text:
Title: Section 86-10.2 - Definitions
86-10.2 Definitions. As used in this Subpart, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(a) Allowable capital costs. Capital costs that are allowable under 14 NYCRR Subpart 635-6.
(b) Allowable operating costs. In the case of residential habilitation services, operating costs that are allowable under 14 NYCRR paragraph 635-10.4 (b)(1) and subdivision 686.13(b); in the case of day habilitation services, operating costs that are allowable under 14 NYCRR paragraph 635-10.4(b)(2).
(c) Acuity factor. Factor developed through a regression analysis utilizing components of Developmental Disabilities Profile (DDP) scores, average residential bed size, Willowbrook class indicators and historical utilization data to predict direct care hours needed to serve individuals.
(d) Base year. The consolidated fiscal report period from which the initial period rate will be calculated. Such period shall be January first, two thousand eleven through December thirty-first, two thousand eleven for providers reporting on a calendar year basis and July first, two thousand ten through June thirtieth, two thousand eleven for providers reporting on a fiscal year basis.
(e) Base operating rate. Reimbursement amount calculated by dividing annual reimbursement by applicable annual units of service, both in effect on June thirtieth, two thousand fourteen.
(f) Community residence. A facility operated as a community residence under 14 NYCRR Part 686, including an individualized residential alternative.
(g) Day habilitation services. Day habilitation services provided under the home and community based services waiver operated by OPWDD and pursuant to 14 NYCRR Subpart 635-10.
(h) Department of Health (DOH) Regions. Regions as defined by the Department, assigned to providers based upon the geographic location of the provider's headquarters as reported on the consolidated fiscal report. Such regions are as follows:
(1) Downstate: 5 boroughs of New York City, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester;
(2) Hudson Valley: Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Sullivan, Ulster;
(3) Upstate Metro: Albany, Erie, Fulton, Genesee, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, Niagara, Onondaga, Orleans, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Warren, Washington, Wyoming;
(4) Upstate Non-Metro: Any counties not listed in paragraphs (1), (2) or (3) of this subdivision.
(i) Developmental Disabilities Profile (DDP-2). The document titled Developmental Disabilities Profile (DDP-2) dated 7/10 and issued by OPWDD. This document, the
Developmental Disabilities Profile (DDP-2) User's Guideand another document titled
Scoring the DDPare available during business hours and by appointment at the following locations:
(1) the Department of State, Division of Administrative Rules, One Commerce Plaza, 99 Washington Avenue, Albany NY 12231-0001
(2) OPWDD, Attention Public Access Officer, 44 Holland Avenue, Albany, NY 12229.
(j) Evacuation Score (E-Score). The score for a supervised community residence that is certified under Chapters 32 or 33 of the Residential Board and Care Occupancies of the NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (2000 edition) that is provided to the Department by OPWDD once a year. The E-score is described in the NFPA 101A
Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety,2001 edition. The Life Safety Code and
Guide on Alternative Approaches to LifeSafety are available from the National Fire Protection Association, One Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471; or is available during business hours and by appointment at the following locations:
(1) the Department of State, Division of Administrative Rules, One Commerce Plaza, 99 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12231-0001
(k) E-Score Factor. Factor derived from analysis of Evacuation Scores to adjust staffing needs necessary to address health and safety needs.
(l) Financing expenditures. Interest expense and fees charged for financing of costs related to the purchase/acquisition, alteration, construction, rehabilitation and/or renovation of real property.
(m) Individual. Person receiving a residential or day habilitation service.
(n) Initial period. July first, two thousand fourteen through June thirtieth, two thousand fifteen.
(o) Lease/rental and ancillary payments. A provider's annual rental payments for real property and ancillary outlays associated with the property such as utilities and maintenance.
(p) Occupancy factor. Beginning July first, two thousand fifteen such factor will be an adjustment made prospectively at the beginning of the applicable rate year, based upon the previous years' experience. Such adjustment shall be provider specific and shall be the lower of the provider's actual vacancy or five percent.
(q) Operating costs. Provider costs related to the provision of day habilitation and residential habilitation services provided in a community residence and identified in such provider's cost reports. With the exception of Live-In Caregiver services, allowable operating costs shall not include the costs of board.
(r) Provider - An individual, corporation, partnership or other organization to which OPWDD has issued an operating certificate to operate a community residence, and for which the NYS Department of Health has issued a Medicaid provider agreement, or an individual, corporation, partnership or other organization to which OPWDD has issued an operating certificate or approval to operate a day habilitation program, and for which the NYS Department of Health has issued a Medicaid provider agreement.
(s) Rate sheet capacity. The number of individuals for whom a provider is certified or approved by OPWDD to provide residential habilitation.
(t) Reimbursable cost. The final allowable costs of the rate year after all audit and/or adjustments are made.
(u) Residential habilitation. Residential habilitation services provided in a community residence, under the home and community based services waiver operated by OPWDD and pursuant to 14 NYCRR Subpart 635-10 and 14 NYCRR 671.
(v) Room and board. Room means hotel or shelter type expenses including all property related costs such as rental or depreciation related to the purchase of real estate and furnishings; maintenance, utilities and related administrative services. Board means three meals a day or any other full nutritional regimen.
(w) Start-up costs. Those costs associated with the opening of a new program. Start-up costs include pre-operational rent, utilities, staffing, staff training, advertising for staff, travel, security services, furniture, equipment and supplies.
(x) State supplement. Amount paid to a provider to cover Room and Board costs in excess of SSI and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) payments.
(y) Target rate. The final rate in effect at the end of the transition period for each waiver service determined using the rate year final reimbursable cost for each respective provider for each respective service divided by the final total of actual units of service for all individuals, regardless of payor.
(z) Units of service. The unit of measure for the following waiver services shall be:
(1) Residential habilitation provided in a supervised community residence - daily
(2) Residential habilitation provided in a supportive community residence - monthly
(3) Day habilitation - daily


The Champ De Lux clay shooting vests are available for right handed or left handed shooters. Designed with solid black which can be worn all year round. Just a tad warmer, but more popular with teams and clubs as the solid black allows the shooter to have it embroidered etc with ease. The vest offers huge pockets allowing the storage of multiple cartridges so you don't run out halfway through your round. 'D' rings hand from either side of the vest and allow you to carry items such as ear defenders or a roll up slip for your gun, leaving your pockets empty. The right/left handed shoulder is finished in leather to provide a more robust area where the gun is mounted time and time again. The pocket openings are also lined with leather to reduce wear and tear in this area.


text:
const path = require('path');
const fs = require('fs');
const tap = require('tap');
const loadPattern = require('../src/lib/loadPattern');
const testUtils = require('./util/test_utils.js');
const config = require('./util/patternlab-config.json');
const engineLoader = require('../src/lib/pattern_engines');
const testPatternsPath = path.resolve(
  __dirname,
  'files',
  '_react-test-patterns'
);

engineLoader.loadAllEngines(config);

// don't run these tests unless the react engine is installed
if (!engineLoader.react) {
  tap.test('React engine not installed, skipping tests.', (test) => {
    test.end();
  });
} else {
  const fpl = testUtils.fakePatternLab(testPatternsPath);

  tap.test('Load the hello world pattern and verify contents', (test) => {
    const patternPath = path.join(
      testPatternsPath,
      'atoms/general/HelloWorld.jsx'
    );
    const patternContent = fs.readFileSync(patternPath, { encoding: 'utf8' });
    const pattern = loadPattern(patternPath, fpl);

    test.equal(pattern.template, patternContent);
    test.end();
  });

  tap.test('Load the hello world pattern and verify output', (test) => {
    const patternPath = path.join(
      testPatternsPath,
      'atoms/general/HelloWorld.jsx'
    );
    const pattern = loadPattern(patternPath, fpl);

    return pattern.render().then((output) => {
      test.equal(output, '
Hello world!
\n');
    });
  });
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Newsletter (PDFs)
Petition Mission
Christ All in All Meditations
So Great Salvation Series
Rhyminations
Thinking Upward Blog
Uplook Article Archives
Complete Magazines (PDFs)
Uplook TV
Contribute (US and International)
Contribute (Canadian)
All posts tagged Bible
Every Jot and Tittle
The Lord Jesus thought that the smallest letter of the Word of God—the "jot" or yod—or the smallest stroke of a letter—the "tittle" or tail—was more important than the rest of the whole universe! See Mt 5:18. Nothing God has told us is insignificant. His Word is a body of truth; which parts of your body would you like eviscerated?
AWOL: Where Did These Verses Go?
Can we be complete without a complete Bible? What Christian doesn't know the statement: "All...
The Story of a Bible
In a thrilling true story set in Québec, Suzanne Carbonneau explains how the gospel came to her family and beyond.
JUL-AUG 2012 – The Wonderful Word in 2 Timothy – PDF
The sufficiency, inspiration and innerancy of God's Word, as well as the great need for it to be applied to all aspects of our lives is the theme explored in this issue.
Learning to Love the Scriptures
A love for the Word of God is essential to a healthy Christian life. How can such a love be nurtured?
Prepared to Preach the Word
The sword of the Spirit should be used with care.
Is Being Novel Novel?
We live in a world that is changing at a faster rate than ever before.
Studying the Old Testament
Did you love hearing stories from the Old Testament as a child? Of course you did.
The Relationship Between the Testaments
The earthly gives way to the heavenly.
Biblical Dating
The simplest way to construct a timeline of the Old Testament is to work backwards. The following seven steps outline a relatively simple procedure for building such a timeline.
Uplook provides resources that inform, encourage and equip the church.
Archives Select Month January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 April 2017 March 2017 January 2017 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 January 2016 February 2015 November 2013 September 2013 July 2013 April 2013 October 2012 September 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 January 2012 August 2011 January 2011 September 2010 May 2010 March 2010 January 2010 September 2009 June 2009 May 2009 January 2009 November 2008 October 2008 August 2008 May 2008 April 2008 March 2008 January 2008 November 2007 October 2007 August 2007 July 2007 May 2007 March 2007 January 2007 December 2006 November 2006 October 2006 August 2006 June 2006 May 2006 April 2006 March 2006 January 2006 November 2005 September 2005 August 2005 July 2005 May 2005 March 2005 January 2005 December 2004 October 2004 September 2004 July 2004 June 2004 April 2004 March 2004 February 2004 January 2004 November 2003 October 2003 September 2003 July 2003 June 2003 May 2003 April 2003 March 2003 January 2003 December 2002 November 2002 October 2002 September 2002 July 2002 June 2002 May 2002 April 2002 February 2002 December 2001 November 2001 October 2001 September 2001 August 2001 April 2001 March 2001 February 2001 December 2000 November 2000 October 2000 September 2000 July 2000 June 2000 May 2000 April 2000 February 2000 January 2000 December 1999 November 1999 October 1999 September 1999 July 1999 June 1999 May 1999 April 1999 March 1999 February 1999 January 1999 December 1998 November 1998 October 1998 September 1998 August 1998 July 1998 June 1998 May 1998 April 1998 February 1998 January 1998 December 1997 November 1997 October 1997 September 1997 July 1997 June 1997 May 1997 April 1997 March 1997 February 1997 January 1997 December 1996 November 1996 October 1996 September 1996 August 1996 July 1996 June 1996 May 1996 April 1996 March 1996 January 1996 December 1995 November 1995 October 1995 September 1995 August 1995 July 1995 May 1995 April 1995 March 1995 February 1995 January 1995 December 1994 November 1994 October 1994 September 1994 July 1994 June 1994 May 1994 April 1994 March 1994 February 1994 January 1994 December 1993 November 1993 October 1993 September 1993 August 1993 July 1993 June 1993 May 1993 April 1993 February 1993 January 1993 December 1992 November 1992 October 1992 September 1992 July 1992 June 1992 May 1992 April 1992 March 1992 February 1992 January 1992 December 1991 November 1991 October 1991 September 1991 July 1991 June 1991 May 1991 April 1991 March 1991 February 1991 January 1991
Categories Select Category Blog Christ All in All Meditations Dare to Think Editorial Elder Helps Evidences Finally, Brethren For Preachers Grace At Work Heroes Life Sentences Living Assemblies Look at Books Mega-Truth New Life In Him News Petition Mission Q&A Rhyminations Science and You So Great Salvation Series Uplook Articles Why We Web ~ Magazine Issue (PDF) ~ UPdate Newsletter (PDF)
Follow Uplook
Download the latest Uplook Update
Subscribe to UPLOOK NEWS UPDATES
© 2020 UPLOOK MINISTRIES www.uplook.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Yoga/Meditation Resources
Transcendental Meditation - Yoga/Meditation
Transcendental Meditation is an effective technique for inner peace and wellness. This meditation technique is beneficial for those who are suffering from major mental agony, stress or chronic depression. It increases energy, calmness and creativity in a person. This meditation promotes happiness and clarity of mind. People who are immensely worried about the future for a setback in life due to past experiences find relaxation through this meditation technique.
Transcendental Meditation requires a personal instructor to carefully learn the authentic technique. Anyone can do it even if they do not have earlier experience of meditation. Transcendental Meditation is an evidence-based technique which is highly effective for:
Stress-related conditions
This is a tried and tested technique and comes with a satisfaction guarantee.
Health Retreats, Yoga, Meditation Resorts
Yoga/Meditation Medical Centers
Tabula Rasa Retreat, Portugal
Yoga/Meditation Packages
Improved Strength with Yoga and Pilates Package in Phuket, Thailand
Best Anti-Stress Package in Pamplemousses, Mauritius
Defy Your Age with Top Anti-aging Treatments in Asia
Yoga/Meditation Related Medical Tourism Articles
PlacidWay Launches PlacidWellness
How to Educate Yourself before Going for a Surgery Abroad
Medical Tourism in Turkey | Why It's So Productive And Promising!
Yoga/Meditation Popular Procedures
Tabula Rasa Retreat, Alentejo, Portugal
Tabula Rasa Retreat is not a typical drug rehabilitation clinic or spiritual growth enabler. It is a centre where a withdrawal free detox can offer a new life. A spiritual escape. A place to be lost then found. Set within the beautiful, Alentejo, Portugal the centre treats a wide range of people in search of a new kind of addiction recovery and spiritual freedom. Found inside the African Iboga shrub, Ibogaine is a natural, psychoactive substance that halts addictive patterns by neurochemically transporting the user to a physically and mentally pre-addictive state. Ibogaine treatments are truly re-inventing the way rehab works. Dare you try ?
Dr Jeremy Hunt, Edgecliff, Australia
Dr Jeremy Hunt is a renowned plastic surgeon in Australia. His Edgecliff practice provides a wide range of cosmetic surgery procedures such as breast lift, mommy makeover, tummy tuck, liposuction, rhinoplasty, facelift, necklift, gynecomastia and more.
All on X Dental Studio, Los Algodones, Mexico
Get the best of dental implants, cosmetic and specialized dental treatments in Los Algodones, Mexico. All on X Dental Studio is one of the reputable and most prestigious dental clinics in Los Algodones, Mexico.
Unilateral Knee Replacement Package in Dubai UAE for $10411
Patients who suffer from arthritis or any other knee conditions that cause irreversible knee damage have the option of undergoing a unilateral knee replacement procedure. Check out more details about the affordable unilateral knee replacement package in Dubai, UAE.
Best Ibogaine Treatment for Gambling Addiction in Alentejo, Portugal for $7012
Free yourself from Gambling addiction. Get Ibogaine Treatment for Gambling Addiction in Alentejo, Portugal to enter a new life.
TLR Package in Jelenia Gora, Poland Starts At $3,300 for $3300
Read about the best TLR package in Jelenia Gora, Poland Get this treatment procedure at an affordable price and in the best clinic.
Best Effective Full Body Liposuction at Seoul in South Korea for $23220
Are you searching for Full Body Liposuction package abroad? Get the best and most affordable package in Seoul, South Korea.
Stem Cell Therapy for Female Infertility in Kyiv, Ukraine for $5000
Check out the best treatment package for Stem Cell Therapy for Female Infertility in Kyiv, Ukraine. The cost starts from just $5,000.


Bring in the game animals you've hunted yourself and we'll do the processing for you (custom smoking also available). Please call ahead to make arrangements.
Ground and packaged $1.00 lb.
Grind and wrap $1.75 lb.
*Beef and Pork added at market price.
Jalapeno Summer sausage $3.00 lb.
Reg. Beer Sausage $2.75 lb.
Jalapeno or Spicy $3.00 lb.
Jerky (regular, teriyaki, peppered, sweet, sweet and spicy) $4.00 lb.


text:
How Psychedelic Therapy Could Change Your Practice
Author Michael Pollan on the Promises and Challenges of a Growing Movement
Rich Simon
By Rich Simon - Author Michael Pollan talks about his latest book on the science of new psychedelics, as well as the many challenges therapists face in integrating the lessons of psychedelic therapy into their work.
Are You Missing Your Client's Signals?
Lesser-Known Ways of Strengthening the Therapeutic Alliance
Steve Andreas
By Steve Andreas - Getting immediate, nonverbal feedback from clients is essential to knowing how they're responding in a session, and in maintaining the therapeutic relationship, which research shows is essential for successful therapy. Here are some strategies to increase your sensitivity to nonverbal shifts.
My Greatest Clinical Learning Experience
Finding the "Genuine Hero" in Even Your Most Troubled Clients
Lisa Ferentz
By Lisa Ferentz - In the early days of the trauma field, clients were seen as one-dimensional bundles of dysfunction and pain, who needed to relive their trauma before progress could be made. But an increased interest in post-traumatic growth has allowed many therapists to see that insight and healing can occur not only in the midst of devastating experiences, but even because of them.
#MeTooManyTimes
How the Latest Movement Against Sexual Predation is Rattling Some Therapy Clients
Lauren Dockett
By Lauren Dockett - Many therapists who specialize in sexual abuse and trauma are reporting that the #MeToo movement and the ongoing accusations of sexual assault and harassment against powerful, public men are deeply affecting their clients.
Hacking Happiness
Four Ways Positive Psychology Can Help Us Use Social Media Better
Jonah Paquette
By Jonah Paquette - Since the wonders of technology aren't going away any time soon, the challenge facing all of us is how to make enlightened choices as we navigate our course through the digital age. Research from positive psychology has identified key factors that offer a helpful frame in considering how we use can best use technology and social media to enhance our well-being.
A Positive Psychology Approach to Aging Well
Four Lessons for Growing Old with a Positive State of Mind
By Robert Hill - The question of interest in the 21st century has turned from "How long will I live?" to "If I'm going to live a long time, how can I be happy in the process?" From a practical point of view, it would seem that growing old portends misery, not happiness. However, in spite of the harsh realities of aging, most of us believe that old age is still worthwhile. Here's why.
Feminism and Psychotherapy
Harriet Lerner on the Legacy of the Women's Movement
By Ryan Howes - For 30 years, psychologist Harriet Lerner has been one of the leading feminist thinkers within the profession, as well as an enormously successful author who brings the insights of therapy to a large general audience. In the following interview, she speaks about her body of work, and addresses the question of the continuing impact of feminism on psychotherapy today.
Does Positive Psychology Really Work?
A Myth Buster Reveals the Truth Behind Martin Seligman's Happiness Movement
By Barbara Ehrenreich - The central claim of positive psychology, as of positive thinking generally, is that happiness is not only desirable in and of itself but actually useful, leading to better health and greater success. But is this actually the case, or is positive psychology nothing more than pop science?
Turning Panic into Power
Hidden Strengths Can Be the Key to Healing Trauma
Courtney Armstrong
By Courtney Armstrong - As therapists, we're taught to be master detectives who methodically investigate our clients' symptoms in search of a "culprit"—the source of their pain. But if we spend too much time preoccupied with symptoms, we're likely to miss important clues to hidden strengths, which can transform the experience of psychotherapy.


Created by Tapetum-Lucidum 8 days ago; known 7 days ago; judged wrong by Tapetum-Lucidum 7 days ago.
Tapetum-Lucidum judged this prediction wrong 7 days ago.
Tapetum-Lucidum judged this prediction right 7 days ago.


text:
Home Impact of a Submaximal Warm-Up on Endurance Performance in Highly Trained and Competitive Male Runners.
Zourdos MC, et al. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2017.
Show full citation
PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a submaximal running warm-up on running performance in male endurance athletes (n = 16, Mage = 21 ± 2 years, MVO2max = 69.3 ± 5.1 mL/kg/min).
METHOD: Endurance performance was determined by a 30-min distance trial after control and submaximal running warm-up conditions in a randomized crossover fashion. The warm-up began with 5 min of quiet sitting, followed by 6 min of submaximal running split into 2-min intervals at speeds corresponding to 45%, 55%, and 65% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). A 2-min walk at 3.2 km/hr concluded the 13-min warm-up protocol. For the control condition, participants sat quietly for 13 min. VO2 and heart rate (HR) were determined at Minutes 0, 5, and 13 of the pre-exercise protocol in each condition.
RESULTS: At the end of 13 min prior to the distance trial, mean VO2 (warm-up = 14.1 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min vs. control = 5.5 ± 1.7 mL/kg/min) and mean HR (warm-up = 105 ± 11 bpm vs. control = 67 ± 11 bpm) were statistically greater (p < .001) in the warm-up condition compared with the control condition. The distance run did not statistically differ (p = .37) between the warm-up (7.8 ± 0.5 km) and control (7.7 ± 0.6 km) conditions; however, effect size calculation revealed a small effect (d = 0.2) in favor of the warm-up condition. Thus, the warm-up employed may have important and practical implications to determine placing among high-level athletes in close races.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a submaximal running warm-up may have a small but critical effect on a 30-min distance trial in competitive endurance athletes. Further, the warm-up elicited increases in physiological variables VO2 and HR prior to performance; thus, a submaximal specific warm-up should warrant consideration.


text:
Paranormal Happenings
Screening Room August 26, 2018, 1:15 PM-2:00 PM
Matthew Vinaja
Director, "A Beautiful Place"
Jin Ning
Director, "Autumn Ghost"
Rain Zheng
Director, "Esther"
Frank Ferendo
Director, "Jamie"
Lisa J Dooley
Director, "Light as a Feather"
Mike Piccirillo
Director, "Those Who Dwell Within"
Films in This Block:
A Beautiful Place (Directed By Matthew Vinaja) – Danny Gulfman(Tony Moran), lays in bed sick, dying of cancer. An angelic woman named June Walters(Genevieve Graves) comes to him and at that moment, he knows his time has come. Danny begins to ask questions about where he is going, but knows that something is off. It's when he remembers who this woman is, he realizes his fate isn't as promising as he once believed it to be. Lucifer(Robert Mukes) comes down for a final ruling. This is a classic of tale of how things aren't always as beautiful as they seem.
Autumn Ghost (Directed By Jin Ning) – A banker named Shawn, who has ability can see the ghost, noticed he was followed by some ghosts.
Esther (Directed By Rain Zheng) – 1878: In a remote village, a vulnerable teenage girl faces the most terrifying night of her life when a threatening message mysteriously appears on her bedroom wall: You're mine to kill.
Jamie (Directed By Frank Ferendo) – After a troubled young mother is released from a psych ward, a doctor at the ward realizes that she may have made a terrible mistake. Proof-of-Concept short pitch film for the feature film "Jonah".
Light As A Feather (Directed By Lisa J Dooley) – In the short horror film by Lisa J. Dooley LIGHT AS A FEATHER, an homage Nickelodeon's 'Are You Afraid of the Dark', Zoe and Devin are scared sleepless after a ghost story is told at an all girl sleepover. Are the Jessup Girls real, or have their imaginations run wild?
Those Who Dwell Within (Directed By Mike Piccirillo) – An apprehensive priest visits a woman to help her with her sister.
Screenings 2018


Yep, I'm fasting–not eating meat from Monday through Friday, and only a small amount on Saturday and Sunday. You know for Lent you are asked to give up something, and most people give up some form of food. Does it bother me, not really, but kind. You know what I mean when you give up something then you tend to want it even more. I even went to the world famous Primanti Bros. in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with their huge sandwiches, and ate a green salad. Who knew they put French fries on their salad and name it a Pittsburgh salad–there is justice in the world.
I not only gave up some form of food I decided to give up something else. Something that I have been talking about for years. I decided to give up self-doubt and second guessing myself. Even as a woman of a certain age I still have self-doubt and continue to second guess myself.
Not eating meat has led to some changes in my diet and in my overall health. Has the cutting back on the consumption of meat (in this case it does include fish and poultry) caused me to have weight loss–no, but I haven't gained any either. I'm still maintaining.
But the elimination of self-doubt and second guessing has made a major difference in my life and attitude. It's a freeing feeling, one that is hard to explain. It's a good feeling.
Some people have given up shopping, eating sweets, eating fried foods, eating carbs–food, food, food. This guy told me he was going to give up exercising. The problem being he doesn't exercise. Years ago a minister said maybe we should give up something other than food–something like maybe gossip so I tried giving up self-doubt.
Will I ever have self-doubt again? I'm sure I will, but it will quickly disappear because I've learned to control it. Will I ever eat meat again on Monday through Friday–you betcha. But I really don't miss it.
As women of a certain age, we need to be in control of our lives to make them better. What are you giving up to make your life better? By the way in addition to giving something up, you are to pray/meditate more. Maybe that's the reason I can conquer self-doubt and second guessing myself.
Remember "thisisyourbestyear". Instead of saying what's the worst that could happen, ask yourself what's the best that could happen–then make it happen.


text:
← The Usual Suspects
Who We Are: #4 Denisovans →
"Who We Are: #3 Neanderthals
Posted on April 3, 2018	by gcochran9
In Chapter 2, Encounters With Neanderthals, David Reich talks about his work in analyzing the first successfully sequenced Neanderthal genomes, and the discoveries that led to.
Reich's team, with Nick Patterson making an especially important contribution, found that Neanderthals were about equally [genetically] close to Europeans, East Asians, and people from New Guinea, but closer to all non-Africans than to sub-Saharan Africans. This was what you would expect if the ancestors of non-Africans had interbred with Neanderthals, while sub-Saharan Africans had not.
Even thought these results were statistically very strong, Reich was skeptical because it went against the scientific consensus of the time – that there had been no admixture between anatomically modern humans and archaics such as Neanderthals as AMH expanded out of Africa. This was a question that I and John Hawks were interested in. We had concluded that the "scientific consensus" was based on nothing and put no stock in it. We had predicted that such admixture would be found, and that sometimes Neanderthal alleles would have conferred selective advantages and become common. Our reasoning went as follows:
The evidence for zero mixing was weak. It was clear that modern humans did not carry Neanderthal Y-chromosomes or mtDNA, but that could have occurred because they reduced fitness (a slight reduction have been enough to eliminate them, over tens of thousands of years) or because they were never common and were later lost by chance. Y-chromosomes and mtDNA are only two loci. We had checked what was known about successful hybridization in mammals: it turned out that after two species separated, it usually took a couple of million years for serious genetic incompatibility to develop. But we knew, from the fossil record, the Neanderthals split off around a half million years ago. Hybridization should have been possible. Moreover, if it happened, even at a low level, it would be an efficient means of transmitting new favorable alleles to modern humans, some of which might be common today.
One reason [ we think] for that bogus scientific consensus was a confusion of terms. Paleontologists call two sets of fossils separate species if they look sufficiently different [morphological species] while biologists usually define separate species as populations that can't interbreed. Those aren't equivalent definitions: we can distinguish the skeletons of Labrador retrievers and poodles, yet labradoodles happen.
Another reason: Ernst Mayr, a prominent figure in biology had opined that hybridization was an unimportant factor in evolution, as far as I can tell for no particular reason at all. For equally mysterious reasons, people paid attention to him.
Anyhow, Reich's skepticism led to even better evidence for mixing with Neanderthals, which is the way it's supposed to work in science. By looking at the average length of Neanderthal-derived segments of the genome, they were able to make a rough estimate of the time of mixing. Later work, using ancient DNA from a modern human that lived and died in Siberia about 45,000 years ago, gave a more accurate of 50-60 thousand years ago for Neanderthal admixture. The fact that the amount of Neanderthal admixture was not very different in widely separated populations in Eurasia suggested that admixture occurred in the Middle East, an inevitable first step in expanding out of Africa.
Later work showed something very interesting: the amount of Neanderthal ancestry ( in regions that actually do anything) has been slowly declining over time. In certain regions you see no Neanderthal ancestry at all – Neanderthal gene deserts – bu the trend is general. Not universal, since some Neanderthal genes appear to have been useful and have become common, but the general trend is the gradual shedding of the minority genome.
There are a couple of explanations under consideration for this genetic rejection. One is that Neanderthals were messed up: because their long-term numbers were lower, particularly at glacial maxima, purifying selection would have been less efficient in Neanderthals, and slightly deleterious mutations would have accumulated to higher levels than in anatomically modern humans. We have more example: it looks as if most of the functional part the Denisovan genome is also being slowly rejected by Melanesians. But there's more: West Africans seem to have have picked up genes from an archaic group in Africa that are slowly being rejected, while Altai Neanderthals seem to have picked some modern human ancestry ( possibly from the Qafzeh-Shkul population in the middle East around 100,000 years ago) and they were rejecting the modern human genome. I can't see how Neanderthal genomes could simultaneously be both better than and worse than modern human genomes: I think it more looks like a kind of mild incompatibility, where every subspecies is rejecting minority DNA from any exterior source. If true that would be very interesting. But I could be wrong. Probably am.
Reich believes that moderns and Neanderthals were at the edge of biological compatibility, probably with reduced fertility. The evidence is that there is an especially low level of Neanderthal ancestry on the X chromosome, a known hotspot for fertility problems in crosses between related species. And that's good evidence. But on the other hand, comparisons with other mammalian sister species indicates that it usually takes a considerably longer separation before real fertility problems show up – enough, say, to materially inhibit gene flow.
Probably we need to define terms. I think that a few-percent decrease in fertility in people with large amounts of Neanderthal ancestry might be enough to create those Neanderthal gene deserts on the X chromosome – but at the time, nobody would have noticed it. Smallish effects had something like 2000 generations to play out.
This entry was posted in Archaic humans, Book Reviews, Neanderthals. Bookmark the permalink.
61 Responses to "Who We Are: #3 Neanderthals
magusjanus says:
Any speculations as to what specific advantages Neanderthal admixture brought? IQ?
Also, one thing I've never grokked is why the heck we "beat" them. They were around environments with more selection (colder/etc) for much longer than we were. What advantage did we have as we burst forward out of Africa?
Tershul says:
Neanderthals were probably dumber, and used less sophisticated hunting methods. Possibly stabbing spears only. AMH used throwing spears/atlatl.
frontiermystic says:
Neanderthals had larger skulls, so that opens a path to higher IQ.
One reason we beat them was aggression. Genes linked to hyperactivity and aggression in humans are missing from the Neanderthal genome. Another big factor was larger social groups. One theory I've seen is that language allows for larger groups sizes by allowing you to scale social grooming; instead of having to take the time to eat lice off one individual at a time you can build social rapport with multiple people at once by shooting the breeze.
Or more importantly you can induce shared religious experiences around the camp fire by telling the story of your tribes divine origin and the heroes you all try to emulate. Advances in Sape language abilities were a key difference vs Neanderthal brains that seem to have selected for greater visual spatial processing with larger occiputs at the back of their heads.
Sapes can hold up to around 150 individuals in a group. Neanderthal groups on the other hand were much smaller and isolated, maybe around 12 individuals.
another fred says:
"Genes linked to hyperactivity and aggression in humans are missing from the Neanderthal genome."
Do you have a citation or link for that. I'm not doubting your opinion about sociability being of key importance, but I have not seen that specific piece of information and would like to read more.
Dave Pinsen says:
There was a novel in the '90s that speculated that Neanderthals lost because of they were bad at deception and seeing through deception. https://www.amazon.com/Neanderthal-Novel-John-Darnton-ebook/dp/B07BC61D34/ref=sr_1_28?ie=UTF8&qid=1522906042&sr=8-28&keywords=neanderthal
Not going to venture specific guesses, but here are some general ones… 🙂
-something immunity-related (now seen as increased risk for allergies, etc.)
-something cognitive-related (now seen as increased risk for depression, addiction, what else?)
-something skin-related
The increased risk for depression that Neanderthal genes supposedly confer is sort of interesting given the sharp contrast in depression rates between Africans and the rest of the world. Lots of confounds there though (and not really sold on the global depression data either).
@What advantage did we have?
They were stronger, so they probably needed more food. And they weren't a huge population; maybe early modern humans had enough numbers to just swamp them.
"Any speculations as to what specific advantages Neanderthal admixture brought to IQ?"
One thing that truly stands out is that right around the time anatomically modern man interbred with Neanderthals the horribly named "great leap forward" happened. Evidence of higher intelligence is evident in tool making as well as success in a small population expanding and taking over the entire world excluding Sub Saharan Africa.
But that isn't proof that Neanderthal admixture boosted intelligence. It might be that as humans expanded they simply picked up Neanderthal genes. It is an interesting question that we don't have an answer to yet. I once thought it quite likely Neanderthals hybridization boosted our intelligence but several pieces of evidence have since come out that make this hypothetical less likely.
1) A Reich paper looking at the first farmers showed that they derived from three population, one of them having no Neanderthal admixture.
2) The genes that Neanderthals gave us that bestowed an advantage and thereby increased in the interbred population don't seem to have much if any influence on brain function.
Rodep says:
"One thing that truly stands out is that right around the time anatomically modern man interbred with Neanderthals the horribly named 'great leap forward' happened."
Unless we can date these very precisely, the opposite ordering seems more likely. The Leap Forward happens, after which we use our newfound brains to overcome the Neanderthals' brawns.
I really don't think there was a great leap forward. It might seem so from todays standpoint but far more likely there was a very very slow progression in mankind getting smarter that extends right up to modern times. It is frustrating how little we know about the early stages of anatomically modern man. There weren't many of them and they didn't leave very much. It seems to me awfully damned coincidental that ATM's took off both in creativity and population after they interbred with Neanderthals. I would be surprised if the Neanderthals contribution to modern mans gene pool did not have some kind of mental benefits. It may not have been a big one, we don't know, but look at the numbers. Neanderthals had a minimum population of 20,000 for 500,000 years. Make an average generation 20 years long and that means 20,000 times 25,000 neanderthals lived and reproduced. Half a billion neanderthals couldn't come up with any mutations that benefitted ATM's intelligence when they interbred? I doubt this, especially in the light of a tiny interbred population of ATM's and neanderthals damn near taking over the entire world, pushing all other hominids to to extinction.We are at the very beginning of understanding how the human intelligence is influenced by genes. That we haven't found any proof that Neanderthals contributed to our intelligence doesn't mean very much at this stage.
We should keep our mind's open that Neanderthals gave us some intellectual benefits, doesn't mean they did, but it is very definitely possible.
I know I'm going to get flamed for this, but…what does ATM stand for?
Any neanderthal gene that would have conferred an advantage would have been positively selected for, once recombination allowed it to evolve mostly independently of the rest of the neanderthal genotype (i.e. a handful of generations). So it literally could be any good allele that the neanderthals happened to have that we didn't. For example, Neanderthals might have had an IQ boosting gene that we appropriated, even if on the whole they were dumber.
I think it's harder to get a new variant that is favorable in both single and double dose than just in single dose. Not many of those fairly common, clearly advantageous Neanderthal alleles look like they're going to fixation. A consequence of Fisher's geometric argument.
lol the obsession with iq and you guys is so funny
anyways, there was a new paper that showed more neanderthal cranial and (possibly) brain similarity with eurasians than sub-saharan africans
though the selection appeared to be weak, and mediated through demographic events
IQ is measurable. You will note a similar "obsession" with easily-measurable physicals like height and skulls, or evidences that can be attested from archaeology, like farming, or weapons. Musical, artistic, and other creative abilities, or social groupings and attitudes are clearly important, but hard to measure across millennia and continents. Those get mentioned here in the context of speculative fiction, which a lot of folks here have a side interest in.
Also, IQ also has lots of modern correlates, so the thought is that has been true for a long time.
DRA says:
Speculations are cheap:
Average food productivity per land area was perhaps lower in the climate of ice age times, so Neanderthals might have been selected for lower population density, and/or smaller tribes or family groups. Extreme case, Orangoutangs rather than Chimpanzees.
Perhaps Neanderthals hunkered down during the winters, not hibernation but reduced activity. Perhaps similar to depression or seasonal effective disorder.
If it is possible to determine what Neanderthal characteristics we selected against most strongly, rather than just biological incompatibility, it might give hints as to what advantages AMH had as the environment changed. Undoubtedly more insights to come from further research!
Lack of food certainly selects for lower population density …
Pingback: "Who We Are: #3 Neanderthals | West Hunter
Matthew Walker says:
How did everybody in each of these modern populations end up with this few percent of archaic genes, if they're slowly being rejected?
Would it be that, in each case, they must have been useful at the time (e.g. Neanderthal cold weather adaptations) but not later on?
Not all genes are being rejected. As Dr. Cochran says, "some Neanderthal genes appear to have been useful and have become common". Everyone eventually got these genes because they increase fitness. However, people did not get individual genes but the whole package: half a Neanderthal genome. Some of the Neanderthal genes were adaptive or the hybrids would not have prospered. But most would be neutral or maladaptive. The maladaptive genes would be rejected. However the rate depends on (a) how malaptive they are, and (b) how far they are on their chromosome from adaptive genes. A gene that is only slightly negative can persist a long time particularly if it is sited close to an adaptive gene.
Eponymous says:
Founder effects + mixing I would think? If a reasonably small population of AMH left Africa, interbred enough that their gene pool became X% Neanderthal, then stayed together long enough that this share became evenly distributed before heading their separate ways, then you would expect to see the pattern observed. Even if the Neanderthal genes are (slightly) deleterious on average.
It is a bit strange though that the populations that subsequently lived in Neanderthal-inhabited regions didn't interbreed further and therefore end up with a higher share.
" interbreed further " they did, at least occasionally. Oase.
logarithmichistory says:
Which is worse, genetically, having a kid with a Neanderthal or having a kid with a cousin? (I'm talking specifically here about outbreeding/inbreeding depression from having a kid who is depressed below the midpoint of the parents on traits like fertility, height, or IQ.) Just asking for a friend.
Seeing as how our ancestors seemed to thrive after interbreeding with Neanderthals, I'd guess a cousin is worse, but we'll see what Dr. Cochran says…
Depends on the cousin, I would think.
Surely, the royal houses of Europe could have used a healthy infusion of Neanderthal blood at some stage.
Is there any evidence the royalty was more inbred than general population? There's large bias to ignore any inbreeding in peasantry (who did not have biographers).
Egyptian and Incan dynasties (god-kings) were severely inbred. Often brother-sister pairings. I think the same reasoning (wanting to show you are a class apart) in a more restrained form, led to a lot of inbreeding among royalty in Europe.
It seems like royalty could exert pressure for exemptions or were given more leeway. There was even a brother-sister pairing among the Inca which was sanctioned by the Church, as a diplomatic move, even though the Inca had lost their empire.
With peasants, I think that it was very useful to have large kin networks. Lots of 2nd and 3rd cousins to act as an information and support network. So, you could marry your 2nd or 3rd cousin, without collapsing the network too much or suffering greatly deleterious health consequences.
Of course, I'm speculating a lot here. Was this really the case in early Middle Ages? And why do they marry their first cousins so often in some places? I have no idea whether it was just the influence of the Church or not. But then wasn't Sicily Christian?
I'm going to take this somewhat seriously…
What is the additional relative loss of fitness (load) of the offspring of two cousins? If you assume N loci with deleterious recessives at equilibrium, you can show (approximately)
added relative load = 1/8 * (sqrt(s/mu) – 1)
where s is the selection coefficient of each locus, and mu is the per-locus mutation rate. The formula assumes s >> mu, so the term is potentially big. If there are lot of lethals segregating in the population this can be pretty high.
This fitness cost only lasts for one generation. If your inbred kid can manage to survive and breed with a non-relative, then your grandkids will be fully outbred and therefore totally normal.
For a neanderthal… no such formula. There will be additive fitness loss in your offspring, since neanderthals are surely not as adapted to human society as the average human. The sky is the limit for how big this cost is. Might be sex dependent: a half-neanderthal daughter might have more trouble finding a mate, for example. Then there is any hybrid incompatibility to throw on top. Worse still, your grandchildren will be 1/4th neanderthal, and so on… so the costs last more than one generation.
I'd go for the cousin. Darwin pulled it off.
Thank you for some great science, Dr. Cochran! Anecdotally, Neanderthal DNA doesn't seem to going away very fast in my group of relatives on 23AndMe..My segments are almost 4% Neanderthal, and there are a couple slightly higher, out of 1200 or so. I won a bet on this….
Mostly those differences aren't real – imperfections in the commercial tests.
I have a question for Dr. Cochran, or anyone who feels they know, how much of the Neanderthal and Modern Human genomes are indistinguishable, i.e how much overlap?.
If a person has 4% Neanderthal, how much can be declared to be certainly NON-Neanderthal?
I do understand that we are talking about a different kind of statistic that the kind that says we share 98% of our genome with Chimps.
And yet another kind from the sort of tests that can conclude that the Scots and English are about 30% German and 70% Welsh. (Oh, all right: 30% Anglo-Saxon and 70% Ancient British.) Speaking as an ignorant layman, how should I grasp these different scales of scrutiny?
When people say we share 98% of our DNA with chimps, they're talking about genes (which could be likened to words in a sentence), and when they say you're 30% German they're talking about alleles, variants of the same gene (which could be likened to grammatical variants of the same word – jumped/jumping/did jump/will jump, etc).
All humans, in theory, have the same genes at the same places, otherwise sexual reproduction wouldn't work. But these genes come in different forms. British DNA might go "we scream for ice-cream" while German DNA might go "we screamed for ice-cream". All the words are there, but the meaning has changed a bit.
But look at the same locus on a lettuce's DNA, you'd might see "my hovercraft is full of eels". There's a totally different gene there, which is why we can't reproduce with lettuce.
"All humans, in theory, have the same genes at the same places, otherwise sexual reproduction wouldn't work."
Is that so? Doesn't evolution sometimes occur via gene duplication and deletion happen? If so, then presumably a deletion/duplication mutant can still reproduce… otherwise such chromosome changes would never make it into the next generation.
E.g. if I have two copies of a gene where everyone else has one, then no problem: I just have two places on my chromosome where transcription of that gene can occur. During meiosis, presumably one gene "loops out" while the other aligns with the copy on the other chromosome for recombination. I vaguely remember all sorts of loopy stuff like that from genetics class…
More generally, "small" differences here and there across the chromosome wouldn't interfere too much when the two chromosomes come together to cross over (whatever that's called), so meiosis still mostly works. Someone correct me if I'm getting this wrong.
Yeah, I wasn't thinking. So long as the genes are there, meiosis will occur. It isn't necessary that the chromatin strands perfectly match up like a zipper – they end up broken and jumbled out of sequence anyway.
There's such a thing as a speciation gene, whose presence immediately results in sterile offspring. Not sure how common they are.
And different chromosome counts usually cause problems. Horses have 64 chromosomes and donkeys have 62 – when they breed, they produce an infertile offspring with 63. But that's a problem that only shows up in the gametes of the next generation: the actual sexual reproduction process works fine.
Since you probably know, people don't breed mules with mules for obvious reason, but are mules sexually normal other than infertile.
Thank you for that constructive and helpful reply.
A prehistoric super scientist (either sub-Saharan Egyptian/Wakandan or a Melonhead, I speculate) was trying to breed a more efficient danger to sheep.
The best laid plans, and all that.
bob sykes says:
As an aside, in "The Clan of the Cave Bear," Jean Auel speculated that Neandertal and human interbreeding did occur, and that hybrids occurred. The Clan in question were, in fact, Neandertals, although Ayla, their adopted human orphan, eventually rejoined other humans.
Considering this was published in 1980, Auel was prescient. Of course, she, herself, was a pervert, and her books contains all sorts of perversions presented as normal behavior.
So how is she a pervert? La Wik says that she's married and has five kids. That of course doesn't rule out being a pervert, but it's not the usual kind of pervert at any rate.
"her books contains all sorts of perversions presented as normal behavior."
Care to elaborate? I've never read them, although my wife read and loved them – maybe I need to check up on that woman…
Anuseed says:
I read the first book and there's some rape and kid fucking. I think Ayla was 11 when she had her virginity taken. One of the women explains how she'd gladly get into position if some men came over from another tribe "wanting to relieve themselves."
Jean Auel knows how it went down back in those days.
One of her books won the Bad Sex Award.
In these days of homosexual/trans-sexual virtual Halal goat molestation or whatever it is now, that's almost quaintly romantic. Besides, what does anyone at the Guardian know about heterosexual sex, prehistoric or otherwise?
Racial memory.
Pincher Martin says:
Human/Neanderthal admixture, like the existence of races, was once considered de rigueur by scholars in the early 20th century. Madison Grant wrote about it matter-of-factly in his popular book a century ago. The idea became lost (or neglected) knowledge until Greg and others revived it.
I'd guess this purifying selection must have just about stopped.by now. The more detrimental variants have likely already been eliminated, and there's pretty low childhood mortality and generally low average fertility.
BTW, looking back, it seems funny that some assumed that lack of alleles on the X-chromosome must have meant male Neanderthals mating with female humans.
dux.ie says:
With neandertal-sapien there could be generally 4 type of hybrids, 1) large head and body, 2) small head and body, 3) large head small body, and 4) small head large body. Evolution determines which is better. Neandertal had large head could be to better control the large body or more muscles. Type 3 hybrids might have more spare brain cells for other functions like better cognition. Type 4 might be too dumb and too poor muscle coordination to be competitive.
Pearce's paper with the cranial capacities of Neandertal and Anatomically Modern Human AMH through history (kbp KYears before present) provided an interesting comparison, though only with two and a half set of data points,
76kbp  25kbp present
Neandertal 1535.5 1473.8 –
AMH 1272.0 1473.5 1365.17(Pearce12avg)
diff 263.5 0.4
At 76kbp there was large cranial capacitiy diff between neandertal and AMH. Before the extinction of the neandertal, there was little difference in the cranial capacities of neandertal and AMH. One possibility is that because of introgression in both direction, the cranial capacities converged to the same value. After the extinction of the neandertal, the cranial of AMH reversed the increasing trend and have gradually shrunk to the present size.
Sankararaman has the neandertal introgression data in sapien. Until the exact genetic mechanism can be determined, the following could be a motivating example, at the population level the correlation of PctNeand with OECD PISA maths score,
PISAMath = +108.33*NeandPct +355.42; #n=27; Rsq=0.2923; p=0.003593 ** (V Significant)
Yeyo says:
Fascinating post, thanks Greg
On the slow rejection of neanderthal DNA in modern humans and the reverse in neanderthals, morphological differences points to possibly quite large differences in methods of sustenance and survival strategies between the two (sub?)species. If that's the case shouldn't we expect an overall slow rejection of minority DNA with a few minor exceptions?
deuce says:
"Ernst Mayr, a prominent figure in biology had opined that hybridization was an unimportant factor in evolution, as far as I can tell for no particular reason at all. For equally mysterious reasons, people paid attention to him."
A typical Cochran killshot. One reason I keep coming back.
I have never had reason to think that Mayr was a liar or a bad man. Although I don't know everything. But he rejected all of quantitative and population genetics – " bean bag genetics" he called it, and I think he's just not the guy.
Kabwe says:
He was, however, a race realist.
http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/001951.html
David Reich: 'Neanderthals were perhaps capable of many modern human behaviours'
Pingback: Whence Polarization? | POLITICS & PROSPERITY
Pingback: The Balderdash Chronicles | POLITICS & PROSPERITY
jovien says:
One says simultaneously :
1° There is a Neandertal admixture in every Eurasian population, so the admixture must have occurred before the AMH expansion out of the Middle-East.
2° Neandertal admixture was adaptative to the different environments where AMH expanded.
Is there not a latent contradiction in that ?
Especially if one reads David Reich and sees the percentages of Neandertal admixtures : it is especially low in Europe (about 0,5%), and especially high in India, China (not far from 2%), SE Asia, with its peaks in New-Guinea and Australia (2%).
It is not 0.5% in Europe, nor is it especially high in New Guinea and Australia.
I got the numbers from David Reich book, fig.10, page 58, which gives Neandertal ancestry by percentages of 2% (the maximum for any present day population). New Guinea is almost 100% of these 2%, and Salomon Islands are 100% of these 2%, whereas European populations are at about one fourth of these 2%.
Try looking at it again. You were right that Australians were on the high end, wrong about Europe.
I have been misreading the figure for months…
Leave a Reply to Yeyo Cancel reply


"This has got to be one of the best days of my Presidency," Obama tells the camera shortly before Bear Grylls feeds him a nasty old piece of bear-ravaged salmon he found beside a river in Alaska.
While on last week's big Alaskan adventure, the President took a day to film an episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls. It'll air this fall on NBC and these are the first clips we've seen from it.
No word on whether or not Obama drank any of Bear's urine.


Have you ever wanted to taste your way through our port cellar?
Join us President's Day weekend for your chance! Enjoy a flight of 4 vintages- each specially paired with a sample of dark chocolate.
Seating is limited for this exclusive educational tasting- call or email to reserve your spot! Tasting held 2/16 & 2/17 at 12:30pm, 1:30pm, 2:30pm and costs $25 plus tax.
Our N.J. Governor's Cup Award-Winning 2011 Vintage Port will be available for purchase during this limited release at $49 (plus tax) per bottle.


text:
Q: Activities in Social Tab is not hidding in CRM 2016 using JS I am following [this][1] blogpost to hide activities tab in social pan in Dynamics CRM but it throw following exception:
Exception
TypeError: Cannot read property 'children' of null
    at HideSocialPaneItems (https://dev16.abc.com/STICTESTDevOrg1/
%7B636023406600001088%7D/WebResources/new_hidesocialitems?ver=1193008230:3:20)
    at eval (eval at RunHandlerInternal (https://dev16.abc.com/STICTESTDevOrg1/form/ClientApiWrapper.aspx?ver=1193008230:155:32), <anonymous>:1:1)
    at RunHandlerInternal (https://dev16.abc.com/STICTESTDevOrg1/form/ClientApiWrapper.aspx?ver=1193008230:155:1)
    at RunHandlers (https://dev16.abc.com/STICTESTDevOrg1/form/ClientApiWrapper.aspx?ver=1193008230:114:1)
    at OnScriptTagLoaded (https://dev16.abc.com/STICTESTDevOrg1/form/ClientApiWrapper.aspx?ver=1193008230:228:1)
    at https://dev16.abc.com/STICTESTDevOrg1/form/ClientApiWrapper.aspx?ver=1193008230:199:1

A: There is no supported way of hiding tabs in the social pane: You can choose which one should be default, but unfortunately no do much more than that.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Themarohystrix nigrifacies är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Hardy 1986. Themarohystrix nigrifacies ingår i släktet Themarohystrix och familjen borrflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Borrflugor
nigrifacies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Występy w europejskich pucharach hiszpańskiego klubu piłkarskiego FC Barcelona.

Wykaz spotkań pucharowych

PEMK/Liga Mistrzów

Puchar Zdobywców Pucharów

PMT/Puchar UEFA/Liga Europy

Superpuchar UEFA

Puchar Interkontynentalny/KMŚ

Bibliografia

FC Barcelona
Hiszpańskie kluby piłkarskie w europejskich pucharach


Students discover orienteering. In this orienteering lesson, students search for six specific landmarks. Students brainstorm how maps and landmarks are helpful.
Students practice orienteering, a popular sport in Australia and Sweden. They practice reading and using a map to locate six specific landmarks in a given area.
Students create and read maps. In this map skills lesson, students draw a map of their neighborhood, then use skills acquired during map-making to interpret a classmates map and a map of the Ming Dynasty.
Fourth graders become familiar with and able to read city and state maps, plot a route on a state map, and use scale to determine locations one-half and one mile away from the school. They construct a map of their own.


text:
/Complaints Policy and Procedure
This document describes the Complaint Handling Policy of The International Hospitality Academy srl unipersonale (hereinafter "the school") which has been implemented to ensure compliance with the laws and regulations relating to complaint handling.
This Policy applies to all employees, officers, director, representatives and advisors of the school.
Control Objective
This Policy's objective is to minimize damage to our reputation and reduce the risk of litigation by handling complaints from our customers or prospects in a timely, effective and consistent manner.
Responsible Person
The International Hospitality Academy srl unipersonale Admin Department is hereby designated as responsible for the application of this policy, and to review this policy on a regular basis to ensure that it continue to comply with industry laws, regulations, guidelines and best practices. The IHA Admin Department is also responsible to communicate this school's policy to all employees, officers, director, representatives and advisors of the school.
A complaint shall be deemed to mean any written statement of a student or any person acting on behalf of a student alleging a grievance involving the conduct, business or affairs of the school or any employee, representative, officer, director or advisor of the school.
Although the definition of "complaint" refers to only written complaints, there may be instances where the school receives a verbal complaint from a student which will warrant the same treatment as a written complaint. Such situations depend upon the nature and severity of the student's allegations and require the professional judgment of the individual who received the complaint.
A complaint should include at least one of the three following elements:
- Complaint about the school;
- Potential damages or damages suffered by the student; or
- Request of corrective measures.
For greater certainty, errors that the school accepted to correct are not considered as complaints unless repetition or recurrence causes grievance to a student.
A Complaint Log is a Database to track key elements of the complaint process and category in order to identify potential trends or concerns and to produce reports.
It is the policy of the school to:
a) Handle complaints from students or prospects in a timely, effective, fair and consistent manner.
b) To record complaints centrally in the complaints log.
c) To report complaints to the company whose product is involved as well as, where applicable, to the company that sponsors the advisor's license.
Acknowledgement Letter
When the school receives a complaint, an acknowledgment letter must be sent to the student within 5 business days. This letter must include the following elements:
- Name of the person responsible for handling the student's complaint;
- Key elements of the school's Complaint Policy; and
- Expected delay of the outcome.
Complaint Log
1. All complaints must immediately be reported to the IHA Admin Department;
2. All complaints must be logged in the Complaint Log.
The Complaint Log must, at least, include the following information:
- Date of complaint;
- Complainant's name;
- Nature of the complaint and the circumstances;
- Name of the person who is the subject of the complaint;
- The product or the services which are subject of the complaint; and
- The date and conclusions of the decision rendered in connection with the complaint.
3. Complaints in the Complaint Log must be maintained for a period of 7 years, following the resolution date.
Change of Procedures and Disciplinary Measures
The IHA Admin Department must monitor the complaint log and ensure that appropriate disciplinary measures are taken if necessary and provide recommendations for change in the company's procedures if appropriate
The International Hospitality Academy srl unipersonale's courses, provide professional and efficient training throughout the course.
If any technical issues should arise beyond our control, such as electrical, gas, building or weather issues we will do our very best to resolve them and find an alternative arrangement or extend the training for longer if it is required.


#182 – Was Balloon Boy a Hoax?
Was Balloon Boy all a hoax? Yes, yes it was unless you're Myles. Myles gets it all wrong and buys into a hoax, James (the voice of reason and writer of this blurb) tries to fish Myles' deluded brain back, oh and Buck was there I guess.


vintage rattan furniture for sale furniture for sale images collection of sale rattan patio furniture sydney palm rharchitecturedsgncom brighton palace chairs used rattan furniture for sale on craigslist.
vintage rattan furniture for sale rattan chairs for sale fantastic vintage rattan outdoor furniture blog material rattan outdoor furniture sale uk rattan chairs for sale used rattan furniture for sale on craigslist.
vintage rattan furniture for sale wicker vintage rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale woodysantique com vintage rattan antique furniture used rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale ficksreed vintage rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale antique rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale back to antique wicker furniture for your home vintage rattan furniture vintage rattan couch for sale rjokwillisclub vintage rattan furniture vintage rattan couch for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale antique american wicker vintage rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale wicker chairs ikea vintage bamboo furniture for sale bamboo sofa philippines vintage rattan furniture comfortable sunroom furniture used rattan furniture for sale on craigslist.
vintage rattan furniture for sale download by sizehandphone vintage rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale vintage dining room chairs for sale white wicker dining white wicker dining furniture used rattan furniture for sale on craigslist.
vintage rattan furniture for sale vintage wicker chair childs rattan chair small woven chair boho furniture childs used rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale vintage peacock rattan chair by lio carminati for bonacina 1 used rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale frankl style vintage vintage rattan furniture for sale rattan pretzel chair in the paul frankl style antique rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale download by sizehandphone vintage rattan furniture for sale 1950s.
vintage rattan furniture for sale pair of vintage rattan chairs for sale used rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale antique wicker furniture wicker chair vintage latest vintage rattan outdoor furniture vintage wicker furniture wicker rocking antique wicker furniture vintage rattan furniture vintage rattan furniture vintage rattan vintage rattan furniture vintage cane furniture modest exterior laundry room at vintage cane furniture vintage wicker vintage rattan furniture.
vintage rattan furniture for sale vintage rattan dining chairs indoor wicker furniture for sale wicker living room furniture white wicker furniture wicker chairs outdoor vintage rattan furniture for sale vintage patio furniture kennel vintage rattan furniture for sale large size of rattan furniture cheap wicker dining chairs dining chairs vintage rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale have wicker furniture questions ask the wicker expert victorian wicker heartshape settee.
vintage rattan furniture for sale download by sizehandphone cheap rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale a house full of vintage rattan furniture tiki central cheap rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale vintage wicker chair vintage chairs for sale old wicker chair styles inspiring outdoor wicker furniture ebay design for pool painting inspiring outdoor wicker furniture ebay design for pool painting rattan garden sale uk cheap ourdoor sofa set tower pyramid combination seat patio north.
vintage rattan furniture for sale appealing bamboo rattan chairs with rattan chairs for sale vintage bamboo rattan chairs on sale palm used rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale pair of vintage rattan bar stools and chairs tiki central cheap rattan furniture for sale.
vintage rattan furniture for sale used rattan furniture for sale honolulu.


text:
Bulbophyllum papulipetalum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia

papulipetalum


This module gives you an introduction to the basic features of using Adapt It to adapt a text from the source language into the target language for later use in Paratext. It was written for use in Cameroon, so it includes a section on Cameroonian characters, using the Cameroon Keyman keyboard.
A consultant has already installed both programs and has set up a project for you containing the source text in various documents. Now we are going to begin adapting the source language into your (target) language.
Choose the document to work on (see Section: To work on a chapter of a different book if you must change the folder).
If you don't need to translate a word in the source text i.e. there is no word in the target* click the button * then press Enter.
Export the chapter to Paratext (see Exporting to Paratext).
If you want to work on a book that hasn't been added, see a consultant or trainer who will help you to add a new document.
There will be times that you want to add a note to explain how or why you have translated something differently than the source text. You can also use them to explain areas that need further work in Paratext.
Click OK. The note window closes and two icons (the note icon and a green wedge) are added above the text.
One can move to previous notes or to the next note using the notes buttons.
When the document is exported to Paratext, the notes can be found in the text and are marked with \note … \note*.
At times it is necessary to move up or down in the document.
One way to move up or down in the documents is to use the and keys.
There are several buttons found on the Adapt It toolbar that can be used to move around in the document.
Advance To End(To End) Click to make the Phrase Box jump to the last possible active location in the document.
Back To Start(To Start) Click to make the view in the main window return to the start of the document, and put the Phrase Box at the first possible active location.
Jump Back(Back) Click to put the Phrase Box at the previous active location. If the previous location was at the end of the file (no Phrase Box is visible when at the end of the file), or if there was no previous location because the document has just been opened, then the button will be disabled.
Some of the Cameroonian characters are not found on the keyboard. To type these characters you must use more than one key.
The picture below shows the keyboard with all the Cameroonian characters. You will notice that each key has several letters. The position of the letter on the key tells you which other keys to type.
Examine the picture and locate all the characters in your language.
First turn on the keyboarding program by clicking on the Image icon and changing it to Image. Then type the keys as necessary.
Page last modified on Tuesday February 11, 2014 14:34:21 GMT-0000 by sewhite.


Home Atwood, Margaret. Wilderness Tips.
Published by McClelland & Stewart. Toronto.
We're sorry; this book is temporarily unavailable. Here are our closest matches for Wilderness Tips. by Atwood, Margaret..
Publisher: McClelland & Stewart. Toronto.


50 2019 Printable Calendar with Holidays Qh3f. 2019 printable calendar templates [free], 2019 printable calendar templates [free] printable calendar 2019 free calendar 2019 blank calendar 2019 free calendar template 2019 monthly calendar like. Tag : 2019 printable calendar with holidays canada, 2019 printable calendar with holidays, 50 2019 Printable Calendar with Holidays Qh3f.
January 2019 Printable Calendar With Holiday – Printable Calendar. Image for 2019 Printable Calendar with Holidays January 2019 Printable Calendar with Holiday – Printable Calendar.
They are prepared for download, if you want and want to own it, just click save logo on the article, and it'll be directly down loaded in your laptop computer. For some up-dates and latest information about 50 2019 Printable Calendar with Holidays Qh3f pictures, please share to google plus or follow us on tweets, Instagram and path, or you mark this page on book mark area, We attempt to provide you with up grade regularly with all new and fresh shots, love your searching, and find the ideal for you.


text:
Economic agreement between Ukraine on the one hand, and Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other hand. Signed at Kief, 23 April, 1918.
/Deutsche; English/
(23 квітня 1918 р.)
Economic agreement between Ukraine on the one hand,
and Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other hand.
Signed at Kief, 23 April, 1918.
[Translation. German summary of the text
as published in the "Neue Freie Presse"]
The Austro-Hungarian Commission, which under the leadership of Ambassador Count Forgach, in cooperation with the German delegation, was instructed to carry on the negotiations foreseen in the Brest Peace Treaty for the reciprocal exchange of goods, terminated its labors when on 23 April the economic agreement come to between the Ukrainian People's Republic on the one hand and Austria-Hungary and Germany on the other hand had been signed. The Commission returned to Vienna on 26 April to take up as speedily as possible the necessary work which must be performed on our part to give practical effect to the agreement.
The treaty consists of a number of separate agreements. The accords, which were concluded both in the interest of Austria-Hungary and Germany, expire, in the sense of the provisions of the Peace Treaty, on 31 July, 1918.
The most important separate agreement is that dealing with grains, podded grains, fodder, and seeds. With regard to the furnishing of these items, an agreement was reached for the organization of storing them in the Ukraine and a treaty made anent the supplying of them. Accordingly, the prohibition decree issued by the Russian Government with regard to traffic in grains is abrogated, and wholesale and retail commerce in grains and the other mentioned goods is again permitted in properly organized form in the Ukraine. This organization which under the name of "National Bureau of Grains" is already in operation and consist of the members of the agricultural exchanges, farm tenants, owners of mills, and agricultural associations. In the cooperation of all these forces for the purpose of collecting and storing, a guarantee is provided for the securing of the goods, in so far as it is possible to bring this about through a commercial organization.
The quantities which the Ukraine is to furnish to Austria-Hungary amount to 500,000,000 hectometers up to the end of July, whereof definite portions have been agreed upon for each month. The three central granaries as well as the Austrian Central Purchasing Company have, with the approval of the Ukrainian Government, established in Kief, a German – Austro-Hungarian agricultural central bureau upon which devolves the carrying out of the treaties concluded with regard to the necessities of life. Austria is represented by the director of the Prague branch office of the Military Bureau for Grain Traffic, Governmental Councillor Heindl, and Herr Lippmann; Hungary is represented by Herr Lorant. This central office began operations some days ago. Mr. Hermann Reif, Vice President of the Military Bureau for Grain Traffic will remain in Kief until the initial difficulties of the supplying agencies have been overcome. The moving of grain and of milled products, especially in regard to the supplies available in the various storehouses and mills, has already begun; at present more or less large quantities of square barley, buckwheat, and millet have been shipped. The collecting of stores of grain may be expected to assume larger proportions only by the beginning of May, for the farmers are at present still busy with spring cultivation. Above all, too, must be overcome enormous difficulties connected with the gathering and transportation of stores incident to the Revolution and not yet entirely surmounted. The arrival of considerable quantities may, therefore, if transportation can be quickly arranged, be realized only about the end of May.
A further important agreement concerns the furnishing of eggs. The Ukrainian Government has obligated itself to supply, up to 31 July, 1918, several hundred millions of eggs, and to exert itself to increase, as far as practicable, the quantities until now promised.
Another agreement concerns the supplying of beef cattle. The securing of the eggs of beef cattle will be effected through the organizations established by the Ukrainian Government. If the latter should not supply the stipulated monthly quantities of grain, cattle, and eggs, the German – Austro-Hungarian agricultural central office will be entitled to engage in the independent purchase of these articles through their representatives.
As regards the supplying of potatoes, vegetables, dried vegetables, sauerkraut, and onions, the Central Powers were granted the right of free purchase.
The supplying of bacon and sugar is reserved for a special agreement.
The protocol entered into with regard to the supplying of raw materials provides for agreements relative to means for facilitating the supplying of special timber important for our industries. In the category of textile raw materials, the exportation for flax straw has been assured. On the other hand, because of the lack of other material for spinning and the large local need of textiles in the Ukraine, exportation into our country of raw material for spinning, such as flax, cotton, and wool, has not been brought to discussion.
Traffic in wool of Ukrainian origin which is to be put through refilling processes within the territory of the Central Powers with a view to its being used for finished manufactured articles has, in principle, been provided for.
With regard to rags, the Central Powers have been given the right to purchase and to export such supplies of rags as there may be in the Ukraine.
As regards the procuring of iron ores, an agreement was reached to the effect that up to 31 July the exportation of 371/2 million poods (1 pood = 16 kilograms) of iron ore is assured. Attention was also given to securing manganese ore.
Finally, the basis was laid for the exportation of old iron from the Ukraine.
All those raw materials which are the subject of the special agreements referred to and drafted in the form of protocols are granted free traffic with regard to commerce and exportation.
As against our demands, which in the first place relate to necessities of life, the Ukrainian Government requested that it be supplied with industrial products. In the first place, the wishes so urgently presented on the part of the Ukraine with regard to the supplying of agricultural machinery and implements were given due consideration. In the next place, supplies to meet the Ukrainian needs were tentatively promised for such articles as the Central powers, due regard being had for their own interest, are in a position to deliver. The entire traffic in goods between the Central Powers and the Ukraine will, up to 31 July, be placed under a far-reaching national monopoly which the Ukrainian Government will endeavor to carry through in accordance with the principles of its domestic policy.
As has already been made known, a fixed exchange ratio (1 Krone = 50 Copecks) has been agreed to up to 15 June, 1918 for the settlement of the national treaties anent merchandise. ________________


text:
Civil Rights Leader C.T. Vivian Dies At 95
The Reverend C.T. Vivian, a lion of the civil rights movement, has died. He was 95 years old. Reverend Vivian was a member of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s inner circle of advisers. He was with Dr. King on the front lines of nonviolent protests through the 1960s, and the Reverend Vivian's fight for civil rights continued for decades after. Civil rights activist and educator Josie Johnson is on the line with me now. Good morning, Ms. Johnson.
JOSIE JOHNSON: Good morning, Noel.
KING: You knew Reverend Vivian a little bit. Tell us about him.
JOHNSON: Let me just share. Reverend Vivian was one of those people that I admired so early because he was thoughtful, No. 1, he was - he had lots of insight about what was going on. At his age, he could have a historical reference. He was able to bring that to us, help us all understand the need to be clear, to plan, to make sure that you understood what you were doing and to maintain the continuity of the struggle.
In my judgment, he was one of those people who talked about strategy, talked about methods, talked about the rationale for having a plan - not just acting, but understand why you're acting and then being consistent. In my judgment, as a person of the early days, he had a history. I could relate to him. I was born just six years after Reverend Vivian, and so I could understand that early struggle, having grown up myself in a family that struggled.
So in my view, he offered Dr. King the kind of stability, understanding and continuity that we so need even today. I was impressed, you know, in 2013, when our President Obama gave him the Medal of Honor. That was important - a person like that struggling so early, being a part of a clear intentional of justice and freedom, was able to help us understand the need to be consistent, to be clear, to have insight, to be dedicated to the struggle of our ancestors.
So it was my joy to get to meet Reverend Vivian. He was - I don't know how to describe him more clearly. He was quiet, thoughtful and, in my judgment, planful, prayerful and consistent. And he needed to show the civil rights movement - the early days. I had been involved since 1956, so I understood his position and our position. And it's my joy just to remember him and my sadness at our loss of an old civil rights worker.
KING: Civil rights activist Josie Johnson. Thank you for this remembrance.
JOHNSON: Thank you for inviting me. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


Plants are multicellular organisms in the kingdom Plantae that use photosynthesis to make their own food. There are over 300,000 species of plants; common examples of plants include grasses, trees, and shrubs. Plants have an important role in the world's ecosystems. They produce most of the world's oxygen, and are important in the food chain, as many organisms eat plants or eat organisms which eat plants. The study of plants is called botany.
Plants are autotrophs; they produce their own food. They do so via photosynthesis, which is the process of making nutrients such as sugars from light energy and carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis occurs in cell organelles called chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and carotenoids, molecules that absorb light energy and change it into a usable form. Heterotrophs, on the other hand, are organisms that cannot make their own food and must eat other organisms to survive. Many heterotrophs eat plants. Other heterotrophs eat animals that have eaten plants. Plants are primary producers in many ecosystems, giving them a vital role in the survival of many other organisms. In addition, oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, and many organisms depend on oxygen to survive. We couldn't live without plants.
Plants are multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells. A eukaryotic cell is a relatively large cell with a true nucleus and other organelles that perform specific functions. Plants, protists, fungi, and animals all have eukaryotic cells. Plant cells are distinguished by their cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole that holds water and keeps the plant turgid. Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, are small with no true nucleus or organelles except ribosomes, which produce proteins. Bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells.
Many plants have vascular tissue, such as xylem and phloem, that carries water and nutrients throughout the plant. This is particularly important for plants that grow upwards; water needs to travel from the roots up the stem to the leaves. Vascular tissue is found in more "complex" plants. Plants are believed to have evolved from algae-like ancestors. Today, most modern-day algae are classified as bacteria, not plants. However, green algae, which also have cellulose in their cell walls and have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, are sometimes grouped with plants.
Plants reproduce both sexually and asexually and have what is known as alternation of generations. A haploid stage alternates with a diploid stage. Haploid is when cells contain one set of chromosomes, while diploid is when cells contain two sets. (For reference, humans are diploid but their gametes—sperm and eggs—are haploid). In plants, two haploid gametes join to form a diploid zygote. This diploid zygote divides through mitosis to become a multicellular organism. It is called the sporophyte, and at maturity, it asexually produces haploid spores. The haploid spores then germinate into multicellular organisms called gametophytes. Gametophytes produce haploid gametes, which fuse to make a diploid organism, and the alternation between diploid and haploid starts all over again.
This image depicts the alternation of generations.
Charophytes are complex green algae such as stoneworts. They have cells with chloroplasts, cell walls containing cellulose, and store starch, as plants do. They reproduce sexually and some have sperm with flagella (tails that allow them to move), just like some plants do. Some fossil stoneworts are very similar to modern day ones.
Bryophytes are nonvascular land plants. They do not have vascular tissue, which is tissue that transports water and nutrients. They are found both on land and in water. Common examples of bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes are generally very similar to algae in their lack of a vascular system. They do have parts similar to roots, stems, and leaves, but these are not the true roots, stems, and leaves found in vascular plants. Liverworts were probably the first land plants to evolve. Hornworts have features of both algae and plants, and mosses, the most well-known bryophytes, are the members of this group that are most similar to vascular plants.
Seedless vascular plants produce embryos that are not protected by seeds. Instead, they reproduce via spores. Members of this group include ferns, horsetails, quillworts, clubmosses, and spikemosses. These plants used to be called pteridophytes, but this turned out to be an inaccurate group because ferns and horsetails are more closely related to seed plants than to quillworts, clubmosses, and spikemosses. Seedless vascular plants flourished during the Devonian period and in Carboniferous forests.
Gymnosperms include conifers and related plants like ginkgoes and cycads. Gymnosperms have "naked seeds"; their seeds are not contained within an ovary as in flowering plants. Instead, their seeds grow on the surface of leaves, or in the case of conifers, modified structures like cones. The most common example of a gymnosperm is probably the pine tree and its pinecones. Ginkgoes are also well known for being essentially unchanged from ancient ginkgo plants found in fossils from 270 million years ago.
Angiosperms are flowering plants. They are the most widespread plants today, and over 295,000 different species are known. Their reproductive organs are flowers, which have male parts like stamen and pollen, and female parts like the pistil. When flowers are pollinated, fruits develop containing seeds. Angiosperms have more complex vascular tissue than gymnosperms do.
Chloroplast – An organelle found in plant cells that contains chlorophyll; it is where photosynthesis takes place.
Organelle – A specialized structure within a cell that carries out a certain function in that cell.
Alternation of generations – The alternation of diploid and haploid stages in a plant's life cycle.
1. Which is NOT a characteristic of plants?
C is correct. Plants are autotrophs that make their own food. They also reproduce both sexually and asexually during the alternation of haploid and diploid generations in their life cycle.
2. The gametophyte is ______ and produces ______ during reproduction.
B is correct. Gametophytes are haploid; they are multicellular organisms that grow from haploid spores. They produce haploid gametes that fuse to make a diploid organism called the sporophyte, which in turn produces haploid spores that more gametophytes will grow from. This alternation between haploid and diploid is the alternation of generations.
3. Which plant is a gymnosperm?
A is correct. Pine trees are conifers, and all conifers, along with others like ginkgoes and cycads, are gymnosperms. Gymnosperms have "naked seeds" that are not contained in an ovary and instead form on the surfaces of leaves or in cones.


text:
package org.esbench.workload.json.databind;

import static org.esbench.workload.WorkloadConstants.FIELDS_PROP;
import static org.esbench.workload.WorkloadConstants.INDEX_PROP;
import static org.esbench.workload.WorkloadConstants.TYPE_PROP;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;
import org.esbench.generator.field.meta.FieldMetadata;
import org.esbench.generator.field.meta.IndexTypeMetadata;
import org.esbench.generator.field.meta.MetaType;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonGenerator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonSerializer;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializerProvider;

public class IndexTypeSerializer extends JsonSerializer<IndexTypeMetadata> {
	private final DefaultFieldMetadataProvider defaultMetaProvider;

	public IndexTypeSerializer(DefaultFieldMetadataProvider defaultMetaProvider) {
		this.defaultMetaProvider = defaultMetaProvider;
	}

	@Override
	public void serialize(IndexTypeMetadata value, JsonGenerator gen, SerializerProvider serializers) throws IOException, JsonProcessingException {
		gen.writeStartObject();
		gen.writeStringField(INDEX_PROP, value.getIndexName());
		gen.writeStringField(TYPE_PROP, value.getTypeName());
		gen.writeObjectFieldStart(FIELDS_PROP);
		for(FieldMetadata field : value.getFields()) {
			String fieldName = field.getFullPath();
			MetaType metaType = field.getMetaType();
			Validate.notNull(metaType, "No type for field %s", fieldName);
			FieldMetadata diff = defaultMetaProvider.getDiff(field);
			serializers.defaultSerializeField(fieldName, diff, gen);
		}
		gen.writeEndObject();
		gen.writeEndObject();
	}
}


Locate Wholesale Coats, Clothing and Accessories. Great Sources for Wholesale Coats Distributors and Discounters. Search for Bulk and Cheap Coats Wholesale Products - wholesale fur coats, wholesale leather coats, wholesale wool coats, wholesale kids coats, wholesale designer coats, overstock coats, wholesale north face coats and Jackets and Many More Top-Selling Brands and Fashion Coats... .
Wholesale loads of assorted items from a large nationally-known online discount retailer! Items are untested online customer returns, typically cleaner than store returns. Loads are very varied in contents with categories including but not limited to: Home decor, Shoes, Electronics, Bedding & Bath, Kitchen & Dining, Home Improvement, Women's Clothing, Office Furnishings, Books, Furniture, Movies, Men's Clothing, Pet Items, PV & Video Games, Garden & Patio Items, Sports & Fitness, Fashion Accessories, Beauty Products, Holistic Supplies, Tools, Hobbies & Collectibles, Backpacks & Bags, Housewares, Filing & Storage, Luggage, Watches, Kitchen Supplies, Towels & Tissues, Bridal Gifts, Children's Clothing, Music, Outdoors, Recreation, Sexual Wellness, Rugs, Winter Sports and much more!! Loads typically include items such as: Tub Faucets, Curtain Panels, Roman Shades, Curtain Rods, Showerheads, Jewelry, Table Lamps, Wall Sconces, Electric Mattress Pads, Accent Pillows, Bluetooth Headsets, Mattress Toppers, Foldable Futon Sofa Beds, Ski Pants, Formal Sheath Dresses, Snowboarding Pants, Long Dresses, Wool Coats, Strappy Boots, Comforter Sets, Eau de Toilette Spray, Place Settings, Hotel Collection Sheet Sets, Ceramic Flat Irons, Travel Organizers, Lab Coats, Skillets, Toaster Ovens, Humidifiers, Bath Fans, Vibration Machines, Reversible Blankets, Garbage Disposals, Chandeliers, Sofa Slipcovers, Wedge Pillows, Range Hoods, Dinnerware, Motion Sensor Trash Cans, Cell Phone Accessories, Down Pillows and much more! Brands may include: Otis, Kenroy, Beautyrest, Hotel Madison, Serta, Biopedic Essentials, Fahrenheit, Easy Spirit, Stanzino, London Times, Zonal, Trump Home, Red Fox, American Apparel, Riverberry, Tabeez, Sweet JoJo Designs, Fajate, Jeal Paul Germain, Grace Elements, Danillo, Billy London, Kenneth Cole Reaction, Gabby Skye, Brentwood, Dockers, Tommy Hilfiger, Anne Klein, Calvin Klein, Aerosoles, Perry Ellis, Ginkgo, Medline, CHI, SomerTile, Bissell, Safco, Elroy and many more! Loads are fully manifested and manifests are available for download from our website.
Looking for Great Wholesale Sources for Name Brand Fur Coats and Accessories? Well, we have pre-sellected and reliable Top-Selling Wholesale Coats Suppliers, Distributors and Discounters who offer Top-Selling Name Brand Popular Coats at Below Wholesale Prices - Cheap, Dicount and Bulk Wholesale Fur Coats and Accessories!
Coats/Jackets clothing and Apparel at wholesale prices. Buy or Sell wholesale clothing and apparel accessories. Offering a great selection and thousands of products - including branded apparel and accessories for women, children and men -- from manufacturers and off price wholesalers and we're continually adding new items.
If you're looking for great discount wholesale Coats online, Yocowholesale.com is the website for you. We have a fantastic selection of wholesale apparel for you to choose from. Like our other bulk clothing offerings, our wholesale Coats offer great style at even better savings.


"My daughter had a great experience with this driving school. Everyone was very nice and very professional. I would highly recommend!"
"Knowledgeable, thorough instructors!! Great experience!"
"The Orillions truly care about putting safe, competent, and confident drivers on the road. The driving lessons are tailored to the individual needs of..."
"I signed up my son and daughter together with Alan for his course. His pricing is more reasonable than most of the competition, plus he gave us a sibl..."
"I am super happy with the professional and positive atmosphere The Ultimate Driving School offered for my daughter, Samantha. John worked hard to prep..."


estimated worth is ,357.79, with 19876 estimated visites per day and ad revenue of .63.
Still, compensation specialists say that bottom-of-the-trough pricing methods raise troubling questions about disclosure practices, including potential Dodatkowe przykłady dopasowywane są do haseł w zautomatyzowany sposób - nie gwarantujemy ich poprawności.
Tłumaczenia dodatkowych przykładów zdań również generowane są przez automatyczny moduł i nie są weryfikowane przez naszych lektorów. Raport znalazł, jak przypadki antydatowania obejmowały od jednego do dziewięciu dni.
of stock options at more than 100 companies has so far led to relatively few enforcement actions or resolutions.
Federal securities regulators said yesterday that they would bring no civil charges against Apple over the of records, the investigators said they were unable to determine the precise sequence of events.
The explanation they offered is that a large number of Sub-Saharans had migrated to Greece (but not to Crete) during Minoan times, i.e. Thus, it appears plausible that eukaryotic RAD52 was ultimately derived through lateral transfer either from a bacterial genome or directly from a viral source, at a point at least the divergence of the crown group eukaryotes and Entamoeba.
The website is created in n/a, owned by n/a, currently located in France and is running on IP .184 registered by NASK network. The server side programming lanquage of the site is PHP/5.3.29 .
The Commission's original COPPA Rule became effective on April 21, 2000.
This document serves as a small entity compliance guide pursuant to the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act.