Development and upgrading of facilities at the Patch Dog Training Centre to include a portacabin , associated siteworks, storage container and six dog pens.
Patch Dog Training started out as a hobby for Ronnie McAleese, but over the years it has become a thriving business offering a unique set of skills to local pet owners and show breeders. To enable the business to develop further and to offer its services to a wider range of customers it was necessary to further develop the existing facility to include provision for indoor training and meeting area along with toilet provision.
Funding from DRAP enabled Ronnie McAleese to expand his existing dog training business, through construction of an indoor training facility, erection of outdoor lighting, and the addition of durable storage containers and kennels for the dog care element of the business.


Happy Friday, internet! This week has been a beating, but it's almost over and I can't wait to relax and get some things accomplished around my house. We're having a never seen before (ever) cold snap in Texas, and I plan to soak up the last bit of chilly weather before it gets outrageously hot later this month.
1. This necklace definitely has a Gatsby-esque vibe, and it's only $24.90! Love!
2. I fell in love with this house tour on Design Sponge, and it made me want to move my sunburst mirror over the mantel right away.
3. I literally squealed with excitement (at my desk) when I discovered that Hygge & West is now offering my favorite wallpapers in 24x32" removable (and reusable!) panels. This is what we'll be using in the bathroom renovation... once we actually start it and I quit changing my mind about color schemes.
5. I want these sandals, but I don't want to pay $49.90 for them. First world problem, indeed.
Nick and Jess! Squeeee! "Ruh roh"! Fat Schmidt! Mick Jagger! "Stay" by Lisa Loeb! "Her nurse hat was in her purse"!


text:
Survival from alcoholic hepatitis has not improved over time
Emily Hughes,
Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Leeds Liver Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
Laurence J. Hopkins,
Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
* E-mail: richardparker@nhs.net
Affiliations University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Emily Hughes Laurence J. Hopkins Richard Parker
10 Apr 2018: Hughes E, Hopkins LJ, Parker R (2018) Correction: Survival from alcoholic hepatitis has not improved over time. PLOS ONE 13(4): e0195857. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195857 View correction
Purpose/Background
We aimed to describe changes in survival in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) over time by examining published data.
A systematic literature search of Ovid Embase and PubMed was undertaken using the MESH terms 'hepatitis, alcoholic' to identify randomised controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies (OS) in alcoholic hepatitis. Data were extracted from included studies regarding 28-day, 90-day, 180-day mortality, as well as biochemical and clinical data.
After review of the literature search results, 77 studies published between 1971 and 2016 were analysed, which included data from a total of 8,184 patients. Overall mortality from AH was 26% at 28 days, 29% at 90 days and 44% at 180 days after admission. No changes in mortality over time were observed in univariable analysis at 28 days or 90 days after admission (Pearson correlation r -0.216, p = 0.098, and r 0.121 p = 0.503 respectively). A small but statistically significant increase in mortality was seen in 180-day mortality (r 0.461 p = 0.036). However, after meta-regression to adjust for other factors associated with mortality at each time point, no changes in mortality were seen. Sub-group analysis did not reveal any changes in mortality over time in different study types, or when only biopsy-proven or severe disease were considered.
There has been no improvement in mortality from AH. This is not explained by changes in severity of disease. This emphasises the urgent need for effective treatments for this alcoholic hepatitis.
Citation: Hughes E, Hopkins LJ, Parker R (2018) Survival from alcoholic hepatitis has not improved over time. PLoS ONE 13(2): e0192393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192393
Editor: Christian Gluud, Copenhagen University Hospital, DENMARK
Received: July 7, 2017; Accepted: January 23, 2018; Published: February 14, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Hughes et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: RP received research funding from the Medical Research Council, the Royal College of Physicians and the European Society for the Study of the Liver. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Systematic review: Trends in survival from alcoholic hepatitis
Alcohol related liver disease (ArLD) is a common liver disease [1] and the leading cause of liver-related deaths in the UK [2]. ArLD is a spectrum of disease ranging from simple steatosis to cirrhosis [3]. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is the most florid manifestation of ArLD, typified by acute jaundice and coagulopathy [4]. In spite of years of research AH is difficult to treat. Many agents have been examined over the years without conspicuous success in the treatment of AH [5–12]. Most recently the largest randomised controlled trial (RCT) in the field of ArLD failed to show a clear benefit of corticosteroid therapy [13]. A small positive benefit on early mortality was found in network meta-analysis of several trials [14], however this was not supported by the most recent direct meta-analysis [15], and any short-term benefits of corticosteroid are not maintained in the longer-term.
In other areas of hepatology for example in acute liver failure [16], hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis [17], medical not maintained in longer-term de recent reviews of therapy for alcoholic hepatitis, published in 2015 and 2017 respectadvances have caused survival to improve markedly over time. Similarly, decreases in mortality have been observed in common non-hepatic disease such as acute myocardial infarction [18,19] and stroke [20,21]. We used systematic review to examine the mortality of AH in trials and observational studies of AH to evaluate changes over time.
A systematic review of studies in alcoholic hepatitis was undertaken, by searching PubMed (1946–2016) EMBASE (1947 to 2016) using the search terms: (((alcoholic hepatitis) NOT non-alcoholic) NOT B0 NOT C, limited to human studies and English language. Furthermore, 'grey literature' was examined by looking at reference lists of included studies for relevant manuscripts (snowballing), and articles citing included studies were also reviewed (reverse snowballing). Studies were included if they reported on patients with a clinical or histological diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis and provided information on mortality at 28 days, 90 days or six months after admission. Only full papers published in English were considered for inclusion. This protocol was not registered.
Data regarding mortality, biochemical severity (bilirubin, prothrombin time or INR, creatinine, white cell count) and participant characteristics (gender and age) were sought. These data were extracted from included papers and entered into a pre-prepared spreadsheet. Two authors (EH and LH) collected data independently and then combined data were checked by all authors to identify inconsistencies. These were resolved by consensus. Missing data were not imputed. The primary outcome considered was mortality from AH. Mortality over time was calculated by considering the year of publication of included studies as a single time point, rather than duration of a study. Overall mortality was noted, and in controlled trials, the mortality in intervention and control groups in each study was also considered. We noted age, alcohol intake, gender and laboratory measurements (bilirubin, creatinine, urea, prothrombin time and white cell count). Where values were reported only for individual groups, overall mean was calculated by the following formula: overall mean = [(ngroup 1/ntotal).(meangroup 1)]+[(ngroup 2/ntotal).(meangroup 2)]. When the same cohort or overlapping data collection periods were reported in separate papers, the cohort was included only once and the larger report included. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised studies [22] or the NIH tool for assessing bias in observational studies [23] as appropriate.
Mortality at each time point was calculated as percentages. Correlation of mortality and time was examined in univariable analysis using r2 values. Meta-regression analysis using linear regression was used to take into account other factors associated with mortality. Sensitivity analyses of groups of differing types of study (randomised trials vs. observational studies), biopsy-controlled studies and studies incudling patients with severe disease (defined by the discriminant function, DF) were undertaken in the same way. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata version 23 (IBM, New York, USA).
The literature search identified 3,691 papers. After exclusion of duplicate search results and irrelevant or ineligible results a final group of 77 papers was included of which 44 were trials of experimental treatments and 33 were observational studies (Fig 1). Of the observational studies, 29 were cohort studies and 4 were case-control studies. These studies described a total of 8,184 participants– 4,100 in RCT and 4,084 in observational studies. The characteristics of each study are summarised in S1–S5 Tables with references to individual studies. The risk of bias was assessed in each study using established methods (S6 and S7 Tables).
Fig 1. Study flowchart demonstrating literature search process.
Missing data was considerable, particularly regarding mortality beyond 28 days. The overall number of participants contributing to each outcome of interest in summarised in S8 Table. Diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis was usually based on clinical grounds, particularly in observational studies. Biopsy was more common in trials including patients with AH but not universal. In total 2215 cases were biopsy-proven, representing 33% of all participants.
Mortality over time
When all studies where taken into consideration, average mortality from AH was 25% at 28 days after admission and 29% at 90 days after admission. This has not changed over time: univariable analysis of trends over time showed no significant changeover time in 28-day mortality (Pearson correlation -0.216, p = 0.098, data from 61 studies, 6652 participants) (Fig 2), or 90-day mortality (correlation 0.121 p = 0.503, 52 studies, 5672 participants) (Fig 3). Overall mortality at 180 days after admission was 38%. A small but statistically significant increase in 180-day mortality after admission was observed over time (correlation 0.461 p = 0.036, 21 studies, 2593 participants) (Fig 4). These findings are summarised in Table 1.
Fig 2. 28-day mortality in alcoholic hepatitis over time.
A individual studies B pooled data for each decade (mean + SEM).
Fig 4. 180-day mortality in alcoholic hepatitis over time.
Table 1. Pearson correlation between year of study and time-point mortality in acute alcoholic hepatitis.
Meta-regression analysis
Creatinine, bilirubin, white cell count and age were associated with mortality (Table 2). Moreover these factors showed evidence of change over time. To analyse changes in mortality over time whilst controlling for these factors, linear meta-regression was performed. In this analysis, mortality did not significantly change over time at 28-days (beta -0.715, p = 0.058,), 90-days (beta 0.571, p = 0.341) or 180-days (beta 0.552, p = 0.381) after admission with AH (Table 3).
Table 2. Factors associated with mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and their change over time.
Table 3. Meta-regression of mortality over time.
Data are beta values from linear regression to control for other factors associated with mortality.
Subgroup analyses
Included studies were grouped according to the type of study: therapeutic trials or observational studies. The frequency of biopsy proven diagnosis of AH, and severity of disease was also considered.
When considering therapeutic trials only, no statistically significant change in mortality over time was observed at each time point: 28-day mortality, Pearson correlation -0.305 p = 0.055, (40 studies, 3888 participants), 90-day mortality, correlation 0.152 p = 0.619 (13 studies, 2054 participants), 180-day mortality (correlation 0.455 p = 0.187, 10 studies, 1041 participants). When intervention and control groups were considered separately, a small but statistically significant improvement in 28-day mortality was seen in control groups (Pearson correlation -0.341, p-0.034)(Table 1). After controlling for other factors associated with mortality in meta-regression, this association was no longer significant (beta -0.538, p = 0.231). In observational studies, no changes in mortality were seen at 28-days (correlation 0.276 p = 0.214, 22 studies, 2958 participants), 90-days (correlation 0.200, p = 0.475, 20 studies, 2604 participants) or 180-days, (correlation -0.354, p = 0.491, 11 studies, 3581 participants)(Table 1).
When considering studies that only included biopsy-proven AH (16 studies, 2215 participants), no change in mortality over time was seen at any time point: 28-days (correlation 0.078 p = 0.801, 13 studies, 1459 participants), 90-days (correlation -0.009, p = 0.979, 10 studies, 970 participants) or 180-days, (correlation -0.499, p = 0.208, 8 studies, 1179 participants)(Table 1).
Finally, to eliminate non-severe alcoholic hepatitis we performed sub-group analysis including only those studies that had a mean discriminant function (DF) above 32. This excluded 13 studies that did not report an average DF, or data to allow the DF to be calculated, and 11 studies with a mean DF below 32. This left a group of 54 studies including 6503 participants. Once again, we saw no changes in mortality over time: in 28-day mortality (correlation -0.130 p = 0.419, 41 studies, 5268 participants), 90-days (correlation 0.342, p = 0.95, 25 studies, 4645 participants) or 180-days, (correlation -0.110, p = 0.707, 14 studies, 2473 participants)(Table 1).
Alcoholic hepatitis is an acute, life-threatening type of alcoholic liver disease. There has been ongoing research for many years in AH and many therapeutic agents have been examined for efficacy. However, our data show that mortality from AH has not improved over more than four decades. Indeed we found a small but significant increase in mortality at 180-days. This observation remained when considering only therapeutic trials where inclusion and exclusion criteria may have been more stringent. These results demonstrate the urgent need for better treatment in AH.
The strength of this analysis rests on the use of robust systematic review to obtain a comprehensive data set of studies in AH over the past few decades. Despite some missing data, particularly for outcomes beyond 28 days, this dataset was large enough to allow associations to be tested in univariable and multivariable analysis. In terms of limitations of the data, our conclusions depend on aggregate data reported in studies, where individual patient data may give more reliable results. However the difficulties in obtaining such data is considerable especially with older studies. The apparent increase in 6-month mortality is likely due to the small number of trials reporting this longer outcome in the 1970s. Information on cause of death would be valuable as this may have changed over time, however this was rarely reported.
Our data are consistent with previous work examining outcomes over time in liver disease. Analysis of survival of people with liver disease after discharge from hospitals in England from 1968–1999 found no improvement in 1-month or 1-year survival over time [24]. It is notable that the majority of this cohort had alcohol related liver disease, although interestingly the overall survival was much better for patients with AH compared to decompensated cirrhosis. Although there may be some methodological concerns over these data [25], given that there are no new specific treatments for ArLD that have emerged since these data were reported (in contrast to other causes of chronic liver disease) it is reasonable to think that the data remain relevant.
Whilst progress towards novel specific treatments in AH has been frustratingly slow, it might be expected that improvements in medical care of acutely unwell patients would have a positive effect on outcomes. Our results do not support this. In other areas of hepatology for example variceal bleeding or decompensated cirrhosis clear and standardised care bundles are used [26] that revolve around early assessment and administration of prophylactic antibiotics for example. Many patients with AH present to non-specialist medical services, where a standardised care bundle may allow for better treatment in the early stages of disease. Equally important is the ongoing pursuit of better treatments for AH that may make a significant impact on outcomes. This is especially pertinent given the underwhelming evidence for the efficacy of corticosteroids [15] which had been by many seen as central to the treatment of AH [27], despite conflicting trial data.
In conclusion, review of the available literature regarding mortality in alcoholic hepatitis over four decades shows no evidence of improvement in short-term mortality over time. This is in contrast to significant improvements in outcome in other liver diseases and other prevalent medical conditions.
S1 Table. Outcomes of included randomised clinical trials.
S2 Table. Outcomes of included observational studies.
S3 Table. Characteristics of patients in randomised clinical trials.
S4 Table. Characteristics of patients in observational studies.
S5 Table. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of included studies.
S6 Table. Risk of bias in randomised Studies—Assessed with Cochrane risk of bias tool.
S7 Table. Risk of bias in observational studies.
S8 Table. Summary of missing data.
S1 Prism Statement.
S1 References.
RP has served as an advisory board member for Astellas and has received research funding from the Medical Research Council, the Royal College of Physicians and the European Society for the Study of the Liver.
1. Fleming KM, Aithal GP, Solaymani-Dodaran M, Card TR, West J (2008) Incidence and prevalence of cirrhosis in the United Kingdom, 1992–2001: a general population-based study. Journal of hepatology 49: 732–738. pmid:18667256
2. Death NCEIPOA (2013) Measuring the Units: A review of patients who died with alcohol related liver disease.
3. MacSween RN (1981) Alcoholic liver disease: morphological manifestations. Review by an international group. The Lancet 1: 707–711.
4. Lucey MR, Mathurin P, Morgan TR (2009) Alcoholic hepatitis. New England Journal of Medicine 360: 2758–2769. pmid:19553649
5. Helman RA, Temko MH, Nye SW, Fallon HJ (1971) Alcoholic hepatitis. Natural history and evaluation of prednisolone therapy. Ann Intern Med 74: 311–321. pmid:4928161
6. Orrego H, Kalant H, Israel Y, Blake J, Medline A, Rankin JG et al. (1979) Effect of short-term therapy with propylthiouracil in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 76: 105–115. pmid:758131
7. KRAGER PATRICIAS, SCHNEIDER JOHNF (1981) A randomized clinical trial of insulin and glucagon infusion for treatment of alcoholic hepatitis: progress report in 50 patients. Gastroenterology 80: 1410–1414. pmid:7014349
8. Calvey H, Davis M, Williams R (1985) Controlled trial of nutritional supplementation, with and without branched chain amino acid enrichment, in treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1: 141–151. pmid:3932509
9. Akriviadis EA, Steindel H, Pinto PC, Fong TL, Kanel G, Reynolds TB et al. (1990) Failure of colchicine to improve short-term survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 99: 811–818. pmid:2199290
10. Le Moine O, Evrard S, Eisendrath P, Descamps C, Deviere J (2000) Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with intravenous n-acetylcysteine (NAC): a pilot trial. Gastroenterology 118: A975.
11. Bird GL, Prach AT, McMahon AD, Forrest JA, Mills PR, Danesh BJ (1998) Randomised controlled double-blind trial of the calcium channel antagonist amlodipine in the treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 28: 194–198. pmid:9514531
12. Naveau S, Chollet-Martin S, Dharancy S, Mathurin P, Jouet P, Piquet MA et al. (2004) A double-blind randomized controlled trial of infliximab associated with prednisolone in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 39: 1390–1397. pmid:15122768
13. Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M, Austin A, Bowers M, Day CP et al. (2015) Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 372: 1619–1628. pmid:25901427
14. Singh S, Murad MH, Chandar AK, Bongiorno CM, Singal AK, Atkinson SR et al. (2015) Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacological Interventions for Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 149: 958–970.e12. pmid:26091937
15. Pavlov CS, Varganova DL, Casazza G, Tsochatzis E, Nikolova D, Gluud C (2017) Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD001511.
16. Bernal W, Hyyrylainen A, Gera A, Audimoolam VK (2013) Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients. Journal of Hepatology 59: 74–80. pmid:23439263
17. Sorrell MF, Belongia EA, Costa J, Gareen IF, Grem JL, Inadomi JM et al. (2009) National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: management of hepatitis B. NIH
18. Yeh RW, Sidney S, Chandra M, Sorel M, Selby JV, Go AS (2010) Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 362: 2155–2165. pmid:20558366
19. Heidenreich PA, McClellan M (2001) Trends in treatment and outcomes for acute myocardial infarction: 1975–1995. The American journal of medicine
20. Qureshi AI, S FK, Nasar A, Kirmani JF, Ezzeddine MA, Divani AA et al. (2007) Changes in cost and outcome among US patients with stroke hospitalized in 1990 to 1991 and those hospitalized in 2000 to 2001. Stroke 38: 2180–2184. pmid:17525400
21. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, Howard SC, Silver LE, Bull LM et al. (2004) Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study). The Lancet
22. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, MOher D, Oxman AD et al. (2011) The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Bmj
23. NHLBI NIH (2017) Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies.
24. Roberts SE, Goldacre MJ, Yeates D (2005) Trends in mortality after hospital admission for liver cirrhosis in an English population from 1968 to 1999. Gut 54: 1615–1621. pmid:15980061
25. Gluud C (2005) Mortality from cirrhosis: lack of progress over the last 35 years. Gut 54: 1523–1526. pmid:16227356
26. Dyson JKP, Wetten A, Hamad AH, Ng S, Paremal S, Baqai MF, Lamb CAS, Hudson M, Dipper C, Cowlam S, Hussaini H, McPherson S (2016) Implementation of a 'care bundle'improves the management of patients admitted to hospital with decompensated cirrhosis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1030–1038. pmid:27666418
27. EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. Journal of Hepatology (2012) 57: 399–420. pmid:22633836
Correction: Survival from alcoholic hepatitis has not improved over time
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Corticosteroid therapy
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Medical risk factors
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
General Election St Austell and Newquay candidates on Brexit, fishing and farming
They are important issues in Cornwall
Fishing is an important industry for Cornwall (Image: Greg Martin)
With less than two weeks to go before voting starts in the General Election we have asked all candidates in Cornwall for their views on a number of different subjects.
Here we ask the candidates standing in St Austell and Newquay for their views on two subjects - Brexit and farming & fishing. The Liberal Party candidate did not respond.
Richard Byrne - Liberal
Was asked to respond but has not provided a response.
Dick Cole - Mebyon Kernow
The Brexit process has paralyzed UK politics for months and shown how the Westminster system is broken. I think it was shocking that instead of dealing with the withdrawal agreement, MPs chose to use the issue as a mechanism to force a ridiculous winter election.
At our most recent conference, MK members backed a motion which called for any deal to leave the European Union to be subject to a confirmatory referendum.
Everything Liberal Democrats leader Jo Swinson promised during Cornwall visit
I am particularly worried what Brexit could mean for Cornwall in the future, because I have no faith in the Westminster political classes. Over the last twenty years, Cornwall has received over £2.5 billion in EU funding but this, in itself, is not something to be celebrated.
Cornwall only qualified for the top level of structural funding because of our poor economic performance, which had come about because of decades of under-investment from governments of all shades and colours. I would prefer that this was not a reality, but Cornwall is not and never has been the top priority for London-centric politicians. I have seen no evidence that this is likely to change in a centralised post-Brexit UK.
Steve Double - Conservative
General Election candidate Steve Double is defending his seat in St Austell and Newquay
Representing the constituency in Cornwall that had the largest leave vote in 2016 I believe it is my democratic duty to get Brexit done. This is something I hear countless times when I am out knocking on the doors ahead of the General Election from many different people, regardless of how they voted in 2016.
If re-elected as part of a Conservative majority government under Boris Johnson, getting Brexit done will be our first and most urgent priority.
I was pleased to see the Prime Minister recently confirm the replacement for the EU Structural Funding that we get in Cornwall will be matched by the Government post-Brexit and if re-elected I look forward to ensuring this funding is properly targeted and fit for purpose, which sadly could not be said of previous EU funding, which often went unspent and was returned.
All the times Cornwall is mentioned in each party's manifesto ahead of the general election
I look forward to working with the government to ensure our future through Brexit and beyond is a bright and positive one as an international and outward looking country on the global stage.
Collin Harker - Green
The narrow result of the referendum has been handled with arrogance and incompetence by the government, and we have ended up with a polarised country and an ever worse level of public discourse on the subject. Not to mention a threatened peace in Ireland and an increased risk of Scottish independence.
Still, for all the ways in which the process which led us here has been flawed and damaging, a majority of votes cast were for the UK to leave the European Union. And the most important thing going forward from here, is that the country make a decision that all can accept.
The Leave campaign was explicit in its avoidance of any single detail of what Brexit would involve, other than things since proven to be lies such as the £350 million for the NHS. The three years since have brought forward these details though, and Parliament's struggles have proven how important those details actually are. We now have a negotiated exit deal in place, and the only democratic course is to have a confirmatory vote on the specific terms of this deal. This, on actual details, is the referendum we should have had all along.
General Election: How every constituency in Devon and Cornwall is expected to vote
Felicity Owen - Labour
Felicity Owen
A Labour government will immediately legislate for a final say vote once elected. Labour is the only party that can and will get Brexit sorted by giving people the final say.
Labour is determined to bring a divided country together and deliver the real change Britain needs. Labour will negotiate a deal immediately following the election. It will be based on the things we always discussed with the EU and said were necessary, which are supported by trade unions and business. This includes a new customs union, a close single market relationship and guarantees of rights and protections. Within six months of being elected, Labour will put the new deal to a public vote alongside an option to remain. Labour will then carry out whatever the people decide.
Brexit will have an impact on all age groups in our society, but in particular on the young people who are currently in education or beginning their journey in the world of employment. Labour will invest in every nation and region, creating hundreds of thousands of good jobs
with a green industrial revolution. Labour will rebuild our public services, give our NHS, schools and police the money they need.
Jeremy Corbyn 'very confident' Cornwall will get its first Labour MP in 14 years
Tim Styles - Liberal Democrat
Brexit is causing division and upheaval as well as wasting millions of pounds that could and should be spent on the things that really matter. Meanwhile, Cornwall and the country as a whole desperately need to see investment in schools, in the health service and in our police.
Even if a deal is done and we leave on 31 January 2020, there will be months if not years more uncertainty while the government hashes out a free trade deal. After all that, we still won't have anything even close to what we have now, and we'll have wasted time we could have used to fix our society. The best way to end the uncertainty is the simplest: stop Brexit and get on with the important business of government – looking after our services and the hard working, ordinary people ignored by the Tories.
Farming & Fishing
Dick Cole
Traditional industries such as farming and fishing have been important to Cornish society for many, many centuries, and this must continue into the future. I actually started my working life on a farm near Summercourt and I can confidently predict that I am the only parliamentary candidate with Agricultural Training Board certification in tractor maintenance and cattle castration/dehorning.
An economically viable farming sector and a strong fishing industry are fundamental to the security of food supply and the character of the Cornish countryside and way of life. However, I feel that Governments have prioritised other elements of the UK economy, such as monied interests in London, and it is vital that investment is made available to safeguard fishing and farming in these uncertain political times.
Everything Boris Johnson promised during his visit to Cornwall
I am very supportive of the NFU's manifesto for 2019, which backs British farming as a modern 21st century industry and seeks to protect rural communities. In addition, I support tough regulation of large supermarkets and distributors to ensure that primary producers are paid an appropriate price and I want to see Cornish produce better marketed as distinctly Cornish.
The future of these sectors is closely linked with Brexit – only with Boris Johnson as Prime Minister will we see Brexit delivered and the restoration of control of our waters and a bright future for our fishing and agricultural industries.
In my time as MP I have been a stalwart friend of the local fishing communities and have gone to bat for them on local and national issues, raising their concerns at every level of Government and fighting to ensure the areas that we do have control over currently are administered fairly and that we do not lose out.
Once Brexit has happened I will work with the Government to ensure that the voices of fishing fleets of smaller boats such as we have in Mevagissey and Newquay are heard loud and clear when it comes to a post-Brexit future.
Why Boris Johnson, Jeremy Corbyn and Jo Swinson visited Cornwall within 48 hours
I also regularly meet with the local farming community to understand their concerns, including spending time working on local farms as often as I can. It is only by getting this first-hand experience that we as decision makers can understand the issues faced in these crucial sectors and this is something I will continue to do should I be re-elected.
Collin Harker
Farming and fishing are both important components of the Cornish economy and of its cultural identity. They are both important sources of employment and high-quality food. Globally, destructive practices in both sectors are also jointly responsible for much of the catastrophic ecological collapse shown by wildlife, insect and fish stock decline. The Green Party wants to find the balance that ensures long-term sustainability for natural ecosystems, biodiversity and the thriving rural and coastal economies that will continue to produce the high-quality food that we need to survive into the future.
A key message is that immediate action is needed to keep average global temperature rise to a minimum in order for both sectors to avoid catastrophic decline.
Locally, this means actively supporting farming and fishing businesses and communities to adapt to the necessary and rapid transition to low-impact, high quality practices that are going to be required. Ensuring both sectors maximise the employment and nutritional benefits of sustainable levels of production.
This means ending destructive farming practices, such as the application of toxic pesticides, soil depletion and excessive use of fossil fuels and chemical fertilisers, and setting aside more land for re-wilding and habitat restoration. And ending the use of destructive fishing methods, and setting maximum catch levels overall, and establishing marine conservation areas amounting to 30% of our coastal waters, in order to allow stocks to recover.
Nurse chosen to DJ for Jeremy Corbyn in Cornwall asked for playlist suggestions
We need a sustainable farm system that provides healthy food grown to high standards of animal welfare and environmental protection. Farming must be able to provide good jobs and livelihoods in food production, supported by a fair supply chain. Farming and land management must also play their part in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions that cause dangerous climate change.
Examples of good policy and practice exist. The organic farm sector is thriving, some agri-environment schemes that protect farm wildlife and natural resources are working well and some local supply initiatives are ensuring farmers gain a better share of the food pound.
Yet government policies still largely encourage harmful production systems and many farmers and farm workers are struggling to make a decent living. Policy is failing to protect farmers from unfair trading practices of big players in the supply chain, such as supermarkets. Our health, soils, bees and smaller farmers are in trouble, and changes in policy and public investment could do much more to help, for the benefit of everyone.
Being in the European Union has meant UK farm policy was largely designed under the framework of a European Common Agricultural Policy. Brexit means that the UK must now take control of how it supports and sets standards for farming.
Tim Styles
Farming and fishing play a huge role in my constituency and both will be affected by Brexit.
A no-deal exit, which is more than likely, will be catastrophic for our livestock farmers and fishers with increased border checks, delays and tariffs. The only way to assure their future is to stop Brexit.
We will support farmers to protect the environment and reverse biodiversity loss by introducing a Nature Act to restore to restore the natural environment by setting legally binding targets for improving water, air, soil and biodiversity and we will do this by providing funding stream of up to £18 billion over five years.
Chaos erupts in Cornwall Council chamber after Spaceport funding vote
Farmers are the custodians of our beautiful countryside, the land which millions of tourists visit each year. Our tourism industry depends on them, our food and dairy industry depends on them and our climate change aspirations are dependent on them. We must do more to show our support for them.


text:
Turochamp — шахматная программа, разработанная Аланом Тьюрингом и  в 1948 году в рамках исследования по информатике и машинному обучению. Перед тем, как сделать ход, Turochamp рассматривает все возможные ходы и просчитывает каждый возможный ответ оппонента, после чего дополнительно анализирует удачные ходы. Всем полученным в результате анализа позициям присваивается метрика, по которой программа выбирает наиболее удачный ход. Следуя этому алгоритму, программа способна разыграть полноценную партию от начала до конца против живого соперника на уровне начинающего игрока в шахматы.

Тьюринг и Чемперноун так и не закончили Turochamp, поскольку алгоритм был слишком сложным для работы на компьютерах того времени — таких как Automatic Computing Engine. Тьюринг попытался реализовать алгоритм на манчестерском компьютере  1951 года выпуска, однако успеха не добился. В 1952 году Тьюринг сыграл матч против учёного , пошагово исполнив алгоритм самостоятельно. В 1954 году Тьюринг умер, так и не добившись работы Turochamp на реальном компьютере; Чемперноун не стал продолжать проект, и код был утерян.

Несмотря на то, что алгоритм так и не был формализован в виде программы, Turochamp считается первой игрой для персонального компьютера и претендует на звание первой шахматной программы в истории (одновременно с Turochamp разрабатывалось несколько других шахматных программ, однако ни одна из них не была завершена). Первая работающая программа, написанная в 1951 году  для компьютера Ferranti Mark 1, основывалась на Turochamp и ограничивалась решением задач на мат в два хода. К  2012 года Turochamp была воссоздана и против программы сыграл гроссмейстер Гарри Каспаров.

Игровой процесс
Turochamp — компьютерная программа, осуществляющая игру в шахматы, которой на вход подаются ходы игрока, а в ответ она выводит свой ход. Алгоритм программы использует эвристический метод для определения лучшего возможного хода. Программа рассматривает все разрешённые правилами ходы, просчитывает каждый возможный ответ соперника, а также дальнейшие «значимые» ходы — взятия незащищённых фигур, завершение размена, а также взятие сильной фигуры оппонента более слабой фигурой. Каждой полученной позиции присваивается метрика, после чего программа выбирает лучший возможный ход, используя алгоритм минимакса. Метрика рассчитывается исходя из нескольких критериев — мобильности и безопасности каждой фигуры, угрозы постановки мата, стоимости взятой фигуры, а также ряда других факторов. По словам Чемперноуна, алгоритм фактически сводится к принятию решений о том, стоит ли брать ту или иную фигуру; по словам Тьюринга, Turochamp способна играть в шахматы на уровне начинающего игрока, что он посчитал соразмерным собственному уровню игры в шахматы.

История

С 1941 года, во время работы над  в Блетчли-парк, Тьюринг начал обсуждать с коллегами возможность создания машины, способной играть в шахматы и решать иные «интеллектуальные» задачи, а также идею решения задач путём перебора всех возможных ответов с использованием эвристического алгоритма. Ряд работ Тьюринга в сфере криптоанализа, в том числе Bombe, использовали модель вычислительной машины, перебирающей все возможные решения. В 1944 году Тьюринг обсудил свои идеи с экономическим статистиком , и к 1945 году они пришли к выводу, что машина, способная проводить произвольные вычисления, теоретически способна повторить всё, на что способен человеческий мозг, в том числе игру в шахматы.

После Второй мировой войны Тьюринг работал в Национальной физической лаборатории, где разрабатывал Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) — один из первых прототипов компьютера с хранимой в памяти программой. В 1946 году Тьюринг написал отчёт, озаглавленный «Proposed Electronic Calculator» (), где перечислил проекты, для которых он собирался использовать ACE — одним из них была игра в шахматы. Годом спустя он выступил с докладом перед Лондонским математическим обществом, в котором представил идею машины, запрограммированной играть в шахматы и обучаться на собственном игровом опыте. В 1948 году он отправил новый отчёт «Intelligent Machinery» (), в котором предложил способ имитировать шахматную игру.

В конце лета 1948 года Тьюринг и Чамперноун, работавшие в Королевском колледже в Кембридже, разработали систему теоретических правил для определения оптимального следующего хода в шахматной игре. Они реализовали этот алгоритм в виде компьютерной программы, однако она оказалась слишком сложной для ACE или любого другого компьютера того времени. Программа была названа Turochamp — в честь фамилий создателей ( и ). В прессе её иногда ошибочно называют Turbochamp. По словам Чамперноуна, его жена разыграла шахматную партию против программы, названной «бумажным компьютером», и проиграла. Тьюринг попытался реализовать алгоритм на манчестерском компьютере  1951 года выпуска, однако в силу сложности кода не добился успеха. , автор монографий о Тьюринге, писал, что неудачные попытки написать программу для реального компьютера не беспокоили Тьюринга, так как он был убеждён, что скорость и сложность компьютеров вскоре вырастут, и написать подобную программу станет возможно. Летом 1952 года Тьюринг разыграл партию против  с помощью программы, пошагово исполнив алгоритм самостоятельно. Матч, запись которого сохранилась, длился 29 ходов и закончился поражением Turochamp, а каждый ход программы занимал вплоть до 30 минут расчётов. Этот матч продемонстрировал, что программа, способная сыграть полноценный матч против человека, возможна. В 1954 году Тьюринг умер, так и не добившись работы Turochamp на реальном компьютере.

Исходный код и алгоритм, написанный Тьюрингом и Чемперноуном, не сохранился. В 1980 году Чемперноун описал, как работал алгоритм, однако он не смог вспомнить все подробности рассчёта метрики. По этому описанию в 2012 году Turochamp была воссоздана. Реконструкция алгоритма, однако, не смогла воспроизвести записанный матч Тьюринга против Гленни. В попытках правильно интерпретировать сохранившиеся описания программы авторы решили проконсультироваться с рядом шахматных экспертов и современников Тьюринга, в том числе с Кеном Томпсоном, создателем шахматного автомата  и операционной системы Unix, однако никто из них не мог найти причину расхождений. Наконец, Дональд Михи предположил, что Тьюринг во время игры не следовал алгоритму дотошно; в дальнейшем исследователям удалось доказать, что Тьюринг начиная с самого первого хода ошибочно исключал из рассмотрения ходы, которые казались ему неоптимальными, чтобы сэкономить время на их анализе. Полученная реконструкция была представлена в рамках , проведённой 22—25 июля 2012 года, в матче против гроссмейстера и экс-чемпиона мира Гарри Каспарова. Каспаров обыграл программу за 16 ходов.

Наследие

Несмотря на то, что алгоритм так и не был формализован в виде программы, Turochamp претендует на звание первой шахматной программы в истории. Одновременно с Turochamp разрабатывались и обсуждались и другие шахматные программы: в 1950 году Клод Шеннон опубликовал статью «Programming a Computer for Playing Chess» (), Конрад Цузе в 1941—1945 годах решал шахматные задачи на разрабатываемом им языке планкалкюль, а  и  разрабатывали шахматный алгоритм Machiavelli, которую Тьюринг безуспешно пытался реализовать на Ferranti Mark I одновременно с Turochamp. В ноябре 1951 года , сотрудник Ferranti, вдохновился работой Тьюринга над Turochamp и на её основе разработал первую успешную шахматную программу для Ferranti Mark I, которая ограничивалась решением задач на мат в два хода

Turochamp была воссоздана в 2012 году и представлена в рамках . Гарри Каспаров, принявший участие на конференции, произнёс речь, в которой назвал «выдающимся достижением» создание шахматной программы в условиях, когда результат своей работы невозможно выполнить на компьютере, и заявил, что Turochamp нашла своё место в истории.

См. также
 История компьютерных игр

Комментарии

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Партия Turochamp против Алика Гленни (1952) на сайте
 Партия Turochamp против Гарри Каспарова (2012) на сайте

Компьютерные игры 1948 года
1948 год в шахматах
Алан Тьюринг
Шахматы в Англии
Шахматные программы
Компьютерные игры, разработанные в Великобритании

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I've been monitoring the Mozilla Lightning bugs in bugzilla for a while now using an RSS feed of bugzilla into my Google Reader.
I frequently noticed that the information on some bugs was not complete, but did not really care.
You can really watch as Google Reader tries to retrieve the feed and fails, tries again 3 hours later, gets some more date, and fails ... etc etc ... ad inf.


text:
import { ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { of } from 'rxjs';
import { HttpHeaders, HttpResponse } from '@angular/common/http';
import { LocalStorageService, SessionStorageService } from 'ngx-webstorage';
import { TranslateService } from '@ngx-translate/core';
import { ActivatedRoute, convertToParamMap } from '@angular/router';
import { NgbModal, NgbModalRef } from '@ng-bootstrap/ng-bootstrap';
import { ArtemisTestModule } from '../../test.module';
import { TextExerciseComponent } from 'app/exercises/text/manage/text-exercise/text-exercise.component';
import { TextExercise } from 'app/entities/text-exercise.model';
import { MockSyncStorage } from '../../helpers/mocks/service/mock-sync-storage.service';
import { MockTranslateService } from '../../helpers/mocks/service/mock-translate.service';
import { Course } from 'app/entities/course.model';
import { ExerciseFilter } from 'app/entities/exercise-filter.model';
import { TextExerciseImportComponent } from 'app/exercises/text/manage/text-exercise-import.component';
import { MockNgbModalService } from '../../helpers/mocks/service/mock-ngb-modal.service';
import { CourseExerciseService } from 'app/exercises/shared/course-exercises/course-exercise.service';

describe('TextExercise Management Component', () => {
    let comp: TextExerciseComponent;
    let fixture: ComponentFixture<TextExerciseComponent>;
    let courseExerciseService: CourseExerciseService;
    let modalService: NgbModal;

    const course = { id: 123 } as Course;
    const textExercise: TextExercise = { id: 456, title: 'Text Exercise', type: 'text' } as TextExercise;
    const route = { snapshot: { paramMap: convertToParamMap({ courseId: course.id }) } } as any as ActivatedRoute;

    beforeEach(() => {
        TestBed.configureTestingModule({
            imports: [ArtemisTestModule],
            declarations: [TextExerciseComponent],
            providers: [
                { provide: ActivatedRoute, useValue: route },
                { provide: LocalStorageService, useClass: MockSyncStorage },
                { provide: SessionStorageService, useClass: MockSyncStorage },
                { provide: TranslateService, useClass: MockTranslateService },
                { provide: NgbModal, useClass: MockNgbModalService },
            ],
        })
            .overrideTemplate(TextExerciseComponent, '')
            .compileComponents();

        fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TextExerciseComponent);
        comp = fixture.componentInstance;
        courseExerciseService = fixture.debugElement.injector.get(CourseExerciseService);
        modalService = fixture.debugElement.injector.get(NgbModal);

        comp.textExercises = [textExercise];
    });

    afterEach(() => {
        jest.restoreAllMocks();
    });

    it('Should call loadExercises on init', () => {
        // GIVEN
        const headers = new HttpHeaders().append('link', 'link;link');
        jest.spyOn(courseExerciseService, 'findAllTextExercisesForCourse').mockReturnValue(
            of(
                new HttpResponse({
                    body: [textExercise],
                    headers,
                }),
            ),
        );

        // WHEN
        comp.course = course;
        comp.ngOnInit();

        // THEN
        expect(courseExerciseService.findAllTextExercisesForCourse).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
    });

    it('Should open modal', () => {
        const mockReturnValue = { result: Promise.resolve({ id: 456 } as TextExercise) } as NgbModalRef;
        jest.spyOn(modalService, 'open').mockReturnValue(mockReturnValue);

        comp.openImportModal();
        expect(modalService.open).toHaveBeenCalledWith(TextExerciseImportComponent, { size: 'lg', backdrop: 'static' });
        expect(modalService.open).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
    });

    it('Should return exercise id', () => {
        expect(comp.trackId(0, textExercise)).toBe(456);
    });

    describe('TextExercise Search Exercises', () => {
        it('Should show all exercises', () => {
            // WHEN
            comp.exerciseFilter = new ExerciseFilter('EXT', '', 'text');

            // THEN
            expect(comp.textExercises).toHaveLength(1);
            expect(comp.filteredTextExercises).toHaveLength(1);
        });

        it('Should show no exercises', () => {
            // WHEN
            comp.exerciseFilter = new ExerciseFilter('Prog', '', 'all');

            // THEN
            expect(comp.textExercises).toHaveLength(1);
            expect(comp.filteredTextExercises).toHaveLength(0);
        });
    });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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Home help your homework The contribution of joseph stalin to russias industrial system
The contribution of joseph stalin to russias industrial system
After a political struggle that culminated in the defeat of the BukharinistsStalinism was free to shape policy without opposition, ushering forth an era of harsh authoritarianism that soldiered toward rapid industrialization regardless of the cost. In his dispute with Trotsky, Stalin de-emphasized the role of workers in advanced capitalist countries for example, he considered the American working class "bourgeoisified" labour aristocracy.
Members of the Communist Party of China celebrating Stalin's birthday in While some historians view Stalinism as a reflection of the ideologies of Leninism and Marxismsome argue that it stands separate from the socialist ideals it stemmed from. After a political struggle that culminated in the defeat of the BukharinistsStalinism was free to shape policy without opposition, ushering forth an era of harsh authoritarianism that soldiered toward rapid industrialization regardless of the cost.
In his dispute with Trotsky, Stalin de-emphasized the role of workers in advanced capitalist countries for example, he considered the American working class "bourgeoisified" labour aristocracy.
Stalin also polemicized against Trotsky on the role of peasants as in China whereas Trotsky's position was in favor of urban insurrection over peasant-based guerrilla warfare. Whilst all other October Revolution Bolshevik leaders regarded their revolution more or less just as the beginning, they saw Russia as the leapboard on the road towards the World Wide Revolution, Stalin eventually introduced the idea of Socialism in One Country by the autumn of This did not just stand in sharp contrast to Trotsky 's "Permanent Revolution", but in contrast also to all earlier Socialistic theses.
But by time and through circumstances, the revolution did not spread outside Russia, as Lenin had assumed it soon would. Not even within the other former territories Russian Empire such as PolandFinlandLithuaniaLatvia and Estonia had the revolution been a success.
On the contrary, all these countries had returned to capitalist bourgeois rule. None of them had even thought of Stalin's concept as a potential addition to Communist ideology.
Keep Exploring Britannica
Hence, Stalin's "Socialism in One Country" doctrine couldn't be imposed until he had become close to being the autocratic ruler of the U. In Stalin's view, counter-revolutionary elements will try to derail the transition to full communism, and the state must be powerful enough The contribution of joseph stalin to russias industrial system defeat them.
Sheng Shicai collaborated with the Soviets, allowing Stalinist rule to be extended to the Xinjiang province in the s. InSheng conducted a purge similar to the Great Purge.
Lavrenty Beria 's January letter to Stalin asking permission to execute " enemies of the Communist Party and of the Soviet authorities " who conducted "counter-revolutionary, right-Trotskyite plotting and spying activities" Middle: At the Party Congress where the vote for the new Central Committee was held, Kirov received only three negative votes the fewest of any candidate while Stalin received at least over a hundred negative votes.
Article 58 of the legal code, which listed prohibited anti-Soviet activities as counter-revolutionary crime, was applied in the broadest manner. The Russian word troika gained a new meaning: A total of, of them Poles were arrested and, Poles were executed.
Notable people executed by NKVD were removed from the texts and photographs as though they never existed. Gradually, the history of revolution was transformed to a story about just two key characters: In light of revelations from Soviet archives, historians now estimate that nearlypeoplein andin were executed in the course of the terror, [38] with the great mass of victims merely "ordinary" Soviet citizens: Wheatcroftwho spent a good portion of his academic career researching the archives, contends that prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, "our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are "finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data" and instead "hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge".
Who remembers the names now of the boyars Ivan the Terrible got rid of? Mongolian ruler Khorloogiin Choibalsan closely followed Stalin's lead.
User Contributions:
Population transfer in the Soviet Union Shortly before, during and immediately after World War IIStalin conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale that profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union.
It is estimated that between and nearly 3. Individual circumstances of those spending time in German-occupied territories were not examined.
After the brief Nazi occupation of the Caucasus, the entire population of five of the small highland peoples and the Crimean Tatars—more than a million people in total—were deported without notice or any opportunity to take their possessions. By some estimates, hundreds of thousands of deportees may have died en route.
The deportations had a profound effect on the peoples of the Soviet Union. The memory of the deportations has played a major part in the separatist movements in the Baltic states, Tatarstan and Chechnya even today.
Economic policy[ edit ] Starved peasants on a street in KharkivAt the start of the s, Stalin launched a wave of radical economic policies that completely overhauled the industrial and agricultural face of the Soviet Union. The NEP had been implemented by Lenin in order to ensure the survival of the socialist state following seven years of war —, World War I from to and the subsequent Civil War and had rebuilt Soviet production to its levels.
However, Russia still lagged far behind the West and the NEP was felt by Stalin and the majority of the Communist Party, not only to be compromising communist ideals, but also not delivering sufficient economic performance as well as not creating the envisaged socialist society.
It was therefore felt necessary to increase the pace of industrialisation in order to catch up with the West. Fredric Jameson has said that "Stalinism was [ According to Conquest, the industrial successes were far less than claimed and the Soviet-style industrialisation was "an anti-innovative dead-end".
And economically, collectivization failed to deliver", further claiming that it decreased harvests instead of increasing them.
Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War - Wikipedia
Some scholars dispute the intentionality of the famine. Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used. Photographs were altered and documents were invented. Hoffmann sums up the consensus of scholars: The Stalin cult was a central element of Stalinism, and as such it was one of the most salient features of Soviet ruleCollectivization was further expected to free many peasants for industrial work in the cities and to enable the party to extend its political dominance over the remaining peasantry.
Stalin focused particular hostility on the wealthier peasants, or kulaks. A power struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky erupted after the death of Lenin.
Stalin managed to outmaneuver Trotsky, who was forced out of the Communist Party and into exile. An agent of Stalin later assassinated Trotsky. If it were not for Stalin there would be no Congress of Industrial Organizations in the United States or Social Security or unemployment insurance.
Stalin's Five Great Achievements
If it were not for Stalin the social-democratic governments of Europe would not have been forced to grant concessions . If it were not for Stalin there would be no Congress of Industrial Organizations in the United States or Social Security or unemployment insurance.
If it were not for Stalin the social-democratic governments of Europe would not have been forced to grant concessions . Stalin's Economic Policies. So in order to feed his industrial workforce Stalin needed to revolutionise agriculture.
The system of differentiation was introduced whereby people with special skills were given rewards and benefits in form of housing. The late s brought to the Soviet Union both the consolidation of Joseph Stalin's authority as preeminant leader, and a "great break" in political and economic policy marked by forced collectivization and breakneck industrialization.
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Joseph Stalin's Contribution to the 2nd World War by Jacob Majeski on Prezi


With Christmas but a little over a day away, the sensational start that Mike Stidham has enjoyed to the current Fair Grounds meet is filling him with festive good cheer!
Stidham also has news on Pinnacle Peak, who scored so convincingly for owner Mark Breen last week. "It was great to see him bounce back to form," said Stidham, adding that he could possibly run next in the Grade III Lecomte Stakes at Fair Grounds on January 16 of next year.
As for yuletide runners, the Stidham barn looks set for a busy few days ahead. The star attractions are Fila Primera and possibly Colour Party in Saturday's Pago Hop Stakes, worth $75,000. Fila Primera has jockey Jose Valdivia on board. Colour Party, on the also-eligibles list, has Colby Hernandez provisionally booked. A full card of 14 runners looks set to line up.


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Flag design based on the USA stars and stripes and printed linen square cushion cover.
Front is printed but reverse is plain. Throw it on a large bed with plain white bedding, on your fav chair or lounge, even the pool deck. Looks great in a toddler or teenager's room too. Size: 43cm.
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Why We Watch: Eli's coming ... to Mr. Rodgers' neighborhood
byTalkOfFame
The NFL saves its best wildcard playoff game for last this weekend: The Giants and Eli Manning against a familiar opponent -- red-hot Green Bay, an opponent Manning beat twice before in the playoffs at Lambeau.
GOLD JACKET GAME OF THE WEEK
N.Y. GIANTS @ GREEN BAY, Sunday 4:40 p.m. (EST)
The line: Packers by 4-1/2
Photo courtesy Green Bay Packers
The weather: Mostly sunny, high of 16
The story: This is a tale of two quarterbacks – one who makes a raft of mistakes and the other who makes none. Easy to choose a winner then, right? Not so fast. Eli Manning is a turnover waiting to happen, but he may have found a cure for his troubles with a running game that was absent nuch of this season. The Giants grinded out 161 yards vs. Washington last week, with rookie Paul Perkins responsible for 102, and there's where the Giants can win. Control the ball, keep Aaron Rodgers off the field and prevent Eli from having to throw early and often. Remember: Manning is at his best here. He's 8-3 in the playoffs, including 2-0 vs. Green Bay -- with both wins at Lambeau. And he outplayed Aaron Rodgers, who has not had an interception in his last seven games, or 245 attempts. But the playoffs often favor teams that can run the ball and play defense, and we know the Giants can play defense. What we don't know is if those rushing results vs. Washington were little more than a tease. Yes, Green Bay should be favored. The Packers won their last six, they're home and Rodgers is on a tear. And, yes, this has the feel of 2010 all over again. But the Giants have the edge on defense. If Manning can avoid the pratfalls that handicapped him throughout the season, it might be 2011 all over again -- with Big Blue pulling the upset.
Hall-of-Fame worthy: Over the last four weeks of the regular season, the Packers have an NFL-best 13 takeaways while not committing a turnover. Four straight games without a giveaway ties a franchise record, set in 2014.
(Aaron Rodgers photo courtesy of the Green Bay Packers)
(Eli Manning photo courtesy of the New York Giants)
THREE OTHERS THAT MIGHT BE SUITABLE FOR HALL-OF-FRAMING
OAKLAND @ HOUSTON, Saturday, 4:35 p.m. (EST)
following the Texans 30-6 win over the Jacksonville Jaguars to win the AFC South title at NRG Stadium on Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016, in Houston. ( Brett Coomer / Houston Chronicle )
The line: Texans by 3-1/2
The story: Sunny, high of 53
The story: No matter what happens, the Raiders' Connor Cook is guaranteed to make history. He is the first rookie quarterback in the NFL to make his first career start in the playoffs. Not good. But the Raiders have no choice. They lost Derek Carr. They lost Matt McGloin. And now it's up to Cook, and you know something? He may be the best thing that happened to them. Look, they weren't going to beat Houston with McGloin. That was apparent in Denver last weekend. But they might with Cook because … well, because nobody – especially Houston – knows what to expect from the guy. Nobody know what to expect from left tackle Donald Penn's replacement, either, but I do know this: You can bet the league's No. 1-ranked defense will blitz and blitz often. So it might be up to the Raiders' defense to win this game by forcing Brock Osweiler into another interception. There is no other quarterback in these playoffs under more pressure, with Osweiler getting the start only because Tom Savage is hurt. So, now, he must prove the Texans are better off with him than they were a year ago with Brian Hoyer. Granted, that bar is low. But this is Brock Osweiler.
Hall-of-Fame worthy: From Weeks 8-17 Houston allowed an NFL-low 71.9 rushing yards per game and three rushing TDs.
(Bill O Brien photo courtesy of the Houston Texans)
DETROIT @ SEATTLE, Saturday, 8:15 p.m. (EST)
The line: Seahawks by 8
Matthew Stafford photo courtesy of the Detroit Lions
The weather: PM rain/snow showers, high of 38
The story: Let's call this one as it is ... or should be: Seattle should win and win easily because it's home. But the Seahawks have been nothing short of unimpressive the past six weeks vs. lesser opponents (they were 3-3) – so much so that you never know what to expect anymore (hey, they lost at home to Arizona). Yes, I trust Russell Wilson at home in playoff games, but, no, I don't trust that Legion of Boom without Earl Thomas. It's been vulnerable to underwhelming opponents, and, beware, Seahawks' fans: Detroit will keep this close. Furthermore, you better hope the outcome isn't in doubt late because that's when the Lions are at their best – even with Matt Stafford handicapped by a bad finger. They won an NFL-record eight times after trailing in the fourth quarter.
Hall-of-Fame worthy: The Lions' 15 giveaways were their fewest in a season since 1940.
(Matt Stafford photo courtesy of Detroit Lions)
MIAMI @ PITTSBURGH, Sunday 1:05 p.m. (EST)
The line: Steelers by 10-1/2
The weather: Mostly cloudy, high of 19
The story: Miami beat these guys earlier this year, and the score wasn't close. So why the big spread now? Well, let us count the ways: 1) The Dolphins won with Ryan Tannehill; 2) that game was in Miami; 3) Ben Roethlisberger was just returning from a significant injury; 4) Jay Ajayi ran for 204 yards and 5) Matt Moore was a spectator. But now ... well, now Moore is the starting quarterback, and, yeah, I know, he was decent the last three games, throwing 8 touchdowns and three interceptions. But these are the playoffs, and these are the Steelers at home in the playoffs – where they won four of their last five. Roethlisberger is 11-6 in the postseason and playing well, and he has a franchise running back, franchise wide receiver and solid offensive line to keep the Dolphins on their heels. The Dolphins have weapons, too – heck, Ajayi and Jarvis Landry had big years – but this is Matt Moore starting his first playoff game in a hostile environment. So, be honest: Who are you going to trust: Matt Moore or Roethlisberger? That's why oddsmakers figure Pittsburgh wins going away.
Hall-of-Fame worthy: When Pittsburgh loses to a non-divisonal opponent, it is 8-12 against that team the second time around when meeting it in the playoffs.
(Ben Roethlisberger photo courtesy of Pittsburgh Steelers)
OUR BEST BETS
Clark Judge – Detroit (+8). No, they won't win. But the Lions can ... and will ... keep it close.
Ron Borges – Pittsburgh (--10-1/2). Miami is playing with a backup quarterback and half of its defense limping. That is no way to go into Pittsburgh against Ben Roethlisberger. Give me a Terrible Towel, and I will give you the points.
Rick Gosselin -- Pittsburgh (--10-1/2). Miami lost at home by 21 last weekend to New England. They are on the road now and playing a better offense.
THIS WEEKEND'S HALL OF FAMOUS
DETROIT QB MATTHEW STAFFORD. He's thrown for 703 yards and four touchdowns in two playoff starts.
HOUSTON RB LAMAR MILLER. He has four TDs in three career starts vs. Oakland.
PITTSBURGH RB LE'VEON BELL. He averaged 139.2 yards rushing per game and scored six times in his last six starts.
GREEN BAY PK MASON CROSBY. He made his last 20 field-goal tries in the playoffs.
PITTSBURGH LB JAMES HARRISON. He has nine tackles for losses and six sacks in eight playoff games.
SEATTLE WR JERMAINE KEARSE. He has six TDs in seven playoff games and scored in the last three postseason contests at home.
N.Y. GIANTS QB ELI MANNING. In his last four playoff games, he threw for 1,219 yards, with nine TDs and one interception. He's also 2-0 vs. Green Bay in the postseason.
GREEN BAY LB CLAY MATTHEWS. He has 10 career playoff sacks, most in team history.
HALL OF NOTES-WORTHY
Winners in the wildcard round have won the Super Bowl nine times, with the 2012 Ravens the latest.
With a win Saturday, Russell Wilson ties Ben Roethlisberger for the most playoff wins (8) in his first five years of play. Tom Brady and Joe Flacco hold the record with nine each.
Six of the eight divisions featured new champions from last year, the most since 2011. Only New England and Houston were repeat winners.
Houston was the only team not to allow a 300-yard passer this season.
Miami is the ninth team since 1990 to qualify for the playoffs after starting 1-4.
In 13 of the past 14 seasons, a team that finished last in its division one year went on to win it the next. That team this season is Dallas.
The Packers are the only NFL team to have winning streaks of four or more games in each of the past eight seasons. They won their last six this year.
Since 2002, the Patriots have been to the playoffs the most (13 times), followed by Green Bay (12).
Of the 12 teams in this season's playoffs, New England has the best playoff percentage (.604) and Kansas City the worst (.360).
Aaron Rodgers led the league with 31 red-zone touchdown passes, including nine to Jordy Nelson.
The number-one seeds in the AFC and NFC each advanced to the Super Bowl the past three seasons.
The Cowboys have the offensive playmakers. Now they need one on defense
EditorRick Gosselin
Could Shaughnessy, Parker be wild-card coaching candidates for Class of 2020?
EditorClark Judge
A look at ten guys who belong in the Hall of Fame's Centennial Class
EditorRon Borges
A "Centennial Class in 2020? I've got 7 candidates for it
Handicapping the 2020 contributor class: Make Young, McNally the favorites
Slater, Baughan head these voters' favorites for Hall's 2020 class of seniors
Klecko vs. Gastineau: Which is more worthy of the Pro Football Hall of Fame?
Where does Drew Brees fit historically among NFL quarterbacks?
Hall-of-Fame's plan: Expand Centennial Class to 20 inductees for 2020


Few contractors truly understand how to care for limestone—but we do!
The soothing neutral tones of limestone give it the appearance of a low-key, easy-care stone. In reality, limestone requires a good deal of care if you want to keep it looking pristine. This is why limestone is rarely chosen for high-use interior surfaces such as flooring or countertops. However, if you don't mind a touch of weathering, limestone does make an excellent choice for exterior stonework, including residential and commercial building facades, entryways, and landscaping. It is in fact a very affordable, attractive, and traditional exterior stone.
Just remember that as a soft, calcium-based stone, limestone is very vulnerable to scratching and to etching from acids. And as a highly porous stone, limestone is very easily stained.
If you have limestone in your home or business, you don't have to bear the burden of care alone. Instead, turn to Fuller Stone Care. We provide a complete range of services designed to help you maintain the look you want in your limestone.
Cleaning: As a porous stone, limestone has the potential to acquire a dull or dingy look over time due to dirt getting into the pores. Additionally, in exterior applications there is the potential for mildew or algae to develop. The best way to tackle any of these issues is with a professional cleaning. At Fuller Stone Care, we use the latest pressure washing equipment to provide appropriate and effective cleaning at 800 PSI or less. This will get rid of dirt and algae without harming your relatively soft limestone.
Sealing: If you have limestone countertops or flooring in your home, it is highly advisable to seal the stone. This will help make the stone less absorbent and therefore less likely to get stained. Of course, even with a sealed stone you need to be careful to clean up spills quickly.
Polishing: Most limestone has a honed or rustic finish that does not need much care. But some limestones (especially those containing dolomite) will take a shiny polish. If you have such a stone in your home or business, Fuller Stone Care can help you maintain its finish. Our unique polishing process uses the latest diamond and nano abrasive compounds to deliver an even polish without messy dust.
Mop up spills promptly to prevent etching or staining. Even just a bit of standing water left on the stone for a short period of time could leave a stain.
Need Help with Your Limestone?
If you are in need of assistance with limestone cleaning, sealing, or care, please contact Fuller Stone Care right away at 310-944-9099. We will be happy to provide a free quote tailored your specific needs.


On this week's show, I'm changing things up – because life is short. So we begin the episode with an update on things to come between now and the end of the year. And later in the show Tara Shannon joins me for a special chat about life after thyroid cancer. We're not hanging on cancer – but moving past it. We're talking about wellness in spite of misfortune – how losing someone can make you think of your own mortality and help you change course toward finding your personal vocation – how sometimes adversity can make us become more alive.
Show No. 60: In Our Time with AHI. An Old Soul, Yes. But Something New and Unusual This Way Comes.
1968 was an incredulous year: In Canada, Pierre Elliot Trudeau becomes Prime Minister, the Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia to end the "Prague Spring" of political liberalization, and thousands of refugees flee to Canada. It was during this same year that the United States was reeling from the overwhelming loss of its young men in Vietnam while grieving over the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr., and Bobby Kennedy. On today's show, in a fashion inspired in part by New York Times article, 50 Years Later, It Feels Familiar: How America Fractured in 1968, we pay homage to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the messy year of '68 as it correlates to present day. And later in the show, I'm joined by special guest Bevin Branlandingham – as we talk about body ownership, self-care, and health for the new year. Throw those useless resolutions out the window… it's time to look at everything differently.


The first time I drove under the Arch, I had goosebumps and all of my nervousness just went away.
So, for the sake of your mental health, do not squander your energy on matters you cannot control.
There is beauty in life's struggle, so keep fighting and don't let anything or anyone limit you.
If you feel you're here to ride your life instead of drive it, then you'll have to accept where the flow takes you.