text:
IMAGE := guneysu/scrapy:experimental

default: build

build:
	@docker build -t $(IMAGE) .

test: build
	@docker run -it $(IMAGE) scrapy

push: build
	@docker push $(IMAGE)

.PHONY: default build test push

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: What it means to get !locks - all threads have 'lock count' = 0 I opened crashdump with WinDbg and when I use !locks command, I get 3 threads output and each one has "lock count" = 0.
Which means those threads not lock any object (from what I understand).
How can I proceed from this point investigate the root cause for issue I'm handling? (failure in performance system)
The code I'm debugging contains managed and unmanaged code.

A: A Lock Count of 0 on a thread means that nobody is synchronizing on the thread. It does not mean that the thread has not locked any objects. If you lock an object, that information is stored on that object (e.g. a Critical Section, Mutex or Semaphore).
On one hand side you're looking for locks, which lets me assume that a deadlock occured. On the otherhand side you mention performance. It should be quite easy to distinguish these two. With a deadlock, you'll not get results any more, sometimes CPU usage even drops to 0% for the process. With a performance issue, wou will still get results, but you'll need to wait longer.
A crash dump file can help solving deadlock issues, but it will rarely help solving performance issues, especially if you only have one crash dump file.
You should use a performance profiler to analyze performance issues.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
History of the United States During Thomas Jefferson's Administrations (All 4 Volumes) E-Book
Herausgeber: Madison & Adams Press
Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
The presidency of Thomas Jefferson began on March 4, 1801, when he was inaugurated as the third President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1809. In domestic affairs Jefferson sought to put the principles of republicanism into action. In foreign affairs, the major developments were the acquisition of the gigantic Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, an embargo against trade with both Great Britain and France, and worsening relations with Britain as the United States tried to remain neutral in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars that engulfed Europe. Contents: Physical and Economical Conditions Popular Characteristics American Ideals The Inauguration Organization Legislation The Judiciary Debate Personalities The Spanish Court Toussaint Louverture Closure of the Mississippi Monroe's Mission Rupture of the Peace of Amiens The Louisiana Treaty Claim to West Florida Constitutional Difficulties The Louisiana Debate Louisiana Legislation Impeachments The Yazoo Claims The Trial of Justice Chase Quarrel with Yrujo Pinckney's Diplomacy Monroe and Talleyrand Cordiality with England Anthony Merry Jefferson's Enemies England and Tripoli Internal Improvement Monroe's Diplomacy Cabinet Vacillations The Florida Message The Two-Million Act John Randolph's Schism Madison's Enemies Domestic Affairs Burr's Schemes Escape Past Fort Massac Claiborne and Wilkinson Collapse of the Conspiracy The Berlin Decree Monroe's Treaty Rejection of Monroe's Treaty Burr's Trial The "Chesapeake" and "Leopard" Demands and Disavowals Perceval and Canning The Orders in Council No More Neutrals Insults and Popularity The Embargo The Mission of George Rose Measures of Defence The Rise of a British Party The Enforcement of Embargo The Cost of Embargo The Dos de Maio England's Reply to the Embargo Failure of Embargo Perplexity and Confusion Diplomacy and Conspiracy General Factiousness Repeal of Embargo Jefferson's Retirement
Das E-Book können Sie in Legimi-Apps oder einer beliebigen App lesen, die das folgende Format unterstützen:
The Education of Henry Adams
The History of Thomas Jefferson Presidency
Education of Henry Adams
Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres
The Henry Adams Collection
The Life of Albert Gallatin
Democracy, an American novel
History of the United States: The Administration of Thomas Jefferson
History of the United States During Thomas Jefferson's Administrations (Complete 4 Volumes)
Der längste Krieg
Emran Feroz
History of the United States During Thomas Jefferson's Administrations (All 4 Volumes)
The Inauguration, American Ideals, Closure of the Mississippi, Monroe's Diplomacy, Legislation, The Louisiana Debate, Peace of Amiens, Relations With England and France, The Rise of a British Party
Madison & Adams Press, 2017. Contact: [email protected]
This is a publication of Madison & Adams Press. Our production consists of thoroughly prepared educational & informative editions: Advice & How-To Books, Encyclopedias, Law Anthologies, Declassified Documents, Legal & Criminal Files, Historical Books, Scientific & Medical Publications, Technical Handbooks and Manuals. All our publications are meticulously edited and formatted to the highest digital standard. The main goal of Madison & Adams Press is to make all informative books and records accessible to everyone in a high quality digital and print form.
The First Administration of Thomas Jefferson (1)
Physical and Economical Conditions
Popular Characteristics
Intellect of New England
Intellect of the Middle States
Intellect of the Southern States
American Ideals
The Inauguration
The Annual Message
The Judiciary Debate
The Spanish Court
The Retrocession
Toussaint Louverture
Closure of the Mississippi
Monroe's Mission
Rupture of the Peace of Amiens
The Louisiana Treaty
Claim to West Florida
Constitutional Difficulties
The Louisiana Debate
Louisiana Legislation
Impeachments
The Yazoo Claims
Trial of Justice Chase
Quarrel with Yrujo
Pinckney's Diplomacy
Monroe and Talleyrand
Relations with England
Cordiality with England
Anthony Merry
Jefferson's Enemies
England and Tripoli
The Second Administration of Thomas Jefferson (2)
Internal Improvement
Monroe's Diplomacy
Cabinet Vacillations
Between France and England
The Florida Message
The Two-Million Act
John Randolph's Schism
Madison's Enemies
Burr's Schemes
Burr's Preparations
Escape past Fort Massac
Claiborne and Wilkinson
Collapse of the Conspiracy
Session of 1806-1807
The Berlin Decree
Monroe's Treaty
Rejection of Monroe's Treaty
Burr's Trial
The "Chesapeake" and "Leopard"
Demands and Disavowals
Perceval and Canning
The Orders in Council
Insults and Popularity
The Embargo
The Mission of George Rose
Measures of Defence
The Rise of a British Party
The Enforcement of Embargo
The Cost of Embargo
The Dos de Maio
England's Reply to the Embargo
Failure of Embargo
Perplexity and Confusion
Diplomacy and Conspiracy
General Factiousness
Repeal of Embargo
Jefferson's Retirement
According to the census of 1800, the United States of America contained 5,308,483 persons. In the same year the British Islands contained upwards of fifteen millions; the French Republic, more than twenty-seven millions. Nearly one fifth of the American people were negro slaves; the true political population consisted of four and a half million free whites, or less than one million able-bodied males, on whose shoulders fell the burden of a continent. Even after two centuries of struggle the land was still untamed; forest covered every portion, except here and there a strip of cultivated soil; the minerals lay undisturbed in their rocky beds, and more than two thirds of the people clung to the seaboard within fifty miles of tide-water, where alone the wants of civilized life could be supplied. The centre of population rested within eighteen miles of Baltimore, north and east of Washington. Except in political arrangement, the interior was little more civilized than in 1750, and was not much easier to penetrate than when La Salle and Hennepin found their way to the Mississippi more than a century before.
A great exception broke this rule. Two wagon-roads crossed the Alleghany Mountains in Pennsylvania,—one leading from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh; one from the Potomac to the Monongahela River; while a third passed through Virginia southwestward to the Holston River and Knoxville in Tennessee, with a branch through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. By these roads and by trails less passable from North and South Carolina, or by water-ways from the lakes, between four and five hundred thousand persons had invaded the country beyond the Alleghanies. At Pittsburgh and on the Monongahela existed a society, already old, numbering seventy or eighty thousand persons, while on the Ohio River the settlements had grown to an importance which threatened to force a difficult problem on the union of the older States. One hundred and eighty thousand whites, with forty thousand negro slaves, made Kentucky the largest community west of the mountains; and about ninety thousand whites and fourteen thousand slaves were scattered over Tennessee. In the territory north of the Ohio less progress had been made. A New England colony existed at Marietta; some fifteen thousand people were gathered at Cincinnati; half-way between the two, a small town had grown up at Chillicothe, and other villages or straggling cabins were to be found elsewhere; but the whole Ohio territory contained only forty-five thousand inhabitants. The entire population, both free and slave, west of the mountains, reached not yet half a million; but already they were partly disposed to think themselves, and the old thirteen States were not altogether unwilling to consider them, the germ of an independent empire, which was to find its outlet, not through the Alleghanies to the seaboard, but by the Mississippi River to the Gulf.
Nowhere did eastern settlements touch the western. At least one hundred miles of mountainous country held the two regions everywhere apart. The shore of Lake Erie, where alone contact seemed easy, was still unsettled. The Indians had been pushed back to the Cuyahoga River, and a few cabins were built on the site of Cleveland; but in 1800, as in 1700, this intermediate region was only a portage where emigrants and merchandise were transferred from Lake Erie to the Muskingum and Ohio valleys. Even western New York remained a wilderness: Buffalo was not laid out; Indian titles were not extinguished; Rochester did not exist; and the county of Onondaga numbered a population of less than eight thousand. In 1799 Utica contained fifty houses, mostly small and temporary. Albany was still a Dutch city, with some five thousand inhabitants; and the tide of immigration flowed slowly through it into the valley of the Mohawk, while another stream from Pennsylvania, following the Susquehanna, spread toward the Genesee country.
The people of the old thirteen States, along the Atlantic seaboard, thus sent westward a wedge-shaped mass of nearly half a million persons, penetrating by the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio rivers toward the western limit of the Union. The Indians offered sharp resistance to this invasion, exacting life for life, and yielding only as their warriors perished. By the close of the century the wedge of white settlements, with its apex at Nashville and its flanks covered by the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, nearly split the Indian country in halves. The northern half—consisting of the later States of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and one third of Ohio—contained Wyandottes and Shawanese, Miamis, Kickapoos, and other tribes, able to send some five thousand warriors to hunt or fight. In the southern half, powerful confederacies of Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Choctaws lived and hunted where the States of Mississippi, Alabama, and the western parts of Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky were to extend; and so weak was the State of Georgia, which claimed the southwestern territory for its own, that a well-concerted movement of Indians might without much difficulty have swept back its white population of one hundred thousand toward the ocean or across the Savannah River. The Indian power had been broken in halves, but each half was still terrible to the colonists on the edges of their vast domain, and was used as a political weapon by the Governments whose territory bounded the Union on the north and south. The governors-general of Canada intrigued with the northwestern Indians, that they might hold in check any aggression from Washington; while the Spanish governors of West Florida and Louisiana maintained equally close relations with the Indian confederacies of the Georgia territory.
With the exception that half a million people had crossed the Alleghanies and were struggling with difficulties all their own, in an isolation like that of Jutes and Angles in the fifth century, America, so far as concerned physical problems, had changed little in fifty years. The old landmarks remained nearly where they stood before. The same bad roads and difficult rivers, connecting the same small towns, stretched into the same forests in 1800 as when the armies of Braddock and Amherst pierced the western and northern wilderness, except that these roads extended a few miles farther from the seacoast. Nature was rather man's master than his servant, and the five million Americans struggling with the untamed continent seemed hardly more competent to their task than the beavers and buffalo which had for countless generations made bridges and roads of their own.
Even by water, along the seaboard, communication was as slow and almost as irregular as in colonial times, The wars in Europe caused a sudden and great increase in American shipping employed in foreign commerce, without yet leading to general improvement in navigation. The ordinary sea-going vessel carried a freight of about two hundred and fifty tons; the largest merchant ships hardly reached four hundred tons; the largest frigate in the United States navy, the "line-of-battle ship in disguise," had a capacity of fifteen hundred and seventy-six tons. Elaborately rigged as ships or brigs, the small merchant craft required large crews and were slow sailers; but the voyage to Europe was comparatively more comfortable and more regular than the voyage from New York to Albany, or through Long Island Sound to Providence. No regular packet plied between New York and Albany. Passengers waited till a sloop was advertised to sail; they provided their own bedding and supplies; and within the nineteenth century Captain Elias Bunker won much fame by building the sloop "Experiment," of one hundred and ten tons, to start regularly on a fixed day for Albany, for the convenience of passengers only, supplying beds, wine, and provisions for the voyage of one hundred and fifty miles. A week on the North River or on the Sound was an experience not at all unknown to travellers.
While little improvement had been made in water-travel, every increase of distance added to the difficulties of the westward journey. The settler who after buying wagon and horses hauled his family and goods across the mountains, might buy or build a broad flat-bottomed ark, to float with him and his fortunes down the Ohio, in constant peril of upsetting or of being sunk; but only light boats with strong oars could mount the stream, or boats forced against the current by laboriously poling in shallow water. If he carried his tobacco and wheat down the Mississippi to the Spanish port of New Orleans, and sold it, he might return to his home in Kentucky or Ohio by a long and dangerous journey on horseback through the Indian country from Natchez to Nashville, or he might take ship to Philadelphia, if a ship were about to sail, and again cross the Alleghanies. Compared with river travel, the sea was commonly an easy and safe highway. Nearly all the rivers which penetrated the interior were unsure, liable to be made dangerous by freshets, and both dangerous and impassable by drought; yet such as they were, these streams made the main paths of traffic. Through the mountainous gorges of the Susquehanna the produce of western New York first found an outlet; the Cuyahoga and Muskingum were the first highway from the Lakes to the Ohio; the Ohio itself, with its great tributaires the Cumberland and the Tennessee, marked the lines of western migration; and every stream which could at high water float a boat was thought likely to become a path for commerce. As General Washington, not twenty years earlier, hoped that the brawling waters of the Cheat and Youghiogheny might become the channel of trade between Chesapeake Bay and Pittsburg, so the Americans of 1800 were prepared to risk life and property on any streamlet that fell foaming down either flank of the Alleghanies. The experience of mankind proved trade to be dependent on water communications, and as yet Americans did not dream that the experience of mankind was useless to them.
If America was to be developed along the lines of water communication alone, buy such means as were known to Europe, Nature had decided that the experiment of a single republican government must meet extreme difficulties. The valley of the Ohio had no more to do with that of the Hudson, the Susquehanna, the Potomac, the Roanoke, and the Santee, than the valley of the Danube with that of the Rhone, the Po, or the Elbe. Close communication by land could alone hold the great geographical divisions together either in interest or in fear. The union of New England with New York and Pennsylvania was not an easy task even as a problem of geography, and with an ocean highway; but the union of New England with the Carolinas, and of the seacoast with the interior, promised to be a hopeless undertaking. Physical contact alone could make one country of these isolated empires, but to the patriotic American of 1800, struggling for the continued existence of an embryo nation, with machinery so inadequate, the idea of ever bringing the Mississippi River, either by land or water, into close contact with New England, must have seemed wild. By water, an Erie Canal was already foreseen; by land, centuries of labor could alone conquer those obstacles which Nature permitted to be overcome.
In the minds of practical men, the experience of Europe left few doubts on this point. After two thousand years of public labor and private savings, even despotic monarchs, who employed the resources of their subjects as they pleased, could in 1800 pass from one part of their European dominions to another little more quickly than they might have done in the age of the Antonines. A few short canals had been made, a few bridges had been built, an excellent post-road extended from Madrid to St. Petersburg; but the heavy diligence that rumbled from Calais to Paris required three days for its journey of one hundred and fifty miles, and if travellers ventured on a trip to Marseilles they met with rough roads and hardships like those of the Middle Ages. Italy was in 1800 almost as remote from the north of Europe as when carriage-roads were first built. Neither in time nor in thought was Florence or Rome much nearer to London in Wordsworth's youth than in the youth of Milton or Gray. Indeed, such changes as had occurred were partly for the worse, owing to the violence of revolutionary wars during the last ten years of the eighteenth century. Horace Walpole at his life's close saw about him a world which in many respects was less civilized than when as a boy he made the grand tour of Europe.
While so little had been done on the great highways of European travel, these highways were themselves luxuries which furnished no sure measure of progress. The post-horses toiled as painfully as ever through the sand from Hamburg to Berlin, while the coach between York and London rolled along an excellent road at the rate of ten miles an hour; yet neither in England nor on the Continent was the post-road a great channel of commerce. No matter how good the road, it could not compete with water, nor could heavy freights in great quantities be hauled long distances without extravagant cost. Water communication was as necessary for European commerce in 1800 as it had been for the Phœnicians and Egyptians; the Rhine, the Rhone, the Danube, the Elbe, were still the true commercial highways, and except for government post-roads, Europe was as dependent on these rivers in the eighteenth century as in the thirteenth. No certainty could be offered of more rapid progress in the coming century than in the past; the chief hope seemed to lie in the construction of canals.
While Europe had thus consumed centuries in improving paths of trade, until merchandise could be brought by canal a few score miles from the Rhone to the Loire and Seine, to the Garonne and the Rhine, and while all her wealth and energy had not yet united the Danube with other river systems, America was required to construct, without delay, at least three great roads and canals, each several hundred miles long, across mountain ranges, through a country not yet inhabited, to points where no great markets existed,—and this under constant peril of losing her political union, which could not even by such connections be with certainty secured. After this should be accomplished, the Alleghanies must still remain between the eastern and western States, and at any known rate of travel Nashville could not be reached in less than a fortnight or three weeks from Philadelphia. Meanwhile the simpler problem of bringing New England nearer to Virginia and Georgia had not advanced even with the aid of a direct ocean highway. In becoming politically independent of England, the old thirteen provinces developed little more commercial intercourse with each other in proportion to their wealth and population than they had maintained in colonial days. The material ties that united them grew in strength no more rapidly than the ties which bound them to Europe. Each group of States lived a life apart.
Even the lightly equipped traveller found a short journey no slight effort. Between Boston and New York was a tolerable highway, along which, thrice a week, light stage-coaches carried passengers and the mail, in three days. From New York a stage-coach started every week-day for Philadelphia, consuming the greater part of two days in the journey; and the road between Paulus Hook, the modern Jersey City, and Hackensack, was declared by the newspapers in 1802 to be as bad as any other part of the route between Maine and Georgia. South of Philadelphia the road was tolerable as far as Baltimore, but between Baltimore and the new city of Washington it meandered through forests; the driver chose the track which seemed least dangerous, and rejoiced if in wet seasons he reached Washington without miring or upsetting his wagon. In the Northern States, four mile an hour was the average speed for any coach between Bangor and Baltimore. Beyond the Potomac the roads became steadily worse, until south of Petersburg even the mails were carried on horseback. Except for a stage-coach which plied between Charleston and Savannah, no public conveyance of any kind was mentioned in the three southernmost States.
The stage-coach was itself a rude conveyance, of a kind still familiar to experienced travellers. Twelve persons, crowded into one wagon, were jolted over rough roads, their bags and parcels, thrust inside, cramping their legs, while they were protected from the heat and dust of mid-summer and the intense cold and driving snow of winter only by leather flaps buttoned to the roof and sides. In fine, dry weather this mode of travel was not unpleasant, when compared with the heavy vehicles of Europe and the hard English turnpikes; but when spring rains drew the frost from the ground the roads became nearly impassable, and in winter, when the rivers froze, a serious peril was added, for the Susquehanna or the North River at Paulus Hook must be crossed in an open boat,—an affair of hours at best, sometimes leading to fatal accidents. Smaller annoyances of many kinds were habitual. The public, as a rule, grumbled less than might have been expected, but occasionally newspapers contained bitter complaints. An angry Philadelphian, probably a foreigner, wrote in 1796 that, "with a few exceptions, brutality, negligence, and filching are as naturally expected by people accustomed to travelling in America, as a mouth, a nose, and two eyes are looked for in a man's face." This sweeping charge, probably unjust, and certainly supported by little public evidence, was chiefly founded on the experience of an alleged journey from New York:—
"At Bordertown we went into a second boat where we met with very sorry accommodation. This was about four o'clock in the afternoon. We had about twenty miles down the Delaware to reach Philadelphia. The captain, who had a most provoking tongue, was a boy about eighteen years of age. He and a few companions despatched a dozen or eighteen bottles of porter. We ran three different times against other vessels that were coming up the stream. The women and children lay all night on the bare boards of the cabin floor. . . . We reached Arch Street wharf about eight o'clock on the Wednesday morning, having been about sixteen hours on a voyage of twenty miles."
In the Southern States the difficulties and perils of travel were so great as to form a barrier almost insuperable. Even Virginia was no exception to this rule. At each interval of a few miles the horseman found himself stopped by a river, liable to sudden freshets, and rarely bridged. Jefferson in his frequent journeys between Monticello and Washington was happy to reach the end of the hundred miles without some vexatious delay. "Of eight rivers between here and Washington," he wrote to his Attorney-General in 1801, "five have neither bridges nor boats."
Expense caused an equally serious obstacle to travel. The usual charge in the Northern States was six cents a mile by stage. In the year 1796, according to Francis Baily, President of the Royal Astronomical Society, three or four stages ran daily from Baltimore to Philadelphia, the fare six dollars, with charges amounting to two dollars and a quarter a day at the inns on the road. Baily was three days in making the journey. From Philadelphia to New York he paid the same fare and charges, arriving in one day and a half. The entire journey of two hundred miles cost him twenty-one dollars. He remarked that travelling on the main lines of road in the settled country was about as expensive as in England, and when the roads were good, about as rapid. Congress allowed its members six dollars for every twenty miles travelled. The actual cost, including hotel expenses, could hardly have fallen below ten cents a mile.
Heavy traffic never used stage routes if it could find cheaper. Commerce between one State and another, or even between the seaboard and the interior of the same State, was scarcely possible on any large scale unless navigable water connected them. Except the great highway to Pittsburg, no road served as a channel of commerce between different regions of the country. In this respect New England east of the Connecticut was as independent of New York as both were independent of Virginia, and as Virginia in her turn was independent of Georgia and South Carolina. The chief value of inter-State communication by land rested in the postal system; but the post furnished another illustration of the difficulties which barred progress. In the year 1800 one general mail-route extended from Portland in Maine to Louisville in Georgia, the time required for the trip being twenty days. Between Portsmouth in New Hampshire and Petersburg in Virginia the contracts required a daily service, except Sundays; between Petersburg and Augusta the mail was carried thrice a week. Branching from the main line at New York, a mail went to Canandaigua in ten days; from Philadelphia another branch line went to Lexington in sixteen days, to Nashville in twenty-two days. Thus more than twenty thousand miles of post-road, with nine hundred post-offices, proved the vastness of the country and the smallness of the result; for the gross receipts for postage in the year ending Oct. 1, 1801, were only $320,000.
Throughout the land the eighteenth century ruled supreme. Only within a few years had the New Englander begun to abandon his struggle with a barren soil, among granite hills, to learn the comforts of easier existence in the valleys of the Mohawk and Ohio; yet the New England man was thought the shrewdest and most enterprising of Americans. If the Puritans and the Dutch needed a century or more to reach the Mohawk, when would they reach the Mississippi? The distance from New York to the Mississippi was about one thousand miles; from Washington to the extreme southwestern military post, below Natchez, was about twelve hundred. Scarcely a portion of western Europe was three hundred miles distant from some sea, but a width of three hundred miles was hardly more than an outskirt of the United States. No civilized country had yet been required to deal with physical difficulties so serious, nor did experience warrant conviction that such difficulties could be overcome.
If the physical task which lay before the American people had advanced but a short way toward completion, little more change could be seen in the economical conditions of American life. The man who in the year 1800 ventured to hope for a new era in the coming century, could lay his hand on no statistics that silenced doubt. The machinery of production showed no radical difference from that familiar to ages long past. The Saxon farmer of the eighth century enjoyed most of the comforts known to Saxon farmers in the eighteenth. THe eorls and ceorls of Offa and Ecgbert could not read or write, and did not receive a weekly newspaper with such information as newspapers in that age could supply; yet neither their houses, their clothing, their food and drink, their agricultural tools and methods, their stock, nor their habits were so greatly altered or improved by time that they would have found much difficulty in accommodating their lives to that of their descendants in the eighteenth century. In this respect America was backward. Fifty or a hundred miles inland more than half the houses were log-cabins, which might or might not enjoy the luxury of a glass window. Throughout the South and West houses shoed little attempt at luxury; but even in New England the ordinary farmhouse was hardly so well built, so spacious, or so warm as that of a well-to-do contemporary of Charlemagne. The cloth which the farmer's family wore was still homespun. The hats were manufactured by the village hatter; the clothes were cut and made at home; the shirts, socks, and nearly every other article of dress were also home-made. Hence came a marked air of rusticity which distinguished country from town,—awkward shapes of hat, coat, and trousers, which gave to the Yankee caricature those typical traits that soon disappeared almost as completely as coats of mail and steel head-pieces. The plough was rude and clumsy; the sickle as old as Tubal Cain, and even the cradle not in general use; the flail was unchanged since the Aryan exodus; in Virginia, grain was still commonly trodden out by horses. Enterprising gentlemen-farmers introduced threshing-machines and invented scientific ploughs; but these were novelties. Stock was as a rule not only unimproved, but ill cared for. The swine ran loose; the cattle were left to feed on what pasture they could find, and even in New England were not housed until the severest frosts, on the excuse that exposure hardened them. Near half a century afterward a competent judge asserted that the general treatment of cows in New England was fair matter of presentment by a grand jury. Except among the best farmers, drainage, manures, and rotation of crops were uncommon. The ordinary cultivator planted his corn as his father had planted it, sowing as much rye to the acre, using the same number of oxen to plough, and getting in his crops on the same day. He was even known to remove his barn on account of the manure accumulated round it, although the New England soil was never so rich as to warrant neglect to enrich it. The money for which he sold his wheat and chickens was of the Old World; he reckoned in shillings or pistareens, and rarely handled an American coin more valuable than a large copper cent.
At a time when the wealth and science of London and Paris could not supply an article so necessary as a common sulphurmatch, the backwardness of remote country districts could hardly be exaggerated. Yet remote districts were not the only sufferers. Of the whole United States New England claimed to be the most civilized province, yet New England was a region in which life had yet gained few charms of sense and few advantages over its rivals. Wilson, the ornithologist, a Pennsylvania Scotchman, a confirmed grumbler, but a shrewd judge, and the most thorough of American travellers, said in 1808: "My journey through almost the whole of New England has rather lowered the Yankees in my esteem. Except a few neat academies, I found their schoolhouses equally ruinous and deserted with ours; fields covered with stones; stone fences; scrubby oaks and pine-trees; wretched orchards; scarcely one grain-field in twenty miles; the taverns along the road dirty, and filled with loungers brawling about lawsuits and politics; the people snappish and extortioners, lazy, and two hundred years behind the Pennsylvanians in agricultural improvements." The description was exaggerated, for Wilson forgot to speak of the districts where fields were not covered with stones, and where wheat could be grown to advantage. Twenty years earlier, Albert Gallatin, who knew Pennsylvania well, having reached Hartford on his way to Boston, wrote: "I have seen nothing in America equal to the establishments on the Connecticut River." Yet Wilson's account described the first general effect of districts in the New England States, where agriculture was backward and the country poor. The houses were thin wooden buildings, not well suited to the climate; the churches were unwarmed; the clothing was poor; sanitary laws were few, and a bathroom or a soil-pipe was unknown. Consumption, typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and rheumatic fevers were common; habits of drinking were still a scourge in every family, and dyspepsia destroyed more victims than were consumed by drink. Population increased slowly, as though the conditions of life were more than usually hard. A century earlier, Massachusetts was supposed to contain sixty thousand inhabitants. Governor Hutchinson complained that while the other colonies quadrupled their numbers, Massachusetts failed to double its population in fifty years. In 1790 the State contained 378,000 people, not including the province of Maine; in 1800 the number rose to 423,000, which showed that a period of more rapid growth had begun, for the emigration into other States was also large.
A better measure of the difficulties with which New England struggled was given by the progress of Boston, which was supposed to have contained about eighteen thousand inhabitants as early as 1730, and twenty thousand in 1770. For several years after the Revolution it numbered less than twenty thousand, but in 1800 the census showed twenty-five thousand inhabitants. In appearance, Boston resembled an English market-town, of a kind even then old-fashioned. The footways or sidewalks were paved, like the crooked and narrow streets, with round cobblestones, and were divided from the carriage way only by posts and a gutter. The streets were almost unlighted at night, a few oil-lamps rendering the darkness more visible and the rough pavement rougher. Police hardly existed. The system of taxation was defective. The town was managed by selectmen, the elected instruments of town-meetings whose jealousy of granting power was even greater than their objection to spending money, and whose hostility to city government was not to be overcome.
Although on all sides increase of ease and comfort was evident, and roads, canals, and new buildings, public and private, were already in course of construction on a scale before unknown, yet in spite of more than a century and a half of incessant industry, intelligent labor, and pinching economy Boston and New England were still poor. A few merchants enjoyed incomes derived from foreign trade, which allowed them to imitate in a quiet way the style of the English mercantile class; but the clergy and the lawyers, who stood at the head of society, lived with much economy. Many a country clergyman, eminent for piety and even for hospitality, brought up a family and laid aside some savings on a salary of five hundred dollars a year. President Dwight, who knew well the class to which he belonged, eulogizing the life of Abijah Weld, pastor of Attleborough, declared that on a salary of two hundred and twenty dollars a year Mr. Weld brought up eleven children, besides keeping a hospitable house and maintaining charity to the poor.
On the Exchange a few merchants had done most of the business of Boston since the peace of 1783, but a mail thrice a week to New York, and an occasional arrival from Europe or the departure of a ship to China, left ample leisure for correspondence and even for gossip. The habits of the commercial class had not been greatly affected by recent prosperity. Within ten or fifteen years before 1800 three Banks had been created to supply the commercial needs of Boston. One of these was a branch Bank of the United States, which employed there whatever part of its capital it could profitably use; the two others were local Banks, with capital of $1,600,000, toward which the State subscribed $400,000. Altogether the banking capital of Boston might amount to two millions and a half. A number of small Banks, representing in all about two and a half millions more, were scattered through the smaller New England towns. The extraordinary prosperity caused by the French wars opened to Boston a new career. Wealth and population were doubling; the exports and imports of New England were surprisingly large, and the shipping was greater than that of New York and Pennsylvania combined; but Boston had already learned, and was to learn again, how fleeting were the riches that depended on foreign commerce, and conservative habits were not easily changed by a few years of accidental gain.
Of manufactures New England had many, but none on a large scale. The people could feed or clothe themselves only by household industry; their whaleoil, salt fish, lumber, and rum were mostly sent abroad; but they freighted coasters with turners' articles, home-made linens and cloths, cheese, butter, shoes, nails, and what were called Yankee Notions of all sorts, which were sent to Norfolk and the Southern ports, and often peddled from the deck, as goods of every sort were peddled on the flat-boats of the Ohio. Two or three small mills spun cotton with doubtful success; but England supplied ordinary manufactures more cheaply and better than Massachusetts could hope to do. A tri-weekly mail and a few coasting sloops provided for the business of New England with domestic ports. One packet sloop plied regularly to New York.
The State of New York was little in advance of Massachusetts and Maine. In 1800 for the first time New York gained the lead in population by the difference between 589,000 and 573,000. The valuation of New York for the direct tax in 1799 was $100,000,000; that of Massachusetts was $84,000,000. New York was still a frontier State, and although the city was European in its age and habits, travellers needed to go few miles from the Hudson in order to find a wilderness like that of Ohio and Tennessee. In most material respects the State was behind New England; outside the city was to be seen less wealth and less appearance of comfort. The first impression commonly received of any new country was from its inns, and on the whole few better tests of material condition then existed. President Dwight, though maintaining that the best old-fashioned inns of New England were in their way perfect, being in fact excellent private houses, could not wholly approve what he called the modern inns, even in Connecticut; but when he passed into New York he asserted that everything suffered an instant change for the worse. He explained that in Massachusetts the authorities were strict in refusing licenses to any but respectable and responsible persons, whereas in New York licenses were granted to any one who would pay for them,—which caused a multiplication of dram-shops, bad accommodations, and a gathering of loafers and tipplers about every tavern porch, whose rude appearance, clownish manners, drunkenness, swearing, and obscenity confirmed the chief of Federalist clergymen in his belief that democracy had an evil influence on morals.
Far more movement was to be seen, and accumulation was more rapid than in colonial days; but little had yet been done for improvement, either by Government or by individuals, beyond some provision for extending roads and clearing watercourses behind the advancing settlers. If Washington Irving was right, Rip Van Winkle, who woke from his long slumber about the year 1800, saw little that was new to him, except the head of President Washington where that of King George had once hung, and strange faces instead of familiar ones. Except in numbers, the city was relatively no farther advanced than the country. Between 1790 and 1800 its population rose from 33,000 to 60,000; and if Boston resembled an old-fashioned English market-town, New York was like a foreign seaport, badly paved, undrained, and as foul as a town surrounded by the tides could be. Although the Manhattan Company was laying wooden pipes for a water supply, no sanitary regulations were enforced, and every few years—as in 1798 and 1803—yellow fever swept away crowds of victims, and drove the rest of the population, panic stricken, into the highlands. No day-police existed; constables were still officers of the courts; the night-police consisted of two captains, two deputies, and seventy-two men. The estimate for the city's expenses in 1800 amounted to $130,000. One marked advantage New York enjoyed over Boston, in the possession of a city government able to introduce reforms. Thus, although still mediæval in regard to drainage and cleanliness, the town had taken advantage of recurring fires to rebuild some of the streets with brick sidewalks and curbstones. Travellers dwelt much on this improvement, which only New York and Philadelphia had yet adopted, and Europeans agreed that both had the air of true cities: that while Boston was the Bristol of America, New York was the Liverpool, and Philadelphia the London.
In respect to trade and capital, New York possessed growing advantages, supplying half New Jersey and Connecticut, a part of Massachusetts, and all the rapidly increasing settlements on the branches of the Hudson; but no great amount of wealth, no considerable industry or new creation of power was yet to be seen. Two Banks, besides the branch Bank of the United States, supplied the business wants of the city, and employed about the same amount of capital in loans and discounts as was required for Boston. Besides these city institutions but two other Banks existed in the State—at Hudson and at Albany.
The proportion of capital in private hands seemed to be no larger. The value of exports from New York in 1800 was but $14,000,000; the net revenue on imports for 1799 was $2,373,000, against $1,607,000 collected in Massachusetts. Such a foreign trade required little capital, yet these values represented a great proportion of all the exchanges. Domestic manufactures could not compete with foreign, and employed little bank credit. Speculation was slow, mostly confined to lands which required patience to exchange or sell. The most important undertakings were turnpikes, bridges such as Boston built across the Charles, or new blocks of houses; and a canal, such as Boston designed to the Merrimac, overstrained the resources of capital. The entire banking means of the United States in 1800 would not have answered the stock-jobbing purposes of one great operator of Wall Street in 1875. The nominal capital of all the Banks, including the Bank of the United States, fell short of $29,000,000. The limit of credit was quickly reached, for only the richest could borrow more than fifteen or twenty thousand dollars at a time, and the United States Government itself was gravely embarrassed whenever obliged to raise money. In 1798 the Secretary of the Treasury could obtain five million dollars only by paying eight per cent interest for a term of years; and in 1814 the Government was forced to stop payments for the want of twenty millions.
The precise value of American trade was uncertain, but in 1800 the gross exports and imports of the United States may have balanced at about seventy-five million dollars. The actual consumption of foreign merchandise amounted perhaps to the value of forty or fifty million dollars, paid in wheat, cotton, and other staples, and by the profits on the shipping employed in carrying West India produce to Europe. The amount of American capital involved in a trade of fifty millions, with credits of three, six, and nine months, must have been small, and the rates of profit large.
As a rule American capital was absorbed in shipping or agriculture, whence it could not be suddenly withdrawn. No stock-exchange existed, and no broker exclusively engaged in stock-jobbing, for there were few stocks. The national debt, of about eighty millions, was held abroad, or as a permanent investment at home. States and municipalities had not learned to borrow. Except for a few banks and insurance offices, turnpikes, bridges, canals, and land-companies, neither bonds nor stocks were known. The city of New York was so small as to make extravagance difficult; the Battery was a fashionable walk, Broadway a country drive, and Wall Street an uptown residence. Great accumulations of wealth had hardly begun. The Patroon was still the richest man in the State. John Jacob Astor was a fur-merchant living where the Astor House afterward stood, and had not yet begun those purchases of real estate which secured his fortune. Cornelius Vanderbilt was a boy of six years old, playing about his father's ferryboat at Staten Island. New York city itself was what it had been for a hundred years past—a local market.
As a national capital New York made no claim to consideration. If Bostonians for a moment forgot their town-meetings, or if Virginians overcame their dislike for cities and pavements, they visited and admired, not New York, but Philadelphia. "Philadelphia," wrote the Duc de Liancourt, "is not only the finest city in the United States, but may be deemed one of the most beautiful cities in the world." In truth, it surpassed any of its size on either side of the Atlantic for most of the comforts and some of the elegancies of life. While Boston contained twenty-five thousand inhabitants and New York sixty thousand, the census of 1800 showed that Philadelphia was about the size of Liverpool—a city of seventy thousand people. The repeated ravages of yellow fever roused there a regard for sanitary precautions and cleanliness; the city, well paved and partly drained, was supplied with water in wooden pipes, and was the best-lighted town in America; its market was a model, and its jail was intended also for a model—although the first experiment proved unsuccessful, because the prisoners went mad or idiotic in solitary confinement. In and about the city flourished industries considerable for the time. The iron-works were already important; paper and gunpowder, pleasure carriages and many other manufactures, were produced on a larger scale than elsewhere in the Union. Philadelphia held the seat of government until July, 1800, and continued to hold the Bank of the United States, with its capital of ten millions, besides private banking capital to the amount of five millions more. Public spirit was more active in Pennsylvania than in New York. More roads and canals were building; a new turnpike ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster, and the great highway to Pittsburg was a more important artery of national life than was controlled by any other State. The exports of Pennsylvania amounted to $12,000,000, and the custom-house produced $1,350,000. The State contained six hundred thousand inhabitants—a population somewhat larger than that of New York.
Of all parts of the Union, Pennsylvania seemed to have made most use of her national advantages; but her progress was not more rapid than the natural increase of population and wealth demanded, while to deal with the needs of America, man's resources and his power over Nature must be increased in a ratio far more rapid than that which governed his numbers. Nevertheless, Pennsylvania was the most encouraging spectacle in the field of vision. Baltimore, which had suddenly sprung to a population and commerce greater than those of Boston, also offered strong hope of future improvement; but farther South the people showed fewer signs of change.
The city of Washington, rising in a solitude on the banks of the Potomac, was a symbol of American nationality in the Southern States. The contrast between the immensity of the task and the paucity of means seemed to challenge suspicion that the nation itself was a magnificent scheme like the federal city, which could show only a few log-cabins and negro quarters where the plan provided for the traffic of London and the elegance of Versailles. When in the summer of 1800 the government was transferred to what was regarded by most persons as a fever-stricken morass, the half-finished White House stood in a naked field overlooking the Potomac, with two awkward Department buildings near it, a single row of brick houses and a few isolated dwellings within sight, and nothing more; until across a swamp, a mile and a half away, the shapeless, unfinished Capitol was seen, two wings without a body, ambitious enough in design to make more grotesque the nature of its surroundings. The conception proved that the United States understood the vastness of their task, and were willing to stake something on their faith in it. Never did hermit or saint condemn himself to solitude more consciously than Congress and the Executive in removing the government from Philadelphia to Washington: the discontented men clustered together in eight or ten boarding-houses as near as possible to the Capitol, and there lived, like a convent of monks, with no other amusement or occupation than that of going from their lodgings to the Chambers and back again. Even private wealth could do little to improve their situation, for there was nothing which wealth could buy; there were in Washington no shops or markets, skilled labor, commerce, or people. Public efforts and lavish use of public money could alone make the place tolerable; but Congress doled out funds for this national and personal object with so sparing a hand, that their Capitol threatened to crumble in pieces and crush Senate and House under the ruins, long before the building was complete.
A government capable of sketching a magnificent plan, and willing to give only a half-hearted pledge for its fulfilment; a people eager to advertise a vast undertaking beyond their present powers, which when completed would become an object of jealousy and fear-this was the impression made upon the traveller who visited Washington in 1800, and mused among the unraised columns of the Capitol upon the destiny of the United States. As he travelled farther south his doubts were strengthened, for across the Potomac he could detect no sign of a new spirit. Manufactures had no existence. Alexandria owned a bank with half a million of capital, but no other was to be found between Washington and Charleston, except the branch Bank of the United States at Norfolk, nor any industry to which loans and discounts could safely be made. Virginia, the most populous and powerful of all the States, had a white population of 514,000, nearly equal to that of Pennsylvania and New York, besides about 350,000 slaves. Her energies had pierced the mountains and settled the western territory before the slow-moving Northern people had torn themselves from the safer and more comfortable life by the seaboard; but the Virginia ideal was patriarchal, and an American continent on the Virginia type might reproduce the virtues of Cato, and perhaps the eloquence of Cicero, but was little likely to produce anything more practical in the way of modern progress. The Shenandoah Valley rivalled Pennsylvania and Connecticut in richness and skill of husbandry; but even agriculture, the favorite industry in Virginia, had suffered from the competition of Kentucky and Tennessee, and from the emigration which had drawn away fully one hundred thousand people. The land was no longer very productive. Even Jefferson, the most active-minded and sanguine of all Virginians—the inventor of the first scientific plough, the importer of the first threshing-machine known in Virginia, the experimenter with a new drilling-machine, the owner of one hundred and fifty slaves and ten thousand acres of land, whose negroes were trained to carpentry, cabinet-making, house-building, weaving, tailoring, shoe-making,—claimed to get from his land no more than six or eight bushels of wheat to an acre, and had been forced to abandon the more profitable cultivation of tobacco. Except in a few favored districts like the Shenandoah Valley, land in Virginia did not average eight bushels of wheat to an acre. The cultivation of tobacco had been almost the sole object of land-owners, and even where the lands were not exhausted, a bad system of agriculture and the force of habit prevented improvement.
The great planters lavished money in vain on experiments to improve their crops and their stock. They devoted themselves to the task with energy and knowledge; but they needed a diversity of interests and local markets, and except at Baltimore these were far from making their appearance. Neither the products, the markets, the relative amount of capital, nor the machinery of production had perceptibly changed. "The Virginians were not generally rich," said the Duc de Liancourt, "especially in net revenue. Thus one often finds a well-served table, covered with silver, in a room where for ten years half the window panes have been missing, and where they will be missed for ten years more. There are few houses in a passable state of repair, and of all parts of the establishment those best cared for are the stables." Wealth reckoned in slaves or land was plenty; but the best Virginians, from President Washington downward, were most outspoken in their warnings against the Virginia system both of slavery and agriculture.
The contrast between Virginia and Pennsylvania was the subject of incessant comment.
"In Pennsylvania," said Robert Sutcliffe, an English Friend who published travels made in 1804-1806, "we meet great numbers of wagons drawn by four or more fine fat horses, the carriages firm and well made, and covered with stout good linen, bleached almost white; and it is not uncommon to see ten or fifteen together travelling cheerfully along the road, the driver riding on one of his horses. Many of these come more than three hundred miles to Philadelphia from the Ohio, Pittsburg, and other places, and I have been told by a respectable Friend, a native of Philadelphia, that more than one thousand covered carriages frequently come to Philadelphia market. . . . The appearance of things in the Slave States is quite the reverse of this. We sometimes meet a ragged black boy or girl driving a team consisting of a lean cow and a mule; sometimes a lean bull or an ox and a mule; and I have seen a mule, a bull, and a cow each miserable in its appearance, composing one team, with a half-naked black slave or two riding or driving as occasion suited. The carriage or wagon, if it may be called such, appeared in as wretched a condition as the team and its driver. Sometimes a couple of horses, mules, or cows would be dragging a hogshead of tobacco, with a pivot or axle driven into each end of the hogshead, and something like a shaft attached, by which it was drawn or rolled along the road. I have seen two oxen and two slaves pretty fully employed in getting along a single hogshead; and some of these come from a great distance inland."
In the middle of these primitive sights, Sutcliffe was startled by a contrast such as Virginia could always show. Between Richmond and Fredericksburg,—
"In the afternoon, as our road lay through the woods, I was surprised to meet a family party travelling along in as elegant a coach as is usually met with in the neighborhood of London, and attended by several gayly dressed footmen."
The country south of Virginia seemed unpromising even to Virginians. In the year 1796 President Washington gave to Sir John Sinclair his opinion upon the relative value of American lands. He then thought the valley of Virginia the garden of America; but he would say nothing to induce others to settle in more southern regions.
"The uplands of North and South Carolina and Georgia are not dissimilar in soil," he wrote, "but as they approach the lower latitudes are less congenial to wheat, and are supposed to be proportionably more unhealthy. Towards the seaboard of all the Southern States, and farther south more so, the lands are low, sandy, and unhealthy; for which reason I shall say little concerning them, for as I should not choose to be an inhabitant of them myself, I ought not to say anything that would induce others to be so. . . . I understand that from thirty to forty dollars per acre may be denominated the medium price in the vicinity of the Susquehanna in the State of Pennsylvania, from twenty to thirty on the Potomac in what is called the Valley, . . . and less, as I have noticed before, as you proceed southerly."
Whatever was the cause, the State of North Carolina seemed to offer few temptations to immigrants or capital. Even in white population ranking fifth among the sixteen States, her 478,000 inhabitants were unknown to the world. The beautiful upper country attracted travellers neither for pleasure nor for gain, while the country along the sea-coast was avoided except by hardy wanderers. The grumbling Wilson, who knew every nook and corner of the United States, and who found New England so dreary, painted this part of North Carolina in colors compared with which his sketch of New England was gay. "The taverns are the most desolate and beggarly imaginable; bare, bleak, and dirty walls, one or two old broken chairs and a bench form all the furniture. The white females seldom make their appearance. At supper you sit down to a meal the very sight of which is sufficient to deaden the most eager appetite, and you are surrounded by half-a-dozen dirty, half-naked blacks, male and female, whom any man of common scent might smell a quarter of a mile off. The house itself is raised upon props four or five feet, and the space below is left open for the hogs, with whose charming vocal performance the wearied traveller is serenaded the whole night long." The landscape pleased him no better—"immense solitary pine savannahs through which the road winds among stagnant ponds; dark, sluggish creeks of the color of brandy, over which are thrown high wooden bridges without railings," crazy and rotten.
North Carolina was relatively among the poorest States. The exports and imports were of trifling value, less than one tenth of those returned for Massachusetts, which were more than twice as great as those of North Carolina and Virginia together. That under these conditions America should receive any strong impulse from such a quarter seemed unlikely; yet perhaps for the moment more was to be expected from the Carolinas than from Virginia. Backward as these States in some respects were, they possessed one new element of wealth which promised more for them than anything Virginia could hope. The steam-engines of Watt had been applied in England to spinning, weaving, and printing cotton; an immense demand had risen for that staple, and the cotton-gin had been simultaneously invented. A sudden impetus was given to industry; land which had been worthless and estates which had become bankrupt acquired new value, and in 1800 every planter was growing cotton, buying negroes, and breaking fresh soil. North Carolina felt the strong flood of prosperity, but South Carolina, and particularly the town of Charleston, had most to hope. The exports of South Carolina were nearly equal in value to those of Massachusetts or Pennsylvania; the imports were equally large. Charleston might reasonably expect to rival Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. In 1800 these cities still stood, as far as concerned their foreign trade, within some range of comparison; and between Boston, Baltimore, and Charleston, many plausible reasons could be given for thinking that the last might have the most brilliant future. The three towns stood abreast. If Charleston had but about eighteen thousand inhabitants, this was the number reported by Boston only ten years before, and was five thousand more than Baltimore then boasted. Neither Boston nor Baltimore saw about them a vaster region to supply, or so profitable a staple to export. A cotton crop of two hundred thousand pounds sent abroad in 1791 grew to twenty millions in 1801, and was to double again by 1803. An export of fifty thousand bales was enormous, yet was only the beginning. What use might not Charleston, the only considerable town in the entire South, make of this golden flood?
The town promised hopefully to prove equal to its task. Nowhere in the Union was intelligence, wealth, and education greater in proportion to numbers than in the little society of cotton and rice planters who ruled South Carolina; and they were in 1800 not behind—they hoped soon to outstrip—their rivals. If Boston was building a canal to the Merrimac, and Philadelphia one along the Schuylkill to the Susquehanna, Charleston had nearly completed another which brought the Santee River to its harbor, and was planning a road to Tennessee which should draw the whole interior within reach. Nashville was nearer to Charleston than to any other seaport of the Union, and Charleston lay nearest to the rich trade of the West Indies. Not even New York seemed more clearly marked for prosperity than this solitary Southern city, which already possessed banking capital in abundance, intelligence, enterprise, the traditions of high culture and aristocratic ambition, all supported by slave-labor, which could be indefinitely increased by the African slave-trade.
If any portion of the United States might hope for a sudden and magnificent bloom, South Carolina seemed entitled to expect it. Rarely had such a situation, combined with such resources, failed to produce some wonderful result. Yet as Washington warned Sinclair, these advantages were counterbalanced by serious evils. The climate in summer was too relaxing. The sun was too hot. The sea-coast was unhealthy, and at certain seasons even deadly to the whites. Finally, if history was a guide, no permanent success could be prophesied for a society like that of the low country in South Carolina, where some thirty thousand whites were surrounded by a dense mass of nearly one hundred thousand negro slaves. Even Georgia, then only partially settled, contained sixty thousand slaves and but one hundred thousand whites. The cotton States might still argue that if slavery, malaria, or summer heat barred civilization, all the civilization that was ever known must have been blighted in its infancy; but although the future of South Carolina might be brilliant, like that of other oligarchies in which only a few thousand freemen took part, such a development seemed to diverge far from the path likely to be followed by Northern society, and bade fair to increase and complicate the social and economical difficulties with which Americans had to deal.
A probable valuation of the whole United States in 1800 was eighteen hundred million dollars, equal to $328 for each human being, including slaves; or $418 to each free white. This property was distributed with an approach to equality, except in a few of the Southern States. In New York and Philadelphia a private fortune of one hundred thousand dollars was considered handsome, and three hundred thousand was great wealth. Inequalities were frequent; but they were chiefly those of a landed aristocracy. Equality was so far the rule that every white family of five persons might be supposed to own land, stock, or utensils, a house and furniture, worth about two thousand dollars; and as the only considerable industry was agriculture, their scale of life was easy to calculate,—taxes amounting to little or nothing, and wages averaging about a dollar a day.
Not only were these slender resources, but they were also of a kind not easily converted to the ready uses required for rapid development. Among the numerous difficulties with which the Union was to struggle, and which were to form the interest of American history, the disproportion between the physical obstacles and the material means for overcoming them was one of the most striking.

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Addiction and Islam – The Disease and its Cure
We live in a culture in which mass advertising glorifies excessive consumption and the near instant gratification of desires. "Having it now" unfortunately, proves to be a slippery slope for millions, and uninhibited desires prove to be like an uncontrollable fire, growing stronger each time they are fed. Some desires becomes overriding compulsions that could take years to overcome, if at all. The word addiction is often used to describe such a condition.
What exactly is addiction? The term "addiction" is used in many contexts to describe an obsession, compulsion, or excessive physical dependence or psychological dependence, such as: drug addiction, alcoholism, compulsive overeating, problem gambling, computer addiction, etc. In other words, addiction has many forms, some of them related to substances such as drugs or alcohol, while others are related to extreme psychological dependence of the individual on behaviors such as gambling, overeating, and increasingly internet surfing.
Nearly 14 million Americans meet diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders
Estimates of the economic costs of just alcohol abuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from one to six per cent of a country's GDP. Countries around the world spend hundreds of billions of dollars in combating the drug trade, rehabilitating drug addicts and in dealing with the health and social costs of the increased use of narcotics by young people and teenagers. Addiction to pornography is afflicting millions in every age group around the world, leading to decreased productivity, and an increase in crimes against women and children.
The fact that addictions of various types have grown into enormous social problems that are threatening not only individuals and families but entire societies is clear. Addictions in fact, are the scourge of the human civilization, and the urgency of making a global effort to eradicate them is more critical than ever.
Efforts So far
Countries around the world have tried hard to control if not eradicate various addictions in their societies. Although millions have freed themselves from the slavery of their base instincts, millions more continue to fall into this abyss. The number of addicted individuals, both in real terms and as a percentage of the total population, has skyrocketed in recent times.
Let us explore how Islam views the problem, and how its prescriptions and world-view might be an antidote.
Moderation – An Islamic Virtue
One of the salient features of the Islamic world-view is a balanced and moderate outlook on life and its challenges. Islam recognizes that human beings have natural desires, and prescribes ways of fulfilling these desires without allowing the desires to take control of one's life. The Glorious Quran says:
"O Children of Adam! Wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: Eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters." [Al-Quran 7:31]
The Islamic virtue of moderation is prescribed at both an individual and at a collective level. Islam views the natural resources of the world, and indeed human life itself, as a trust from God. Accordingly, every individual is accountable for how he or she spends these resources. Profligacy is considered a major sin in Islam.
Islam's View of the Self
Islam's broader approach towards human life is through the recognition of the human soul as being composed of essentially three elements:
Nafs al-Ammarah (soul commanding to evil or evil-inciting soul)
Nafs al-Lawwamah (self-reproaching soul)
Nafs al-Mutma'innah (tranquil, peaceful soul)
The goal of every Muslim is to be aware of the stage of his or her own soul, and to strive to reach the stage of tranquility and peace that can only come about through a disciplined life in obedience to God.
The soul commanding to evil grips the individual in a state of forgetfulness. Addiction, and indeed, all human infractions stem from such a state, where the human being is heedless of the purpose of life, heedless of the Creator, and of the Day when all human beings will be held accountable for their actions. It is this state of forgetfulness that the individual must strive to overcome, and work progressively towards a state of awareness.
The Glorious Qur'an says:
"And be ye not like those who forgot Allah, and He made them forget their own souls! Such are the rebellious transgressors!" [Al-Quran 59:19]
In overcoming addiction therefore, one is required to shun heedlessness and feel remorse for having allowed one's soul to be controlled by one's lower desires.
For others who, although self-aware to some extent, do succumb momentarily to the evil-inciting soul, the remembrance of the Divine and His commandments are often sufficient to restore the balance and quickly exit the state of heedlessness.
For those who, while fulfilling the necessities of human life, are firmly rooted in achieving success in the hereafter, the temptations of a transgression only serve to spur them on in their spiritual pursuits.
Islam's Prohibitions – A Great Blessing
Altaf Husain, a social worker in the US, writes in an article on ways to overcome addiction:
"No one becomes addicted intentionally; it is not a goal one sets out to accomplish. Addiction is ultimately the triumph of the soul commanding to evil over the self-reproaching soul. What begins as just one quick glance at a pornographic Web site, one sip of alcohol, one snort of cocaine, one injection of heroin, or even one session of aggressive overeating does not affect every individual the same way. For those who have a weak relationship with Allah, are on the margins of daily worship, are keeping company with similarly heedless individuals, the one glance, the one sip leads them, ultimately, down a slippery slope from which they will have, potentially, a lifelong struggle recovering."
Islam recognizes the perils of such self-destructive behavior. While prescribing permissible ways of fulfilling certain legitimate desires, Islam clearly draws the line around certains types of behavior and strikes them at the root. Consequently, alcohol, drug consumption and gambling are strictly prohibited, even in small quantities.
"O ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (pination by) arrows, are an abomination,- of Satan's handwork: eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper." [Al-Quran 7:31]
In the last five decades, pornography has been the cause of many a broken home, and multitudes of destroyed lives. By enjoining men and women towards modesty, the Glorious Quran protects the dignity of the human being. The Quran says:
"Say to the believing men that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty: that will make for greater purity for them: And Allah is well acquainted with all that they do.
"And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms…" [Al-Quran 24:30-31]
Islam recommends marriage for the fulfillment of natural desires and for procreation, but prohibits the depiction of any human being as merely an object of sexual gratification. Notice how the Quran elevates the status of both men and women by recognizing their nature, while also drawing their attention towards a higher purpose in life.
When one reflects on the havoc caused by alcohol and drug addiction, by compulsive gambling and by rampant pornography, one can only see the prohibitions and injunctions of Islam as great blessings to the human race. The Divine prohibitions ensure that even if one does not see the wisdom behind abstaining from these evils, one is guarded by adhering to certain norms in a spiritual frame of reference.
Prayer and Fasting – Strenghthening the Soul with Patience
While every pillar of Islam serves to strengthen the soul, the five daily prayers and the fasting during the holy month of Ramadan are especially beneficial in disciplining the soul.
The Glorious Quran says;
"Recite what is sent of the Book by inspiration to thee, and establish regular Prayer: for Prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds; and remembrance of Allah is the greatest (thing in life) without doubt. And Allah knows the (deeds) that ye do." [Al-Quran 29:45]
Fasting is universally recognized as a means of gaining self-control, and in Islam, also a means of gaining closeness to God.
"O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that ye may (learn) self-restraint,"– [Al-Quran 2:183]
Prayer and fasting are therefore like the shields of the human soul, by which it can protect itself from the onslaughts of modern temptations, and lead a healthy, balanced and productive life.
To strike at the roots of addiction, a holistic view of the human soul is essential. Islam provides both a world-view and a spiritual system that elevates the human being by empowering the soul to fulfill the Divine Mission. Besides prohibiting behaviors that might demean the human soul in any way, Islam prescribes practical ways of strengthening it.
For the soul that values the sweetness of Divine Remembrance, capitulating to the base desires represents disobedience to the Creator as well as oppression against the self. It is through recognition of the purpose of creation can the soul achieve true freedom.
Tech2017-12-01T00:19:24-07:00January 4th, 2015|Self Development, social-ties, Solutions to Social Issues|
African American Muslims and the Social Justice Movement
Gratitude is a State of Mind
Within the Sheltering Peace
Islam & Domestic Violence


text:
import { NgModule, CUSTOM_ELEMENTS_SCHEMA } from '@angular/core';
import { RouterModule } from '@angular/router';

import { BlockchainSharedModule } from '../../shared';
import { BlockchainAdminModule } from '../../admin/admin.module';
import {
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoService,
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoPopupService,
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoComponent,
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDetailComponent,
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDialogComponent,
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoPopupComponent,
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDeletePopupComponent,
    CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDeleteDialogComponent,
    coinBoardRoute,
    coinBoardPopupRoute,
} from './';

const ENTITY_STATES = [
    ...coinBoardRoute,
    ...coinBoardPopupRoute,
];

@NgModule({
    imports: [
        BlockchainSharedModule,
        BlockchainAdminModule,
        RouterModule.forRoot(ENTITY_STATES, { useHash: true })
    ],
    declarations: [
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDetailComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDialogComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDeleteDialogComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoPopupComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDeletePopupComponent,
    ],
    entryComponents: [
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDialogComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoPopupComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDeleteDialogComponent,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoDeletePopupComponent,
    ],
    providers: [
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoService,
        CoinBoardBlockChainInfoPopupService,
    ],
    schemas: [CUSTOM_ELEMENTS_SCHEMA]
})
export class BlockchainCoinBoardBlockChainInfoModule {}


Say good-bye to that HUD-1 Settlement Statement!
Need Help Selling Your Louisville KY House Fast? Click HERE or contact me directly at the avenues below. Make Today Amazing!
PS. HAPPY VALENTINES DAY! NOW GO TELL SOMEONE YOU LOVE THEM!


text:
The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions
Mohamad Alkhouli, Mackram F. Eleid, Rick A. Nishimura, Charanjit S. Rihal
Recent advances in transcatheter interventions have refueled the interest in utilizing invasive hemodynamics in the catheterization laboratory. The authors review contemporary invasive techniques used to confirm valve disease and guide transcatheter valve interventions. They also discuss the available data and the remaining questions on the role of invasive hemodynamics in current practice and in the future.
JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072
invasive hemodynamics
mitral regurgitation
mitral stenosis
tricuspid regurgitation
10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072
Dive into the research topics of 'The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Hemodynamics Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Catheterization Medicine & Life Sciences 64%
Alkhouli, M., Eleid, M. F., Nishimura, R. A., & Rihal, C. S. (2021). The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions, 14(23), 2531-2544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072
The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions. / Alkhouli, Mohamad; Eleid, Mackram F.; Nishimura, Rick A.; Rihal, Charanjit S.
In: JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions, Vol. 14, No. 23, 13.12.2021, p. 2531-2544.
Alkhouli, M, Eleid, MF, Nishimura, RA & Rihal, CS 2021, 'The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions', JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 2531-2544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072
Alkhouli M, Eleid MF, Nishimura RA, Rihal CS. The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2021 Dec 13;14(23):2531-2544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072
Alkhouli, Mohamad ; Eleid, Mackram F. ; Nishimura, Rick A. ; Rihal, Charanjit S. / The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions. In: JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2021 ; Vol. 14, No. 23. pp. 2531-2544.
@article{50b45c67545e4b42b27679f3d6985cb1,
title = "The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions",
abstract = "Recent advances in transcatheter interventions have refueled the interest in utilizing invasive hemodynamics in the catheterization laboratory. The authors review contemporary invasive techniques used to confirm valve disease and guide transcatheter valve interventions. They also discuss the available data and the remaining questions on the role of invasive hemodynamics in current practice and in the future.",
keywords = "aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, invasive hemodynamics, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation",
author = "Mohamad Alkhouli and Eleid, {Mackram F.} and Nishimura, {Rick A.} and Rihal, {Charanjit S.}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation",
doi = "10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072",
journal = "JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions",
T1 - The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions
AU - Alkhouli, Mohamad
AU - Eleid, Mackram F.
AU - Nishimura, Rick A.
AU - Rihal, Charanjit S.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation
N2 - Recent advances in transcatheter interventions have refueled the interest in utilizing invasive hemodynamics in the catheterization laboratory. The authors review contemporary invasive techniques used to confirm valve disease and guide transcatheter valve interventions. They also discuss the available data and the remaining questions on the role of invasive hemodynamics in current practice and in the future.
AB - Recent advances in transcatheter interventions have refueled the interest in utilizing invasive hemodynamics in the catheterization laboratory. The authors review contemporary invasive techniques used to confirm valve disease and guide transcatheter valve interventions. They also discuss the available data and the remaining questions on the role of invasive hemodynamics in current practice and in the future.
KW - aortic regurgitation
KW - aortic stenosis
KW - invasive hemodynamics
KW - mitral regurgitation
KW - mitral stenosis
KW - tricuspid regurgitation
U2 - 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072
DO - 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072
JO - JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions
JF - JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions


Good luck fishing, and if you need any help, check out the user-submitted comments on the Рыбомания Тернистой долины and Крапчатая вкуснорыба pages! If you're brand new to fishing, check out An Angler's Journey: The Extreme Angling Collection Guide and the Legion Fishing Guide to learn about more of the unique rewards available from this profession!
Darkmoon Faire (May 7-14): Reputation Buffs and Blight Boar Preview 19 коммент.
Children's Week 2017 Holiday Updates and Guide 62 коммент.
Noblegarden 2017 Holiday Updates and Guide 29 коммент.
This Week in Broken Isles 2/28: World Quest Bonus Event, Drugon the Frostblood, Corrupted Studies 14 коммент.
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Is it spawning today? If so, I am so happy! It's the last one I need for the salty title. Heading there now to set my hearth!
I wouldn't be too happy with the revamped contest, folks. Your chance of winning is even lower now than it was in Cata when CRZ was first introduced. Unless there's around 600 winners (at least in the NA region) per week, the contest is no where near as easy to win as it was before. And it wasn't even easy to win it before.
When it comes to the things that are not necessary to be viable for the available content, like appearance items, and titles, then there isn't any reason that they should make every single thing easy to acquire for everyone.
Definitely glad I've already got this achievement. I'd love the boots, but don't think that'll be an easy thing to win now. 50 is really low for region wide.
I definitely regret getting the Arcanite Fishing Pole over the heirloom ring, but I had no idea that any fishing pole would eventually beat the Arcanite one.
Still kind of miffed that a PVP achievement is required to get and otherwise PVE Title.
2:12 in Quel'thalas and the tournament hasnt started - NPC's are there, but no fish.
Will confirm on Kirin Tor. NPC is there, but no quest\/fish\/announcement.
I wonder if it's 2pm PST regardless of server? We'd have about 90 more min to wait then.
That heirloom ring should be rewarded just for taking part in the event. It's ridiculously hard these days because of crz.
The fish drop from any pool?
Glad this is coming back.
In retrospect that would make sense, as it's realm-wide now. It wouldn't make sense for some servers to start earlier than others.
Blizz really needs to do some psychological assessments on these people who make the decisions because it looks like they may have imported some of that NEXON NA level of hindsight.


text:
Nathan Walsh (born 1972) is a contemporary realist painter living and working in Wales, United Kingdom. While he paints in his studio in Wales, he travels abroad to large cities like New York to research his compositions.

Paintings
Walsh spends days becoming familiar with the ever-changing city landscape in any major city that he visits. He sketches the basic composition of each painting on a postcard-sized piece of paper. Then, he photographs specific areas of the city that he chooses to paint. When he returns to his studio in Wales, he compiles as many as 1000 images to prepare a verist composition for a new painting. His underpaintings are very intricate and architectural. This results in colossal paintings measuring up to 9 feet in width.

Repentir App
Walsh's intricate painting process is documented in an app called Repentir. The app works with his paintings, Transamerica (2013) and 23 Skidoo (2013). With the app, the user can take a photo of any, or the entire, painting and rewind the painting in time down to the underdrawing.

References

Further reading
 Meisel, Louis, Photorealism in the Digital Age (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., , 2013)
 Head, Clive, Nathan Walsh: New York Cityscapes (New York: Bernarducci Gallery, 2018).
 Press, Marina, Nathan Walsh: Cityscapes Paintings (New York: Bernarducci Meisel Gallery, , 2013).

External links
Official Website

1972 births
Living people
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
Modern painters
Alumni of the University of Hull
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Peaceful and relaxing cottage rental on the sandy beaches of Sand Bay (Door County) WI. Available year round from beachy summer getaways to ice fishing adventures. 2 Bedroom, 1 Bathroom. TV, Kitchen, Fire Pit on the beach.


• PLOT SUMMARY: Elseworlds. In a world where Superman rocketed to Earth in 1938, Clark Kent has hardly aged a day by 1996, while his beloved Lois Lane has watched herself grow older with each passing year, with the gulf between immortal man and mortal woman ever widening.
But when Lois gets the chance to obtain her heart's desire, she finds herself transformed by the power of ancient gods into the Man of Steel's perfect mate--a Wonder Woman whose life and love will endure as long as Superman's. Writer Chris Claremont is joined by artists Dusty Abell and Drew Geraci for an Elseworlds miniseries that may well prove to be the ultimate Superman love story. Prestige Format.


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The backup and disaster recovery space has been steadily evolving over the years, thereby moving away from the way consumers have traditionally viewed the field. Modernization is crucial in today's market; without it, businesses will be unable to manage new data types and deployment models, or increased workload volumes. Key requirements for modern backup and disaster recovery solutions are components such as ease of deployment, ease of daily administration, and a quick time to value.
With that in mind, we look to the future of backup and disaster recovery solutions. Whether they've seen an increase in venture capital, released an innovative new tool, or were included in one of the top analyst reports, these are the providers that have earned watch list status from Solutions Review for the year ahead. The vendors are listed in alphabetical order and have specific areas of expertise.
Carbonite is recommended for organizations that want a full-service offering or have IBM Systems workloads. The vendor provides cloud-based backup, recovery and storage solutions to enterprises. Data recovery with Carbonite is also fully managed by the provider. In addition to this, Carbonite's Cloud Disaster Recovery centralizes the backup and recovery of data on all computers distributed throughout an organization's locations.
Druva's solution, Druva Phoenix, makes it simpler and more cost-effective for users to protect all of their data across today's complex infrastructures with cloud backup, disaster recovery, and archival. The solution can be deployed in minutes at sites located around the world, while also aligning with regional data storage regulations. It can be managed from a central location, giving IT administrators full visibility and control over server backups and data composition.
Hitachi Vantara offers users a single unified platform with business defined data protection in order to simplify the disaster recovery process. In addition to this, the provider's solution brings consumers the Hitachi Data Protection Suite, powered by Commvault, which orchestrate multiple, complex data protection under a single management interface. The vendor also provides remote replication, global-active data, and the Hitachi Data Instance Director, which lowers the risk to meet service-level requirements through the use of advanced copy management techniques.
By offering an intelligent software solution with the power of the cloud, Infrascale transcends the disaster recovery cost barrier without complex, expensive hardware. The vendor's solutions are a good fit for businesses with a hybrid infrastructure that doesn't include a mainframe or that have needs outside of backup for Unix or IBM System i servers. Additionally, Infrascale's dashboard simplifies the management of data protection by providing a single pane of glass through which the entire suite of services is deployed.
NovaStor's solution, NovaBACKUP, is a centralized backup software for heterogeneous IT environments including Windows and Linux, VMware and Hyper-V. With multi-tenancy functions, customers have the option to set up and maintain multiple locations, departments, and users within the company's backup infrastructure. The premium support for NovaBACKUP DataCenter includes unlimited phone and email communication from NovaStor's US based technical support team.
With TierPoint, users have access to cloud-to-cloud Disaster Recovery as a Service (DRaaS), server-to-cloud DRaaS, Azure site recovery, backup services, and Business Continuity Workspace, as well as additional platforms. The vendor offers a scalable hybrid cloud recovery solution, which allows users to coordinate and automate the replication and recovery of their environment in the event of an outage. In addition to this, TierPoint offers backup technologies which reduce data loss while meeting security and compliance requirements at the same time.


With more than 10 years hard working in electronic field. JYWY deeply know the importance of both green environmental protection and energy conservation for human future life.Plus automobile Industry has developed rapidly.We utilize ours advantage to establish a manufactory to produce digital consumer Electronic products since 2010.Our main proucts is LED Strip lights,digital photo frame and automotive electronics.The products are widely used in Home improvement,outdoors and automotive.
Our factory covers the area of 2000 square meters.Located in BaoAn Shenzhen.We mainly do OEM/ODM services for many famous brands.We have 10 production lines to guarantee fast delivery time for you.With the addition of our complete supply chain system.Shenzhen JYWY Electronic Co., Ltd keeps making perfecter and perfect, meeting and outperforming customers' demand, products of JYWY are selling well all over the world."Achievement is founded on diligence, excellence comes from concerntration" is the foundation belief of JYWY.
All our products comply with ROHS, REACH the standards and we have professional laboratory meets UL, VDE standards. We are always working on providing safe and reliable products, At present,Our technical team and a service team are continual grandness, relying on our massion "Green products full of creativity generate immense energy for people's lives".
In the future, Shenzhen JYWY Electronic Co., Ltd will continue with the service concept "integrity, professional and efficient", keep improvement and innovation, to create a world class enterprise, and build a centry-old brand. Let's move forward hand in hand, for our win-win development!


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text:
New AstraZeneca-Oxford Vaccine Up to 90 Percent Effective in Preventing COVID-19
By Elliot Hannon
Nov 23, 20206:41 AM
More good news on the vaccine front. Justin Tallis/Getty Images
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More good news on the coronavirus vaccine front, as British drugmaker AstraZeneca announced Monday that late-stage clinical trials showed its vaccine was, on average, 70 percent effective in preventing COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine developed with Oxford University depended on the dose. Some of the 20,000 trial participants were given a single dose, and in those cases the vaccine was 62 percent effective. Under a second dosing regimen, two doses were administered, first a half-dose and then a second standard dose a month later, which proved to be 90 percent effective, according to the company. Oxford and AstraZeneca also said the study had shown the vaccine to reduce asymptomatic infections, a significant driver of the spread of the virus.
The AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine is the third vaccine candidate to report successful clinical trials this month, following Pfizer and Moderna's announcements, though this latest vaccine will likely be cheaper and far easier to distribute. "While the results released by AstraZeneca indicate somewhat lower efficacy … the vaccine can be stored and transported at normal refrigerated conditions for up to six months," the Washington Post notes. "That could make it significantly easier to roll out than Pfizer's vaccine, which has to be stored at minus-70 degrees Celsius, or Moderna's, which is stable in refrigerated conditions for only 30 days and must be frozen at minus-20 degrees Celsius after that."
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"AstraZeneca has said it aims to bring data from its studies of its vaccine being conducted overseas to the Food and Drug Administration—which would mean that the agency will likely review and authorize a vaccine before late-stage data are ready on how well the vaccine works in American participants," according to the New York Times. "British regulators already have been conducting a so-called rolling review of the vaccine." The U.K. government has already preordered 100 million doses of the vaccine; AstraZeneca says it will expand production to make 3 billion doses for global distribution in 2021.
Vaccines United Kingdom Coronavirus
Elliot Hannon is a Slate staff writer.


On June 27th, Fonthill Lioness President, Cheryl Werner presented a cheque for $500 to Kirk Weaver, Pelham Public Library. This donation will be used to purchase large print books.
Fonthill Lioness President, Cheryl Werner presented a cheque for $500 to Beth Cotter, Pelham Cares.
On June 27th, Fonthill Lioness President, Cheryl Werner presented a cheque for $1,000 to Lioness Linda Roach, Secretary, Lions' Eye Care (Niagara). The money will be put towards the commitment to raise $200,00 over five years for the purchase of a new microscope for Ophthalmology in the Niagara Health System.