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Kirin J Callinan Is Making a 'Return to Center'
Matt Moen
You may not know Kirin J Callinan by name, but odds are you've seen his work. Years before it became 2019's hottest trend, Callinan was riding his own Yeehaw Moment with the massively viral country/EDM fusion of 2017's "Big Enough." The song's video was like a homoerotic Tim & Eric sketch with the coup-de-grace being Australian rock legend Jimmy Barnes passionately screaming above the mountains. It was a video rife with meme fodder, and the internet noticed.
But there is more to Kirin J Callinan that just a meme. His 2017 album, Bravado, was intentionally cheesy, designed to challenge Callinan to take the most garish sounds and corniest lyrics he could imagine and learn to love the absurdity of it. The result was a bizarre pop record that walked right up to the line of parody making it difficult to determine if Callinan was actually serious. But it begs the question, does it actually matter?
Related | You've Never Heard Anything Like 100 Gecs
In the followup to Bravado, Callinan once again zigs just when we expect him to zag. For all intents and purposes, Return to Center is a cover album, featuring Callinan's own takes on bands like Laibach, Randy Newman, Spectral Display, Momus, and the Waterboys, but it is also so much more than that. Callinan is as flamboyant and cheesy as ever with his delivery, laying it on thick in a way that feels fitting for his exclusively 80s source material. Return to Center is comprised of songs that won't likely make any critic's "best of the 80s" list anytime soon, but truthfully it feels like a more honest representation of the decade than many such compilations.
What sets Return to Center apart from, say the cringey cash grab that is Weezer's Teal Album, is a palpable love for these songs. While chatting with Callinan you can almost hear it gushing out of him, as he is more than happy to go into detail about Laibach's strange history and explain how the quazi-military march of "Life Is Life" was actually a cover of an Austrian disco outfit's chart-topper "Live is Life." Every song on the album has an equally, if not more, in depth backstory to it, but what's even more remarkable is the fact that the entire project was put together in just 14 days, so that by the end of it Callinan could still return all of the equipment the used to Guitar Center for a full refund.
Return to Center is a beguiling project that grows more intricate and profound with each layer you peel away from its campy exterior. PAPER sat down with Callinan to talk about Return to Center, feeling misunderstood, and what it was like to being a meme.
Why do a covers album?
There are multiple reasons why. I feel like this album is more personal and relevant to myself than my records or originals prior. It feels more true to myself. It is holistically a return to what I love, a 'Return to Center.' In the past with Bravado, I was intentionally trying to make an album gravitating towards the worst lyrics and the worst song titles. A "Song About Drugs" was literally the worst song title I could think of.
"I think a lot of people will think it's somehow artistically less relevant or somehow less interesting, but it represents me personally more than any originals record ever has."
"This Whole Town" was definitely a personal favorite off Bravado.
I appreciate that very much. It was trying to use these tropes of music that I knew nothing about and always found very garish and sort of shallow. Trying to use ugly ideas and ugly sounds and hopefully find some beauty in them, but also just explore the ugliness, get over my own cultural elitism, get over my own ideas of taste which otherwise were counterproductive in terms of my creativity. It was sort of a therapeutic thing maybe, but the end result wasn't particularly listenable for me.
Don't get me wrong, I did find some beauty and ugliness, some truth and some absurdity. I enjoy the record but it doesn't really represent me and I think it was misunderstood a lot. Maybe this will be misunderstood as well. I think a lot of people will think it's somehow artistically less relevant or somehow less interesting, but it represents me personally more than any originals record ever has. The songs resonate with me, how I first heard them or got into them. There's also the fact that I set myself the crazy deadline of the length of Guitar Center's return policy on audio gear. I had 14 days to make this album. Debating lyrics with myself would've taken up a lot of time, so I sort of had to do a song a day in order to get it done, finishing it off, packing down the gear and returning it to the Guitar Center.
Oh, I didn't know that.
Yes, so that's the concept. The initial and core concept of the process and how the album came about was the idea of Return to Center. I would go to the most corporate, generic music store in the world, spend the entire budget on the gear and then have the length of the return policy to try to make the album. Then getting all the money back, having thus found an ingenious way to make an album for free. It is on one hand sort of a guerrilla punk record that I'm taking advantage of this corporation, but on the other hand, I'm also celebrating this corporation and their return policy. I've been talking about it as if it's my corporate spiritual record. Both a personal return to center and a literal return to [Guitar] Center.
Going back to the formation of the album, what was your process behind choosing which songs you wanted to cover?
Yeah, it was a spontaneous one. I had a long, long list of songs. I've gone through so many different phases in terms of what I've been into and it's sort of interesting to me that nearly all the songs are from the 80s, which is the decade I was born. Maybe there is a sort of return because that's the music I grew up with, but it wasn't so intentional. The process of choosing those songs was so surprising. There's a bunch of songs that were on my list that I was sure we were going to do that we didn't end up tackling. There are also a couple of songs on the album that wasn't on the list, but once I put the money down, $8,888 was the budget, it became real. I was like "I only have 14 days to do this." All the plans went out the window. We set up, and it just became very spontaneous. If I woke up one morning with a song in my head, we'd give it a go. I was walking down to get a coffee singing "Vienna" to myself and that wasn't on the list but I came back and said: "let's give it a shot." There's also a bunch of songs that I was definitely going to do, "Life is Life," is an old, old favorite of mine, both "It Takes a Muscle to Fall in Love," and "The Homosexual," were songs that hit me really hard the first time I heard them.
When did you realize you wanted to inject original work into the project as well?
Well, the only true original on there is the title track "Return to Center," which is the improvised instrumental guitar piece in the middle. I felt like that was important. It's the centerpiece of the album, it's the title track. That was the final touch on the record. It was the last thing I did on the last day. But I knew it wasn't complete either. I knew this instrumental piece needed something else and the idea came when I was in Minneapolis playing First Avenue, Prince's old venue. I was on tour with the Growlers and [had them] after sound check and before doors opened, pin me down in the middle of the venue on the floor with the microphone positioned right above me and start tickling me. There's this maniacal, hysterical laughter that just comes in both pleasure and pain, hilarity and pure torture, which was sort of a good centerpiece for the album I thought. This crazy laughter that you couldn't tell was pleasure or pain, it was a bit of both, as the center. I haven't unpacked it fully but I liked it.
"Just because something is funny doesn't mean it's a joke."
What made you want to include the news clips about the ARIAs controversy at the beginning of "Rise?"
I felt like I needed to address that in some way on the album. To not address it would've been shying away from it. I wouldn't have been comfortable with it. When that happened, when I flashed some photographers and the subsequent media ensued I got hit up by just about every major and minor news publication in the country wanting to talk about it, and I said no to everybody. I wanted to talk about it, but I think the advice from everyone around me was to let it play out. I was hurt by the response –– what went from a fairly innocuous flashing of some photographers that had literally said to me, "Hey Kirin, give us a flash under your kilt," you know? For me it was playful.
Nudity is not something to be afraid of. It's my own way of being at ease with my body. I've done plenty of naked shoots. So when a photographer says "jump," I jumped. To have it taken out of context and made it a sexual thing, an aggressive thing, was difficult for me. All along, the best way to deal with this is to approach it artistically like I have anything else in my life. I didn't want to go on some big rant about it, defend myself, or even apologize, it was a spontaneous thing. I didn't really want to inflame that circus. I'm not sure, to be honest, it felt right. We couldn't actually use the original news clip in the end. We try to do everything by the book so I had people reread the parts and it gave that song another twist. Originally that song was written about something much heavier, apartheid, talks about Northern Ireland. Maybe some people would be offended that I take something so serious and twisted it to be about something so trivial that happened.
I think what interests me is the decision to embrace that part of your own personal history and not necessarily run from it or let it define you.
You put it more eloquently than I did.
Speaking of things that can define you, I wanted to talk about the virality of "Big Enough." What was life like before that and after that?
Well, I can't say that life has changed in any significant way. I do have a hit song I guess. That's the song I get recognized for the most. It wasn't a surprise either. I set out to make a mini-opera that was absolutely bombastic and absurd. I went in, Danny and I were planning the video, we set a target just verbally to each other, we wanted to get one million views. We've exceeded that by 40 odd million views now. When Alex and I wrote the song, it came together very quickly, but I knew for a long time that it needed something else. Having Jimmy Barnes scream as a national icon, rock n' roll Hall of Famer in Australia, 17 number one solo albums, two books in the number on the best-seller –– he's a legend. To even have him do that, to do his scream which what he's most renowned for, I just wanted this distilled version of him in the most absurd setting. We always knew that it would be a thing, I just didn't expect it'd be as big a thing as it was in places like Russia or South East Asia, South America where I've never been, don't have a following and Jimmy doesn't either. It's quite amazing to me. I'm not embarrassed, I'm very proud of it and I know Alex is too and I know Jimmy is. Bizarrely, that is what I was most worried about, have I somehow tainted his legacy? I had an interview with him the other day and he finds it hysterical. I think his wife Jane really loves it too which helps.
What was it like to see that become a meme?
The most flattering thing was that people thought I had started the meme, had been making these memes, which I thought was genius if I had done that. Most of them were quite dumb, but I enjoyed it. There were some really obscure ones as well that I found really funny, deeply funny. I embrace it completely, I wanted to create this mini-opera and it had a cultural moment around the world. It wasn't my intention to become a meme, and I don't think that's what's going to define me. I made a new record now, I'm working on lots of music with other people as well, but I'm glad it happened, it's amazing actually.
For people that discovered your music through "Big Enough," how do you describe your artistic point of view? It isn't necessarily parody or joke songs but it also isn't super serious, it's a little confusing but really interesting for that exact same reason.
It's hard to put in words and explain it to someone especially if they don't have a reference point, but you kind of nailed it when you said it was confusing. That was sort of the stated intent when making Bravado. I love discovering things when I don't understand it. I find it exciting, I find it inspiring, I didn't want it to be a joke, if anything I think it went too far in that direction. I've said this a number of times, just because something is funny doesn't mean it's a joke. I've always tried to imbue everything I do with a sense of humor. I think there's hilarity at every turn and I think if we can approach life like that, it makes it a more enjoyable experience. Honestly, I find it very difficult to stomach anything that doesn't have a sense of humor because it seems a little disingenuous to me.
Return to Center is out June 21st on Terrible Records.
Photo by Yana Yatsuk
How to Recreate Dorian Electra's 'Flamboyant' Makeup


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James Walton Harvey
September 14, 1932 - August 11, 2021
James Walton Harvey, 88, of Laurel, MS lost his 10 year courageous fight against Alzheimer's and departed this life to be with his Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, on August 11, 2021 after a brief stay at the South Central Regional Medical Center. A visitation will be held at Memory Chapel Funeral Home in Laurel on August 14 at 9:00 a.m. followed by the funeral service at 10:00 a.m. in the chapel. Interment will be at Hickory Grove Cemetery in Laurel after services are concluded. James was born in Covington County, Mississippi on September 14, 1932. After serving his country in the Marine Corps, he moved to Laurel and married his loving wife, Barbara Sharpe Harvey, where they lived happily for over 65 years. He was a member of Highland Baptist Church and a Shriner, Mason and member of the American Legion. James spent almost his entire professional career as a salesman for Colonial Baking Company until his retirement in 1993. He then worked in merchandising for various bread brands stocking shelves in most grocery stores located in Laurel. Always friendly and gregarious, James had a passion for being kind and helpful to people and became affectionately known by many as "The Bread Man". He believed his greatest accomplishment was creating a stable and happy family. He worked tirelessly to provide opportunities for his pride and joy and only child, James Timothy (Tim) Harvey, who currently resides in Germantown, TN with his wife Nancy. James was a supportive and loving father who encouraged his son to pursue his educational and athletic dreams, while instilling in him all the lessons for a successful life. James adored his wife and often said that she was a great woman that made him into a good man. He loved his two grandchildren, Bryan T. Harvey of Austin, TX and Brandon A. Harvey and wife Jana of Memphis, TN, with all his heart. He was preceded in death by his parents, Mildred L. Walters and Travis L. Harvey, his brother, John H. Walters, and sister, Betty E. Parker. He is survived by his wife, son, two grandsons, daughter-in-law, brother Michael W. Walters and wife Paula of Laurel and numerous nieces and nephews, all of whom he loved deeply. Pallbearers will be Bryan Harvey, Brandon Harvey, Michael Walters, Shane Walters, Scott Walters, and Virgil Darnell. In lieu of flowers, the family requests honoring James with a donation to one of the following charities: Delta State University Foundation and its Baseball Athletic Scholarship fund at P O Box 3141, Cleveland, MS 38733, Jones College Foundation and its Mildred Lee Walters Nursing Scholarship at 900 S. Court St, Ellisville, MS 39437, or Alzheimer's Association P O Box 96011, Washington, DC 20090-6011. To sign the online guest book, visit www.memorychapellaurel.com.
James Walton Harvey, 88, of Laurel, MS lost his 10 year courageous fight against Alzheimer's and departed this life to be with his Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, on August 11, 2021 after a brief stay at the South Central Regional Medical... View Obituary & Service Information
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi's administration can be considered to be a "phase transition" for India's economy, to borrow a concept from thermodynamics. Phase transitions are abrupt, often discontinuous changes in systems that alter the degrees of freedom available to it. A familiar example of such a transition is the change from ice to water. Under Modi's administration, India's phase transition is likely to be from an economically bound state to an economically free state.
The Indian economy has been noteworthy for being unable to develop despite many favorable conditions and factors. India has a deep history and a rich culture. It is fairly well-endowed with natural resources, and has adequate physical and human capital. It can profit from the accumulated understanding of what works from the experiences of other countries that developed before. Finally, it has available for its use the kind of technology that other countries did not have at the time of their development.
And yet after 67 years of becoming politically independent, India has failed to achieve the status of even a middle-income nation. The explanation for this is most likely that India has not been economically free.
India's colonial legacy is a key to understanding why India lacks economic freedom. Under the British Raj, India was not economically free because economic freedom is not consistent with the basic purpose of colonization: exploitation and extraction. Those who took over power after the British left found the existing system quite suitable for their own purposes. British Raj 1.0 gave way to British Raj 2.0. The relationship between the government and the people continued to be one of ruler and subject.
Until now, India could not have followed a path of economic development through suitable non-socialist policies because it would have implied a repudiation and rejection of Nehruvian socialism — which has been the holiest of cows in a land full of holy cows.
Modi of course is not related to the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty. Not just that, he is an outsider to New Delhi and unlike those who preceded him, Modi is not beholden to anybody. He has the freedom to make different policies and thus put India on a development path that India should have taken but did not take — the path of economic development.
The broad outlines of Modi's economic policies are easy to see. Not only has he been outspoken about it but as the chief minister of Gujarat state, he has followed them for the last dozen years. These policies are consistent with this stated objective of making India economically prosperous.
India's biggest challenge is to free a few hundred million people from poverty. The necessary (but not sufficient) condition for that is if the economy grows rapidly at the potential 10 percent GDP growth rate per year. This growth has to be accompanied by increased employment, which can only be achieved through an expansion of the manufacturing sector. Labor will to migrate from the agricultural sector to manufacturing, raising both average productivity and aggregate production.
India's manufacturing sector will certainly grow under Modi's leadership. He has been remarkably successful in attracting domestic and foreign investment to Gujarat. India can become the destination for low-cost manufacturing. One can safely predict that there is going to be a manufacturing boom in India.
"Minimum government, maximum governance" and "government must not be in the business of business" are two of his favorite phrases. Over the socialist years, the government and the public sector have gotten bigger and dysfunctional. The power of those in government has grown consequently, and the inevitable outcome has been — as Lord Acton warned — corruption.
India rates as one of the most corrupt places to do business. Because Modi does not tolerate corruption, the level of public corruption will decline and in a few years, India will join the ranks of the least corrupt nations.
Objectives matter because they alone determine the outcome. The objectives of a leader translate into performance of the organization through specific policies. Because Modi's objective is economic growth and development, and not personal enrichment, one can reasonably expect India's economic fortunes to change.
It will be an India which is investment friendly. As he puts it, "no red tape, only red carpet." The government will become leaner and more efficient. The public sector will shrink even as the private sector grows. Indian entrepreneurs have so far only been allowed to flourish outside India will find India a great place to do business.
Indians will have their economic freedom and with it their long-awaited economic prosperity. India's phase transition has begun.
Next > If you had the luck of the Indians . . .
Atanu, will you share some pointer as to what will be the next mission possible?
I mean what are the ingredients required to become a leader and not just prosperous .
Indeed I will write about the mission "impossible." But I will have to build up that case slowly since otherwise it will be met with derisive laughter. Most people will not get it. Among holy cows in India, it is the holiest. I have hinted at it from time to time on this blog, however.
I get that. I think it has something to do with India's majestic dharmic legacy which a lot to teach to the world and which the filth called 'secularism' in indian context derides.
Actually, no. Dharma is important but applies only in the personal — as opposed to the public — realm. It applies to the cosmological beliefs rather than the material beliefs of society.
What I propose lies firmly in the public and material sphere. It has to do with governance and the relationship between the government and the citizens.
Atanu has always had a special interest in the constitution of India and its importance in defining the state-citizen relationship. I understand how troublesome this could get, what with all the chest thumping by haters, imagine if a move is made towards the constitution. Need to build up the case, as you say.
VirtualPresence, you are right. It has to do with replacing the constitution.
Phenomenal job! Atanu. Would love to meet you one day. I thought with Modi elected, it may be the right time but now you are moving on the new mission :). Good Luck!
Manish, sure, I am happy to meet up.
Appreciate the focus that has driven this change.
I admire your dedication towards a better India. It has encouraged me to think what I can do for my country as well. If you don't mind please give me your email address, I would like to share my thoughts with you on this matter. I would like to help and be a part of transforming India.
My full name at gmail.
Congrats to you, Atanu. I never shared your optimism of Narendrabhai becoming the Prime Minister. I am delighted the Indian voter proved me utterly wrong and feel like we've won a lottery! Rajesh Jain's perspicacity is remarkable – you two make a fantastic team.
1. I read this article a few days back on The Washington Post. You repeatedly talked about revamping the train system and the idea of new cities (RISC vs PURA) almost a decade ago. I couldn't help but think that people like you influenced the ideas of Narendrabhai and co.
I don't quite like the cabinet and I wonder if Modi is going to have headaches dealing with the senior members of the cabinet who don't seem to be all that geared towards reforms and small govt, etc.
I am so glad that Modi became our PM and good days are coming. One request though, please keep spreading the idea of school vouchers to help poor kids access best 'value for money' education. I am hoping Smriti Irani will give you enough time and listen to you.
As another person said below, I too didn't share your optimism that Modi would win. I was wrong. Being an investor, I had all but given up by the end of 2013 that India could rouse itself to throw off the Raj 2.0, but they did – and how! I'm far more inclined to share your optimism now.
I truly hope this will become a catalyst for a remarkable change, bringing to forefront the tolerance, ingenuity and diversity of Indian ethos. Prosperity is the inevitable consequence of freedom to pursue our own values, an exercise of self-interest while allowing others to do the same.
We are best positioned to decide the manner in which we can employ our own unique talents to the best use of the society and a market economy is best positioned to decide the value for our particular contributions. With efficient price signals the order will emerge, freedom to pursue market defined values will bring coordination, we don't need conceited bureaucrats and politicians.
As an primary step we could stop employing the term "socialism" to define our past because it has little to do with that concept and more to do with Stalin & Mussolini. Marx's manifesto recommends collectivization merely as a step towards the "higher" state, our founding fathers had no such goal, their megalomania resulted in what Ludwig von Mises would call as "planned chaos". Let's call a spade a spade, it's Nehruvian Stalinist Fascist Planned Chaos.
8 months have passed since Narendra modi was elected. A lot of euphoria was built and also seen still. As a very experienced administrator he was expected to fix things. A lot of precious time lost and little has been gained. What we haven't seen is any short term do-ables. But only plans for long term. The mandate was for fixing things and fixing it soon. Things could have been divided around what can be achieved in 3 months, 6 months and 12 months, 3 years and 5 years and beyond. As you have mentioned in one of your previous blog posts ….corruption is eating the country and it still is. A lot of( if not all) Hard decisions are being deferred.
Good days are coming aye ?


Three games down and three more to go before I execute operation "Execute the Biggest and Best Game I Physically Can". I'm also looking into ways to get all my boring classes, that have nothing to do with game design (but are "required" for some reason), out of the way so I can start my RPG in the fall and have time to focus on it.
Read more to see what I accomplished this week.
It seems that I'm just not meant to port my games to iOS. I keep finding one bug after another. I'm going to keep at it though because that's a very large market to ignore. Still, I can't help but feel more love towards Google everyday.
I'm starting on the GDD for my next game and juggling school stuff right now. I'm getting so close to where I want to be I'm starting to foam at the mouth (but not really). It's only a matter of time and effort.


1 BR • 2 BA • 730 sq.ft.
Private Residence #210 is a second level one be... Private Residence #210 is a second level one bedroom, 1 1/2 bath residence that sleeps four people comfortably. Excellent view of the McKenzie Mt. range and courtyard amenities. A buyer would be purchasing a 1/12 deed in The Whiteface Lodge. Interval 4 is available, and comes with a locker. Fees and taxes reflect 1/12th ownership.


Body condition and health of a person affected by many factors, namely the internal factors of the body (immune system) and external factors such as weather conditions around, and so the plague attack. Internal factors, namely how a person's immune system is affebted by lifestyle habits such as eating healthy foods, exercise regularly and so on. The temperature change so often. Mornings and evenings are usually cool to feel very hot. The drastic weather changes, of course, make the body adapt to the weather must be good. This requires excellent stamina or fit. If not, the body becomes less able to adapt. This is what can cause various diseases, especially for those who are working hard and too little rest.
If the condition of the body is weak, the body easily attacked by diseases both minor ailments such as colds, coughs, colds, fever, respiratory disorders or respiratory tract infection, sore throat, colds, influenza, intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, and abdominal typhus. The emergence of these diseases is high at the beginning of the case the transition seasons change also caused the number of bacteria or viruses that contaminate the environment around us plus a decrease in endurance or stamina us in this transitional season. Therefore here are some things you can do to increase your stamina so it does not easily fall ill.
Consumption of water at least 8 glasses a day.
Eat nutritious food. Endurance is good but needs sufficient amounts of food, must also meet all the nutrients that the body needs: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Get plenty of rest. Sleep 6-8 hours a day. Lack of rest can lower our immune system.
Make exercise a part of your routine, at least 3 times a week 30 minute dive.
Avoid or Manage your stress well. Stress is not a good thing for our bodies. Only by learning to manage it properly, we can avoid the negative effects of stress such as insomnia, decreased appetite which in turn affects our immune system.
If necessary supplements as needed and appropriate dosing. Most of us are hard to meet the daily nutritional needs with a balanced diet, so supplements stamina enhancer is required especially in the transition seasons. One of them select a tonic for stamina that actually contains the complete vitamin B needed to maintain stamina like vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8 and B12. In addition, we also have to look at and consider supplements or food / energy drinks, the package must include substances, the manufacturer's instructions, expiration date and registration number of the drug control agencies of food (BPOM).
Maintain health and hygiene of food and beverages, cleaning after defecation or before eating and keeping the environment clean, eliminate flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, ants.
In the event of a serious complaint, immediately go to the doctor.
If you get a healthy lifestyle and to apply the above tips regularly and routinely, health and fitness necessary to stay awake and you also avoid the attack of mild illness in times of erratic weather.


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Let's gather on Tuesday, July 17th at 9:15 a.m. to sign in and get bikes ready for a ride on the Fox River Trail. We will meet at the Gail Borden Library in Elgin, 270 N. Grove. We will depart at 9:30, riding the trail north to Panera's in Crystal Lake. Total mileage about 32 miles at a casual pace, no one left behind.
If you'd like a shorter ride, you can join us at the Depot in East Dundee (319 N. River) at approximately 10:00; round trip from there will be 20- 22 miles.
Faster riders are welcome to ride ahead. Please let me know if you are coming, for 2 reasons: so we don't leave without you, and also so that Howard and Anna can bring your jersey or T-shirt, if you still haven't received yours yet.
If there is any reason to cancel, I'll send an email by 7:30.
meet at the Gail Borden Library in Elgin, 270 N. Grove.


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Rüdigheim ist ein Stadtteil von Amöneburg im mittelhessischen Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf.

Geographie

Geographische Lage
Der Ort liegt im Amöneburger Becken im Vorderen Vogelsberg an der Ohm und am Fuße des Kreuzwarthügels, dem Hausberg der Ortschaft. Im Westen verläuft die Landesstraße 3073. Rüdigheim liegt am Hessischen Radfernweg R6.

Nachbargemeinden

Geschichte

Ortsgeschichte
Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde der Ort in der erzbischöflich-mainzischen Heberolle des Jahres 1248 unter dem Namen Rudencheim. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Verzeichnis Mainzer Besitzes im Umland von Amöneburg. Einkünfte, Pflichten und Rechte sind darin umfassend dokumentiert.

Im Jahr 1355 versetzte Mainz den Hof und das Dorf Rüdigheim an den Amöneburger Burgmann Gilbrecht von Nordeck. 1383 gelangten Teile dieser Pfandschaft an Walprecht von Seelheim, welcher damals Keller in Amöneburg war. Später übernahmen die Schencken zu Schweinsberg die Besitztümer.

1394 erlaubte der Mainzer Erzbischof Konrad seinem Burgmannen Adolf Rau von Holzhausen das Dorf von den Erben Gilbrecht von Nordecks aufzulösen. 1411 übertrug Adolf Rau von Holzhausen alle seine Rechte an Rüdigheim an Eberhard Schenck zu Schweinsberg. Die Schweinsberger Schencken behielten das Mainzer Dorf Rüdigheim, dessen Gemarkung direkt an Schweinsberg angrenzt, bis 1586 im Pfandbesitz. Ebenso im Pfandbesitz befanden sich die benachbarten Mainzer Dörfer Niederklein (1349–1525) und Erfurtshausen (1416–1586) und die der Stadt Amöneburg vorgelagerte Wenigenburg (1349 bis ca. 1463/1525). Damit weiteten die Schwencken zu Schweinsberg ihren Einflussbereich um die Stadt und Burg Schweinsberg erheblich aus. Sie übernahmen, wenn auch nur zeitlich begrenzt, alle Rechte und Pflichten in den Dörfern, übten Schutz und die Gerichtsgewalt aus.

Frühe schriftliche Aufzeichnungen belegen, dass Rüdigheim wie andere Orte der Umgebung der katholischen Kirche in Amöneburg zugeordnet war. Während der Missionierung der Gegend durch Bonifatius im Jahr 721 wurde sie zum zentralen Mittelpunkt der Katholiken in Oberhessen. Das Umland von Rüdigheim ist eine reizvolle, vom christlichen Brauchtum geprägte Region. Über Jahrhunderte entstanden von Ort zu Ort eine erhebliche Reihe baulicher Zeugen christlicher Tradition, wozu Flurkreuze, Bildstöcke, Kapellen, Grotten und Kirchenbauten zählen, so auch in Rüdigheim. Natürlich kam es wie überall im Laufe der Zeit zu Veränderungen. In den Jahren 1802/1803 endete neben der territorialen auch eine über eintausendjährige Zugehörigkeit zum kirchlichen Mainzer Einflussbereich. Anzumerken gilt, dass geographisch das Kurfürstentum Mainz und das Erzbistum Mainz nicht übereinstimmten. Der jeweilige Mainzer Erzbischof war im Kurfürstentum auch weltlicher Herrscher, hingegen im Erzbistum nur dessen geistliches Oberhaupt. Während nachfolgend die Territorialgeschichte noch hinreichend erläutert wird, muss darauf hingewiesen werden, dass 1821 auch eine einschneidende kirchliche Umstrukturierung erfolgte. Rüdigheim und weitere katholische Nachbargemeinden wechselten vom Bistum Mainz in das seit 1752 bestehende Bistum Fulda, dem sie bis heute angehören. Das älteste katholische Kirchenbuch in Rüdigheim beginnt mit Aufzeichnungen in der nachreformatorischen Zeit des Jahres 1678, während ältester steinerner Nachweis katholischen Glaubens der Taufstein von 1681 ist. Selbst älteste schriftliche Aufzeichnungen liefern keinen Hinweis auf Mitbürger jüdischen Glaubens. Hingegen lebten einst wenige evangelische Christen im Ort, wie die nachfolgende Statistik ausweist. Ihr Anteil ist heute gestiegen. Organisatorisch sind sie der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Schweinsberg zugehörig.

Gemäß dem Gerichts-Organisationsgesetz vom 31. Oktober 1848, fiel Rüdigheim in den Zuständigkeitsbereich des Obergerichts zu Cassel, dem das Justizamt Amöneburg im Kreis Kirchhain unterstellt war. Dort wurden für Rüdigheim, als damals kleinstes Dorf, 50 Häuser mit 354 Einwohnern aufgezeichnet.

Ab 1851 waren die ev.-luth. Einwohner von Rüdigheim dem Schweinsberger Pfarrer Conrad Hesse zugeordnet.
Die reformierten Einwohner von Rüdigheim wiederum wurden der Stadt Kirchhain zugeordnet und dem dortigen Pfarrer Friedrich August Klemme.

Unmittelbar an der Gemarkungsgrenze zwischen Rüdigheim und Niederklein wurde schon lange Zeit eine Burg vermutet. Erstmals im Sommer 1958 erfolgten im dortigen "Flurbereich Husgeweid", schließlich Grabungen, die im Winter 1960/61 mit Unterstützung des Amtes für Bodenaltertümer intensiviert wurden. Freigelegt wurde ein Gebäudegrundriss von 5,00 Meter × 5,70 Meter. Weiter Grabungen wurden 1961 durchgeführt. Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen geht hervor, dass im Mittelalter an besagter Stelle eine kleine Befestigungsanlage stand. Es handelte sich um einen aufgeschütteten Hügel mit darauf stehendem burgähnlichen Turmhaus, dessen unterer Teil aus festem Steinmauerwerk, der darüberliegende Teil wahrscheinlich aus Fachwerk bestand. Der Hügel war von einem Wassergraben umgeben, was heute noch ansatzweise erkennbar ist. Eine ganze Reihe ähnlicher Befestigungsanlagen gelten in der näheren Umgebung als nachgewiesen. Neben dem Turmhaus wird an gleicher Stelle eine dazugehörige Hofstelle vermutet, die ebenfalls durch einen Graben geschützt wurde. Alte Amöneburger Kellereirechnungen weisen Einnahmen von Äckern vom Hunskeweyde aus, woraus Hunskeweide wurde, während heute das Gebiet als Husgeweid bezeichnet wird.

Hessische Gebietsreform (1970–1977)

Die ehemals eigenständige Gemeinde wurde im Rahmen der Gebietsreform des Landes Hessen am 31. Dezember 1971 in die Stadt Amöneburg eingegliedert.

Verwaltungsgeschichte im Überblick
Die folgende Liste zeigt die Staaten und Verwaltungseinheiten, in denen Rüdigheim lag:

 14. und 15. Jahrhundert: Heiliges Römisches Reich, Kurfürstentum Mainz, Amt Amöneburg
 1355: Pfandbesitz des Gilbrecht von Nordeck (Amöneburger Burgmann) und später dessen Erben
 1383: Pfandbesitz geht in Teilen an Walprecht von Seelheim (Keller = Leiter des Wirtschafts- und Finanzbereiches im Amt Amöneburg)
 1394: Pfandbesitz des Adolf Rau von Holzhausen (Amöneburger Burgmann). Übernahme des Pfandbesitzes der Erben des Gilbrecht von Nordeck
 1411–1586: Pfandbesitz der Schenck zu Schweinsberg
 ab 1586: Heiliges Römisches Reich, Kurmainz, Amt Amöneburg
 ab 1803: Heiliges Römisches Reich, Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel, Fürstentum Fritzlar, Amt Amöneburg
 ab 1806: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel, Fürstentum Fritzlar, Amt Amöneburg
 1807–1813: Königreich Westphalen, Departement der Werra, Distrikt Marburg, Kanton Kirchhain
 ab 1815: Kurfürstentum Hessen, Amt Amöneburg
 ab 1821: Kurfürstentum Hessen, Provinz Oberhessen, Kreis Kirchhain
 ab 1848: Kurfürstentum Hessen, Bezirk Marburg
 ab 1851: Kurfürstentum Hessen, Provinz Oberhessen, Kreis Kirchhain
 ab 1866/1867: Königreich Preußen, Provinz Hessen-Nassau, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Kreis Kirchhain
 ab 1871: Deutsches Reich, Provinz Hessen-Nassau, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Kreis Kirchhain
 ab 1918: Deutsches Reich, Freistaat Preußen, Provinz Hessen-Nassau, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Kreis Kirchhain
 ab 1932: Deutsches Reich, Freistaat Preußen, Provinz Hessen-Nassau, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Kreis Marburg
 ab 1944: Deutsches Reich, Freistaat Preußen, Provinz Kurhessen, Kreis Marburg
 ab 1945: Amerikanische Besatzungszone, Groß-Hessen, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Kreis Marburg
 ab 1946: Amerikanische Besatzungszone, Hessen, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Kreis Marburg
 ab 1949: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Hessen, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Kreis Marburg
 ab 1974: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Hessen, Regierungsbezirk Kassel, Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf
 ab 1981: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Hessen, Regierungsbezirk Gießen, Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf

Gemeindeschultheiße, Bürgermeister
 Martin Paul (1650 als Bürgermeister)
 Valentin Bieker, Hs. Nr. 1 (mehrere Jahre zwischen 1780/1790 Schultheiß/Bürgermeister)
 Georg Adam Schmitt (1758 als Gemeindeschultheiß) und zeitgleich Nikolaus Gnau (1758 als Bürgermeister)
 Heinrich Gnau (1793/1794 als Bürgermeister)
 Johannes Heinrich Schüler (1827 als Schultheiß)
 Ludwig Biecker (1828 als Gemeindeschultheiß)
 Andreas Biecker (1895 als Bürgermeister)
 ? Riehl (1896 als Bürgermeister)
 Karl Adam Schmitt (1916 als Bürgermeister)
 Heinrich Josef Herz (1937 als Bürgermeister)
 Alois Wachtel (1952 als Bürgermeister)
 Theodor Biecker (Bürgermeister in den 50er Jahren)
 Wilhelm Herz (1959 als Bürgermeister)
 Winfried Dörr (1967 als Bürgermeister)
Im Amt Amöneburg bekleidete der Schultheiß das höchste Verwaltungsamt. Unterstützt wurde er meist von zwei Gerichtsschöffen. Die hessische Gemeindeordnung vom 30. Juni 1821 sah dieses Amt nicht mehr vor. Künftig regelte ein Ortsvorstand bestehend aus einem Bürgermeister, Beigeordneten und Gemeinderat die Belange einer Gemeinde.  In bevölkerungsstarken Dörfern gab es zeitgleich auch zwei Bürgermeister, wovon einer der Unterbürgermeister war. Unterschieden wurden aber auch der Bürgermeister für die Ackerleute und der für die Kleinbauern in einem Dorf.

Bevölkerung

Einwohnerstruktur 2011
Nach den Erhebungen des Zensus 2011 lebten am Stichtag dem 9. Mai 2011 in Rüdigheim 561 Einwohner. Darunter waren 15 (2,7 %) Ausländer.
Nach dem Lebensalter waren 105 Einwohner unter 18 Jahren, 240 zwischen 18 und 49, 120 zwischen 50 und 64 und 96 Einwohner waren älter. Die Einwohner lebten in 213 Haushalten. Davon waren 36 Singlehaushalte, 57 Paare ohne Kinder und 99 Paare mit Kindern, sowie 15 Alleinerziehende und 6 Wohngemeinschaften. In 27 Haushalten lebten ausschließlich Senioren und in 141 Haushaltungen lebten keine Senioren.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Historische Erwerbstätigkeit

Religion

Historische Religionszugehörigkeit

Katholische Kirche St. Antonius der Einsiedler

Die katholische Kirche St. Antonius der Einsiedler wurde von 1748 bis 1752 erbaut und am 8. Oktober 1754 durch den Mainzer Weihbischof Christoph Nebel geweiht. Verantwortlicher Architekt, Maurermeister und Stuckateur war der aus Tirol stammende Johann Christian Singer.

Die katholische Kirchengemeinde Rüdigheim gehört seit Jahrhunderten zur Pfarrei Amöneburg, zwischenzeitlich von 1681 bis 1711 war sie der Pfarrei Niederklein zugeordnet. 1821 erfolgte eine wesentliche  Umstrukturierung. Rüdigheim wechselte vom Bistum Mainz in das seit 1752 bestehende Bistum Fulda. Leider finden sich keine gesicherten Angaben über das Jahr einer Kirchengründung. Urkunden der Amöneburger Pfarrkirche weisen jedoch 1332 in Rüdigheim einen Kirchhof aus, so dass bereits um diese Zeit auch eine Kirche vermutet werden darf. Der alte Taufstein im Inneren der Kirche ist älter als die heutige Kirche. Er trägt die Jahreszahl 1681.

Rüdigheims Barockkirche ist die kleinste und wohl schlichteste unter den Barockkirchen im katholischen Amöneburger Umland. Es handelt sich um einen Saalbau mit einem von drei Seiten geschlossenen Chor. Anders als viele katholische und evangelische Kirchen der näheren Umgebung handelt es sich nicht um eine Wehrkirche, auch wenn das Kirchengebäude von einer großflächigen Außenmauer umschlossen ist. Noch immer umringt der Friedhof, wie seit jeher die Kirche und wurde nicht wie andernorts nach außerhalb verlagert. Der Kirchturm, eigentlich ein Haubendachreiter, beherbergt drei Glocken, die das ganze Jahr über die Bewohner zu den Gottesdiensten einladen aber auch zu zahlreichen weiteren Anlässen läuten. Im Jahr 1995 erhielt die Kirche eine Turmuhr bestehend aus zwei Ziffernblättern, die seither in Verbindung mit den Glocken als Zeitzeichen dient.

Wer durch die tagsüber geöffnete Kirchentür die Rüdigheimer Kirche betritt, wird überrascht sein von der Helligkeit und Farbenfülle des Raumes, der ihm dort begegnet. Barocke Lebensfreude und Begeisterung wird in den Gemälden und dem aufwändigen Stuck an der Decke deutlich. Die Blicke auf sich aber zieht der barocke Hochaltar und in seiner Mitte ein großes Kreuz.

Zwei farbige Chorfenster beschreiben, wie unter dem römischen Kaiser Konstantin im 4. Jahrhundert das Kreuz allmählich ein Siegeszeichen wird und wie seine Mutter, die heilige Helena, in Jerusalem das Kreuz Jesu findet.

Von der Empore blickt die Statue von Antonius dem Einsiedler auf die Gläubigen herab. Antonius hatte sich als junger Mann in die Wüste zurückgezogen, um in der Einsamkeit Gott zu suchen. Es bestehen drei große Deckengemälde und zehn kleine Fresken an den Deckenschrägen (in der Voute).

Die Kirchengemeinde ist im Besitz eines Kreuzpartikels und begeht am 14. September oder dem folgenden Sonntag das Kreuzfest. Das Kreuz ist Zeichen für Hoffnung und Leben. Die Kreuzbalken im Hochaltar münden in Kleeblätter – das Marterwerkzeug wird so zu einem Baum. Und Christus am Kreuz ist hier nicht als Sterbender dargestellt, sondern als lebender Hoffnungsträger.

Auf dem Kirchvorplatz befindet sich das Kriegerehrenmal (Denkmal für die Gefallenen beider Weltkriege). Es wurde 1928 im Gedenken an die Opfer des Ersten Weltkrieges errichtet und 1952 ergänzt um die Gefallenen und Vermissten des Zweiten Weltkrieges.

Umfeld der Kirche

Im direkten Anschluss zur katholischen Pfarrkirche befindet sich der örtliche Friedhof mit dem Friedhofskreuz, der von einer Friedhofsmauer aus meist roten Buntsandsteinen umschlossen wird.

Neben dem Friedhofskreuz befinden sich Ehrengräber von katholischen Geistlichen. Das Grab des in Rüdigheim geborenen Fuldaer Prälaten Josef Mönninger wurde 2017 als Ehrengrab auch neben dem Friedhofskreuz errichtet.

Auf dem Friedhof befindet sich ein Denkmal für die Opfer der Weltkriege.

Verkehr
 Rüdigheim liegt mit einem Haltepunkt an der Ohmtalbahn.
 Der öffentliche Personennahverkehr wird durch die Buslinie MR-94 des Regionalen Nahverkehrsverbandes Marburg-Biedenkopf (RNV) sichergestellt.

Persönlichkeiten
Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde

 Josef Mönninger (* 2. Dezember 1919 in Rüdigheim; † 3. Januar 2017 in Fulda), katholischer Theologe im Bistum Fulda,

Literatur
 Annekathrin Sitte-Köster: Bildstöcke in den katholischen Exklaven in Oberhessen. Geschichte und Funktion einer memorialen Bildgattung von der frühen Neuzeit bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs. Diss. Universität Mainz, 2009.
 Günter Slany: Rerrekim. ... ein Dorf in Oberhessen. Geschichte – Brauchtum – Alltag. Buch zum Fest: 250 Jahre Barockkirche und 750 Jahre urkundliche Erstnennung Rüdigheims. (1. Aufl.). Rüdigheim: Kirchengemeinde St. Antonius d. E. (Hrsg.), 2002.
 Anita Bagus: komm mit ins museum. Auf Entdeckungsreise durch hessische Museen. (1. Aufl.). S. 4–5. Gudensberg-Gleichen: Wartberg Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Hessischer Museumsverband e. V., Kassel, Sparkassen-Kulturstiftung Hessen-Thüringen & SV Sparkassen Versicherung Hessen-Nassau-Thüringen (Hrsg.), 2001.
 Paul Lang: Die Barockkirche St. Antonius d. E. zu Rüdigheim. "Wo der Himmel die Erde berührt ...". Schritte zum Verstehen eines Sakralraumes. Rüdigheim: Borromäusverein (Hrsg.), 1997.
 Karl Weitzel: Ihr Christen erhebet euch zum Herrn und betet den Engel des Herrn. Religiöser Brauch in Oberhessen: Rasseln ersetzen Glocken in der Karwoche. S. 51–53. Selbstverlag Karl Weitzel (Hrsg.), 1997.
 Karl Weitzel: Gott zu Ehre haben errichten lassen..... Bildstöcke und Wegekreuze in Oberhessen. S. 8; S. 11; S. 85–91; S. 164–168; S. 171, S. 174. Selbstverlag Karl Weitzel (Hrsg.), 1993.
 Paul Lang: Festschrift zum 100-jährigen Jubiläum des Männergesangverein "Concordia" 1889 e.V. Rüdigheim. Festtage vom 23.–26. Juni 1989.
 Alfred Schneider: Rüdigheim. Chronik eines oberhessischen Dorfes. Museum Amöneburg (Hrsg.), 1989.
 Alfred Schneider: Festschrift. 50 Jahre Freiwillige Feuerwehr Rüdigheim. Zur Geschichte des Feuerlöschwesens in Rüdigheim. Festtage vom 22.–24. Juni 1984. Freiwillige Feuerwehr Rüdigheim (Hrsg.), 1984.
 Wolfgang Kurzschenkel, Alfred Schneider: Die Orgel in der Kirche St. Antonius d. E. zu Rüdigheim. Selbstverlag Pfarrei Amöneburg (Hrsg.), 1981.
 Alfred Schneider: Festschrift. 225 Jahre Barock-Kirche St. Antonius d. E. Rüdigheim. A. Schneider (Hrsg.), 1977.
 Kurfürstlich-Hessisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch, Verlag des reformierten Waisenhauses, Cassel 1863
 }

Weblinks

 Stadtteil Rüdigheim im Internetauftritt der Stadt Amöneburg.

Einzelnachweise

Ortsbezirk von Amöneburg
Ort im Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf)
Gemeindeauflösung 1971

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Much of our activity comes from our annual meeting. It is held in the summer and we typically alternate the location between North America and Europe.
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Blog: Where Next for Microbiome Research?


The master collaboration agreement will expedite future research contracts at UNM that are funded through Honeywell. It will also foster other non-monetary collaborations, including interaction between UNM School of Engineering faculty and students and Honeywell as well as a better exchange of ideas, expertise, and equipment between the two organizations.
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text:
\section*{Abstract}
\end{centering}
One-dimensional inorganic nanotubes hold promise for technological applications due to their distinct physical/chemical properties, but so far advancements have been hampered by difficulties in producing single-wall nanotubes with a well-defined radius. In this work we investigate, based on Density Functional Theory (DFT), the formation mechanism of 135 different inorganic nanotubes formed by the intrinsic self-rolling driving force found in asymmetric 2D Janus sheets.
We show that for isovalent Janus sheets, the lattice mismatch between inner and outer atomic layers is the driving force behind the nanotube formation, while in the non-isovalent case it is governed by the difference in chemical bond strength of the inner and outer layer leading to steric effects. From our pool of candidate structures we have identified more than 100 tubes with a preferred radius below 35 \si{\angstrom}, which we hypothesize can display unique properties compared to their parent 2D monolayers. Simple descriptors have been identified to accelerate the discovery of small-radius tubes and a Bayesian regression approach has been implemented to assess the uncertainty in our predictions on the radius.

\section*{Introduction}
In the last decades miniaturization of devices has been a main trend driving the electronics industry. In addition to reducing the usage of raw materials, nanomaterials often show improved properties compared to their larger counterparts. Among these nanomaterials are two-dimensional (2D) sheets, one-dimensional (1D) structures such as nanotubes and nanoribbons, and zero-dimensional (0D) nanoparticles.

Since their discovery, nanotubes have shown promise for a wide range of applications including gas separation and capture, catalysis, solid lubrication and controlled drug delivery.\cite{serra2019overview} In addition to the well-known carbon nanotubes \cite{iijima1991helical} numerous inorganic nanotubes have been synthesized .\cite{Tenne1992, rao2003inorganic} Although the first successful synthesis of single-wall MoS$_2$ nanotubes has been reported [5], such structures usually appear together with numerous multi-wall tubes showing a distribution of radii and wall thicknesses.\cite{seifert2002stability} These multi-wall structures alleviate the built-in strain energy through van der Waals interactions in between the layers leading to an increase in stability.\cite{serra2019overview} Overall, this has made it difficult to establish an experimental synthesis pathway to produce single-wall tubes with a specific radius and controllable physio-chemical properties.

A possible solution to this problem is the approach of considering asymmetric sheets, which can naturally wrap and form nanotubes with a well defined size. Due to the asymmetry, the unsupported sheet is expected to be unstable compared to other curled shapes, such as tubes or scrolls. Pauling, already in the 1930s, mentioned that the driving force of sheets to curve is related to the lattice-mismatch between the two inner and outer atomic layers.\cite{pauling1930structure} Single-wall inorganic nanotubes with well-defined diameters hold promise for technological applications, not only because of their reduced dimensionality, but also for their unique properties, often inherently different from the ones of the corresponding asymmetric sheets. An example of a small-radius, single-wall nanotube formed from an asymmetric sheet is imogolite (Al$_2$SiO$_3$(OH)$_4$) which was first discovered in volcanic ash soil \cite{yoshinaga1962imogolite} and later synthesized. \cite{cradwick1972imogolite,farmer1977synthesis} Other tubular minerals include chrysotile (Mg$_3$Si$_2$O$_5$(OH)$_4$) and halloysite (Al$_2$Si$_2$O$_5$(OH)$_4$) that however occur as multi-wall tubes. \cite{bates1950morphology,whittaker1956structure} Besides naturally occurring nanotubes, "misfit-layer" compounds, composed of two separate sheets, make use of the lattice mismatch between the two sheets to induce a natural driving force to form a tube. \cite{panchakarla2014nanotubes}

One of the possible classes of materials forming asymmetric 2D monolayers are Janus sheets, like MoSSe \cite{lu2017janus} or BiTeI \cite{fulop2018exfoliation}, which can be wrapped to form 1D tubes.\cite{zhao2015ultra,oshima2020geometrical} A recent work\cite{zhao2015ultra} has shown that radii well below 35 \si{\angstrom} are needed to create single-wall Janus transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) tubes, which have significantly different (electronic) properties from the corresponding asymmetric sheet. Although facile synthesis routes for the production of single-wall inorganic nanotubes has long been actively researched, not much attention has been paid to the question of which materials would be able to make such a structure avoiding the creation of multi-wall tubes. Consequently, a high throughput study on the stability of a wide range of Janus-based nanotubes, would provide valuable information for guiding future synthesis of small-radius single-wall nanotubes.

In this work we present a comprehensive screening study in the framework of Density Functional
Theory (DFT) on the stability of 135 different inorganic nanotubes generated from the rolling of asymmetric 2D Janus sheets. The calculations focus on the stability and strain energy of the chosen nanotubes. The total number of DFT relaxations performed in this work amounts to approximately 4500. We show that for pure chalcogen or halogen tubes (isovalent anions), the wrapping mechanism is mostly governed by the lattice-mismatch between the two inner and outer atomic layers, while for mixing anions (non-isovalent anions) this is dominated by the difference in valency between the X/Y elements. These findings provide a physical foundation for designing Janus nanotubes with optimal (small) radii.

\section*{Results}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{pictures/wrap_tube.pdf}
\caption{The symmetric MY$_{2}$ and MX$_2$ are the parent sheets for the asymmetric 2D Janus MXY sheet, which can be wrapped up to form a 1D Janus nanotube. In this case M = Bi (light purple), X = Te (dark yellow) and Y = I (dark purple).}
\label{fig:wrap_tube_figure}
\end{figure}

The nanotubes considered in this study consist of three layers (MXY, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:wrap_tube_figure}) composed of different mid-layer elements (M = \{Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ge, Sn, As, Sb, Bi\}) decorated with inner X and outer Y chalcogen and halogen atoms (X,Y = \{O, S, Se, Te, Cl, Br, I\}). Here we denote all group 16 elements including oxygen as chalcogens. For the three pnictogens (As, Sb and Bi) having 3+ as one of their possible oxidation states, we mix chalcogens and halogens in the structures. For the remaining 12 elements, the inner X and outer Y elements are either chalcogens or halogens. The idea of mixing chalcogens and halogens to form 2D MXY Janus sheets was recently explored in Ref. \cite{riis2019classifying} , but has so far not been pursued in the context of nanotubes. We construct the tubes by rolling up 2D layers in both the T- and H-phase crystal structures, corresponding to the crystal structures found for the experimentally synthesized MoSSe \cite{lu2017janus} and BiTeI \cite{fulop2018exfoliation} 2D sheets, along both the armchair and zigzag directions.

\subsection*{Nanotube strain energy}
Two main quantities that are needed to characterize an asymmetric nanotube are the optimal radius, which defines the most stable nanotube size, and the strain energy, which defines the energy associated with the wrapping of a 2D sheet into a nanotube (negative strain energies indicate a spontaneous wrapping).

The strain energy is defined as the difference between the energy of the nanotube and the corresponding 2D sheet.\cite{tersoff1992energies} In formula:
\begin{equation}
    E_{strain}(R) = \frac{E_{tube}}{N_{tube}} - \frac{E_{MXY}}{N_{MXY}}
\end{equation}

, where $E_{tube}$ is the energy of a nanotube with $N_{tube}$ atoms and $E_{MXY}$ is the energy of the corresponding 2D Janus sheet with $N_{MXY}$ atoms in the unit cell.
In the infinite limit $R \rightarrow \infty$, the strain energy is zero, since the energy per atom of a tube is equal to the energy per atom of an infinite 2D Janus sheet.

It has been shown that for symmetric tubes (carbon, for example) the nanotube strain energy follows a 1/R$^2$ dependence. \cite{tibbetts1984carbon, robertson1992energetics} This relationship does not hold for asymmetric tubes in which the strain energy curve exhibits a minimum.  \cite{guimaraes2007imogolite, d2009single, guimaraes2010structural,zhang2003formation} Instead, it can be more accurately described using the equation: \cite{guimaraes2007imogolite}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:second_order_model}
    E_{strain}(R) = \frac{a}{R^2} + \frac{b}{R}~.
\end{equation}

Extrapolating the function using the obtained DFT data and evaluating the function at the minimum strain energy $E_{strain-min}$ leads to the optimal tube radius $R_{opt}$ (see also Figure \ref{fig:inorganic_strains}).
We note that, although Eq. \ref{eq:second_order_model} fits well in the region around the optimal tube radius, large strain energies can lead to a deviation. \cite{demichelis2016serpentine} We take this into consideration during the screening using Bayesian statistics (details in the SI) which helps to identify cases where the function chosen does not capture the observed data points well across all tube radii.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{graphs/Strains_inorganic_examples}
\caption{Strain energy as a function of the radius for the symmetric MoS$_2$ nanotube and the two asymmetric NbSSe and BiSI nanotubes. The label in brackets indicates the prototype (H-/T-phase) and the wrapping direction (a/z indicating armchair/zigzag).}
\label{fig:inorganic_strains}
\end{figure}

As an example, Figure \ref{fig:inorganic_strains} shows the strain energy as a function of the tube radius for three different materials, comparing a symmetric MoS$_2$ tube with the two studied asymmetric tubes NbSSe and BiSI.
The symmetric MoS$_2$ tube shows a 1/R$^2$ dependence of the strain energy over the tube radius indicating the single-wall nanotube is less stable than the infinite sheet. This is not the case for the asymmetric NbSSe and BiSI tubes, where the strain curve exhibits a minimum. The strain energy curve for BiSI shows a strain energy minimum of -31 meV/atom at the optimal radius of $\sim$ 10 \si{\angstrom} while the strain energy curve for NbSSe is instead very shallow (minimum at -1.1 meV/atom at 85 \si{\angstrom}) due to the minor lattice-mismatch of 0.96 between the two parent sheets NbS$_2$ and NbSe$_2$. Such a shallow strain energy curve makes it difficult to establish an optimal radius.

\subsection*{Stability and optimal radius}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=.625\linewidth]{graphs/Extrap_radii_model_m_heatmap.pdf}
\caption{Overview of the 135 investigated materials and their extrapolated optimal radius according to equation \ref{eq:second_order_model}. It is ensured that at least three data points after filtering according to the criteria described in the SI exist (otherwise marked with a hatched box). The asterisk indicates that the difference in energy between the H-/T- phase is less than 10 meV/atom and that the smaller optimal tube radius is chosen given the extrapolated optimal radius from both prototypes. The lowercase letters a/z indicate which wrapping direction (armchair/zigzag) is preferred.}
\label{fig:heatmap_radii}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:heatmap_radii} shows the optimal tube radii for all studied materials and its associated uncertainty. For around 20 structures the uncertainty on the radius is estimated to be larger than 30 \si{\angstrom} (blue shaded triangles in upper right corner in Figure \ref{fig:heatmap_radii}). We employ Bayesian regression (details in the SI) to automatically asses the uncertainty associated with fitting the obtained DFT data to equation \ref{eq:second_order_model}. This makes it possible to spot data points during the screening study that might require a more detailed investigation, while the data points that fit the underlying fitting function show reduced uncertainties. We have identified three situations where the uncertainties are large: (1) The model is not able to fully capture the variation of strain energies across different tube radii. Only few structures, such as SbTeBr, do not fit the proposed model (similar to imogolite, Figure 2 in the SI), leading to large uncertainties in the prediction. (2) The strain energy curves are rather flat due to a less pronounced energy minimum making it difficult to estimate a precise optimal tube radius. This is, for example, the case for NbSSe, TiSSe or VSSe. (3) Too few data points are available, as it happens for BiSI, BiSBr and BiSCl. By looking at the strain energy curve, we note that in these cases adding additional data points to the curve is not necessary, as the optimal radius has already been found using only three data points. However, this leads to poor statistics for the Bayesian regression. In general the values for the optimal tube radii are similar to what has been found in literature for a much smaller set of TMD Janus nanotubes. \cite{oshima2020geometrical}  \\

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{graphs/Extrap_min_strain_m_heatmap.pdf}
\caption{The heatmap shows convex hull and tube strain energies at the optimal tube radius. Blue and bright colors indicate good stability, while a red color indicates poor stability. Values exceeding the metastability criterion of 0.2 eV/atom are shown in black.}
\label{fig:heatmap_ch}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:heatmap_ch} shows the minimum strain energies corresponding to a tube at the optimal tube radius as shown in Figure \ref{fig:heatmap_radii}. To compare the energy of the tube to its most stable 3D bulk structures, we also calculate the convex hull energy of the tube $E_{CH}$ at its optimal radius ($E_{CH-min}$). Except for Fe, all studied nanotubes show good stability against the decomposition into competing bulk structures (taken from the Materials Project database \cite{ong2013python}) for at least one of the calculated combinations (here we define a combination stable when the energy of the candidate compound is within $ 0.2 $ eV/atom above the convex hull to account for a possible metastability \cite{castelli2012computational, sun2016thermodynamic, esposito2020metastability}). This is in good agreement with published studies on the stability of 2D Janus monolayers. \cite{riis2019classifying} Given the mid-layer element is in its preferred oxidation state, the resulting tube shows higher stability compared to the case of an unfavored oxidation state as expected. Ge, for example, generates more stable tubes when combined with two halogens (Ge$^{2+}$) than with two chalcogens (which would need a Ge$^{4+}$, instead). We do not find stable nanotubes for 23 combinations (hatched boxes in Figure \ref{fig:heatmap_ch}). 18 of these materials can be attributed to the transition metal in its unfavored 2+ oxidation state, when paired with two halogens. The remaining 5 materials contain either Fe, Sn or Ge which form in general less stable nanotubes for most of the studied combinations (\textit{i.e.} more than 0.1 eV/atom above the convex hull). Because of their stability in the 3D form, oxygen containing tubes are in general more prone to decompose compared to the pure chalcogenide ones.

For almost 90 \% of the materials, the energy difference between the armchair and zigzag wrapping direction is below 10 meV/atom, which indicates that there is only a weak driving force causing wrapping up around a specific direction. Although the armchair and zigzag wrapping directions only have a minor impact on the stability of the tube, it can be expected that the wrapping direction has a larger impact on the electronic properties due to the difference in bond distances in these tube configurations. We have recently demonstrated this for MoSTe, but a more comprehensive study focusing specifically on the electronic properties would be needed to establish general design rules. \cite{august2020}

The combination of the three metals As, Sb and Bi mixed together with a chalcogen sitting inside and a halogen element sitting outside of the structure generates stable and small-radius nanotubes with a rather small strain energy associated with its optimal radius. For instance, AsSI has a minimum strain energy of -80 meV/atom which is $\sim$ 40 meV smaller than that of the experimentally observed imogolite nanotube when compared to computational reference data found in literature. \cite{lee2011origin} The MXY nanotubes share with imogolite, which is known to exist as a single-wall nanotube, the shape of the strain energy curve (see BiSI in SI Figure 2).

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{graphs/Properties_correlated.pdf}
\caption{R$_{opt}$ versus the lattice mismatch of the corresponding parent sheets (lattice mismatch
 calculated as a$_{MX_2}$/a$_{MY_2}$ with a being the lattice constant) (a), the minimum strain energy at the optimal radius (b) and the Mulliken ratio of the corresponding Mulliken electronegativities of outer and inner elements (Mulliken ratio X/Y) (c) are shown. Figure (d) shows the ratio in layer thicknesses in the 2D Janus sheet versus the lattice-mismatch. The different colors represent the three classes of pairing the mid-layer with either two chalcogens (Janus-Cal-Cal, \{O, S, Se, Te\}, green) , two halogens (Janus-Hal-Hal, \{Br, I, Cl\}, red) or a mix of chalcogens inside and halogens outside (Janus-Cal-Hal, yellow). }
\label{fig:properties_correlated}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} reports the correlation between various quantities, namely the extrapolated optimal radius $R_{opt}$ versus the lattice-mismatch a$_{MX_2}$/a$_{MY_2}$ (a), which is the important parameter in Pauling's mechanism, the minimum strain energy $E_{strain-min}$ (b) and the ratio of the Mulliken electronegativities of the X/Y elements (c). Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} (d) shows the ratio in layer thickness $t_{M-X}$/$t_{M-Y}$ versus the lattice-mismatch a$_{MX_2}$/a$_{MY_2}$, where the thickness is measured as the M-X and M-Y element distance along the vacuum direction in the 2D Janus sheet (inter-layer distance). A similar plot showing the optimal radius versus the convex hull energies can be found in the SI in Figure 3. Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} (b) indicates that very low strain energies are not necessary to obtain small-radius nanotubes. Nanotubes with a diameter smaller than 15 \si{\angstrom} are predicted to be found in a range of strain energy minima from -15 meV/atom (BiSeBr) to -280 meV/atom (TaOTe, which has the most negative strain energy in our dataset). The optimal radius increases sharply when approaching the limit of no lattice-mismatch between the MX$_2$ and MY$_2$ parent sheets (\textit{i.e.} lattice-mismatch a$_{MX_2}$/a$_{MY_2}$ = 1, see Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} (a) - blue dashed curve). Additionally, the lattice-mismatch is correlated with the ratio of ionic radii when mixing two chalcogens (Janus-Cal-Cal class following trend OTe $>$ OSe $>$ OS $>$ STe $>$ SeTe $>$ SSe) or two halogens (Janus-Hal-Hal class following ClI $>$ BrI $>$ ClBr) with each other.

The lattice-mismatch between the two parent sheets can give an estimate on the optimal tube radius in the case of isovalent anions, while it fails for mixing halogens with chalcogens (Janus Cal-Hal class). Here, it would would predict the halogen to sit inside of the tube, instead of on the outside, as several of the materials show a lattice mismatch a$_{MX_2}$/a$_{MY_2}$ larger than 1 (Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} (a), yellow dashed line). For instance, the MoOTe parent sheets (H-phase) have a lattice mismatch of 0.79 ($a_{MoO_2}$ = 2.82 \si{\angstrom}, $a_{MoTe_2}$ = 3.55 \si{\angstrom}) leading to the small radius of 7.2 \si{\angstrom}. Conversely, the BiTeCl parent sheets (T-phase) have a lattice mismatch of 1.06 since the parent structure BiCl$_{2}$ (a = 3.68 \si{\angstrom}) has a smaller lattice constant than BiTe$_{2}$ (a = 3.9 \si{\angstrom}). Based on the lattice mismatch, the tube should wrap in a way that the Chlorine atoms are inside of the tube.
The three different classes appear well-separated when the radius is plotted versus the ratio of the Mulliken electronegativities of the X and Y element (Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} (c)). Having more electronegative elements sitting on the inside of the tube does not seem to be a necessary criterion for forming small-radius nanotubes (Janus-Cal-Hal, yellow).

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{pictures/inverse_stable.pdf}
\caption{Side (or cross-section) view for the energetically favored armchair BiSI nanotube, the infinite 2D Janus layer and the unstable inverse wrapped BiIS nanotube. Measures are given in \si{\angstrom}. }
\label{fig:bond_distances_variation}
\end{figure}

A possible explanation on the reason why the chalcogen is sitting inside of the non-isovalent tube can be made by investigating the bond lengths in the non-isovalent structures closer. Shevelkov \textit{et al.} \cite{shevelkov1995crystal} studied the experimental 3D-bulk crystal structure of layered BiTeI and find the Bi-X bond distance in these structures to be significantly longer (ionic) than the ones found in bismuth trihalides. Additionally, the geometry of the (BiTe) layer is shown to be comparable to the one found in Bi-bulk metal and the bond-distance of Bi-Te in the BiTeI layer is similar to the one found in bismuth tellurides. \cite{shevelkov1995crystal}

To illustrate this, we take the BiSI structure in Figure \ref{fig:bond_distances_variation} and assume the Bi-I (d$_{M-Y}$), Bi-Bi (d$_{M-M}$) and Bi-S (d$_{M-X}$) bond distances to not vary significantly when the 2D Janus sheet is being wrapped up into a tube. By looking at the sheet from the side, the layer thicknesses of both inner and outer layer are $t_{M-X}$ and $t_{M-Y}$, respectively (Figure \ref{fig:bond_distances_variation} mid column). Larger bond-distances now also lead to thicker layers. This means that the M-Y layer is considerably thicker, owed to the ionic like bond between the M-layer element and the halogen. Larger thicknesses of the M-Y layer impose a constraint resulting in M-X bonds taking less space inside the tube and therefore leading to less steric effects as opposed to having M-Y bonds on the inside of the tube (Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} (d)). Additionally, we observe for the non-isovalent structures a shortening in M-X bond lengths upon wrapping the infinite 2D Janus sheet into a nanotube leading to the effective thickness of the MX layer in a tube being even thinner than in the sheet.

In order to further clarify this point we compare the stable BiSI tube and the energetically unstable inverse wrapped counterpart BiIS in Figure \ref{fig:bond_distances_variation} on the right. In the inverse wrapped case steric effects in between I-I elements even lead to a bond expansion of the Bi-Bi bond, d$_{M-M}$, from 4.2 \si{\angstrom} to 4.6 \si{\angstrom}. Given both tube configurations differ by 0.14 eV/atom in energy in favor of the tube in which the chalcogen element sits inside, the importance of the (BiTe) layer for the stability is underlined. Plotting the stability difference in between the stable (chalcogen inside) and the inverse wrapped tube (chalcogen outisde) for nine selected non-isovalent tubes we find the points to follow a positive linear correlation with the ratio in thickness r = $t_{M-X}/t_{M-Y}$ (Figure 4 in the SI).
We conclude that the steric effects caused by a difference in layer thickness significantly influences the stability of the tubes. Steric effects can also explain the reduced minimum strain energy for BiXI $<$ BiXBr $<$ BiXCl structures, as well as the reduced optimal radius for BiSY $<$ BiSeY $<$ BiTeY structures. In these cases, the element forming stronger bonds determines the wrapping direction.

\subsection*{Optimal radius descriptors}

All studied tubes are more stable if the chalcogen element is placed inside. In fact, for some of the studied non-isovalent nanotubes the optimal tube radius is independent of the halogen sitting on the outside of the tube (\textit{e.g.} SbSCl, SbSBr and SbSI). Thus, only considering MX$_2$ and MY$_2$ parent structures provides an inaccurate picture when studying non-isovalent nanotubes. Additionally, the parent structures of non-isovalent tubes will each have a M-element oxidation state different from the 2D Janus sheet (\textit{e.g.} BiI$_2$, BiS$_2$ and BiSI). Two models from literature use the parent structure lattice constants as descriptors for predicting the optimal tube radius of isovalent nanotubes. The first approach is based on the plate theory as described by Timoshenko  \cite{timoshenko1925analysis, xiong2018spontaneous}, while the second approach makes use of the Poisson ratios of the parent sheets (Poisson model) \cite{zhao2015ultra}. Both models require the calculation of the stiffness tensors of the parent structures. Our approach, which we refer to as Inner-bond model, is instead based on solely geometrical parameters, which can be readily obtained from existing 2D databases (\textit{e.g.} \cite{haastrup2018computational}). It uses the lattice constants of the 2D MXY Janus and MX$_2$ parent sheets as well as the 2D Janus t$_{M-X}$ layer thickness, as discussed above. It is initially assumed that the optimal tube radius is determined by the the lattice mismatch between the MXY Janus sheet and the corresponding MX$_{2}$ parent sheet. The derivation of the Inner-bond model and the used formulas for the two reference models are provided in the SI.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.6\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{graphs/compare_simple_models.pdf}
  \subcaption{}\label{fig:1a}
  \label{fig:compare_simple_models}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.4\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{graphs/RadiiVsLatticeMX2MXY.pdf}
  \subcaption{}\label{fig:1b}
  \label{fig:tube_radius_predicted}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{ (a) Optimal tube radius using the three models based on the Timoshenko plate theory \cite{timoshenko1925analysis}, considering the Poisson ratios (Poisson) \cite{zhao2015ultra} and using lattice mismatches between Janus MXY and MY$_2$ parent sheets (Inner-bond model). The optimal radius based on DFT calculations R$_{opt}$ is also shown which has been obtained extrapolating the function given in equation \ref{eq:second_order_model}. The asterisk indicates that due to prototype changes when straining the SbBr$_{2}$ sheet, it was not possible to get the elastic tensor required for the Timoshenko and Poisson model. (b) The radius plotted against the lattice mismatch MX$_2$/MXY.}
\label{fig:tube_radius_predicted}
\end{figure}

All three models capture the rolling mechanism for isovalent anions for a selected set of materials (with discrepancies up to 30 \% compared to the calculated DFT radius - Figure \ref{fig:tube_radius_predicted} (a)), while only the Inner-bond model predicts the optimal radii of non-isovalent nanotubes to be small. Nevertheless, it fails to capture that the optimal DFT radius for some tubes, in which a chalcogen sits inside the tube, is almost independent of the chosen halogen element sitting outside of the tube (see orange bars for SbSCl, SbSBr and SbSI in Figure \ref{fig:tube_radius_predicted} (a)). Here, the layer thickness t$_{M-X}$ is so thin, that the steric effects of the halogen atoms at small radii do not decisively impact the stability of the tube. In this picture, the wrapping mechanism is solely governed by the steric effects of the chalcogen elements. Controversely, the 2D Janus sheet lattice constants increases for SbSCl $<$ SbSBr $<$ SbSI due to the size difference of the halogen atoms, leading to a mismatch in predicted values for the Inner-bond model. \\

One feature all the studied materials share is that the lattice mismatch between the parent MX$_2$ and the Janus MXY sheets is always smaller than 1 (Figure \ref{fig:tube_radius_predicted} (b)). This is different from the idea of comparing MX$_2$ and MY$_2$ lattice constants, for which, in the case of mixing chalcogen and halogen X/Y elements, the lattice mismatch exceeds 1 (Figure \ref{fig:properties_correlated} (a)). Although only giving quantitative predictions, the Inner-bond model shows that the bond distances of the elements in the inner MX$_2$ sheet together with the MXY lattice constant are good descriptors for predicting the optimal radius within the studied compound space. In the case of isovalent anions the lattice-mismatch of the parent structures can also be used as a descriptor.

\subsection*{Strain energy descriptors}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{pictures/alternating_sheets_figure.pdf}
\caption{Comparing the energy of the tube at its optimal radius versus the energy of a sheet consisting of alternating anion rows (2D-alternating rows prototype structure or 2D-alt). The mean average error for the different combinations are 22.9 meV/atom (Janus-Cal-Cal), 14.4 meV/atom (Janus-Cal-Hal) and 3.1 meV/atom (Janus-Hal-Hal).}
\label{fig:alternating_sheets}
\end{figure}

The Janus sheets show an asymmetry between the two sides of the layer. We can make a sheet where the mirror symmetry along the mid-layer (M-layer) is restored through rearranging the X/Y elements into alternating X/Y rows (as shown in Figure \ref{fig:alternating_sheets}). The graph in Figure \ref{fig:alternating_sheets} shows the energy difference between the alternating and the Janus sheet (E$_{2D-alt}$ - E$_{2D-Janus}$) as a descriptor for the strain energy minumum ($E_{strain-min}$). Few outliers ( $>$ 50 meV/atom error in prediction) correspond to structures with a low convex hull stability, \textit{i.e.} $E_{CH}$ $>$ 0.2 eV/atom.

For instance, this descriptor, which does not require the calculation of the tubes, could be used to indicate if a sheet exfoliated onto a host structure might undergo spontaneous curling. The strain energy would need to be larger than the adsorption energy of the sheet on the host structure,  which is for example not the case for the experimentally exfoliated BiTeI sheet \cite{fulop2018exfoliation}. Whether a large strain energy is needed to form single-wall nanotubes (in favor of multi-wall nanotubes or other forms of rolled structures) requires a deeper experimental investigation, or, at least, to consider growing and other experimental conditions which might impact the formation mechanism.\cite{monet2018structural}

Different synthesis procedures can be imagined leading to the synthesis of the Janus nanotubes suggested here. Besides the exfoliation of a monolayer onto a host structure and its subsequent spontaneous wrapping, which might need lithography techniques to cut the monolayer into the required dimensions, the intercalation of ions into Janus multilayered materials, combined with ball-milling, \cite{jung2016intercalation} can be a viable experimental synthesis path allowing to produce larger quantities. A common issue with these methods would be preventing unwanted reactions occurring at unsaturated bonds. A possible alternative synthesis pathway could be to use Atomic Layer Deposition combined with lithography to cut the 2D layer into a desired shape before it spontaneously wraps. Regardless the synthesis procedure, the intrinsic driving force of the 2D Janus sheets to form 1D tubes (or alternatively other curled shapes) should be large enough to be observed.

A promising starting material to experimentally verify our predictions is the layered BiTeI 3D bulk crystal structure for which experimental synthesis routes have been established.\cite{shevelkov1995crystal} Other interesting candidates include tubes based on Vanadium or Titanium, which, by displaying a variety of oxidation states, are suitable for electrochemical applications.\cite{liu2007vanadium, kianfar2019recent} Curled multiwall VO$_x$ structures with much larger inner radii than the tubes predicted here have already been reported.\cite{kianfar2019recent} Other non-isovalent anion based tubes, such as BiSI, might be feasible. However, the weaker ionic halogen bonds might drive reconstructions, in contrast to less reactive covalent bonds.

\section*{Discussion}
In this work, we investigated the formation mechanism of nanotubes by studying their stability and optimal nanotube radius. 135 different Janus nanotubes have been calculated using a structure prototype approach (T-/H-phase). Each three-layered material consisted of one of 15 different cation mid-layer elements in combination with inner and outer atomic layers being occupied by either chalcogens, halogens or their mixture as anions. For isovalent anions, the wrapping mechanism could be explained by the lattice-mismatch between the two inner and outer atomic layers, while for non-isovalent anions steric effects caused through short pnictogen-chalcogen inside and longer pnictogen-halogen bonds outside of the material drive the stability. These effects are beneficial to the formation of some of the smallest identified nanotubes showing optimal radii below 10 \si{\angstrom}. We noted that in general a large minimum strain energy is not needed to find tubes with an optimal radius smaller than 35 \si{\angstrom}. Additionally, the minimum strain energy was reasonably well estimated using the energy difference between a 2D Janus and alternating sheet as a descriptor. We employed Bayesian statistics to assess the quality of our fitting in order to identify uncertainties in our predictions of the optimal radius due, for example, to a misfit between the obtained data and the underlying strain energy curve function.

Nanotubes based on BiTeI and related compositions appear to be a particular interesting starting point for experimental verification due to their synthesizability in a 3D structure and exfoliability into 2D layers, as well as their predicted stability in 1D form. Following the interest in Vanadium- and Titanium-based nanotubes for electrochemical applications, we suggest that the metastable combinations of these metals paired with either OTe, OSe, or OS can be additional interesting candidates.

The findings reported here, shed light on the mechanism behind the curling of 2D Janus sheets and define a new path for the synthesis of nanotubes with small radii, for which the lattice mismatch and the bonding character of the anions play a fundamental role.

\section*{Methods}
The first step to create our library of nanotubes is to relax the 2D Janus sheets, taken from the Computational 2D Materials Database (c2db).\cite{haastrup2018computational} If a 2D Janus sheet is not present in the database, the 2D Janus sheet is created by averaging the lattice constants from its constituent MX$_{2}$ and MY$_{2}$ parent sheets. Subsequently, tubes are generated by repeating and wrapping the 2D sheets both along the armchair and zigzag wrapping directions, thereby obtaining tubes with various radii (similar to what is shown in Figure \ref{fig:wrap_tube_figure}). In details, the initial number of unit cell repetitions is n = (6, 8, 10, 12, 14) for the armchair  and n = (10, 13, 16, 19, 22) for the zigzag wrapping direction, which correspond to tubes with a radius smaller than 20 \si{\angstrom}. We apply a set of filters to decide whether or not the relaxed structure is accepted for further investigation. These filters include assuring that a tube retained its circular shape and that no unwanted changes into different prototypes occurred during the relaxation. The filters discard $\sim$ 40\% of the data generated. A detailed discussion on how the data is filtered prior to visualization can be found in the SI. For consistent and reproducible calculations, we implement a workflow combining the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE) \cite{larsen2017atomic} and the workflow scheduling system MyQueue \cite{mortensen2020myqueue}. Inspired by the CUSTODIAN package \cite{ong2013python}, we establish an "ASE error handler" to handle common DFT errors thus limiting the need for user intervention. A similar approach has been recently implemented to autonomously discover battery electrodes.\cite{bolle2019autonomous}

All calculations are carried out with the Vienna ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) using a plane-wave basis set with an energy cutoff of 550 eV. \cite{kresse1996efficient,kresse1999ultrasoft,blochl1994projector} In order to approximate the exchange-correlation effects the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) form generalized gradient approximation (GGA) is used. \cite{perdew1996generalized} A k-point density $>$ 4.7 $/\si{\angstrom}^{-1}$ is used to sample the Brillouin zone. All forces are converged to less than 0.01 eV/\si{\angstrom}. The structures are relaxed in a non-magnetic configuration, \textit{i.e.} without applying initial magnetic moments on the elements. A minimum vacuum in between repeating images of 16 \si{\angstrom} is ensured. Dipole corrections are applied along the non-periodic direction for materials with an out-of-plane dipole moment. To assess the stability versus 3D phases, we use a convex hull analysis, where the reference structures are the ones defining the convex hull in the Materials Project database. \cite{jain2013commentary} These structures are then relaxed with the matching input parameters used in this work, \cite{ong2013python} while the reference energy of oxygen is obtained by calculating the difference in energy between water and hydrogen in the gas phase, including the zero point energy (ZPE) corrections. \cite{rossmeisl2005electrolysis}

\subsection*{Code availability}
The workflow is continuously developed and may be accessed at https://gitlab.com/ivca/Nanotubes.

\section*{Data availability}
The structures presented in this work are available on DTU DATA with the identifier "doi.org/10.11583/DTU.13153355".

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16-й округ Парижа (arrondissement de Passy) — один из 20-ти административных округов французской столицы. Образован после присоединения к Парижу городков Отёй (фр.), Пасси и Шайо в 1860 году.

Сегодня здесь находятся посольства более 90 стран мира.

Географическое положение
Находится на правом берегу Сены на юго-западе города. Его восточная граница проходит по Сене, а западная — по Парижской окружной дороге «Периферик», за исключением Булонского леса, находящегося за ней.

Население
На момент переписи населения 2005 года, на территории округа площадью в 791 га проживало 146 900 жителя, то есть 18 571 чел./км² (без учёта территории Булонского леса).

{| class="wikitable"
! Год(перепись населения)
Число жителей
! Плотность(чел./км²)
|-----
| 1962 (пик населённости) || 227 418 || 28 985
|-----
| 1968 || 214 120 || 27 290
|-----
| 1975 || 193 590 || 24 674
|-----
| 1982 || 179 446 || 22 871
|-----
| 1990 || 169 863 || 21 650
|-----
| 1999 || 161 773 || 20 452
|-----
| 2005 || 146 900 || 18 571
|}

Администрация
Адрес мэрии округа:
71 avenue Henri Martin
75016 Paris
Телефон: 01 40 72 16 16.

Мэр округа, с июля 2017 года, — член республиканской партии Даниэль Гьяцци (Danièle Giazzi).

Кварталы

Административное деление:
 Отёй ()
 Мюэтт (Quartier de la Muette)
 Порт-Дофин (Quartier de la Porte-Dauphine)
 Шайо (Quartier de Chaillot)

Учебные заведения
 16 муниципальных школ-садиков и 4 частных;
 16 муниципальных начальных школ и 12 частных;
 9 государственных колледжей и 12 частных;
 8 государственных лицеев и 9 частных (включая лицей Сен-Жан-де-Пасси, , , лицей Ла Тур, , ).

Здравоохранение
 Больница Красного креста «Henri Dunant»
 Больница «Ste-Périne»

Культура

Посольства, консульства и иные представительства иностранных государств

Посольства
 Российской Федерации: 40-50 boulevard Lannes.

Достопримечательности

 Триумфальная арка
 Дворец Шайо
 Музей современного искусства
 Музей хрусталя Баккара
 Дом-музей Бальзака
 Музей Жоржа Клемансо
 Музей подделок
 Музей восточных искусств имени Гиме
 Морской музей (Дворец Шайо)
 Музей Мармоттан-Моне
 Музей вина
 Музей Даппера
 Университет Париж-Дофин
 Кладбище Пасси
 Дом радио

Сады и парки
 Булонский лес (включая парк Багатель)
 Оранжерейный сад Отёй

Спорт

 2 ипподрома
 Ролан-Гаррос
 Стадионы «Парк дэ Пранс» и «Жан-Буэн» (Stade Jean-Bouin).

Транспорт
 RER: линия С
 Метро: линии 2, 6, 9 и 10
 Автобусы: линии 22, 30, 32, 52, 62, 70, 72, 82, 92, PC1.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Сайт мэрии 16-го округа

XVI округ Парижа