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Dies ist eine Übersicht über die während des russischen Überfalls auf die Ukraine stattgefundenen Friedens- und Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen zwischen Russland und der Ukraine, die in direkten und indirekten Gesprächsformaten abgehalten wurden. Die Friedensverhandlungen erzielten bis April 2022 keine tragfähigen Ergebnisse und wurden danach nicht wieder aufgenommen.

Vorgeschichte
Mit dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion unterzeichneten die Russische Sozialistische Föderative Sowjetrepublik und die Ukrainische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik am 19. November 1990 einen Freundschaftsvertrag, in dem die existierenden Grenzen gegenseitig anerkannt wurden. Am 23. Juni 1992 wurde der Vertrag von der unabhängigen Russischen Föderation und der unabhängigen Ukraine bestätigt, 1997 folgte der russisch-ukrainische Freundschaftsvertrag und 2003 der Grenzvertrag, in denen jeweils die staatliche Integrität und Souveränität in den bestehenden Grenzen gegenseitig anerkannt wurden.

Russisch-ukrainischer Krieg

Der später als russisch-ukrainischer Krieg bezeichnete militärische Konflikt begann mit der russischen Annexion der Krim 2014 und der russischen Unterstützung von Separatisten im Krieg im Donbas.

Ukrainische Forderung
Die Ukraine sieht sich seit März 2014 durch einen völkerrechtswidrigen russischen Angriff betroffen. Annexion der Krim und der Krieg im Donbas seit 2014 sind für sie untrennbare Teile dieses Krieges, an dessen Ende die vollständige Wiederherstellung der Souveränität und territorialen Integrität der Ukraine stehen müsse. Wolodymyr Selenskyj forderte seit seiner Wahl 2019 Wladimir Putin immer wieder zu einem Gipfeltreffen auf.

Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen bis 2021
Trotz der umstrittenen russischen Unterstützung der Separatisten im Donbas kam es im Zuge des Minsker Prozesses zu den brüchigen Waffenstillstandsabkommen (Protokoll von Minsk und Minsk II). Darin sind die Modalitäten für einen dauerhaften Waffenstillstand und die Reintegration der umstrittenen Territorien (Luhansk und Donezk) in die Ukraine festgelegt worden.

Von 2018 bis 2020 wurden im Durchschnitt alle drei Monate neue brüchige Waffenstillstandsvereinbarungen durch die trinationale Kontaktgruppe für die Ukraine bestehend aus Russland, Ukraine und OSZE getroffen:

 30. März 2018
 1. Juli 2018
 29. August 2018
 29. Dezember 2018
 8. März 2019
 21. Juli 2019
 1. Januar 2020
 27. Juli 2020

Auf dem Ukraine-Gipfel in Paris am 9. Dezember 2019 einigten sich durch Vermittlung von Macron und Merkel, die beiden Präsidenten Putin und Selenskyj auf einen vollständigen Waffenstillstand und Gefangenenaustausch für die Ostukraine.

Noch im Dezember 2021 verkündete die Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE), dass Russland und die Ukraine zugestimmt hätten, die Waffenstillstandsvereinbarung vom 22. Juli 2020 wieder einzuhalten.

Russische Eskalation zur Jahreswende 2021/22

Forderungen Russlands an die NATO und die USA
Russland zog ab April 2021 auf der besetzten Krim und an den Grenzen der Ukraine zu Russland und Belarus Truppen zusammen. Am 17. Dezember 2021 veröffentlichte das russische Außenministerium zwei "Vertragsentwürfe über Sicherheitsgarantien", gerichtet an die NATO und die USA. Darin forderte Russland, die gegenseitigen "Sicherheitsinteressen" zu wahren sowie die Osterweiterung der NATO zu stoppen und in Teilen rückgängig zu machen, indem ehemaligen Ländern der Sowjetunion der Beitritt verwehrt wird, keine Militärbasen oder Kriegsgeräte in Länder gebracht werden, die in Reichweite der anderen Partei liegen, und keine NATO-Truppen mehr in Ländern stationiert werden, die 1997 noch nicht zum Verteidigungsbündnis gehörten. Letzteres würde Polen, die baltischen Staaten Estland, Lettland und Litauen, Rumänien, Bulgarien, Ungarn, Tschechien und die Slowakei betreffen. Ebenso dürfte die Nato keine Soldaten nach Albanien und auf das Gebiet des früheren Jugoslawien entsenden. Nach der Politikwissenschaftlerin Sabine Fischer verschärfte Russland damit seine aggressive und imperialistische Rhetorik und forderte die Aufteilung Europas in eine amerikanische und eine russische Einflusszone.

NATO-Russland-Rat
Die Kernforderung Russlands bezeichneten die USA als "inakzeptabel" und boten an, über die Art und die Orte der NATO-Präsenz an der Ostgrenze zu verhandeln. Am 12. Januar 2022 trat der NATO-Russland-Rat nach zweijähriger Pause zusammen, konnte jedoch keine Einigung zwischen NATO und Russland erzielen.

Position der NATO und USA
Die Vereinigten Staaten übermittelten schriftliche Antworten auf Russlands Forderungen im Januar 2022, verbunden mit kontinuierlichen Dialogangeboten an Moskau. Im Tenor der Antworten wurden keine verbindlichen Zusagen für ein Ende der NATO-Erweiterung gemacht und herausgestellt, dass jeder Staat über die Souveränität und Integrität verfüge über seine Bündniszugehörigkeit selbst zu entscheiden.

Ein von der Zeitung El País geleaktes Antwortschreiben der NATO an Russland signalisierte die Bereitschaft, "eine dauerhafte Stationierung von Kampftruppen und bodengestützten Raketensystemen in der Ukraine auszuschließen, wenn Moskau auch entsprechende Verpflichtungen eingeht."

Dennoch überfiel Russland am 24. Februar 2022 die Ukraine.

Russische Erklärungen nach der Invasion in die Ukraine
In einer emotionalen Rede am 24. Februar 2022 gab Putin für den Angriff auf die Ukraine, den er als "Militäroperation" bezeichnete, folgende Motive an:

 Historisch sei es ein Fehler Lenins, dass es die Ukraine überhaupt als eigenen Staat gebe. Eigentlich sei das Gebiet die Wiege Russlands und damit von Russland zu beschützen.
 Die NATO habe mit der Osterweiterung ein mündliches Versprechen gebrochen, dass 1990 Vorbedingung für die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands am Ende des Kalten Krieges gewesen sei.
 Entmilitarisierung der Ukraine
 Entnazifizierung der Ukraine, da das "Nazi-Regime" die Ukrainer, besonders die russischstämmigen, unterdrücke
 Anerkennung der von Russland annektierten Regionen Krim, Donezk und Luhansk als unabhängig oder als Teil von Russland.

Vermutlich ließ Putin aus taktischen Gründen die genauen Ziele weitestgehend im Unklaren. Besonders umstritten ist, ob er einen kompletten Machtwechsel in Kiew anstrebte oder vor allem die Gebiete im Osten und Süden beanspruchte.

Laut Reuters gab es möglicherweise vor oder kurz nach Ausbruch des Krieges Ende Februar 2022 einen Vertragsentwurf, der zur Abwendung bzw. Beendigung des Krieges einen Verzicht der Ukraine auf eine Mitgliedschaft in der NATO vorsah, allerdings ohne nachprüfbare Quellen zu nennen. Diese möglicherweise unter Beteiligung von Dmitri Kosak ausgehandelte mögliche Vereinbarung mit der ukrainischen Regierung sei laut Reuters von Putin abgelehnt worden. Mychajlo Podoljak, ukrainischer Teilnehmer an den Verhandlungen mit Russland sagte, die Russische Föderation habe mit den Verhandlungen die Vorbereitung der Invasion vertuscht. Podolyak antwortete nicht auf Fragen von Reuters zum Inhalt der Gespräche und bestätigte nicht, dass ein Vertragsentwurf erzielt worden war. "Heute [Oktober 2022] verstehen wir klar, dass die russische Seite nie an einer friedlichen Lösung interessiert war", so Podoljak.

Als Kriegsziel gab Putin an, die Menschen schützen zu wollen, die "seit acht Jahren Misshandlung und Genozid ausgesetzt" wären. Russland würde "die Souveränität aller neu entstandenen Länder im post-sowjetischen Raum" respektieren, behauptete er.

Direkte Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen 2022

Mitglieder der Delegationen
Die russische Delegation wurde von dem Historiker und ehemaligen russischen Kulturminister Wladimir Medinskis geleitet, der jedoch von manchen Beobachtern als Zeichen dafür gesehen wurde, dass der Kreml die Verhandlungen nicht wirklich ernst nahm. Der Delegation gehörten auch der stellvertretende russische Außenminister Andrei Rudenko, der russische Botschafter in Belarus Boris Gryslow, der Vorsitzende des internationalen Komitees der Staatsduma Leonid Sluzki und der stellvertretende Verteidigungsminister Alexander Fomin an.

Der ukrainischen Delegation gehörten an: Verteidigungsminister Oleksij Resnikow, Vorsitzender der Fraktion Sluha narodu in der Werchowna Rada der Ukraine Dawyd Arachamija und der Berater des Leiters des Präsidialamtes Mychajlo Podoljak.

Absage an Treffen in Homel
Seit dem 25. Februar gab es in der ukrainischen Regierung in Kiew Gespräche über die möglichen ukrainisch-russischen Verhandlungen, bis Russland die Forderung erhob, dass die ukrainischen Streitkräfte die Waffen strecken sollen. Darüber hinaus war die ukrainische Seite gegen das Treffen auf dem Territorium der Republik Belarus. Für die ukrainische Seite war Belarus kein neutraler Ort und für deren Delegation durchaus mit Risiken verbunden.

Dennoch kam die russische Delegation unter Wladimir Medinski am 27. Februar morgens im belarussischen Homel an. Nachdem es zu keinem Treffen mit den Vertretern der Ukraine gekommen war, erklärten die Vertreter der Russischen Föderation, dass die Ukraine die geplanten Verhandlungen sabotiert habe.

Serhij Nykyforow, der Pressesprecher des Präsidialamtes der Ukraine, teilte mit:

Erste Runde (28. Februar)
Im Zuge des Gesprächs zwischen dem ukrainischen Präsidenten Wolodymyr Selenskyj und dem Präsidenten von Belarus Aljaksandr Lukaschenka am 27. Februar 2022 wurde entschieden, dass die ukrainische und die russische Delegation sich ohne vorherige Bedingungen an der Grenze zu Belarus am Fluss Prypjat treffen. Lukaschenko übernahm die Verantwortung dafür, dass während der Verhandlungen alle Flugzeuge, Hubschrauber und Raketen, die auf dem Territorium von Belarus stationiert sind, auf dem Boden bleiben.

Die Verhandlungen am 28. Februar dauerten etwa fünf Stunden. Beide Seiten gingen auf alle Punkte der Tagesordnung ein. Es wurde keine Entscheidung beschlossen, man fand lediglich einige vorrangige Themen, in deren Rahmen man gemeinsame Stellung voraussehen kann. Am Abend kehrten beide Seiten in die jeweilige Hauptstadt zurück.

Zweite Runde (3. März)
In der zweiten Runde der Verhandlungen am 3. März wurden drei Hauptfragen besprochen: militärische, humanitäre und die Frage der zukünftigen politischen Regulierung des Konfliktes. Man konnte jedoch nur das Format humanitärer Korridore für die Evakuierung ziviler Bevölkerung und die mögliche vorübergehende Waffenruhe in diesen Sektoren aushandeln. Gemeinsame Sicherung humanitärer Korridore soll der Evakuierung von Zivilisten sowie der Lieferung von Medikamenten und Lebensmitteln in die am heftigsten umkämpften Orte dienen, dafür werden die Kampfhandlungen in diesen Städten und Dörfern vorübergehend eingestellt.

Außerdem wurde beschlossen, eine dritte Runde der Verhandlungen in den nächsten Tagen durchzuführen, um die Vereinbarungen, die man heute nicht bekannt geben wollte, auszuführen.

Dritte Runde (7. März)
Auf Initiative der ukrainischen Seite fand die dritte Runde der Verhandlungen am 7. März 2022 statt. Man konnte die Verbesserung der Logistik für humanitäre Korridore aushandeln.

Außenministertreffen in Antalya (10. März)
Das bisher hochrangigste Treffen in den Friedensverhandlungen erfolgte am 10. März 2022 im türkischen Ort Antalya zwischen dem russischen Außenminister Sergei Lawrow und seinem ukrainischen Amtskollegen Dmytro Kuleba sowie dem türkischen Außenminister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu als Vermittler. Doch die Ukraine scheiterte mit ihren Forderungen nach einem 24-stündigen Waffenstillstand zur Rettung der Menschen in Mariupol.

Vierte Runde (14.–17. März)
Erstmals per Video wurde am 14. März eine vierte Verhandlungsrunde gestartet und am Tag darauf fortgeführt. Medien verlauteten am 16. März, dass die Ukraine feste Sicherheitsgarantien forderte und dass Russland eine Neutralität des Nachbarlandes "nach österreichischem oder schwedischem Vorbild" für möglich halte. Schlüsselfragen seien weiterhin der Status der Krim und der Status der pro-russischen Separatistengebiete in der Ostukraine. (Zu völkerrechtlichen Vereinbarungen zur Neutralität siehe auch: Dauernde Neutralität.)

Während die Unterhändler über konkrete Pläne für einen neutralen Status der Ukraine verhandelten, gingen Truppenbewegungen und einen Beschuss von Städten, darunter Kiew und Mariupol, weiterhin vonstatten; der amerikanische Sicherheitsberater Jake Sullivan warnte nach Angaben des Weißen Hauses den Sekretär des russischen Sicherheitsrats, Nikolai Patruschew, vor dem Einsatz biologischer und chemischer Waffen.

Verhandlungen in Istanbul (29. März)
Im Dolmabahçe-Palast in Istanbul begannen am 29. März 2022 erstmals wieder Verhandlungen im direkten Kontakt. Roman Abramowitsch soll Mediator sein.

Die Ukraine brachte unter anderem den Verzicht auf einen NATO-Beitritt als Option ein, es war jedoch unklar, wie belastbare Sicherheitsgarantien aussehen könnten, nachdem das Budapester Abkommen von 1994 die Annexion der Krim nicht verhindert hatte. Die weiteren Verhandlungen in der Türkei zeigten (Stand August 2022) keinen ernsthaften politischen Willen Russlands, über eine Neutralität der Ukraine zu verhandeln.

Ein Waffenstillstandsentwurf der Ukraine vom 29. März umfasste

 einen Waffenstillstand,
 mit Abzug aller russischen Invasionstruppen hinter die Linien vom 23. Februar, was allerdings nicht schriftlich kommuniziert wurde;
 sodann eine völkerrechtlich verbindliche Neutralitätserklärung der Ukraine und den Verzicht auf einen Beitritt zur Nato wie auch ein Verbot ausländischer Militärstützpunkte auf ukrainischem Territorium.
 Allerdings nur, sofern völkerrechtlich verbindliche Sicherheits- und Beistandsgarantien für die Ukraine durch ständige Mitglieder des Sicherheitsrates, wie die USA, Großbritannien, China, Russland und Frankreich erklärt werden, so das Delegationsmitglied Arachamija. Auch die Türkei, Israel, Polen, Indien und Deutschland wurden genannt.
 Der Entwurf hätte das Einfrieren des damaligen Status der von Russland 2014 völkerrechtswidrig annektierten Krim für fünfzehn Jahre erlaubt, so Präsidentenberater Mychajlo Podoljak, um in dieser Zeit eine Vereinbarung über den künftigen Status der Halbinsel auszuhandeln.
 Als letzter Punkt hätte der Waffenstillstand direkte Verhandlungen zwischen den beiden Präsidenten Selenskyj und Putin über einen Sonderstatus für die beiden umstrittenen "Volksrepubliken" Donezk und Luhansk im Donbas beinhaltet.

Das Zustandekommen dieses Waffenstillstandes hing demnach nicht nur davon ab, ob der Kreml zustimmt, sondern auch, ob andere relevante Staaten sich bereit erklären, Sicherheitsgarantien zu geben und, wie Selenskyj immer wieder betont, ob die Bevölkerung ein derartiges Friedensabkommen in einer Volksabstimmung annehmen würde. Denn die NATO-Neutralität bedarf in der Ukraine einer Verfassungsänderung.

Nachdem Russland bisher sämtliche Grenzverträge gebrochen hatte, bestand die Ukraine auf einer Sicherheitsgarantie ähnlich dem Artikel 5 des NATO-Vertrags. Zu einer derartigen Zusage waren jedoch weder die Vereinigten Staaten noch andere westliche Staaten bereit.

Nach Angaben des Präsidentenberaters Michailo Podoljak habe die Ukraine angeboten, die Krim aus den Gesprächen auszuklammern und eine Lösung in persönlichen Gesprächen zwischen Selenskyj und Putin zu erzielen. Der Vorschlag habe einen Leasingvertrag über die Krim mit einer Laufzeit von 100 Jahren vorgesehen. Putin habe jedoch ein Treffen mit Selenskyj kategorisch abgelehnt.

Laut Beobachtern hätte dieser Vorschlag Putin einen gesichtswahrenden Ausstieg aus dem Krieg erlaubt. Barbara Woodward, Ständige Vertreterin des Vereinigten Königreichs bei der UNO, signalisierte die Bereitschaft von Großbritannien, einer der Sicherheitsgaranten der Ukraine zu werden. Der russische Verhandlungsführer Medinski reagierte positiv auf die ukrainischen Vorschläge und nannte sie "einen konstruktiven Schritt", wofür er von radikalen und politischen Kräften wie Ramsan Kadyrow in der russischen Propaganda scharf angegangen wurde. Russland sagte zu, seine Truppen nördlich von Kiew zu reduzieren (um sich stattdessen auf die "Befreiung" des Donbas zu konzentrieren). Emmanuel Macron forderte in einem Telefonat Putin auf, dem Waffenstillstand und der Evakuierung von Mariupol zuzustimmen. Joe Biden, Olaf Scholz und andere westliche Politiker zeigten sich skeptisch, ob Putin dem auch zustimmen würde und warnten vor neuen Offensiven. Die britische Regierung lehnte eine Lockerung der Sanktionen gegen Russland ab, selbst wenn es ein Waffenstillstand gäbe, sofern nicht alle Truppen abgezogen würden. Selenskyj forderte, ebenfalls am 29. März, härtere Sanktionen gegen Russland. Russland drohte im Gegenzug mit einem Lieferstopp von Gas, wenn die EU-Staaten nicht in Rubel bezahlten, gleichzeitig zerstreute der Kremlsprecher Dmitri Peskow Befürchtungen vor dem Einsatz einer Atombombe mit den Worten: "Niemand in Russland denkt an den Einsatz oder auch nur an die Idee eines Einsatzes von Atomwaffen".

Scheitern der Verhandlungen
Wenige Tage später wurden ab dem 2. April das Massaker von Butscha sichtbar. Danach erklärte Selenskyj es für "schwierig", die Gespräche weiterzuführen. Am 3. April dämpfte Medinski anfängliche Hoffnungen mit der Aussage, Russlands Haltung zum Donbas und zur Krim sei unverhandelbar und Gespräche zwischen den Präsidenten seien nicht möglich. Am 7. April bestätigte auch Außenminister Lawrow, dass der ukrainische Friedensvorschlag nicht akzeptable Elemente enthielt, was sich vermutlich auf die Krim und Donbasregionen bezieht und darauf, dass die Ukraine Russland kein Vetorecht einräumt, wenn es um internationale Militärübungen auf ukrainischem Gebiet geht.

Vorfälle
Nach ukrainischen Medienberichten, die sich auf ukrainische Regierungskreise berufen, wurde Denis Kireev, der auf Fotos vom 28. Februar als Teilnehmer an der ersten Verhandlungsrunde abgebildet ist, vom ukrainischen Geheimdienst SBU auf der Flucht erschossen. Ein anderer ukrainischer Geheimdienst, der Militärgeheimdienst HUR, teilte mit, dass Kireev in seinen Diensten gestanden habe. Hintergründe zu seinem Tod und seiner Rolle bei den Verhandlungen blieben unklar.

Indirekte Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen (Vermittlungsversuche Israels) 2022
Der israelische Politiker Naftali Bennett, der von Juni 2021 bis 30. Juni 2022 Ministerpräsident Israels war, wurde eigener Aussage zufolge Anfang März 2022 von dem ukrainischen Staatspräsidenten Wolodymyr Selenskyj kontaktiert und gebeten, Kontakt zum russischen Präsidenten Wladimir Putin aufzunehmen, da er, wie er sagte, wie kaum ein anderer Politiker in Regierungsverantwortung Vertrauen bei den Regierungen beider Staaten besaß. Bennett kam der Bitte Selenskyjs nach und versuchte unter Absprache mit den Staats- und Regierungschef von Frankreich (Emmanuel Macron), Deutschland (Olaf Scholz), USA (Joe Biden) und dem Vereinigten Königreich (Boris Johnson), beide Kriegsparteien zu Zugeständnissen zu bringen, um einen Waffenstillstand auszuhandeln.

Nach seinen Angaben gelang es Bennett, Putin "zwei große Zugeständnisse" abzuringen. Zum einen soll Putin versprochen haben, auf die angebliche "Denazifizierung" der Ukraine zu verzichten und auch darauf, Selenskyj zu töten. Zum anderen sei Putin bereit gewesen, auf eine vollständige "Entmilitarisierung" der Ukraine zu verzichten. Selenskyj wiederum habe Bennett zugesichert, auf einen Beitritt zur NATO zu verzichten. Zu jenem Zeitpunkt im März 2022 sah Bennett die Erfolgschancen seiner Vermittlung bzw. die für einen Waffenstillstand zwischen der Ukraine und Russland bei 50 Prozent. Noch nicht geklärt waren laut Bennett etwaige Sicherheitsgarantien durch die USA und weitere Staaten der westlichen Welt sowie territoriale Fragen zum Donbass und zur Krim.

Benett zufolge vertraten Scholz und Macron pragmatische Positionen und drängten auf einen Waffenstillstand, während Boris Johnson die Meinung vertreten haben soll, dass die Ukraine keine Zugeständnisse gegenüber Russland bzw. Wladimir Putin eingehen sollte. Biden sei unentschieden gewesen bzw. habe laut Bennet beide Positionen vertreten. In einer Rückschau im Jahr 2023 erklärte Bennett, dass der Westen im März 2022 die "legitime Entscheidung" getroffen habe, dass die Ukraine auf die russische Invasion nicht mit Zugeständnissen gegenüber der russischen Regierung reagieren sollte. Auf die Nachfrage eines Journalisten, ob der Westen den möglichen Waffenstillstand blockiert hätte, antwortet Bennett: "Grundsätzlich ja." Bennett bewertete das Bekanntwerden des Massakers von Butscha als den Zeitpunkt, ab dem (erneute) Verhandlungen über einen Waffenstillstand nicht mehr möglich gewesen seien.

Getreideabkommen im Juli 2022

Trotz des Zusammenbruch jeglicher direkter Verhandlungen ab April konnte auf Vermittlung der Türkei und der Vereinten Nationen im Juli 2022 das so genannte Getreideabkommen geschlossen werden (Vertragspartner Türkei und Ukraine einerseits, und Türkei und Russland andererseits), das beiden Parteien den Export von Getreide, gewissen Lebensmitteln sowie Dünger über das Schwarze Meer erlaubte. Im Rahmen dieses Abkommens wurden zunächst Hoffnungen laut, dass dieser Vertrag einen Weg für weitere Gespräche eröffnen könnte.

Annexion der Süd- und Ostukraine 2022

Nach Scheinreferenden in Teilen der Süd- und Ostukraine verkündete Putin die Russische Annexion der Süd- und Ostukraine von besetzten und bis dahin noch unbesetzten Gebieten am 30. September 2022. Verhandlungen über deren Status schloss er kategorisch aus. Damit wurde seine Verhandlungsverweigerung von der Krim auf alle besetzten Gebiete ausgeweitet. Die russische Seite machte somit jegliche diplomatische Lösung des Konflikts äußerst unwahrscheinlich.

Zwölf-Punkte-Papier Chinas vom 24. Februar 2023
Die Volksrepublik China veröffentlichte zum Jahrestag des Kriegsbeginns am 24. Februar 2023 zwölf Punkte zur friedlichen Beilegung der Ukrainekrise: 1) Respekt vor der Souveränität aller Länder gemäß der UN-Charta; 2) Abwendung von der Mentalität des Kalten Krieges; 3) Beruhigung der Feindseligkeiten; 4) Förderung friedlicher Gespräche; 5) Lösungen für die humanitäre Krise; 6) Schutz für Zivilisten und Kriegsgefangene; 7) Sicherung von Atomkraftwerken; 8) Reduktion nuklearer Risiken durch Langstreckenwaffen; 9) Erleichterung von Getreideausfuhren; 10) Beendigung einseitiger Sanktionen; 11) Aufrechterhaltung der Lieferketten für industrielle und Unterstützungsprodukte; 12) Förderung des Wiederaufbaus nach Beendigung des Konflikts.

Der erste Punkt zielt auf die "Souveränität, Unabhängigkeit und territorialen Integrität aller Länder" ab. Offen blieb allerdings, ob damit die Grenze vor der Annexion der Krim durch Russland von 2014 oder der Grenzverlauf vom 24. Februar 2022 kurz vor der großflächigen Invasion gemeint ist. Im zweiten Punkt wird die "Abkehr von der Mentalität des Kalten Krieges" gefordert. "Die Sicherheit einer Region sollte nicht durch die Stärkung oder den Ausbau von Militärblöcken erreicht werden." Weiter heißt es: Alle Parteien sollten "rational bleiben und Zurückhaltung üben", dass sich die Krise nicht "weiter verschärft oder sogar außer Kontrolle gerät". In der öffentlichen Debatte wurde unter anderem kritisiert, dass dieser Aufruf die "Gretchenfrage", wie Putin wieder an den Verhandlungstisch zu bringen sei, nicht beantworte.

Vereinte Nationen

Ukraine fordert UN-Friedensgipfel
Ende Dezember 2022 forderten Selenskyj und sein Außenminister Kuleba Verhandlungen unter Einbeziehung der UN, bestenfalls an deren New Yorker Hauptsitz. Dort wollte Selenskyj auch seine "Friedensformel" für die Nachkriegsordnung näher erläutern. Zur Voraussetzung für eine russische Teilnahme machte Kuleba allerdings, dass Russland seine Truppen zurückziehe und die Bereitschaft zeige, sich vor einem internationalen Tribunal für seine Kriegs- und Menschenrechtsverbrechen zu verantworten. Die Ukraine erhoffte sich eine internationale Beteiligung und mehr Verbindlichkeit mit UN-Generalsekretär António Guterres als Vermittler. Die UN äußerte sich auf den Vorschlag zum Friedensgipfel eher verhalten. Eine Vermittlung durch Guterres sei nur möglich, wenn beide Seiten dies wollten.

UN-Resolutionen
Zur rechtswidrigen Annexion der Krim durch Russland gab es seit 2014 mehrere UN-Resolutionen: Am 27. März 2014 wurden in der Resolution 68/262 der UN-Generalversammlung alle Konfliktparteien aufgerufen keine Waffengewalt anzuwenden und die Souveränität und Integrität der Ukraine innerhalb der völkerrechtlich anerkannten Grenzen zu achten. Am 7. Dezember 2020 forderte die Generalversammlung der UN in einer weiteren Resolution die Russische Föderation erneut auf, ihre Besatzungstruppen sofort, umfänglich und bedingungslos von der Krim zurückzuziehen und die Okkupation der Krim zu beenden.

Die Resolution ES-11/1 der UN-Generalversammlung war die Erste zum russischen Angriff vom 24. Februar 2022 und wurde am 2. März 2022 angenommen. In ihr wurde mit der großen Stimmenmehrheit von 77,9 % der russische Einmarsch in die Ukraine auf das Schärfste missbilligt. Resolutionen der Generalversammlung sind völkerrechtlich nicht bindend.

In der Resolution ES-11/4 der UN-Generalversammlung am 12. Oktober 2022 erklärten ebenfalls 143 der 193 Staaten, dass die russischen Referenden und die Annexion der ukrainischen Regionen Cherson, Donezk, Luhansk und Saporischschja illegal sind und bekräftigen die territoriale Integrität der Ukraine. Die Russische Föderation solle ihre Truppen unverzüglich aus dem völkerrechtlich anerkannten Hoheitsgebiet der Ukraine zurückziehen. In Punkt 7 begrüßt die Generalversammlung die fortgesetzten Bemühungen des Generalsekretärs und der Mitgliedstaaten bzw. bekundet ihre nachdrückliche Unterstützung dazu und "fordert die Mitgliedstaaten und internationalen Organisationen, einschließlich der OSZE auf, die Deeskalation der derzeitigen Situation und eine friedliche Beilegung des Konflikts durch politischen Dialog, Verhandlungen, Vermittlung und andere friedliche Mittel zu unterstützen, unter Achtung der Souveränität und territorialen Unversehrtheit der Ukraine innerhalb ihrer international anerkannten Grenzen und im Einklang mit den Grundsätzen der Charta".

Mit der Resolution A/RES/77/249 hat die UNO-Vollversammlung am 9. Januar 2023 den Bericht ihres 6. Ausschusses für Gültiges Recht (Legal Law) angenommen und das Kommité für Völkerrecht aufgefordert, die in diesem Bericht behandelten Punkte zum Thema "Verhinderung und Bestrafung von Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit" bei seiner Sitzung vom 10. bis 14. April 2023 aufzugreifen und bei seiner Sitzung vom 1. bis 5. April 2024 bzw. am 11. April 2024 gegen Einwände abzuwägen.

Am 23. Februar 2023 forderten 141 der 193 Staaten bei 7 Gegenstimmen und 31 Enthaltungen mit der Resolution A/ES-11/L.7 der UN-Generalversammlung Russland dazu auf, unverzüglich, vollständig und bedingungslos alle seine militärischen Kräfte aus dem Hoheitsgebiet der Ukraine abzuziehen, und riefen zur Einstellung der Feindseligkeiten auf. Dagegen stimmten sieben Länder (Belarus, Nordkorea, Eritrea, Mali, Nicaragua, Russland, Syrien), 32 enthielten sich, darunter China, Indien und Pakistan. Dabei berief sich die UNO-Vollversammlung auf die Resolution 377A(V) von 1950, die wegen der Handlungsunfähigkeit des UN-Sicherheitsrats anzuwenden sei. Es gab zwei Eingaben zur Abänderung des Wortlauts der Resolution durch Belarus.

UN-Sicherheitsrat
Da Russland im Sicherheitsrat sein Vetorecht gegen Friedensbeschlüsse nutzt (und auch von China teilweise unterstützt wird), sind die UN blockiert und können nicht direkt eingreifen.

Im September 2022 schlug Mexiko in einer Sitzung des UN-Sicherheitsrates die Einrichtung eines Committee for Dialogue and Peace in Ukraine vor. Indiens Premierminister Narendra Modi, Papst Franziskus könnten dem neuen Gremium beitreten, das helfen könne, die Friedensbemühungen von Guterres zwischen der Ukraine und Russland zu unterstützen.

Vom 21. Februar bis 1. März 2023 traf sich, diesmal im Auftrag der 77. Vollversammlung der UNO, der Unterausschuss des Sicherheitsrats zur Bekräftigung der Durchsetzung der UN-Charta zu seiner alljährlichen Aussprache. Mit großer Mehrheit wurde der Einmarsch der Russischen Föderation in die Ukraine verurteilt. Besonders die humanitären und wirtschaftlichen Folgen von Sanktionen für Dritte wurden immer wieder hervorgehoben. Die Eingangsstatements vom 21. Februar 2023, darunter die der Europäischen Union und ihrer Beitrittskandidaten sowie des Irans als Sprecher der bündnisfreien Staaten, schlugen für den Reformprozess der UNO und die Bekräftigung der UN-Charta, insbesondere angesichts des Ukrainekriegs, unterschiedliche Schwerpunkte vor. Viele Länder befürworteten eine Stärkung regionaler Befriedungsbemühungen bei regionalen Konflikten, andere wünschten eine Beibehaltung oder sogar eine Stärkung der Sanktionsgewalt des Sicherheitsrats zu Lasten von Sanktionen durch einzelne Länder oder Bündnisse. Auch die Zusammensetzung des Sicherheitsrates und sein mögliches Eingreifen in die Kompetenzen anderer UN-Organe wurden von verschiedenen Ländern kritisiert. Belarus und die Russische Föderation schlugen am 24. Februar 2023 vor, den Einmarsch in der Ukraine durch den Internationalen Gerichtshof in Den Haag dahingehend begutachten zu lassen, ob er mit der UN-Charta vereinbar ist. Es wurde die Einführung zur Sitzung von 2023 (A/AC.182/2023/L.1), die den Verlauf der Debatte und die maßgeblichen Papiere benennt, von der UN-Vollversammlung angenommen.

Haltung und Meinungen der USA

Medien
Im November 2022 machte die Washington Post bekannt, dass die US-Regierung unter Biden nicht davon ausgeht, dass Putin an ernsthaften Friedensgesprächen interessiert sei. Die ukrainische Führung wurde trotzdem ermutigt, ihre öffentliche Weigerung aufzugeben, sich an Friedensgesprächen mit dem russischen Präsidenten zu beteiligen. Dies solle eine Ukraine-Müdigkeit vermeiden und so der Ukraine die langfristige Unterstützung verbündeter Staaten sichern, deren Bürger einen Krieg über viele Jahre hinweg befürchteten.

Einzelpersonen
Im Januar 2023 äußerte der frühere US-Außenminister Henry Kissinger, der noch vor dem Krieg für eine Gebietsabtretung an Russland sowie gegen eine NATO-Mitgliedschaft war, die Überzeugung, dass nach Erreichen der Vor-Kriegs-Linie ein Waffenstillstand auf dieser Basis sowie Verhandlungen über eine "Lösung des Konflikts" möglich würden. Zugleich sprach er sich jetzt, anders als vor dem Krieg, für eine NATO-Mitgliedschaft der Ukraine aus.

Standpunkt der Friedensforschung
Die vier Friedensforschungsinstitute Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies, Leibniz-Institut Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Hamburg und Institut für Entwicklung und Frieden empfehlen in ihrem Friedensgutachten 2022 Druck auf Russland, um ernsthafte Verhandlungen zu ermöglichen. Sanktionen und militärische Unterstützung der Ukraine müssten dazu dienen, Russland zu einem verlässlichen Waffenstillstand und langfristig zu einer Friedenslösung zu bewegen, die Friedensbruch nicht belohnt.

Herfried Münkler vertritt den Standpunkt, dass Verhandeln und Kämpfen sich keineswegs ausschließen würden. Waffenlieferungen stellten sicher, dass sich die Ukraine im Erschöpfungskrieg als durchhaltefähig erweisen könne. Westliche Sicherheitsgarantien könnten ausschließen, dass Russland langfristig weitere Eroberungsversuche der Ukraine starten werde.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Russischer Überfall auf die Ukraine 2022
Politik 2022
Ereignis 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Solomon Builds the Temple
1 w Then Solomon began to build the house of the Lord in Jerusalem x on Mount Moriah, where the Lord 1 had appeared to David his father, at the place that David had appointed, y on the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. 2 He began to build in the second month of the fourth year of his reign. 3 These are Solomon's z measurements 2 for building the house of God: a the length, in cubits 3 of the old standard, was sixty cubits, and the breadth twenty cubits. 4 The vestibule in front of the nave of the house was twenty cubits long, equal to the width of the house, 4 and its height was 120 cubits. He overlaid it on the inside with pure gold. 5 b The nave he lined with cypress and covered it with fine gold c and made palms and chains on it. 6 He adorned the house with settings of precious stones. The gold was gold of Parvaim. 7 So he lined the house with gold - its beams, its thresholds, its walls, and its doors - c and he carved cherubim on the walls.
8 d And he made the Most Holy Place. Its length, corresponding to the breadth of the house, was twenty cubits, and its breadth was twenty cubits. He overlaid it with 600 talents 5 of fine gold. 9 The weight of gold for the nails was fifty shekels. 6 And he overlaid e the upper chambers with gold.
10 f In the Most Holy Place he made two cherubim of wood 7 and overlaid 8 them with gold. 11 The wings of the cherubim together extended twenty cubits: one wing of the one, of five cubits, touched the wall of the house, and its other wing, of five cubits, touched the wing of the other cherub; 12 and of this cherub, one wing, of five cubits, touched the wall of the house, and the other wing, also of five cubits, was joined to the wing of the first cherub. 13 The wings of these cherubim extended twenty cubits. The cherubim 9 stood on their feet, g facing the nave. 14 h And he made the veil of blue and purple and crimson fabrics and fine linen, and he worked cherubim on it.
15 i In front of the house he made two pillars thirty-five cubits high, with a capital of five cubits on the top of each. 16 He made chains like a necklace 10 and put them on the tops of the pillars, and he made a hundred pomegranates and put them on the chains. 17 j He set up the pillars in front of the temple, one on the south, the other on the north; that on the south he called Jachin, and that on the north Boaz.
2 Chronicles 3:1 - 2
Then Solomon began to build the house of the Lord in Jerusalem on Mount Moriah, where the Lord had appeared to David his father, at the place that David had appointed, on the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite.
In the four hundred and eightieth year after the people of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv, which is the second month, he began to build the house of the Lord.
He said, "Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I shall tell you.
So Abraham called the name of that place, "The Lord will provide"; as it is said to this day, "On the mount of the Lord it shall be provided.
And God sent the angel to Jerusalem to destroy it, but as he was about to destroy it, the Lord saw, and he relented from the calamity. And he said to the angel who was working destruction, "It is enough; now stay your hand." And the angel of the Lord was standing by the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite.
Now the angel of the Lord had commanded Gad to say to David that David should go up and raise an altar to the Lord on the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite.
At that time, when David saw that the Lord had answered him at the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite, he sacrificed there.
Ezra 3:11
And they sang responsively, praising and giving thanks to the Lord, "For he is good, for his steadfast love endures forever toward Israel." And all the people shouted with a great shout when they praised the Lord, because the foundation of the house of the Lord was laid.
These are Solomon's measurements for building the house of God: the length, in cubits of the old standard, was sixty cubits, and the breadth twenty cubits.
1 Kings 6:2 - 3
The house that King Solomon built for the Lord was sixty cubits long, twenty cubits wide, and thirty cubits high.
The house, that is, the nave in front of the inner sanctuary, was forty cubits long.
Around all the walls of the house he carved engraved figures of cherubim and palm trees and open flowers, in the inner and outer rooms.
He covered the two doors of olivewood with carvings of cherubim, palm trees, and open flowers. He overlaid them with gold and spread gold on the cherubim and on the palm trees.
2 Chronicles 3:5
The nave he lined with cypress and covered it with fine gold and made palms and chains on it.
He built twenty cubits of the rear of the house with boards of cedar from the floor to the walls, and he built this within as an inner sanctuary, as the Most Holy Place.
Then David gave Solomon his son the plan of the vestibule of the temple, and of its houses, its treasuries, its upper rooms, and its inner chambers, and of the room for the mercy seat.
2 Chronicles 3:10 - 13
In the Most Holy Place he made two cherubim of wood and overlaid them with gold.
1 Kings 6:23 - 28
In the inner sanctuary he made two cherubim of olivewood, each ten cubits high.
Then he measured the vestibule of the gateway, eight cubits; and its jambs, two cubits; and the vestibule of the gate was at the inner end.
And you shall make a veil of blue and purple and scarlet yarns and fine twined linen. It shall be made with cherubim skillfully worked into it.
In front of the house he made two pillars thirty-five cubits high, with a capital of five cubits on the top of each.
He cast two pillars of bronze. Eighteen cubits was the height of one pillar, and a line of twelve cubits measured its circumference. It was hollow, and its thickness was four fingers. The second pillar was the same.
The height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits, and on it was a capital of bronze. The height of the capital was three cubits. A latticework and pomegranates, all of bronze, were all around the capital. And the second pillar had the same, with the latticework.
As for the pillars, the height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits, its circumference was twelve cubits, and its thickness was four fingers, and it was hollow.
He set up the pillars at the vestibule of the temple. He set up the pillar on the south and called its name Jachin, and he set up the pillar on the north and called its name Boaz.
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English Standard Version (ESV) The Holy Bible, English Standard Version Copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a division of Good News Publishers.
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Beloved, the eighth and youngest son of Jesse, a citizen of Bethlehem. His father seems to have b...
There are various Hebrew and Greek words so rendered. (1.) Heb. Jehovah, has been rendered in the...
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Then SolomonH8010 beganH2490 to buildH1129 the houseH1004 of the LORDH3068 at JerusalemH3389 in mountH2022 Moriah,H4179 where the LORD appearedH7200 unto DavidH1732 his father,H1 in the placeH4725 that DavidH1732 had preparedH3559 in the threshingfloorH1637 of OrnanH771 the Jebusite.H2983
Solomon H8010 Shlomoh
from shalowm; peaceful; Shelomah, David's succ...
Began H2490 Chalal
a primitive root (compare chalah); properly, t...
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2 Chronicles 3:1 - 17
Then Solomon began to build the house of the Lord in Jerusalem on Mount Moriah, where the Lord had appeared to David his father, at the place that David had appointed, on the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. He began to build in the second month of the fourth year of his reign. ...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/*******************************************************************//*
 * Physics component for PlayerInstructions.
 *
 * @author      Brandon To
 * @version     1.0
 * @since       2015-02-01
 * @modified    2015-02-19
 *********************************************************************/
#ifndef SPACESHOOTER_PLAYERINSTRUCTIONSPHYSICSCOMPONENTCOMPONENT_
    #define SPACESHOOTER_PLAYERINSTRUCTIONSPHYSICSCOMPONENTCOMPONENT_

#include "PhysicsComponent.h"

#ifdef _WIN32
	#include <SDL.h>
#endif

#ifdef __linux
	#include <SDL2/SDL.h>
#endif

#include "Timer.h"
#include "Vector2D.h"

#define COLLISION_BUFFER 20

class GameEntity;
class GameEntityFactory;
class RenderComponent;

struct WindowElements;

class PlayerInstructionsPhysicsComponent : public PhysicsComponent
{
    private:
        GameEntityFactory* gameEntityFactory;

        RenderComponent* render;
        Timer timeBasedMovementTimer;
        Timer projectileCapTimer;

        int xGrid;
        int yGrid;
        int xMin;
        int yMin;
        int xMax;
        int yMax;

    public:
        Vector2D velocity;
        int velocityPerSecond;
        bool shooting;

        //Constructor
        PlayerInstructionsPhysicsComponent(GameEntity* gameEntity, WindowElements* windowElements,
                                GameEntityFactory* gameEntityFactory);

        //Destructor
        ~PlayerInstructionsPhysicsComponent();

        //Methods
        void update();
        void pauseTimers();
        void resumeTimers();
        void onDestroy();
};

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Portrait of a serial safety violator
Portrait of a serial safety violator
KEYWORDS accident prevention / fall prevention / OSHA violations / workplace safety
A Maine roofing contractor could face prison time if he ignores that latest court order to pay his OSHA fines and correct safety violations that endanger his workers – as he did previous court orders.
Between 2000 and 2011, OSHA cited Lessard Roofing & Siding Inc. and Lessard Brothers Construction Inc. for safety violations at 11 different work sites in Maine.
Owner Stephen Lessard failed to:
correct the cited violations
implement appropriate safety measures, and
pay accumulated fines and interest, despite being ordered to do so by the 1st Circuit in December 2011. The Court held the owner in civil contempt for defying the 2011 order.
In this latest court order, by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit, Lessard was ordered to:
implement a comprehensive safety and training program after receiving repeated citations for exposing workers to falls and
produce substantial documentation that will demonstrate the extent to which he is able to pay $389,685 in outstanding fines issued by OSHA.
"The 1st Circuit's order requires Lessard to ensure that all workers at his worksites, whether his employees, employees of his subcontractors, or actual or putative independent contractors, are operating safely, after a long history of his failing to provide adequate protective measures," said Michael Felsen, Regional Solicitor of Labor in Boston. "When necessary, as in this case, the U.S. Department of Labor will pursue appropriate measures so that employers do not flout the law or gain an unfair advantage over law-abiding employers."
"An employer that refuses to provide effective fall safety programs, training, and safety equipment needlessly exposes its employees to deadly or disabling injuries," said Maryann Medeiros, OSHA's Maine Area Director.
The Court also ordered Lessard to ensure that employees and contractors use required safety equipment and fall protection; conduct worksite safety analyses and meetings; employ a "competent person" to ensure work is performed according to OSHA regulations; notify OSHA about each worksite, and allow inspectors to enter these sites; and provide financial documentation to enable the Department to determine the owner's ability to pay the fines; submit certification of abatement of the previously cited hazards, and comply with OSHA standards.
In particular, the safety program must include recognition and acceptance of responsibility as an employer, general contractor or supervisory contractor to ensure that all their employees, independent contractors or subcontractors use all appropriate safety equipment and fall protection apparatus and follow appropriate procedures.
If the owner fails to comply with the order, the court will consider additional sanctions up to and including incarceration.
Senior Trial Attorney Maureen Canavan of the Department's Regional Office of the Solicitor in Boston and Senior Attorney Lisa Wilson of the Department's Occupational Safety and Health Division in Washington, D.C., litigated on behalf of OSHA.
US Court of Appeals holds serial OSHA violator in contempt
Serial violator blames OSHA penalties for layoffs


Taken while sitting in traffic on my way to work one morning.
Hello fall. I can't believe it's already November. Time really flew by this year, but then again, I think I say that every year.
I was sitting in bumper to bumper traffic on my way in to work one morning and instead of being upset (I mean, what can you do really, right?) I kept staring up into the beautiful tree limbs full of colorful leaves. I snapped this photo because I liked the stripes formed by the clouds. It's scenes like this that make me appreciate the gorgeous New England autumns. Take it in while you can because before you know it winter will be here and so will the snow!
Spring is finally here in New England. I love how the cherry blossom trees and beautiful flowers have taken over the scenery.


You might already know this, but I'm going to say it again.
I can be all high and mighty when it comes to self-help and personal leadership skills. I have seen thousands of cases first-hand and have a pretty good idea about what works and what doesn't work. I'm constantly searching for new and better tools to help people live the life that they want to live.
And, I don't think there's any tool that has been more disgraced by pop-culture-meets-New-Age than the Law of Attraction (LOA for those in the know).
Law of Attraction, in basic terms, is "like attracts like."
When taught poorly, LOA is about as effective as whispering in Santa's ear at your local mall. The watered down version of this tool sounds something like "Put a picture of a red car on your fridge and you'll get a red car." Which is total crap. That's just not how it works.


text:
Are Boulder's Downtown Streets Off-Limits To Bicyclists?
By Dom Nozzi
Sidewalk cycling on Broadway between Walnut and Pearl
What are the factors that induce people to bicycle?
Two of the most important are relatively short travel distances and relatively slow motor vehicle speeds.
Given this, the town center of a community should be one of the most welcoming places to ride a bicycle. And indeed, the town center is very often the most popular place in a city for bicycling in many communities across the U.S.
I have lived in the Mapleton Hill neighborhood in Boulder for five years now. The neighborhood is adjacent to the Boulder town center. Because I am a daily bicycle commuter, I am bicycling in the Boulder town center nearly every day.
Much to my surprise, given how often Boulder is recognized as a bicycle-friendly community at the national level, the Boulder town center is extremely inhospitable to bicycling.
I will discuss the factors that make this so, and end with a few recommendations about how the town center can be made much more safe, popular, and welcoming for bicyclists.
Some Important Obstacles to Bicycling in Boulder
As most all of us here in Boulder readily recognize, high-speed streets with more than three lanes are exceptionally hostile to safe, comfortable bicycling—especially when such streets lack bike lanes. Unfortunately for Boulder, the Colorado Department of Transportation, long ago, constructed two high-speed state highways that cut through the middle of the Boulder town center: Canyon Boulevard and Broadway. Due to the very high "speed differential" between motorists and bicyclists on these two highways (where motorists tend to drive at much higher speeds than bicyclists ride), both of these roads (what Charles Marohn would call "stroads") are seemingly suicidal, nearly impossible corridors for even the most experienced, brave bicyclists to ride for more than 50 feet or so.
One-way/two-way intersection at 11th and Walnut
Another unfortunate town center street system decision made in Boulder long ago was to convert a great many two-way street segments into one-way operation. One-way streets create enormous problems for bicyclists. Because they reduce "friction" for motorists, they tend to strongly induce excessive levels of inattentiveness, higher speeds and impatience, and such factors can be a dangerous recipe that often produces unsafe motorist behavior. Healthy town centers depend on slower speeds, retail health, and "agglomeration economies," and one-way streets substantially undercut each of these needed attributes.
An additional problem with one-way streets—particularly for bicyclists—is that they tend to induce frequent, dangerous "wrong-way" travel, as many people (especially bicyclists) decide it is just too inconvenient to travel blocks out of their way to get to a destination. Instead, many will simply ride the wrong way on a one-way street (at least for a short distance).
Because one-way streets, in recent decades, have very clearly been seen by many of us as detrimental to town center health, a growing number of cities are converting their one-way streets back to two-way operation.
An Inventory of Streets Off-Limits to Bicycling
In my five years of bicycling through the Boulder town center, it has become obvious to me how difficult it is to bicycle in the town center. Recently, I decided to prepare an inventory map of street segments in the Boulder town center that are, in effect, off-limits to bicycling. The attached map shows in red those town center street segments that are inhospitable to bicycling, either because they are high-speed state highways or one-way street segments.
Boulder town center streets hostile to bicycles (map courtesy Dom Nozzi)
As you can see, a rather large percentage of street mileage in the Boulder town center is off-limits to bicycling. Again, if any place should be comfortable and heavily used by bicyclists, it should be a lower-speed, compact town center. Yet, in a city that regularly is given recognition for being "bike-friendly," town center bicycling in Boulder is shockingly very difficult and dangerous.
Interested But Concerned
Admirably, Boulder now strives to find ways to encourage the very large number of citizens who are "interested but concerned" about bicycling to become more regular bicyclists. Many experimental designs and policies are now being tested in Boulder as the city strives to create an environment where those citizens will be more likely to ride a bicycle. Indeed, as can be seen in many European cities, town centers tend to be the place where many of the "interested but concerned" bicyclists can be found.
This is not surprising, since town centers tend to offer the slower speeds and shorter travel distances that attract such bicyclists.
Unfortunately, the street segments in red on the map are strongly undercutting this worthy objective of encouraging the "interested but concerned" citizen to ride a bicycle.
A Lesson from Copenhagen
In the 1980s, Copenhagen's bicycle planners observed that large numbers of bicyclists were using the same major streets that motorists were using. Planners convinced the city to build a high-quality bicycle route on a slower-speed, less-used parallel street.
To the surprise of planners, hardly any bicyclists used the parallel routes. The planners realized that bicyclists wanted to follow the same 'desire lines' as motorists—that is, choosing the most direct route. The result was a sea-change in modern bicycle planning, where efforts to direct bicyclists to parallel streets changed to efforts to accommodate bicyclists along the same major streets that motorists preferred.
Copenhagen realized that you can't tell bicyclists (or pedestrians) where to go. Rather, bicyclists (and pedestrians) will show you where they want to go and you should listen to them and plan accordingly. Unfortunately, Boulder has not yet fully adopted this approach, as can be seen by city efforts to use the parallel 13th and 9th streets as places for bicyclists to ride, instead of Broadway.
Some Suggestions for Making the Boulder Town Center More Bicycle-Friendly
I am often the first person to point out that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to successfully mix bicyclists with pedestrians on a sidewalk or a path. In general, we should not try to mix bicyclists with pedestrians. However, I believe it was a mistake for Boulder to outlaw bicycling on sidewalks along commercial streets where the sidewalk is not designed or designated for bicycling. On each of the street segments shown in red on the attached map (where bicycling is relatively dangerous), it is incumbent on a community that wishes to promote bicycle travel (especially for those who are "interested but concerned") to allow slow-speed bicycling on sidewalks. Repealing this counterproductive law would be TEMPORARY, as I would recommend that the prohibition be re-instated when or if the "red segments" shown on my map are redesigned as I recommend below. In addition, during this temporary period where bicyclists would be allowed on sidewalks until the street is re-designed, city rules would require that bicyclists ride responsibly, courteously, and relatively slowly on the sidewalk (preferably, bicyclists would ride at pedestrian speeds). By not allowing bicyclists on sidewalks, the "off-limits" streets create a tremendous amount of inconvenience for bicyclists, as it can mean that the bicyclist must ride one to three blocks out of her or his way to reach a destination.
Town center health depends on slower speeds, agglomeration economies, and human-scale design. Canyon Boulevard and Broadway, as high-speed state highways, dramatically undermine these necessary attributes and make bicycling a dangerous, impractical form of travel on those corridors. A low-cost, effective treatment for improving the health, safety, aesthetics, and pleasure of the Boulder town center is to re-purpose each of these highways to be three-lane streets. Doing this would slow motor vehicle speeds to speeds more conducive to both bicycling and a healthy town center, and would create needed space for such beneficial treatments as on-street parking and bike lanes.
Boulder should join the growing revolution in which cities throughout the nation are converting their one-way streets back to two-way operation. Doing so is a quick, effective, low-cost way to dramatically improve town center health, comfort, and safety. Motorists would drive more slowly, more attentively, and more patiently.
Intersection controls should convenience bicyclists, not motorists—particularly in the town center. Stop lights and stop signs, even in relatively bicycle-friendly Boulder, are surprisingly inconvenient for bicycling. I have noticed that signal lights in the town center are timed for motorist speeds. In a community seeking to promote transit and bicycling, signal lights should rather be timed for buses and bicyclists. In addition, Idaho has revised its state laws so that bicyclists are allowed to treat red signal lights as stop signs, and stop signs as yield signs. Doing this would make bicycling much more advantageous (an important way to encourage more bicycling). Boulder should seek state authorization to apply the Idaho law here (if not statewide).
In sum, Boulder's town center is shockingly off-limits to bicycling. Fortunately, there are ways for the city to correct that—particularly as a way to encourage the large number of "interested but concerned" citizens to become regular bicyclists, and to substantially grow the overall number of bicyclists in Boulder.
Rate this article: (13 votes, average: 2.31 out of 5)
What's Right about Right-sizing
A Transportation Vision For Boulder—Urban Design, Part 3
Electric Bikes on Boulder's Paths
A Transportation Vision For Boulder—Regional Transportation and Sustainable Travel
A Transportation Vision For Boulder—Recommendations
Post Published: October 28th, 2014
Author(s): Dom Nozzi
Found in section: Opinion
Tags: bicycles, bike lane, broadway, Canyon Blvd, downtown, one-way street, sidewalk, transportation
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7 Responses to "Are Boulder's Downtown Streets Off-Limits To Bicyclists?"
Lee Rozaklis says:
As a long-time bicycle and car commuter, I don't see a problem with downtown. I never ride on Broadway or Canyon and don't need to, as the remaining downtown grid is bike-friendly and convenient, including the one-way streets. I agree that Canyon and Broadway are relatively high speed and car-oriented, but they don't get in the way of my bike-commuting.
Alfred Schock says:
I couldn't disagree more with the concept of lifting the ban of bicycles riding on sidewalks in areas zoned commercial.
There will always, always be inconsiderate bicycle riders just as there are inconsiderate pedestrians and auto drivers. Being on the sidewalk on a bicycle in a commercial area is just asking for trouble. Examples of the risk are presented often enough with the restriction, no need to exacerbate the existing law breaking problem by legalizing. Not convinced? Just walking your bicycle on the sidewalk presents a problem of blockage and passage for all users.
I agree with Lee Rozaklis finding a relatively safe route downtown is much easier than the author implies.
What? No mention of alleys?
Jud Valeski says:
great post. it's indeed funny that we consider ourselves so bicycle friendly when in fact we're simply not.
I'm not with you on the suggestion of opening up bicycling to commercial zone sidewalks. too dangerous a mix. dazed tourists mixing with commuting locals on bikes is a bad recipe. Boulder just needs to get serious about supporting bicycles on the main roads you outline.
the other thing I'd add is that there is horrible support for bike parking in Boulder. we used to be able to chain bikes to parking meters, but those were torn out for the new system, and never replaced. there have been feeble attempts to replace that old method of parking, but they don't come close to the volume that used to be supported. bike parking is almost as bad as car parking downtown.
I agree with Jud that the opportunities for parking and locking bikes downtown need some serious upgrading. This need not require major new facilities or conversion of parking spaces (although converting a few car parking spaces into bicycle and <50cc scooter parking is not a bad idea). The newly installed black wrought iron tree guards serve a great multi-purpose function: protecting the trees and providing easy-to-use and dispersed places to lock bikes.
Kurt Nordback says:
I don't think it's appropriate to penalize pedestrians for poor biking conditions. However, I agree with most of the rest of what Dom says.
I tried several years ago to get Downtown Boulder Inc. interested in the idea of returning the one-way streets to two-way. They weren't opposed to the idea, but they weren't willing to push for it either. Nonetheless I believe two-way streets would benefit businesses, making it much easier for cars to navigate to storefronts — as well as better for bikes and pedestrians. I recently had a discussion with a consultant on land use economics, who said (apropos another situation) he felt that one-way streets are nearly always detrimental to businesses.
Note that Denver just converted a section of 18th St. to two-way, in the interest of pedestrian safety and friendliness:
http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_26854854/denvers-18th-street-becomes-two-ways-part-pedestrian
Dom Nozzi says:
Great comments, Kurt. Thanks for reading my essay and your observations about converting one-ways in the Boulder town center to two-way. It has become such a common no-brainer nationally that I'm somewhat shocked that Boulder continues to retain the one-ways despite lip service about wanting to improve conditions for bicyclists, pedestrians, and businesses. As for penalizing peds, 99.99 percent of the time I would be in full agreement w/ you. Pedestrians, after all, should be the design imperative for a town center. I regretfully make an exception in this case, though, because Canyon & Broadway are EXTREMELY hostile to cycling, and it is unfair, naive, and somewhat cynical to retain the bike prohibition on those corridors. Copenhagen bike planners tried it, and it failed because (surprise!), commuter cyclists want to travel on the same routes that are most popular for motorists (due to convenience & speed). I think that a lot of cyclists are conscientious enough to ride on sidewalks at about the same speed as peds. The City should allocate dollars to enforcing rules that force cyclists to behave themselves on those sidewalks. It is the price the City should pay for allowing Canyon and Broadway to remain so inappropriately hostile in the town center. For the record, there are a lot of "interested but concerned" cyclists who do not cycle because Canyon & Broadway are so hostile.
Ben Harding says:
(Better late than never.)
I'm sorry, Lee, but I have to disagree–Broadway gets in my way. But, I live north and get to much of what I want to get to by going south, whereas you go east. It makes a big difference.
When I head south on Broadway I have to make a choice at Iris. Cycling on Broadway south of Iris is not an option any more, though it was in my 20's and 30's. So, if I'm going downtown west of Broadway, I'll jump over to 9th, and that works pretty well. But, if I'm going downtown east of Broadway, it's not so great. I usually make a left off Broadway (that's a challenge), weave through the County Hospital parking lot, and then turn left onto Iris (another challenge) to get to the bike path that takes me to 13th. (I do all that to avoid mixing with the frantic left turn traffic off Broadway.) Once across Iris, it's pretty pleasant.
But, either way, things get all goofy again when I get to Arapahoe.
I agree with Dom, and the folks in Copenhagen: I am going to the same places the cars go. I'd love to just ride along Broadway, and live.
I remember when 9th did not go through between Pearl and Spruce. Have any of you ever wondered why the Fina was at 8th and Pearl and not 9th and pearl? That's why. You would jog over to 8th and jog back (I think we'd also jog over to 10th, but the neurons are fogging a bit.) It seems fantastic now, even to me, but it's true. That jog was considered a sufficient annoyance that houses were bought and leveled, and 9th was pushed through. I kinda see Broadway the same way on my bike.
Oh, and Al, I ride the alleys north and south of Pearl all the time. They are very useful routes. Lights on Broadway "seal" those blocks, so you can get across Broadway easily at either alley.


text:
Volunteer with Apprentices
Events and Community Engagement
Corporate and Community Support
Row With Us!
Bevin's Skiff
Jimmy facilitates the on-site operations at the Seaport Foundation
Jimmy Gottfried
Jimmy facilitates the on-site operations at the Seaport Foundation. Having been here for three years, as well as completing the apprenticeship himself, he maintains the grounds on which the apprenticeship program can successfully function, and works closely with volunteers and apprentices to maintain the McIlhenny Seaport Center and its fleet of sail and rowboats. Jimmy also works as the Seaport Foundation's representative within the Alexandria Mentoring Partnership, helping expand the program's reach into the community and work alongside fellow mentoring programs. Jimmy is dedicated to the growth and prosperity of the program and the apprentices it serves, continuing to provide the skills and leadership training that helped shape his own future.
Jay is in command of the development for each young adult who comes to the Seaport Foundation.
Jay Helinski
Apprentice Program Manager
MEET JAY
Jay leads the development of each young adult who comes to the Seaport Foundation. He works side by side with apprentices, instructing them in hands-on skills; sets and tracks goals for apprentices; and ultimately clears pathways for apprentices to find success. He sets an example, as a program graduate, to be a respected leader for those who want to learn. Jay is in pursuit of a B.F.A. in Industrial Design/Product Design and has experience in design, carpentry, and boat building. Jay has managed apprentices at the Seaport Foundation for nearly two years. He has a special connection to providing apprentices the same, if not better, opportunities than he was provided in his time as an apprentice. Outside of the Seaport Foundation, Jay can be found traveling, playing sports, or designing and crafting various art pieces.
Kathy has been with ASF for 12 years, serving as its chief fundraiser through April, 2018, when she was appointed Executive Director.
Kathy Seifert
MEET KATHY
Kathy has been with the Alexandria Seaport Foundation for 12 years, serving as its chief fundraiser through April 2018, when she was appointed Executive Director. Kathy's natural passion for boats and water derives from her Rhode Island roots and summers teaching sailing on Cape Cod. Her dedication and devotion to the Alexandria Seaport Foundation, however, are grounded in her commitment to the young people whose lives are forever changed through the Seaport Foundation's mission and programs. Kathy has three grown sons and two grandchildren. She has a B.A. from Connecticut College and an M.A. from Georgetown University.
Joyce manages all accounting functions and daily office operations for the Alexandria Seaport Foundation.
Joyce Yorty
Accountant & Office Manager
Joyce manages all accounting functions and daily office operations for the Alexandria Seaport Foundation. She has many years of experience in corporate accounting management and holds a BS in Accounting from the University of Virginia. Joyce's passion for the Seaport Foundation comes from knowing that her work makes a significant difference in the lives of young people in need of direction…every day.
Richard has lived in Alexandria since 1969. He is married to Toni Clark. He has four children and seven grandchildren.
Professional Life.
Dick started Potomac Development Corporation (PDC) in February 1971 with his college roommate, David Schwartz. Potomac Development was the management company for over 90 projects from 1971 until this year. PDC will cease operations at the end of 2018. PDC was a small real estate developer in Washington D.C. exclusively.
Dick received his BA in Economics, cum laude, from The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio in 1963. He obtained his MBA from the University of Chicago in 1964.
Military Service.
He joined the United States Marine Corps in 1966, obtained his commission as a Second Lieutenant in the summer of 1966 and served in Viet Nam in 1968 reaching the rank of Captain. He was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal with Combat V upon return to the States.
Current Endeavors.
Dick is a Trustee of The College of Wooster. He is on the Board of The Alexandria Seaport Foundation as well as Employee Navigator, a benefits firm in Bethesda, Maryland. Together with his wife, Toni, and a longtime friend, Kit Prillaman, he helped found CrossWalk, a school for dyslexic children in Roanoke, Va. He is active in many philanthropic ventures.
Janet has worked in the field of financial management for about 30 years. She started her career as a budget analyst with the Department of Defense.
Janet Blair-Fleetwood
MEET JANET
Janet has worked in the field of financial management for about 30 years. She started her career as a budget analyst with the Department of Defense. She worked at Naval Sea Systems Command and the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Comptroller. She then moved to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and rose to be the Chief Financial Officer and Deputy Chief Operations Officer. She then made a career move to IBM and provided consulting expertise in financial management, supply chain management, and strategic consulting. Organizations she supported included the Federal Housing Financial Agency, US Coast Guard, US Air Force, and the Department of Energy. She also was a Vice President with The Cohen Group providing consulting expertise for multinational organizations. Janet currently serves on the City of Alexandria Budget and Fiscal Affairs Advisory Committee. Janet is committed to using her expertise to help provide opportunities for the City of Alexandria's young people and supporting the Alexandria Seaport Foundation. Janet is retired and living in Old Town Alexandria with her husband, who is also retired. She has lived in Old Town for about 2 years and in the DC metropolitan area for over 30 years. Their daughter is currently pursuing a PhD at Virginia Tech University and their son is a Second Lt in the Marine Corps.
Tristan is the senior partner in Caudron Megary Blackburn Wealth Management Group of Wells Fargo Advisors.
Tristan Caudron
MEET TRISTAN
Tristan is the senior partner in Caudron Megary Blackburn Wealth Management Group of Wells Fargo Advisors. Tristan is a Certified Financial Planner™ and was recently named one of the top 1200 advisors in the country and one of the top 5 advisors in Virginia by Barron's magazine (2014-2019). Tristan has also been recognized as a top financial advisor by Forbes and the Financial Times, and has spoken on national and local news about the markets and investing. Tristan is a Wells Fargo Advisors Premier Advisor, a designation held by a select group of Financial Advisors within Wells Fargo Advisors as measured by business production, completion of educational components and professionalism. He is also a charter member of the firm's Directors' Advisory Council and has been recognized as one of top advisor in the DC area by Washington Business Journal and Washingtonian. A DC-area native, Tristan attended Georgetown University and earned his bachelor's degree in economics and psychology and a master's in business administration. His background in behavioral finance helps him advise clients on making better financial decisions by understanding the factors that influence investors.
Active in the community, Tristan currently serves or has served on many boards and committees. A long-time admirer of the Alexandria Seaport Foundation, Tristan joined the board in 2017. Tristan is also a former board member of the Alexandria Chamber of Commerce and a graduate of Leadership Alexandria. Tristan and his wife, Melanie have four wonderful children – Will, Ben, Ryan, and Emma, and he spends much of his free time having fun with his kids, coaching their sports teams, and playing tennis, platform tennis, skiing, and cycling.
President & CEO of Scott Management, Inc., Harald initially joined Scott Management, Inc., in 1988
Harald Mangold
MEET HARALD
President & CEO of Scott Management, Inc., Harald initially joined Scott Management, Inc., in 1988 as a management trainee and worked in all departmental areas of property management including on-site operations, as both a Property and Regional Property Manager, and then as Executive Vice President prior to assuming its presidency in 2004. Harald received a Bachelor's degree from an Austrian trade school prior to moving to the United States in 1986. He is a licensed Virginia & Maryland Real Estate Broker, routinely attends industry/business-related courses. Harald has been awarded the Apartment and Office Building Associations (AOBA) highest honor, the Sidney Glassman Memorial Award for his longstanding leadership in AOBA as an officer, legislative advocate and supporter of charitable causes. A dedicated member of AOBA's Board of Directors, Harald has previously serviced as Treasurer and currently serves as Maryland Government Affairs Committee Chair. He has been a panelist speaker for PMA and other industry organizations. Harald is LLCManager for 14 real estate holdings and manages apartments, office space, hotel, & land holdings in Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia.
During his 25 years working in Old Town Alexandria, Harald has been familiar with the mission of the ASF, stopping by the Boathouse during lunch hours talking with apprentices about life choices and what future employers look for as it relates to commitment and dedication. He has been engaged in helping graduates of the program find employment and recently hired one as a maintenance technician trainee for an Alexandria apartment community.
Helen has worked in the field of education policy for more than 20 years.
Helen Morris
Helen has worked in the field of education policy for more than 20 years. In positions with the National School Boards Association, the Consortium for School Networking, the Appalachian Educational Laboratory, Texas Instruments, and the American Association of School Administrators, Ms. Morris has developed expertise in the areas of education technology, math and science policy, school health policy and practice, and professional development for school leaders.
Helen is dedicated to using her professional expertise to improve the lives of young people in Alexandria. She served on the Alexandria City School Board from 2009-2012, which gave her in-depth knowledge and connections to city and school system priorities and programming for youth.
Helen's current priorities are to help advance public policy and provide opportunities to Alexandria's young people who need the most support. She has served as a volunteer and board member with the Alexandria Seaport Foundation since 2013, and as chair since April 2018. In addition to the Seaport Foundation, Helen is the volunteer chair of the Alexandria Campaign on Adolescent Pregnancy and is a member of the Steering Committee for the Partnership for a Healthier Alexandria. She also volunteers in the Alexandria Public Schools regularly.
Helen is a proud Michigan Wolverine, earning her bachelor of arts in Linguistics from the U of M. She also holds a Diploma in Early Irish Language and Literature from the University College Dublin. Helen lives in Alexandria with her husband, daughter, and their adorable hound dog, Luna.
A retired engineer, Tracy has over 15 years' experience in non-profit volunteerism and board governance.
Tracy Nickelsburg
A retired engineer, Tracy has over 15 years' experience in non-profit volunteerism and board governance. She has been actively involved in various local non-profit organizations committed to strategic investment in early childhood development and education and is currently Chair of the Advisory and Development Board of Healthy Families Alexandria, an organization providing intensive home visiting services to at-risk families in the City of Alexandria. In addition, Tracy is the Membership Committee Co-Chair for the Duke University Engineering Alumni Council with responsibility for board governance, nominations, and on-boarding. The council provides funding and mentorship for extracurricular undergraduate engineering student projects as well as a platform for alumni/student connections for career mentoring and employment opportunities.
Tracy is drawn to organizations that provide individualized support to youth and young adults to help them access educational and career opportunities. Her belief in the benefits of hands-on project-based learning led her to volunteer as a classroom assistant with the Alexandria Seaport Foundation's Middle School Math program and to become a proponent of the foundation's broader mission.
Prior to retirement, Tracy was a Senior Project Manager for Earth Tech, Inc. where she managed design, construction, and operation of systems at federal and industrial facilities including cooling, fire suppression, and wastewater treatment systems. She began her engineering career at Exxon Company, USA, with responsibility for oversight of retail gasoline storage and delivery system construction, supervision of environmental assessment and remediation for retail sites, and ultimately responsibility for environmental assessment, remediation, and compliance for all bulk petroleum distribution facilities in New York and New England.
Tracy received her Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Duke University. An Alexandria resident for 20 years, she lives in the Rosemont neighborhood with her husband, two children, and two very active dogs.
Born and raised in Alexandria, Virginia, Britt is a graduate of Virginia Tech, where she majored in Business Marketing and minored in Real Estate.
Brittany Patterson
Born and raised in Alexandria, Virginia, Britt is a graduate of Virginia Tech, where she majored in Business Marketing and minored in Real Estate. She joined the family business in 2008 after spending two years working in the political fundraising field. Brittany is the Vice President of The Patterson Group at TTR Sotheby's International Realty, as well as an accredited staging professional.
Brittany is a contributing member to the Alexandria Stylebook and Old Town Boutique District. She was an honoree of the Alexandria Chamber of Commerce's 2017 "40 Under 40" celebrating the city's emerging business leaders and is the current president of Junior Friends of The Campagna Center. Additionally, she is a founding member of Mount Vernon Estate's Underground Committee.
She is a proud resident and a true product of the community of Alexandria. When she's not working, she enjoys spending time with her husband, Geoff (who is also from Alexandria), and their puggle, Paisley. Together, they enjoy time shopping in the local stores, indulging in the local culinary scene, attending charity events, and visiting the Old Town Farmers Market.
The Seaport Foundation's work is enriched through volunteers of all kinds. Learn more about how you can get engaged.
Alexandria Seaport Foundation
Located at 0 Thompsons Alley, Alexandria, VA 22314
PO Box: 25036, Alexandria, VA 22313
© Alexandria Seaport Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


Under the direction of the singer and Daniel CZ, the multi-platinum artist is transported to a futuristic utopia. Throughout the clip, Breezy effortlessly flexes his signature dance moves as he attempts to gain the attention of an elusive love interest. The cinematic experience draws inspiration from the popular film Blade Runner 2049 with it's other worldly elements.
Since it's initial release back in October 2017, Heartbreak on a Full Moon has gone platinum. The project, marking Chris' eighth studio album, consists of 45 tracks featuring guest appearances from the likes of Jhene' Aiko, Lil Yachty, Gucci Mane, Yo Gotti, Kodak Black, Future, Ty Dolla $ign, Young Thug and more.
Breezy is currently making rounds on his Heartbreak On A Full Moon Tour, which kicked off on June 19 in Seattle. The 27-city trek includes performances from burgeoning acts such as 6lack, H.E.R. and Rich The Kid. The tour will take place at amphitheater around the U.S. before wrapping on August 4 at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas.
Press play on the official video for Chris Brown's "To My Bed" below.


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The strategy behind choosing the right name for your small business can make either your business stand out in your industry – or make you just another dime a dozen, forgotten guppie in a sea of more strategic sharks. The keys to a successful brand name seems simple enough: make it creative, descriptive and valuable.
But when you're cashing out your piggybank (literally) and giving your startup all you've got, it's important go the extra mile to ensure you've got the most coinable, effective and strategic name. Below are some additional thoughts to consider when building your new business and brand.
Consulting with a branding expert or professional naming company can be expensive, but ultimately will pay off. These experts know the ins and outs of working around trademark laws and have complex systems in place that generate creative, unique names. Additionally, many companies create logos and more as part of this process – which you'll need later down the line.
If you're going to go about building your name alone, spend plenty of time putting pen to paper with as many ideas for names as possible.
Write down any ideas you can possibly think of – and enlist the help of family and friends.
Come up with the most extensive list you've ever written.
Once complete, come up with your key top five to ten names as your finalists.
Now that you've got your top ideas for names, it's time to do some research. While your state government may or may not require your business to be trademarked, we recommend that you hire a trademark search company or attorney to make sure that you aren't violating other companies who actually have your chosen name trademarked.
We've spoken to many failed businesses who did not want to spend their money on evaluating trademarks and later wound up broke and bankrupt for violating another company. Don't let this be you!
What name best fits your company's missions and goals?
Which name provides clarity into the description of your company?
How does each name sound when you say it aloud?
While professional naming companies take months to finalize a name, you should make sure you are at least spending a few weeks going through the process on your own and not rushing to pick the first available name that you find. Pick the name that most resonates and go with your gut. Whatever your gut tells you is probably the name you should go with.
For more information about choosing the right brand name, visit Marketingmo.com.


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There are more than a hundred and fifty companies coping with manufactured homes and greater than four hundred factories located throughout the United States which manufacture them. Some are designed for these on a limited funds. This depends loads in your specific household and finances wants. You could end up saving a lot of money by doing so! In some cases, you might not even must decide. Manufactured homes have revolutionized the American housing market by providing affordability and adaptability to potential buyers. With rising residence costs, many patrons choose manufactured homes, which meet fundamental housing wants at a decrease value. Today we are going to go over the fundamental variations between the two varieties, and the varied benefits and drawbacks of each. Extension springs are put in on each tracks and pull the door up by its sides. Garage doors all require springs to function, as they provide the tension and pulling energy that lifts the door up on its tracks.
They aren't used as generally nowadays, clayton mobile homes somerset ky significantly on wider doorways as the weight and stability on these could cause issues. The main advantage is that these properties are totally inspected to meet the development requirements set by the U.S. Depending on the placement and excluding the cost of land, building value per sq. foot for a new manufactured dwelling averages wherever from 10 to 35 p.c less than a comparable site-constructed home. Each residence is pre constructed. You've gotten the option of choosing from a wide number of residence kinds. But extension springs have a variety of drawbacks in comparison to torsion springs. However, all of the advantages of torsion springs come at a price - literally. If you're not sure about your set up or whether the spring in your door is right for you, name your local garage door technician and have them come take a look. Which means if something does happen to go incorrect, you may be out of luck till you call a professional technician.
Throughout the past few years, practically 1 out of three new homes offered has been a manufactured dwelling. If you are planning to stay just a few years in your present residence and the springs are nonetheless comparatively new, it is best to simply leave them as-is. Manufactured homes, also called mobile homes, are factory-produced homes that can be transported anyplace and installed at a selected site with or and not using a permanent basis. Most houses are installed with only one spring for cost reasons, but two can be utilized if needed or desired. Torsion springs are also safer to make use of on double broad doors as they carry from the center, stopping any potential wobbling in the door as it will get lifted. Every one operates in a different method to pull the door up, and requires different form of set up and upkeep to maintain them in working order. While it is possible to operate a garage door with just one torsion spring, an extension spring setup all the time requires two, one for every aspect of the door.
Depending on your rate of usage, the typical set of door springs final wherever from 5 to 12 years, which is loads of time if you are dwelling in a spot on a brief-term basis. To begin off, torsion springs are the most typical sort of storage door spring in utilization nowadays. For many trendy houses, torsion springs are the most effective solution to open your door, because it takes the least quantity of room, operates quietly and is suitable for the garage measurement of most suburban properties. As previously mentioned, extension springs cannot be used on wider doors, and by design they take up extra room than torsion springs along with being much less aesthetically pleasing. Overall, there are two types of springs used for this: torsion springs and extension springs. Today, manufactured homes are spacious, properly-designed and reasonably priced. Manufactured residence sellers provide manufactured homes that fit nearly everyone? Instead of constructing a home in 3 to 5 months from scratch, you may get a ready home within 5 to 10 days. The home generally is a single-section unit or a large multi-part unit.
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You would hardly expect your dentist to prescribe wine but new research shows that it could protect your teeth and gums.
The polyphenols in the wine are being credited with fending off the bacteria that cause tooth cavities and gum disease.
It is already known that polyphenols protect the body from the harm caused by free radicals but now it looks as if they might also promote health by interacting with bacteria in the gut.
Researchers looked at the effects of the polyphenols in red wine, grape seeds and red wine extracts.
They examined the effect on bacteria that stick to teeth and gums leading to dental plaque, cavities and gum disease.
The scientists isolated two polyphenols that were particularly effective and they found these were good at fending off the bacteria. They have recommended further research to see if their findings could be used as preventative therapies in managing dental disease.
Their results are published in the American Chemical Society Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.


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US Size 2: Bust 32.5", Waist 25", Hips 35", Hollow to floor length 58"
US Size 4: Bust 33.5", Waist 26", Hips 36", Hollow to floor length 58"
US Size 6: Bust 34.5", Waist 27", Hips 37", Hollow to floor length 59"
US Size 8: Bust 35.5", Waist 28", Hips 38.5", Hollow to floor length 59"
US Size 10: Bust 37", Waist 29.5", Hips 40", Hollow to floor length 60"
US Size 12: Bust 38.5", Waist 31.5", Hips 41.5", Hollow to floor length 60"
US Size 14: Bust 40.5", Waist 33.5", Hips 43.5", Hollow to floor length 61"
US Size 16: Bust 42.5", Waist 35.5", Hips 45.5", Hollow to floor length 61"
US Size 18W: Bust 46", Waist 39", Hips 48", Hollow to floor length 60"
US Size 20W: Bust 48", Waist 41", Hips 50", Hollow to floor length 60"
US Size 22W: Bust 50", Waist 43", Hips 52", Hollow to floor length 60"
US Size 24W: Bust 52", Waist 45", Hips 54", Hollow to floor length 60"