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Where Is Spanish Spoken?
Languages › Spanish
Spanish is top language in 20 countries, widely used in others
Andorra la Vella, Andorra.
Xiquinho Silva / Creative Commons.
by Gerald Erichsen
Gerald Erichsen, Spanish language expert, has created Spanish lessons for ThoughtCo since 1998.
Spanish is one of the world's most important languages: It is spoken by more than a half-billion people, making it one of the world's most widely spoken languages, according to Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
Although Spanish had its origins as a variation of Latin in the Iberian Peninsula, it is now used most extensively in the Americas. It is the official or de facto national language in 20 countries, and it increasingly is used in several other countries, including the United States.
The following list is of those countries where Spanish is the most important language. It is official in most of them, although in a few cases the language is dominant without being officially recognized.
Where Spanish Is the Top Language
Andorra: French and Catalan are also widely spoken languages in this country, one of the smallest in Europe.
Argentina: In terms of area, Argentina is the largest country where Spanish is the national language. The Spanish of Argentina is distinguished by its use of vos and its pronunciation of the ll and y sounds.
Bolivia: Although nearly all residents of Bolivia speak Spanish, about half do so as a second language.
Chile: Spanish is universally used in this narrow country, with little variation from north to south.
Colombia: With about 50 million people, Colombia is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in South America and has become linguistically influential because of its TV and movie industry. English is co-official in the San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Department off the coast of Nicaragua.
Costa Rica: Indigenous languages have all but disappeared in this peaceful Central American country. Costa Ricans are sometimes called ticos because of the use of the -ico diminutive suffix.
Cuba: Like other Caribbean Spanish, the Spanish of this island nation is characterized by the weakening of consonant sounds, especially the -s at the end of a syllable.
Dominican Republic: Weakening of consonants, such as the disappearance of the d sound in past participles and other words ending in -ado, is common in Dominican Spanish.
Ecuador: Despite its small size, the Spanish of this country on the equator is characterized by strong regional variations.
El Salvador: The use of vos as the second-person singular pronoun is very common in this Central American country.
Equatorial Guinea: Spanish is spoken by about 70 percent of the population in this African nation, where French and Portuguese are also official but much less widely used. About 500,000 speak the indigenous Fang language.
Guatemala: Although Spanish is the dominant language of Guatemala, about 20 indigenous languages are spoken by several million people total.
Mexico: By population, Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking country. The accent used in its capital, Mexico City, is sometimes considered to be "standard" Latin American Spanish and is sometimes imitated for movies and television in other countries.
Nicaragua: Although Spanish is the national language, a creole English and indigenous languages such as Miskito are widely used on the Atlantic Coast.
Panama: Imported English words are fairly common in Panamanian Spanish because of the influence of the former Panama Canal Zone.
Paraguay: The Spanish of this small country is similar to that of Argentina. The indigenous Guaraní language is co-official.
Peru: Spanish is dominant in most areas of the country, while the indigenous Quechua and Ayamara languages are co-official.
Spain: Spanish is just one of four official languages of the birthplace of Spanish, the others being Catalan, Galician, and Euskara (often known as Basque). Catalan and Galician are strong connections with Spanish, both having developed from Latin, while Euskara is unrelated to any other language in Europe.
Uruguay: The Spanish of this small country is similar to that of Argentina.
Venezuela: Although dozens of indigenous languages have legal recognition in Venezuela, only Spanish is used as a national language.
Other Countries Where Spanish Is Important
Tops on the list of other countries where Spanish is spoken is, of course, the United States, although it is a semi-official language in only one state (New Mexico). Spanish is also the dominant language in Puerto Rico, a mostly autonomous U.S. territory.
Well over 20 million U.S. residents have Spanish as a primary language, although most are bilingual. You'll find plenty of Spanish speakers with Mexican heritage along the southern U.S. border and in many agricultural areas throughout the country, those of Cuban heritage in Florida, and those of Puerto Rican heritage in New York City, just to name a few. Miami has the largest number of Spanish speakers in the Western Hemisphere outside of Latin America, but you'll find plenty of communities all over that have enough hispanohablantes to support Spanish-language media and services.
Spanish used to be an official language of the Philippines, although few people these days speak it as a first language. However, a large proportion of the vocabulary of the national language, Filipino, is of Spanish origin.
Although English is the official language, Spanish is widely used in Central America's Belize and is taught in schools.
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Q: Can I use SuppressMessage on a framework method? I would like to implement the following suggestion from CodeContracts:
CodeContracts: MyModule: Method MyModule.MyClass.MyMethod:
To mask *all* warnings issued like the precondition add the attribute:

[SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Contracts", "RequiresAtCall-propertyAccessor != null")]

to the method

System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Property(System.Linq.Expressions.Expression,System.Reflection.MethodInfo)

It feels like I should be able to use SupressMessage with the Target attribute to make this happen. However, because this is a Framework method, I'm not sure.
//doesn't work
[module: SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Contracts", "RequiresAtCall-propertyAccessor != null", Scope = "Member", Target = "System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Property(System.Linq.Expressions.Expression,System.Reflection.MethodInfo)", Justification = "This isn't covered by Linq Contracts yet.")]

How can I globally suppress this warning, so I don't have to baseline or suppress all of the callsite warnings?
EDIT: The specific usage that requires this measure is:

void mymethod()
{
    var myObserver = new PropertyObserver<MyViewModel>();
    //this line throws the error, within the n => n.Value expression
    myObserver.RegisterHandler(n => n.Value, OnValueChanged);
}

public class PropertyObserver<TPropertySource> where TPropertySource : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    public PropertyObserver<TPropertySource> RegisterHandler(
        Expression<Func<TPropertySource, object>> expression,
        Action<TPropertySource> handler)
    {
        //what this does is irrelevant; the violation  occurs in the method call
    }
}

//n => n.Value decompiles to the following
public static MemberExpression Property (Expression expression, MethodInfo   propertyAccessor)
{
    //and this line is the message I want to suppress, but it's in the .NET framework.
    ContractUtils.RequiresNotNull(propertyAccessor, "propertyAccessor");
    ValidateMethodInfo(propertyAccessor);
    return Property (expression, GetProperty(propertyAccessor));
}

A: After some more investigation with ranomore, there seems to be a bug in Code Contracts.
The class being accessed via n => n.Value has a generic T Value property. If the class is changed to a non-generic class (with object Value) the warning disappears. (A generic class with object Value also gives the warning).
Of course, this doesn't answer the original question, but I don't think it's possible to do that.

A: *

*Add GlobalSuppressions.cs to root of project.

*Add your [module...

*Replace the word module with assembly.
Does that work?

A: It actually works. You can add a SupressMessageAttribute to the method that contains the expression. Just don't use RequiresAtCall. Instead, use Requires:
[SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Contracts", "Requires",
                 Justification = "Bug in static checker")]
public void Override(AutoMapping<Bookings> mapping)
{
    Contract.Assume(mapping != null);

    mapping.Id(x => x.Id);
}

The obvious downside is that you will have to plaster your code with these...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dr. Larian utilizes the most minimally invasive surgical techniques when performing parathyroid surgery. As a result, he only needs to make an incision that is 1.5 cm in length and uses a plastic surgery closure technique to further minimize the appearance of the resulting scar. Below are the almost invisible scars that some of our parathyroidectomy patients have after surgery.
We have also put together a photo gallery of some of the different parathyroid tumors Dr. Larian has removed during minimally invasive parathyroid procedures.
See the entire Parathyroid Tumor Gallery.
If you are suffering from hyperparathyroidism, schedule your consultation with the best parathyroid surgeon – Dr. Babak Larian.


The workshop will have five presentations or cases which will demonstrate the progress of preservation of and access to scientific data in developing countries from policy and strategy into practices. An overview of 10 years experiences of the PASTDC will be presented. The cases from China, Mongolia, South African, and APN-CODATA PASTDC joint action in Tibet will be the presented at the workshop. The workshop will show the progress and new challenges of scientific data management in developing countries.
After welcome new natinal member from Mongolia, the roundtable discussion will focus on the following topics: (1) Policy and Strategy on Open Knowledge Environment in Developing Countries and What the Task Group on PASTDC should do during next two years; (2) Best practices and show cases network and system in developing countries; (3) Capacity building of scientific data management in developing countries; and (4) Action Plan for the CODATA TG PASTDC 2013 – International Workshop on Open Access Scientific Data and Information for World Heritage Preservation and Sustainable Development, Kenya, 2013. Based on the roundtable discussions, science and implementation plan of the CODATA Task Group on PASTDC from 2012-2014 will be finalized.


Andrew joined Else from a leading international law firm with over 25 years experience in construction law and is considered an expert in this area.
Andrew has considerable experience in resolving construction disputes, involving contractors, sub-contractors, developers, professionals and funders as well as advice on issues arising during a construction project and drafting and advice on all forms of contracts or agreements in the construction industry.
Andrew's most notable work includes a number of reported cases in the High Court relating to construction law (particularly, enforcement of adjudicator's awards), successfully negotiating settlement of significant claims on favourable terms for the client and improving contractual terms and conditions for clients.
Pursuing or defending claims in the Technology and Construction Court.
Pursuing or defending claims by way of adjudication.
Resolving disputes through mediation or other forms of negotiation.
Advising on one off issues arising during a construction project.
Drafting and advising on amendments to all major standard forms of construction contracts including JCT, ICE and NEC.
Drafting and advising on appointment documents for professionals.
Dealing with claims in construction insolvency situations.
Advising on realisation of assets prior to or after the insolvent event.
Andrew supports Birmingham City FC and enjoys watching all forms of sport including cricket, rugby, golf and tennis. His four children take up a lot of his out of work time. Otherwise, Andrew enjoys watching films or going to the theatre.


Any website that provides information about Apache Trail HS can be listed on this page. Use the form to have a site checked to see if it can be included in this list of Apache Trail links.
In what state (abbreviation) is Apache Trail High School located?


A massive explosion and ensuing fire destroyed much of the Imperial Sugar processing facility. Haag engineers were asked to evaluate the scope and cost of damage, monitor the repairs, and segregate upgrades and improvements.
A massive explosion and ensuing fire destroyed the entire packaging and bulk loading facilities as well as damaging the sugar refining, electrical power and steam facilities, and storage warehouses and bulk silos. Haag engineers were called in to evaluate the complete scope of damage to the facility. Then, we developed detailed cost figures for in-kind restoration of the facility. Finally, we monitored restoration work during the two-year work period to segregate all upgrades and improvements included with the actual costs. Haag engineers were involved in evaluating damage to structural, mechanical, electrical, and process equipment. Haag prepared detailed cost estimates for all phases of the work.


text:
World Legal
Home Judgement Landmark judgment on therapy centers passed by the Kerala High Court
Landmark judgment on therapy centers passed by the Kerala High Court
LAWNN.COM
About a span of five years of prolonged campaign by parent support group TogetherWeCan which has been advocating for close monitoring and supervision of therapy centers for children with disabilities in Kerala, the High Court of Kerala has passed a comprehensive judgment regarding therapy centers for children with disabilities.
The sustained campaign for five years now has finally come to fruition. The landmark judgment will hopefully lead to similar efforts across India.
The Kerala High Court has given clear orders regarding therapy centers –
Following states the Kerala High Court-
Regulations for running therapy centers must be notified within 10 days.
And model therapy centers will be established by the state government across districts that are affordable, Advocate, X accessible and appropriate. They must be marriage by competent professionals.
It is must to register all the therapy centres in Kerala within a span of four ones.
A sum of over Rs.3.5 crore has been allocated towards this move and the government must use this money only towards establishing therapy centers.
Seema Lal, the co-founder of TogetherWeCan, hopes this will motivate the parents of the differently-abled children to speak up for the rights due to them and their children.
This is a big step that will empower the parents of differently-abled children.
SOURCEImage Source And Credit- Google Images
Previous articleCoronavirus –Lawyers, litigants directed to avoid overcrowding court premises by the Delhi High Court
Next articleDHCBA – Lawyers should not be brought under Consumer Act
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Major changes under the Draft Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Bill, 2022
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Call for Papers for Volume XII, Issue II of the NLIU Law Review 2023
What is PESA act? Madhya Pradesh to implement PESA

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text:
Cuban FM States US Lacks Moral Authority to Promote Peace
The Cuban FM also noted that the disguised implementation of former President Donald Trump's erroneous and dangerous foreign policy (2017-2021) makes the current U.S. Government accountable for the damage caused to international peace and stability, and its serious consequences.
On his Twitter account, the foreign minister addressed Washington's divisive strategy by criticizing U.S. President Joe Biden's speech during the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly, during which he praised his commitments to multilateral organizations.
"President Biden's administration is making a serious mistake, with consequences for all, in its efforts to split the world between those who submit to it and those who defend their sovereign right to self-determination with dignity," the FM pointed out.
The Cuban FM also noted that the disguised implementation of President Donald Trump's erroneous and dangerous foreign policy (2017-2021) makes the current U.S. Government accountable for the damage caused to international peace and stability, and its serious consequences.
At the UN, President Biden blatantly lied, claiming, "For the first time in 20 years, the US is not at war."
FALSE. The Biden admin has bombed Syria, Iraq, Somalia, backing Saudi bombing of Yemen.
The US is militarily occupying Syria and Iraq, and waging economic war everywhere pic.twitter.com/lRQASv0MHl
— Ben Norton (@BenjaminNorton) September 21, 2021
The head of Cuban diplomacy stated that "the biggest threat to the U.S. is the growing political polarization and extremism within its own territory, and for Latin America, the imposition of the imperialist Monroe Doctrine."
In his speech at the UN on Tuesday, President Biden sought to dissociate himself from his predecessor, Donald Trump. He stated that the United States is "back at the table in international forums, especially at the United Nations, to focus attention and boost global actions on shared challenges."
Tillerson, Trump and Netanyahu
Published at www.telesurenglish.net
Modi and Macron: Two of Netanyahu's friends get closer
Biden makes the case at the UN for using…
Iran Urges US To Abandon "Reliance on Sanctions"
Cuba: Caravans Take to Havana's Malecon To Say…
World Finance chooses Salvador for the Bitcoin experiment
SOURCEwww.telesurenglish.net


Tumpy Green Equestrian Centre is a friendly, professional, family run riding centre that has been established since 2003. Tumpy Green Equestrian Centre is a licensed riding centre, approved by the British Horse Society (BHS), the Association of British Riding Schools (ABRS) and as a Pony Club Centre. We can be found of the A38 just outside Dursley, within easy travelling distance of Stroud, Gloucester and Bristol.
The Tumpy Green Equestrian Centre is owned by Renee Watkins, who is a BHS Al Qualified instructor. The yard is jointly run by Renee and her sister Naomi Watkins, who is also a qualified instructor. Tumpy Green Equestrian Centre also has a variety of instructors who also teach at the yard, specialist trainers visit regularly to hold dressage, show jumping and cross country clinics for our more experienced pupils, livery owners and horse owners from other yards.
Whether you are a complete novice or an experienced rider Tumpy Green Equestrian Centre has something to offer you. We provide a safe, fun learning environment where you can develop your equestrian skills at a pace that suits you. From Fun Days to Dressage Clinics we have a wide and varied program to suit all levels of experience and confidence.
We have a selection of horses and ponies to suit all ages and abilities, so we can be sure to match your individual needs with the most suitable partner. We normally have around 40 horses and ponies so plenty of choice!
We have a wide variety of staff, so whether you are riding for the first time, returning to riding after many years, or an experienced rider we can offer you instruction at the right level for you.
Our excellent facilities include; Floodlit indoor arenas, large floodlit outdoor arena, cross country course, full set of show jumps, ample parking for cars, trailers and horseboxes. Immediate access to off road riding.


text:
Children in Need 2019: When it is on the TV and which famous names are on the new charity album 'Got It Covered'
Stars who are singing on an album of covers in aid of BBC Children In Need
Iain Lynn
Olivia Colman has admitted that singing on an album of covers in aid of BBC Children In Need was "really scary" - and that she should "definitely" stick to acting.
The Oscar-winning star - who is playing the Queen in the forthcoming third season of Netflix drama The Crown - is one of a number of famous names appearing on the Got It Covered album.
Adrian Lester, Jim Broadbent, Suranne Jones, Himesh Patel, Shaun Dooley, Olivia Colman and Helena Bonham Carter, who are all singing on an album of covers in aid of BBC Children In Need
Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, Luke Evans, Suranne Jones, David Tennant, Himesh Patel, Shaun Dooley and Jodie Whittaker are among the actors-turned-singers who have handpicked a song significant to them for the record.
READ MORE: Funnyman Sir Lenny Henry to share memories of his life in show blended with unique comedy
Colman's contribution is a version of Glory Box by Somerset trip-hop group Portishead.
She said: "It was part of my childhood I suppose - Pudsey. So I thought it was a great opportunity to be part of it.
"I think I should definitely stick to my day job! It's really hard and it's really scary, especially when you are aware of your limitations - but all for a good cause."
The 45-year-old actress is known for her roles in TV shows Peep Show, Fleabag and Broadchurch, and films The Iron Lady and The Favourite.
The album also features Doctor Who's Whittaker singing Yellow by Coldplay, Broadbent performing Rogers and Hart's Blue Moon, and Yesterday star Patel taking on All These Things That I've Done by The Killers.
Bonham Carter, who stars alongside Colman as Princess Margaret in the new series of The Crown, sings Both Sides Now by Joni Mitchell.
An accompanying 90-minute film will follow the stars as they record at the famous Abbey Road and Rak studios to raise money for disadvantaged children and young people throughout the UK.
The documentary will also shine a light on projects funded by Children In Need.
The group received guidance from record producers and songwriters Guy Chambers and Jonathan Quarmby.
Vocal coach Mark De-Lisser helped the stars produce their tracks.
Showpiece event for Wigan leisure hub relaunch
Bonfire Night in Wigan 2019: all of the fireworks displays and Guy Fawkes events
Children In Need: Got It Covered is due for release on Friday November 1, while the accompanying documentary will air on BBC One at 7.30pm on Wednesday October 30.
The Children in Need telethon will air on BBC on Friday, November 15.
Stand-up comedian exposes Wigan fare dodger on Edinburgh-bound train
'Warrington Wolves LIED by saying Wigan Warriors wanted Anthony Gelling' - Ian Lenagan


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Abbas In Moscow To Seek Support On Jerusalem, Peace Conference
Russian President Vladimir Putin (right) and Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas after a meeting in Sochi in May 2017
Palestinian Authority President Mahmud Abbas arrived in Moscow on February 12 for meetings with President Vladimir Putin as he seeks Russia's support in the face of rising tensions with the United States.
Abbas was originally scheduled to meet with Putin at the Black Sea resort of Sochi, but the Russian leader canceled the trip to remain in the capital to monitor developments after the crash of a passenger plane killed 71 people outside of Moscow on February 11.
The Palestinian leader's trip to Moscow comes two weeks after a visit by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Relations between the U.S. administration and the Palestinians have been strained since President Donald Trump on December 6 announced he was recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital, angering the Arab world and triggering condemnation elsewhere.
Palestinians regard Jerusalem as the capital of their future state. Israel has annexed East Jerusalem and declared the entire city as its capital, a move never recognized by the international community, and Abbas would like to strengthen his position behind Russian support.
Abbas is also looking to get backing for an international mechanism for Middle East peace talks to supplant the United States as the leading player.
Israel and the United States have long opposed an international effort involving the United Nations in peace negotiations, expressing concerns it would be biased against Israel. They have insisted on direct talks between the parties.
"Russia and Putin can play an important role within the frame of an international forum for peace," Majdi al-Khalidi, an adviser to Abbas, was quoted by The Times of Israel as saying.
Abbas, who is scheduled to speak at the UN Security Council on February 20, has also been angered by threats by Trump to cut funding to the Palestinian Authority.
The Palestinian envoy to Moscow, Abd al Hafiz Nofal, said on February 11 that the Palestinians were not looking to exclude the United States from the peace process, "only asking that other parties join" as well.
Aleksandr Shumilin, a Middle East scholar at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies, called Abbas's visit "an attempt to cozy up to Russia, a consistent ally, and to stop Netanyahu leading Moscow astray during an improvement in Russia-Israeli ties."
Shumilin told the AFP news agency that the Palestinian leader's visit "is a necessary political gesture for Abbas but can do little in the practical sense."
"It is also definitely not worth expecting a breakthrough from this visit," he added.
Russia in 2016 offered to host one-on-one talks between Abbas and Netanyahu, but nothing came of the suggestion.
With reporting by AFP, AP, The Times of Israel, and Palestinian News & Info Agency


text:
Tag Cafe
Newly Opened Birmingham Coffee Shop Gives the Homeless Chance to Work
Nov 19, 2022 Texas Metro News 0 Comment
Modern House is a chance for Whetstone to express his entrepreneurial spirit through providing a community service.
NNPA Newswire/BlackPressUSA
The Birmingham Times
By Ryan Michaels
Troy Whetstone, owner of the newly opened Modern House Coffee Shop in Titusville, said he wasn't one for coffee until recently. "I'll go grab a Mountain Dew if I need some hype," Whetstone said.
Modern House, which has been in the works since 2019, held its grand opening Sept. 23 in Titusville. Whetstone wants to do more than just serve coffee. He wants his shop to serve as a catalyst for people experiencing homeless to learn valuable skills, he said.
"Many of these companies, the minimum is soft skills, being a people person, dealing with those type of things, knowing how to interact with people, so that's what we kind of doing here. We're incorporating that here through coffee," he said.
In addition to providing people skills training and paying $12 per hour his business will have a partnership with Lawson State Community College to help employees get professional certifications, he said.
Whetstone developed a passion for those experiencing homelessness through his church, Faith Chapel, located in Birmingham's Sherman Heights neighborhood. The church also operates its Care Center in Smithfield which provides showers, laundry and other services to people experiencing homelessness.
Working weekly overseeing the Care Center's showers, Whetstone said he wanted to do more for the homeless population.
"You wouldn't even know [many were homeless]. It was just something that had happened, and it caused them to be homeless, but they're still trying to work their way out of that, so we're just hoping that we can be that extra help, that extra step," Whetstone said.
In addition to Lawson State and Faith Chapel, Whetstone has also partnered with numerous other organizations, including the Community Foundation of Greater Birmingham.
Opening his coffee shop is not Whetstone's first experience with Titusville. He and his wife Jeanisha, with whom Whetsone runs Modern House, spent some of their early marriage there in an old family house, which has been in his family for more than 30 years.
"I was 20, she was 18, and that was an opportunity for us to live there rent free," Whetsone said of he and his wife. "All we had to do was just pay for our utilities, so it gave us an opportunity to grow without…having credit, not having a livable wage, having to work two part time jobs to make it as a full-time job."
"Titusville helped me grow up as a man," he added.
In the process Whetstone has broadened his knowledge of coffee, such as the different tastes.
"I drank a cup the other day, just black, just to get that flavor…so I'm just trying to learn more about the industry, and the more I learn, the more I see different growth aspects of this company," he said.
In 2019, he ran a series of pop-ups in Birmingham's Ensley community, where he planned to open a brick-and-mortar store.
Jeff Huey, founder of Homewood-based Seeds Coffee and a business partner of Whetstone's, encouraged Whestone to move the business to Titusville.
"I literally left Seeds in Homewood, and I went driving around here. I drove up and down on Sixth Avenue [South], back and forth, and then I saw one building up there to the left, and then I saw this one right here," Whetstone said.
That building, now the Modern House, reminded Whetstone of a favorite restaurant of he and his wife's in New Orleans, LA called Surrey's Café & Juice Bar.
"It's a shack house," said Whetstone, of the small, simply-designed structure. "It's just like [the Modern House building], but it stays slamming-packed, and it's like one of those local spots. If you're not from that area of New Orleans, you may not know about it, unless somebody shared it with you. And when it's shared with you, you're gonna go every time," Whetstone said.
Whetstone, 35, grew up in Fairfield until third grade before moving to Hueytown, where he first met his wife and graduated from Hueytown High School. Whetstone is the son of Troy Whetstone Sr., a former aviation expert, and Patricia, a former administrative employee of the Buffalo Rock Company, and has one sister, Kimberley.
Whetstone is also owner of Aircraft Cleaning Solutions, an aircraft detailing company he founded in 2010. Whetstone said he was brought into the business by his father following the economic downturn in 2008.
"I liked the jets. I liked the atmosphere, the business that I was seeing, and we started the company."
Realizing he wanted to know more about aviation, Whetstone he took classes at Lawson State, enough to get into Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, FL, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in aviation management.
Aircraft Cleaning Solutions was originally a "hustle" that grew into a career, Whetstone said. Through some shrewd business moves, quality of work,' it was immediately successful," Whetstone said.
Modern House is a chance for Whetstone to express his entrepreneurial spirit through providing a community service, he said.
"With me being an entrepreneur, just having that mindset…seeing a void and fulfilling it.
"I saw an opportunity to offer the coffee shop, to provide jobs, opportunities, to provide those soft skills training," he said.
Modern House Coffee Shop is located at 422 Sixth Avenue S and is open from 6am to 2pm, Monday through Friday.
Find Modern House on Instagram at https://www.instagram.com/the_modern_house__/
This article originally appeared in The Birmingham Times.


Play where the Tigers play. Practice your swing and experience Clemson golf on the 18-hole championship John E. Walker Sr. Golf Course, one of most prominent golf courses in South Carolina. Designed by DJ DeVictor, the Walker Course serves as home for the Clemson University 2003 NCAA national champion golf team.
Whether it's for a golf outing or just a day out of the office, everyone can enjoy Clemson golf year-round at the Walker Course! Group and individual rates as well as family and corporate memberships are also available.
The last five holes, including the signature Tiger Paw 17th hole, run along the shores of Hartwell Lake and offer the most spectacular collection of finishing holes among all golf courses in South Carolina. To get a feel for what our course looks like, watch a slideshow of our beautiful Walker Golf Course!
Right outside the James F. Martin Inn guest rooms are the gorgeous Walker Course greens and Bermuda fairways where you can sharpen your skills on the practice green and driving range.
Learn more about the Walker Course at GolfMania and Golf Caddy Online.
For questions, or to reserve a tee time, call us at 864-656-0236.


• Leaf Collection Starts October ?
Effective October 3, refuse and recycling collection services return to a 7 a.m. start time.
To avoid heat related injuries during the summer, collection started one hour earlier. Trash and recycling should be placed out for collection prior to 7 am. on your designated collection day.
Due to the Columbus Day holiday on October 10, residents are reminded that trash and recycling services will be delayed for pickup by one day.
The Household Hazardous Waste and Electronics Collection drop-off center will be closed on Monday, October 10 for the Columbus Day holiday. Normal hours of operation are every Monday and Saturday from 7:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. located at 3224 Colvin Street.
As leaves start changing colors and dropping to the ground, it's time to start thinking about leaf collection. The City's leaf collection program starts October 31 and runs through December 30. Remember, there are three ways to recycle your leaves each season: rake leaves to the curb for vacuum collection; place leaves in paper leaf bags for curbside collection; or compost leaves and yard waste on-site. If you don't know your leaf collection zone, forget your collection date, or need more information visit alexandriava.gov/LeafCollection or call 703.746.5323.
There are many materials that you may use during a move that can be disposed of after you're unpacked, simply put them in your recycling cart and move it curbside on your regular collection day. For cardboard boxes, please remove all shipping materials, flatten, and place boxes next to your recycling cart. Plastic wrap can be included with plastic grocery bags and recycled at your local grocery store. For more information, visit alexandriava.gov/ResourceRecovery.


Sick Hubby & Shopping fun!!!
JL stayed home sick today – got the bug going around the center. NHL wanted to go to nursery school, so I took him in this morning and came back home. JL took a very long nap. During this time JSL slept some, got up nursed and went with me to my old school to get some things in classroom that were still there. We were also meeting someone at school to pick up Rescue Hero things that her sons no longer wanted. After that we went back home for more moo time. JL was up and feeling much better by this time. He helped me with a diaper change at one point and had fast flying breastfed baby poop heading out with no diaper on JSL. Fun cleanup followed including the carpet we just got in that room. . . . and two of NHL's coloring books were tossed.
Now I'm home for more Moo-time . . . 'tis my life as a paci-booba-fier!


Residential Housing Association's Haunted Hallway draws in large numbers for the annual Halloween event.
There was no lack of tricks or treats at this years Haunted Hallways.
It was a wicked good time in Manor Hall during the annual Haunted Hallway event. For one night a year, the tunnel between residential halls Manor and Sorin became a haunted house for students to explore. Hosted by the Residential Housing Association (RHA), the event invited various student organizations to create horror-filled rooms for the hallway.
Held on Oct. 31, students congregated in Manor's Great Hall for the Halloween celebration. RHA staff blasted classic Halloween tunes such as "The Monster Mash," along with modern pop music hits through the duration of the night. Organizations including the Women's Resource Center (WRC), Hamline Fashion Club and even Drew's Hall Council set up tables featuring games and goodies for students. Attendees dressed in costumes could enter a contest with categories in creativity, fear-factor and the "best feminist" costume. But the main attraction of the night was the haunted tour.
Lead by RAs and RHA staff members, groups left Manor every five minutes to begin the haunting experience.
After being lead to Sorin, students wandered in the pitch black basement as actors lured the group into haunting rooms. Here, actors performed short skits that heavily featured jump scares, fake gore and flashing lights.
Attendance numbers for the entire event were estimated through these tour signups. The numbers showed great participation this year. According to RHA Public Relations Chair and sophomore Amanda Danielson, Haunted Hallway's first hour drew in more students than last year's total number of attendees.
"If the tours didn't run every five minutes, we have been booked past 11 [p.m.]," Danielson said.
To Danielson, the growing number is almost a relief. With Haunted Hallway falling on Halloween this year, there was worry students would have other plans.
While the high level of attendance created some stalling in the tours, first-year attendee Shelby Giess had a positive experience throughout the night.
"I expected a wait for the Haunted Hallway portion, so I wasn't upset about that," Giess said.
Though Giess's tour was stopped once between rooms to wait for another group to continue, she did not feel it took from the experience.
"It was a very positive atmosphere. Everyone was lovely and the scariness level was perfect in my opinion, spooky enough whether or not you like horror things," Giess said.
Despite the popularity, the tour was not for everyone. Senior Becky Hirsch, a co-judge to the costume contest, would love to see less scary programming on campus. This was her first time at the event.
The event lasted three hours, with back-to-back tours. With Haunted Hallway considered a success, RHA will now focus on the annual fall semester's Late Night Study Breakfast. The event will provide students a chance to break from finals cramming and enjoy breakfast food.


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Editors Go Global: Inspiration at the Keynote Address
Editing / Usage
Jun 24, 2015 - By Lesley-Anne Longo
Last week was a very exciting event for editors in Canada (and around the world)--the 2015 EAC International Conference, "Editing Goes Global," was held in Toronto. Organized and hosted by the Editors' Association of Canada, this was the first-ever global conference of editors, and obviously TEC staff jumped at the chance to attend! There were so many great seminars, it was hard to choose which to sit in on, let alone write about. So we've decided to write about a seminar or talk that each of us found inspiring.
Conflict over Grammar Rules
For me, it was the opening keynote address by Carol Fisher Saller (a.k.a. the Subversive Copy Editor). Her speech, entitled "What Bugs Copy Editors," had three parts, but the section that resonated the most with me focused on "conflict over conflicting rules."
In essence, Saller explained, "when rules conflict, you probably have to break a rule—and it's okay." Now, most copy editors would hear that and think, "Break a rule? No way!" However, this is exactly what Saller was trying to get at. She explained that the rules exist to serve us, not the other way around.
As she pointed out, "language is wonderfully messy," and while many rules exist to help us maintain consistency in a piece of writing, they are arbitrary, and when adhering to these arbitrary rules begins to hinder the conveying of meaning, they must be discarded. When we take a piece of writing and "grind it through the style guide mill," we can't do so without thinking of whether or not the readers and the audience are being served.
Editors: Hey, It's Okay to Break a Rule
Once we accept that it can be okay to break the rules, we should realize that we can't just break a rule because we feel like it. We have to know the meaning behind the rule in order to defend breaking it. If the style guide you're using doesn't adhere to the Oxford (or series) comma, what happens when you come across a sentence that might be misunderstood without it? You could leave the comma out and maintain consistency, but would doing so serve the reader?
Saller's keynote reminds us that we should be more concerned with helping the reader than with the technicalities, which is why we do the work we do.
So, hey! It is okay to break a rule when doing so leads to clearer writing.
For a review of The Subversive Copy Editor by TEC editor Barbara, click here.
And if you're a writer struggling to self-edit your work, check out our resource centre for free downloadable guides!
"The point is, your style guide-or any given "rule" you learned in school-was created so you would do something the same way every time for the sake of consistency, for the reader's sake. It's less distracting that way. You learn style rules so you don't have to stop and ponder every time you, say, come to a number in the text: 'Hmm. Here's a number. Shall I spell it out? Use numerals?' You know your chosen style by heart, so you just fly by with confidence. Style rules aren't used because they're 'correct.' They're used for your convenience in serving the reader."
― Carol Fisher Saller, The Subversive Copy Editor: Advice from Chicago


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Wavre (; en valón: Wåve, localmente Aufe) es la capital de la provincia belga de Brabante Valón, en la región Valona. El municipio incluye las villas de Limal y Bierges y forma parte de la Comunidad francesa de Bélgica.

Geografía
El municipio Wavre tiene una superficie de 41,80 km². Su altitud es de 75 metros sobre el nivel del mar y se encuentra a 22 km de Bruselas y 35 km de Namur.

Con una población al 1 de enero de 2019 de 34 396, su densidad poblacional es de  personas/km²

Wavre se encuentra en el valle del río Dyle, un pequeño río parcialmente cubierto.

Secciones del municipio

El municipio comprende los antiguos municipios, que se fusionaron en 1977:

Municipios limítrofes
 Provincia del Brabante Valón
 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve
 Rixensart
 Grez-Doiceau
 Chaumont-Gistoux
 Provincia del Brabante Flamenco
 Overijse
 Huldenberg

Demografía

Evolución
Todos los datos históricos relativos al actual municipio, el siguiente gráfico refleja su evolución demográfica, incluyendo municipios después de efectuada la fusión el 1 de enero de 1977.

Ciudades hermanadas
 Hénin-Beaumont (Francia)

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Web municipal
 Web de la revista de cultura de Wavre
 Wabre Online
 Historia de la batalla de Wavre y Waterloo
 El carillón de Wavre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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New Jersey kosher market shooters planned another attack, possibly on Jews: prosecutor
(Reuters) – The two people who carried out a fatal gun rampage at a kosher grocery store in northern New Jersey last month were planning another attack and may have targeted Jewish people, a spokesman for the U.S. attorney's office said on Monday.
David Anderson, 47, and Francine Graham, 50, fatally shot a police officer and then three civilians in a kosher market on Dec. 10 in Jersey City, across the Hudson River from New York City, in what authorities called an act of domestic terrorism.
The assailants were killed in a police shoot-out. An FBI investigation including a review of their internet search history showed they had run a Google search prior to the attack for "Bayonne Jewish Community Center," about three miles from the kosher market, said Matthew Reilly, a spokesman for Craig Carpenito, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of New Jersey.
"They were targeting Jewish people and also law enforcement," Reilly said.
Authorities on Monday said they had found materials in the assailants' vehicle for building improvised explosive devices.
Anderson fired an AR-15-style weapon and Graham was armed with a 12-gauge shotgun as they entered the store, officials said. A 9mm Glock and 9mm semi-automatic firearm were recovered inside the market, and a .22-caliber gun equipped with a homemade silencer was found inside the assailants' vehicle.
State Attorney General Gurbir Grewal last month said the attackers had expressed interest in the Black Hebrew Israelites, a group unaffiliated with mainstream Judaism and some of whose offshoots the Southern Poverty Law Center lists as hate groups. There was no clear link between the shooters and the group.
The investigation uncovered social media posts by Anderson in which he called Jewish people "imposters" who "inhabited synagogues of Satan," Reilly said.
The four-hour gun battle at the JC Kosher Supermarket erupted after the assailants shot the police officer at a nearby cemetery and then fled in a white van. It ended after police crashed an armored vehicle through the wall of the market.
The three civilian victims inside the market were co-owner Mindy Ferencz, 31, Douglas Miguel Rodriguez, 49, and Moshe Deutsch, 24. A fourth person who was in the market escaped after the shooters entered. Officials declined to identify that person.
The slain police officer was Joseph Seals, a 15-year veteran of the force and father of five.
(Reporting by Gabriella Borter in New York; Editing by Frank McGurty and David Gregorio)
U.S. Supreme Court rejects woman's appeal in teen texting suicide case
U.S. Senate leader expects Iran war powers debate soon


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text:
Q: Please verify my proof of the ratio test and my reasoning about it. (I want to post it as an answer to another question). I recently asked the question What is the reasoning behind why the ratio test works? Although the answer of a user has been up-voted, as a college student who is just learning the concept, I did not initially find it illuminating at all. In the interest of posting an answer that is understandable to people such as myself, I sought to formulate a more detailed answer. I would appreciate it if you, the good people of MSE, could review my elaborated reasoning about the proof, to verify that it is correct to post as an answer.
I would also like to thank the user dxiv for their help in the question Help with reasoning about a component of the wikipedia proof for the ratio test.
The proof is as follows.
The hypothesis is that if $L = \lim_{n \to \infty}\begin{vmatrix}{ \dfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} }\end{vmatrix} < 1$, then the series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n$ converges absolutely.
One way to prove that a series converges is by bounding its value.  The series is already bounded from below, since $L \ge 0$. This is because we are taking the absolute value of $\dfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}$. Therefore, we can show that the series converges absolutely by showing that its terms will eventually become less than those of some (any) convergent geometric series.
Let $r$ be the common ratio of some convergent geometric series.
As a random example, let $r = \dfrac{L + 1}{2}$, where $0 \le L \lt 1$. Here, $\dfrac{L + 1}{2}$ is defined as being the mid-point between $L$ and $1$.
$r$ is claimed to be strictly between $L$ and $1$.
We can verify this:
$r = \dfrac{L + 1}{2}$
$\Rightarrow 2r - 1 = L$
$\therefore 1 > 2r - 1 = L \ge 0$
$ \Rightarrow 2 > 2r = L + 1 \ge 1$
$\Rightarrow 1 > r = \dfrac{L + 1}{2} \ge \dfrac{1}{2}$
$\therefore 1 > r = \dfrac{L + 1}{2} \ge L \ge 0$, since $0 \le L \lt 1$.
As stated in the hypothesis, we know that $|a_{n+1}|$ is defined to be the next term in the series. $|a_n|$ is defined to be the current term of the series.
As previously stated, we have already bounded the series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n$ from below. We must now bound it from above.
What does it mean for the series to be bounded from above? It means that $|a_{n+1}|$ (the next term in the series) cannot exceed $|a_n|$ (the current term in the series).
We also defined $r$, where $1 > r \ge L \ge 0$, to be the common ratio of a convergent geometric series. This makes sense, since we know that if $|r| < 1$, the geometric series is convergent.
Therefore, we are saying:
$|a_{n+1}| < r^n|a_n|$
$\Rightarrow \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|a_{n+1}| < \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}r^n|a_n|$
$|r| < 1$
$\therefore \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|a_{n+1}| < \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}r^n|a_n|$, where $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}r^n|a_n|$ is convergent.
As have proven, $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|a_{n+1}|$ is bounded from above and must therefore also be convergent.
Thank you.

A: Use
$$
2=1+1>1+L>L+L=2L
$$
to find $1>r=\frac{1+L}2>L$.
You get $\left|\dfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right|<r$ not for all $L$, but only for almost all, i.e., excluding finitely many, i.e., for all $n>N$ for some $N$.
Then the recursion only tells you $|a_{N+k}|<r^k·|a_N|$.
Now your upper bound for the series of absolutes is a sum of a finite sum and a geometric series,
$$
\sum_n|a_n|\le\sum_{n<N}|a_n|+\sum_{k=0}^\infty |a_N|·r^k=\sum_{n<N}|a_n|+|a_N|·\frac1{1-r}
$$


The ExCom met again on September 19th. Although the group was a little reduced due to family emergencies, it was a very productive call. The 2011-2012 ExCom has had a lot on their plates this year, and there is still a lot that we want to get done before we hand over the reigns to the next ExCom! Discussion points included future support of the Directorate in Tromsø, collaboration with the High North Academy on webinars and website resources, a developing application to a seat on the Arctic Council, extension of various agreements that provide support for the APECS website and APECS webinars, APECS letters of support to collaborator projects, planning of a few future APECS events, and of course getting the wheels in motion to make sure that the imminent transition goes smoothly.
The recent Executive Committee meeting (held 8 May, 2012) followed up on many in-person discussions at the Montreal IPY 2012 conference. As the first meeting which included our newly-appointed Director, Alexey Pavlov, much of the discussion focused on the all-important topic of transitioning over this role. We talked about everything from managing email lists and workflow to managing budgets and developing Memorada of Understanding. Alexey is enthusiastic in taking on the Directorship, and while currently dedicated to fulfilling his research role, is looking forward to moving to Tromsø in early June.
Projects that the ExCom is currently working include an APECS Merchandise store, developing a 5-year strategic plan with our new Director, supporting upcoming APECS events (in Portland, Lahti, Fairbanks, and more!), and formalizing our video sharing policy.
APECS ExCom met together again on the 14th of March via Skype to discuss some of the strategic issues. Council and RAC Co-Chairs joined the Call to make great inputs and discuss particular points. ExCom has discussed autumn APECS activities and plans for career development webinars and virtual poster sessions with our partners - High North Academy and Fram Center based in Tromso. Some particular issues on how to use our new webconferencing system effectively rose lately due to growing number of APECS online events. We agreed to use the Google Doc - https://docs.google.com/a/apecs.is/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmryhLHk-YERdHBHTUtWc1FlTUtENGRFZWdSZWRZaWc#gid=0 to keep track of our events and make sure that we have more detailed instructions for all our members to avoid any concurrent meetings. Julia Schmale presented the idea to work on Encyclopedia of Antarctica. ExCom decided to announce this opportunity to the entire APECS membership and follow up with individual members. Current Council activity as it follows from mid-term Council Report shows that almost all Council members are very active and enthhusiastic but some of them decided to step down from the Council. In the mid of March the mid-term elections for RAC chairs will be organized.
APECS ExCom is working on longterm Strategic Plan for APECS activities and it was decided to have this plan as one of the points of agenda for the upcoming Council Meeting in Montreal this April. All the contributions from APECS members are very welcome.
And just to remind you - any of the APECS members are welcome to participate in ExCom Calls.
As young researchers, we are constantly thinking about the next step in our careers, and the recent ExCom meeting focused on the future of APECS on many timescales. In the near future, we are making sure that everything is running smoothly in the planning of upcoming APECS events (like IPY 2012 in Montreal, a workshop at the SCAR conference in Portland, and an APECS Norge Board Meeting) as well as progress in the website realignment project. Slightly more into the future, we addressed plans for current grant proposals APECS has submitted to support activities like webinars and the virtual poster session. And further into the future, with a new Director in mind, the ExCom has started to make progress on putting together an APECS Strategic Plan for the upcoming years. The ExCom was also especially happy to have RAC Chair Julia Schmale join the call and provide some wonderful insight and advice.
As always, if you have any input/comments/questions/concerns for the ExCom or want to get more involved with APECS, please do contact us.
The APECS Executive Committee 2011/2012 met for the first time in person two weeks ago in the city of Tromsø. The ExCom heads up APECS through leading action, strategy, and decision-making within APECS. Accordingly, the meeting days focused on planning for the upcoming APECS Director transition period as well as the future growth of APECS. This included many discussions about institutional knowledge transfer, hiring schedules, job descriptions, costs to be incurred, strategic plans, and many other administrative considerations. It might not all sound like an exciting job, but it was good experience for the ExCom members and hopefully will ensure smooth sailing for the rest of APECS in the coming years. And the Northern lights a few nights didn't hurt either!
While in Tromsø, the ExCom also took the opportunity to meet with local partners and advisors including the Arctic Council Secretariat, University of Tromsø administrators, Norwegian Polar Institute, ARCTOS, IASC, the High North Academy, and the APECS Norge Board of Directors. Look out for more collaborations with these folks in the future!
Moving into 2012, the ExCom is really excited that we all got the chance to meet in person! The main takeaway from the meeting is that we want to do all we can to make sure that APECS continues to move both move forwards and innovate. APECS has earned itself a worldwide reputation as THE organization for young polar researchers, and the ExCom will make sure we do all we can to sustain APECS.
In the coming weeks and months we will be posting the resulting job description, policies, and strategy documents and you will see the ideas we came up with turn into action. As always, if you have questions, comments, or want to get involved, just Contact Us!
On 15 December, the APECS Directorate and the ExCom had another online meeting via GoToMeeting system to discuss a number of important issues and test new webconferencing tool.
General gudelines and points about hosts of Directorate, Jenny's leave, the director transition process, financial status and strategy of the organization were discussed. A lot of exciting stuff to be done during the upcoming ExCom In-person Meeting in January in Tromsø: APECS budget, strategic plan, future activities; a lot of important people to meet. January will start with training sessions on GoToWebinar system with VPS, Council and MIC/RAC Chairs.
Tackling some organisational issues, the current working groups and potential solutions for our online conferencing system were discussed.
During this term, it is more vital than ever for the ExCom to work on new funding for the directorate, and to this end, the in-person meeting will take place in Tromsø, Norway, on 18-20 January 2012. Until then and in preparation for the meeting, the ExCom is updating and starting to work their way through the list of priorities for the 2011/2012 term.
The ExCom met on 19 October via skype, and we are happy to report that we are getting to our feet and assigning tasks for the near future and the upcoming rest of the year. Happily, Council Co-Chair Tosca Ballerini was able to attend, too, and can carry back a bit of what an ExCom call is like to the Council. We addressed the scheduling of an upcoming in-person meeting (it's important that the ExCom get to know each other as well as possible, as well as see where our Director works in Tromsø!). The ExCom is also working on spreading the word about APECS (in a partner newsletter as well as an email to newly starting students), we are addressing a potential issue with our online meeting system, and continue to advocate for all active APECS members to be web-proactive. It's going to be a busy year!
October is handover time in the APECS leadership and so the outgoing and the incoming ExCom met for a transition call on the 04 October. The old ExCom members shared their best advice and recommendations (communication is key and don't forget to have fun!), and the new ExCom people got a chance to get to know each other and ask their most urgent questions. After that, the key point of the call was the election of the new president for the 2011-2012 term and our congratulations go to Yulia Zaika from Russia who will lead us through the year!


Intel's forthcoming generation of 10-nanometer microprocessors is years behind schedule. That's a major lapse that enabled rivals to catch up – and in some cases surpass – Intel technology.
인텔 역사의 산증인이 아니라 현대 반도체 산업의 산증인인 듯..
전형적인 프로젝트 기획 실패에 가까와 보입니다.... 기술실패가 아니라 기획실패.


I have lived without a stove two times in my adult life, and neither was that pleasant. Once in my dorm as a freshman, and more recently during our nine month kitchen remodel. I love dessert, love it! And I know I'm not the only millennial thats ever had the hankering for a quick single serving of cake late at night and googled "single serve mug cake" and quickly mixed up something to enjoy in the peace and quiet of my own dorm room.
Single servings have a lot of benefits, they are portioned out so you can indulge without overeating and are easy to create in a pinch so you don't need to bake a whole cake for just one hankering. One dessert I love is cobbler, and when Camerons coworker gave us a bunch of fresh blueberries I wondered If I could recreate the taste of one of my favorite desserts in a single serving with just a microwave and a mug.
Today im sharing these delicious fruit bars from Betty Lous! You can find them at Walmart in the breakfast bar section. You guys, they are dairy free, gluten free, vegan, and taste like a slice of fresh pie! Its kind of unbelievable, and they clock in at a snack sized portion of two hundred calories making them perfect for this little mug experiment.
They are the perfect single serve dessert, and I really upped the indulgent factor with the recipe below!
One cup of mixed berries, fresh or frozen!
Microwave fruit bar for 12-15 seconds. Place either on the bottom of your mug or cut up in to cubes to place on top.
Scoop out ice cream into your mug.
Make berry sauce by microwaving your berries for 30 second and stirring until liquid. Option to puree in the food processor.
Separator image Posted in Eats, Wellness.


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We Want Our Cities to Go Back to Normal. Rather Not.
How COVID-19 can unveil women's potential and needs in cities
We Want Our Cities to Go Back to Normal.
Rather Not.
By Giulia Maci, Urban Specialist, Gender Focal Point at Cities Alliance
COVID-19 crisis is temporarily changing urban social relations. From public spaces to our perception of safety, from care responsibilities to the use of digital technology, the emergency highlights existing inequalities and offers the possibility of looking at our cities from a new and unexpected perspective. That of women.
Reclaiming Public Spaces
As the COVID-19 pandemic proceeds, public life has had to shrink to limit contagion. In Dehli and Buenos Aires cafes and restaurants shut down. Mosques have closed in several countries; the souks of Tunis and Marrakesh are almost empty and theatres and museums in many cities have suspended their programs. As New York Times architecture critic Michael Kimmelman writes, "the coronavirus undermines our most basic ideas about community and, in particular, urban life." Suddenly we feel out of place in our own cities, with a sense of vague fear and distrust of the other people we meet on the street. It seems that the limits imposed by the COVID-19 make us understand how a woman normally feels in a public space: alert, at the center of attention, and intimidated.
Studies across cultures show that the gendered use of public space is a global phenomenon; men are usually comfortable in public spaces, while women prefer moving in groups. Women tend to feel uneasy resting in public spaces, not just in fear of sexual attacks but also because of the notion that women's movements in public areas should only be purposeful like for going to work, shopping, going to the doctor or accompany children to school, and not for recreation. Women also feel not comfortable in places dominated by men, spaces that are dark or deserted. Public spaces are still a long way from being thought of as gender-neutral areas. As Leslie Kern writes in her book The Feminist City "the extent to which anyone can simply "be" in an urban space tells us a lot about who has the power, and who will always be considered out of place." It reflects existing structures of discrimination in society and is, therefore, a good indicator of the remaining gaps between different groups. In this way, limitations- self-imposed or otherwise- on women in public have far-reaching implications and connections to other forms of inequality.
As cities re-open following the lockdown, it is likely that behaviours and perceptions will be different from before – this is an unprecedented opportunity to change the way we use spaces. One of the most surprising results of the COVID-19 pandemic has been the tremendous growth of demand for public space. A few forward-looking cities have already started closing street space to cars to make it easier to walk, cycle, and move around at a safe distance from other people. Once the outbreak has relented, and as we look toward long-term community health and well-being, we must invest in welcoming, lively, meaningful public spaces for all. To achieve long-term transformation, it is important to integrate women's and girls' voices in order to understand their unique challenges in public spaces, build place-based relationships, and foster a sense of belonging.
The use of urban spaces is strongly shaped by people's safety perceptions. This link is visible in how, in a very short time, the coronavirus risk perceptions have prompted people to seek refuge in confinement, limit movements, and, indeed, avoid public spaces. A study on safety perceptions in cities has shown that almost 60% of women report feeling unsafe in urban spaces. Women identify cities, night-time, and strangers as a primary source of threat. As Leslie Kern points out "fear restricts women's lives. It limits their use of public spaces, shapes their choices about work, and keeps them more dependent on man as protectors".
The safety issue has generated multiple global indices and rankings and multiple planning interventions aiming at improving safety in urban areas. Often efforts to clean up and revitalize neighborhoods, are accomplished through a combination of city beautification measures and the displacement of people which are perceived by the public as carriers of crime, disorder, and disease. The typical example is a formerly low-income neighborhood where longtime residents and businesses are displaced by white-collar workers and overpriced coffeehouses. Often cities are not truly dedicated to becoming safer for women. Instead, they look for an appearance of safety, by creating a clean and controlled bubble, and excluding other vulnerable groups.
A survey on street harassment conducted by ActionAid in several countries found out that 79% of women living in cities in India, 86% in Thailand, and 89% in Brazil have been subjected to harassment or violence in public. Yet many studies show that most reported rape offences are committed by people known to the victim (e.g., domestic and acquaintance rapes), which occurred at home.
As quarantines take effect around the world, domestic violence is increasing. In China, a Beijing-based NGO dedicated to combating violence against women, has reported a surge in calls to its helpline since early February, when the government locked down cities in Hubei Province, then the heart of the initial coronavirus outbreak. In Spain government said that calls to its helpline had risen by 20% in the first two weeks of lockdown.
The technology sector is responding to gender-based violence with a series of innovative solutions, including wearable devices and software applications. An example of this is SafetiPin, a mobile application that help women stay safe, by allowing users to rate streets and public spaces for safety criteria. Currently, in Tunisia, Cities Alliance is supporting the creation of a similar tool to allow women and other vulnerable populations to report incidents of domestic violence and get support. These app-generated data can be used to inform local policies and planning and create safe public spaces for women.
Women safety is a multilayered issue. To really address it, interventions should undress the underlying causes of violence against women, taking into account the private and the public spheres, the spatial, social and economic dynamics, and they need to be intersectional.
Care-centered cities
With schools closed and children suddenly at home all day, isolated sick and elderly people, with housework to do, we are all realizing the importance of care work. Without care work our societies wouldn't function. The ILO estimates unpaid care work to be around 9% of global GDP. Yet despite this extensive and invaluable contribution to society and the economy, the unpaid care work is not included in official GDP calculations and remains largely absent from government policies.
From cooking and cleaning to collecting water and firewood or caring for children, women across the world are responsible for 75% of unpaid care and domestic work in our homes and communities.This imbalance results in time poverty for women and girls, limiting opportunities for paid work, education and leisure and further reinforcing gender-based socioeconomic disadvantages. Women and girls living in poverty, and particularly those facing multiple discriminations, experience the greatest time poverty and opportunity costs due to unpaid care. Due to the lack of adequate health services and water and cooking facilities, women are forced to make multiple trips a day to collect water or get the medical care for their families.
African women are coping in different ways with the burden of unpaid care work. Othermothers, women in the African communities who assist biological mothers in sharing the responsibilities in raising the community's children, are vital in the African and African American community. This system is reflected in the African proverb on parenting which says that, "a single hand cannot nurse a child". This implies that although the mother has the main responsibility of taking care of the child, the extended family and the close community ideally provides economic, social and psychological security to all its members.
The first step is to recognize the value of unpaid care work for society. This requires data on how women and men spend their time. Secondly, it is important to reduce difficult or inefficient tasks, such as collecting water, by prioritizing basic infrastructure provision in informal and poor urban settlements or remoted areas. But more importantly, as the COVID-19 crisis is revealing, we can start to imagine a care-centered urban future because cities have the potential to spread the care work more evenly and redistribute the cost between private sector, government, communities and households, looking at tools that women have always used to support one another and find ways to build that mutual support into the city fabric.
Digitally Together
At times like these, when the coronavirus pandemic has forced offices to shutter, schools to close, and people to stay in social isolation, the internet has become our public square to access critical information and to meet. It enables children to attend school lessons, people to have access to primary care with telemedicine and even believers to participate in religious events.
But not everyone is ready to embrace a more digitized existence.
Women have less access to technology and the internet compared to boys and men. The gender digital divide in access to the internet remains largest in the countries in the Global South at 32.9%.A study on internet usage and women's political activism in the Middle East and North Africa found that though social media lowers the cost of participating in political protest for all citizens, there remains a gender gap in participation even between men and women who regularly use social media. From online harassment to increased visibility that can lead to targeted repression, there are gendered barriers for women online just as there are in public space.
But technology can also be a powerful tool for girls to become activists and lead change on issues that affect them. Social media platforms, for instance, allow activists to reach a wide audience and organise action towards common causes. The #MeToo, Time's Up, and similar mobilizations around the world—including #Cuentalo in Latin America, #BalanceTonPorc in France, #TheFirstTimeIGotHarassed in Egypt, #WithYou in Japan, and #PremeiroAssedio in Brazil among them—are counter-public spaces to challenge rape culture in ways that the normative "public sphere" has denied.
These online spaces are able to sustain networks of solidarity across time, space, and place, making mobilization much faster, dynamic, and bringing seemingly "private" troubles to the public sphere to be witnessed. The current crisis is showing how urgent is to bridge the gender digital divide, fostering digital literacy among women and girls, increasing internet access and promoting digitally secure communities.
COVID-19 is putting us in front of a new and old question: To whom does the city belong? It is time to recognize and address the limitations that accompany women's experience in cities. Planning and political decisions need to be informed by lived experiences of all marginalized groups, intersectional analysis and bottom-up perspectives.
Instead of romanticizing the time before the current crisis, we can start to imagine cities that experiment new ways of organizing paid work and care work, living together and supports women's autonomy and connectedness to their communities.
News Info
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Urban Expansion


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Cochinitos de piloncillo, also known as marranitos, cochinitos and puerquitos (all meaning "little pigs" in Spanish), are a typical Mexican sweet bread (pan dulce) made with "piloncillo"—a type of sweetener made from sugar cane. Cochinitos are popular in bakeries in Mexico and throughout the US.

Cochinitos de piloncillo are an oven-cooked pastry which forms a part of the Huastecan gastronomy in the northern section of the Gulf of Mexico in Mexico. The type of bread these treats are made from is chichimbré, the name chichimbré is a deformation of gingerbread. Gingerbread was brought by the English to Mexico during and after the First World War for the extraction of oil in Mexico, today ginger is no longer added, but instead other spices such as cinnamon and anise

References

Mexican breads
Mexican desserts


Best Balloon Decor in Mohali.
Balloon décor comprises of decoration and arrangement of balloons which give elegant look to your party's location. Often people don't pay attention on the balloon décor and they miss a good opportunity to impress their guest. Make your special occasion more special and vibrant just by focusing on the balloon décor.
Arrangement of balloons in a creative ways always give magnificent appearance and attract everybody's attention. Then why not to add this beautiful feature to your celebrations. Pictures with beautiful scenario makes your day more memorable.


"AGENT". Except when the context otherwise requires, any person who has authority, express or implied, to act for or on behalf of carrier in relation to the carriage of cargo.
"AIR WAYBILL". The document entitled "Air Waybill" made out by or on behalf of the shipper, which evidences the contract between the shipper and carrier for carriage of cargo over routes of carrier.
"CARGO" (which is equivalent to the term "Goods"). Anything carried or to be carried in an aircraft except mail, or baggage carried under a passenger ticket and baggage check, but includes baggage moving under an air waybill or shipment record.
"CARRIAGE" (which is equivalent to the term "Transportation"). Carriage of cargo by air or by another means of transport, whether gratuitously or for reward.
"CARRIER". Includes the air carrier issuing the air waybill or preserving the shipment record and all carriers that carry or undertake to carry the cargo or to perform any other services related to such carriage.
"CHARGES COLLECT". The charges entered on the air waybill or shipment record for collection from the consignee against delivery of the shipment.
"CONSIGNEE". The person whose name appears on the air waybill or shipment record, as the party to whom the shipment is to be delivered by carrier.
"DAYS". Full calendar days, including Sundays and legal holidays; provided that for purposes of notification the balance of the day upon which notice is despatched shall not be counted.
"DELIVERY SERVICE". The surface carriage of inbound shipments from the airport of destination to the address of the consignee or that of his designated agent or to the custody of the appropriate government agency when required.
"PICK-UP SERVICE". The surface carriage of outbound shipments from the point of pick-up at the address of the shipper or that of his designated agent to the airport of departure, including any incidental surface carriage between airports.
"SHIPMENT" (which is equivalent to the term "Consignment"). Except as otherwise provided herein, one or more packages, pieces or bundles of cargo accepted by carrier from one shipper at one time and at one address, receipted for in one lot and under a single air waybill or a single shipment record, for carriage to one consignee at one destination address.
"SHIPMENT RECORD". Any record of the contract if carriage preserved by carrier, evidenced by means other than an air waybill.
"SHIPPER" (which is equivalent to the term "Consignor"). The person whose name appears on the air waybill or shipment record, as the party contracting with carrier for the carriage of cargo.
"SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHT". A Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund.
These conditions shall apply to all carriage of cargo, including all services incidental thereto, performed by or on behalf of carrier; provided however that if such carriage is "International Carriage" as defined in the applicable convention (see 1.3) such carriage shall be subject to the provisions of the applicable Convention and to these conditions to the extent that these conditions are not inconsistent with the provisions of such Convention.
For carriage to which neither the Warsaw Convention nor the Montreal Convention applies, but which is subject to these conditions of carriage for cargo, carrier?s liability limitation is 19 SDR per kilogram unless a greater limitation is expressly stated on the applicable air waybill or in any applicable tariff filed by the carrier.
If cargo is transported on the basis of a charter agreement entered into with the carrier, the carriage shall be subject to the carrier?s applicable charter terms and conditions, if any. The present Terms and Conditions of Carriage apply only insofar as provided for in the charter agreement. If the carrier does not have any charter terms and conditions being applicable to the charter agreement, these Terms and Conditions of Carriage shall apply to the agreement unless the carrier reserves the right to exclude the applicability of all or any parts of these Terms and Conditions. In the event of any discrepancy between the provisions of these Terms and Conditions and the provisions of the charter agreement, the latter shall prevail. The consignor accepting carriage on the basis of a charter agreement thereby subjects to the provisions of these agreements irrespective of whether or not expressly agreed with the consignor.
All carriage of cargo governed by these conditions shall be subject to carrier?s rules, regulations and tariffs in effect on the date of the issuance of the air waybill by carrier or on the date of the shipment record, whichever is applicable, provided that in the event of inconsistency between these conditions and carrier?s rules, regulations and tariffs, these conditions shall prevail.
Carrier may refuse carriage of shipments having a declared value for carriage in excess of the amount specified in carrier?s regulations.
Packages containing valuables as defined in carrier?s regulations must be sealed if so requested by carrier.
Dangerous goods, live animals, perishables, fragile goods, human remains, and other special cargo are acceptable only under the conditions set forth in carrier?s regulations applicable to the carriage of such cargo.
When shipper undertakes to load a unit load device (ULD) he must comply with carrier?s loading instructions and shall be liable for and indemnify carrier against all consequences of any non-compliance with such instructions.
The shipper warrants that he has complied with all the laws and regulations relating to the nature, packing, labelling storage or carriage of cargo and cargo is packed in a manner adequate to withstand the ordinary risks of carriage having regard to withstand the ordinary risks of carriage having regard its nature, and further the shipper hereby indemnifies carrier for any liability whatsoever if all costs and expenses as a result of or arising out of the shipper?s failure to comply with each of these warranties, including but not limited to compliance with the applicable Dangerous Goods Regulations.
Carrier, with the express or implied consent of the shipper, may substitute for the delivery of an air waybill a shipment record to preserve a record of the carriage to be performed. If such shipment record is used, carrier shall, if so requested by the shipper, deliver to the shipper in accordance with carrier?s regulations a goods receipt permitting identification of the shipment and access, in accordance with carrier?s regulations, to the information contained in the shipment record.
Carrier may at the request of the shipper expressed or implied, make out the air waybill in which event, subject to proof to the contrary, carrier shall be deemed to have done so on behalf of the shipper. If the air waybill handed over with the cargo or if the particulars and statements relating to the cargo furnished by or on behalf of the shipper to carrier for insertion in the shipment record do not contain all the required particulars, or if the air waybill or such particulars or statements contain any error, carrier is authorised to complete or correct the air waybill or particulars or statements to the best of carrier?s ability without being under any obligation to do so.
The shipper is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to the cargo inserted by him or on his behalf in the air waybill or furnished by him or on his behalf to carrier for insertion in the shipment record. Where such information is provided by means of Electronic Data Interchange, it is the responsibility of the shipper or the shipper?s agent to verify contents, accuracy and completeness of the EDI messages and subsequent messages according to the agreed standards and specifications. The shipper shall indemnify carrier against all damage suffered by him, or by any other person to whom carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statements furnished by the shipper or on his behalf.
Rates and charges will be based on the units of measurement and subject to the rules and conditions published in carrier?s regulations and rate tariffs.
Except as otherwise provided in carriers? regulations, rates and charges apply only from airport to airport and do not include any ancillary service given by carrier in connection with the air carriage.
Rates and charges are published in the currency shown in the applicable rate tariffs, and may be paid in any currency acceptable to carrier. When payment is made in a currency other than in the currency in which the rate or charge is published, such payment will be made at the rate of exchange established for such purpose by carrier, the current statement of which is available for inspection at carrier?s office where payment is made.
Charges collect shipments will be accepted only to countries listed in carrier?s regulations and subject to the conditions contained therein. In any event carrier reserves the right to refuse shipments on a charges collect basis to any country where regulations prevent the conversion of funds into other currencies or the transfer of funds to other countries. Information on countries to which charges collect service is available may be obtained from offices and representatives of carrier.
The shipper shall comply with all applicable laws, customs and other government regulations of any country to, from, through or over which the cargo may be carried, including those relating to the packing, carriage or delivery of the cargo, and shall, together with the shipment, furnish such information and deliver such documents as may be necessary to comply with such laws and regulations. Carrier shall not be obliged to inquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such information or documents. Carrier shall not be liable to the shipper or any other person for loss or expense due to shipper?s failure to comply with this provision. The shipper shall be liable to carrier for any damage occasioned by the failure of the shipper to comply with this provision.
Times shown in carrier?s timetables or elsewhere are approximate and not guaranteed and form no part of the contract of carriage. No time is fixed for commencement or completion of carriage or delivery of cargo. Unless specifically agreed otherwise and so indicated in the air waybill or shipment record, carrier undertakes to carry the cargo with reasonable despatch but assumes no obligation to carry the cargo by any specified aircraft or over any particular route or routes, or to make connections at any point according to any particular schedule. Carrier is hereby authorised to select or deviate from the route or routes of the shipment, notwithstanding that the same may be stated on the face of the air waybill or in the shipment record. Carrier is not responsible for errors or omissions either in timetables or other representations of schedules. No employee, agent or representative of carrier is authorised to bind carrier by any statements or representations of the dates or times of departure or arrival, or of operation of any flight.
Every exercise of the right of disposition must be made by the shipper or his designated agent, if any, and must be applicable to the whole shipment under a single air waybill, or under a single shipment record. The right of disposition over the cargo may only be exercised if the shipper or such agent produces the part of the air waybill which was delivered to him, or communicates such other form of authority as may be prescribed by carrier?s regulations. Instructions as to disposition must be given (in writing) in the form prescribed by carrier. In the event that the exercise of the right of disposition results in a change of consignee, such new consignee shall be deemed to be the consignee appearing on the air waybill or in the shipment record.
The shipper?s right of disposition shall cease at the moment when, after arrival of the cargo at the destination, the consignee takes possession or requests delivery of the cargo or air waybill, or otherwise shows his acceptance of the cargo. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the air waybill or the cargo, or if he cannot be communicated with, such right of disposition shall continue to vest in the shipper.
Subject to the provisions of 8.5 hereof, if the consignee refuses or fails to take delivery of the shipment after its arrival at the airport of destination, carrier will endeavour to comply with any instructions of the shipper set forth on the face of the air waybill, or in the shipment record. If such instructions are not so set forth or cannot reasonably be complied with, carrier shall notify the shipper of the consignee?s failure to take delivery and request his instructions. If no such instructions are received within thirty (30) days, carrier may sell the shipment in one or more lots at public or private sale, or destroy or abandon such shipment.
The shipper is liable for all charges and expenses resulting from or in connection with the failure to take delivery of the shipment, including, but not limited to, carriage charges incurred in returning the shipment if so required by the shipper?s instructions. If the shipment is returned to the airport of departure and the shipper refuses or neglects to make such payments within fifteen (15) days after such return, carrier may dispose of the shipment or any part thereof at public or private sale after giving the shipper ten (10) days notice of its intention to do so.
When a shipment containing perishable articles as defined in carrier?s regulations is delayed in the possession of carrier, is unclaimed or refused at place of delivery, or for other reasons is threatened with deterioration, carrier may immediately take such steps as it sees fit for the protection of itself and other parties in interest, including but not limited to the destruction or abandonment of all or any part of the shipment, the sending of communications for instructions at the cost of the shipper, the storage of the shipment or any part thereof at the risk and cost of the shipper, or the disposition of the shipment or any part thereof at public or private sale without notice.
Are accepted for carriage from their receipt at carrier?s cargo terminal or airport office at the place of departure to the airport at the place of destination.
Pick-up service, if available, will be provided when requested by the shipper. Except when otherwise provided by carrier?s tariffs, delivery service may be provided unless contrary instructions are given by the shipper or by the consignee. Such contrary instructions must be received by carrier prior to removal of the shipment from carrier?s airport terminal at destination.
In the case of loss, damage or delay of part of the shipment, or of any object contained therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which Carrier?s liability is limited shall be only the weight of the items (smallest unit of account being an object, package, box, or carton) affected when unpacked irrespective of the number of packages identified on Air Waybill or Shipment Record. Nevertheless, when the loss, damage or delay of part of the shipment, or of an object contained therein, affects the value of other packages, boxes or cartons covered by the same Air Waybill, the total weight of such affected package, box or cartons shall also be taken into consideration in determining the limit of liability. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the value of such part of the shipment lost, damaged or delayed as the case may be, shall be determined by reducing the total value of the shipment in the proportion that the weight of that part of the shipment lost, damaged or delayed has to the total weight of the shipment.


Website builders like WordPress, Squarespace, Weebly and Wix have become a popular option for non-tech people to dabble in building their own web presence. Honestly, we can see the appeal. DIY web builders can be inexpensive to set up, and many come with visual page editors that are fairly easy to figure out. So, what's the rub? Well, there can be a few traps to these tools.
Let's walk through the big ones so you can make the best decision for your business.
Have you noticed sites are starting to look more alike these days? A large part of this is due to the overuse of templates. As online experiences are becoming more generic, it's more important than ever for businesses to bring their customers a fresh approach.
Your website is your number one marketing tool, and designers and web developers know how to bring your vision to reality. They can consult you on color palettes, navigation, placement of content, and calls to action.
They can also build a site that's optimized for conversions and provides a tailored path for your customers. Most templates aren't designed for inbound marketing or capturing leads because they're trying to appeal to a broader audience. So you can have a customized site that not only stands out from your competition, but also works like the best sales person you've ever had.
Unfortunately, most DIY website builders have terrible search engine optimization (SE0). They don't offer the right tools when it comes to optimizing your site for search. And the handy drag-n-drop feature can lead to messy code behind the scenes. Browsers and search engines prefer clean, well-formatted code that lets the site load quickly and be easily discovered. If you understand the power of SEO and how it drives traffic to your site, you'll realize this presents a problem.
A good web developer knows how to write clean code, integrate key words and ultimately boost your rankings.
If cost is keeping you from calling in the pros, consider what your time is worth and where it's best spent. For example, if you plan to dig into a website template, you or someone on your team has to spend a considerable amount time choosing an option that could work for your business. You also have to design and write your own content. Then, you have to figure out how to plug it all into the template and work through any kinks as you test your site on a laptop, as well as a mobile device. You could be at it for weeks, if not months, getting it just right. What would that time have cost you?
While a professional site requires a financial investment, a well-planned site can quickly pay for itself with increased business and a better, more professional presence. Not to mention, it leaves you free to do what you do best!
A web builder rarely offers the level of customer service you need to launch a great site or expand with your business. Personal attention and service goes a long way. When you work with a team of experts who live and breathe this stuff, they're not only qualified to help, but also devoted to your site and helping you succeed. They can collaborate with you and ensure you're meeting your goals and provide ongoing support.
All of that said, there are times when a web builder makes sense. If you're a blogger, hobbyist, non-profit, or have a new business concept you'd like to test, you might want to go with a template. Outside of those examples, if you're running a viable business, it would be worth it to get a quote, work with a professional, and save the tools for other DIY projects.


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Q: Analysis of if-statements for performance optimization Does in c# all if statements were analysed before execution, so that in case an if statement can't be true (before proof all conditions) will be canceled?
My problem is, that i want to get rid of multiple if statements, becuase some methods in the if statement needs a long time to execute (which is wasted time if they were executed).
Here is a simple if statement (here it works). But how good is this on complex if statements?
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;

namespace IfTest
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            if (true || NeedALongTime())
            {
                Console.WriteLine("!");
            }

            Console.ReadLine();
        }

        private static bool NeedALongTime()
        {
            Thread.Sleep(10000);

            return true;
        }
    }
}

A: The evaluation model for the boolean operators && and || is well-defined. The second operand is only evaluated if the answer cannot be derived from the first operand.
This is called short-circuiting. This is guaranteed behavior.
This is not an optimization of the compiler or the JIT.
You can rely on this but in my mind it makes for brittle and error prone code to do so for performance reasons. It might not be apparent to future maintainers why the order of evaluation has to be this way although there seem to be no obvious dependencies. Maybe you can use Lazy<T> to get lazy evaluation?!

A: The NeedALongTime method will never be called. C# will stop evaluating a logical expression as soon as it's able to determine the outcome.
This is called short-circuiting and isn't related to any sort of analysis. This is the way the language evaluates logical expressions. If you used a method returning true instead of the true value, short-circuiting would still work and NeedALongTime wouldn't be called.
Languages like C# and C++ use short-circuiting while others, like VB.NET don't.
You should be careful when using short-circuiting. While it's good practice to order the expression so that the most likely condition occurs first, it's very bad practice to inject short-circuiting flags in expressions just to improve performance in some scenarios.
It's better to use different if statements for such condition statements. The resulting IL code will be the same but the code will be much clearer.
If you need to check several conditions before executing the method, or have conditions for multiple heavy methods, it's better to bundle them at the start of your code, or even extract the condition check to a separate function. This way you avoid mixing up the guard conditions with the actual business logic