text:
New PEP Station in Florida Dedicated
FEMA says it's a model for the future
By Leslie Stimson
FEMA recently dedicated a new PEP station, WOKV(AM), Jacksonville, Fla.
It's a Cox Radio station, and the agency believes the addition is significant as it works to expand and update more modern alert and communications warning equipment in its Primary Entry Point stations, which can air a national warning before, during and after an emergency.
As part of its general warning system upgrade, FEMA and the Integrated Public Alert Warning System are increasing PEP stations from 37 to 74 by the end of 2011, with the effect of covering 90 percent of the population, according to the agency. PEP stations are the primary sources for a national EAS message (like one from the president).
FEMA also is modernizing existing PEP stations with modular shelters, EAS encoders/decoders that can handle the new Common Alert Protocol as well as Internet protocol-enabled gear. Satellite communications will also be used to increase the resilience as an alternate path for disseminating alert warning, FEMA states in its advisory about the Florida event.
Agency officials told me the expansion stations are being equipped with off-line, surge-protected backup program origination, transmission and power generation equipment. "Legacy PEP stations depend upon the station transmitters which may not be as well protected against electrical hazards. The new installations add an extra layer of resiliency," they said.
WOKV is a dual site, with both day/night operation.
PEP stations, you'll recall from your EAS/EBS/CONELRAD history, are significant both historically and in terms of next-generation of alerts and warnings.
In front of new fuel storage and generator shelter for newly commissioned PEP station WOKV, from left: Damon Penn, FEMA assistant administrator, National Contingency Programs; Rick Benson, chief engineer Cox Jacksonville; Mohan Singh, PE, SES, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, chief, Interagency and International Services Starting in 1963, alerts and warnings in the U.S. were administered under the Emergency Broadcast System; and in 1997 the Emergency Alert System was established. PEP stations were established in the early 1990s as a backup to the Emergency Activation Network back when AT&T handled most radio and television network distribution. In 1995, President Bill Clinton eliminated the Emergency Activation Network, leaving PEP stations as the remaining distribution source for national level EAS.
In Florida, Damon Penn, FEMA assistant administrator of National Contingency Programs, said the design and construction that went into the WOKV will serve as a model for the 46 new PEP stations and the retrofit of the existing PEP stations.
In case you're wondering, as I did, why someone from the Army Corps of Engineers ("USACE," in government-speak) was there, here's the back story:
The USACE provides construction management services through an inter-agency agreement. ACE chose KBR as the prime contractor, which handles site design and then contracts the actual work. The WOKV PEP site was officially a construction area until it was accepted by FEMA, which then accepted the keys from the Army Corps of Engineers, who, in turn, turned over the keys to a representative of the Cox Jacksonville cluster.
I hope no one lost the spare key along the way.
Kojo Nnamdi Show to End in April
WAMU announces plan to end production


text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}
WER is the de-facto evaluation metric used by the speech community for assessing the performance of ASR models. WER is calculated from a literal word-level comparison of ground-truth with the hypothesis.
There is an increasing interest among the speech community to consider an alternate evaluation metric\cite{wernotgood,wer_alternative1}, since WER does not capture the semantic correctness of the hypothesis generated. Consider the ground-truth as `I am going to die', and the two hypotheses from  ASR be `I m going to die' and `I am going to live'. WER is same for both the sentences, but we can clearly see that the former hypothesis makes more sense than the latter which completely negates the meaning of the ground-truth. Even though, WER is flawed and is an imperfect metric for evaluation, several works tend to use WER as a metric because of the following reasons : (1) existing speech recognition models are benchmarked with WER as the metric, (2) an improved alternative metric does not exist to replace WER.

Over the years, many works have attempted to address the flaws of WER by considering weighted WER or by adopting information retrieval approaches as mentioned in \cite{inf_retrieval,weighted_wer1,weighted_wer2}. But all of these metrics are based on word level comparison, has not considered the semantic-level correctness of the sentences. Meanwhile many prior works based on the pre-trained transformer \cite{transformers} based language models, such as BERT \cite{bert}, RoBERTa \cite{roberta} showed promising results in various downstream tasks such as question answering, and sentiment analysis. Recently, \cite{semanticdistance,semanticdistance2} proposed an alternative metric named as semantic distance for ASR tasks based on semantic correctness using Siamese-BERT \cite{sbert} models.  Our extensive analysis of this metric on ASR hypotheses shows that using a metric just on semantic correctness is also not an optimal evaluation metric.  Moreover, these models with billions of parameters are often large and cause a large memory overhead and latency when deployed on edge and mobile devices to complete the evaluation process.

In this work, we use our proposed evaluation metric to benchmark the model's performance. We first focus on building a lighter model to get the sentence dissimilarity (SD) score. We aim to reduce the memory footprint of the model to the minimum, so that it will be suitable for edge and mobile based real-world applications. We use the knowledge distillation \cite{knowledge_distillation}  approach and created a lighter siamese-BERT model, named as SNanoBERT to get the SD score. We observe that this measure is biased towards the words which contributes more to the meaning of the sentence, and sometimes fails to give a proper weightage to the remaining words. Hence, we propose a new weighted evaluation metric Hybrid-SD ($\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$), which is a weighted combination of SD score and non-keyword error rate. We use the SNanoBERT model to extract the keywords from the ground-truth, which is crucial for our hybrid evaluation criteria. We show that the proposed alternative evaluation metric leverages the benefits of considering both semantic correctness and word based errors.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we discuss the proposed model to generate the SD score.
In section III, we discuss the proposed hybrid evaluation metric. In Section IV, we explain the experimental setting and the results and finally, concluding remarks are presented in Section V.

\section{Sentence dissimilarity score}
\label{sec:sd}
In this section, we discuss about how to generate the SD score and extract keywords from our proposed SNanoBERT model.
\subsection{SNanoBERT model}

Our goal is to create a fast and light model for generating SD scores, allowing to deploy the model on resource-constrained devices and use it during real-time evaluation.
Siamese models outperform other models in semantic textual similarity (STS) tasks, in which two models connected by a loss function are fed different inputs. To compute the similarity between fixed sized embedding vectors generated by both models, the cosine similarity measure is used.
Although the SRoBERTa model achieves cutting-edge performance on feature extraction tasks, its large size (500MB) renders it unsuitable for deployment on edge devices. To overcome this limitation, we use SRoBERTa as a teacher model and a lighter model as a student model to perform aggressive task-specific knowledge distillation.

\begin{table}
	\centering
	\caption{Comparison of SD of GT and hypothesis by inducing an error on each word. WER  is 0.33 for all the samples.}
\vspace{-0.25cm}

	\label{word_comparison}
	\begin{tabular}[t]{clc}
		\toprule
		\textbf{Selected word}&\textbf{GT : You are late}&\textbf{SD}\\
		\midrule
		you&H : yu are late&0.16\\
		\midrule
		are&H : you r late&0.20\\
		\midrule
		late&H : you are leite&0.88\\
		\bottomrule
	\end{tabular}
	\vspace{-0.5cm}

\end{table}
We use a SRoBERTa \cite{sbert} model fine tuned on the STSB \cite{stsb} dataset as the teacher model, and our custom model with 4 layers (transformer blocks), 128 hidden dimensions and 4 attention heads as the student model. We carry out distillation with the task of generating embeddings using the AllNLI \cite{mnli,snli} and English Wikipedia datasets and use the STSB to evaluate our student model. As the student model has fewer hidden dimensions (768 of the teacher vs 128) we perform dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis (PCA).   Our smaller model architecture, named as nanoBERT, uses a word piece tokenizer during the pre-processing stage, that learns to tokenize a corpus into ``word pieces", starting from an initial alphabet containing all the characters in the corpus. The word piece tokenizer then adds tokens with the highest score to its vocabulary until a suitable size is reached. These word pieces allows the model to accurately score similar sentences that share same tokens. We employ the nanoBERT model in the siamese configuration to get SNanoBERT, followed by a mean pooling of the sentence embedding tensors to derive fixed size vectors for sentence pairs. We train our model using mean squared error loss function and our model is distilled at a learning rate of 1e-4.  Further, we use cosine similarity to compute the SD score between two sentences $S_1$ and $S_2$ as:
\begin{align}
SD~(S_1,S_2) = 1 - \frac{e_{S_1}~.~ e_{S_2}}{||e_{S_1}||~ ||e_{S_2}||}
\end{align}
where $e_{S_i}$ denotes the respective embedding vector generated from our model for a sentence $S_i$. SD is confined between 0 and 1, where lower scores indicate stronger semantic similarity, and vice versa.

\subsection{Comparison between SD and WER}
\label{sec:sd-and-wer}
In this section, we examine how WER and SD values differ from one another with some simple examples, and discuss the benefits of SD over WER. We also see that SD better captures minor syntactic errors that do not affect the true meaning of the sentence than WER.

When subwords are present in the sentence, the SD score improves because of the word piece tokenizer used. Suppose GT denotes the ground-truth and H1 and H2 are two hypotheses from the ASR model,
i.e.,GT = `Smoking', H1 = `Smoke', and H2 = `Something'. Then $\text{SD}(\text{GT},\text{H1} )$ = 0.09, which is less than $\text{SD}(\text{GT},\text{H2} )$ = 0.85. But if we use WER, then
    $\text{WER}(\text{GT},\text{H1} )$ = $\text{WER}(\text{GT},\text{H2} )$ = 1.

 When a word splits into multiple words, WER considers it a completely incorrect prediction. Despite the fact that we can correctly interpret the actual word, WER completely dismisses this case with a higher value, whereas SD assigns a smaller value. For e.g., Suppose GT =  `seatbelt', H1 = `seat belt', then $\text{SD}(\text{GT},\text{H1})$ = 0.12, whereas $\text{WER}(\text{GT},\text{H1})$ = 2.

Next, we generate hypotheses by inducing
mistakes to each word in order to understand how the SD values
vary with respect to the type of words present in a sentence.
 We can see from the Table \ref{word_comparison} that the SD score increment is much lower when words like articles and prepositions are incorrect.
Meanwhile, when the keywords are incorrect, as in row 3, the SD scores increase significantly because they add more value to the meaning of the sentence. Despite the fact that WER is fixed, we can see that SD assigns different scores to sentence pairs based on the errors made. As a result, we can conclude that SD scores outperform WER by learning not to penalise the model excessively for errors that do not change the true meaning of the sentence.
\begin{table*}[t]
\caption{Spearman rank correlation between the cosine similarity of sentence embeddings and the gold labels for various STS tasks using teacher and our student models. All models use the siamese network architecture}
\vspace{-0.25cm}

\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%

\begin{tabular}{l|ccccc|cccccccc}

    \toprule
    \textbf{Model }           &\textbf{\# Layers }    & \textbf{\# Hidden} &\textbf{\# Attention} & \textbf{Size} & \textbf{Latency} &\textbf{STS-12} &\textbf{STS-13} &\textbf{STS-14} &\textbf{STS-15} &\textbf{STS-16} &\textbf{SICK-R} &\textbf{STS-B}  &\textbf{Average}  \\

    &  &\textbf{Dim} &\textbf{Heads} &\textbf{ (MB)} &\textbf{(ms/} & & & & & & & &\\
    & & && &\textbf{sample)} &  & & & & & & & \\

    \midrule
    SRoBERTa          &12    &768     &12   &499.0  & 129.32  &0.787  &0.901  &0.882  &0.9    &0.848  &0.797  &0.871  &0.855  \\
    \midrule
    SRoBERTa [1,4,7,10]&4     &768     &12   &271.8 & 41.12   &0.751  &0.886  &0.86   &0.892  &0.836  &0.793  &0.867  &0.840 \\
    STinyBERT         &4     &312     &12   &57.4 & 6.37   &0.793  &0.862  &0.834  &0.88   &0.804  &0.784  &0.824  &0.825   \\
    \textbf{SNanoBERT}         &\textbf{4}     &\textbf{128}     &\textbf{4}    &\textbf{19.2}   & \textbf{3.33} &\textbf{0.732}  &\textbf{0.851}  &\textbf{0.807}  &\textbf{0.866}  &\textbf{0.801}  &\textbf{0.761}  &\textbf{0.81}   &\textbf{0.804}   \\
    SPicoBERT         &1     &64      &1    &8.3   & 0.65  &0.772  &0.835  &0.783  &0.849  &0.771  &0.756  &0.778  &0.792  \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}%
}

\vspace{-0.4cm}

\label{tab:benchmark}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Keyword extraction using SNanoBERT}
Keyword extraction algorithms are used to extract the most relevant keywords or key-phrases from text input.  We aim to interpret the affect of keywords and non-keywords in the sentence on the SD score. To get a quick overview of a text content, it can be helpful to extract keywords that concisely reflect its semantic context.
Our aim is to extract the keywords using the same SNanoBERT model, instead of using a separate model like keyBERT \cite{keybert} for keywords. Our keyword extraction approach is as follows:
\begin{align*}
S=&\{x:x = SD~(GT,w_i),~\forall~ w_i \in~ W\}\ \\
K=&\{w_i:MinMax~(S~[w_i])~<~\gamma,~\forall~ w_i \in~ W \}
\end{align*}
where $W$ is the set of words in GT after stopword filtering. We calculate the SD score for GT and each word in set $W$, and form the set $S$. Then, we normalise the scores in $S$ by using Min-Max scaling, and construct the  set $K$ by thresholding using $\gamma$ parameter. Next, the rest of the words in GT are added to a set named $NK$. Thus, we create two sets of words from GT namely: $K$ and $NK$ containing keywords and non-keywords respectively. Let $N_{nk}$ denotes the number of non-keywords present in GT, i.e., $N_{nk} = |NK|$.
$N_{wk}$ and $N_{wnk}$ be the number of wrongly recognized keywords and non-keywords respectively in the hypothesis. To compute $N_{wk}$ and $N_{wnk}$ from hypothesis, we use an edit-distance based alignment between GT and hypothesis.  Finally, we calculate the non-keyword error rate (NKER) as the ratio of $N_{wnk}$ to $N_{nk}$.

\section{A hybrid evaluation metric}
We see that the SD score is biased towards keywords that contribute more to the meaning of the sentence, and that it sometimes fails to give the remaining words an appropriate weightage. In this section, we propose a new hybrid evaluation metric that combines the SD score and NKER.

We begin with an example by demonstrating the limitations of SD. Consider GT as ``This is your captain speaking'', and let H1 be ``Ths s ur captain speaking'' and H2 be ``This is your kepten speaking''. Then $\text{SD}(\text{GT},\text{H1})$ = 0.22 and $\text{SD}(\text{GT},\text{H2})$ = 0.48 . The SNanoBERT model extracted the keywords `captain' and `speaking.'
H1 has all of the keywords correct, but all of the non-keywords are incorrect.  H2, all of the words except "captain" are correct. As a result, it is natural to select H2 as the best hypothesis with the fewest errors. However, the SD of H1 is still lower than that of H2, because the presence of `captain' preserves the meaning of the sentence and thus overrides the errors in the other non-keywords.
Despite the fact that H2 has fewer errors, we tend to favour H1. SD appears to be a better metric for tasks where keywords are important.
The solution is to arrive at a metric that considers both semantic correctness and the number of word errors.

 We propose a hybrid evaluation metric which is a weighted combination of SD and NKER, and is calculated as follows:
 \begin{align}
 H_{SD} &= \alpha_1*SD~+~\alpha_2*NKER \\
 \alpha_1 &=\frac{N_{wk}*p}{N_{wnk}+1},~~\alpha_2=\frac{N_{wnk}}{N_{wk}*p+1}
  \end{align}
where the first term is used to monitor semantic correctness by prioritising keywords, and the the second term monitors the non-keywords. We know that when all the keywords are correct, then SD will be lower. In such cases, we must track the non-keywords in the hypothesis. Similarly, NKER is given a lower importance when there are no incorrect non-keywords in the hypothesis.  We use $p$, an important tunable hyperparameter that regulates the  weightage a particular keyword has in terms of non-keywords. We calculate the weighting coefficients $\alpha_1$ and $\alpha_2$  for SD and NKER based on the number of wrong keywords and wrong non-keywords present in the hypothesis.

\section{EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS}
\label{sec:experimental results}
We conducted extensive experiments to investigate the efficacy of our proposed $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$, and the results are presented in this section. Throughout our experiments, we kept the parameters $\gamma$ and $p$ at 0.4 and 2, respectively.

\subsection{SNanoBERT}

We benchmark our SNanoBERT model as well as the teacher model (SRoBERTa) on a collection of sentence similarity benchmarks such as STS-12\cite{sts2012}, STS-13\cite{sts2013}, STS-14\cite{sts2014}, STS-15\cite{sts2015}, STS-16\cite{sts2016}, SICK-R\cite{sickr}, STS-B\cite{stsb} and have tabulated the spearman correlation coefficient between the cosine-similarity of the sentence embeddings and the gold labels as shown in Table \ref{tab:benchmark}. We created four distilled siamese models SRoBERTa[1,4,7,10], STinyBERT, SNanoBERT, and SPicoBERT whose sizes ranges from 271.8 MB to 8.3MB.
SNanoBERT achieves an average correlation coefficient of 0.80, which is only 0.05 lower than SRoBERTa while being 25.9x smaller and 38.8x faster than SRoBERTa. Although SPicoBERT achieves results similar to SNanoBERT, we observed that it does not perform as well in real-world testing. Therefore,  we select SNanoBERT which achieves comparable performance to the teacher SRoBERTa model, meanwhile significantly reducing the model size and latency, making it suitable for deploying on edge devices.

\subsection{Correlation between $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ and WER}
We begin by examining the relationship between the proposed $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric and WER using 1500 text-to-speech generated samples from 6 different speakers. We use an end-to-end acoustic model similar to the DeepSpeech2 \cite{ds2} model. The input speech samples are divided into frames
of 32 milliseconds with 50\% overlap. From each frame, 80-dimensional log-mel features are extracted, stacked together to form the input to the model. The scatter-plot between $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ and WER shows that they are positively correlated with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.78. It is also observed that as WER increases, the $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ values for a given WER value is more widely distributed.
\begin{table}[]
\centering
\caption{Results from intent recognition and NER: WER, $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$, intent accuracy and named-entity error rate for benchmark dataset, set A and set B. }
\label{tab:intent_ner}
\vspace{-0.25cm}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Dataset}                                         & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}WER\\ (\%)\end{tabular}} & \textbf{$\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Intent\\ accuracy\\ (\%)\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Entity \\ error rate\\ (\%)\end{tabular}} \\ \hline
ATIS test set &                                      -                       &      -                 & 98.32                                                                     & 15.2                                                                         \\ \hline
Set A                                                    &               27                                              &          3.48             & 84.43                                                                     & 64.43                                                                        \\
Set B                                                    &          27                                                   &        1.60               & 97.53                                                                     & 36.02                                                                        \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-0.3cm}

\end{table}

\subsection{Intent recognition and NER}
To demonstrate the effectiveness of our metric on various downstream tasks, we evaluate it for intent recognition and named-entity recognition (NER) tasks.
We use the ATIS \cite{atis} training and test set, which contain 4,478 and 893 sentences with 26 intent categories, respectively.
For evaluating our $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric, we generated two hypothesis sets from ATIS test set. Set A is made by inducing errors in the keywords by removing vowels.
Similarly, set B is produced by inducing errors in non-keywords.
The WER for both sets is the same.

Our goal is to investigate the connection between our $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric and intent accuracy.
We use the existing jointBERT \cite{jointbert} model trained on the ATIS and Snips \cite{snips} data sets for intent recognition.
Intents are extracted from set A and set B, and intent accuracy is calculated.
Table \ref{tab:intent_ner} shows that set A has a higher $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric and a lower intent accuracy due to incorrectly recognized keywords in the hypothesis.
Set B, on the other hand, reports a lower $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ value with higher intent accuracy.
Even though the WER is the same for both sets, we can see that the $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric value varies, as does the intent accuracy.
Thus we can conclude that the $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric is an  effective evaluation metric for intent recognition tasks.

Following that, we investigate the relationship between the $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric and the named-entity error rate.
For NER, we use Spacy \cite{spacy}, an open-source software library.
Table \ref{tab:intent_ner} shows that with a fixed WER, the $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric and entity error rate are higher for set A because the keywords are misspelt.
The $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ metric is lower for set B, as is the entity error rate, because non-keywords are misspelt here.
As a result, our proposed metric can be used as a more effective evaluation metric for NER tasks.

\begin{table}
	\centering
	\caption{Comparison of $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ for selected example sentence with fixed WER.}
\vspace{-0.25cm}
	\begin{tabular}[t]{lcc}
		\toprule
		\textbf{~~~~~~~~~~~~~Examples}&\textbf{WER}&\textbf{$\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$}\\
		\midrule
		\textbf{GT : The flight is about to land}&&\\
		H1 : The fite is about to lamt&0.33&3.42\\
		H2 : Te flight s about to land&0.33&1.00\\
		\midrule
		\textbf{GT : Data set needs to be cleaned }\\
		H1 : Dase needs to be cleaned&0.33&0.31\\
		H2 : Dataset needs to be cleaned&0.33&0.14\\
		\midrule

		\textbf{GT : Whomsoever it is concerned}&&\\
		H1 : hm so er it is concerned&0.75&0.78\\
		H2 : whom so ever it is concerned&0.75&0.37\\

		\bottomrule
	\end{tabular}
\vspace{-0.3cm}

	\label{tab:examplecomp}

\end{table}

\subsection{Examples : $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ vs WER}
We will take some examples as shown in Table \ref{tab:examplecomp} and explain the detailed working of $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ and WER. Consider two hypothesis generated from ASR models as H1 and H2. For all the examples, WER is same for both the sentences since the number of errors are the same. In the first example, WER fails to track the improvement of ``fite" and ``lamt" to ``flight" and ``land", due to the deterioration of ``is" and ``the"  to ``s" and ``te" at the same time. Since ``flight" and ``land"  offer more contextual information than ``is" and ``the", $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ decreases  significantly for H2.
In the second and third example, H2 has a lower $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ value because of the word-piece tokenizer's ability to capture subwords.
Revisiting the example in Section 3, our $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ gives the following results  $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}(\text{GT},\text{H1})$ = 0.97 and $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}(\text{GT},\text{H2})$ = 0.42.
In contrast to SD, $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ favours H2 by taking into account both semantic correctness and error rate.
Hence, making $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ well suited for tracking ASR performance.

\vspace{-0.2cm}

\section{SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS}
\label{sec:conclusion}

In this work, we built a fast and lightweight SNanoBERT model using distillation to generate SD score. Our experiments show that the SNanoBERT model has similar performance to the teacher SRoBERTa model for STS tasks while being 25.9x smaller and 38.8x faster. Hence, making it suitable for deploying with ASR models on edge devices. Motivated by the shortcomings of WER and SD, we propose a new hybrid evaluation metric for ASR systems, $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$, which combines the SD and non-keyword error rate.
We demonstrate how the new metric benefits from both semantic correctness and error rates. We show that $\text{H}_{\text{SD}}$ correlates more strongly with intent recognition and NER tasks.

\newpage
\bibliographystyle{IEEEbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Good News on the Doorstep: Friends of Nutley (NJ) Library Host Cervasio's "11 Secrets"
"This 90 minute lecture and discussion session will change lives," stated Cervasio. "The research in writing the book changed mine, ... just in time."
Mr. Cervasio's literary manager, Dr. Ken Atchity, previewed the study guide. "Good stuff, Joe. I will use it as my meditation catalyst..."
Additional information can be found on the Nutley Library website, http://nutley.bccls.org/ .
These days, it is not easy to locate distinctive and original posts, especially on informational content material. This article is all that; distinctive, original and informative. Thanks for working difficult to create original material for this topic.


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text:
Saturday, 28 Jan 2023 - 6 of Shevat, 5783
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Israel and Turkey to restore full diplomatic relations, exchange ambassadors
By Yossi Lempkowicz August 17, 2022 No Comments
Israeli President Isaac Herzog, who visited Ankara last year and met with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Israeli President Isaac Herzog, who visited Ankara last March and met with his Turkish counterpart, commended the renewal of full diplomatic relations with Türkey which he called ''an important development that we've been leading for the past year, which will encourage greater economic relations, mutual tourism, and friendship between the Israeli and Turkish peoples.
Israel and Turkey are to restore full diplomatic relations, including the exchange of ambassadors, following a recent phone conversation between Israeli Prime Minister Yair Lapid and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
"The resumption of relations with Türkey is an important asset for regional stability and very important economic news for the citizens of Israel. We will continue to strengthen Israel's standing in the world," said Lapid in a statement.
Lapid's office said that the move follows the understandings reached during the Israeli Prime Minister's meeting in Ankara with Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlot Çavuşoğlu and Prime Minister Lapid's conversation with Turkish President Erdoğan, as well as the positive developments in Israel-Türkiye ties over the past year.
It was decided to once again upgrade the level of the relations between the two countries to that of full diplomatic ties and to return ambassadors and consuls general from the two countries.
Upgrading relations will contribute to deepening ties between the two peoples, expanding economic, trade, and cultural ties, and strengthening regional stability, the statement said.
Israeli President Isaac Herzog, who visited Ankara last March and met with his Turkish counterpart, commended the renewal of full diplomatic relations with Türkey which he called ''an important development that we've been leading for the past year, which will encourage greater economic relations, mutual tourism, and friendship between the Israeli and Turkish peoples. Good neighborly relations and the spirit of partnership in the Middle East are important for us all. Members of all faiths—Muslims, Jews, and Christians an and must live together in peace."
Turkey is Israel's fourth-most important economic partner and in 2021 was Israel's fifth-largest export destination. Since May 1, 1997, the two countries have enjoyed a free-trade agreement and held four joint economic summits. The last summit took place in Jerusalem in the summer of 2009, and the fifth is expected to be held this coming autumn.
According to the Israeli ministry of Economy's foreign trade administration, bilateral trade in goods and services amounted to $7.7 billion in 2021. In that year, Israel exported $1.9 billion worth of goods to Turkey—mainly chemicals, base metals, rubber and plastic. Israel's main imports from Turkey include base metals, machinery and electronic and mechanical parts, transportation components, and fresh agricultural produce.
In June, Israel and Turkey signed a civil aviation agreement as part of a deal to broaden bilateral ties. And earlier this summer, intelligence cooperation between Jerusalem and Ankara resulted in the thwarting of several Iranian plots to attack Israeli targets on Turkish soil. Turkey also took steps to curtail the movements of Hamas within the country.
The diplomatic rapprochement between the two countries has been slow-in-the-making since relations took a nosedive in the wake of the 2010 Mavi Marmara incident. At the time, nine Turkish nationals were killed in clashes that broke out after Israeli commandos were attacked when boarding a ship sent by an Islamist organization deemed close to Erdoğan that was attempting to break the maritime blockade on the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip.
Dr. Gokhan Cinkara, an expert from Necmettin Erbakan University, thinks that shifts in regional geopolitics are the main determinants for Turkey's new efforts for normalization. "The competition between status quo and revisionism in the region is over. Consequently, every country has alternatives and can be replaced, which is also the case for Turkey. Due to the economic crisis and geopolitical deadlock that the country is passing through, it was inevitable for Turkey to search for new options," he told Arab News.
"The appointment of diplomats will ensure that bilateral relations will continue to operate under an institutional routine."
Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu told reporters on Wednesday that "we are not giving up on the Palestinian cause," despite the upgrade in ties with Israel.
The return of ambassadors "is important to improving bilateral ties. As we have always said, we will continue to defend the rights of Palestinian," he added.
UAE Jewish community opens first kosher supermarket in Gulf
Israeli Defense Minister Gantz meets with Turkish President Erdogan in Ankara
Abu Dhabi rabbinic wedding landmark event for Jewish life in Arab world
Israeli ambassador to Turkey presents credentials to Erdogan
Israel appoints new ambassador to Turkey
Israel, Turkey to hold first economic summit in 13 years
Israel watches warily as Russia, Iran build stronger ties
Report: Israeli narrowly escaped Iranian kidnap attempt in Turkey
Israel issues a warning for travel to Turkey
Turkey's Foreign Minister to visit Yad Vashem as part of his official visit in Israel
Turkish President sends congratulory letter to his Israeli counterpart on the occasion of Independence Day
Adidas awarded by Jewish group for its decision to sever ties with Kanye West: 'We will continue supporting Jewish communities and stand against all forms of hatred, racism and discrimination'
ADIDAS to be awarded by European Jewish group for its decision to sever ties with Kanye West
New museum to provide comprehensive look at Albanian Jewish life
Romania anchors protection for kosher slaughter in law
Vienna's Jewish community takes in hundreds of Ukraine refugees
European Jewish Press, Europe's sole Jewish news and information service.
Launched end 2005, the European Jewish Press is the sole online Jewish news agency in Europe. The privately funded Brussels-based outlet is an independent media body. It aims to provide both Jewish and non-Jewish audiences around the world with balanced, up-to-date and reliable news reports on issues of concern to the Jewish communities worldwide. European Jewish Press news are read by individuals, officials, experts, journalists and many others…. European Jewish Press is an affiliate of Jewish News Syndicate (JNS) and collaborates with EU Reporter.
SUPPORT EUROPEAN JEWISH PRESS, THE SOLE JEWISH NEWS AGENCY IN EUROPE, WITH YOUR DONATION :
OUR BANK ACCOUNT :
BIC : AXABBE22
EUROPEAN JEWISH PRESS IS SPONSORED BY ASYAL COMPANY AND BJ TRADING COMPANY.
Israeli President Herzog in address to the European Parliament: 'The Holocaust was not born in a vacuum'
Israel's President Herzog at meeting with EU Commission head: 'It is about time that Europe takes a very firm stance on Iran'
SPONSORED BY BJ TRADING COMPANY

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Basketball Coach Accused Of Substituting His Triplet Sons To Win Games The high school coach in Missouri is accused of using his triplet sons to cheat. An opposing team accuses the coach of swapping in one of his three sons to gain an advantage on the free throw line.
The high school coach in Missouri is accused of using his triplet sons to cheat. An opposing team accuses the coach of swapping in one of his three sons to gain an advantage on the free throw line.
Good morning. I'm Rachel Martin. A high school basketball coach in Missouri is under pressure after allegedly using his triplet sons to cheat during a game. Rick Luna and his Dora High School team were playing Licking High over the weekend. Parents and players from Licking accused Coach Luna of secretly swapping in one of his three sons to gain an advantage on the free-throw line. You know, being triplets, the referee didn't notice. An investigation is ongoing, but it won't change the final score. Coach Luna and his team won by 2.


Take Action — David Wiebers, M.D.
I recognize that ultimately, the survival not only of other species on this planet, but also of our own, will depend upon humanity's recognizing the oneness of all life on this planet, and recognizing the importance and deeper significance of compassion for all life.
Only your name will appear online, not your private information.
Thank you! Please share your support on Facebook by clicking the icons below.
Dr. Wiebers is Emeritus Professor of Neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. During his career at Mayo, he became nationally and internationally recognized as a leading clinician, teacher, clinical researcher and administrator while serving as Professor of Neurology, Consultant of Neurology and Clinical Epidemiology, and Chair of the Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases. He has authored more than 340 scientific publications, five medical textbooks and two books for the general public. He has been a visiting professor at 77 academic medical centers in 17 countries and has been the recipient of numerous U.S. and international awards for scientific and medical achievement. He has also served on the Boards of eight national and international charitable organizations.


text:
(-) Center for Clinical Research (8)
(-) Children's health (6)
(-) Psychiatry (24)
(-) Southern Illinois Trauma Center (5)
Cardiothoracic Surgery (6)
Institute for Plastic Surgery (6)
Neuroscience Institute (36)
Otolaryngology (8)
Dorcas Adaramola, MD
Beau Batton, MD
Chief of Neonatology, Professor of Clinical Pediatrics - Neonatology, Chief, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Director, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. John's Children's Hospital
Jeffrey Bennett, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry Chair - St. John's Hospital
Eric Black, MD
Albert Botchway, PhD
Center for Clinical Research
Karen Broquet, MD
Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Associate Dean for Graduate Medical Education
Michael Buhnerkempe, PhD
Joshua Camins, PhD
Pamela Campbell, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Giovanna Caprirolo, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics - Pediatric Critical Care
Doug Carlson, MD
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine – Hospital Medicine, Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, SIU School of Medicine
Basar Cenik, MD
Arindam Chakrabarty, MD
Erik Constance, MD
Kristin Delfino, PhD
Research Assistant Professor Center for Clinical Research | Department of Surgery
Paula Diaz-Sylvester, PhD
Mary Dobbins, MD
Professor of Family and Community Medicine, Director of Integrated Care, Department of Family and Community Medicine
Danuta Dynda, MD, MBA
Research Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery
Amber Fifer, PharmD, ACRP-CP
Research Assistant Professor, Associate Director - Center for Clinical Research, Director of Clinical Research - Department of Neurology
Lillian Houston, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Vice Chair of Education
Christina Hubbert, PhD
Kalyan Kandra, MD
Dale Korinek, Psy.D
Jody Lack, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics - Pediatric Hospital Medicine
William Loveland, LCSW
Joseph Milbrandt, PhD
Director, Center for Clinical Research
Tracy Milbrandt, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics - Primary Care, Division Chief, Pediatric Primary Care
Ramzi Nicolas, MD
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics - Pediatric Cardiology, Chief of Pediatric & Fetal Cardiology, Associate Chair of Pediatric Specialty Care, Medical Director of Pediatric Echocardiology for HSHS St. John's Children's Hospital, Medical Director of Pediatric Echocardiology for Memorial Medical Center
Obiora Onwuameze, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Clerkship Director
Keisha Powell, MD


Ecommerce executives manage their own companies. But they are also experienced observers of online retailing in general. It's in the latter capacity that we recently spoke with Rick Wilson. He's president of Miva Merchant, the hosted shopping cart. He's also a 12-year veteran of ecommerce. We asked him about the state of ecommerce, including the current topics of eBay's recent acquisitions, mobile commerce and — what else? — Facebook.
PEC: For our conversation today, we're speaking with you as an observer of the ecommerce scene. To start, what is the state of ecommerce?
Wilson: "The state of ecommerce actually is thriving and — as someone who's been involved in ecommerce for 12 going on 13 years now — it's nice to be the pretty girl at the dance again, if you will. I came to Miva in 1999 and immediately after I did, I was drawn to this idea of enabling business for entrepreneurs on the web and it's turned into a great career for me personally. It's been a great ride here at Miva Merchant.
PEC: Since 1999, what are the biggest changes you've seen in the business? Social media and mobile commerce, maybe?
Wilson: "Actually, there are other changes that I consider far more significant to the bottom line of most of our merchants than social and mobile. The stuff that's really amazing to me is the use of data [for predictive analysis].
PEC: Anything sinister about the use of that data?
PEC: Let's ask your views on some current ecommerce topics. eBay has been active on the acquisition front. It purchased GSI Commerce, a platform for larger retailers, and more recently Magento, the open source platform. What's eBay up to?
PEC: Where does that leave ProStores, eBay's hosted platform?
PEC: Let's switch gears. What's the outlook for Facebook? The Economist magazine recently surmised that Facebook's growth has peaked.
Wilson: "It's interesting. There's no such thing as indefinite growth and there's no such thing as infinite growth. What do they have, 600 or 700 million users around the world? That's a big number no matter how you slice it. So, the outlook for Facebook on the whole is I think they have enough usage base and they have the social graph data. I forget where I read this, but someone not too long ago compared their control of the social graph to Microsoft's control of the desktop. I generally agree with that at a high level, in that I think Facebook's not going anywhere. I think that they are the social graph keeper of record. I don't see Google changing that unless Facebook does something bizarre like let people download everything and someone else can go mimic their social graph and literally take control out of their hands. I don't foresee that happening.
"When it comes to ecommerce, I think that it's a lot different. A couple of years ago during the ascension of Facebook, you would hear people talk about how there's not going to be a need for websites anymore. Everything is going to go through Facebook. My take is that's silly. Facebook is a supplemental platform. Let's think about what Facebook really is. Facebook is the world's largest photo-sharing platform. Facebook is also a place for status updates like Twitter. Finally it's a place to play games like Zynga. And if you think about how you use it or I use it, I would say that's about right.
PEC: Let's move on to mobile. To date, there has not been a lot of physical goods being actually transacted on small smartphone screens and, moreover, the conversion rate on those small screens is extremely low, at best. What do you tell Miva Merchant's customers about mobile?
Wilson: "I see mobile as fundamentally different than Facebook. And the reason I even compare them is because both became such popular things at the same time. Mobile is something that needs to be addressed. It is not something that's going to go away, because ultimately you're going to have more people interacting in a connected way via mobile phones. So, what we tell customers is, 'Here's what you can do today.' We tell most of our customers that the mobile web is their focus as opposed to mobile app. The reason for that is our customers generally aren't Coca Cola. Sure, if you're Coca Cola, you can get millions of people to download your app. You can provide a free incentive and just get huge app downloads. If you're a more traditional [smaller] merchant, mobile is a different strategy for you.
"Going back to eBay, I mentioned RedLaser earlier, which is another company eBay bought. With RedLaser I can take my iPhone and I can go scan a barcode and I can see every place that that product is available online, and to some extent offline. If I scan a product or take a picture of a product from my iPhone, and RedLaser pulls up search results for me, and I clicked through. Not a lot of merchants necessarily know they're even in this search result. For example, if your data feed gets to TheFind.com [the comparison product site], that company pushes stuff into RedLaser. So, you may not know that your data feed is getting into a mobile search device, but it is and if someone clicks through that data feed on a mobile device and they get a full-sized web page, with checkouts not optimized for mobile, the odds of that conversion happening at that moment are very small. Maybe they email themselves the link. Maybe they just save it and type it into their browser, or probably more likely they're not going to do anything. They'll go find one that is mobile-optimized.
"When I think about how I use mobile commerce — which has been so far limited to eBay and Amazon — it's very simple. For eBay, it's to bid on things; it's not to be tied to my computer at the end of an auction. I think that's a fundamentally unique model for eBay. Most products we buy online don't have a time issue. The eBay app on my iPhone makes perfect sense. I don't have to worry about where I'm going to be if I want to make sure I bid five minutes before the auction ends.
"Amazon is sort of similar in that what I generally order from Amazon, because I'm an Amazon Prime member, are commodity items. I'm out and I remember I need some shampoo or I need whatever, and as opposed to having to run to a salon or any store and take time to do it, if it's commodity that I'm not urgently needing, I can just hit my phone, search for the product name and two days later, it's at my door for free. So, those two models are really unique in mobile.
PEC: Does Miva Merchant have plans for a mobile offering?
Wilson: "We have a mobile offering out now. It's been out for about four months. Currently, it's an add-on. It's something we charge for, but we also taught how to do it at our conference for free. So, it's something that if someone is technically capable, they don't need us to do. But if a merchant is not a web developer and they just want to hand it over and get it done, it's something we sell for a few hundred bucks. In the future though, we will build it into the core product as something that's just automatically included in every store.
PEC: You've released a new upgrade to Miva Merchant. Tell us about that briefly.
Wilson: "We launched what we call Miva Merchant 5.5 PR8 about two weeks ago and it's the next generation of our platform. It's a streaming update for all of our current customers so it's not the kind of thing that requires a new store build. In fact, it doesn't break their store; they go right up to it. There's a bunch of new features. They make order management behind the scenes easier. But the big tent pole features are reporting: very advanced sales reporting, and a reporting API, so not only the reports we built, but an API to make it easy to build the reports yourself.


Target sought an outside service provider to help achieve corporate strategies which included managing a disposition strategy in 43 states for former stores, out lots, and excess land parcels.
SRS was engaged, acting as an extension of Target's real estate department, to handle disposition activities across half of the United States. SRS strategized with Target to develop a team of four master brokers covering four regions of the country and manages a team of local brokers in the markets to which it is assigned. SRS provides strategic consulting, land brokerage and portfolio disposition of land, buildings and pad site carve-outs.
Since 2003, SRS has completed more than 145 disposition transactions, saving Target more than $388 million. Through analytical valuation, SRS has enabled Target to achieve sales prices above book value on its pad site carve-outs.


text:
Moments for Equality
Billionaire WV Gov Got Up To $24M In Bailout Funds
ProPublica reports:
Companies owned by West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice and his family received up to $24 million from one of the federal government's key coronavirus economic relief programs, according to data made public Monday.
At least six companies from Justice's empire showed up on the list of Paycheck Protection Program aid recipients released by the Small Business Administration. The Greenbrier Hotel Corporation, Justice's firm that owns and operates the iconic luxury resort, received a loan of between $5 million and $10 million.
Justice is ranked by Forbes as a billionaire and West Virginia's richest man. He owns a vast array of businesses, including coal mines, resort hotels and agricultural interests, many of them regulated by the state agencies he now runs.
The post Billionaire WV Gov Got Up To $24M In Bailout Funds appeared first on Joe.My.God..
Kim Petras' Pride Anthems playlist is packed full of pop
RNC Planning Bulk Purchases Of Junior's Coming Book
Votes for Women — and Everyone — Now!
An Abortion Advocacy Movement for Everybody
Chad Wolf's Desperate Attempt to Rewrite History
We've Filed 400 Legal Actions Against Trump
PHOTOS: Wilson Cruz takes it off like it's his civic duty


Stock # U18577H, 4hk1-Tc Diesel Engine 317 Cid 5.19L 215hp At 2550 Rpm: 452 Ft-Lb, Automatic, 122874 mi.
2017 Isuzu NRR NU GVWR19500, 5.2L 215HP diesel engine, 6-Sp Aisin A465 automatic transmission, spring suspension, hydraulic brakes, steel wheels 225/70R19.5", 3-passenger seating, A/C, AM/FM,CD radio, power windows and locks, L21' Miller Century steel rollback, 10,000Lb capacity, 48" tool box.
4HK1-TC diesel engine 317 CID (5.19L) 215 HP at 2550 RPM: 452 ft-lb gross torque at 1850 RPM. 4 cylinder 16 valve four cycle overhead cam turbo charged inter-cooled water cooled EGR valve direct injection electronically controlled common rail fuel system and engine cruise control. Oil level check switch and light. Engine Warning system with audible warning for low oil pressure high coolant temperature and low coolant level. Rear engine cover.


The jury acknowledges the importance this exceptional packaging provides to the food and beverage industry.
SIGNATURE PACK from SIG has won another important industry award: the Gulfood Manufacturing Industry Excellence Awards, which has now been announced at the Gulfood Manufacturing in Dubai. SIGNATURE PACK, the world's first aseptic carton pack with a clear link to 100% plant-based renewable materials, was honored with the 'Environmental Award of the Year.' With this award the jury acknowledges the importance this exceptional packaging provides to the food and beverage industry.
The Gulfood Manufacturing Industry Excellence Awards rewards best practices and innovations within the value chain of the food manufacturing industry. The expert jury members are international representatives of the food processing and packaging industries, graphics experts, equipment suppliers, scientists, the trade press, the government, as well as environmental and trade organizations.
SIGNATURE PACK is a value-added solution that meets the demands of the industry and today's consumer expectations for more environmentally-responsible products. It is one of the latest innovations from SIG as the company strives to offer customers the most sustainable food packaging solutions as part of its mission to go Way Beyond Good. The polymers used for laminating the paperboard and for making the closure of the SIGNATURE PACK are 100% linked to plant-based materials via a mass balance system, whereby plant-based raw materials are mixed in with conventional fossil raw materials to produce the polymers. This means that for the polymers used in the SIGNATURE PACK, an equivalent amount of bio-based feedstock went into the manufacturing of the polymers. The amount of plant-based material is certified by recognized and audited certification schemes to ensure strict traceability and accountability.
Sustainability and responsibility are becoming increasingly important in the MEA region. SIGNATURE PACK provides a consistent answer to reducing the use of fossil raw materials, as well as reducing the carbon footprint. While most companies are still in the concept phase with their ideas, SIGNATURE PACK is a solution ready for the market.
Min-Kin Mak, Deputy Vice President Corporate Development and Digital Transformation at SIG, and Ghassan Elassi, Chief Human Resource Officer at SIG Combibloc Obeikan (JV between SIG & Obeikan Investment Group), received the award on behalf of SIG at the Gulfood Manufacturing. "Sustainable and renewable packaging highlights our company's commitment to contribute more to society and the environment than we take out. We are very proud that our SIGNATURE PACK is recognized once again to be an exceptionally eco-friendly packaging. It drives the replacement of conventional plastics from fossil fuels to certified and sustainable plant-based sources. This is the 3rd environmentally-based award for SIGNATURE PACK and proves that our packaging adds value to the industry and our society – at an international level," said Min-Kin Mak.


text:
Q: In Accessibility Mode, I Want To Override The TalkBack For A TextView I currently have a ListView and each element of that list consists of at least two TextViews. I'm adding accessibility to my app, so whenever I focus on a certain list element, it reads out the text in each TextView.
Right now, I'm sending it a TalkBack event, but right after it completes it, it reads out the TextViews again. I want it to only complete my TalkBack event and nothing else.
Anyone have a clue how to do this?
Thanks in advance!

A: Sure, just override View.dispatchPopulateAccessibilityEvent.
From the doc (emphasis mine):

A typical implementation will call onPopulateAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent) on the this view and then call the dispatchPopulateAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent) on each child.  Override this method if custom population of the event text content is required.

Within that method, you can add any text you want to the event in the following manner:
public boolean dispatchPopulateAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent event) {
    event.getText().add("Hey look!");
    return true;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Correlation between user name (userNNNNNN) and question quality? Is it just my imagination or is the ratio of good questions lower for users whos name is "userNNNNNN"? Or is there just a glut of smelly questions lately and there happens to be a large number of userNNNNNN users now?
Is this testable?
Similar to Correlation between reputation and use of actual name on SO, but possibly more testable. The marked answer there uses statoverflow.com which seems to no longer exist.
Updated
This naive query
select count(Score) as [Count], avg(Score) as [Average]
from Posts where OwnerDisplayName like 'user%'
union
select count(Score) as [Count], avg(Score) as [Average]
from Posts where OwnerDisplayName not like 'user%'

Produces this result
Count  Average
------ -------
350    1
626458 3

I would have thought it to be less than 1, but it looks like avg() rounded or truncated. And 626,458 posts (non 'user%') seems low. What did I do wrong?

A: Oh, I don't know. I've seen some really crappy questions from registered users.
There probably is a correlation. These are folks who just want an answer to their question and want it now. They don't want to bother with all of that registering, looking around and getting a feel for the "culture" of the site, searching to see if their question was already answered, and all that other touchy-feely stuff. Because they just want their answer. Now, dammit. And if they don't get it they're off to some other place they Googled. Heck, they're probably already gone.
So why bother to write a decent question?

A: Your query's wrong.  Here's one that's more reliable:
Unregistered user statistics
You're looking for users where the DisplayName is NULL, not LIKE 'user%'.  If you query for just users using your filter you only get something like 200 results - and there are way more unregistered users than that.
According to this query, the average unregistered user has:

*

*2.1 questions

*0.6 votes per question

*1.1 answers

*0.3 votes per answer

*9.4 reputation.

Pretty dismal stats, but hardly surprising considering that these people couldn't even be bothered to register (which takes 10 seconds if you have an account with Google, Yahoo, etc.)
Compare with the same stats for registered users - and this includes the long, long tail of Stack Overflow:

*

*3.7 questions

*0.4 votes per question

*9.6 answers

*1.3 votes per answer

*181.9 reputation

So yeah, unregistered users don't participate much, they just hit and run.  Everybody who expected anything else, raise your hand. Thank you.
As for question quality specifically, the numbers seem to be about the same according to vote tallies, anyway.  But then, that's probably more indicative of the fact that people hardly ever vote up/down questions on Stack Overflow based on their actual merits; instead we're just seeing all the random/sympathy question voting people do in order to get their Electorate badges.
It's pretty hard to measure question quality, so that's about as much data as you're going to be able to dig up.

A: userNNNNNN didn't bother give himself a name because he isn't planning to use the site regularly.  He wants one answer to one question.  So he posts it here.
"Casual user."  Questions may not be that deep because the person doesn't have a lot of questions -- just the one.  Probably a younger person.
Not every person on the Internet is a forum troll, you know.


CHICAGO, IL – More than 2,500 employees and clients from McGladrey LLP – the nation's largest provider of assurance, tax and consulting services focused on the middle market– recently showcased the firm's value of stewardship by giving back to their communities through more than 190 volunteer activities across the country during the third annual McGladrey Volunteer Day.
McGladrey LLP employees and clients joined forces to sort clothing, paint buildings, plants trees, teach kids, package food and perform many other volunteer services needed in their local communities. Nonprofits benefitting from McGladrey's 2012 Volunteer Day included Boys and Girls Clubs, Susan G. Komen, Salvation Army, Habitat for Humanity, Junior Achievement, Second Harvest Food Bank, Toys for Tots and many others.
With Hurricane Sandy making landfall the week of McGladrey Volunteer Day and leaving lasting impacts in some communities, a small number of the firm's offices postponed volunteer activities in the interest of the safety of employees and clients, and to ensure the best service for clients who might be facing business continuity challenges as a result of the storm. Rescheduled volunteer events will provide employees with an opportunity to give back in those communities at a more appropriate time.
A number of the nonprofits for which McGladrey employees volunteered are clients of the firm, which provided unique opportunities to build relationships while simultaneously serving the local communities where the firm operates.


The Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA), in partnership with the Media Foundation West Africa (MFWA), will host the Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa Sept. 26 to 28 in Accra, Ghana.
The event brings together human rights defenders, journalists, government officials, bloggers, developers, representatives from academia and others to discuss matters related to upholding internet freedom.
Topics include gaps, concerns and opportunities for advancing privacy, access to information, free expression, non-discrimination, the free flow of information online on the African continent and more.
Journalists and others interested in internet freedom are invited to this event.
Participants in need of travel support must apply by Aug. 15.


"One of the things that had become obvious during the writing of Professional DotNetNuke ASP.NET Portals (Wiley Publishing, Inc.) was that our branding message was not clear. Although our trademark and domain name reflected "DotNetNuke," our logo contained an abbreviated terminology of ".netnuke." This led to confusion for authors of the book as well as the publisher in terms of what was the correct product branding. As I mentioned earlier in this chapter, the initial branding had been constructed with little or no foresight; therefore it came as no surprise that a major overhaul was necessary.
Initial conversations within the Core Team offered some interesting and sometimes surprising opinions on the DotNetNuke brand. When discussion came to a stalemate the topic was raised in the public forums that resulted in a similar scenario. Some folks considered the "nuke" term to be too offensive, unprofessional, or shocking to be used as a serious brand name. Others placed a significant metaphorical value in the current logo, which contained a gear embossed with a nuclear symbol. Some preferred a transition to the "DNN" acronym that was often used as a shorthand reference in various communication channels. Further debate ensued over the category we occupied (portal, content management system, framework, and so on) and the clear marketing message we wished to convey.
As the project founder, I had my own opinions on the brand positioning and ultimately decided to resort to an authoritarian model rather that a committee model so that we could make a decision and move forward. From my perspective, when it comes to technology companies, there is a lot of acceptance for non-traditional brand names (consider Google, Yahoo!, Go Daddy, and so on). In addition, due to the press coverage of the Microsoft Hosting program, the DotNetNuke name had achieved a significant amount of exposure; therefore, a complete change in brand would impose a serious setback in terms of brand acceptance and market reach. Taking into consideration the valued perspectives of the Core Team and community, I felt there should be a way to provide a win-win solution for everyone.
I first tried working with a local design company (the same company that had produced the DotNetNuke 2.0 site skin), and although they had a real talent for brand identity services, there were no concepts produced that really grabbed my attention or satisfied my goals for the project. Perhaps I was being overly critical in my judgment of various designs, but I knew that I absolutely did not want to settle for a concept unless I thought it met 100% of my criteria. Although Nik Kalyani had been on the Core Team for eight months and had even expressed a serious interest in the marketing activities of the project, it was not until the rebranding exercise where his talents were truly exemplified.
Nik and I started an offline dialog where we quickly established some complementary goals, at least at a conceptual level. The basic decision was that we wanted to retain the full "DotNetNuke" brand name and strengthen rather than dilute its brand emphasis. We also wanted to reduce or eliminate the negative imagery associated to the nuclear warning symbol in the current logo. Although the abbreviated form of the word "nuke" tended to evoke a negative response from the general population (bombs, radiation) the expanded form of "nuclear" and "nucleus" had a much more positive response (science, energy, power). The word "nucleus" also had some complementary terms associated with it such as "core," "kernel," and so on that worked well with the open source project philosophy. The trick was to find a way to emphasize one aspect over another.
Nik spent countless hours designing alternative logo concepts.. From a typeface perspective he suggested using the Neuropol font and I really liked the fact that it had a strong technical overtone but not so much that it could not be used effectively in other mainstream media applications. To achieve a uniform appearance for the typeface we decided to use all capital letters—even though the standard format for the brand name in regular print would continue to be mixed case. Nik included a unique customization for the "E" and the "T" letters that resulted in a distinctive, yet professional styling for the word mark contained within the logo.
It is amazing how many diverse concepts can be represented in a single image. The saying "a picture is worth a thousand words" is cliché but in this case it certainly summarized the final product. The new logo had the basic shape of a nuclear atom. The nucleus of the atom was shaped like a gear to retain its heritage to the previous project logo. The logo was two basic colors—red and black (using shades of grey to achieve a 3-D effect)—making it much more adaptable and simple to reproduce in a wide variety of media formats than the previous logo (which had used shadows and gradients for 3-D effects). The gear had twelve teeth (a number considered to be lucky in many cultures). The intersection of the three revolving electron trails (referred to as the "triad") could still be subtly viewed as a nuclear symbol reference. With some creative inference, they could also be viewed as the three-letter project acronym, DNN. Later, someone on the Core Team mentioned that the triad bore some resemblance to the Perpetual Motion Interactive Systems Inc. "infinity" logo—a reference I had never formally recognized but something that I am sure played a subliminal role in my selection.
In terms of brand acceptance we realized there may be significant community backlash related to the new creative brand, especially from companies who were currently leveraging the existing DotNetNuke branding in their marketing materials. Therefore we were pleasantly surprised at the overwhelming positive feedback we received regarding the new brand identity. Our goal was to roll out the brand in progressive stages with the DotNetNuke 3.1 product release representing the official brand launch to the general community.
With the creative elements out of the way it was time to finalize the rest of the branding process. Because DotNetNuke serves many different stakeholder groups it was difficult to come up with a product category that was focused but not too limiting in scope. From a marketing perspective, the board agonized over the optimal brand message. "Content Management" was a powerful industry buzzword but if you compared the capabilities of DotNetNuke in this area with other enterprise software offerings, it became obvious that it would be some time before we could be considered a market leader. The term "Portal" had been so overused in recent years that it had become severely diluted and had lost its clarity as an effective marketing message. Conversely, the emerging term "Framework" had begun to surface more regularly and was starting to gain industry acceptance with both developers and management groups as a powerful software development category. Because DotNetNuke's architectural principles were predicated on simplicity and extensibility, the framework category seemed to be a natural fit. The next step involved clarifying the type of framework. DotNetNuke was primarily designed for use in a web environment and its breadth of features made it well suited for building advanced data-driven Internet applications. The resulting "Web Application Framework" was an emerging industry category in which DotNetNuke could take an immediate leadership role. "


text:
Q: How to implement a 'Pop' function that returns the "popped" element (i.e the data/value) ? (linked list stacks) Confused as to how to implement a single function that would at the same time pop the element and return it as return value.
So far all I've seen are pop functions that return a pointer to the new head of the stack.

Here's a start, but...
#define VALUE int

typedef struct node_t {
    VALUE item;
    struct node_t *next;
} node;

.
.
.

// Function
VALUE pop(node *stack_head) {

    // Used to store the node we will delete
    node *deleteNode = stack_head;

    // Error Checking        //  <<====== (btw, is this actually necessary ?)
    if (!deleteNode || !stack_head) {

        if (!stack_head) fprintf(stderr, "\nPop failed. --> ...\n");
        if (!deleteNode) fprintf(stderr, "\nPop Failed. --> ...\n");
        return 0;
    }

    // Storing the value in a variable
    VALUE popped_item = stack_head->item;

    // Updating the head
    stack_head = stack_head->next;    <<====== THERE'S A PROBLEM HERE ! (i think)

    // Freeing/Deleting the 'popped' node
    free(deleteNode);

    // Return 'popped' value
    return popped_item;
}

.
.
.
stack_head = stack_head->next;
Doesn't actually change the address that the pointer stack_head (i.e the head of the stack) points to... and so the value is indeed returned for the first pop but subsequent pops return errors.
Yes because it is a local variable but then how would you change the actual pointer (the one that points to the head of the stack) to point to the new head of the stack?

A: The parameter stack_head is local to the function pop, so when you modify it the result is not visible outside of the function.
You need to pass the address of the variable you want to modify, then in the function you dereference the pointer parameter to change what it points to.
So change your function to this:
VALUE pop(node **stack_head) {

    node *deleteNode = *stack_head;

    if (!*stack_head) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\nPop failed. --> ...\n");
        return 0;
    }

    VALUE popped_item = (*stack_head)->item;

    *stack_head = (*stack_head)->next;

    free(deleteNode);
    return popped_item;
}

And call it like this:
node *stack_head = NULL;
// do something to push onto the stack
VALUE v = pop(&stack_head);

A: Okay, this will be a pretty long digest, but hopefully worth it. You can see a testcase of the code I've presented as my conclusion here and obtain a modular version of the code here. My suggestion would be that you use a structure like this:
struct {
    size_t top;
    T value[];
}

The reason you probably shouldn't use classical linked lists for this (or anything, really) is covered by this video courtesy of Bjarne Stroustrup. The basis of the problem is that the majority of your overhead is in allocation and cache misses which don't occur so much when you keep everything in one allocation.
If I were to write this for convenient use, perhaps:
#define stack_of(T) struct { size_t top; T value[]; }

This should allow you to declare empty stacks fairly sensibly, like:
int main(void) {
    stack_of(int) *fubar = NULL;
}

This is familiar enough to templates in other languages to work fairly well, and also not a hideous abuse of the preprocessor. I'm sure I've written a push_back function somewhere which we can adapt to this version of push which I've linked to externally as it's not important for the conclusion of this answer (bear with me here; we'll come back to that momentarily)...
So now we have stack_of(T) and push(list, value) which we can use like:
int main(void) {
    stack_of(int) *fubar = NULL;
    push(fubar, 42);
    push(fubar, -1);
}

The simplest solution for pop might be something like:
#define pop(list) (assert(list && list->top), list->value[--list->top]))

... but this does suffer a drawback we'll discuss later. For now we have as a testcase:
int main(void) {
    stack_of(int) *fubar = NULL;
    int x;
    push(fubar, 42);
    push(fubar, -1);
    x = pop(fubar); printf("popped: %d\n", x);
    x = pop(fubar); printf("popped: %d\n", x);
    x = pop(fubar); printf("popped: %d\n", x);
}

... and as you'll see during debug the assert fails during execution telling us we've popped more than we've pushed... probably a good thing to have. Still, this doesn't actually reduce the size of the stack. To do that we actually need something more like push again, except we get rid of these lines:
    list->top = y;                  \
    list->value[x] = v;             \

So there's an opportunity for refactoring. Thus I bring you operate():
#define operate(list, ...) {                                         \
    size_t x = list ? list->top : 0                                  \
         , y = x + 1;                                                \
    if ((x & y) == 0) {                                              \
        void *temp = realloc(list, sizeof *list                      \
                                 + (x + y) * sizeof list->value[0]); \
        if (!temp)                                                   \
            return EXIT_FAILURE;                                     \
        list = temp;                                                 \
    }                                                                \
    __VA_ARGS__;                                                     \
}

Now we can redefine push in terms of operate:
#define push(list, v) operate(list, list->value[x] = v; list->top = y)

... and pop looks kind of like it did before, but with an invocation of operate on the end to cause list to shrink (from quadruple its size, for example when you've popped 3 elements off of a list of 4) to no larger than double its size.
#define pop(list) (assert(list && list->top), list->value[--list->top]); \
                  operate(list, )

Summing it all up, you can see a testcase of the code I've presented here and obtain a modular version of the code here...


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JSI Tip 1144. W95 computers are unable to browser a remote domain across a router?
. Your Windows NT clients can brose the remote domain.
. Both clients can browse the local LAN.
. TCP/IP is the network protocol.
. A trust relationship exists between the domains.
. Both clients use the same WINS server (and WINS has a correct 1Bh entry for the remote domain).
. Both clients logon to the local domain.
. Neither client has an account in the remote domain.
then the W95 client is has the wrong workgroup configured.


text:
Name: Invader Zim
Abbreviation(s): IZ
Creator: Jhonen Vasquez
Date(s): March 30, 2001 – August 19, 2006
Medium: television, comics, movie
External Links: Wikipedia
2.1 Animation
2.2 Fansites
2.3.1 Shipping Abbreviations and Names
2.4 Headcanons and Alternate Universes
3 Controversy
4 Fanart
4.1 Visual
4.3 Fan Music
4.4 Fanfics
5 Meta and Further Reading
6 Archives & Fannish Links
Invader Zim is a cartoon created by Jhonen Vasquez that debuted in 2001 on Nickelodean. It was cancelled in 2002, partway through production of the second season. Though it was cancelled in 2002, it remained on air until 2006 on the Nicktoon Network. Six unaired episodes from season 2 were released via boxset, and then on Nicktoon Network in 2006. Some fans speculated the cancellation was due to a transparent image of a bloody Gir in one episode, but Zim's VA said in 2018 that blood Gir was "not it at all." Instead, both he and Vasquez placed blame on "horrible ratings," despite the show going on to be considered a cult classic and having great merchandise sales.[1]
Invader Zim was rebooted as a fairly successful comic book series in July 2015 and has been ongoing ever since. A Netflix movie, Enter The Florpus, premiered in August 2019. The fandom has a large online presence on DeviantArt, being a pre-Tumblr era fandom but a post-social media fandom. After the release of the 2019 movie, it gained a large Tumblr fandom that included many new, younger fans. As of 2020 Invader Zim is still a wildly active fandom, and would likely have been regardless of Enter the Florpus releasing on Netflix. Becca James, writing for The A.V. Club said, "Invader Zim was destined for a cult following..."[2]
Invader Zim is about an alien named Zim of the Irken race being tricked into coming to Earth by his leaders ("The Tallest"). He believes he is on a mission to destroy and/or subjugate the human race for the Irken Empire; he is unaware that no one of his species likes him and The Tallest sent him to Earth simply to get rid of him. On Earth he disguises himself (badly, but successfully) as a human and disguises his robot, Gir, as a green dog. Zim tries to blend in by going to elementary "Skool," and discovers that a child named Dib can tell that he is an alien. Other humans, including Dib's father and sister, believe Dib is crazy. The premise of the show then follows Dib constantly trying to thwart Zim's plans and out him, while Zim constantly concocts bad ideas to take over the planet.
There is a sub-fandom for a handful of characters from the official comics, and they have their own vocabulary of acronyms within the fandom, including ship names. This revolves around characters introduced in the comic starting in issue 46 in a location called the Zimvoid. The Zimvoid is a planet filled with various alternate versions of Zim and the other characters from different dimensions, similar to a plot line seen in Rick and Morty. The fandom seems most interested in Zim 0002 (Zim Number 2, or just Zim 2) and Zim Number 1. Zim Number 1, Zimvoid's ruler, turns out to be an alternate version of Dib in a robotic suit, who Gir calls Zib, due to Zib having a PAK attached to his head.[3] Zib killed Zim in his own timeline and created the Zimvoid with the intention of killing all weak multiverse Zims and enslaving the strong ones to do his bidding destroying the Irken empire.
The Invader Zim fandom is "made up primarily of 1990s and 2000s kids, as well as nostalgia purists," according to The Toxic Fandoms and Hatedom's wiki.[4] At the height of its popularity many young online denizens were going through early 2000s "phases," such as falling in line with emo, goth, or scenekid sensibilities. Whether Invader Zim influenced the popularity of these movements in young fans, or the popularity of these movements influenced the popularity of Zim, is unknown. Merchandise was sold heavily at a goth-themed store called Hot Topic, and even in 2020 Hot Topic still sales some Invader Zim merch, mainly shirts.
The release of the 2019 film attracted many new fans, most closer the the target audience age than longtime fans who had grown up. These fans also watched the original cartoon and took interest in the comics. In 2019 Tumblr user prairieprayer posted a short piece of meta examining the difference in 2008 Invader Zim early-fandom and 2019 Invader Zim neo-fandom. She noted the older fandom's much more gothic and emo sensibilities, and believed the reason to be the pop-culture of the differing decades. Her meta, edited for brevity, said:
looking at new invader zim art in 2019 is so surreal, since i first saw zim fanart back on deviantart in, what, 2008?
the styles, the way comics read, even the way modern fandom makes ship names has changed so dramatically. it's like a bucket of cold water. there are such stark stylistic differences in visual art and fanfiction that you can clearly see the line between early fandom and neo-fandom.
the way someone designs dib in 2019 will draw from this aesthetic of alien brooches and pikachu backpacks. a 2008 dib will draw from long black trench coats and scene kid hairstyles; spiked bracelets and fingerless gloves. a total shift from the edgy gothic aesthetics into a modern lo-fi listening pop culture kid. 2019 dib would totally play pokemon go with his sister.
the way a fandom will project onto the characters is always going to be based upon the culture of the adults and kids creating that fandom. in 2008 there was the x-files, twin peaks, the matrix. and 2019 there's gravity falls, steven universe, and monster-loving movies like shape of water.[5]
InvaderCON was the first Invader Zim-specific convention, first held in March 2011 to celebrate the cartoon's ten year anniversary.
Fans animated the episode Mopiness of Doom, which had official audio recorded but was never officially animated due to the show's cancellation. It was shown at InvaderCon 2012. Later, in Aug 2020, a 25 minute long episode for "The Trial" was animated as a multiple-animator project and uploaded to YouTube.[6] Historically, it had been difficult to organize and finish the animated episode projects the fan community set up, but with animation software becoming more readily available and the booming animation community on YouTube, the mid to late 2010s have seen an increase in finished Zim animation projects, shorts, and animatics.
Invader Zim was popular at a time when MySpace was at its peak and social media was only beginning to come into public light. As a result, a lot of very early fan follows for Invader Zim were hosted via their own domains, with a number of them currently down or moved to Facebook.
The Invader Zim fan wiki has a section on the front page that says "Would you like to help Invader ZIM get back on air as a full fledged animated TV series again? Then visit any or all of these links!" It then lists five pages, the first being a Facebook link for "Soapy Waffles," a once popular website for those who loved the show and wanted it back on air.[7] Soapy Waffles used to be it's own domain, called soapywaffles.com, but they no longer own the domain as of 2020. The Facebook page seemed rather active in 2018, didn't post in 2019, then it's newest post was on May 2020 with a link to a Invader Zim script compilation. The oldest Wayback Machine capture of the original site from Dec 30, 2010 said on it's front page:
Invader Zim canceled!!!!? We can't accept that - no, we WON'T accept that and we are going to do something about it. For too long we have waited for Invader Zim to return with new episodes. The wait will soon be over thanks to the crack artists at E & S Productions. Follow our slow but steady progress here at soapywaffles.com. We appreciate your support.[8] soapywaffles.com, 2010
After Soapy Waffles is another Facebook page called Operation Head Pigeons (OHP), which had its own domain like Soapy Waffles.[9] And just like Soapy Waffles this domain is down has of 2020, only accessible via Wayback Machine. However, trying to find OperationHeadPigeons.com on Wayback Machine only results in being re-directed to a Tumblr blog called operationheadpigeons.tumblr.com.[10] OHP's Facebook sidebar says: " WE LOVE INVADER ZIM. And we did a lot of cool stuff "back in the day..."
A Tapatalk forum titled "Invader Zim Fan Animated Shorts" is also listed on the Zim wiki. A thread from Nov 8, 2010 discusses its history, as well as some brief history of a Zim fansite called Room with a Moose (RWAM). Based on the account, Room With a Moose was once one of the most popular Invader Zim fansites and forums for the community, though reportedly there were some arguments between the loud "Newbs" and the older, more settled members. It worked to produce its own Zim episodes, with the idea being posted as early as 2003. From this the IZFAS was born, and in 2020 has become a Tapatalk forum. The most recent posts are between 2016 to 2017, meaning that the forum has been unfortunately inactive for some time.[11] The first short produced was titled "Way Up In The Sky." By 2004, original episodes for Invader Zim were being conceived. A rough pilot was made by 2005, called "The Most Horrible Short Ever." 2005 is considered to be the "most productive phase of its history." However, only two years later in 2007 the forum members began questioning whether the project had a future, and the short had still yet to be completed. But Dr. Deciduous, the long-time IZFAS member who wrote the history, credited the project for being what pushed and inspired them to go onto college for animation, despite the project having never worked out.
So yes, i do love this project.
You may look at the project and think what's coming out of it is crap. But what the project did for me is so much more than it'll ever do what it was intended for. Hopefully if you're reading this you're a part of this team and are in the same position i was in 5 years ago. I don't hope that you become the savior of this project and take it further than ever before but i hope this project helps you the way it helped me.
Invader Zim Fan Animated Series is a curious subject And i hope it lasts forever Dr. Deciduous, 2010.
Ships in the Invader Zim fandom usually work by combining the two first initials of a character's name, separated by an 'a' for "and" (such as ZaD) and then tacking on a "R" for romance, "F" for friendship, or "E" for enemies. For instance, ZaDR, refers to Zim and Dib romance, ZaDF refers to Zim and Dib as friends, and ZaDE refers to Zim and Dib as enemies. The IZ fandom is one of the only fandoms that retains a distinction in ship names for friends and enemies versus lovers. GIR's name is fully written in ship names to avoid confusion with Gaz. For example, GaGIRf is Gaz and GIR as friends. They also follow a few capitalization rules, with zadr, ZaDR, and ZADR being acceptable, and ZADr, zAdR, and zaDR being examples of ways the fandom doesn't capitalize the ships. Zim's name is usually the one abbreviated first, and DAZR, the reversed version, is not used. This method of ship naming is so far unique to the Zim fandom.
Additionally, after Enter the Florpus was released, many new fans entered the fandom. They began shipping Zim with Professor Membrane and called it the portmanteau Zimbrane, probably because they were unfamiliar with older fans' conventions. One other exception is the rarepair of alien Zim with Zim in his human disguise. This selfcest ship is called Zimcest.
ZaDR has always been the most popular yet most controversial ship in the fandom. Controversy is largely related to perception of the characters' differing ages. The second wave of the fandom was somewhat more strongly against the ship.
Shipping Abbreviations and Names
These ships below only use the romance designation, except for one example, but the "r" may be replaced with an "f" for friendship or "e" for enemies at the discretion of the artist.
ZADR- Zim/Dib
ZAGR- Zim/Gaz
ZATR- Zim/Tak
DAGR- Dib/Gaz
DATR- Dib/Tak
GATR- Gaz/Tak
DADR- Dib/Dwicky[12]
GAGIRF- Gaz and Gir friendship
QQPZADR- Queer platonic Zim/Dib
ZA2R or ZAZ2R- Zib/Zim 0002
Zimbrane or ZaPMR- Zim/Professor Membrane
Zimcest- Alien Zim/Disguised Zim
RAPR- Tallest Red/Tallest Purple
Headcanons and Alternate Universes
Invader Zim is a fandom heavy in headcanons and AUs, and is a good source of study when looking at the popularity of certain fandom concepts through time.
The Irken alien race is a favorite topic for interpretation and expansion. Irken physical characteristics, such as antennae or teeth, or their culture and relationships are headcanonned in art, fanfic, etc.
Most artists tend to age up the characters either to "hi school" or college age. While the headcanon that Dib always grows up rather tall and lanky is the most popular, not everyone's headcanon for Zim's size is the same. Some artists keep him small (even if growing a few inches taller) to keep in line with his low-ranking Irken status. Others make him grow tall, if not taller than the Tallest, to threaten their leadership despite his defective pak.
Dib bring trans has grown in popularity with the neo-fandom. As of Nov 26, 2020, 52 works are tagged as trans Dib on AO3, which despite only being 1%, sorting by "kudos" reveals the front page of general Invader Zim fanfics on AO3 to have 3 fanfics tagged with trans. This number would technically be even more so, as fanfiction by BamSara always includes trans Dib despite not every fic having the tag, bringing the number up to 6 trans dib fanfics on the front page sorted by kudos.
Though not a wide spread headcanon there are still quite a few artists who like to depict the aged up teenage characters engaging in underaged smoking, drug use (usually weed), and drinking. Sometimes this is a result of Professor Membrane's neglectful parenting when used as a plot in fanfiction. Other times characters becoming accidentally drunk off of something alien is a plot point, such as Dib getting accidentally drunk off of Irken beverages that would be harmless to an Irken.[13]
Cryptids are a popular topic of AU. An AU type, which can generally be called a cryptid hunting AU, grew in popularity through Tumblr circa 2018, with it being a rather popular AU as of 2020. This AU is mostly used in ZaDR through art and fanfiction, where Dib, often with the reluctant help of Zim, hunt monsters and cryptids together. It may have been most popularized by artist BamSara's series starting in Dec 2019 called "Cryptids, Emotions And The Possible End Of The World" on AO3, which as of Nov 2020 contains five connected stories equaling 164,894 words, and is still in progress. BamSara's Tumblr includes several accompanying doodles.[14] A fanfic called "Temporary Living Arrangement" often credits BamSara's doodles in the author notes as an inspiration, and in later chapters has the characters go on vacation to hunt mothman.[15]
A Mermaid AU is also popular, more so with fanart. Artists tend to depict Zim as a mermaid more often than Dib, likely since Zim is already a cryptid. Instead of making Zim look more like a human/fish hybrid, he usually just has his alien front half on top of a fish body, which gives the appearance of an Irken/fish hybrid rather than a more traditional mermaid.[16]
The fandom has a love hate relationship with the showrunner, Jhonen Vasquez. He often pokes fun at his fan base, especially shippers, which has caused many to dislike him, and his comments on social media tend to be sarcastic. A forum post in 2010 said: "From what ive read from his blogs (Or what I think are his blogs) I get the vibe that jhonen Vaquez Is kind of a jerk."[17] A response to the forum post said: "Vasquez got about the crappiest treatment imaginable with everything involving Zim. The guy kinda has a reason to be a jerk when it comes up, don't ya think?" His social media posts suggest that he has been annoyed with his fanbase for some time, and dislikes the constant attention fans give him despite the show having been cancelled in 2002 (and re-runs ending in 2006), which is 18 years ago as of 2020. On Apr 13, 2020, Vasquez and Richard Horvirz (Zim's VA) streamed games on Vasquez's Twitch. During the stream fans began jokingly saying things like "kill Richard" and "cancel Richard" in the chat. Vasquez told Richard that no one deserved to be told how much they should die, insinuating he's had experience with the issue, possibly with his own fans.[18]
by Taihiwatari
by Nny-Humper
by mok4
An Irken OC by Zerna
Invader Zim MV Every breath you take one-sided ZaDr
Zadr! Playing with fire Ch. 1
ALIENS! - Invader Zim: Enter The Florpus AMV
Invader Zim - E.T
IZ YTP Quest for a stripclub
INVADER ZIM SONG "Alien Freak" (Ft. TheSpyBeetle) | K-MODO
Crazy Fool~ An Invader Zim Fan-song For Gaz (parody Of Alien Freak)
Escape Party on the Massive-- an Invader Zim Fansong
Song For The Invader Zim Fandom
Peace is Nice COVER | Invader Zim Enter the Florpus Song
The feel of Irken claws- FFN Zim fanfic with the most favorites
Heat- Mpreg and Heat fic
The human Kribliss
Time & Space- Zim fanfic with the most kudos
Rite not Right- Tallest shipping fic
Mindful Re-Education- Crossover fic with Steven Universe
Meta and Further Reading
IZ 2008-2019
Archives & Fannish Links
Invader Zim works at FFN
Invader Zim works at AO3
Prepare to Be Subjugated
^ Invader Zim Cancellation, Wikipedia. (Accessed 11/22/2020)
^ Invader Zim, Wikipedia. (Accessed 7/11/2020)
^ Zimvoid, Invader ZIM Wiki. (Accessed 11/5/2020)
^ Invader Zim Fandom, Toxic Fandoms and Hatedoms]. (Accessed 7/11/2020)
^ IZ 2008-2019, Circa 2019. (Accessed 11/5/2020) (Archived 11/5/2020)
^ The Trial - Invazer Zim Lost Episode (FULL MAP), YouTube. Aug 30, 2020. (Accessed 11/4/2020)
^ Invader ZIM Home, Zim Wiki. (Accessed 7/7/2020)
^ Soapy Waffles, Wayback Machine. Dec 30, 2020 (Accessed 7/6/2020)
^ Operation Head Pigeons, Facebook. (Accessed 7/7/2020)
^ Operation Head Pigeons, Tumblr May 18, 2014 (Accessed 7/7/2020)
^ The History of IZFAS, Invader Zim Fan Animated Shorts, Nov 8, 2010. (Accessed 10/25/2020)
^ D-A-D-R-Love, DeviantART. (Accessed 11/4/2020)
^ Editor's Note: Though it wouldn't seem like it, these practices and plot lines are still surprisingly common, enough to be noticed in any scroll-through of fanart or fanfiction. (Patchlamb, 11/8/2020)
^ Crytids, Emotions And The Possible End Of The World, Archive of Our Own. (Accessed 11/5/2020)
^ Tempoary Living Arrangement, Archive of Our Own. 5/29/2020. (Accessed 11/5/2020)
^ Invader zim mer au, YouTube. Jul 14, 2020 (Accessed 11/26/2020)
^ Is Jhonen Vasquez a Jerk? Gaintitp.com. 10/11/2010. (Accessed 11/11/2020)
^ Jhonen Vasquez and Richard Horvitz Dreams Stream (Highlights), YouTube. Apr 14, 2020. (Accessed 11/11/2020)
Retrieved from "https://fanlore.org/w/index.php?title=Invader_Zim&oldid=1796109"


text:
Miguel Diaz-Canel elected president of Cuba
Position of president reinstated by new Constitution after 43 years
By Gozde Bayar
ANKARA (AA) – Cuba's National Assembly chose Miguel Diaz-Canel as the country's new president Thursday.
After 43 years, a new electoral law passed in July following a revised Constitution adopted in April gave the assembly three months to elect the country's president and vice president.
Diaz-Canel secured 579 votes in favor from the 580 deputies present and will be in office through 2023.
He has been serving as president of the Council of State and Ministers.
Salvador Valdes Mesa was elected vice president and Esteban Lazo will continue as president of the National Assembly and Council of State.
Canel is expected to appoint a prime minister in December. The prime minister will be the first to serve since Fidel Castro's term from 1959 to 1976.
Tags: Cuba, election, Miguel Diaz-Canel


text:
Q: How can I quickly navigate through man pages in the Terminal Is there any way to quickly scroll through text-heavy output in Terminal such as man pages ? Using the up and down arrows only move the screen one line at a time; is there any way to scroll faster?

A: You can open man pages in a single, scrollable window from Terminal's Help menu. Just type the command into the search field in the Help menu, then click the command in the search results to open its man page. It may occasionally take a few seconds for the command to appear in the search results.
You can also find most man pages online, with Apple-specific man pages found on apple's developer library. I generally google with apple man [command] replacing [command] with the actual command. One nice thing about this method is you can easily bookmark man pages you use frequently.

A: If I understood you correctly, you want to skim through manual pages more efficiently.
By default, man uses less as its pager. In less, you can use:

*

*Space or f or Control ⌃-f to advance one page

*d or Control ⌃-d to advance half a page

*b or Control ⌃-b to go back one page

*u or Control ⌃-u to go back half a page

You can get the full list of less keyboard commands in its manual page. If you don't like the default pager, you can set MANPAGER or PAGER environment variables to specify a different program for controlling the pagination of man pages that are longer than one screen.

A: Shift ⇧-Page Up ⇞ and Shift ⇧-Page Down ⇟ will move man pages a page at a time.
(On a laptop or other smaller keyboard, the keystrokes are usually Shift ⇧-Fn-Up Arrow ↑ and Shift ⇧-Fn-Down Arrow ↓.)

A: For non-Apple specific commands which tend to be the same across various UNIX platforms something I do is Google man [command] in a browser. The top result will almost always be an HTML-ified man page.

A: This answer gets around your question: Install Bwana.
This will open man pages in the browser. I've used this for years and it's one of my favorite additions for Terminal functionality.

A: I would recommend ManOpen, which allows you to open a man page in a normal text window.
You can also create an alias (let me know if you need help with this) using
pman() {
    man -t "${1}" | open -f -a Preview
}

A: I usually just use

*

*z to move forward one window

*w to move back one window

A: I have an app 'man reader' that lists all man pages on left and you can select one and it shows the man page in a Mac window.  Runs on Sierra and is pretty nice. Can scroll man page up or down.

A: In VSCode on Mac

*

*g to go to the beginning of man pages.

*G to go to the end of man pages.

A: For me, on OSX, [fn] + [enter] works.