When you have to be connected to the Internet at all times to be able to play a single-player game, something has gone terribly wrong with this industry. EA's first-party blogger and outspoken mouthpiece Jeff Green found this out the hard way, and spread the word. "Booted twice—and progress lost—on my single-player C&C4 game because my DSL connection blinked. DRM fail. We need new solutions," he posted to Twitter.
However, C&C4 experiments w/what a "single-player game" is—given it's constantly uploading progress/stats for unlocks. It's complicated… I think if we think of C&C4 as an 'online-only' game—which it basically is—then maybe we'd adjust our expectations accordingly.
Making single-player games effectively online-only is a bad solution to any problem, especially after we've explored how many people live without reliable Internet connections. You could save the points and progress and upload them when there is a connection, as Green points out, or simply design your games assuming players may not always be where there is Internet.


Sleep is easily one of the most vital things the human body needs. Debatably, some of us require less of it than others, but ALL humans need sleep to function just as we do water, oxygen, kidneys, neurons, and a heartbeat.
What's weird is that – when one of the aforementioned things suddenly stop working or providing for you – most people would seek medical attention immediately or die. There isn't a whole lot of wiggle room when you stop breathing.
However, NOT SLEEPING is treated significantly different. If you suffer from insomnia, you generally suffer through it til you can't take anymore. Maybe you try some essential oils or natural supplements your Facebook mom friend was pedaling on her MLM page. And if that doesn't work, then you might go see a family practitioner or therapist for some sedatives.
And yet, almost never do people go to the ER for lack of sleeping – mainly because a lot of practitioners aren't aware of just how awful long-term insomnia can be and how detrimental it is to your health.
This article from The Big Thing might shed light on why people have developed such poor sleeping patterns over the years. Maybe it has nothing to do with our brains or our schedules or the drugs we take for it.
Maybe we've just been sleeping wrong this whole time!
Music festivals can be an absolute blast or a legitimate nightmare, depending on your personality and how well managed the festival was handled.
Here's the thing – how great the bands are and who you paid to go see is very relevant to how much you enjoyed the overall experience. However, it's not nearly as relevant as all those small elements that can end up making or breaking your time there.
You may be stoked to go see your all-time favorite band play at a festival, but if it rains the whole time, there's no place to sit, the beer is warm, the food is overpriced, and the porta-potties are overflowing, it really doesn't matter if you've come to see Biggie resurrected from the dead. You're going to hate life.
In the wake of a music festival called Frye that went terribly wrong, a Netflix documentary was made of it, but it's not the music event itself that have people buzzing. It's Andy King – the man who was going to "take one for the team" – that's the hero or the documentary.
Viola talks about going through an MRI machine with a wig on, being a messy person, holding on to old love letters and receipts of money she is owed, and she teaches Jimmy about menopause.


robot, robot, i need you!
My beautiful, lucious locks are out of control! What do i do?
Hmm..mhm...yes, that is a situation.
I have jus tte thing.
I'm going to be honest, this comic is both true and also 1000% bragging.


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romance love fantasy young-adult actionadventure magicalpowers fantasyrealm royalty magicalcreatures queen younglove politics assassins love-triangle strongfemale kingdoms fairy fae beautifulfemalelead
Stories > Young Adult
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By Msmarv28
No Plagiarism!IBpeoESkidcKDWI9XkXCposted on PENANA
LAST ONE UNTIL NEXT FRIDAY!! HOPE YOU ALL ARE ENJOYING YOURSELVES!!copyright protection75PENANAlrE18NINSj
Arya finds Alara rummaging through the royal kitchen to find whatever she can get her fingers on to eat. "You were right about the Winter Court," Arya told her. "How did you know and what did you mean when you said you don't see Malich and I together?"copyright protection75PENANAcAVBPjgIEy
"Its one of my abilities and as for the latter, you can ask him yourself. He's on his way here."copyright protection75PENANAVQjzN2IKmF
Arya swallows hard. Now that he's succeeded in removing the leverage his brothers had over him, he's free to choose what he wants at will. She can't understand why it wouldn't be her. Her thoughts drift to the last night they spent together. She looks down at her stomach, clasping her hand to it. Alara tracks her movement and sighs. Arya meets her gaze. "You won't bear him a child," she shakes her head.copyright protection75PENANAnI62JePr2I
Arya knew Alara had gifts, but what she didn't know was how much of it was truth and how much of it was lies. copyright protection75PENANALejHQ807RF
"Your Majesty, his Highness requests entrance," Godfrey informs her.copyright protection75PENANAFNwZmj143o
"Grant his request. I'll be in my chambers," Arya replies.copyright protection75PENANAKr6RtP5jh8
A knot forms in her stomach as she heads to her room to gather the samples she and Lumi picked out. It takes several minutes, but when he finally walks through her chamber door she notices he has a small army, including the Winter Court general she aided in fending off an attack from the Fall Court. Banon.copyright protection75PENANA13nlLdtLkl
She waited for Malich to close the door to give them some privacy, but he didn't. They followed him in and Banon kept a careful watch over him, which only added to the growing knot in the pit of her stomach. Afraid of what he might say if he should speak, Arya launches into a long drawn out explanation about how she and Lumi poured over her choices before settling on a combination of white and yellow tulips that represented both the Seelie and the Summer Court.copyright protection75PENANAr08XZug1zk
Unable to take it, Malich closes his eyes and sighs. They both knew why he was there. "Stop," he pleads. copyright protection75PENANApjMvaflgzD
Swallowing hard, she stops talking and busies herself with more samples, talking to herself and trying to keep it together as he closes the distance between them. Placing his hand on top of hers, he begs, "Arya, stop…please sit so we can talk."copyright protection75PENANApAHMVsZpek
Arya looks around the room wondering why he felt the need to discuss their engagement with an audience. She laughs, "Is that why you brought a small army? What is it this time? Do you not like the color scheme or the floral arrangements? Try as you may, but they won't be able to help you my love, my mind is already made up. And if its okay with you I'd rather stand."copyright protection75PENANAKFlTDloUmX
She waits for a reaction that never comes. He's not laughing and his expression is grave. As she takes in the faces of her friends, his protective detail, and that of the general of the Winter Court she realizes none of them are smiling. They all look as if the world has ended. Or will be ending.copyright protection75PENANAfMh1hrgDIP
She brings her gaze back to Malich and he can barely look her in the eyes. "Something went wrong, didn't it?" She asks. A slow dull ache begins to spread throughout her heart.copyright protection75PENANAh7qZTmsTMG
Pain in his eyes, Malich brings his gaze up to meet hers. "I tried everything I could think of to stop this…everything. But..."copyright protection75PENANAdxmzqZUOUg
Arya blanches. She blinks several times to allow his words to process, but her heart refuses to accept them. "No," she shakes her head. "No. I refuse to accept this."copyright protection75PENANAM923akvrYe
Sighing he replies, "You don't have a choice. Idon't have a choice."copyright protection75PENANAhglIff4H8R
Arya studies the defeated expression on Malich's face and realizes he's accepted his fate. He's given up. copyright protection75PENANAomoLWPKQEF
Suddenly it feels as if the walls are caving in on her. She swallows hard, her mind racing for a solution. "Call it off. It wouldn't be the first time you've called off an engagement."copyright protection75PENANA7qOatYuZqt
Malich's gaze slides to the floor. "Arya, I can't," his voice is barely above a whisper. His eyes are still on the floor and he looks as pained as she feels. copyright protection75PENANAdHJzpZOuHX
"No," Arya shakes her head. "You asked me to choose and I. Chose. You. You don't get to choose another."copyright protection75PENANAm6kKRgAB6e
"I wish it were that simple," he sighs, clenching his eyes shut.copyright protection75PENANAhdE5n84S7u
In wide-eyed bewilderment she stares at him afraid to think or speak or move. "Make it that simple!" She shouts at him.copyright protection75PENANAmlc6UC5I6N
Closing the distance between them and resting his head against hers, Malich inhales deeply shutting his eyes. He exhales slowly before opening his eyes again and tells her, "I'm calling off the engagement." copyright protection75PENANAFtT0dKgOmm
Arya stares into his eyes pleadingly. Perhaps she's heard him incorrectly. He wouldn't do that to her. He knows how deep her love for him goes. But he continues, "Next moon, Princess Grayson and I will be married in a private ceremony."copyright protection75PENANA2DAHIYPNQX
She doesn't want to hear anymore and shuts him out. Malich's voice is drowned out by the sound of Arya's breaking heart. He promised… copyright protection75PENANAhditjc5pVc
Part of her feels as if she's asleep and this is all just some horrific nightmare she'll awaken from, but as his mouth keeps moving and words keep spilling out, shredding her heart in the process, she knows it isn't true. Malich Jarrah, the Red King and Prince of the Summer Court…a man she loves more than life itself, is walkingaway from that love.From her…from the life he promised her…the children…all gone.copyright protection75PENANAcBF5BTQRHc
Now it makes sense that he would bring an army. He's afraid of what her reaction might be, but for once, she has none. She's utterly and completely numb. copyright protection75PENANAeKQPrzNhmE
Suddenly there isn't enough air in the room for her to breathe. There's just this throbbing, aching, feeling seizing her entire body rendering her unable to move or speak. She can only feel, and he's annihilated her heart.copyright protection75PENANAfDRy7aLdzG
Tears fall from her eyes, and she quickly wipes them away, still unable to put words together. What does one even say when the person they love most simply walks awayand into the arms of someone else? What words have been invented to describe what that even feels like?copyright protection75PENANApMi5RTYILG
"I'm sorry." Malich presses a kiss into her forehead. She knows he means it, but it still doesn't stop her heart from breaking.copyright protection75PENANAV0qLPSkDaG
Those are the last words he speaks before walking out of her chambers, her life and her heart. His protective detail in tow. There'll be no more kisses from him; no more embraces…just empty, hollow words hang between them and after that, nothing. He's gone…copyright protection75PENANAhpk9YrjJET
She can't fall apart. Too many people are watching her every move. She must be strong, she must be brave, and she must be Queen. Slowly she forces herself to breathe, one jagged breath at a time. Arya blinks, still allowing the magnitude of what's transpired to sink in. The heavy weight of shock and a shattering heart slowly presses in on her emotions and her lungs, ebbing her closer to the edge of erupting.copyright protection75PENANAp4FI9xB8fn
Blue flame engulfs her hands and feet, and she flinches. They slowly crawl up her legs and arms covering every inch of her skin. She can't stop it. The flames rise with her emotions. "Get out," she warns and everyone scrambles from the room except Evander, Lumi, Rayu and Jax.copyright protection75PENANAObnfWd8gQi
"We're not leaving you," Lumi shakes her head.copyright protection75PENANAX7IhgGJApn
"I can't stop it and I don't want to hurt any of you."copyright protection75PENANAuPsayBH9JX
"We're not leaving you Arya," Jax shakes his head as well.copyright protection75PENANAxy8UN57VmX
"We're here for you no matter what," Rayu adds.copyright protection75PENANAej5WBmDkX3
The blue flames climb up her abdomen and across her chest until it meets at her heart and then climbs up her neck, her chin, and over her eyes until she's completely engulfed in flames. copyright protection75PENANAIrTbBrMjBw
Slowly the flames dance, ascending up to the ceiling and spreading to cover it like a blanket before crawling back down the walls. copyright protection75PENANAh84q3RvaNR
Across from her, Lumi and the other's become nervous. If they don't leave, she'll kill them. She doesn't give them a choice. As if invisible hands are pushing them, Arya raises her hand towards them, palm out, and uses her abilities to gently push them out of the room back into the hall where they'll be safe. The blue fire is contained to the room, completely engulfing it in flames.copyright protection75PENANA81beYNBB8y
"Arya?" Alara appears in the doorway.copyright protection75PENANAFR0y2BZOVB
"Go away," Arya slices her eyes to her sister.copyright protection75PENANAldJpDMg9X4
"No," Alara shakes her head. "You shouldn't be alone right now." She looks around the room, takes a deep breath, and then steps into the blue blazing inferno. Her shadow shrieks, clawing its way towards the safety of the hall. copyright protection75PENANA165cl3ZWF8
Alara's face starts to melt, but she is undeterred. She presses forward until she reaches Arya and gently cups her sister's face in her hands. Her fingers and palm slowly melt away to nothing. copyright protection75PENANAukZvS17SQ2
"You'll die," Arya warns her.copyright protection75PENANAtbfdAT0R2Y
"Not if you stop," Alara offers her a pleading smile. "I've seen how this ends. Your people are going to need you. This is not over."copyright protection75PENANAV351fq4fnJ
Not over. The words stick in Arya's head. This isn't Kahlem's end game and if her sister is correct this is probably the beginning. Arya smiles back through her tears. copyright protection75PENANAoS4nnWouPf
"We'll get through this, together." Alara promises. Her body regenerates almost as fast as the blue flame burns it away.copyright protection75PENANAwjqMx1FxSI
Looking at Alara and her worried friends out in the hall Arya remembers she's not alone. There are people who need her and it's not the end of the world. It's not the end of the world. If Malich won't fight for them…if he's given up, then she would have to fight hard enough for the both of them. She refuses to let his brothers win. They'll pay for what they've done. copyright protection75PENANAwOLBP12Uhp
Taking a deep breath, Arya pulls the blue flames back into her. Malich may have broken her heart, but she's resilient. And she'll wear the broken parts of herself with pride until they've healed. Knowing him, he's probably counting on it. In the meantime, the planes will feel her wrath, starting with the Summer Court.copyright protection75PENANAEFhI2FFr9u
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Posted on June 25, 2019 June 24, 2019 by GamesGnome
CATAN, Modern Board Strategy Game
A cornerstone of board game design, CATAN is easy to learn while offering a lot of strategic depth. Every decision counts as players are challenged to settle the island of CATAN, by building the greatest network of settlements and cities on the island.
CATAN, the Masterpiece of Strategy Gaming
The island of CATAN is an uninhabited land rich in natural resources, an area that multiple settlers must vie to control. To gain supremacy over CATAN, players must build settlements, roads and cities on strategic locations. They must also use careful diplomacy, trading resources with others to compensate for scarcity or allocation differences.
For added variety and challenges, CATAN players can experience a unique campaign mode with numerous scenarios, each with a unique scenario and three levels of difficulty. As showcased by the launch trailer, they can enjoy a modern take on the classic CATAN style and choose from various board pieces, profiles and table designs, with the added comfort of a digital user interface.
Content and Expansions
The Seafarers Expansion is included in the base game, allowing players to set sail to explore the magnificent islands of CATAN. Uncharted lands await the most intrepid settlers while new gameplay elements, such as building ships and the addition of pirates, offer new opportunities to explore.
The Cities & Knights Expansion, aimed at advanced players, is available now as a separate purchase, bringing the golden age of trade and prosperity to CATAN. The wealth of the region has attracted barbarians, and the knights of CATAN will be needed to repel the invader. Players must unite and defend the island of CATAN against a common enemy, while simultaneously competing for the control of cities and metropolises.
Grand Ages Medieval Limited Edition It is the year 1050 AD. At the beginning of the High Middle Ages development in Europe has seen an unprecedented level of progress and a rapidly growing population spreads across the length and breadth of the continent. New frontiers...
ARK: Survival Evolved (Video) ARK: Survival Evolved In ARK: Survival Evolved, survivors wake up stranded, naked, freezing, and starving on a mysterious island where they must hunt, harvest, craft items, grow crops, and build shelters to survive in every biome. Survivors will tame, train,...
Hasbro Game Channel: Risk The Hasbro Game Channel offers a destination for family game entertainment with a variety of games based on Hasbro's most popular brands. Each game offers a brand new way to experience these classic Hasbro board games. Strategy fans will venture...
Tropico 5 — Penultimate Edition Packed with a whole host of new gameplay features and all new artwork designed from scratch, Tropico 5 takes the strategy series into a new and exciting direction — dynasties! You, as El Presidente, will first take control of the...
Tropico 5 Penultimate Edition You, as El Presidente, will first take control of the infamous island of Tropico during early colonial times and then guide it through the centuries as the world changes and moves ever forward. You must tackle the changing needs of...
Tropico 4 Gold Edition Tropico 4 is the ultimate city building experience, including: Tropico 4, the "Modern Times" expansion and all released add-on content.As the president of a tiny Caribbean island, it's up to you to lead your country to greatness! Will you be...
Block'Hood (Video) Block'hood is a neighborhood-building simulator that celebrates the diversity and experimentation of cities and the unique ecosystems within them. Budding city planners will have access to 90+ building blocks to arrange and combine and to create unique neighborhoods and discover...
Portal Knights Portal Knights is a 3D sandbox RPG featuring randomly generated worlds, crafting, 3 players classes, and unique leveling system. Players are transported into exciting realms of magic, monsters and mystery. Craft your own journey within the solo experience or become...
Empires Apart Empires Apart Empires Apart is a Real Time Strategy game set in medieval times. You will lead one of six uniquely designed factions in outstanding procedurally generated maps. Each game is a totally different experience as you collect resources, assemble...
Tropico 5 You, as El Presidente, will first take control of the infamous island of Tropico during early colonial times and then guide it through the centuries as the world changes and moves ever forward. You must tackle the changing needs of...
CategoriesComputer Games, Console And Handheld Games, Games, Gaming Platform, Mac Computer, Nintendo Switch, Strategy, Windows PC
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Monday Morning Questions: What do You Want to Ask Me Late After a Long Day? Also, I have an SRk Fantasy Question for You
Posted on November 1, 2021 by mredlich21
Happy Monday! Or rather, exhausting Monday! I had a wonderful Halloween, sitting on the porch for 4 hours and acquiring a total of 28 trick or treaters! Well worth it. And then today was a lot of family stuff ending with a drive to the airport which is always a wee bit stressful. I am looking forward to going back to work-work tomorrow and relaxing.
Here is where you can ask me anything you want from "what cake are you making SRK this year?" to "what was your favorite trick or treater?" Just keep swinging back here all week as you think of new questions!
And now, a question for you! What is your most soothing stressbusting tea flavor suggestion?
Follow up question, What is your most soothing stressbusting SRK fantasy?
I'll tell you mine!!! Dear Zindagi SRK, giving me a head massage, listening to my life problems, and then giving me soothing validating advice in a calm tone of voice. And I'm drinking tea (see above question).
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Monday Morning Questions, Shahrukh Khan, Shahrukh Month by mredlich21. Bookmark the permalink.
16 thoughts on "Monday Morning Questions: What do You Want to Ask Me Late After a Long Day? Also, I have an SRk Fantasy Question for You"
Courtney on November 1, 2021 at 8:11 pm said:
My students gave me a pretty large list of Hindi films for me to watch, since we have a long weekend coming up. I've seen most of them, but since it's still SRK month, between RNBDJ, Raees, and Dilwale, which one should I "watch" and report back to them next week?
I can share the entire list of teenage recommendations if you're curious. They're also working on a list of music videos for me to watch separate from the movies. Top of the list is Sheila Ki Jawani, which of course I've already seen, but what blows my mind is that the girls were WAY more into it than the guys. We didn't watch the video in class, but when it came up in conversation, the girls all started singing and dancing, and the guys said they hated the video. I thought that was fascinating.
mredlich21 on November 1, 2021 at 9:01 pm said:
RNDBJ!!!! Perfect to discuss with teens. And I find that Sheila story fascinating too! I've always thought it was an empowering song, and I guess this is proof.
On Mon, Nov 1, 2021 at 8:11 PM dontcallitbollywood wrote:
Rachel Kaufman on November 1, 2021 at 11:34 pm said:
Sheila is a female empowerment song as far as I see it.
What cake are you making? Maybe Hux and I will follow suit. He's a great baker actually. We like simple, like vanilla made with REALLY good vanilla. And we can play with all sorts of piping tips.
Someone has to explain the Indian custom of feeding cake to each other bc that's not something we did in my family. But my whole Indian side of fam LOVED bday cake.
mredlich21 on November 2, 2021 at 8:27 am said:
I am so tired, I am buying cake. But, like, REALLY REALLY GOOD cake. Famously rich triple layer chocolate cake. I've heard they use mayo instead of butter in the batter which makes it extra dense and moist. I am very excited about this.
On Mon, Nov 1, 2021 at 11:35 PM dontcallitbollywood wrote:
Niki on November 2, 2021 at 11:16 am said:
So I recently saw The Notebook for the first time and while I thought it was a cute love story, I didn't think it was that original or amazing. I felt like I'd seen the various scenes and moments done better in indian movies that came out in the 90s. My question is whether you've ever seen a classic years later and been kinda disappointed with it like this?
Ugh, I HATE The Notebook!!!!
It's probably because I am such an optimist, but I more often go the other way. Some movie I've heard dismissed as not that great, I watch and go "wow, this is better than I was told!!!" Like, to take an easy example, Anjaam! It's a ridiculous slight movie, but it has some really good performances and songs and lots of stuff it should get credit for.
On Tue, Nov 2, 2021 at 11:17 AM dontcallitbollywood wrote:
Angie on November 3, 2021 at 3:01 am said:
Yes, american The Notebook is the worst. I couldn't even finish that movie. In my opinion people who liked it haven't seen a good romance for a while.
I know the question wasn't for me but recently I watched the first Narnia movie with my son and was so disappointed. It's just some kids walking and walking and walking, then there is a boring battle and it ends.
Niki on November 3, 2021 at 4:42 pm said:
I agree, it was a struggle to finish the movie and it was only 2 hrs long!
Courtney on November 7, 2021 at 12:04 pm said:
I read the Narnia series before I understood how series worked, so I read The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, which is book 2, but then I read book 7, the last one, and was horribly confused and disappointed when ~SPOILERS~ it turns out all the kids have grown up and died. ~END SPOILERS~ So it could have been worse.
mredlich21 on November 7, 2021 at 12:14 pm said:
Not all of them! the "bad" girl who got seduced in the first book, she gets to live a full life. I find the whole thing confusing.
On Sun, Nov 7, 2021 at 12:04 PM dontcallitbollywood wrote:
filmikudhi on November 3, 2021 at 7:04 am said:
I feel the same way. I actually feel that way about most movies based on Nicholas Sparks novels but I really hate the Notebook. If you ask my husband about what my least favorite movies are, he's say Notebook and anything Nicolas Spark in a heartbeat.
DCIB always surprises me in the best way when I find a mutual consensus like this which is counter to the popular opinion.
mredlich21 on November 3, 2021 at 10:01 am said:
It's because we are all so smart!!!!!
On Wed, Nov 3, 2021 at 7:04 AM dontcallitbollywood wrote:
So I had seen Pride and Prejudice (2005) for the first time this summer and I loved it so I thought I would experience the same thing with The Notebook.
Usually in these situations, I understand why the movie was so liked at the time but with this it was very baffling. I honestly felt like there were probably better romances that came out during the early 2000s.
Yeah, that happens to me a lot where I watch a movie knowing it had flopped and then I really enjoy it for some reason or another.
Genevieve Woods on November 2, 2021 at 12:36 pm said:
I'm searching for a non-glass container to send you some Nutritive Steep tea, made by the seed/herb guru wife of my fellow preschool teacher from organically grown herbs. If you drink it all day (which probably isn't recommended but I did do that once), you will end up peeing bright green yellow as if you took some vitamins that didn't absorb – so it's good for you. Don't put it in boiling water, just hot water. I fill a sauce pot with water and throw in a tea bag and put it on low, so that the water will heat and steam but never boils. If the water boils it tastes grassy.
Other than that tea I like any and all teas with hibiscus and or rose hips. We have a ton of wild rose bushes around our creeks and canals, the kids and I eat the rose hips on walks. Tangy. We have gathered them for tea, but don't do it often because then the kids expect sugar or honey and honestly with school and holidays and school lunches they are bombarded with sugar, so even though a sugar cube in a tea cup isn't a big deal, it starts to seem like way too much considering all they get outside the house. Candy, the cheapest, easiest and most unhealthy way to say "I love you".
Speaking of candy, if you want to attract more trick or treaters give out giant bars next year. Word will get around and the kids will come! Also, bringing a fire pit to the front of the house helps attract attention, and keeps you warm while waiting for trick or treaters.
My soothing SRK fantasy is probably putting myself in Kajol's spot for the Dilwale rain song. Dancing with SRK, ballroom dancing is a nice fantasy. I like dancing, but I'm not good at it and I'm pretty sure he would know how to lead. And dancing is intimate, but not necessarily romantic. We could all use an SRK dance.
Oooo, I have Hibiscus! I should try it tonight with my birthday cake.
I am watching "Candy: The Origin Story" now with my friend with a 3 year old. They resorted to candy as part of potty training and it was like MAGIC. And now they just use it for everything (bedtime, bath time, being polite, etc.). But I feel like this will backfire on them shortly.
Ooo, Ballroom Dancing with SRK is a nice fantasy! I am positive he is super good at leading and could make you feel graceful and perfect.
On Tue, Nov 2, 2021 at 12:36 PM dontcallitbollywood wrote:
townsandtulips on November 2, 2021 at 7:43 pm said:
I'll be cliché and say chamomile. It's very very mild and soothing needs mildness.
I just realized I don't have a particular SRK fantasy! How disappointing. It would be nice to have a dinner with the whole Khan family, but that's it, I think ?? How is this possible?


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La Fallada de l'arròs causada pels fongs Magnaporthe grisea, o  Magnaporthe oryzae , és un fong fitopatogen de les plantes que causa malalties importants que afecten l'arròs. Actualment se sap que M. grisea consta d'un complex críptic d'espècies que conté com a mínim dues espècies biològiques que no s'intrecreuen. En el gènere Digitaria també s'han trobat el complex d'espècies definit com a M. grisea. La resta dels membres del complex reben actualment el nom de Magnaporthe oryzae.

Membres del complex de Magnaporthe grisea també poden infectar altres cereals incloent el blat, sègol, ordi i mill perlat. En el cas de l'arròs les pèrdues causades per aquest fong s'estima que són equivalents a l'arròs que es menjarien 60 milions de persones. Aquest fong apareix en 85 països del món.

Hostes i símptomes

M. grisea és un fong ascomicet. Es pot reproduir tant sexualment com asexual i forma estructures infeccioses conegudes com a apressoris que poden infectar els teixits aeris i hifes que poden infectar els de les arrels

Els símptomes inicials són lesions o taques de color blanc a gris verdoses amb les vores més fosques mentre que les lesions més velles són el·líptiqus o fusiformes amb les vores necrosades. Els símptomes es poden veure en totes les parts per sobre de la terra de la planta. La planta hoste malalta produeix menys llavors, ja que la malaltia evita la maduració de les granes. La infecció pot matar la planta, ja que talla el subministrament d'aigua i nutrients.

El 2005 se'n va seqüenciar el genoma complet.

Distribució
La fallada de l'arròs es va manifestar a la Xina el 1637 i després al Japó el 1704, passant a Itàlia el 1828. Ara es troba a 85 països. El 1996 aparegué a Califòrnia.

Arma biològica
Els Estats Units i la Unió Soviètica van preparar espores de M. grisea contra els arrossars del Japó durant la Segona Guerra Mundial.

Cicle de la malaltia

Les espores del fong infecten la planta hoste i produeixen lesions o taques. Amb els apressoris el patogen penetra a la planta, aleshores M. grisea esporula i dispersa com conidiòespores. Després de passar l'hivern en llocs com la palla d'arròs es repeteix el cicle.

Un sol cicle es pot completar en només una setmana i una lesió pot generar milers d'espores en una sola nit. Es poden produir espores durant uns 20 dies i així les lesions poden ser devastadores en les varietats susceptibles d'arròs.

Medi ambient

Aquesta malaltia fúngica pot ser un problema significatiu en les regions de clima temperat. Les condicions que condueixen a aquesta malura inclouen llargs períodes d'humitat, ja que les fulles requereixen estar molles, i alta humitat relativa, per a poder ser infectades. L'esporulació augmenta amb l'alta humitat relativa i a 77-82 graus Farenheit, són nivells òptims per la germionació de les espores, formació de lesions i l'esporulació.

En termes de control, l'ús excessiu de fertilització nitrogenada i l'estrès per la secada incrementen la susceptibilitat de l'arròs al patogen, ja que les plantes estan debilitades i les seves defenses baixen. Períodes extensos de drenatge també afavoreixen la infecció donat que airegen el sòl i converteixen l'amoni a nitrat i també causen estrès a l'arròs.

Gestió
Aquest fong presenta resistències als tractaments químics i a la resistència per genètica, ja que presenta mutacions. Una mesura és eliminar els residus de la collita on passa l'hivern el fong, Una altra és plantar varietats resistents. Els controls químics amb la substància Carpropamida eviten la penetració dels apresoris dins les cèl·lules epidèrmiques de l'arròs i fan que els grans no s'infectin.

Importància
Una enquesta, feta el 2012, a 495 científics de tot el món considera que Magnaporthe oryzae és l'espècie patògena de fong més important del món. En l'arròs aquesta és la malaltia més important i mai ha estat erradicada de cap regió del món.

Referències

Fonts
 Couch BC, Fudal I, Lebrun MH, Tharreau D, Valent B, van Kim P, Notteghem JL, Kohn LM (2005). "Origins of host-specific populations of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in crop domestication with subsequent expansion of pandemic clones on rice and weeds of rice." Genetics 170, 613-630.
 Dean, RA; et al. (2005). "The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea." Nature. 434, 980-986.
 Sesma, A; Osbourn, AE (2004). "The rice leaf blast pathogen undergoes developmental processes typical of root-infecting fungi." Nature. 431, 582-586.
 Talbot, NJ (2003). "On the trail of a cereal killer: Exploring the biology of Magnaporthe grisea." Annual Review of Microbiology. 57, 177-202.
 Zeigler, RS; Leong, SA; Teeng, PS (1994). "Rice Blast Disease." Wallingford: CAB International.
 California EPA. Rice Crop Infestation in Three Counties Leads To Emergency Burn Agreement, February 11, 1998
 Kadlec, RP. Biological Weapons for Waging Economic Warfare , Air & Space Power Chronicles
 NSF. Microbial Genome Helps Blast Devastating Rice Disease, April 21, 2005
 United States Congress. Testimony of Dr. Kenneth Alibek, 1999
 Wilson, RA, Talbot, NJ (2009). "Under pressure: investigating the biology of plant infection by Magnaporthe oryzae." Nature Reviews. 7, 185-195.

Enllaços externs
 GROMO - Genomic Resources of Magnaporthe oryzae
 Magnaporthe grisea Genome
 The official Website of the International Rice Blast Genome Consortium
 Index Fungorum
 Magnaporthe grisea at MetaPathogen: stages, tissues, mating types, strains, references

Sordariomicets
Fitopatologia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia