraying of pesticides. Grants, including US$500 million from the World Bank, enabled countries to provide immediate support to affected households through social safety nets such as cash transfers, while investing in the medium-term recovery of agriculture and livestock production systems and rural livelihoods.
Longer-term strategies, as well as short-term pre-emptive measures, are required but will necessitate a change in mentality from the international community, suggests Cunliffe. 'It's not just governments that work on short-term election cycles – most development projects only last one or two years,' he says. 'This can't be about the white aid worker flying in to save a country – it's about building up partnerships and the long-term capacity within a country. You need to build skills and governance. Education is fundamental, that is what pulls a country out of a dire situation.'
Education is one of several major components that, if put in place, make the prospect of famine recede, says Husain. In addition, he highlights the empowerment of women, social protection schemes and investment in rural infrastructure, such as feeder roads, internet access and electricity. 'If you don't put the access in place, why would a food producer do anything more than produce at subsistence level?' he asks. 'People talk about equality of income, but it's more about equality of opportunity. If you build a road, you give someone the means to take their food to market.
'It's a long piece of work, the results won't be seen by the politicians who begin the process, so it's a question of political will. But we know it works – we saw this after the Second World War, when the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Japan were on their knees.'
February 2017: In a refugee camp in Taiz, Yemen, a child is given a drink of water. SHUTTERSTOCK/Akramal Rasny
By any measure, Yemen is the world's worst on-going humanitarian crisis. At the time of writing, 13 million people out of a population of 29 million are being helped by the WFP. By June 2021, this figure, AAH projects, will rise to 15.5 million. Across Yemen, five million people are 'just one step away from famine,' according to the UN.
'What we're looking at with Yemen is a famine that could unfold on the scale of nothing we've seen since the 1970s and Biafra,' says Cunliffe. An embargo by Saudi Arabia and the UAE means that it has become all but impossible to deliver food aid to a country that, even before the latest crisis, relied on imports for 80 per cent of its food.
'Yemenis are either selling assets to buy food or have sold all their assets and have no money to buy food, or there is no food to buy,' says Cunliffe. 'The government has collapsed, the health system has collapsed, there's no social protection, there's no access to potable water. We're seeing the return of diseases that had been eradicated, such as dengue, malaria and leishmaniasis. There are hundreds of thousands of cases of cholera.'
UN agencies and NGOs such as AAH are simply unable to deal with 15 million people in such extreme need of help, warns Cunliffe. He points to the root causes: conflict and key actors refusing to allow aid to enter the country. 'The only thing you can push for is some sort of peace agreement and then allow aid relief and trade to resume. It's very frustrating – this was not pre-ordained.'
In March, the UN hoped to raise US$3.85 billion from more than 100 governments and donors at a virtual pledging conference to avert widespread famine in Yemen but received only US$1.7 billion – less than half of what was needed. 'Millions of Yemeni children, women and men desperately need aid to live. Cutting aid is a death sentence,' António Guterres, the UN secretary general, said.
The benefits of peace
The WFP says that each dollar of spending on long-term initiatives can save three dollars in humanitarian aid, as well as avoiding disruption and losses for families. 'We always talk about the cost of doing something – we should be talking about the costs if we don't do it,' says Husain. 'It's to our collective benefit that we sort these things out. If we don't address these issues, you see famine and migration. If people stay in their own country, you pay US$90 per capita [to improve things]; if they migrate to, say, Europe, it costs US$4,500 per capita.'
Husain's concern is that Covid-19-era financial belttightening will make problems even worse. 'In the past 12 months, governments have spent US$20 trillion on Covid – that's 20 per cent of global GDP,' he says. 'The problem is not going away, but from now on, we have less capacity, less money to deal with it. Just when needs are increasing, we're getting a financial crunch – that's where the "bad" comes in. There's not much leverage left.'
Leverage of one means or another is going to be needed, with the WFP forecasting that if nothing changes, the number of undernourished people will exceed 840 million by 2030. Right now, we live in a world that produces enough food to feed its entire population but where more than 1.5 billion people can't afford a diet that meets the required levels of essential nutrients; and more than three billion people can't even afford the cheapest healthy diet.
While Covid has set back progress, Cunliffe believes that forward momentum is irreversible. 'I have to be optimistic,' he says. 'Great progress had been made pre-Covid, but Covid is a significant hole in the road and it may take more than ten years to get back on track.'
There is room for optimism, Devereux points out. 'The Horn of Africa and Yemen are probably the last famine-prone regions in the world,' he says. 'That is a good advance on 100 years ago.' Nor, he emphasises, are the solutions particularly complex: 'Healthy diets, nutrition, employment schemes… we know what works.' Yet he tempers his optimism when he turns to the question of whether famine will ever cease to be a political tool. 'As long as there are conflicts, people will lose access to food and there is a choice those in power make as to what happens next.'
It would be naïve, suggests Levine, to assume that enlightened governments will always prevail. 'You can argue about what is really needed to address food insecurity: whether it's more deregulation to create jobs, more tax to provide support. Those are routine debates,' he says. 'But we need to think more about poverty and inequality in the long term and that's where political will comes in. Allowing a famine to happen – that is a direct choice that governments make.
'I would love there to be a silver bullet, a miracle crop that will get rid of hunger, but those wouldn't get us off the hook,' he continues. 'There has to be a mood for change. You have to fight hard just to stand still – there will always be new wars, new warlords.'
However, claiming ignorance, or just standing by, is no longer an excuse, suggests Husain. 'In previous centuries, when these things were isolated, we didn't know until after the event that famine happened, but we can't say that any more. The tangible benefits of peace are bigger to a larger group of people than the benefits of war to a smaller group of people. We can change the world for the better; we need to get the "wrong" right.'
Women and hunger
Inequalities that exist within families or communities, for example because of age or gender, have a huge impact on malnutrition levels. Women and girls often eat last and least. Girls might be attracted to, or pushed into, early marriage, while boys separated from their families during an economic migration might slide into malnutrition if they can't care for themselves, warns Action Against Hunger. In the south of Madagascar, for example, girls and women lose most of their decision-making powers upon the payment of dowry.
Women generally have smaller and less muscular bodies than men and need about 25 per cent less energy per day. However, they require the same amount of nutrients, which means they need to eat more nutrient- rich foods than men. But this is often unaff ordable as foods rich in nutrients – such as fruit, vegetables and meat – tend to be the most expensive foods.
Pregnant and breastfeeding women need to consume foods even richer in nutrients to maintain their energy and nutrition levels. Lack of access to a healthy diet puts pregnant women at greater risk of complications during pregnancy and birth. Many infant and young child deaths in developing countries are the result of the poor nutritional health of their mothers. Teenage mothers and their babies are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. In Bangladesh, stunted growth has been linked to the heavy workload of women living in Rohingya refugee settlements, while women's low levels of decision making is a major factor in undernutrition among children in Uganda.
In one project, which aims to empower women to become community health workers, Action Against Hunger seeks to bridge the gap between communities and the health system, trying to ensure that community health workers have the skills to both diagnose and treat malnutrition cases in the villages where they live and work. By going from mother to mother, home to home, they can reach more children and provide them with care and treatment and, ultimately, save lives.
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GO NATIVE IN YOUR GARDEN And Let Mother Nature Do the Work Long before cultivated gardens existed native plants ruled. Mother Nature designed these plants to thrive in specific places in the wild. From shady forests and wetlands to sunny fields, deserts and mountains, native plants have adapted over thousands of years to regional soils, weather and pests. "Natives should rule the garden," says Dr. Allan Armitage, world renowned breeder and author of Native Plants for North America. "You pick the right plant for the right spot, and it will thrive for years with little to no care - and with a positive impact on the environment." According to Armitage, native plants are perfect for low maintenance, environmentally minded gardens. After the first year, native plants give more reward with less work for the homeowner. You don't need to water, fertilize or spray with harmful herbicides or pesticides to obtain a beautiful garden. Mother Nature will show her gratitude for providing food, shelter and important breeding areas for birds, bees, butterflies and other wildlife. Create a "Certified Wildlife Habitat!" "Folks used to equate native plants with out-of-control wildflower meadows," says Armitage. "But with careful breeding, today's 'nativars' are well-breed cultivars that make great garden plants either as a stand alone specimen or a sweep of perennials." For those who don't know a Heuchera from a Zinnia, it's now easy to create low maintenance backyard habitats that are attractive, fun and involve the whole family. The best place to start is the National Wildlife Federation (www.nwf.org ) and their partners American Beauties Native Plants® (www.abnativeplants.com). These wildlife and native plant experts have teamed up to create four 'themed gardens' guaranteed to bring life to your landscape by providing food and habitat for a variety of 'desirable' critters. "Each plan is simple and takes the guesswork out of native plant gardening with shrubs, trees, vines, ornamental grasses and perennials that are beautiful and great for wildlife," says Steve Castorani, with American Beauties. "And you don't have to be an expert 'naturalist' to create a thriving, artistic landscape or your own private retreat!" For great plans to inspire your creativity and a list of native plants that will grow best in your area check out their suggested theme gardens: The Bird Garden, Butterfly Garden, Shade Garden and Rain Garden. Attract Butterflies and Bees Bees and butterflies are the pollinators for our ecosystem. Butterflies are lovely additions to any garden. Just ask David Mizejewski, naturalist for the National Wildlife Federation. "Over 4,000 bee species are native to North America and are critical pollinators in the wild for vegetables and ornamentals," he says. "You want to attract these beneficial insects to your garden." An exciting new plant introduction, Veronia lettermannii 'Iron Butterfly', developed by Dr. Armitage, attracts many pollinators from the Northeast to the Midwest, including the prized Monarch butterfly. Fabulous long spikes of deep purple flowers bloom from late summer into fall. The rose-pink swamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnata, is another butterfly and hummingbird magnet, and they're deer-proof too! You can draw butterflies, particularly the elusive Dusky Wing Butterfly, and bees in early summer with the 2010 Perennial Plant Association's "Plant of the Year" --Baptisia australis, or 'Wild Indigo.' It's easy to grow, hardy and drought-tolerant with sturdy, upright stems covered with elegant purple-blue flowers, making it a great cut flower. For the Birds "Feeders attract specific birds; however, a garden planted with the needs of birds in mind will attract dozens of species to your yard. Many birds eat seeds but others eat berries, fruits, or nectar and they all feed on insects. Birds and small critters need places to build nests and find shelter from weather and predators," says Mizejewski. "So why not plant food and shelter for the birds?" Shrubs like the American Cranberry Viburnum and Ilex verticillata 'Winterberry' are covered in colorful berries in winter, supplying food for wildlife and beauty for your landscape. Hummingbirds love the tube-shaped deep red flowers of our native Trumpet Honeysuckle, Lonicera sempervirens. Slender, twining stems provide cover for birds while the late summer red berries are eaten by a wide variety of birds. Love evergreens? The dusty blue native, Eastern Red Cedar or Junipenus virginiana is adored by over 80 species of birds for its grey-blue berries and dense cover. Right Plant for the Right Spot Dry, shady garden conditions can be a challenge. Tough spots call for tough plants; Heuchera is a genus that thrives even in the most undesirable garden conditions. There are a large assortment of Heucheras to experiment with, some spring blooming, some with bright chartreuse leaves and many with eye catching variegated foliage. Heuchera villosa 'Bronze Wave' blooms in early autumn, delicate white flowers hover over the almost lacquered looking bronze to red brown foliage. Woodland Aster is a great drought tolerant groundcover that grows well in shady and sunny areas alike. Scores of butterflies and pollinators are attracted to clouds of white blooms come autumn. Songbirds appreciate its seed set as well. You can find American Beauties Native Plants® in distinctive pots with fact-filled tags at your local garden center. For more information visit www.abnativeplants.com and www.nwf.org/backyard/ ### American Beauties Native Plants® and the National Wildlife Federation have teamed up to benefit educational programs to protect wildlife for our children's future. A portion of each sale of American Beauties native plants is donated to the NWF. American Beauties provided hundreds of native plants for the mall in Washington, D.C., listed as the 100,000th "Certified Wildlife Habitat" by National Wildlife Federation. NWF will recognize your commitment to wildlife conservation and the environment with the "Certified Wildlife Habitat" certificate and sign that you can proudly display in your landscape.


Unleash your inner Robotic Mythical self to dominate!
You and up to 4 players are fighting for dominance in this semi area control game of robotic mythical proportions! You must grow your army, battle mythical monsters, adventure on quests and build monuments and temples if you hope to become the one true Lord of Hellas!
Game length is usually around 2 hours for 2-4 players. Playing the solo campaign is an entirely different beast and as such game length varies greatly from as little as 30 minutes to longer depending on your luck, more on that later. To win you need to either control 2 full lands of regions, control 5 regions with temples, fully build a monument and hold it for 3 turns or defeat 3 monsters.
The game comes with a batch of really nice and detailed minis. You have the starting 4 character minis and minis for all the monsters you can battle in the game and they all look very nice. Some of the monsters specifically look extremely detailed. Also the game comes with the 3 monuments to the gods you can build. These are like oversized minis that are broken into 5 parts each that you assemble in the game working towards a win condition. There are also some cardboard pieces that are your pretty standard cardboard fare with board games. A few small plastic cubes for monster damage which are normal. The biggest letdowns are the temple standees and honestly they probably wouldn't be a letdown if it wasn't for the "terrain expansion" that was released separately from the game. The base game comes with little cardboard standees when you build a temple, which just look poor. I'm not a huge fan of cardboard standees in games anyway, especially games that come with such beautiful miniatures. Personally if you are going to buy this game, then please purchase the terrain expansion as well as it comes with gorgeous temple and city miniatures which improve the gorgeousness of the board significantly.
The box is a tight fit. It comes with an insert to store all the monster minis and the cards and components nicely but the box itself is a little too short and the lid doesn't close fully with the board and player mats lying on top of the insert. A good workaround for this is to slide the player boards to the 4 sides of the insert which actually frees up enough space for the lid to almost fully close flush with the bottom of the box.
The artwork is absolutely gorgeous in this game. The artwork is expertly done and the monsters especially look awesome, what with their robotic/mythic combinations. The colors on the board look great and all the cards pop and are different enough to really stand out from one another. Each of the 4 players are in a different color so the armies are easily distinguished on the board and each hero has a colored base matching their army so you can keep track on where you are. Also each different colored army minis are a totally different sculpt so each army not only has a different color but they look completely different as well!
The Rulebook is set up very nicely and has oversized pages and lots of pictures to help you understand how to play. It really isn't very long either and they break it up nicely so you aren't reading walls of text. That said there were still some questions that are not specifically addressed in the rulebook and also some specific things that were kind of obscure. Such as the movements of troops and some special actions like when you recruit troops, do you recruit to just a single city or EVERY city? We played a bunch of games recruiting to just a single city before we realized you need to recruit in every city you control. The game also comes with a separate campaign book that specifically focuses on the single player game which is actually really cool. It has tons of possible scenario situations but is also heavily luck based. But because of this no two single player games will be alike.
This game takes about 15-20 minutes to setup but once you get it setup ready to play it looks SO AWESOME, especially if you opted for the terrain expansion as well. You have usually 3-4 huge monster minis on the board in random places, your starting hero and a couple hoplites in regions and all the cards you will play with all along the outside edges of the board. If you have the terrain expansion you will also have minis for all the cities on the board as well. It looks really filled out and exciting. The board is massive as well so be prepared to really fill up your table. Even with the cards allotted a spot on the board; you still need room for your player board and extra hoplite and priest minis off the board. Also space to set up the extra monsters that will probably be put on the board as you play and their respective monster battle sheets.
The table talk is kept to a minimum as you are actively working against the other players. So of course you will want to keep your strategies secret to gain the upper hand. But I have still found that our group ends up discussing possible strategies of the other players and how to counter them whenever we make a move. Also whenever one of us battles a monster another player has to control the monster battle cards so that ends up creating interesting talking points during the battle. You can also send your heroes on quests in the game which award you a pretty powerful bonus to random things in the game. There are a number of different quest cards that are randomly placed at the beginning of the game so no two games will be the exact same in that regard. Building temples also rewards you with a priest mini that you can use to pray at a monument to increase the stats of your hero on your player board. This in turn can either help your army's movement, help your hero when fighting monsters or help your hero's movement depending on which monument you pray at.
I think this game plays much better multiplayer than it does solo. The more the better on this one as you have more interaction. On a 2 player game you can start at totally different sides of this huge map and are pretty much left to your own devices for a long time, which is fun in its own little way. But with a full 4 players there is just so much happening. You have player interactions and more monster interactions, plus you can actively work on countering players win condition much easier and not have to waste a ton of time moving across the board. The solo campaign is a totally different beast as discussed above. You play as just Achilles and his armies and you are working on thwarting the Persian invasion. It is completely story based and there is a large amount of luck involved on what could happen. It is an intriguing idea for a solo game and I appreciate that it's not another game where you have to play as 2 characters for the solo experience. However it is very flawed. For example a lose condition is for a monster to completely destroy one of the 3 built monuments. They have a specific route they have to follow and there is no way to stop them unless you kill them. And since the solo campaign relies so heavily on luck, it's crapshoot whether you will or will not be able to stop them in time. Set aside the fact that while you are doing this, the Persians are invading and you are ignoring trying to stop them.
All in all this is one of my favorite semi area control games I own. I love the robotic mythical Greece theme. I love the minis and the monument building aspect and I love all the different win conditions which create a variety of different ways to play. Considering the setup is random every time, you will encounter different monsters and placements every time you play. The table presence this game creates with the terrain expansion is my all-time TOP game. The first time I set it up I took out my cell phone and snapped a couple pictures because it looked so awesome. I wouldn't buy this game specifically for solo play however as I feel it's not fleshed out enough. The real meat of this is in the multiplayer. I do feel some of the rules need to be tweaked though, such as the build monument win condition. As cool as it is, it really detracts from the multiple win conditions as it forces players to stop what they are doing to try and stop whoever builds it first. Other than that this game is superb and is different enough to warrant a place in anyone's collection.


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