Real governance needs to be transparent so you can see what action we've taken and why. This should give you and your clients peace of mind that we're looking after their investments.
The Investment Advisory Committee (IAC) meet every quarter to review our Governed Range and funds. Highlights from the most recent meetings can be found below.
Details of previous IAC meetings can be found on the governance meeting updates archive.
There have been three tactical changes since the last meeting.
In October, following market panic we began contrarian purchases of equities based on growth and risk outlooks. Further to this, we also increased commodity exposure but still remained under benchmark. These purchases were funded from government bonds and cash. Overweight positions across high yield bonds and corporate bonds were maintained.
In November, investor sentiment remained in panic territory and as such we added to equity exposure, funded out of cash and short duration high yield debt. We remained conscious that markets may retest recent lows however with a positive outlook for equities through 2019, albeit with increased volatility, we remained positive on equities. Neutral positions were maintained across property and index linked bonds.
In December, market volatility remained following US Federal Reserve signals of near neutral interest rate levels and US-China trade negotiations. With long term expectations of economic expansion across 2019, we continued to purchase equities, increasing our overweight position. As higher volatility is expected to remain, we expanded government bond allocation, funded from commodities, high yield corporate debt and cash.
In our view, stock markets were premature to price in a US recession, and the recovery in equity prices has further to run. Longer term, we remain positive on stocks. Within Equities, we have overweight's in the US, Japan and emerging markets, with below benchmark allocations to the UK, continental Europe and Asia Pacific (excluding Japan). Within the overweight Fixed Income allocation, we continued to favour sterling investment grade corporate bonds and short duration global high yield debt versus Gilts. Commodity exposure has been moved further underweight, and UK commercial property exposure kept around neutral.
There have been 3 tactical changes since the last meeting.
In July, we continued to take profits on our equity positions reducing the overweight to its lowest level since 2012. We also reduced our overweight commodity allocation with the proceeds moved into government bonds and cash reducing these underweight positions. We were modestly overweight global equities, global high yield bonds and commodities.
In August, we continued to reduce exposures to equities and commodities, bringing the latter into line with the benchmark. The proceeds were moved into government bonds, short dated high yield debt and cash. We were modestly overweight global equities and short dated global high yield bonds.
In September, we continued to de-risk portfolios by reducing exposures to equities and commodities, moving the latter allocation to an underweight relative to the benchmark. The proceeds were moved into government bonds, short dated high yield debt and cash.
Given the de-risking of portfolios that took place during the summer, TAA effects were relatively muted over the quarter. There were small positive contributions from overweighting Equities and underweighting Cash whilst an overweight stance in Commodities marginally detracted. Fixed Income and Property allocation effects were broadly neutral. Regional positioning within Equities was positive over the quarter with performance benefiting from overweighting overseas markets at the expense of underperforming UK equities. Across the overseas regions, overweight allocations to the US and Japan at the expense of continental Europe and Emerging Markets, all contributed positively to relative performance. Within Fixed Income, the overweight exposure to investment grade corporate debt offset a small positive contribution from underweighting conventional and index-linked UK government bonds which underperformed as Gilt yields rose over the period.
In April, we increased the allocation to index linked government bonds, bringing this almost in line with the benchmark; funded by reducing our overweight holding of equities and from cash. With economies continuing to expand and inflation remaining benign, we were overweight global equities, global high yield bonds and commodities.
In May, we took further profits on the extra equities purchases made during the market lows and reduced the overweight allocation to commodities. Proceeds of these sales were moved into government bonds and cash.
In June, after capitalising on weak markets in the first quarter to increase equity exposures, we took profits on our overweight position as prices recovered, moving the proceeds into cash. There were no changes to the strategic asset allocations.
At the end of Q2 we remained positive on stocks but more cautious on government bonds due to ongoing concerns regarding inflation and interest rate increases. Having taken profits from our overweight equity allocations over the quarter we remained moderately overweight global equities and commodities. At the regional equity level, we were overweight US and subsequently overweight Japanese equities which tend to benefit from a strong dollar. As emerging markets have difficulty in servicing dollar-denominated debt when the US currency strengthens, this allocation was moved from overweight to underweight. We maintained underweight positions in Asia Pacific (excluding Japan), UK and continental Europe.
There have been three tactical changes since last quarter. In January, we added to commodities, funded out of bonds. We slightly increased the position in high yield bonds. We looked to maintain our overweight position in stocks; a short-term set-back was not ruled out and we would use such an opportunity to increase our equity allocation. In February, we added to our moderate overweight position in equities on market weakness, buying stocks in the emerging markets in particular, and deepening the underweight in government bonds. We also took this opportunity to move commodities further overweight. In March, we added to equities again, capitalising on stock market weakness and given that supportive world growth conditions remain in place. We also increased the allocation to index linked bonds and conventional UK gilts. The changes were funded out of high yield debt, government bonds, property and cash. There were no changes to the strategic asset allocation.
Overweight positioning in equities was maintained in Q1; market volatility gave our multi asset funds the opportunity to add significantly to equities at more attractive prices. Underweight positioning in government bonds was sustained through the quarter as the interest rate outlook grew slightly less benign.
We are modestly overweight equities, commodities and short duration high yield bonds in our multi asset funds, but underweight government bonds given more evidence to be concerned about inflation and interest rate increases than in the last few years. We maintain an overweight position in Japan, a global growth beneficiary, a neutral position in European and US equities, and stay underweight UK equities while Brexit uncertainty remains.


text:
It's uncomfortable when a belief you have long held is contradicted by new facts. Even more so if an entire worldview comes under pressure from the evidence. Psychologists call it ''cognitive dissonance'' and it explains why it is so hard to change our minds even though we flatter ourselves that we base our opinions on the evidence.
In the political domain, perhaps the most powerful source of discomfort is the fear that if we change our views and express a new opinion then we will be cast out of the community that shares and reinforces our beliefs. When worldviews are at stake, this community can give us our identity. They are ''my people''.
It's not surprising that most people most of the time find ways to explain away or ignore evidence that contradicts their beliefs. So we talk to those who agree with us, follow media that confirms our biases, and attack those presenting contradictory evidence as somehow disreputable or purveyors of fake news.
As a person from the political left, when I decided to write a book about Chinese Communist Party interference in Australia, I found myself experiencing this cognitive dissonance. Researching and writing the book, Silent Invasion, my worldview underwent an upheaval.
I had to discard and replace many of the assumptions and biases I had developed since my teenage years. My beliefs about modern China, the role of the United States in the world, the US alliance, intelligence agencies, the functioning of democracy and national identity – all underwent dramatic change.
The attacks on me came thick and fast, mainly from my colleagues on the left, criticisms that often upset me. One prominent left-wing intellectual began a commentary on my book by asking how a ''principled, progressive writer like Clive Hamilton'' could write such a book. He didn't consider the obvious answer, spelled out over the book's 100,000 words; that is, the evidence.
Many on the left believed that for some inexplicable reason I had become an anti-Chinese racist, ignoring my long record of anti-racism and the facts that the book was launched by Chinese-Australians and is widely read in a Chinese translation.
Like everyone, through my life I have clung to beliefs well after they had been disproven by any cool assessment of the facts. But in the case of Chinese Communist Party interference in Australia, I decided to confront the facts head-on and take the pain. Apart from vicious social media and slanders from various public figures, I lost friends, including my most valued political supporter.
For over 20 years before turning my attention to China, most of my work, including five books, was focused on climate change. When in the mid-1990s I first began reading what the climate scientists were saying I could see the enormity of the implications. For many years only a handful of people were ready to face up to the facts. Even the major environment groups, much to my frustration, took years to work climate change into their patterns of thinking.
Many on the conservative side of politics have found the evidence from scientists too threatening for their worldviews to accommodate. The more environmentalists raised the alarm, the more resistant they became, because accepting the facts would mean conceding political ground to their mortal enemy. So they adopted ways to downplay, reframe or just deny the evidence.
The scientists continued to go about their work, which not only confirmed their earlier analysis but showed the calamities initially anticipated for later decades were arriving much sooner.
Some conservatives constructed conspiracy theories to explain why so many of the world's top scientists and eminent scientific bodies had concocted the story of climate change or seriously exaggerated its effects. Rejecting climate science had become a core political belief. It defined who they were.
Now, any conservative who begins to think the scientists might be right risks accusations of betrayal and a kind of excommunication. Few people have the stomach for that. However, to keep one's self-respect, when the facts become overwhelming, anyone other than a pure ideologue must sooner or later confront them, despite the discomfort and pain.
The evidence that the bushfires ravaging our country have been intensified by climate change is overwhelming, and consistent with scientists' warnings for more than 20 years. Nothing is more important for our future than to face up to these warnings and take far-reaching action.
So I am appealing to the many conservatives who have admired my ''courage'' for tackling the issue of Chinese Communist Party interference to reassess their beliefs about climate change. I can't promise it will be easy to undo deeply held opinions. It means conflict with your political confreres.
You may lose friends. But the reason for opening yourself up to the evidence could not be more compelling – doing our best to save what we value above all else, our country, and the future of our children.
Published in the Sydney Morning Herald and The Age, 24 December 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package io.github.uusdfg.mim.strategy;

import io.github.uusdfg.mim.action.Route;
import io.github.uusdfg.mim.data.Game;

import java.util.List;

public interface RouteGenerator {

	List<Route> generate(Game baseGame, int numRoutes);

}


Although plant, access and contract traction are our core services, we have a vast knowledge in moving all types of goods. Over the past 28 years we have moved large, long, wide, heavy loads and just about any machine that moves. As so we are more than equipped to handle your haulage requirements. We have a mixture of flat and curtain sided trailers to accommodate most loads and our staff are fully trained and experienced in safely securing and transporting goods minimising the risk of damage and cost to our customers.
This is to name a few if you require an item or some items moving give us a call and we will be happy to help with the the logistics and transport for you.


text:
You are here: Home > Featured > Book Review: A journey to find both hope, and oneself
Book Review: A journey to find both hope, and oneself
By Rubin Friedman: January 30, 2019
Child of the Holocaust: A Jewish Child in Christian Disguise
By Jack Kuper
Penguin Random House Canada
Child of the Holocaust: A Jewish Child in Christian Disguise, Jack Kuper's autobiographical memoir was originally published in 1967. A new edition, with a new foreword by the author, has just been published.
Shortly before Kuper's book first came out, Jerzy Kosinski published his novel, The Painted Bird, which became a sensational and sensationalist success. Both books deal primarily with the experiences of a young boy alone, facing the multiple dangers of Eastern Poland: Nazis, local partisans of the left and right, local villagers and farmers who had negative perceptions of Jews and were themselves under threat from the Germans for harbouring Jews, Gypsies and other "enemies." Even the weather held its own menace.
But Kosinski's fictional narrator was left alone in 1939 when he was six. Every experience is marked by pain, torture, death and sexual sadism. He describes everything in a flat monotone and makes almost no effort to understand others. He shows no insight into his own motives. The net effect on the reader is sheer horror and wonder that a child so damaged could ever find life meaningful.
Kuper was left alone with a Polish family in 1941 at age 10. He was named Jankele Kuperblum and spoke Yiddish and urban Polish. Kuper narrates the story with a conscious effort to describe the thoughts and feelings of Jankel, while indicating that he is no longer that person, one of the challenges of writing a memoir of a past-self.
Unlike Kosinski, he empathizes with the farmers and villagers who hide him and fully understands why, at times, they send him away to look for help elsewhere. The boy is naive, but learned fast and demonstrated ingenuity by finding ways to survive as in his use of Jesus to avoid letting others see his circumcision.
Yet he is conscious of the brute violence involved in rural life, from the slaughter of a pig to the drowning of deformed kittens by throwing them into a pond inside a bag weighted down by stones, and the actions of boys to kill frogs or chase down a "Jew" just for fun. He laments that he himself cannot seem to be as cruel as his companions and berates himself for his weakness. One of the kind Poles who shelters him tells him, "You've got to learn how to kill, son. It's part of life." One family is marked by physical beatings but it is the exception.
He is also constantly reminded of the negative stories and stereotypes many Poles held about Jews. Even the Poles who risk their lives to save him share in these ideas: Jews are all rich; Jews use the blood of Christian children to make bread; Jews are only interested in money; Jewish women are built differently from Christian women; Jews killed Jesus and are being punished.
Because of these attitudes and because some Jews are killed when returning to reclaim their property, even after the Soviets liberate their territory, he is cautious about identifying himself as Jewish. Indeed, to protect himself, he has taken on different Polish names and identities in moving from village to village. After he is free, he is not sure of his identity. Is he Jankele, Kubus, Franiu, Zygmunt? He goes back to visit the families who protected him but he cannot find himself there.
He describes the external pressures and internal processes, which lead him gradually away from the dangerous and hated Jewish identity towards a Polish Christian identity, to speaking the local Polish rural dialect and to a moment when he realizes he has forgotten how to speak Yiddish.
Negative ideas began to affect his own view of himself, so much so that he is ready to convert – but the priest refuses to go through with it until after he rejoins a Jewish community. The gradual change he feels in his own thoughts is documented and takes the form of an inner debate between competing voices. At the end, when he is in a Jewish orphanage, he still crosses himself before meals, prays to Jesus before bed and at one point curses his fellow Jewish orphans.
After a violent confrontation with the others, he approaches a church with a like-minded friend in order to be baptized. At the last minute, though, he refuses to step over the threshold. He returns to the Jewish community centre. After hearing a Yiddish lullaby that he remembers, he writes "Jankele Kuperblum is alive."
He notes that someone could find him. "It's possible. Everything is possible."
This is a story not of horror, but of a journey to find both hope, and oneself.


If you need to get a psychologist for your personal needs, it may be complicated in case you are a first timer. You need to be very patient when you are searching for the right one of them as it is not easy, you will need to ensure that you base your details with professional people. You, therefore, need to ensure that you screen the right one for you so that you will consider him/her even in later kinds of therapies. Keep reading so that you know the key pointers that will enable you to get a psychologist to help you out in your condition.
Get to first understand the best experience of the expert that you are dealing with, it will be easy to analyze the details as this is very important. Take time to know more of the services that the experts are offering as this has been seen to play critical roles in the way that you carry out your health without stresses. Scan through the reviews as they are easy to make your decisions fast. You need to be very professional when you are looking for various details of the professional as this is very important in helping you get as many details as possible.
It would be essential that you see if they are concerned with your problem though they may be busy see how they act when you post the issue that you are having and how they will solve it. In case they do not call in a period of a day, it will show that they do not have enough experience and this is very important in coming up with the right ideas. You will need to know that an expert who is well versed and has all the ideas, it will be easy to know the best ideas and how you will carry out the relationship. Find out more on the kind of services that need to be handled, ensure that the psychologist can help and keep you going in the right manner.
As you carry out the interviews, you needed to ensure that you get more details about the experts ways of life and this is very critical. You should also ask for the credentials as you would like to just work with a professional. You should not just settle for anyone as you may end up wasting money and time with the wrong persons.
How does the psychologist treat people and how much progress has he/she been able to make in the career advancement to ensure that he/she delivers the best services. Take your time as there are enough details that you need to have to ensure that you get to work with a certain profession.


text:
Family Relationships Summit PLUS exclusive bonuses! GET THE ALL-ACCESS PASS
Christopher Yuan – RelationshipsGreg Hahner2019-10-20T23:54:41-05:00
October 17th, 10:30 AM CST
Ordinary Parents, Extraordinary Father: When Prodigals Break Our Hearts
Only a little time…
Christopher YuanBearer of Christ Ministries
Finding your #1 goal as a Christian parent
How to respond to your children when they disappoint you
The biblical response to the world's message to our children
Four things to teach your children about sin
About Christopher Yuan
Dr. Christopher Yuan has taught the Bible at Moody Bible Institute for over ten years and his speaking ministry on faith and sexuality has reached five continents. He speaks at conferences, on college campuses, and in churches. He co-authored Out of a Far Country: A Gay Son's Journey to God, A Broken Mother's Search for Hope with his mother, and their memoir now has over 100,000 copies sold, and has been translated into seven languages. He is also the author of Giving a Voice to the Voiceless. Christopher graduated from Moody Bible Institute in 2005, and then Wheaton College Graduate School in 2007 with a Master of Arts in Biblical Exegesis. In 2014, he received his doctorate of ministry from Bethel Seminary. Dr. Yuan's newest book is Holy Sexuality and the Gospel: Sex, Desire, and Relationships Shaped by God's Grand Story.
Holy Sexuality and the Gospel: Sex, Desire, and Relationships Shaped by God's Grand Story
Out of a Far Country: A Gay Son's Journey to God, A Broken Mother's Search for Hope
Watch the Bearer of Christ Ministries Overview Video
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We have all heard the comparisons describing how good something can be, well here is one that can be see and felt in person. De Sede is the Rolls Royce of furniture and they back that up with the ultimate in design, materials and philosophy. "Style and comfort are the message behind the de Sede credo: The culture of excellence. There is no place for the mediocre or pedestrian". The latest from de Sede, the DS-371 sofa by designer Cuno Frommherz is elegant and functional with its flip style back rest that goes flat creating a horizontal shelf. Loose cushions allow versatility and improved seating comfort in the position of your choice while narrow arms maximize space. The DS-371 sofa has a close proximity to the floor which creates a substantial look and eliminates what often becomes trendy hardware that can date furniture. The 371 series is modular and has seating in a multitude of option from sofas in various sizes and depths to sectionals limited by you space or imagination. De Sede hand makes all their furniture in Switzerland with the finest material including leather hides specifically from Germany or Switzerland where the conditions are superior. For those opposed to leather, Microsede is also available as an upholstery option. The product is based on an extremely fine polyester fiber that is 300 times thinner than the finest natural wool fiber. These fibers are processed into flakes and then made into a felt. The de Sede collection also includes an incredible series of modern easy chairs and tables.


Originally I was taking a day or two blog break. It turned into a lengthy ordeal. BUT...I decided to break the silence to talk about our upcoming Easter service(s). I'm super stoked about that day and all that we have in store--not to mention what we believe God has in store for all of us.
I've seen the adult worship tech sheet--incredible worship songs coming!
LASTLY-Don't come alone! INVITE someone to come with you.
We have been running out of space for several weeks in our 11am service so on Easter we will be opening up a full Waumba environment (birth-pre-K) at 9am. If you don't have children, or if you have Waumba age children, or middle school and highschool students you can help us create open seats for new guests by making 9am your worship service of choice. *Waumba at 11am is still available too!


text:
#ifndef COMMON_H
#define COMMON_H

#pragma warning(disable: 4505)
#pragma warning(push, 2)
// Microsoft, I hate you. I really really do.
// Breaks std::numeric_limits<>::max()
#define NOMINMAX
#include <winsdkver.h>
#define _WIN32_WINNT _WIN32_WINNT_WINXP
#include <SDKDDKVer.h>
#include <ATLHelpers.h>
#include <foobar2000.h>
#include <fstream>
#pragma warning(pop)
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <functional>
#include <algorithm>

// For the sake of good!
#undef NULL
#define NULL nullptr

#include "CommandException.h"
#include "Logger.h"

namespace foo_mpdsrv
{
	/**
	 * Name of this plugin
	 */
	extern const char* PLUGINNAME;
	/**
	 * Name of this plugin as wide char
	 */
	extern const wchar_t* PLUGINNAMEW;

	#ifdef FOO_MPDSRV_EXPORTS
	#define FOO_MPDSRV_API __declspec(dllexport)
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	#define FOO_MPDSRV_API __declspec(dllimport)
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#endif


text:
Home Ollie Wards
Ollie Wards
Director of Music for Australia and New Zealand, TikTok
Bachelor of Communication Studies in Radio
Anyone who works in radio will tell you they love the immediacy, says AUT alumnus Ollie Wards who completed a Bachelor of Communication Studies in Radio.
"We can have a funny idea and it's on air the next minute. But the audience is also right there with us – they're always funnier, can make your idea better or were there at the thing you're talking about."
Ollie knows what he is talking about; he spent 10 years working for Australia's Triple J radio station before recently joining TikTok as its first director of music for Australia and New Zealand. In his new role, he is responsible for creating connections between the music industry and TikTok's 500 million users.
A career full of unreal experiences
He has had some amazing experiences throughout his career says Ollie who graduated from AUT with a Bachelor of Communication Studies in Radio in 2005.
"Just thinking about what I've done so far is pretty surreal. For example, I co-hosted the centenary of Anzac Day live from Gallipoli. As the dawn service happened I was there at Anzac Cove with a radio mic, telling people listening from all over Australia how it felt.
"I also got to see and meet so many of my favourite bands. One time I even played poker with Ice Cube and his son in a video shoot, which was fun and pretty damn intimidating."
At triple J, Ollie was responsible for the station's content on air, online, on TV, in social media and at events.
"Triple J is a national station with over two million weekly listeners and millions of followers of our content including the Like a Version weekly live music video. Having two million plus music loving and creative people wanting to join in was the best. Live and interactive; there's no other medium quite like radio."
Advice for other students
Ollie's advice for others dreaming of a career in radio is simple – get involved.
"People always say to me they'd love a job in radio and I then ask, 'What have you done so far?'. Usually it's not much. My advice is to volunteer at your local community or student station, review music for street press, make your own content for socials or a podcast.
"Study what the people you like do, think about how you could be involved – not just on air. Then make it happen."
After graduating from AUT, Ollie decided the best way to get a job was to show up at RadioWorks each day, determined to get more experience. His commitment paid off, and he was offered a full-time job at The Rock where he stayed a couple of years, putting his learning into practice.
After working at The Rock, Ollie moved to the UK where he worked in radio in London, before moving to Australia to join triple J.
Photography by Daniel Boud


dc3 Art Projects is proud to host FLUX: Responding to Head and Neck Cancer. For the past year, artists, writers, and medical professionals have been listening to, learning from, and collaborating with people recovering from head and neck cancer. This has resulted in FLUX, an exhibition featuring work by six participating artists, ranging from video installation to photography, print, sculpture, and drawing. The diverse works reveal aspects of the cancer experience that often remain hidden. Appealing to all of the senses, they convey the confusion, catastrophe, and hope associated with a serious illness, showing that healing is an uneven and continuous process.
FLUX is presented in partnership by the University of Alberta's Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Faculty of Arts, dc3 Art Projects, Killam Laureates, Kule Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) and Alberta Innovates – Health Solutions (AIHS).
For further information about this project please visit seemehearmehealme.com.
The concept of flux is useful for thinking about the challenges of head and neck cancer, for the term has multiple, contradictory meanings. In contemporary English, flux refers to fluidity and unrest. When we say that something is in constant flux, we imply that it is both unknowable and unmanageable, attributes that can be seductive but also evoke fear. The term has increasingly negative associations within a medical context, where flux describes an excessive discharge of fluid from the body. An unpleasant perception of flux indicates that danger might be lurking beneath the skin.
There are also positive associations with the term flux. In metallurgy, flux is a substance used to refine metals by combining with impurities to form a molten mixture that can be removed. This sense of cooperation as well as cleansing continues in another, more chemical definition of flux: it is an ingredient added to dental porcelain because its low melting temperature helps to bond silica particles. Both technical understandings of flux suggest the practical interventions used by health care professionals to treat head and neck cancer patients, including the careful reconstruction of the teeth of people recovering from invasive surgery and the effects of radiation therapy.
While this exhibition entitled FLUX embraces all of these possible significations, it highlights the ways in which contemporary artists can also enter the realm of head and neck cancer to invite exploration of its meaning. The six participating artists were invited to collaborate with, learn from, and expand understanding of the experience of head and neck cancer, from the perspective of those who have been diagnosed with this form of cancer along with their family members. By exchanging ideas with head and neck cancer patients, listening to their stories, and attending interactive workshops, the artists agreed to face the daunting and perhaps impossible task of representing the knowledge and experience of another. This approach was risky, necessitating a swerve away from standard methods of artistic practice.
The works in the exhibition FLUX are united in their dedication to exploring, representing, and recreating the stories, experiences, and embodied knowledge of people recovering from head and neck cancer. The range of responses, materials, and formats on display, however, indicates the complexity of this topic and the multiple reactions it can provoke. All six artists have thoughtfully and imaginatively provided new ways to think about and understand head and neck cancer, without attempting to simplify or sanitize this disease and its impact. In addition to respecting the varied paths of people undergoing cancer treatment, this show acknowledges that different visitors will bring their own bodies and histories to the exhibition, providing them with open-ended questions, rather than easily digested answers. In keeping with the overall theme of flux, this collaborative, interdisciplinary, and interactive exhibition shows that human bodies are enduring and malleable, subject to disaster but also to repair.
Ingrid Bachmann is an interdisciplinary artist who explores the complicated relationship between the material and virtual realms. Bachmann uses redundant as well as new technologies to create generative and interactive artworks, many of which are site-specific. She has exhibited her work nationally and internationally in exhibitions and festivals in Canada, Europe, the United States, Asia, and Latin America including the 11th Havana Biennal (2012), Manifestation International d'art 6, Quebec (2012), Lab 30, Augsburg (2010), and the Southern Alberta Art Gallery (2010).
Bachmann is the co-editor of Material Matters (YYZ Books, 1998, 1999, 2011) and has contributed essays to several anthologies and periodicals including The Object of Labor, MIT Press (2007). She has given invited talks at such venues as the Banff Center for the Arts, ISEA (The International Symposium of Electronic Arts), Goldsmiths College (University of London), University of Wollongong, Australia, and the University of Maryland at Baltimore, The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, among others. Bachmann is Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director in the Studio Arts Department at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. She is also a founding member of Hexagram: Institute for Research and Creation in the Media Arts and is the Director of the Institute of Everyday Life.
Sean Caulfield is a Centennial Professor in the Department of Art and Design at the University of Alberta. He has exhibited his prints, drawings and artist's books extensively throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, and Japan. Recent exhibitions include: The Flood, Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton; Firedamp, dc3 Art Projects, Edmonton; The Body in Question(s), UQAM Gallery, Montreal; Perceptions of Promise, Chelsea Art Museum, New York, USA/Glenbow Museum, Calgary, Alberta; The New World, The Centre for Modern and Contemporary Art, Debrecen, Hungary.
Caulfield has received numerous grants and awards for his work including: The Special Award of the Rector of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, Krakow Triennial, 2015; SSHRC Dissemination Grant: Canadian Stem Cell Network Impact Grant; SSHRC Fine Arts Creation Grant; Canada Council Travel Grant; and a Visual Arts Fellowship, Illinois Arts Council, Illinois, USA. Caulfield's work is in various public and private collections including: Houghton Library, Harvard University, USA; Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England; Blanton Museum of Art, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA. Caulfield is represented by dc3 Art Projects in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Griebel's sculptural work is driven by themes of psychological unease and transformation. Depicting bodies in various states of composition, it examines how our imagination negotiates abstract notions such as growth, consumption and mortality through metaphorical and experiential avenues. His work has recently been presented at Galerie Sturm, Nuremberg, The Spinnerei, Leipzig, The Redpath Museum, Montreal, and in Future Station: The 2015 Alberta Biennial of Contemporary Art at the Art Gallery of Alberta. Griebel was a 2015 artist in residence at Halle 14 Center for Contemporary Art, Leipzig, and was awarded the inaugural Alberta Foundation for the Arts residency at the International Studio and Curatorial Program in Brooklyn. His projects have been supported by the Canada Council for the Arts, the Alberta Foundation for the Arts and he is two-time recipient of the Elizabeth Greenshields Foundation grant for international emerging artists.
Jill Ho-You is an artist and sessional instructor at the University of Alberta and Alberta College of Art and Design. Her practice examines the parallels between the landscape, built environment and the human body. Her drawings, prints and installations have been exhibited nationally and internationally, including solo exhibitions at SNAP in Edmonton (2016) and the University of the Arts in Philadelphia (2011.) She has also shown in group exhibitions such as the International Print Center New York (2013), the 3rd Bangkok Triennial International Print and Drawing Exhibition (2012) and the 2nd Grand River International Printmaking Exhibition, ROC (2015.) She was the recipient of the Prix Public from the Biennale Internationale d'estampe Contemporaine de Trois-Rivières (2013) and has participated in residencies at Open Studio in Toronto, ON and St. Michael's Printshop in St. John's, NL.
Heather Huston holds an MFA from the University of Alberta and teaches Print Media at the Alberta College of Art and Design where she is currently the Associate Chair of the School of Visual Art. She has had several solo exhibitions within Canada including The Body, Stranger at the Vernon Public Art Gallery and Shift at SNAP Gallery in Edmonton. Her exhibition Dream City, Dreams has been touring through Serbia and Montenegro for the past year. She has exhibited widely in international group exhibitions that recently include Kyoto Hanga, Printing Marks and Codes (Chongqing), Inkmasters 2016 (Australia), and Di CARTA/PAPERMADE (Italy). Her work is in the collection of over fifteen major institutions including Purdue University Galleries, Crvena Komuna (Montenegro), the Arkansas State University Permanent Collection of Art, and the City of Burnaby Permanent Art Collection.
Brad Necyk is a Canadian visual artist working through the mediums of drawing, photography, video, film, sculpture, and performance. He was recently an Artist in Residence with the Friends of the University Hospitals and Transplant Services Alberta Health Services (2015-16). Necyk's current work focuses on patient experience, auto-ethnography, psychiatry, pharmaceutics, and biopolitics. His art work has been exhibited internationally, including the 2015 Alberta Biennial, and he regularly participates in artists' residencies, delivers academic papers internationally, and serves as a committee member on professional bodies. Currently a PhD candidate in Psychiatry, Necyk is also a Scholar in the Integrative Health Institute at the University of Alberta. He offers senior level courses in Drawing and Intermedia at both the University of Alberta and MacEwan University.


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Full name: Selena Quintanilla-Pérez
Birthplace: Lake Jackson, Texas
Died: March 31, 1995 (aged 23)
Death Place: Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
Education: Pacific Western University
Occupation: Singer, Actress, Model
Years active:1982-1995
Spouse (s): Chris Pérez
Religion: Not Kown
Zodiac sign: Aries
Selena Quintanilla was a popular American singer, songwriter and model who is best known as the Queen of Tejano song. Her new stylish fashion and singing capacity turned herself into leading Mexican-American entertainers. Media called her the 'Tejano Madonna' for her stylish clothing. She was murdered by the president of the fan club. The beautiful singer also enlisted as the most influential Latin artists of all time.
Selena Quintanilla Early Life:
Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971, in Lake Jackson, Texas to Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla and Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. Her father Abraham Quintanilla was a musician. She was the youngest children of parents. Her father had a restaurant business but it was forced to closed by the 1980s oil glut.
Following the incident, the family declared bankruptcy and evicted from their house. The family moved to Corpus Christi, Texas. The family desperately needed money eventually they began to a street concert and weeding performance as well at fairs.
Selena's father took her out of school during the eighth grade due to the huge demand of her musical performance. But her teaches Marilyn Greer condemn her musical career and threatened to report her father to the Texas Board of Education as she was short of age to do the work. from the American School of Correspondence, she received a high school diploma. Later she enrolled at Pacific Western University.
Selena Quintanilla Career:
Selena Quintanilla released her debut music album named by herself 'Selena' in 1989. Frequently she was referred as the 'Mexican Madonna' for her attractive outfits. She was very popular with the Tejano music fans and won Tejano Music Awards. In 1990, she released her second album 'Ven Conmigo' and sold more than 500,000 copies. Selena's recordings continued for record scale sales eventually her album 'Love' turned dream into truth and won the Grammy Award in 1993. Her final album 'Dreaming of You' released posthumously in 1995 and sold 331,000 copies its first week.
Selena Quintanilla married Chris Pérez in 1992 after a mooted courtship. The couple decided to elope before marriage and hide for sometimes and media declared their elopement. In 1995, she was killed by a gunshot of her friend and buried at the Seaside Memorial Park in Corpus Christi, Texas.
Selena Quintanilla Height, Weight and Body Measurement:
Height: 5 feet 6 inches
Hip Size: 37 inches
Body Measurement: 34-26-37 inches
Eye Color: Dark Brown
Shoe Size: 7.5 US
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Open Access Library Journal > Vol.7 No.5, May 2020
Remarks on the Order of Quantum Equations of Motion ()
Eliahu Comay
Charactell Ltd., Tel-Aviv, Israel.
DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106335 PDF HTML XML 211 Downloads 506 Views Citations
The paper examines the Dirac-Pauli differences concerning the order of the primary differential equation of an elementary massive quantum particle. The analysis relies on several self-evident constraints that an acceptable quantum theory must satisfy, like conservation laws, compatibility with Maxwellian electrodynamics and the correspondence principle. The dimension of the quantum function that is used in the Lagrangian density of a given quantum theory together with the corresponding differential equations play an important role in the reasoning procedure. The paper proves that Dirac was right and that second-order quantum theories like the Klein-Gordon equation and the electroweak theory of the W± bosons do not satisfy fundamental constraints. This outcome is inconsistent with the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
Lagrangian Density, Noether Theorem, 4-Current, Dimension of Quantum Functions
Comay, E. (2020) Remarks on the Order of Quantum Equations of Motion. Open Access Library Journal, 7, 1-12. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1106335.
The history of science points out disagreements between leading figures of a given period. The present work is dedicated to a fundamental disagreement between Dirac and Pauli about the coherence of the order of the fundamental differential equations of a massive quantum particle. It is shown below that Dirac has supported the idea that the fundamental differential equations of an elementary massive quantum particle should be of the first order. By contrast, Pauli has argued that also second-order differential equations are acceptable.
The few quotations that are shown herein illustrate the problem. Very late in his life, Dirac has repeated his lifelong opinion and stated that "only equations linear in ∂ / ∂ t give probabilities that are positive definite" (see [1], p. 3).
Pauli disagreed to Dirac's opinion and sent a letter to Heisenberg in 1934 where he states that "Dirac's assertion that a second-order time derivative in a wave equation contradicted the quantum mechanical transformation theory 'is pure rubbish and is refuted by application of our field quantization'" (see [2], p. 70).
These differences were not free of personal emotions. For example, Pauli stated that his interpretation of the second-order Klein-Gordon (KG) equation "has made me happy that I can again cast aspersion on my old enemy―the Dirac theory of the spinning electron" (see [2], p. 70). Below, these contradictory opinions are called the Dirac-Pauli differences. (It is explained later how a term of a Lagrangian density that contains a product of derivatives of the quantum function yields a second-order differential equation.)
An observation of the present literature indicates that Pauli has apparently won these differences. For example, contemporary textbooks on quantum field theory (QFT) devote specific sections to the second-order KG equation (see e.g. [3], chapter 2; [4], chapters 1-4). Furthermore, the Standard Model (SM) is the presently accepted theory of elementary particles and their interactions. The SM comprises several sectors, and its electroweak sector regards the three W ± , Z massive bosons as elementary particles that satisfy a second order differential equation (see e.g. [4], p. 518; [5], pp. 305-318).
However, this state of affairs should not be regarded as the final word about the Dirac-Pauli differences. Indeed, physics is a mature science that takes a mathematical structure. Hence, an examination of mathematical aspects of the Dirac-Pauli differences may yield decisive arguments about this issue. This work relies on well established mathematical principles of theoretical physics and constraints that are derived from them. Later, these constraints are applied to the Dirac-Pauli differences and the outcome proves that it is Dirac who was right.
Units where ℏ = c = 1 are used. Greek indices run from 0 to 3. Most formulas take the standard form of relativistic covariant expressions. The metric is diagonal and its entries are (1, −1, −1, −1). An upper dot denotes the time-derivative. Section 2 presents constraints that an acceptable quantum theory must abide with. The third section examines the coherence of quantum theories whose primary differential equations are of the first order or the second order, respectively. Further aspects of this topic are discussed in the fourth section. The last section summarized this work.
2. Constraints on Quantum Theories
Constraints play an important role in the construction of a new physical theory. They are used for a rejection of physical ideas that cannot be correct. In so doing they save a lot of time and effort that are doomed to be useless. This section presents well-known constraints that are organized in different groups. These constraints are found relevant to the Dirac-Pauli differences.
2.1. Constraints Related to Space-Time
Conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum are well-known properties of a closed physical system. These issues are related to space-time homogeneity and spatial isotropy. Relativistic covariance is another requirement.
It is explained here how these requirements are satisfied by a QFT. Thus, the presently accepted approach to the construction of a QFT applies the variational principle to an action that takes the form
I ( ψ ) = ∫ d 4 x L ( ψ , ψ , μ ) , (1)
where L ( ψ , ψ , μ ) is a Lagrangian density and ψ is the quantum function. The action I ( ψ ) is a mathematically real Lorentz scalar. A well-known textbook supports this approach and states: "all field theories used in current theories of elementary particles have Lagrangians of this form" (see [6], p. 300). This approach is adopted in the present work.
The Noether theorem provides a good reason for using this form of the variational principle as a basis for a QFT. This theorem connects the invariance of a given Lagrangian density with respect to a specific transformation to a conservation law that the associated theory satisfies. In other words, the quantum equations of motion are the Euler-Lagrange equations of the Lagrangian density of (1) (see [6], p. 300)
∂ L ∂ ψ − ∂ ∂ x μ ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ ψ / ∂ x μ ) = 0, (2)
and these equations satisfy the conservation laws. In particular, the Noether theorem says that if the Lagrangian density of a mathematically coherent physical theory does not depend explicitly on the space-time coordinates then this theory satisfies the conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum (see [7], pp. 17-19). Evidently, the Lagrangian density of a quantum theory that takes the form of (1) does not depend explicitly on the space-time coordinates. Hence, the associated theory satisfies these important conservation laws. It is further proved that the action (1) yields a relativistic covariant theory (see [7], pp. 17-19). This outcome justifies the usage of (1) as the basis for any given quantum theory.
The action principle (1) yields three important properties that are used below.
・ The Euler-Lagrange Equations (2) that are derived from the Lagrangian density are the differential equation of the quantum particle. The compatibility of these equations and of their solutions is analyzed.
・ Using fundamental laws of differential calculus, one finds that the Lagrangian density L and the second term of the Euler-Lagrange Equations (2) determine the order of the differential equation of a given theory. If a term of the Lagrangian density L contains a product of derivatives of the quantum function ψ , μ ψ , ν then the differential equation is of the second order. On the other hand, if the Lagrangian density L is a linear function of the derivatives ψ , μ then a first order differential equation is obtained.
・ In the units used herein, the action (1) is a dimensionless Lorentz scalar. Therefore, the Lagrangian density L ( ψ , ψ , μ ) is a Lorentz scalar whose dimension is [L−4]. It follows that the quantum function ψ of every kind of a Lagrangian density has a well-defined dimension.
2.2. Constraints Related to Electrodynamics
Some elementary massive quantum particles carry an electric charge. As such, these particles interact with electromagnetic fields. For this reason, these particles should abide by fundamental laws of Maxwellian electrodynamics. The following laws are used later in this work.
EM.1 Charge conservation is a crucial element of Maxwellian electrodynamics. The continuity equation of the 4-current
j , μ μ = 0 (3)
(see [8], pp. 73-78; [9], p. 169) is the theoretical manifestation of this law. Furthermore, this conservation law has a very solid experimental basis [10].
It turns out that the Noether theorem provides a prescription for constructing a conserved 4-current for a quantum theory of the form (1). The invariance of a quantum field Lagrangian density under a global phase transformation
ψ → e x p ( i α ) ψ (4)
0 = i α [ ∂ L ∂ ψ − ∂ μ ( ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ μ ψ ) ) ] ψ + i α ∂ μ ( ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ μ ψ ) ψ ) (5)
(see [11], p. 314). The Euler-Lagrange Equation (2) proves that the quantity enclosed inside the square brackets vanishes. Hence, the expression that is written inside the last bracket of (5) is a conserved 4-current (3), where
j μ = ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ μ ψ ) ψ . (6)
Here j 0 is the density of the quantum particle. The action (1) is a mathematically real quantity. Therefore, the invariance of the Lagrangian density L ( ψ , ψ , μ ) of (1) under a global phase transformation is obtained if its terms take the form ψ † O ^ ψ , where O ^ is a Hermitian operator.
The mathematical structure of the Noether theorem for the 4-current (6) enables the division of terms of a given Lagrangian density into three categories:
C.1 A term that depends on derivative-free quantum functions makes no contribution to the Noether expression for the conserved 4-current.
C.2 A term that contains just one factor ∂ μ ψ makes a contribution to the Noether expression for the conserved 4-current and this 4-current is derivative-free.
C.3. A term that contains more than one factor ∂ μ ψ makes a contribution to the Noether expression for the conserved 4-current and this 4-current is not derivative-free.
This classification is very useful for the analysis that is carried out below.
EM.2 Another property of Maxwellian electrodynamics is that the interaction strength of the electromagnetic fields with a charged particle is proportional to its electric charge e.
EM.3 A third property of Maxwell equations is that they are independent of the 4-potentials. This property is called gauge invariance. The Maxwell equations are the Euler-Lagrange equations that are derived from a Lagrangian density (see [8], pp. 78-80). Hence, the electromagnetic Lagrangian density should not contain terms where the power of the 4-potential is greater than unity.
2.3. Other Constraints
1) Physics is a science that aims to provide a good description of the state and the time-evolution of appropriate systems. The success of this objective is demonstrated by a comparison of solutions of differential equations with experimental data. The primary role of the variational principle (1) means that the required differential equations are the Euler-Lagrange equations of the theory's Lagrangian density. It means that a given QFT must satisfy these requirements:
A. The differential equations of the theory must take an explicit form.
B. Solutions of these equations are obtainable.
C. These solutions adequately describe the experimental properties of an actual physical system that belongs to the theory's domain of validity.
2) The Bohr correspondence principle relates the classical limit of quantum mechanics to classical physics. Here are few references that justify this important principle. The success of classical mechanics means that "classical mechanics must therefore be a limiting case of quantum mechanics." ( [12], p. 84; see also [13], pp. 25-27, 137, 138). Furthermore, QFT corresponds to quantum mechanics. For example, a well-known textbook states clearly: "First, some good news: quantum field theory is based on the same quantum mechanics that was invented by Schroedinger, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born, and others in 1925-26, and has been used ever since in atomic, molecular, nuclear and condensed matter physics" (see [6], p. 49). This statement means that there are certain relationships between QFT and quantum mechanics. Below, these relationships are called the Weinberg correspondence principle. The combined meaning of these quotations is that QFT corresponds to classical physics. A general discussion of the correspondence between physical theories is presented on pp. 3-6 of [14].
These constraints are used below as criteria for the acceptability of quantum theories.
3. First-Order and Second-Order Quantum Theories
Mathematical textbooks discuss many aspects that pertain to the order of differential equations. It turns out that the order of the primary differential equation is an important physical issue because it determines the dimension of the quantum function ψ . Here a derivative ∂ μ is taken with respect to the space-time coordinates. Hence, the dimension of a first order derivative is [L−1], whereas the dimension of a second order derivative is [L−2]. This issue plays a key role in the analysis that is presented below.
Let us turn to the Dirac-Pauli differences and analyze the compatibility between the general physical laws that yield the above-mentioned constraints and the order of the differential equations of a quantum theory. The Dirac first-order theory of a massive spin-1/2 particle and second-order theories are examined separately. The first item of section 2 explains why the Lagrangian density of these theories is the cornerstone of the analysis. This analysis begins with the simplest case of a free particle.
The Lagrangian density of a free Dirac particle is
L D = ψ ¯ ( γ μ i ∂ μ − m ) ψ . (7)
(see [3], p. 78; [7], p. 54). As shown in section 2, the Lagrangian density L must be a Lorentz scalar whose dimension is [L−4]. In the case of the Dirac theory (7), the dimension of the derivative ∂ μ and the mass m is [L−1]. Therefore, the dimension of the Dirac function ψ is [L−3/2], and that of the product ψ ¯ ψ is [L−3]. It follows that this product takes the dimension of density. In particular, the Noether theorem (6) yields the Dirac 4-current
j μ = ψ ¯ γ μ ψ , (8)
and this 4-current satisfies the continuity Equation (3) (see [15], pp. 9, 23, 24).
It is interesting to note that the entries of the Dirac γ μ matrices are pure numbers and that these four matrices transform like a 4-vector. It is shown below that this is an important attribute of the Dirac theory of a spin-1/2 particle.
Let us turn to the simplest case of a second-order quantum equation, namely, the Pauli-Weisskopf theory of the KG equation [2]. This equation aims to describe the state and the time-evolution of a spin-0 quantum particle. The Lagrangian density of a free KG charged particle is
L K G = ϕ , μ † ϕ , ν g μ ν − m 2 ϕ † ϕ (9)
(see [2], p. 191; [6], p. 21). As shown above, the dimension of a Lagrangian density is [L−4]. Hence, the product of the derivatives as well as the term containing m 2 proves that the dimension of the KG quantum function ϕ is [L−1]. Therefore, the dimension of the product ϕ † ϕ is [L−2]. Furthermore, the dimension of the 4-current is [L−3]. Therefore, the 4-current of the KG quantum function must contain a derivative of the quantum function ϕ . And indeed, the Noether theorem yields the required 4-current of the KG function (9) (see [2], p. 193; [7], p. 40)
j μ = i ( ϕ † ϕ , μ − ϕ , μ † ϕ ) . (10)
The different dimension of Dirac quantum function and that of any second-order quantum theory proves that these theories are inherently different. In particular, the 4-current is an important element of Maxwellian electrodynamics. Here, the classification of Section 2 shows that the first-order Dirac equation belongs to the C.2 category, whereas second-order theories belong to the C.3 category of Section 2. This issue affects the coherence of the electromagnetic interactions of a charged particle.
At this point one already identifies a problem with a second-order quantum theory. The normalization of the Schroedinger function ∫ ψ * ψ d 3 x = 1 (see e.g. [16], pp. 53-57; [17], p. 117) means that the dimension of the Schroedinger function ψ is [L−3/2]. On the other hand, the dimension of a quantum function that satisfies a second-order differential equation is [L−1]. Hence, the dimension discrepancy of these wave functions means that a second-order quantum theory violates the Weinberg correspondence principle of Section 2.
It is shown below that the dependence of the 4-current of a second-order quantum theory on a derivative is the root of inherent contradictions of its electromagnetic interactions. Here is a quotation from the literature that mentions associated troubles, and thereby supports this claim: "Indeed, they appear with a vengeance, since the coupling prescription (15.1) introduces interaction terms containing derivatives" (see [7], p. 87).
Let us examine the electromagnetic interactions of a quantum particle. In the case of the first-order Dirac equation of a charged spin-1/2 particle, one has the Lagrangian density of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
L Q E D = ψ ¯ ( γ μ i ∂ μ − m ) ψ − e ψ ¯ γ μ A μ ψ − 1 16 π F μ ν F μ ν (11)
(see [3], p. 78; [7], p. 84). Here the second term, which represents the interaction of a charge with electromagnetic fields, is free of derivatives. Hence, the Noether expression for the 4-current (6) proves that the interaction term of the first order quantum theory does not alter the particle's 4-current (8).
The dependence of the 4-current of a second-order equation on derivatives is an insurmountable obstacle for finding a coherent expression for electromagnetic interaction of the corresponding charged particle. The reason for this statement relies on the form j μ A μ of the electromagnetic interaction term. Thus, as stated above, the dimension of a quantum function that satisfies a primary second order quantum equation is [L−1]. The [L−3] dimension of a 4-current means that the 4-current of such a quantum particle must contain a derivative. Therefore, in the case of a second-order equation, an application of the Noether theorem to the 4-current factor of the interaction term alters the 4-current that is used in the interaction term. It means that the 4-current of these equations takes an incoherent form. Here are two examples that illustrate this inherent contradiction.
1) The electromagnetic interaction terms of the Pauli-Weisskopf KG Lagrangian density is (see Equation (37) in [2], p. 198)
L = ( ϕ ,0 * − i e V ϕ * ) ( ϕ ,0 + i e V ϕ ) − ∑ k = 1 3 ( ϕ , k * + i e A k ϕ * ) ( ϕ , k − i e A k ϕ ) − m 2 ϕ * ϕ , (12)
where the 4-potential is A μ = ( V , A ) . Here one finds terms that contain a product of entries of the electromagnetic 4-potential and also a second power of the electric charge e. On the other hand, one should note that a coherent Lagrangian density of an electric charge and electromagnetic fields should also yield the Maxwell equations of the electromagnetic fields. The first and the second terms on the right hand side of (11) compose the interaction terms of the Lagrangian density of Maxwellian fields (see also the classical form in [8], p. 75). The constraints of Section 2 show that the second power of the 4-potential as well as that of the electric charge of the KG Lagrangian density (12) is inconsistent with Maxwellian electrodynamics.
Conclusion: The KG Lagrangian density (12) has been published more than 80 years ago, and the above-mentioned contradictions have not been settled yet. Therefore, one concludes that it is extremely unlikely that a consistent term that represents the interaction of a charged KG particle with electromagnetic fields can be constructed.
2) The SM electroweak theory treats the two W± charged bosons as elementary particles that mediate weak interactions. Its Lagrangian density takes a form that is analogous to the KG equation
L = ϕ , μ † ϕ , ν g μ ν − m 2 ϕ † ϕ + O T , (13)
where OT denotes other terms. This expression comprises a term which contains a factor that is a product of two derivatives of the quantum function ϕ , and a term that contains the factor m 2 (see e.g. [4], p. 518).
This general structure shows that the electroweak theory of the W± bosons suffers from the same problems as those of the KG theory. In particular, this theory cannot provide an electromagnetic interaction term where the 4-current of the W± satisfies charge conservation. And indeed, in spite of the fact that the electroweak theory is about fifty years old, major research centers, like Fermilab and CERN, use an effective expression for the W± electromagnetic interactions [18] [19]. This effective expression violates the Maxwellian charge conservation requirement because it belongs to the C.3 category of Section 2.
Conclusion: These arguments indicate that the above mentioned KG negative conclusion also applies to the W± particles: It is extremely unlikely that a consistent term for the interaction of the charged W± particles with electromagnetic fields can be constructed.
It is shown in this section that the first-order Dirac theory has other favorable properties that are not shared by second-order quantum theories.
・ The Dirac Lagrangian density (7) proves that the dimension of the product ψ ¯ ψ of the Dirac functions is [L−3]. This is the dimension of density. Hence, the operators that are enclosed within ψ ¯ ψ take their original dimension. This is consistent with the notion of operators and their eigenvalues that are used by the Schroedinger theory (see e.g. [13], p. 47)
〈 O 〉 = ∫ ψ * O ^ ψ d 3 x , (14)
where 〈 O 〉 denotes the expectation value of the variable that is represented by the operator O ^ . Hence, considering this aspect, one finds that the Dirac theory abides by the Weinberg correspondence principle. Second-order quantum equations do not share this property because the product of their functions ϕ † ϕ has the dimension [L−2].
・ The Dirac analysis proves that a first-order theory of a massive quantum particle should use a 4-component spinor ψ (see e.g. [15], Chapters 1, 2). The required Lagrangian density takes the form of (11). This expression uses the Dirac γ μ matrices. Entries of these matrices are pure numbers, and the γ μ transform like a 4-vector. It means that the γ μ of the first-order Dirac theory can be regarded as a mathematical tool: a dimensionless derivative-free 4-vector that can be used for a construction of the required Lorentz scalar terms of the Lagrangian density. The derivative-free Dirac 4-current (8) is an important result of this mathematical tool. In the units used herein, also the classical 4-velocity is a dimensionless 4-vector (see [8], p. 23). Hence, the Dirac γ μ corresponds to the classical 4-velocity. However, unlike the classical velocity, the γ μ are independent of derivatives.
・ In 1941 Pauli examined a tentative interaction term of the electron (see [6], p. 14; [20], p. 223)
L ′ = d ψ ¯ σ μ ν F μ ν ψ , (15)
where F μ ν is the electromagnetic field tensor, and the coefficient d has the dimension of length. This term is called tensor interaction, due to its dependence on
σ μ ν = i 2 [ γ μ , γ ν ] (16)
(see [15], p. 21). The interaction term (15) alters the electron's magnetic moment. However, the ordinary Dirac Lagrangian density (11) provides a very good prediction for the electron's magnetic moment. Therefore, it is concluded that "the additional term is unnecessary" (see [20], p. 223).
A further examination of the interaction term (15) proves that it "is consistent with all accepted invariance principles, including Lorentz invariance and gauge invariance, and so there is no reason why such a term should not be included in the field equations" (see [6], p. 14). And indeed, the usefulness of a term of the form (15) has recently been proved to be suitable for a description of weak interactions, where the associated Hamiltonian is compatible with their V-A attribute [21] [22] [23].
One conclusion that stems from this outcome is that the first-order Dirac equation is flexible enough for the construction of a consistent interaction term of the electron with an external electromagnetic-like second-rank antisymmetric field tensor, that takes the form of the fields tensor F μ ν .
The case of the second-order quantum equation is different. For example, people working on the electroweak theory have introduced an analogous term for the W± bosons (see Equation (3) of [19])
L T = i W μ † W ν F μ ν . (17)
(The quantity V μ ν of [19] denotes the ordinary electromagnetic field tensor F μ ν .) A self-evident argument explains why the electroweak expression (17) is inconsistent with the fundamental concept of dimension that is used in Maxwellian electrodynamics. Indeed, the electromagnetic field tensor F μ ν does not carry an electric charge. Furthermore, the dimension of each component W ν is [L−1]. Hence, the dimension of the product W μ † W ν of (17) is [L−2]. This is inconsistent with the notion of charge density whose dimension is [L−3].
Dimension coherence is an extremely crucial requirement that every physical expression should satisfy. It turns out that the adherence to the unjustifiable second-order quantum equations of the electroweak theory is the reason that explains why major research centers, like Fermilab and CERN, use an expression like (17) that violates the fundamental concept of dimensional coherence.
・ The QFT differential equations are the last but not the least subject that is considered here. The differential equation of the Dirac theory is a well-known expression that is explicitly presented in textbooks (see e.g. [15], chapters 1-4). Solutions of this equation appropriately describe experimental data. Hence, the first-order Dirac equation satisfies the requirements A-C of subsection 2.3.
By contrast, no textbook that discusses the electroweak theory shows the explicit form of the differential equation of the W± elementary particles of this theory. A fortiori, no solution to this equation is compared with experimental data.
The case of the KG equation is different. Here a differential equation for the quantum particle exists. Unfortunately, there is no experimental confirmation of an elementary KG particle. For example, a pion is q ¯ q bound state and its function takes the form Φ ( r 1 , r 2 , t ) . On the other hand, a KG function takes the form ϕ ( x ) , where x denotes the four space-time coordinates. The different number of degrees of freedom proves that a pion is not a KG particle. It means that there is no experimental support for the KG theory.
These arguments mean that theories of second-order differential equations fail to satisfy the requirements A-C of subsection 2.3.
The Dirac-Pauli differences about the order of the fundamental differential equations of an elementary massive quantum particle are examined. The concept of dimension and the structure of the differential equations are important elements of this examination. The indisputable results that are obtained point out a quite strange situation: the present mainstream textbooks and the prevalent SM theory of elementary particles support Pauli's opinion, where second-order differential equations are quite acceptable. By contrast, the solid mathematical analysis of this work primarily relies on fundamental physical concepts, namely the dimension of the quantum functions and the compatibility of their differential equations. The discussion shows several convincing examples that prove that Dirac was right in this issue. Namely, second-order quantum theories of an elementary massive particle, like the W± bosons, are unacceptable simply because due to the dimension of their quantum function, one cannot define consistent expressions for crucial quantities. This result means that the SM theory and its literature require fundamental corrections.
This work relies on constraints that stem from fundamental physical principles, and are imposed on quantum theories. The main result of this work says that a QFT of a massive particle should rely on a first-order differential equation, namely on a Dirac-like equation. It means that the six spin-1/2 leptons―electron, muon, tau, and their associated neutrinos―together with the six spin-1/2 quarks―up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top―are (together with their antiparticles) the building blocks of massive matter.
[1] Dirac, P.A.M. (1978) Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory. Academic Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-473250-6.50005-4
[2] Pauli, W. and Weisskopf, V. (1934) The Quantization of the Scalar Relativistic Wave Equation. Helvetica Acta Physica, 7, 709-731. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511608223.017
[3] Peskin, M.E. and Schroeder, D.V. (1995) An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Addison-Wesley, Reading.
[4] Sterman, G. (1993) An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622618
[5] Weinberg, S. (1995) The Quantum Theory of Fields. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[6] Weinberg, S. (1995) The Quantum Theory of Fields. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139644167
[7] Bjorken, J.D. and Drell, S.D. (1965) Relativistic Quantum Fields. McGraw-Hill, New York. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3047288
[8] Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M. (2005) The Classical Theory of Fields. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[9] Jackson, J.D. (1975) Classical Electrodynamics. John Wiley, New York.
[10] See the Particle Data Group Item. http://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-conservation-laws.pdf
[11] Halzen, F. and Martin, A.D. (1984) Quarks and Leptons, an Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics. John Wiley, New York.
[12] Dirac, P.A.M. (1958) The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3062610
[13] Schiff, L.I. (1955) Quantum Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
[14] Rohrlich, F. (2007) Classical Charged Particle. Third Edition, World Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/6220
[15] Bjorken, J.D. and Drell, S.D. (1964) Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
[16] Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M. (1959) Quantum Mechanics. Pergamon, London.
[17] Messiah, A. (1965) Quantum Mechanics, V. 2. North Holland, Amsterdam.
[18] Abazov, V.M., et al. (2012) Limits on Anomalous Trilinear Gauge Boson Couplings from WW, WZ and Wγ Production in pp Collisions at TeV. Physics Letters B, 718, 451-459.
[19] Aad, G., et al. (2012) Measurement of the WW Cross Section in TeV pp Collisions with the ATLAS Detector and Limits on Anomalous Gauge Couplings. Physics Letters B, 712, 289-308.
[20] Pauli, W. (1941) Relativistic Field Theories of Elementary Particles. Reviews of Modern Physics, 13, 203-232. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.13.203
[21] Comay, E. (2016) A Theory of Weak Interaction Dynamics. Open Access Library Journal, 3, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103264
[22] Comay, E. (2017) Further Aspects of Weak Interaction Dynamics. Open Access Library Journal, 4, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103397
[23] Comay, E. (2019) Differences between Two Weak Interaction Theories. Physical Science International Journal, 21, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2019/v21i130091
http://www.journalpsij.com/index.php/PSIJ/article/view/30091/56456
OALibJ Subscription


Blitz the pistachios in a food processor into fine chunks. Take out 25g (roughly 3 tablespoons) and put on a plate – you will use this later for rolling.
To the pistachios in the food processor add the ground almonds, cocoa powder (minus the 3 tablespoons in the ingredients list as you will save that for rolling later), tiger nut powder and sea salt and pulse to combine. Then add the coconut butter, almond nut butter and almond extract. Pulse again to combine. Then gradually add the water until you have a sticky dough. Remove this from the processor and place onto a chopping board or other surface that you don't mind getting a bit messy! Next take finger pincer amounts to roll into small balls (approx 3 inches diameter). Put on a plate. Then divide the balls to roll half in the pistachio fine chunks you saved from earlier and half in the straight cocoa powder. Place in the refrigerator to set for an 1 hour. Serve with a hot steaming cuppa or at the end of a dinner with friends.


In the newly renovated Cherese Mari Laulhere Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) North Pod at Miller Children's & Women's Hospital in Long Beach, all 36 rooms are private, allowing patients and families to have personal space for rest and healing. The RBB team created a warm, calming and soothing environment, while incorporating evidence-based design elements such as nurse stations adjacent to each patient room and sight-lines allowing for maximum visibility. The new family-friendly waiting area provides ample seating, including child-sized tables and chairs, and a play area with games and iPadsTM for visitors to enjoy.


text:
Devil's Daughter: The Ravenels meet The Wallflowers
Author: Lisa Kleypas
Narrator: Mary Jane Wells
Publisher: Harper Audio
Genre: Fiction - Romance - Historical - Victorian
Although beautiful young widow Phoebe, Lady Clare, has never met West Ravenel, she knows one thing for certain: he's a mean, rotten bully. Back in boarding school, he made her late husband's life a misery, and she'll never forgive him for it. But when Phoebe attends a family wedding, she encounters a dashing and impossibly charming stranger who sends a fire-and-ice jolt of attraction through her. And then he introduces himself...as none other than West Ravenel.West is a man with a tarnished past. No apologies, no excuses. However, from the moment he meets Phoebe, West is consumed by irresistible desire...not to mention the bitter awareness that a woman like her is far out of his reach. What West doesn't bargain on is that Phoebe is no straitlaced aristocratic lady. She's the daughter of a strong-willed wallflower who long ago eloped with Sebastian, Lord St. Vincent—the most devilishly wicked rake in England.Before long, Phoebe sets out to seduce the man who has awakened her fiery nature and shown her unimaginable pleasure. Will their overwhelming passion be enough to overcome the obstacles of the past?Only the devil's daughter knows…
The Earl Takes a Fancy
Mail Order Bride Philomena
Kate Whitsby
The Duchess Hunt
Marrying Winterborne
Cold-Hearted Rake
Chasing Cassandra
Devil in Disguise
Lily and the Duke
Suddenly You
Lisa Kleypas, an American author, was born in 1964, and chose the genre of Historical Romantic Novels to begin her writing career. Even when her and her mother's Texas homes were taken by a devastating flood, they both went to buy the necessities, and for both of them that included a romance novel. After her graduation from Wellesley College in Political Science, Lisa published her first book at age 21. She has been very successful writing for Avon Books with her representative being the prestigious William Morris Agency.
Lisa has been writing full time since selling that first book at 21 years of age. She has sold millions of copies around the world, and has won many writing achievement awards over the years. One non-writing achievement came when she was Miss Massachusetts in the Miss America Pageant in 1985. At only 5'2", it was a challenge to wear a banner on which was printed one of the longest state names. She did win a "talented non-finalist" award for singing an original song.
Lisa decided in 2006 to temporarily change her writing genre to contemporary romance, but she did say she plans to return to historical romance in the future. Her list of published books keeps growing, with her 2012 book, "Christmas Eve at Friday Harbor" being made into the Hallmark movie, "Christmas With Holly". In 2015, she was given the honor of emceeing the Romance Writers of America Award Show. Lisa lives in Washington with her husband, Gregory, and their two children.
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Phantoms coach Slava Koulikov has hailed the impact of one forward line in putting the club's season back on track.
The trio of Milan Baranyk, Craig Scott and Marc Levers have been hugely impressive in recent weeks as the city team have left a miserable run of form behind them.
Phantoms endured a run of six defeats in seven league games to see out 2015 and bring in the current year, surrendering a five-point cushion at the top of the English Premier League and sliding down the table in the process.
But they're back in the winning groove now thanks to reaching the EPL Cup final and putting together a four-match league winning streak which came to a controversial end last Sunday during a deadlock and subsequent overtime loss against Guildford.
Koulikov said: "Those guys have played together for the last three or four weeks and they have really clicked.
"They have all come up with goals and assists, and their all-round contributions have been very good.
"They have certainly been our most influential line and they deserve a lot of credit for the results we have been getting lately.
Koulikov will need another set of top performances from his on-song trio when Phantoms face a 'four-point' clash at table-toppers Basingstoke this Saturday (6.30pm).
Phantoms head to Hampshire for the two teams' final meeting of the regular season two places and six points behind their hosts in the standings.
They then entertain Hull at Planet Ice on Sunday night (5.30pm).
Koulikov added: "Any game against two teams close to each other in the table is billed as a four-pointer at this stage of the season.
"The game in Basingstoke will be very important for both teams and we know what to expect down there.
"They will want to pull away more and we want to bring them back closer to us.


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We've put together a practical and timeless list of resolutions you can make as a business leader to create more confidence for yourself, more engaged and happier employees and a more successful business.
These resolutions are about your behaviours and habits and how they affect your employees and their productivity. Taken individually, they can make a difference in results; collectively, they will change your level of business success forever.
Involve others in goal setting and planning. Yes, it is your business. Yes, it is your financial stake and you are the one taking the risk. And yet, your team members are invested in the business too. They spend their time, effort, and energy. Wouldn't you like them to be more personally invested in the success of the business? Let's put it this way: would you like your employees to think more like owners?
If so, you have to involve them in the goals and planning for the business - i.e, you have to drive employee engagement. You may set the overall direction, but let them be involved in the creation of the outcomes. Slowing down enough to involve them in this important work is a big key to greater involvement, commitment and success.
Keep goals in front of yourself and everyone one else. Have you ever set a goal only to later not remember exactly what it was? This resolution will keep that from ever happening again! Once goals are created, everyone needs to be reminded of them regularly. This isn't an exercise in micro-management or nagging. Rather, as a leader, you must help people keep their goal in mind and remind them of what success looks like - which means employee motivation is key. There are dozens of ways to do this - from using bulletin boards to regular conversations in team meetings. Find several that work for you and your team and implement them.
Communicate more and in more ways. As a leader, you must communicate key messages frequently. Which means you must complete the communicating loop - you must ensure that the message sent is received. Doing so, especially as your team grows, requires communicating more frequently and in different modes, so your message is heard and drives action.
Talk less, talk later and listen more. At first, this may seem contradictory to the last resolution. As with most complex things in life, balance is the key. In trying to make sure their point is made, or to stimulate a discussion, leaders will often share all of their ideas and then ask the rest of the team for input. At that point, it is often too late.
If your boss just spent ten minutes sharing their ideas, then asked for your input, how likely would you be to chime in? When you want the team's input and ideas, you must ask questions and shut up! Let the group share their ideas as a means of team building. Be patient and give them time. If they don't think of a key idea or piece of information, you can share it later in the conversation with greater effect. This approach also helps you listen better and be a better boss - because it is hard to listen while you are talking!
Focus feedback on the future. You want people to improve. In almost every case, people want to improve and do great work. Yet most workplace feedback is focused on something that can't be changed - the past. If you want to be a more effective coach to your team and help them make improvements in their skills and results, give them feedback, advice and wise counsel about what they can do next time. And be sure you regularly conduct employee performance reviews.
Be a model. Your team is watching and emulating you. Are your behaviours the ones you want them exhibiting? Are your attitude, work habits, and customer focus on what you want them to exhibit? Looking at the attitudes and behaviours of your team is in part like looking in the mirror. If you like what you see, great! If not, look in the mirror more carefully and recognise that the source of your frustration with other's behaviour likely starts with you.
These resolutions remind you that you are not a just business owner thinking about a new customer, profit margin or monthly P & L - you are also a leader. All of these small business tips, when put into practice, will make you a more effective leader and a more successful business owner too.
Like many New Year's resolutions, this list may seem a bit daunting. Remember that they don't necessarily require any special skills. A change in mindset and most likely a change in habits may be required. The effort involved is worth it - for you, your team and ultimately your results.


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Guilford Greys - "Greys" or "Grays"?
As you visit this site you will notice the spelling of the word "Greys" will alternate for no apparent reason.
When using a quote, the spelling employed by the author of the quote is the one we used in that text.
For ourselves, we have chosen to use the spelling "Greys" in our official company designation, as that is the way it is spelled on the company flag presented to the Guilford Greys by the ladies of the Edgeworth Female Academy in Greensboro, North Carolina, on May 5, 1860.
This flag survived the War and is now in the possession of the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia. It was given to the Museum in 1896 by the wife of Captain John A. Sloan of the Guilford Greys, one of the only 13 remaining men in the company who surrendered at Appomattox.
The Museum restored the flag in 1998.


Join us for live community theater or academy award winning movies. We are located in beautiful downtown Historic Georgetown. There are plenty of stores and restaurants to enjoy before or after a show. Make it a full fun filled day.
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In a pan leave the cloves of garlic to fry slowly on a low heat, then switch off the gas and remove garlic.
Let the extra virgin olive oil cool until it reaches a temperature of 50-60°C.
Grate the truffle and combine it with the oil.
Add the salt and dust with black pepper.
In the meanwhile, in a large pot of boiling salted water, cook pasta, drain well and sauté with the dressing, adding if necessary a little bit of the salty water in which pasta is cooked.
Garnish with some truffle flakes.


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