text:
The Evolution of Wine
[Do Silverbacks like their wine. You betcha. SB SM]
Archaeologists have investigated Greek wine containers shipwrecked in the Mediterranean. Cristian Umili/Mondadori Portfolio/Getty Images
Five Turning Points in the Evolution of Wine
By Christopher Howard
Contrary to popular belief, the evolution of wine precedes agriculture and the domestication of grapes. The genesis of wine may even predate our species. Over the millennia, humans have radically transformed viticulture from a happy accident to a scientifically precise art form and global industry. At the same time, the juice of fermented fruits shaped us—our religions and rituals, our economies, and even our genes.
This most human and ancient of beverages is ripe for anthropological investigation. Archaeologists have excavated an Armenian cave that's home to the world's oldest-known winery, analyzed residue from 9,000-year-old Chinese pots in search of the chemical signature of grapes, and dove into the ocean to examine Greek wine amphorae in a shipwreck. Meanwhile, sociocultural anthropologists have explored wine and cultural identity in France, wine and the politics of place and labor, and wine as a perfect synthesis of nature, culture, and technology.
Let's decant the story they've uncovered, in five major developments.
1. Drunken Monkeys: The Roots of Wine Drinking
The dawn of wine, like the origin of art, is continually being pushed back in time by new research. According to the drunken monkey hypothesis, conceived by integrative biologist Robert Dudley in the early 2000s, early hominids and other primate species have had a taste for boozy fruit for millions of years. Dudley has suggested three reasons for this predilection:
Fermenting fruit was easier to smell and locate—and hence, consume.
It offered healthy probiotics and antimicrobial properties, plus a caloric boost: Ethanol (the alcohol produced when yeast ferments sugars) has nearly twice the calories of carbohydrates.
The mild buzz of ethanol eased the tension of life in the jungle. Alcohol levels were low, and consumption was moderate, since properly drunken monkeys would have made easy prey.
At least 10 million years ago, a critical gene mutation in primates created the ADH4 enzyme, which made it possible to digest ethanol up to 40 times faster than previous species did. The enzyme allowed our ape ancestors to enjoy even more overripe, fermenting fruit without suffering ill effects.
Since grapes didn't grow in sub-Saharan Africa, our Homo ancestors probably made the world's first wines by fermenting high-sugar fruits like figs or marula, a tart, juicy tree fruit. Wine can in fact be made from a variety of fruits, though today almost all wine is crafted from grapes—specifically from one highly versatile grape, Vitis vinifera sylvestris.
Before ancient humans encountered wild Eurasian grapes, they may have fermented fruits such as marula (shown here). Jouan/Rius/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
2. Grape Expectations: Stone Age Wine
The wine we know and love arose sometime after Homo sapiens ventured out of East Africa about 2 million years ago and first tasted Vitis vinifera sylvestris, wild Eurasian grapes. These early encounters may have taken place in present-day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan, or perhaps farther north in Turkey, Syria, or Iran.
Whether they discovered grape wine by accident or deliberately put a twist on traditional African techniques remains unknown. Anthropologists, however, largely support the Paleolithic hypothesis, developed by anthropologist Patrick McGovern, to explain how the world's first grape wine was made. Here's how it (probably) went down:
While gathering food, roaming bands of humans chanced upon wild grapes, which they placed in woven baskets or gourds (since we're talking about life before ceramics) and brought them back to camp. The weight of the fruit on top crushed some grapes, and juice pooled at the bottom of the vessel. In the warm climate, it would take only a few days for the yeast on the grape skins to begin fermenting the liquid.
After eating all the grapes, our ancestors must have been enchanted by the aromatic, mildly intoxicating juice. Liking what they tasted and felt, they would have made intentional grape pressing standard practice. Voilà, wine was born! It needed to be consumed quickly, however, since preservation methods were still a long way off.
As logical as it sounds, the Paleolithic hypothesis is just that—an educated guess. So far, it's impossible to prove, since there isn't any primordial wine to exhume from the earth. The organic baskets and containers are also long gone. Researchers do have solid evidence, however, for identifying the transition from wild to domesticated grapes, which coincides with the widespread shift from Stone Age foraging to Neolithic farming.
3. Drinking History: From Wild to Domesticated Vines
Evidence suggests the domestication of grapes took place during the Neolithic period, from around 8,500 to 4,000 B.C., in the Transcaucasian region between the Black and Caspian seas. Wild grapes still thrive in parts of this ecologically diverse area, which comprises modern-day Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
Researchers use numerous methods to pinpoint when and where grapevines were first deliberately cultivated, incorporating insights from archaeology, genetics, linguistics, and literary studies. But one of the hardest forms of evidence comes from ancient seeds. Advances in paleoethnobotany (the archaeological study of people-plant relations) demonstrate morphological differences between wild and domesticated grape seeds from around 6000 B.C. onward.
Inside the Areni-1 cave complex in Armenia, archaeologists found evidence of the world's oldest-known winery, including a wine press and fermentation vessels more than 6,000 years old. Gerd Eichmann/Wikimedia Commons
Meanwhile, biomolecular archaeologists have identified grape wine residue and tree resin—which is used as a preservative—in Neolithic pottery vessels shortly after the seeds began to change. These findings are further validated by climatic and environmental reconstructions, along with archaeobotanical evidence of grape pollen across Western Asia.
Socioculturally, a host of conditions had to be in place for the wild grapevine to become cultivated. Permanent human settlement was the most significant because vines require year-round tending, including watering and protecting them from animals, pests, and other people. Plus, in order for wine to be enjoyed all year—as opposed to being a seasonal indulgence, as it was for Paleolithic hunter-gatherers—airtight ceramic vessels had to be invented to prevent the drink from spoiling or turning into vinegar.
So, wine culture primarily matured in the early agricultural communities of Western Asia, followed by the Mediterranean and North Africa, taking its central place in numerous religions.
4. Divine Wine: From Mythic Tales to Modern Tastes
Across the ancient winemaking cultures of Western Asia and the Mediterranean, wine belonged to the realm of the sacred. In Genesis, the Biblical account of origins, Noah's first task after landing his ark on Mount Ararat was to plant a vineyard. Yet Noah's tale is a variation on the earlier Mesopotamian epic of Gilgamesh, who may be the first mythic vigneron.
The Greeks came to worship Dionysus, the god of the vine, who also arrived from Mesopotamia and later become Bacchus in Roman mythology. Naturally, wine was served at the Biblical story of the Last Supper, and the ancient elixir came to symbolize the blood of Christ in the Christian ritual of communion.
Ancient Egyptian religion also made a strong symbolic association between blood and wine, in part because both are red. As McGovern observes, crushing grapes was linked metaphorically with bloodshed but in a way that symbolized restoring balance and order to the world. The god of the red-stained winepress, Shesmu, was known as the "slaughterer," whose wrath was especially directed at enemies of the pharaoh.
Winemakers added resin, gypsum, ashes, herbs, and seawater to prevent rot and mask "off" flavors.
Before the biochemistry of fermentation was scientifically understood, the magical transformation of grape juice into wine was seen as the work of divinities. With its ability to lift the spirits and encourage conviviality, friendship, and even love, wine was considered a gift of the gods. Along with its place in religious rituals and celebrations, wine's medicinal use for all kinds of ailments and the fact that it was generally safer than water further conferred its sacred status.
While the mythico-religious view of wine continued for millennia and still persists for some followers of Christianity (and perhaps ardent oenophiles), certain breakthroughs made during the scientific revolution and Enlightenment marked a new phase in wine history.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, wine quality vastly improved through dramatically fuller comprehension of chemistry. For thousands of years, sour and spoiled wines were the norm, according to the records of Pliny the Elder and other historians who described techniques such as adding resin, gypsum, ashes, herbs, and seawater to prevent rot and mask "off" flavors. The spoilage was mainly due to excessive amounts of oxygen and bacteria getting into vessels, which, despite winemakers' best efforts, lacked proper seals and sanitation.
Using updated tools and techniques, modern vintners make cleaner, stabler, and ultimately superior wines compared to ancient times. As wine began to taste better and improve with age, and distinct styles emerged (many still recognizable), it became the aesthetic object and status symbol it is today.
5. New Worlds and the Globalization of Wine
From early trade routes across Western Asia, the Mediterranean, and North Africa, wine flowed throughout Europe and eventually to the colonized territories of the Americas, Southern Africa, and New Zealand and Australia. In countries such as Chile, Argentina, South Africa, the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand, "New World" wine was born.
"Old World" wine generally points to Western and Southern Europe and carries connotations of traditional winemaking methods and a deep emphasis on the sense of place expressed in wine, known in French as terroir. Less bound by history and tradition, New World wine is typically viewed as more experimental and innovative, and often has bolder and more fruit-forward flavors.
New World wine became increasingly important following the phylloxera plague of the mid-to-late-19th century. This tiny insect decimated the vineyards of Europe, especially in France, leaving a global shortage of wine that the relatively unscathed New World was only too happy to supply. Winemakers found that the solution to the plague was to graft European V. vinifera onto the roots of American vines. Most wine is still produced from these grafts or hybrids.
In the 1800s, a phylloxera infestation wiped out vineyards in much of Europe, forever changing the winemaking world. Photo12/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
Nevertheless, New World wine was long considered (and still is by some connoisseurs) inferior to wines of the Old World, with its 8,000-plus years of history and tradition. A turning point, however, was the so-called Judgment of Paris in 1976. This event pitted the recognized top wines of France and California against one another in a blind tasting by France's preeminent wine critics. Lo and behold, California came out on top, and many experts in the Old World conceded that fine wine could be made elsewhere.
Into the new millennium, the globalization of wine has reached ever-increasing heights, making inroads in massive new markets in East and South Asia. China, for example, now has numerous wine-producing regions. More and more Indigenous peoples are becoming involved in winemaking in places such as New Zealand, North America, and Chile. And due to climate change, vines are being planted in places that were previously too cold to ripen grapes, such as in Scandinavia and Patagonia.
When we pour, swirl, and taste wine, we're joining a long ritual procession of our human and pre-human ancestors. So, let's not only raise our glasses to Old Europe, but also to our forebears in Western Asia and Africa, and the people around the world who are adding new dimensions to the remarkable evolution of wine.
This work first appeared on SAPIENS under a CC BY-ND 4.0 license. Read the original here.
CHRISTOPHER HOWARD is an anthropologist and a wine writer.
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One thought on "The Evolution of Wine"
mikeandcyndy says:
A great and erudite article on what Homer Simpson calls "the cause of and solution to all man's problems".
And the best song ever regarding wine =
Little Glass of Wine (reads so well and sounds exquisite.)
Jesse Winchester
Little glass of wine, a good thing you are here
You're warm on my lips, warm as a tear
A comfort to the fool who's restless in his mind
The lover's trusty potion, little glass of wine.
Little glass of wine, you're oil on my flame
Shy of the sunlight, hiding your shame
And many, many tears, the number is sublime
Shall stain a woman's bosom, a little glass of wine.
As soon as you learn that you don't live forever
You'll grow fond of the fruit of the vine
So here is to you and here is to me
And here is to the ones we've left behind, oh, yeah yeah yeah.
Little glass of wine sure makes the party gay
It will seal a lover's bargain, it will chase the blues away
So if you're feeling low and you want to rest your mind
Well, just run and fetch another little glass of wine
Yeah, just run and fetch another little glass of wine.


WASHINGTON (PAI) – Saying their 22-day "fast for families" to demand Congress approve comprehensive immigration reform had gotten worldwide attention, former Service Employees Secretary-Treasurer Eliseo Medina and his fasting colleagues ended their D.C. vigil by handing off the fast to a group of successors.
The fast drew continued attention to the issue, and support from Democrats all the way up to President Obama, who visited the fasters in their tent at the foot of Capitol Hill on Dec. 1. But it did not budge the decision-makers it targeted: the anti-immigrant, anti-Hispanic GOP majority in the U.S. House.
Those lawmakers had no reaction whatsoever to the fast. And House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, who keeps comprehensive reform bottled up so his colleagues cannot vote on it, didn't even reply to the fasters' invitation to come and talk.
Medina stepped down as SEIU's secretary-treasurer several months ago to concentrate on convincing Congress to approve comprehensive immigration reform. That includes a 13-year-long path to eventual citizenship for the estimated 11 million undocumented people, including 7.5 million undocumented workers, in the U.S.
Comprehensive immigration reform is important to workers, both undocumented and native. That's because venal, vicious and law-breaking employers exploit the undocumented through low pay, no pay, and denial of their rights. When workers try to organize or stand up for themselves, the firms call in immigration agents to deport them.
And those same companies also threaten native-born workers with firing – and replacement by the undocumented – unless the U.S.-born workers agree to wage cuts, benefit cuts, a reduced standard of living, and no organizing.
Comprehensive reform, however, would let the undocumented apply for "blue cards" – a residence card – while they take English classes and satisfy other requirements, according to the comprehensive bill the Senate passed earlier. And it would immediately bring the undocumented under U.S. labor law protection.
Medina "handed over" his fast to Rep. Joe Kennedy, D-Mass., and the Rev. Jim Wallis of Sojourners. In a joint statement, Medina and his fellow fasters said "we fasted in the shadow of the Capitol to call attention to the human suffering caused by our broken immigration system. We believe we have raised awareness about families being ripped apart by deportations, immigrants dying in the desert and millions of people living in fear every day.
The labor movement still strongly supports comprehensive reform and the fasters, AFL-CIO Secretary-Treasurer Liz Shuler, speaking just before the ceremonial end to the fast, told the packed crowd outside the fast tent.
"All of us coming together – faith leaders, labor, community leaders, young people – can win, will win and will get this legislation passed," she declared.
Medina and the other fasters, supported and escorted by their friends and colleagues – including SEIU President Mary Kay Henry – weakly walked to the center carpet behind the mike and sat patiently waiting for the symbolic end of their fast: Bread and liquids offered by two Catholic prelates, including Cardinal Emeritus Theodore McCarrick of D.C. They then left, with their escorts, for a medical checkup.


Two new 'Wives are joining the cast for Season Four.
When The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills returns in November, the ladies will be joined this season by two Housewives. But who exactly are they, anyway? Get familiar with the new 'Wives on the block below—after all, they'll be stirring up plenty of drama for Season Four.
Raised in London and South Africa, Carlton (shown above, right) moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting. Her move paid off: she has acted on popular shows like The Young and the Restless and Suddenly Susan. An animal lover, she works alongside her husband David on the family businesses: a financial services firm, sports management group, and a development company that oversees high-end custom homes. (And just wait until you get a look at the Gebbias' own Gotchic-inspired abode!) As if she wasn't busy enough, Carlton is raising her three children—Destiny, 11, Mysteri, 10, and Cross, 2—and working on a children's book and a horror script.
Is there anything Joyce can't do? She's an actress, producer, philanthropist and wife to Academy Award-nominated producer Michael Ohoven, with whom she has two sons. She's also a beauty queen: Joyce (above, left) has held titles for Miss World Puerto Rico, Miss Universe Puerto Rico and was the second runner-up at the Miss Universe Pageant in 1998. You may have also noticed her on the big screen: Joyce has acted in Tyler Perry's House of Payne and David Fincher's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Presently, she's acting in the dramatic series Siberia. On the side, Joyce does charity work for UNESCO and is the creator of the Queen of the Universe pageant, which promotes charity work among beauty queens.
Are you excited to meet the new Housewives when the show returns? Tell us in the comments—and watch a sneak peek of Season Four below.


Ours is an organisation of "collectors for collectors", not-for-profit and with no membership fees. All work is done on a volunteer basis by highly qualified experts. As for myself, I not only fund this organisation but also put in on average 14 hours a day of work.
RMorg came into being as a virtual radio catalogue and radio museum with the aim to eventually catalogue all radios. Related products, such as tape recorders, microphones, transistorized radio equipment, etc. were added on later. The comprehensive data base we have today is the work of our members who contribute by uploading pictures, schematics and related information.
Apart from that, and really developing out of the catalogue / museum vision, RMorg features a highly regarded "Forum". It differs substantially from the "chat room" of some other radio clubs as we strive to maintain the highest professional standards. The RMorg forum is guided by the motto "No question is too dumb, but unprofessional replies will not be tolerated".
From the above you may correctly derive that the answer for your question is well within the knowledge base of RMorg. Quite likely, you can find it yourself by availing yourself to the opportunities offered all non-members. Simply follow the instructions as provided via the blue info icons. The Forum, most parts of which are accessible to you too, may also have the information you are seeking.
Certain information, e.g. schematics, values of models, can only be accessed by members.
Taking into account that membership is free, you may want to consider joining. There is a recently introduced, modest "application fee", the reasons for which are explained in the application procedure. Provided you share our vision of an all-encompassing virtual radio catalogue / museum, and beyond that, you can demonstrate your genuine interest and are prepared to actively participate in the common cause, RMorg will be happy to welcome you.
Your immediate bonus will be a well-researched response to your today's inquiry - but this is my standard answer: I do not know more than there is in Radiomuseum.org. Click <Membership> and you can find out if you want to join or not and how to join.
As a guest you can see wether there is a collector price available or not for a given model.
In General I can only state that at this moment we show 50 974 collector prices from deals and auctions etc. and that each of the momentarily 4350 members can look them up on the 120 000 model pages. 21 639 models show a value of recent years of the radio or other equipment.
Besides that members find 133 462 schematics - and every day more because it is the members who load them up. Including the schematics we show at the moment 337 507 pictures which members can click to big size.
In the meantime we list 53 147 collector prices for Antique Radios. Many model pages show various prices over the time. Therefore the number of old time radio models with a price or several prices is 22 243. Radiomuseum.org is probably publishing the most complete antique radio price guide. Still: This price guide or price list is far from complete. But the now 4500 members will upload more and more prices of recent date - and benefit from their work. You too?
In spite of what I outlined above we receive too many Contact Forms from guests, asking questions which are either answered in a forum post, model page or other text - or is for members only.
Do you know more about my VEB funkwerk Kölleda?
Streckensprecher typ FF 57/ 2033.13 fabr.nr.2082.
special one? I could not find this typ FF57 on the internet? Mabay you can help me?
I can only express that I often have to work 14 to 16 hours a day for RMorg - mostly answering eMails. Even such a short notice takes 10 times longer than not answering anymore. I will have to do the last more often!
We are not a candy machine which spends candies for free - and endless. I'm not writing this in respect of money - but time we have to invest but expect that somebody also does something for RMorg.
But we appreciate if we get offered something in return: The best examples are Contact Forms where we get told about a new model or additional data or data is corrected. Sometimes we get pictures for models we display without etc. This is always good news and very much welcome.
I get sometimes such questions with something in return for us like some pictures, given measurements and other data including tubes. Then this is quite a different matter: We get a candy, he/she gets a candy - a Win-Win-Situation!
This article was edited 18.Nov.09 10:31 by Ernst Erb .


A year ago when we realized we had our first blue point buck we were unsure of what to do with him. We listed him, then quickly changed our mind. He had this massive head that we needed and his personality defines a Holland. He is beyond adorable. He is like a puppy and a cat combined. When you call him he runs to you and rubs his head against you like a cat. So clearly we were attached to him. So we figured why not, what could go wrong. He has the type we need and want so he shall stay. Well... we now find ourselves with 4 blue point junior bucks! And they aren't just random bucks. They are all looking very very nice. Quite the goofy dilema. So clearly I don't want a solid herd of unshowable gorgeous blue points, but they are so nice they will really help someone elses herd in time. So on that note, let the growing begin!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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How family makes Incredibles 2 still feel special in a superhero-saturated world
By Connor Sheridan 2018-06-20T20:11:02.17Z News
"The symbolism of those powers carries most of the movie"
When The Incredibles came out in 2004, its chief superhero cinematic competition that year was Spider-Man 2 and… well, it would be charitable to call The Punisher or Catwoman "competition" in this context. At the time, The Incredibles was easily the best superhero movie ever made - but Incredibles 2 now has the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe (and some other decent efforts outside of Marvel-ville) to grapple with. Naturally, when SFX got the chance to speak with some of The Incredibles 2's creators, it had to ask what still sets the story of this super-family apart 14 years and countless other super-movies later.
"We love to think that this movie is primarily about a family, a family that happens to have superpowers, so in that respect it wasn't more challenging," producer Nicole Grindle said. Maybe that sounds like a trite answer; isn't every kid-friendly movie about family in one way or another? Not to mention many more that definitely aren't for all ages, like the Fast and Furious films? Sure - but the Parr family's roles as a typical suburban unit impact more than just their relationships.
Subscribe: Sign up for future issues of SFX Magazine for more news, reviews, and interviews about upcoming shows and films like Incredibles 2, Artemis, and more.
"For the most part the powers that the family have come out of who they are," Grindle explained. "Bob is the father and generally fathers are supposed to be really strong and powerful, mothers are stretched between all sorts of different things, so you have Elastigirl. Teenagers are shy and they're trying to repel people, so Violet is invisible and has her forcefields. Ten-year-olds have a lot of energy, so Dash is always running around. And babies have a lot of potential, so Jack-Jack, it turns out, has all sorts of different powers that he's sorting through. The symbolism of those powers carries most of the movie."
The familial inspiration for the powers was probably one of those things you had already subconsciously realized long ago, though hearing them all laid out like that is definitely still an "Oh, duh!" moment - this really is a film series about family, not just starring one. With those roles established in the first film, Pixar decided to shake up that dynamic for a big part of Incredibles 2. It was a long time coming: director Brad Bird actually wanted Elastigirl to embark on her own solo mission in the next movie even before the first one hit theaters.
"He'd always wanted Helen to be out there, and it made sense that Helen's first assignment would be to help turn public opinion to make Supers popular again, so that the law could finally change and they could all live out in the open," Grindle said. "The important thing was to leave Bob home alone with the kids and to get Helen out of that family dynamic and get back in touch with her professional ambitions.
"Bob thinks it's going to be easy with the three kids because, after all, he's Mr. Incredible, he can do anything. But of course, anybody who's a parent understands how challenging that really is. You start out with a little baby and they seem so easy, and then they continue to challenge. I have two young adult children now and I can tell you it never really gets easy, it's just different!"
Incredibles 2 is in theaters in the US now and will debut in the UK on July 13. You can read more about the return of cinema's favorite superfamily in the latest issue of SFX Magazine, on sale now.
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Find Colorado Legislative Branch Now at Kensaq.com!
The Union List and the Concurrent List in India define the roles of the legislative branches of the states and that of the central government's legislative branch. The legislative branch of the central government is typically divided into two 'houses': the upper house and the lower house. E.g. In the UK: House of Lords and House of Commons.
Unit 6: Functions of Government. STUDY. PLAY. Legislative Branch. ... One house vs two houses composing the legislative branch (ex: USA is bicameral because its legislative branch, congress, is made up of both the house of representatives and the senate) Functions of Legislative Branch.
The State Legislature. The Legislative Branch of the California State Government is composed of the State Assembly, the State Senate, and several other departments. This branch holds the principle lawmaking powers of the state. On average, the Legislature will propose, analyze, and debate over 6,000 bills in a single two-year session.


11/17/2003 Referred to the Subcommittee on Civil Service and Agency Organization.
11/14/2003 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health.
11/10/2003 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health.
11/06/2003 Referred to the Committee on Armed Services, and in addition to the Committees on Government Reform, Ways and Means, and Energy and Commerce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.


A Lithuanian basketball coach sprang to the defence of one of his star players who missed a key play-off game for the birth of his daughter.
Basketball great Charles Barkley has opened up about his "terrible" golf swing during a hilarious US television interview, admitting he shuns charity events because he fears hitting a spectator.
A teenage basketballer was impaled on a loose floorboard after hitting the deck and sliding belly-first on the ground during a high school game.


We have found 1 matching profile in Vigo, IN for Randy Reedy.
Randy Reedy was 36 years old when arrested in Vigo, IN.
Summary: On January 19, 2005, Vigo County Law Enforcement arrested 36-year-old Randy Lee Reedy in Vigo, Indiana. He is 5' 10" tall, weighs 140 lbs and has blue eyes. All suspects are presumed innocent until proven guilty. Information about upcoming court dates for Reedy may be obtained from one of the following law enforcement or prosecuting agencies: Vigo County Law Enforcement.


Comparison of sealing ability of three different root canal sealers--an in vitro study.
The main objective of endodontic therapy is complete obturation of the root canal system after it has been adequately prepared and sterilised. A wide variety of root canal sealers are available for obturation of the root canal system. A number of different invitro methods have been used to evaluate the sealing ability of endodontic filling materials. By combining one or two tests it may be possible to obtain information about sealing ability of the test material. Therefore, the present invitro study compared the sealing ability of three different root canal sealers, namely Sealapex, AH-26 and ZnOE by two different methods, bacterial leakage and dye penetration. The results showed that AH-26 has the maximum sealing ability followed by Sealapex and ZnOE.
Shear bond strength of resin-modified restorative glass-ionomer cements to dentin--an in vitro study.
An in vitro study was carried out on 40 periodontally involved, caries free human maxillary and mandibular molars to evaluate shear bond strength of resin- modified restorative glass-ionomer cements to dentin. Teeth were divided into four groups, Group I--Fuji II (Conventional glass ionomer) Group II (Fuji II LC), Group III (Vitremer), Group IV (Geristore). Shear bond strength was tested using a transaxial testing machine. Results showed that shear bond strength of all resin-modified restorative glass-ionomer cements was higher than conventional glass ionomer (Fuji II) tested. No statistical difference was found between Fuji II LC and Geristore. However, bond strength of Vitremer was lower than Fuji II LC and Geristore but higher than Fuji II.
Compound composite odontoma in primary dentition--a case report.
Compound composite odontoma, is a tumor formed by the overgrowth of transitory or complete dental tissue, made up of one or more rudimentary teeth. Although odontomes are considered to be quite common of odontogenic tumors, these rarely occur solely in primary dentition. This paper is a report of case of a compound composite odontoma, five year old child who presented to the Department of Pedodontics and preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Surgery, Manipal.
Comparison of sealing efficacy of materials placed in lateral root perforations--an in vitro study.
An endodontic perforation interferes with the principal goal of sealing the root canal system. An in vitro study was conducted on comparative efficacy of three materials-Dispersalloy, Cavit and Prisma VLC Dycal when placed in lateral root perforations in cervical third areas. Root canals were prepared and irrigated thoroughly. Perforations were made with No. 2 round bur and sealed with Dispersalloy, Cavit and Prisma VLC Dycal. Dispersalloy Group I showed best sealing ability. Prisma VLC Dycal Group I too was comparable to Dispersalloy Group I in its sealing ability, followed by Cavit Group II, Prisma VLC Dycal Group II, Dispersalloy Group II in that order. Cavit Group I was least effective in sealing perforations.
The role of the fissure morphology in caries prevalence of the first permanent molar in Libyan children.
Dental caries is one of the commonest of all dental diseases and is the main cause of loss of teeth in young people. It is a common belief that the high caries susceptibility of occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth is directly related to the morphology of the pits and fissures. Occlusal fissures are deep invaginations of enamel, they can be classified into V-type: Wide at the top and gradually narrowing towards the bottom U-type almost the same width from top to bottom. I-type an extremely narrow slit IK-type extremely narrow slit associated with large space at the bottom Y-type wide at the top and suddenly narrowing towards the bottom.
Foreign body in a mandibular permanent molar--a case report.
A thirteen-year-old boy was examined in the Department of Pedodontics during a school-screening programme. On examination the left mandibular first permanent molar was found to be grossly destroyed. On radiographic evaluation a radio opaque screw shaped foreign object was seen in the pulp chamber of the said tooth. Retrieval of the foreign object was tried but the attempt was unsuccessful and an extraction was planned. A case of a unique foreign object in the pulp chamber of the tooth is reported.
Congenital gingival granular cell tumor--a case report.
Presented here is a case report of a congenital granular cell tumor commonly known as congenital epulis. It has been found to be ten time more common in females as compared to males. The most common presenting problem is that of difficulties in feeding and respiration. Surgical excision is indicated in case the above problems are present. In the absence of any respiratory or feeding difficulties it is advisable to wait for spontaneous regression.
The present case of a ten year old boy with craniofacial dysostosis with the features of midfacial hypoplasia is a disease known as Crouzon disease. This disease is characterised by cranial deformities, facial malformation, eye changes and occasional other associated abnormalities. The aim of this case is to discuss the clinical, radiographic features and management of the problems.


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The Road to a Cure: Cycling for a Cause
Participants in this year's Tour de Cure will ride hundreds of kilometres across the Victorian countryside – but the goal isn't the end of the road. "It's about the kids," explained tour co-founder, Gary Bertwistle. "It's about the stories you hear at dinner, the guest speakers, giving $5000 to a local charity every night."
Raising money for cancer research, support and prevention programs, Tour de Cure has helped raise over $14 million since it kicked off in 2007. The initiative grew from a simple idea dreamed up by three mates, to a major charitable organisation that's very literally changing lives. "We've funded well over 160 projects, some of which have resulted in world cancer breakthroughs," said Gary. "We've funded some professors for four years, and they've actually had their discoveries printed in some of the most prestigious science journals in the world."
While the Tour supports big-picture victories in the battle against cancer, it also helps individuals confront their own struggle with the disease. In 2010, Sean Cunial had moved to Tokyo with his wife and young family to take on the role Executive Corporate Officer and General Manager Coca-Cola West Japan when he was diagnosed with bowel cancer.
As he moved into his fourth year of recovery this year, Sean wanted to mark his progress. "Obviously you do a lot of reflecting. While having treatment I was looking online at support groups, and I saw the Tour de Cure, and I started to follow them," he said. "This year, I'm in my fourth year of remission, so I've got a year to go before Doctors say I'm technically cured. So, I challenged myself to do a marathon, and to do this bike ride."
Coming from rural NSW, Sean is excited about helping people in regional areas and to speak about prevention - and the possibility of a cure. "The whole idea of going to talk to kids and leave a message is important," he said. "It's about connecting with communities, about leaving a message, and having some fun along the way."
Sean will be joined by mates Paul Fitzgerald, General Manager of Coca-Cola New Zealand, and Philip Roberts, Franchise and Commercial General Manager Coca-Cola Australia. It's Paul's second Tour, having first joined after losing his uncle to pancreatic cancer. "They're a great bunch, and they're disciplined," said Paul of his fellow riders. "I've ridden with a lot of different people, but the way the Tour de Cure guys ride, it's really, really tight, and it's really enjoyable. I'm looking forward to getting back in the saddle."
Philip is riding for his son, Nicholas, who was diagnosed with Hodgsons Lymphoma in 2011. Nicholas went through treatment and was in remission – he and his family got the terrible news the cancer had re-emerged in May of this year.
"He has almost completed his second round of chemo treatment and we are confident of a positive and enduring outcome," Philip explained. "In addition my mum passed away from cancer in 2005 and my mother-in-law in 2014 – so I have a lot to ride for."
Like his mates, Paul isn't concentrating on the mechanics of the ride. "The only way we're going to beat cancer is with research," he said. "I'm never going to discover the cure to cancer, but I can help in some little way to make a difference."
To donate, click on this link and search for Sean, Philip and Paul.


Trevor is a leader in the Southern Africa Human Capital practice. He specialises in human capital and business transformation consulting in the financial services and public sector industries. He also served as Global Deloitte Leader for Organisation Design for five years from 2011-2016.
Large scale organisation transformation including enterprise level operating model and organisational design and implementation.
HR strategy, process and technology design and implementation.
Strategic organisational change including large scale change management and leadership team development.
Trevor has significant experience in delivering projects in South Africa as well as delivering on large scale business transformation projects across the world in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, Mauritius and Turkey. He also leads the Leadership Development practice.


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Leo Gandelman and Marcelo Caldi at the Festival
In the Festival Vale do Café, many of the performances take place at the grand estates in the region that once were Brazil's most important coffee plantations. In these historic and often lavish settings, musicians play beneath large tents erected on sprawling lawns, large rooms in mansions turn into intimate clubs with 150-year-old decor, and stages arise in the most unusual places -- such as in the corral for milk cows where saxophonist Leo Gandelman performed on Saturday (July 23) at the Fazenda Cananéia, not far from Vassouras. Gandelman and keyboardist Maria Teresa Madeira offered spirited readings of standards by Pixinguinha, Villa-Lobos, Gnatalli, Nazaré, and other giants of the past. The show demonstrated Gandelman's great versatility, of which many fans of his "smooth jazz" side may be unaware.
Leo Gandelman, "A Rã"
The next day (July 24), Marcelo Caldi and his quartet played at the Fazenda São João da Barra near Morro Azul. Caldi, a singer and sanfonista (button accordion player), is in the center of this photo, wearing a black hat. Her performed a tribute to Dominguinhos, the great northeastern composter and sanfonista, now in his 70th year. Caldi's group displayed great proficiency and verve as they interpreted standards such as "Eu Só Quero um Xodó" and "Lamento Sertanejo." It was a great pleasure to hear the forró-style music (xotes, arrasta-pés, etc.) and northeastern-tinged choro played with the instrumentation of two accordions and a mandolin by such competent players.
Marcelo Caldi, Edu Krieger and Rodrigo Maranhão, "Desafio"
Caldi, born in 1980, has already released ten albums and played on stage with the likes of Zeca Pagodinho, Zélia Duncan, Yamandú Costa, Hamilton de Holanda, Simone, and Gandelman. His music is not easy to find on Amazon, but here is one title that is intermittently available:
Marcelo Caldi and Fabio Luna, Forró e Choro, Vol. 1 (Delira Música).
Leo Gandelman's albums are easier to find: Leo Gandelman on Amazon.
The music festival runs through July 31. Other performers participating include Mart'nália, Ivan Lins, Tira Poeira, Ulissses Rocha, Yamandú Costa, Turíbio Santos, and Cristina Braga.
More info (in Portuguese): Festival Vale do Café.
Photos: Leo Gandelman and Maria Teresa Madeira at Fazenda Cananéia (top), and Marcelo Caldi and group at the Fazenda São João da Barra. Photos © Chris McGowan.
Digital Editions of "The Brazilian Sound" Coming Soon
Digital editions of our Brazilian music book "The Brazilian Sound," in .pdf and kindle, will arrive on September 1st.
They contain the entire third edition of our book, published in print by Temple University Press, with a few additions in the text and some new photos.
The digital editions will be available through Amazon.com and other online shops (and from us). Please contact us for more information at thebraziliansound at hotmail, or visit The Brazilian Sound book.
Photo of Vila Isabel drummers in the 2011 Carnaval © Ricardo Pessanha. All rights reserved.
Festival Vale do Café Begins
The ninth edition of the Festival Vale do Café (Coffee Valley Festival) begins tomorrow, running July 22-31 in Vassouras and the small towns and country estates of the "Coffee Valley" historic region just north of Rio de Janeiro.
Ivan Lins, Yamandú Costa, Mart'nália, Leo Gandelman, Daniela Spielmann, Ulisses Rocha, Tira Poeira, and Carol Macdavit are among the performers, along with event organizers Turíbio Santos and Cristina Braga. The music is wide-ranging: classical music, choro, MPB, instrumental, and Brazilian folk traditions.
Info (in Portuguese):
Festival Vale do Café website
Labels: festival vale do cafe
Save a Life / Salvar uma Vida: Register As a Voluntary Bone Marrow Donor
Did you know that bone marrow transplants are successful 70% of the time and if there were more donors tens of thousands more people with diseases like leukemia could be cured? Did you know that the U.S., Brazil, and Germany have the largest donor banks in the world? It's easy to register as a donor. Please read the blog below (click on links for English or Portuguese versions):
Save a Life: Register as a Bone-Marrow Donor
Salvar uma Vida: tornar-se um doador voluntário de medula óssea
Digital Editions of "The Brazilian Sound" Coming S...
Save a Life / Salvar uma Vida: Register As a Volun...


EDMOND H. PLANTE and E. H. PLANTE, INC. vs. MARY E. WELCH, MALCOLM C. HENRY, and JOHN O. BURDICK, As They Are The Members Of And Constitute The Board Of Selectmen Of The Town Of Harvard, Worcester County, Massachusetts.
MISC 115936 : EDMOND H. PLANTE and E. H. PLANTE, INC. vs. ROBERT REED, STEPHEN A. MOREHOUSE, MARCIA TAYLOR, BONNIE VAN SLYKE, and CHARLES A. PERKINS, As They Are The Members Of And Constitute The Board Of Appeals Of The Town Of Harvard, Worcester County, Massachusetts.
No. 115936 is an appeal pursuant to M.G.L. c. 40A, §17 of a decision of the Board of Appeals of the Town of Harvard denying an application for a variance to permit the use of an existing right of way as an "upland access" to the plaintiffs' property. No. 118029 is an appeal from a decision of the Board of Selectmen of the Town of Harvard denying an application for a special permit to construct an alternative "lowland access" driveway over a Watershed Protection and Floodplain district ("W") and a Watershed Protection and Flood Hazard district ("WFH"). The plaintiffs' motion to consolidate the two actions was allowed on October 6, 1986. A trial was held on January 7, January 14, February 27, March 5, and April 9, 1987 at which five witnesses testified, the parties filed an agreed statement of facts, and seventeen exhibits were introduced into evidence. These exhibits are incorporated herein for the purposes of any appeal.
1. Edmond H. Plante is the owner of Lot 246 in the Town of Harvard as shown on Land Court Plan No. 5604-101.
2. Edmond H. Plante, on October 23, 1979, conveyed to E. H. Plante, Inc. a portion of said Lot 246, shown as Lot No. 333 on Land Court Plan No. 5604-139. Edmond H. Plante reserved for the benefit of the remaining portion of Lot 246 certain easements, including a right of way running from West Bare Hill Road as shown on Plan No. 5604-139.
3. E. H. Plante, Inc. built a single family residence on Lot 333 and on March 20, 1980 conveyed such lot to Marvin and Lydia Tolf ("Tolf"). The residence was serviced by a driveway as shown on Land Court Plan No. 5605-H (Exhibit 3). The conveyance of Lot 333 to Tolf was made subject to the easement described above.
4. On March 29, 1980, the Town voted to amend §4.2.1 of the Harvard Bylaw to increase the width of common driveways and the lot frontage requirement.
5. On or about December 14, 1984, Edmond H. Plante and E. H. Plante, Inc. applied to the Harvard Board of Appeals for variances from the provisions of the zoning bylaw to permit the use of the reserved right of way over Lot 333 as the "upland access" driveway for a single family residence to be constructed on the remaining portion of Lot 246 which is roughly 23 acres. On February 15, 1985, the Board of Appeals filed a decision dated February 11, 1985 denying these requests for variances.
6. On or about March 18, 1985, Edmond H. Plante and E. H. Plante, Inc. applied to the Harvard Conservation Commission for an Order of Conditions under the provisions of G.L. c. 131, §40, to build as an alternative to the way over Lot 333, a driveway entirely on Lot 246, from Woodside Road across wetlands to service the remaining portion of Lot 246, which Order of Conditions the Harvard Conservation Commission refused to grant. Thereafter, Edmond H. Plante and E. H. Plante, Inc. appealed this denial to the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering. On December 2, 1985, the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering issued a superceding order granting an Order of Conditions under G.L. c. 131, §40 permitting the requested "lowland access" driveway from Woodside Road to service the remaining portion of Lot 246.
7. On or about July 10, 1985, Edmond H. Plante and E. H. Plante, Inc. submitted an application to the Harvard Board of Selectmen pursuant to §§5.8, 5.9, and 6.2 of the Harvard zoning bylaws for a special permit to construct this same driveway for which the aforesaid Order of Conditions had been requested through a "Wn and "WFH" district. On October 23, 1985, the Board filed with the Town Clerk a letter dated October 11, 1985 denying the special permit.
8. The appeals from the denial of both the variance and the special permit were timely filed and are properly before this Court.
9. These matters were called for trial on December 9, 1985. As a result of a stipulation entered into by the parties on this December 9, the action involving the special permit was remanded to the Board of Selectmen in order that the Board could "take further evidence and thereafter render an amended decision containing full and complete findings."
10. On July 31, 1986, the Division of Water Pollution Control of the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering certified that with respect to the proposed driveway involved in the special permit application "there is reasonable assurance that the proposed activity will be conducted in a manner which will not violate applicable water quality standards adopted by the Division under authority of Section 27(5) of Chapter 21 of the Massachusetts General Laws, as codified in 314 CMR 4.00. . . "
11. On December 18, 1986, the New England Division, Corps of Engineers of the Department of the Army issued a permit". . . to discharge dredged or fill material into waters of the United States upon the issuance of a permit from the Secretary of the Army acting through the Chief of Engineers pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344). . ." authorizing construction of the driveway, the subject matter in the application for the special permit. Said permit from the Department of the Army was accepted and executed by the applicant on December 22, 1986.
12. On December 23, 1986, the Board of Selectmen rendered an amended decision again denying the plaintiffs' request for the special permit.
13. The easements crossing Lot 333 measures 25.04 feet wide at the junction of West Bare Hill Road and widens over its length to 29.44 feet at the boundary of the plaintiffs' property. The applicable section of the zoning bylaw (§§4.1, 4.1.lc, and 4.2.1) require that the driveway be 35 feet wide and have 50 feet of frontage on a public way.
14. The Board of Appeals denied the variance because the land did not meet the statutory prerequisites for a variance and for other reasons.
15. Under the special permit, the plaintiffs' proposed driveway across "W" and "WFH" districts and Bowers Brook will be approximately 560 to 570 feet long and will run to Woodside Road, a public way. The driveway will have five forty-inch culverts and will be built up to a height of two to three feet above the level of the wetland.
16. Sections 5.8 and 5.9 of the Harvard Bylaws set forth specific standards for special permits involving wetlands to insure that high water storage and ground water absorption not be reduced and that any proposed construction does not significantly effect the drainage or natural flow pattern.
17. Testimony from three engineers including an environmental engineer and a geotechnical engineer clearly demonstrate that the proposed driveway would have a de minimus effect upon flora and fauna and no adverse effect on Bowers Brook or the drainage or natural flow pattern of the wetland areas.
The decision of the Board of Appeals to deny the plaintiffs a variance for "upland access" did not exceed the authority of the Board and consequently will not be annulled. The law is clear that "no person has a legal right to a variance and they are to be granted sparingly." Damaskos v. Board of Appeal of Boston, 359 Mass. 55 , 61 (1971); Broderick v. Board of Appeal of Boston, 361 Mass. 472 , 479 (1972). The burden lies upon the person seeking the variance to produce evidence that the Board exceeded its authority, but even if it appears that these requirements have been met, the grant of such variance is, in large part, discretionary. Hunters Brook Realty Corp. v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Bourne, 14 Mass. App. Ct. 76 (1982); Ferrante v. Bd. of Appeals of Northampton, 345 Mass. 158 , 162 (1962).
While this appears to be a situation where the shape and soil conditions of the plaintiffs' lot may well be such as to sustain a variance if issued, the Board specifically cited other reasons why it would not grant the variance. There was insufficient evidence presented at trial to support a finding that the Board exceeded its authority in denying the plaintiffs' application for a variance.
M.G.L. c. 40A, § 17 provides for the review of decisions of permit granting authorities.
The Court shall hear all evidence pertinent to the authority of the board or special permit granting authority and determine the facts, and upon the facts as so determined, annul such decision if found to exceed the authority of such board or special permit granting authority or make such other decree as justice and equity may require.
On appeal, the trial court hears the matter de novo, makes its own findings, and must not disturb the decision of the authority unless the decision rests on legally untenable grounds or is unreasonable, whimsical, capricious, or arbitrary. MacGibbon v. Board of Appeals of Duxbury, 356 Mass. 635 , 639 (1970). The Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the Board, Gulf Oil Corp. v. Board of Appeals of Framingham, 355 Mass. 275 , 277-278 (1969), Subaru of New England, Inc. v. Board of Appeals of Canton, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 483 , 486-488 (1979), with review being limited to the validity of the Board's action in granting or denying the permit, Kiss v. Board of Appeals of Longmeadow, 371 Mass. 147 , 154 (1976). Additionally, the burden of proof rests upon the applicant for zoning relief to prove that the statutory prerequisites for relief have been met. Ranney v. Board of Appeals of Nantucket, 11 Mass. App. Ct. 112 , 118 (1981).
The plaintiffs have met their burden by showing that the proposed driveway across the "W" and "WFH" districts will have no adverse effect upon ground water flow, flood storage, and ground water absorption and have encountered little significant opposition from the Town of Harvard. I find that the decisions of the Board of Selectmen both initially and upon remand in denying the special permit for "lowland access" have no factual basis and were legally untenable, arbitrary, and thus exceeded their authority and are hereby annulled.	I therefore rule that the special permit be issued authorizing the construction of the driveway in the "W" and "WFH" districts to service one single family residence within the 23 acres of Lot 246, such driveway to be constructed in accordance with the proposal presented to the Court in this matter.


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Barge remains, but other vessels along Ocean Drive brought to surface
The barge off Ocean Drive remains in the water, but small progress has been made with the other closeby vessels.
The barge initially arrived on May 10 behind the Corpus Christi Diocese property on the 4100 block of Ocean Drive. It was going to be used the next day for the Triumph Over Kid Cancer's 13th Annual Toga Party.
According to TOKC officials, this barge was going to be used as a platform for those enjoying the party but due to safety issues, it was never used.
The barge and other small vessels have remained in that location for four weeks. During this period, two vessels that had accompanied the barge took on water and were submerged.
This afternoon, those small vessels were pulled back to the surface by the person who was responsible.
The Coast Guard is currently working with this individual to have the barge moved.
Triumph Over Kid Cancer was initially approached by a donor who offered to donate the barge for the fundraising event. His crew was unable to complete the set up of the barge and never returned to move it.
While the operator of the vessels is responsible for moving them, the General Land Office is "monitoring the actions of the operator to ensure the vessels are safely re-floated and that the minimal threat of pollution has been addressed."
The Director of Operations for Triumph Over Kid Cancer Foundation told KRIS 6 News in a statement yesterday that they are working with all parties to get the situation resolved as soon as possible.


EDIT: I am using chrome. Is there some kind of extension that can do this?
Assuming you are using Firefox, you can create a simple shell script to do this. There may be a similar mechanism for other browsers, but I am not familiar with those.
gnome-terminal -e "sudo apt-get install $aptInstall"
Save this script. I will refer to it as ~/apt_terminal.sh.
Open the terminal and run chmod a+x ~/apt_terminal.sh. This will make the script executable.
Now open Firefox's Preferences and go to the "Applications" section. Find the "apt" content type.
Select "Use other" under the "Action" heading for the "apt" content type and browse to the location of the script you just created.
Now apt:// URLs should open up in the terminal by prompting you for your password.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged installation command-line apt url or ask your own question.
How to make apt:// urls to open with Gdebi or apturl?
Is there a way to have presets for your terminal in ubuntu?
Is it possible to add the Ubuntu Software Center to sources.list?
How to make the Terminal make a noise on command completion?


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Start of semester: Important updates for faculty and instructional staff
August 13 Follow Up on In-Person Operations for the Fall Semester
Dear faculty and instructional staff,
We hope you have opportunities this summer to relax and enjoy some time with family and friends, and that you are beginning to feel restored after an incredibly challenging academic year. We are writing today with some important announcements and reminders about the upcoming fall semester. Please be advised that guidance could change depending on the course of the pandemic.
In-person instruction will be the norm
Faculty and instructional staff, along with all other university employees, are understandably apprehensive about pandemic-related health risks. As has been repeatedly demonstrated over the course of the pandemic, the university has taken a careful and rigorously scientific approach to such risks, aimed at pursuing its academic mission while placing the highest priority on campus and community health. Our plan for the fall semester is designed to minimize the risk of virus transmission and provide a safe environment for learning and discovery. While some transmission has been observed elsewhere among groups of people with substantial vaccination rates (for example, the CDC reported on a cluster in Provincetown, Mass., where roughly three-quarters of those involved were vaccinated), our on-campus vaccination rate of 94% is higher than those other instances. Moreover, the populations in which these outbreaks occurred were not protected by regular testing, nor did they use masks at the level that they will be used by the Cornell community. Modeling from the Cornell COVID Modeling team suggests that Cornell's testing and masking interventions will prevent such outbreaks, even with pessimistic assumptions about social contact and masking compliance. More details are available on the COVID-19 Response website.
As such, the university has determined that it is appropriate to return our students, faculty and instructional staff to campus in order to resume normal in-person residential instruction. During such normal operations, in-person teaching is considered essential for all faculty members and instructional staff with teaching responsibilities. Accordingly, the university will not approve requests, including those premised on the need for a disability accommodation, to substitute remote teaching for normal in-person instruction. For individuals with disabilities, the university routinely works to explore a wide array of possible workplace accommodations. Any faculty member in need of any disability-based accommodation should contact the Medical Leaves Administration office (MLA). For individuals who are not able to perform the essential functions of their position because of a disability, MLA can advise them of other options, including the availability of a medical leave. Any faculty member who may need to take a leave of absence in order to care for an ill family member may contact the MLA office to understand their available leave options.
While remote teaching is not an allowable substitute for in-person instruction when our students are on campus, faculty may incorporate specific aspects or components of virtual instruction that they found particularly successful during the 2020-2021 academic year, provided that they continue to provide full in-person instruction as scheduled. This is consistent with the existing discretion of instructors to experiment with the inclusion of different modes of content delivery (e.g., providing pre-recorded lecturers as class preparation and using scheduled time for discussion).
Enforcement of vaccination and testing requirements for students
COVID-19 vaccination is required for students attending the Ithaca, Geneva and Cornell Tech campuses, and while documented medical and religious exemptions will be accommodated, the expectation is that our campuses and classrooms will overwhelmingly consist of vaccinated individuals, greatly reducing the risk of infection for all.
Students who arrive in Ithaca unvaccinated will have a limited amount of time to get vaccinated. Cornell Health currently provides vaccines to students and will be hosting vaccine clinics at the start of the fall semester to ease access to the vaccine. However, if a student fails to get vaccinated and has not received an exemption, they will be subject to progressive enforcement measures, beginning with registration and enrollment holds that will restrict access to some campus services and block enrollment actions, followed by barriers to accessing Canvas and, ultimately, withdrawal from the university.
Unvaccinated (exempted) students will be required to participate in surveillance testing two times a week. Students who fail to comply with this requirement will be restricted from making course enrollment changes, as well as from access to university Wi-Fi and Canvas.
Faculty are not required to provide remote access or record lectures
Since Cornell is returning to in-person instruction, there is no expectation that faculty will provide remote access to instruction or lecture recordings. This fall, over 15,800 course sections will be held across our diverse inventory of campus instructional spaces, with less than one quarter of classrooms equipped with the A/V technology necessary for remote instruction or recording of lectures.
Students have been informed that remote access will not be available, but they might, nevertheless, ask individual instructors for the ability to participate in classes remotely regardless. One-off decisions by faculty to allow remote access are problematic for a number of reasons and are highly discouraged. Students requesting remote access due to a disability should be directed to register with Student Disability Services to develop an accommodation plan.
International students facing extenuating circumstances (including visa difficulties and delays or travel limitations) that prevent them from arriving before the start of classes are asked to contact the student services offices in their home colleges to see whether it will be possible for them to stay on track with their courses until they arrive on campus or whether they will instead need to adjust their course schedule or fall semester plans altogether. The deadline by which students are required to arrive on campus to participate in fall classes is September 9, the last day of the course add period. Your student services office may contact you about special cases. Keep in mind that remote access to class may not always be the best solution, and that there are low-tech ways for students to keep up with class until they are able to be present in person, just as they would have prior to the pandemic.
Temporary accommodations for students
When a student is placed in isolation or quarantine, they may request a temporary accommodation through Student Disability Services (SDS). SDS will, in turn, notify instructors that the student will need flexibility in attendance, and may need alternative arrangements for assignments and/or exams. We ask that faculty use their discretion to determine the best way to support students based on the nature of their course. As noted above, faculty are not required to provide remote access to students who cannot attend class. In the majority of classrooms, remote access will not be an option because classrooms are not Zoom-enabled. Instead, lapel mic recorders will be available to capture audio recordings to accompany other course materials. College A/V teams should serve as the primary resource for faculty when electing to use technology-enabled solutions. The COVID-19 Response website has a range of other ideas for how to support students.
Classroom logistics
Classroom assignments will be published in the Class Roster by the end of this week. Requests to change the published location of a class will only be considered for the following reasons: accessibility needs; proximity to specialized equipment or other resources; and/or unforeseen changes to expected enrollment. Please keep in mind that due to significant increases in student enrollment, enrollment management complications due to the pandemic, and our return to department-managed class schedules that create space shortages at peak times, there is little slack to accommodate change requests, and that furthermore, a single change can have cascading impacts on many other classes.
Seat assignments and attendance. This fall, instructors are not required to assign seats or take attendance. Students interested in visiting a class during the course add/shopping period may do so provided there are open seats in which they can sit after all enrolled students are seated.
Indoor masking policy. As you know, we announced last week that all students, faculty, and staff must wear a mask while inside campus buildings and facilities. Current data indicates that vaccinated individuals represent a small number of transmission cases across the country and that wearing a well-fitted mask along with being vaccinated will provide maximum protection against COVID-19. While teaching, instructors can opt to use face shields instead, though we recommend that you maintain extra distance if you choose to do so. Face shields can be obtained by through college A/V teams.
In the days and weeks ahead, we will continue to monitor the prevalence of COVID-19 infections on campus and in the local area, the on-campus vaccination rate, local public health guidelines and other factors, refining and revising our models accordingly. You will be notified if it becomes necessary to adjust our plans for in-person instruction this fall. We ask that faculty not make independent decisions about moving courses online.
Thank you for all your efforts to reach our students and ensure the success of the upcoming semester. Updated guidance will be posted on the COVID-19 Response website as it becomes available.
Lisa Nishii


IIT Madras is one of the premier technology institute in India and called IIT-M located in the city of madras in Tamil Nadu. This institute is situated on Sardar Patel Road, spread over 250 acres it is also opposite to Anna University. IIT-M is well connected by buses and trains. Read more in the URL below.


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Hettie Morrison
Advantage Overview
It's now abundantly clear that, financially and technically, the world can reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Despite the postponement of the 2020 UN climate summit (COP26) and the ongoing Covid-19 crisis, a wave of net zero commitments at the national, sub-national and corporate level have breathed new life into urgent climate action. As the world looks to recover financially and socially from the pandemic, for New Zealand, the $42 billion stimulus investment towards infrastructure is an opportunity to build forward better, to move away from fossil fuels and fast-track a 100% clean economy.
The Zero Carbon Act 2019 binds New Zealand to the reduction of all greenhouse gas emissions to net zero — bar methane. Recent advice from the Climate Change Commission (CCC) confirms that New Zealand is not on track to meet its 2050 targets, earmarking an increase in renewable energy as a leading priority. As part of its green recovery, the 2020 Labour government has pledged to advance the target of 100% renewable electricity generation from 2035 to 2030. A worthy goal, but New Zealand already produces 84% of its electricity from renewables. In fact, New Zealand's electricity portfolio would become almost fully decarbonised by 2035 under a business as usual scenario. In addition, the Interim Climate Change Commission (ICCC) outlined that achieving 100% renewable electricity may not actually be the most cost-effective policy, but rather a ~95% renewable mix due to the high cost associated with decarbonising the final 5%, which may require overbuilding renewable generation.
A recent development — the confirmed closure of the Tiwai Point Smelter at the end of 2024 — could "free up" 13% of our current electricity production, allowing for an even more achievable 2030 target, cheaper power over the long run and a relieving of the pressure on new electricity generation. Generation that will be needed for the accelerated electrification of transport and uptake of EVs, industrial process heat and the building supply. Though irrespective of Tiwai Point's future, New Zealand needs concrete policy for total decarbonisation across our entire energy system, not just electricity. To get there, New Zealand's pandemic recovery stimulus efforts can still focus on a suite of complementary measures, including decarbonising our transport sector with an increased uptake of electric vehicles and green hydrogen, investing in energy efficiency measures, and eliminating emissions from process and industrial heating. We are well placed to generate energy from renewable sources as the country lies between two tectonic plates, it's coastal, mountainous and windy with, until now in certain regions, plentiful rain. The country's renewable energy portfolio consists of predominantly hydro, wind, bioenergy and geothermal. There is heavy reliance on hydro, providing the majority of electricity needs – some 5,000 MW of installed hydro capacity (MBIE). But New Zealand continues to be exposed to the risk of dry-years — so in times of lower rainfall than usual — the problem can be managed with existing hydro and new renewables capacity and technology.
"Due to geography, low population density to landmass and abundance of natural resources, New Zealand has inherited a natural strategic advantage.
One suggested solution is a pumped hydro energy storage facility at Lake Onslow in Otago — infrastructure which may not be required. Covid-19 has reminded us of the need for resilience and flexibility, which does not necessarily require a huge focus on large-scale, multi-billion dollar infrastructure projects that rely on ageing technologies. New Zealand has a unique opportunity to combine its renewable energy opportunities with emerging data-driven technologies, and build flexibility into infrastructure development, and with agility a more efficient and diverse energy system.
Energy efficiency must be prioritised as a key component in reducing the overall cost of decarbonisation, a focus highlighted by the CCC's recommendations. New Zealand is the 6th most energy intensive country in the OECD, 18% higher than the average (MBIE). About a third of New Zealand's electricity demand comes from households, a large number of which do not meet insulation standards, leading to colder homes in winter which are less efficient and more expensive to heat. World-leading standards for energy efficient building and housing are needed, utilising offsite manufacturing and smart grid technologies for distributed energy usage. Demand-side management with incentives for reduced electricity use in times of peak demand should also be applied. Technologies including network-connected batteries to store solar, hydro and wind energy and rooftop solar systems both on both domestic and industrial buildings are needed.
Complementary policies with both socio-economic and energy efficiency benefits should also be ramped up, including subsidies towards warmer, more insulated homes which are cheaper to heat. The state of Victoria, Australia, recently pledged $797 million towards household energy efficiency initiatives, including a $1,000 rebate for low-income households to replace old heaters with modern split-systems and upgrades to thousands of social housing properties. The same policy could be applied for state-owned buildings including hospitals, schools and prisons, many of which use coal and gas-run boilers. The COVID-19 stimulus is an opportunity to update this infrastructure. Consistent with that approach, new policies must expedite the removal of carbon fuels in commercial heating, currently accounting for around 9% of our emissions profile.
The transport sector contributes around 20% of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions and rapid reductions across the industry are critical to the success of a net-zero future. Transpower's 2020 report Whakamana i te Mauri Hiko – Enabling our Energy Future reinforces the importance of decarbonising our transport system as a priority, also stating that 40 new grid-scale renewable electricity and battery projects will be required over the next 15 years – the equivalent to what has been built over the last 40. Decarbonisation of transport will also require significant investments in new electricity network infrastructure. Other renewable fuel sources including biomass, hydrogen, biogas, direct geothermal heat and biofuels will all play an important role where electrification is not an option.
With New Zealand's renewable electricity platform we should be a world leader in the early adoption of electric vehicles, vertically integrating wind and solar generation with transportation use. To prepare for this, there must be more investment in smart-grid technology now to allow for a more rapid uptake in EVs. A key priority should be setting a date for ending the sale of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, with the CCC recommending the majority of light vehicles imported into New Zealand by 2032 be electric. The UK government has recently fast tracked a ban on new ICEs to 2030. To lead from the top, the government light fleet should be entirely electric by 2025. While the government could also consider rebates for lower income buyers and removal of road user charges as initial incentives, the cost of EV manufacturing is continuing to fall and expected to reach parity with ICE vehicles in 2024. The subsequent growth in demand and required expansion of the electricity system can be met by expansion of wind and solar generation from the 2030s.
It is also crucial we revisit the Road User Charge exemption to include green hydrogen. Just 4% of vehicles on New Zealand's roads are heavy duty transport, despite constituting 25% of the transport sector's emissions. For context – for every line-haul truck a business converts to zero-emission, they will reduce the equivalent emissions of more than 150 cars. The Energy Transitions Commission predicts that hydrogen demand could reach 800 Mt per year by 2050. Hydrogen is another piece of the puzzle and vital to achieving net-zero overall, in particular in decarbonising heavy industry and heavy-duty transport including trucking and shipping. In the move away from fossil fuels, scale-up of investment in these emerging low carbon fuels is key.
Economic and social advantages
The next decade is critical if we are to get on track to achieving our 2050 goals and a solid plan is needed now. However, we must also mitigate the costs to society of achieving the necessary momentum towards our renewable objectives, and ensure a just transition. Job reallocation and investment in retraining for those in fossil fuel dominated industry is critical, especially given the already devastating impact of COVID-19 on employment. With the right planning, we can maximise the socioeconomic advantages of the energy transition.
Obvious climate and environmental benefits aside, renewable power is increasingly cheaper than any new electricity capacity based on fossil fuels (IRENA). Despite some slowdown in construction and renewable infrastructure activity due to global lockdowns, renewable auction volumes are at historic highs. Renewables have proven their resilience with record growth projected for 2020 and 2021, accounting for nearly 90% of the increase in total global power capacity this year (IEA).
New Zealand's transition to 100% renewables will drive job creation given the right retraining programmes – a potential lifeline for our post-COVID-19 economy, with the CCC expecting employment to rise in the circular economy, development of biofuels and hydrogen and in the deployment of new technologies. Trends show that future employment in the energy sector will be predominantly driven by renewables (IRENA), accounting for an estimated 11.5 million jobs globally in 2019. Employment has naturally become a central feature in government planning for low-carbon economic growth. A number of governments have prioritised renewable energy development, not only to meet net-zero emissions targets, but also with the aim of creating employment opportunities. A recent study from Vivid Economics found that the UK Export Finance ministerial department could create and support up to 42,000 jobs by 2045, up from just 2,000 in 2020, by switching focus from oil and gas to renewables.
"In addition, renewables could support an improved gender balance in the future energy sector. Women currently hold an estimated 32% of the world's renewable energy jobs as opposed to 22% across fossil fuel employment. Although this still hardly indicates gender equality in the renewables sector, - given the fact that unemployment as a result of COVID-19 has disproportionately affected women, this is still a factor to consider.
Finally — despite reports to the contrary, New Zealand's global clean and green brand is still our most valuable asset: pre-pandemic, tourism was the largest export industry in terms of foreign exchange earnings. Much of our global export market, including meat and dairy, lean on this reputation. When New Zealand opens its borders again to tourists, we need to be sure this trust still exists. Declaring a climate emergency and enshrining net-zero by 2050 in law superficially maintains this image — but actionable policy can cement it. If we continue to not walk the talk, our failings will catch up to us. No other country in the world trades on its green credentials to the extent Aotearoa does, yet according to Statistics New Zealand, gross GHG emissions in 2018 were 24% higher than 1990, calling into question our very brand. Without, for instance, radically addressing the transport side of the energy equation, we are at serious risk of losing our long-entrenched trading and diplomatic advantage, not to mention falling short of our 2030 and 2050 international climate commitments.
This really is our once-in-a-generation opportunity to drive pandemic-relief stimulus into net zero-consistent technologies and systems. With political will, there is still time. Aotearoa has long held a global advantage courtesy of its green electricity — but it's high time we shared that renewable advantage across our whole energy economy.
Advantage champion
Hettie works in London with the Energy Transitions Commission, a global coalition of leaders from across the energy landscape working together to accelerate the transition to a zero-emissions future. She works in particular on engagement and policy outreach, aiming to disseminate the ETC messaging and analysis as broadly as possible. She holds degrees in law and international relations from Otago and Victoria University


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Following an eight-day strike, Teck Resources (TSX: TCK.A, TCK.B) (NYSE:TCK) has reached a new contract agreement with Union No. 1, which represents one-quarter of its Quebrada Blanca copper mine workforce.
Quebrada Blanca is located in the Tarapacá Region of northern Chile and it is nearing the end of its life. So far this year, the mine produced 17,300 tonnes of copper. Last year the operation produced 35,000 tonnes, down more than 10% from 2015. Given the decreasing volumes and the fact that operations continued during the protest action, Teck said that there wasn't a major impact on production at the site.
Nevertheless, the Canadian miner wanted to settle things with the 105-member union whose leader, Jorge Flores, was asking for a bonus scheme that would put his organization on equal footing with the mine's two other unions.
In a statement shared over email, the Vancouver-based firm confirmed that it had reached a compromise with Quebrada Blanca's miners. "[We] have ratified a new collective contract for 24 months, effective December 1, 2017 to November 30, 2019. The previous collective agreement expired on November 30, 2017. The two other unions representing the majority (76%) of employees at the operation reached agreements in early 2017," the release reads.
Keeping peace at Quebrada Blanca is key given that Teck is considering developing the second phase of the project. If management decides to move forward with it, the development of the hypogene orebody would come at a hefty price tag of some $4.7 billion for major infrastructure investments including a new concentrator and desalination plant and pipeline.
But regardless of what projects copper miners are developing in Chile, experts say that they can expect more labour disputes in the coming months. Not only higher prices for the red metal have workers expecting better salaries, a new labour code has also prompted many unions to schedule wage negotiations.
Chile is the world's top copper-producing country.


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Augmented Intelligence through Decision Support Platforms
WHEN October 18, 2020
8pm WHERE Zoom Webinar Part of "IEEE-UAE Distinguished Seminar Series - Fall 2020" WHO NYUAD Engineering Division Open to the Public
NYU Abu Dhabi is pleased to host the 'IEEE-UAE Distinguished Seminar Series' under the umbrella of the IEEE-UAE Innovation & Research Program. We are honored to have an elite group of distinguished speakers for Fall 2020.
The fifth instalment in this series, 'Augmented Intelligence through Decision Support Platforms' will be delivered by Professor Ahmad Alabdulkareem, Co-Director of the Center for Complex Systems, KACST & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, KSA & USA.
Email raed.shubair@nyu.edu for more details.
Speaker Bio and Abstract
Entire Seminar Series
Ahmad Alabdulkareem, Ph.D., is the KACST Director of the Center for Complex Systems (CCS) at KACST and MIT. He earned a Computational Science & Engineering PhD from MIT with a dissertation in the area of machine learning and computational network science under the supervision of one of the most cited authors in computer science; Prof. Alex 'Sandy' Pentland. His previous studies were at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in computer science, where his research was in the area of machine learning in the Structural and Functional Bioinformatics Group working on enhancing classification algorithms. His areas of expertise include Data Science, AI (Machine Learning (Deep Learning)), Network Science, Statistical Inference, Complex Modeling and Simulation. Over the years, he worked in the intersection of industry and academia, taking ideas from inception, through research and development, all the way to their implementation in the real world. He is also active as an AI consultant, heading multiple private-sector product development projects, in addition to joining various international centers and working groups on AI and smart cities (e.g. the G20 Global Smart Cities Alliance, leading the AI and Smart City projects in the WEF's affiliated Center for the 4th Industrial Revolution in KSA, and recently heading the AI team within the G20's S20 Engagement Group, etc.).
In the last decade, there has been a huge proliferation of Artificial Intelligence and IoT Technologies within a wide variety of domains, this presentation will demonstrate a few Decision Support Systems that utilize these technologies through an Augmented Intelligence mindset. These are results of some of the research and development projects being conducted at the Center for Complex Systems (CCS), a partnership between KACST and MIT, which is a world-class international center of excellence that strives to uncover fundamental principles and to develop new methods and tools such that complex, highly integrated systems can be modeled, analyzed, and managed more effectively than is possible today. The presentation will go over real-world problems being tackled at the center which span multiple domains such as Energy, Labor, Health, Mobility, and Social systems. Many exciting results and findings will be shown, along with demos of tools developed to solve complex and intractable pain-points of our modern systems. Example applications to be demonstrated range across different sectors, from "Catch-E", the Electricity Fraud Detection System that maximizes the return on investment (ROI) for inspections, to the "Saudi Skill Space" Tool which shows the Saudi labor skills and jobs (calculating metrics such as automation), and recently the COVID-19 Decision Support Platform which enables decision-makers to simulate, analyze, predict, and visualize different decisions, policies, or scenarios and their effects on a city, supporting both macro and micro-level interventions' analysis and recommendation.
You can find information on the upcoming talks included in this series here.
Raed Shubair, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) & Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Mohamed AlHajri, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NYU Abu Dhabi
IEEE-UAE
IEEE Signal Processing Society (SPS)
IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society (TEMS)
ICT Fund, UAE Telecommunicqtion Regulatory Authority
Oracle Communications
TRA Virtual Academy
Register below for the IEEE-UAE Distinguished Seminar Series.
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