text:
Indian Ocean Turtle Newsletter – Issue 21
SSTCN Year 26 – Looking Back at the Season Gone By
Initial Observations on the Nesting and Hatchlings of the Olive Ridley Turtles at Corbyn's Cove, South Andaman Island
Olive Ridley Mass-Nesting at Cuthbert Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, Middle Andaman Island
Cause and Healing of a Sea Turtle Injury Revealed by Photo-Identification
Special Profile: Chandrasekhar Kar(1956 – 2014)
A Bibliography of Published Works by Chandrasekhar Kar
RESOURCES: Plastics, Ghost Nets and Debris – Impacts on Marine Turtles
ANNOUNCEMENT: Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia Regional Meeting at International Sea Turtle symposium, 19th April 2015, Dalaman, Mugla, Turkey
CHANDRASEKHAR KAR (1956-2014)
KARTIK SHANKER
Centre for Ecological Sciences, Institute of Science, Bangalore, Indiakshanker@ces.iisc.ernet.in
When Robert Bustard arrived in Odisha in the 1970s, he set about trying to establish a research programme there on crocodiles and sea turtles, and recruited several Ph.D. students. One such student, Chandrasekhar Kar, would carry out pioneering research on olive ridley turtles in Orissa. Chandrasekhar joined the Forest Department in Orissa as a Research Scholar in 1976. Initially stationed at Nandankanan Zoo, he then decided to shift to Gahirmatha as no one else was willing to work there. Madhab Chandra Dash at Sambalpur University agreeed to supervise Chandrasekhar's research formally, with Bustard as a co-guide. Chandrasekhar conducted field work at Gahirmatha between 1977 and 1982, tagging over 10,000 nesting females and amassing huge amounts of data on their nesting biology. Kar's book, co-authored with his supervisor M.C. Dash, "Gahirmatha: A Turtle Paradise" is a detailed account of sea turtles in the region and his work there.
Chandrasekhar worked under extremely taxing conditions for several years. In 1979, his paper with Satish Bhaskar on sea turtles of the eastern Indian Ocean was presented at the World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation in Washington DC, USA. It was published in the 'Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles' (Edited by Karen Bjorndal, 1982) and remains a classic and comprehensive account. Chandrasekhar also discovered a second rookery at the Devi River Mouth in 1981, and along with Bivash Pandav, a third rookery at Rushikulya. He mentored both Bivash and Basudev Tripathy, who made their name as sea turtle biologists in Orissa in the 1990s. He was involved with several research projects on olive ridley turtles in Odisha in the 1990s and 2000s. In 2001, when the very first satellite telemetry project on olive ridley turtles was launched in India, the first turtle fitted with a transmitter was named 'Chandra' in his honour.
When I interviewed Chandrasekhar in 2011 for my book on sea turtle conservation in India, he spoke with great nostalgia about his years at Gahirmatha, and with passion about sea turtle conservation in the state. Chandrasekhar retired from the Orissa Forest Department as Senior Research Officer in February 2014, and passed away suddenly in April of that year.
I LOST MY BEST FRIEND, CHANDRASEKHAR, THE SEA TURTLE BIOLOGIST
SUDHAKAR KAR
Retd. Senior Research Officer, Odisha Forest Department, Subhadra Nibas, Sampur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India kar.sudhakar@gmail.com
It was April 21, 2014 at 9.30 pm, and my wife and I away after a fall in bath room at his Burla home. Prof. were in Bangalore when I got a message on my phone M.C. Dash has just informed us". The news came as a from my friend Dr. L.A.K. Singh. "Dr. C.S. Kar passed shock and initially I could not believe it. Soon after, I got another message from Lala "We are shocked to learn about this and his body will be taken to Puri for cremation and is expected to reach his residence between 6-7am tomorrow". Immediately, I got in touch with our Chief Wildlife Warden, Sri S.S. Srivastav and informed him about the sudden demise of Chandrasekhar. That was a terrible night for me and I couldn't sleep a wink. My wife and children were equally saddened by this news, as Chandrasekhar was an integral part of my family.
L.A.K. Singh and I joined the Govt. of India/FAO/UNDP Project "Crocodile and Sea Turtle Research and Management' as researchers in mid-1975 and were stationed at the Bhitarkanika and Satkosia Research centres. Chandrasekhar joined us the following year. He was initially given an assignment by the Chief Wildlife Warden, Sri. G.M. Das, and Dr. H.R. Bustard, FAO/ UNDP Chief Technical Advisor, to study the captive breeding of the three Indian crocodilian species at the Nanadankanan Zoological Park. He later moved to Habalikhati on the Gahirmatha coast to study the ecology and biology of olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea), since Gahirmatha had just recently been discovered and hailed as one of the world's largest sea turtle rookeries by Dr. Bustard.
I was involved in a study of estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem and was stationed at the saltwater crocodile research and conservation centre, Dangmal, and Chandrasekhar was stationed at the Habalikhati camp on the coast. Our initial years of research in the harsh conditions of Bhitarkanika and Gahirmatha, in the deltaic area of the rivers Brahmani, Baitarani and Dhamara, was very difficult for both of us since we had to negotiate the tidal rivers and creeks using small row boats and kerosene lanterns through our study period. At the time, we lacked even basic postal and communication facilities in these remote areas.
Even though we were located not too far away from each other in Bhitarkanika, we could not meet frequently. To meet him at his study site at Gahirmatha was difficult as it took several hours to traverse the inner tidal creeks in a row boat. When he visited me at Dangmal we would have a good time together, interacting about our respective research activities and other related subjects. We used to visit Chandabali regularly to attend the monthly review meeting at the Wildlife Division Office.
Chandrasekhar was a very hard working and committed researcher. He was nationally and internationally renowned for his pioneering research on sea turtles at Gahirmatha, as well as the rest of the Odisha coast. He received his Ph.D. from Sambalpur University for his outstanding research on olive ridley turtles of Odisha coast. He had contributed a chapter (co-authored with Satish Bhaskar) to the "Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles" which was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. He also co-authored the book "Turtle Paradise: Gahirmatha", much of which was based on his PhD and subsequent research. He coauthored several other books and booklets published by the State Wildlife Headquarters, Bhubaneswar from time to time. He was also a member of IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group.
Chandrasekhar and I hail from a region that was previously under the Aul dynasty of undivided Cuttack (now in Kendrapara). His original birthplace was Bari and mine is Aul, and later Chandrasekhar's parents moved to Kantabanji of Bolangir district of Odisha. Coincidentally, Chandrasekhar and I worked on ancient reptilian species at the same place in the Bhitarkanika Sanctuary. Together, we co-authored several publications and wildlife manuals. Since we both shared the same surname, "Kar", at times it was confusing for our colleagues and correspondents. There were times, while publishing articles on crocodiles and sea turtles, that our names were misquoted, with Chandras' name associated with crocodiles and mine with sea turtles.
Chandrasekhar and I also had the opportunity to attend and participate in a number of seminars, workshops, conferences and training programs throughout the country. We used to travel together to participate in conferences and workshops on wildlife, especially for crocodile and sea turtle conservation and research. We both attended the 30th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation in Goa in 2010. Our last visit together was to Jamnagar, Gujarat, to attend the Turtle Action Group (TAG) meeting in January, 2013 organised by our friend Dr. Kartik Shanker. It was quite memorable to have travelled and stayed together, as well as participated in the TAG meeting and field visit.
The untimely death of my best friend Chandrasekhar is a great loss to the Odisha Forest Department as well as a personal loss to me and my family. Whenever he visited my house, it was always a pleasure to extend my hospitality, to provide food and his mandatory cup of tea without which his meal wouldn't be complete.
It is hard to believe that Chandrasekhar is no longer with us. I lost a colleague and my best friend.
REMEMBERING CHANDRA: FIELD DAYS AT GAHIRMATHA
B.C. CHOUDHURY
Retd. Scientist, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
bcchoudhury77@gmail.com
My reaction on hearing the sad news of the sudden passing of Chandrasekhar Kar, the turtle man of Odisha on April 21, 2014, from a common colleague Lala Ashwini Kumar Singh, was that of disbelief and surprise as I had just met with Chandra (as he was known to all) earlier in February before his retirement from the Odisha Forest Department on the February 28, 2014. All of his friends from Odisha in 1977-78 (when Chandra joined the marine turtle project), including L.A.K. Singh and Sudhakar Kar, got in touch and consoled each other while reminiscing the good and bad times we had experienced in our professional journey in the wildlife conservation world. Lala shared the sequence of events, of how Chandra was moved from Sambalpur to Bhubaneswar in a last effort of revival after a cardiac arrest and how his mortal remains were later taken to the seashore of Puri for last rites. All of us felt it was appropriate that he should rest in peace on the sandy shores of Odisha, where he spent much of his time ensuring the survival of the olive ridley turtles and their habitats.
A week later, on April 28, I met his wife at his residence in Bhubaneswar to share the grief and sorrow of losing someone so dear to us, and I felt his presence while surrounded by all the books, papers and journals that he had so carefully collected during his life. I had no courage or voice to talk with his wife, but the silence conveyed more than what words could have. Chandra was preparing to move out of his official residence after retirement and all his collections were packed neatly in bags and cartons. My next stop in Bhubaneshwar was to meet the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Mr. J.D. Sharma, and the Chief Wildlife Warden, Mr. Srivastava, to request them to name the interpretation centres of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary in his memory. After all, this was where Chandra had spent most of his time as a researcher and later as a Research Officer with the Odisha Forest Department. In the following week, I also wrote to the Marine Turtle Specialist Group Chair, Jack Frazier and to Kartik Shanker to write to the Government of Odisha to endorse this request, which they did.
When did I first meet Chandra? Perhaps in late 1977, I am not sure. But my first meeting with him was at the Bhitarkanika Sanctuary in Dangmal. By this time, Sudhakar Kar was based in Dangmal as the saltwater crocodile researcher, and I was a researcher on crocodilians with the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department in Hyderabad. As I was surveying the entire Andhra Pradesh state for crocodilians, I remember Chandra asking if I could also collect information about marine turtles along the Andhra coast. All his correspondence with me since then would mainly be requests for publication or materials related to marine turtles. It all began with my assisting him in obtaining the first set of sea turtle tags through the GOI-UNDP project headed by Dr. H.R. Bustard. Even his last request, when I met him in February 2014, was that I should send him any information that I obtained about Odisha turtles and to inform the Wildlife Institute of India researchers to be in touch with him. I had assured him then that no research or researcher on marine turtles now or in the future could ignore him or his work.
Chandrasekhar was deeply concerned about the drastic developmental changes along the Odisha coast, both onshore and offshore, and their potential impact on marine turtles and their habitats. Often, he would say that, being with the Government, he was not in a position to strongly oppose many of the state decisions, but he had never given any expert opinion officially that would go against the interest of turtles or for that matter any coastal biodiversity. His opinions about Dhamra and Gopalpur Port and the offshore hydrocarbon exploration projects are testimony to his beliefs. He was also keen to be a co-supervisor for any research project being carried out on sea turtles along the Odisha coast; in fact, all the marine turtle projects of the Wildlife Institute of India had him as a co-supervisor and received his support.
Chandrasekhar was one of the twenty officials who participated in a study tour to south Asia and Australia led by the Additional Director General of Wildlife, Government of India, S.C. Sharma and Saroj Kumar Patnaik, then head of the Odisha FD. During the tour, Chandrasekhar was the cynosure of all eyes as he had worked longest on marine turtles and that too at Gahirmatha nesting beach. One of the pioneers of sea turtle research in Australia, Colin Limpus, spent most of his time with Chandra when we were in Queensland and after every detailed discussion, he would ask Chandra his opinion on the subject. We all were envious of him.
Chandra (meaning moon) in his life was really like the moon, the other side of which remained hidden from us. He kept his family life private and did not share his personal problems with anyone. He never took care of his health, travelling endlessly, eating at odd hours, and not following his medical regime. He would also not share with anybody what he was working on. In the initial years of our acquaintance, we would often joke that "Chandra is so secretive that he himself does not know what he is working on". Little did we know then that he had shared all his work with his co-authors for two famous books without any hesitation, even becoming the second author for each one. Many are probably unaware of the harsh conditions under which he carried out his work in the initial years- staying under a tarpaulin sheet with all his belongings in a large wooden box which also served as a bed in the day time. The nearest drinking water was many kilometres away and at times he had to boil water from the nearby ditch, use a cloth to filter and to make it potable. No researcher would have continued to work in such conditions but he did. Indeed, he was a pioneer and will remain one for all those who continue working on sea turtles along the Odisha coast.
In his demise, we have all lost a human being of great humility, the sea turtles of Odisha have lost someone who cared for them deeply, and his family has lost their guardian who so that they could have a better life. For me, Chandra will remain with me whenever and wherever I see a marine turtle.
THE TURTLE MAN OF ODISHA
BASUDEV TRIPATHY
Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India tripathyb@gmail.com
In January 1997, the delegates of the Northern Indian Ocean Sea Turtle workshop visited Gahirmatha, hoping to see an olive ridley turtle arribada on Nasi Island. I was a fresh recruit as a researcher with the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and had just begun learning about sea turtles so was very curious to meet the giants of the field of turtle research. That was the first time I met Dr. Chandra Sekhar Kar, and in Gahirmatha where he had started his sea turtle research. I introduced myself to him and he was elated to know that several years after him, another new researcher was going to be studying turtles in Gahirmatha, and coincidently from the same district and college where he had graduated. We even spoke the same Odiya dialect. He then began talking to me about his days in Gahirmatha in 1974-75 and his memories of how difficult it was to walk down from the Chinchiri-Barunei mouth to the the Maipura-Ekakula mouth, a stretch of approximately 35 km backed with Casuarina and mangroves, at times dodging wild boar, feral dogs and negotiating the high tide to cross areas which are inaccessible and inundated.
In later years, I moved to the Rushikulya rookery and met Dr. Kar again during the mass nesting census in March, 1997. We had a long talk about his discovery of Rushikulya with Bivash Pandav, and how the two of them had surveyed the area on a scooter travelling from Bhubaneswar. His memories then went back to his surveys of the Andhra coast with Satish Bhaskar in the early 1980s, including the exciting surveys of Hope Island in Kakinada.
In the years to come, we were in constant touch and I often met him at his office or at field sites. During the satellite telemetry project with WII from 2006 to 2010, he was always supportive as a co-investigator of the project, both in the office and field. I travelled extensively with him along the coast of Odisha and learnt a lot from his research experience with olive ridley turtles.
Dr. Chandra Sekhar Kar was man with a vision for sea turtle research in Odisha. He had several plans, including policy level changes for sea turtle conservation in Odisha, was closely involved in actions by the Coast Guard and Navy in protecting turtles, and promoted offshore patrolling by engaging fisheries department vessels. He envisaged capacity building for young researchers to pursue a career in sea turtle research resulting in several young biologists engaging with the forest department of Odisha and working on different beaches for data collection and management for sea turtle protection.
His sudden demise has created a vacuum in the sea turtle research and conservation movement in Odisha. Dr. Chandra Sekhar Kar, the sea turtle man of Odisha, is no more, but the turtle paradise he worked on will remain forever.


text:
Freshwater Fishing News
North Carolina Catfish State Records Broken
by staff | posted in: regional | 0
In July, anglers shattered two North Carolina state records for catfish. The record setting catfish were landed within days of each other. Lake Gaston yielded a new state record blue catfish while a new state record flathead catfish was landed … Continued
blue catfish, catfish, catfishing, flathead catfish, lake gaston, lakes, neuse river, north carolina, state record fish, state records
Oak Hollow Fishing Trail – North Carolina
The N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, along with N.C. B.A.S.S. and the City of High Point, recently opened an educational fishing trail on Oak Hollow Reservoir to teach anglers how to catch largemouth bass and other sport fish during different times … Continued
bass, bass fishing, black bass, education, largemouth bass, north carolina, reservoirs, things to do
North Carolina Catch and Release Bass Fishing Tips
by staff | posted in: freshwater fishing | 0
The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) recently released a series of tips to help largemouth bass anglers who practice catch-and-release fishing this summer. According to NCWRC, summer can produce high water temperatures and lower dissolved oxygen levels in reservoirs … Continued
bass, bass fishing, bass tournaments, catch and release, fish mortality, largemouth bass, north carolina, tips and techniques, tournaments
North Carolina State Record Blue Catfish 2016
On June 11, a 15-year-old angler landed a 117-pound, 8-ounce blue catfish from Lake Gaston, breaking the North Carolina state record for the third time in six months. Landon Evans caught the fish, which measured 55 inches in length and … Continued
blue catfish, catfish, lake gaston, lakes, north carolina, state record fish, state records
North Carolina Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan
The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) is joining the N.C. Department of Environmental Quality and the N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services in a collaborative effort to monitor and control the spread of aquatic nuisance species in North … Continued
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© 2023 Freshwater Fishing News

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Clear your browser temporary cache and cookie to make sure you have the recent version of seoshop.nl.
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If you suspect your ISP is blocking seoshop.nl. you may try an alternate DNS service, such as OpenDNS or Google DNS.
Is seoshop.nl down for you? Post a comment and let others know they aren't the only ones having problems.


Oats are a healthy and filling breakfast food, but they can take time to cook. This Banana Bread Overnight Oats recipe has you do the heavy lifting the night before, making breakfast a grab-and-go situation the next morning!
Mash half of the banana in a jar, container, or bowl.
Add the oats, yogurt, milk, chia seeds, cinnamon, and stir to combine.
The next morning, top with pecans and the remaining 1/2 banana and enjoy!


text:
Q: Jackson - cannot seserialize array, UnknownLengthHttpInputStream I am writing an implementation of APE protocol for chat on Android. When I send request to connect the answer is:
[
    {
        "time": "1396265282",
        "raw": "LOGIN",
        "data": {
            "sessid": "51da81ceb3acd4655f95d00c29d058a0"
        }
    },
    {
        "time": "1396265282",
        "raw": "IDENT",
        "data": {
            "user": {
                "casttype": "uni",
                "pubid": "fd1e5426d381e5c9ac4e3b0cb32622d7",
                "properties": {
                    "channel": "chat",
                    "uid": "undefined",
                    "type": "0",
                    "name": "test1426"
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

My POJO is:
public class ConnectResponse {
    public BasicInfo[] response;

    public static class BasicInfo {
        public String time;
        public String raw;
        public Data data;
    }

    public static class Data {
        public String sessionid;
        public User user;
    }

    public static class User {
        public String casttype;
        public String pubid;
        public Properties properties;
    }

    public static class Properties{
        public String channel;
        public String uid;
        public int type;
        public String name;
    }
}

When parsing JSON I have exception:
03-31 13:37:09.258  16829-17365/com.miquido.vheda_android E//DefaultRequestRunner.java:138﹕ 13:37:09.257 Thread-38761 An exception occurred during request network execution :Could not read JSON: Can not deserialize instance of com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.response.ConnectResponse out of START_ARRAY token
            at [Source: libcore.net.http.UnknownLengthHttpInputStream@41fa3030; line: 1, column: 1]; nested exception is org.codehaus.jackson.map.JsonMappingException: Can not deserialize instance of com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.response.ConnectResponse out of START_ARRAY token
            at [Source: libcore.net.http.UnknownLengthHttpInputStream@41fa3030; line: 1, column: 1]
    org.springframework.http.converter.HttpMessageNotReadableException: Could not read JSON: Can not deserialize instance of com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.response.ConnectResponse out of START_ARRAY token
            at [Source: libcore.net.http.UnknownLengthHttpInputStream@41fa3030; line: 1, column: 1]; nested exception is org.codehaus.jackson.map.JsonMappingException: Can not deserialize instance of com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.response.ConnectResponse out of START_ARRAY token
            at [Source: libcore.net.http.UnknownLengthHttpInputStream@41fa3030; line: 1, column: 1]
            at org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter.readInternal(MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter.java:125)
            at org.springframework.http.converter.AbstractHttpMessageConverter.read(AbstractHttpMessageConverter.java:147)
            at org.springframework.web.client.HttpMessageConverterExtractor.extractData(HttpMessageConverterExtractor.java:76)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate$ResponseEntityResponseExtractor.extractData(RestTemplate.java:655)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate$ResponseEntityResponseExtractor.extractData(RestTemplate.java:641)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate.doExecute(RestTemplate.java:484)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate.execute(RestTemplate.java:439)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate.postForEntity(RestTemplate.java:340)
            at com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.request.ConnectRequest.loadDataFromNetwork(ConnectRequest.java:45)
            at com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.request.ConnectRequest.loadDataFromNetwork(ConnectRequest.java:23)
            at com.octo.android.robospice.request.CachedSpiceRequest.loadDataFromNetwork(CachedSpiceRequest.java:45)
            at com.octo.android.robospice.request.DefaultRequestRunner.processRequest(DefaultRequestRunner.java:134)
            at com.octo.android.robospice.request.DefaultRequestRunner$1.run(DefaultRequestRunner.java:201)
            at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:442)
            at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRun(FutureTask.java:305)
            at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:137)
            at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1076)
            at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:569)
            at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:856)
     Caused by: org.codehaus.jackson.map.JsonMappingException: Can not deserialize instance of com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.response.ConnectResponse out of START_ARRAY token
            at [Source: libcore.net.http.UnknownLengthHttpInputStream@41fa3030; line: 1, column: 1]
            at org.codehaus.jackson.map.deser.StdDeserializationContext.mappingException(StdDeserializationContext.java:219)
            at org.codehaus.jackson.map.deser.StdDeserializationContext.mappingException(StdDeserializationContext.java:212)
            at org.codehaus.jackson.map.deser.BeanDeserializer.deserializeFromArray(BeanDeserializer.java:869)
            at org.codehaus.jackson.map.deser.BeanDeserializer.deserialize(BeanDeserializer.java:597)
            at org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper._readMapAndClose(ObjectMapper.java:2723)
            at org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper.readValue(ObjectMapper.java:1914)
            at org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter.readInternal(MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter.java:122)
            at org.springframework.http.converter.AbstractHttpMessageConverter.read(AbstractHttpMessageConverter.java:147)
            at org.springframework.web.client.HttpMessageConverterExtractor.extractData(HttpMessageConverterExtractor.java:76)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate$ResponseEntityResponseExtractor.extractData(RestTemplate.java:655)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate$ResponseEntityResponseExtractor.extractData(RestTemplate.java:641)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate.doExecute(RestTemplate.java:484)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate.execute(RestTemplate.java:439)
            at org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate.postForEntity(RestTemplate.java:340)
            at com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.request.ConnectRequest.loadDataFromNetwork(ConnectRequest.java:45)
            at com.miquido.vheda_android.chat.request.ConnectRequest.loadDataFromNetwork(ConnectRequest.java:23)
            at com.octo.android.robospice.request.CachedSpiceRequest.loadDataFromNetwork(CachedSpiceRequest.java:45)
            at com.octo.android.robospice.request.DefaultRequestRunner.processRequest(DefaultRequestRunner.java:134)
            at com.octo.android.robospice.request.DefaultRequestRunner$1.run(DefaultRequestRunner.java:201)
            at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:442)
            at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRun(FutureTask.java:305)
            at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:137)
            at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1076)
            at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:569)
            at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:856)

So the exception is: UnknownLengthHttpInputStream.
Maybe this could be the problem: the response content type from server is text/html (I cannot change it) so I added this type to Jackson converter supported media types using - method.
Could it be the reason of the error?

A: Actually in my case link from the comments wasn't the answer. I could not use ObjectMapper because that was done automatically for my bo other library.
The solution was to make the POJO extend ArrayList.

A: Based on your POJO, Jackson will expect a JSON like this:
{
    "response": [
        {
            "time": "1396265282",
            "raw": "LOGIN",
            "data": {
                "sessid": "51da81ceb3acd4655f95d00c29d058a0"
            }
        },
        {
            "time": "1396265282",
            "raw": "IDENT",
            "data": {
                "user": {
                    "casttype": "uni",
                    "pubid": "fd1e5426d381e5c9ac4e3b0cb32622d7",
                    "properties": {
                        "channel": "chat",
                        "uid": "undefined",
                        "type": "0",
                        "name": "test1426"
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    ]
}

So, you have to either change you POJO or change your response to match that.

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Is Dippy trying to steal the Duke of Wellington statue's look?
With record-breaking attendances at Kelvingrove Museum under his bones Dippy, the Natural History Museum London's famous dinosaur, has proved a huge hit in Glasgow.
But today, on April fools day, bemused museum bosses are hunting an unknown prankster whose clandestine doing is sure to strengthen Dippy's honorary Scot appeal.
Dippy has donned some rather unusual headgear, in the form of an over-sized orange and white traffic cone. The rather strange choice of accessory appears to be a nod to one of Glasgow's most well-known monuments, the Wellington Statue.
The equestrian statue of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, located outside the Gallery of Modern Art, is one of Glasgow's most iconic landmarks.
Since the early 1980's it has become something of a tradition to surreptitiously scale the statue and top it with a traffic cone. In 2011 the Lonely Planet guide included it in its list of the Top 10 most bizarre monuments on Earth .
Chair of Glasgow Life, Councillor David McDonald said: "Glaswegians and visitors to our wonderful city have taken Dippy to their hearts. Clearly Dippy feels at home here, so much so he has his very own cone emulating Glasgow's legendary Duke of Wellington statue, which has become a symbol of Glasgow's identity, our unique and much-lauded sense of humour.
"Dippy on Tour has been the most successful temporary exhibition at Kelvingrove since it reopened after refurbishment 13 years ago. We're unsure quite how the traffic cone came to crown this most majestic of creatures, who has captivated people and inspired thousands to enjoy a natural history adventure on their own doorstep."
Scottish historian Tom Rex added: "Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington was best known for defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and several statues honouring him can be found across the UK. The one in Glasgow was designed by Italian sculptor Carlo Marochetti and erected in 1844.
"The Wellington Statue, complete with orange and white traffic cone, draws tourists from across the world, brings a smile to locals' lips and has inspired its own range of merchandise sold across the city, so I'm not surprised Dippy was keen to get in on the act. The Duke even made a cameo appearance in Danny Boyle's BAFTA Scotland winning black comedy drama T2 Trainspotting."
Glasgow is the fourth stop on an eight city UK wide tour. Since opening to a rapturous Scottish audience in Kelvingrove Museum at the end of January, over 350,000 people have marvelled at the impressive 21.3 meter long diplodocus cast, setting a record for the highest number of visitors to date. This is more than 100,000 more people than in any other city on the tour so far – with five weeks of his visit still to go.
UPDATE: April Fools! Sorry, Glasgow - no one was able to climb as high as Dippy to carry out this act of comedy genius. You're stuck with the original and best Duke of Wellington for now - but Dippy is still in town until May.


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George Harrison - All Things Must Pass - Classic Albums - Reviews - Soundblab
George Harrison - All Things Must Pass
by Howard Scott Rating:10 Release Date:1970-11-27 Label: Apple
As I sat down to try and write something enlightening about a 48 year old album generally regarded as one of the best ever, I had to wonder, how many people reading this review actually lived through Beatlemania? I firmly believe that if you didn't, you can listen to all the music, read all the books, and watch all the old Youtube videos, but you will never fully appreciate or understand the phenomenon that it was.
That isn't meant to sound haughty, it's just that it was such a unique and transformative experience that I think you kind of had to be there. When the Beatles played the Ed Sullivan show in February 1964, I was eight years old and sitting transfixed in front of a black and white television with the rest of the country. I knew music existed, but nothing quite like what I was hearing. The three-part harmony of "She Loves You" flipped a switch in my head that permanently and completely turned on a love of music, and especially rock and roll (much to my parent's chagrin). I am sure it was the same for thousands of kids older and younger than me.
For the next six years, the Fab Four not only rewrote all the rules for how music was composed, played and marketed, but their contributions to the culture of the world remain immeasurable. Fashion, art, the use of psychedelic drugs and life as we previously knew it were all upended. The music matured at a breakneck pace, and introduced genres never before imagined. As I say, I think you had to be there.
In April of 1970, when the Beatles announced they were about to cease to exist as a group, we all feared a giant hole in our collective psyches was about to appear that would never really be filled again. I can remember girls in my junior high school halls crying their eyes out when they heard the news. It was like someone had died. I think in some small way, it was yet another nail in the coffin of our collective and highly endangered innocence.
With all this considered, it was like a renewal of hope when George Harrison released "All Things Must Pass" in November of 1970. It had been obvious with Harrison's later contributions to the Beatle's albums that he was coming into his own as a songwriter, but no one saw this coming. Harrison had always been the member who seemed most ill at ease as a Beatle, and the ability to escape the Lennon-McCartney shadow obviously agreed with him. The three-disc compilation was a cornucopia of sound that touched on a multitude of styles. There were the required rock songs like "Wha-Wha" and "Let It Down" which I believe is one of his most beautiful but underappreciated offerings. Folkier tunes like "If Not For You" (penned by Bob Dylan) and the title tune were embellished with orchestral backgrounds that only Phil Spector could create.
There were hits such as "My Sweet Lord" and "Beware of Darkness" that meshed seamlessly with musical masterpieces such as "Awaiting on You All" and "Isn't It A Pity" to create two vinyl albums completely devoid of filler. The third disc in the package was called "Apple Jam" and consisted of four cuts of just what the title described: instrumental sessions (other than "It's Johnny's Birthday") put together by some of the finest players in the world. Just imagine a jam session where the three main guitar players were Harrison, Eric Clapton, and Dave Mason. It is not easy to fathom.
The fact that the cast of players on the undertaking was basically an All-Star team of late sixties rock certainly didn't hurt its overall quality. Aside from the previously mentioned maestros, Ringo, Peter Frampton, Delaney, and Bonnie Bramlett and their band, Apple signee Badfinger, a young Phil Collins, Beatle collaborators Billy Preston and Klaus Voormann and countless others all contributed. They combined with co-producer Spector to bring forth what is often considered the best work any of the four Beatles would release in their solo days. While the actual roster of musicians has always been mysterious and fluid, it is safe to say that it was the best of the best.
Another notable player on ATMP was Quiet George's slide guitar. His use of the instrument made several cuts unique for the time and lessened the effect of them being Beatle-esque. Harrison had already made different guitars his trademark while with the Beatles. His rosewood Telecaster was a favorite for years, and the fact that he possessed the first Rickenbacker 360/12 the company released also gave him a signature sound. The slide was usually a country western staple until it appeared on "All Things", and it has been more prevalent in rock ever since.
"All Things Must Pass" went to the top of the charts all over the world when released, and stayed there for numerous weeks. Critics fawned over it from every continent where music was played, and even the world's harshest critic, John Lennon, said it was "All right". He also added that he thought it went on too long!
One of the last projects Harrison did before he died was a re-issue and remaster of the album in 2001 for a 30 year anniversary compilation. Five songs were added, and the sequencing on Apple Jam was rearranged. The reissue was an instant commercial success, debuting at number 4 on the Billboard album chart, and left Capitol Records with egg on their face when they underestimated its popularity. They soon found themselves with a tremendous back order for the album that probably somewhat stymied its initial sales numbers. In their defense, a reissued album had never been so successful, again.
New pressings for a fortieth anniversary edition were released on Record Store Day in 2010, and another for a boxed set in 2014. The 2010 album is especially prized since all issues were numbered from 1 to 7000 and sold on one special day.
As it is with all things Beatles, whether or not "All Things Must Pass" is the best post Beatle work by any of the four is always up for debate. "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band" is high on the list as a competitor. Lennon's album was released shortly after Harrison's and was also Spector produced, but that is all they had in common, in my humble opinion. While George was laying out his positive vision for inner peace and a path to serenity, Lennon's work, while a fine album in its own right, was basically a soundtrack to the primal scream therapy he was undergoing at the time. It is the work of a very unhappy man trying to make sense out of the scrambled world he found himself in. It is a fascinating work, but not the best he had to offer. If Lennon had not been taken from us just as he was getting back in the game, I believe some of his best work would have followed. "Double Fantasy" gave us a quick taste of a songwriter in a much more stable, and happy, place.
Sir Paul's "Band on the Run" is another album some consider the best. No one can argue McCartney knows his way around a tune, but his lyrical content has often bordered on the inane, and I believe the quality of the bandmates he surrounded himself with weren't always as top shelf as he deserved. His wife's background singing alone was a bit of an albatross around his neck. "BOTR" would probably be considered a landmark for anyone else, but its always been my opinion that Paul did his best work with the Beatles.
The exact opposite can be said of Harrison on "All Things Must Pass". In his later years, Harrison scatologically quipped that album was the result of someone who had been constipated for years suddenly having a liberating bout of diarrhea. It must have been a one-time affliction since his work would never reach the same heights again.
"All Things Must Pass" allowed us to bask in the glow of the immense talent and superior songwriting that had emanated from the Beatles while we were coming of age in America, and for that, this is one lifelong Beatles fanatic who will be forever grateful. Lennon might have thought the dream was over, but George prolonged it just a bit longer.
Robert Sotelo - Infinite Sprawling
Duncan Fellows - Eyelids Shut EP
The Black Keys - Let's Rock
By Florian Meissner
Nick Garrie - The Nightmare of J.B. Stanislas
Wovoka Gentle - Start Clanging Cymbals
Dreamtime - Tidal Mind
Meat Puppets - Meat Puppets II
Lucille Furs - Another Land
The Beatles - Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
By Howard Scott


Mom Teresa was born as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, on August 27, 1910. the map of the heavens at her start has the next stellar signature: Sagittarius, Virgo and Libra. Her Sagittarius ascendant makes her attuned to philosophy, faith and she has a deep longing to grasp God. A number of of the planets have been in Virgo, the signal of service, and her Midheaven was in Libra, the signal of equality and peace. All through Mom Teresa's life she expressed the perfect of those indicators and, which the energies of Pluto, which guidelines destiny, and Neptune, the planet of mysticism, which actively influenced her life as they transit round her horoscope, she was in a position to provide you with a brand new model of sensible spirituality.
She took the vows of chastity, poverty and obedience, made herself pure and match for divine communication. Later in her life, as Mother Teresa, she regarded her life and works as an expression of God's love on earth. She left her residence in Skopje Yugoslavia. Mother Teresa become a nun in Dublin, Eire. Mom was here to be referred to as "Sister Teresa." Her life was remodeled as she devoted it to doing God's will. The order she joined ran convent faculties in India. She later went to India to show and ultimately adopted it as her dwelling and the bottom for her saintly work.
On September 10, 1948, whereas on the practice heading to a retreat, she had a exceptional non secular expertise. There was one other message kind God, instructing her to go away the convent and to assist and specific God's like to those that are poor, struggling and downtrodden. On this yr, she began her particular mission; she left the convent to hunt the poor. She attracted 12 followers who have been very dedicated to her trigger. They sought essentially the most depressing of society and lived with them. Early within the existence of their order they endured abuse and humiliation however they persevered. In 1950, the Vatican established the Missionaries of Charity and Sister Teresa turned Mother Teresa. Not like different missionary orders, they took and extra vow- a lifetime of dedication to the care of the poor and the needy.
In 1952, the Home for the Dying was opened, caring for the helpless and guiding them to die in dignity. In 1957, they began to work with the outcast of society-the lepers. Wherever there was a calamity, missionaries from her order have been current, giving ethical assist and serving to increase funds for the folks in misery. Mom Teresa's sturdy dedication has gained her many admirers and supporters worldwide. By her selfless instance. she has confirmed that regardless of financial points that divide folks. Human beings are the same-they share the identical ache and sorrow. Her work has transcended nationwide and non secular boundaries.
She has gained the assist of world leaders and different benefactors kind completely different backgrounds, therefore, she didn't have to fret in regards to the supply of funding for her tasks. In 1985, then US President Ronald Reagan honored her with the Medal of Freedom. In 1996 a ballot was made. she was voted second to Princess Diana because the World's Most Caring People.
Mom Teresa has helped tens of millions of people that have been struggling. They have impressed the wealthy and the poor alike into one other approach of compassionate dwelling. Some people have been born to embody a common precept. If extra folks would emulate would result in a extra peaceable and non secular planet. Mom Teresa was such a light-weight, she pointed us a technique to be nearer to God.


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Q: Ionic framework Back button fade out in navigation bar I have a weird problem is the Back button on Navigation bar disappear if the entry point of the view is by pass certain page.
My case is
Everything start with "Home" page. And I have a "brand" page and a "product" page.
Case 1
Home -> Product (No Problem)
Home -> Brand -> Product (Back icon will be fade out at Product page in such case)
I am not sure which part goes wrong. I checked app.js, code pattern of each controller and templates and some sample project on github.
Anyone encounter similar problem before?
Code could be posted, but at first I need to know where to start with.... Thanks

A: There is hierarchy of each tab. For example:
Search Tab (abstract) -> Step 1 -> Step 2 -> Step 3
Account Tab (abstract) -> Manage -> Link -> Transfer

Each tab has its own history (you can learn more about ui-router). So when you switch tab you are switching history.
You can manually hide back button if its giving you trouble. Just do this..
<nav-page hide-back-button="true">

You can also create custom button to fulfill your need. Please refer to ionic documentation.

A: Finally people from ionic forum found that I added a nav-clear in one of the tags and make the button disappear.
Thanks everyone.


Hello, I started to get broken zirconia abutment after I Mill them with my VHF S1 milling machine all the crowns are coming good but the abutment, called tech. support and they told me if there is a problem with the milling the crowns should be broken too. If anyone had the same problem let me know what should I do?
obviously the parameters for milling crowns and milling abutments is different; your CAM provider should have shown you that when you pick abutment or crown you use different calculations.
that means whoever told you there would be a problem with crowns wasn't paying close enough attention.
tech support should not be dismissing you so quickly without walking through all the different scenarios.
is this a problem that has only occurred recently? by that i mean did you do the bridge a few days ago but these abutments more recently? have you milled any crowns in the same puck?
have you been able to isolate if all the breaks happen in the same *type* of zirconia? for example we used to mill all abutment from High Strength zirconia and all crowns in High Translucency zirconia; what i am suggesting is your batch of puck for abutment (if its different) might be a bad batch.
is there any problem with the air supply to your unit? is the air on an air dryer?
did someone bump the machine?
do you do anything different for abutments than you do for crowns?
it certainly is, and that was what one of my questions was inferring. the wrong tool or a good tool with the wrong speed is engaging at the wrong time. possible that 5 axis engagement had been employed and was unsuccessful but in breaks like this in my experience it is usually due to cutting parameters being wrong. zirconia is soft enough that even a tiny bit of vibration or deflection is enough to break the entire part.
It looks like the tool shank cone hit the abutment while it was finishing off the access hole. Check the strats to see if there's an error in the entered tool measurements.
Also try to cut it again while keeping an eye on the whole process...then you can pinpoint exactly, when and how the breakage happens.
so, we've got two S2's. They are set up exactly the same. One mills abutments better than the other. Shouldn't be any reason for it, but it's true. Anyway, I usually only have problems with really tall units (deep holes). With those I will not put the hole all the way through but just leave a thin solid zirconia part in the middle. That way it's easily removed pre or post sinter and the tools don't reach far enough in to have a collision.
could be a very easy to explain reason for it. one being slightly further from the air source might have an effect on finish, same as one might have a PSU that is outputting cleaner power. one could be on a sturdier table. doesnt take much to do bad zirconia.
What version Cam are you using? V6 or V7? Also when you set it up in the Cam how are you doing it ? Also what tools are you using?
your sprues are way at the bottom of the puck.
the top of the abutment has no support, which is why it is breaking.
You wont be able to do that if its a split file with the crown, the margin will be in the under cut area and will have to be redone by hand. Also the contours will never be right after green state. I have milled dozens of them with the sprue below the margin line, successfully.
i know, its unfortunate but for some units sacrifices must be made. compromises, even. its why ive never been a fan of designing abutments, but rather screw retained crowns.
My suggestion would be mill it again in wax, if it blows apart, its a machining strategy problem. If so, try milling as crowns with screw access instead of abutment.
if you're designing in 3shape, tell the software to not use the screw hole that the implant .dme wants to put in. Put your own hole in using the holes and attachments tools. Adjust the length and placement of the hole so that it doesn't penetrate through to the ti base. Leave 0.5mm and grind it out in the green state.
This is one of the many reasons I love SUM3D, so much control over machining. I hate the "safe" bumpers up bowling version of milling.


Download the NEWS for Sunday April 21, 2019.
Download the NEWS for Sunday April 14, 2019.
Originally appearing in the Anglican Church Southern Queensland's FOCUS, David (as the family prepares to leave for PNG this week) reflects on this year's World Health Day theme. Wonderful Gospel-hearted reflections! See the full article link at the bottom.
With lots of visitors expected for our Easter services, we're in need of some more volunteers across our services. If you're able to assist, please complete the form.
This morning we heard how Jesus is the cornerstone of our faith, and how Jesus fulfils all of the Old Testament promises. A great book to learn more about this is God's Big Picture by Vaughan Roberts. Listen below for what Michael had to say about it and you can borrow it now from the St Bart's Library.
Download the NEWS for Sunday April 7, 2019.
CHARGE on Friday night is finished for another term at St Bart's! It has been a joy to welcome some new youth this year and see familiar faces back. From how did we get here?, to what has Jesus got to do with me? We have explored the big questions of life through the NUA Film Series. We also had our annual Messy Games night, Q & A night and movie night, which are always a hit. Thank you to the people of St Bart's for your continual support of this vital ministry.


Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited (BVFCL) call letter for the post of management trainee 2015 are now released. Candidate who fill the application form of the BVFCL are suggest that they can download their admit card on its official site.
Admit card is available on its official site so candidate can download their admit card before the last date. The exam of BVFCL of management trainee will be held on August 30, 2015. Admit cards are available applicants on its official now candidate can download.
All the applicants who fill the application form in the month of June of 46 vacant post of management trainee are advised that their admit cards are available on its official site. Each and every candidate can download from here. The exam of Management Trainee post will be held on 30 August 2015.
Admit card is very important document to give exam without this candidate cannot give the exam so all candidates should carry their photo along with in the examination hall. Admit card itself contains the address of exam center, date of the exam & the time of the exam. So all the applicant should download the admit card before the last date.
There are given some steps to download the call letter. Candidate must read these steps before downloading.
First aspiring applicant should go its official site that is www.bvfcl.com.
After that candidate should follow the link of BVFCL MT Exam Admit Card 2015 & click on it.
After then fill the all necessary field correctly that are shown like roll number, registration number, password & date of birth etc.
And in last take the print out of this admit card for future use.
All the applicants should follow these steps to download admit card so that candidate can download easily. When the exam will be completed their result will be updated very soon its official site.


[S04] **1901 England Census, Class: RG13; Piece: 845; Folio: 60; Page: 10.
[S05] **1891 England Census, Class: RG12; Piece: 746; Folio 42; Page 3; GSU roll: 6095856.
[S08] International Genealogical Index [IGI], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Reliability: 2).
"England and Wales Census, 1871", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VF8T-BD6 : 24 July 2015), Louis Willis in entry for George Willis, 1871.
"England Deaths and Burials, 1538-1991," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JZT1-257 : accessed 13 February 2016), Louisa Toms, ; citing Dover, Kent, England, reference item 2 p 68-1359; FHL microfilm 1,786,433.
"England Marriages, 1538–1973 ," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NN6G-QHL : accessed 13 February 2016), George William Henry Toms and Louisa Willis, 22 Sep 1878; citing Kent, England, reference p 46 cn 91; FHL microfilm 1,836,194.


Georgia Spain is a musician and visual artist living and working in Barkers Creek, Australia.
Georgia's debut full length album 'Trouble isn't Something you can Hold' will be released on 3rd May 2019.
Since graduating from the Victorian College of the Arts in 2015 with a BFA (Painting), Georgia has spent time building her practice as a painter, making predominantly large figurative work. She is interested in people, connection and what makes us human.


text:
Football player sues opponent over "racist insult"
Oguchi Onyewu, the United States and Standard Liege defender, has accused Jelle van Damme of Anderlecht of calling him a "dirty monkey", a claim that Van Damme, who is white, has denied.
Accusations of racism made by black players against spectators and other players are far from uncommon, but Onyewu's recourse to law takes the battle a stage further. "He was convinced it was his duty to lodge the complaint," Jean-Louis Dupont, Onyewu's lawyer, said. "It is not a question of whether Van Damme is racist. The issue is that these slurs are still used on the pitch, and are being used because they know it hurts."
The alleged insult was used during the first leg of the Belgian league title play-off between Standard and Anderlecht on May 21. Onyewu, who is presently preparing with the US squad for the Confederations Cup in South Africa this month and two World Cup qualifiers, alerted the referee to three incidents during the match, but no action was taken. He threatened to leave the pitch but was convinced to stay by teammates. Standard drew the match, winning the second leg 1-0 to retain their league title.
Onyewu, who has 40 caps and had a spell on loan at Newcastle United two years ago, is seeking personal damages, but also, according to court papers, wants the case to help eradicate such behaviour in football. "A great many lesser-known African players don't have the stature to publicly denounce the insult they suffer on the pitch," Dupont said. "With Oguchi, it is different."
While clubs and even national teams have been fined for racist abuse by sections of their supporters, and individual spectators have been dealt with in courts, racism on the part of players has been harder to establish, even though the problem is a long-standing one. As long ago as 2000, Patrick Vieira, then an Arsenal midfield player, called for action against Sinisa Mihajlovic, the Lazio defender, following repeated insults in a Champions League match in Rome.
"When a fan does it, it is stupid but you can do something about it," the France midfield player, who now plays for Inter Milan, said. "They can be identified. When a player does it, it is unbelievable but difficult to prove. It was the worst abuse I have ever heard, even when I have had problems in the Premiership it has been nothing like this. It never stopped from the moment the teams were shaking hands at the start.
"He did it in the first game at Highbury and I thought maybe it was just because we won the game that he was upset. I told him he'd said enough. What is really surprising is it has come from a player who is a foreigner in Italy. I asked some of the other Lazio players if they could hear it and they apologised and said he's stupid, he's always like that."
By October 2006, Uefa had accepted the need to treat the problem seriously, as was proved by a five-match suspension imposed upon Nikola Mijailovic, the Serbian defender who was found to have made racist remarks to Benni McCarthy of Blackburn Rovers during a Uefa Cup tie between Blackburn and Wisla Krakow of Poland following a complaint by the Premier League club.
"It was a really important issue for us and I think we were right to highlight it to Uefa," Mark Hughes, then the Blackburn manager, said. "Obviously we could not know just whether or not Uefa would come down as strongly as we hoped, but, in fairness, they have done.
"I think it helped because our complaint was against an individual – we had no problem with Wisla Krakow, the crowd was fine and the club itself were very accommodating. However, such individually-made comments have no place on a football field or in general life. The player has been punished and rightly so."
Jason Roberts, McCarthy's teammate, believed that Blackburn had set an example by taking action in support of individuals. "Fair play to the club," he said. "There have been other instances where clubs have not been as keen to take up such a cause, but Blackburn have proved they are fully behind their players. Things are starting to happen now and hopefully through this ban people will think twice about doing something like that in the future."
After Onyewu's decision, racist players may not only have to think twice but also find a lawyer.


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Trivia Questions and Answers
Your Free Repository Of Trivia Questions And Answers In Areas Such As Science, History, Entertainment, Arts, Sports And So On.
What US city is home to the neighborhood of Little Havana?
If you suffer from pyrexia what do you have?
Into which sea does the Volga river flow?
In what city would you find the most famous street named "Nathan Road"?
How many honeybees does it take to make one teaspoon of honey?
Which politician is known as Tarzan?
What is the name of the cable television network VICE Media launched in Canada and the United States in February 2016?
What pop star's first and middle names are Katherine Dawn?
Which is larger, the U.S. gallon or the Imperial gallon?
What English legal document was signed in 1215?
What is an EKG?
How did Norman E. Shumway make medical History?
Along with Indiana Ave, and Illinois Ave, what is the third third red property on a Monopoly board?
The city of Machu Picchu is located in which country?
Who was the first human in outer space?
What year was rapper MC Hammer born?
How many years was Robinson Crusoe marooned on his desert island?
Who sang "Singing in the Rain"?
Who is the inventor of Coca Cola?
Who succeeded James Garfield as US President?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 49 50 ››
What fashion brand was co-founded by Jay-Z and Damon Dash?
What were the Portsmouth Spartans renamed after the team was moved to Detroit?
In pool, what color is the 5-ball?
In which city's harbor would you find the statue of The Little Mermaid?
What's the world's most common second language?
What animal is also called a wildebeest?
What kind of poisoning is known as plumbism?
What part of the eye gives it color?
An imperial fathom has how many yards?
What group wrote the 1979 hit single "In the Navy"?


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Q: Implementing SVD recommender in Mahout I have a dataset of 50 Million user-preferences containing 8 million distinct users and 180K distinct products. I am currently using a boolean data model and have a basic tanimoto similarity based recommender in place.
I am trying to explore different algorithms for better recommendations and started out with SVD with ALSWR factoriser. I have used the base SVD recommender provided in mahout as follows.
DataModel dataModel = new FileDataModel("/FilePath");
ALSWRFactorizer factorizer = new ALSWRFactorizer(dataModel, 50, 0.065, 15);
recommender = new SVDRecommender(dataModel, factorizer);
As per my basic understanding, i believe the factorisation takes place offline, and it creates the user features and item features. While the actual requests are served by calculating the top products for an user by taking a dot product of user vector and all the possible item vectors.
I have a couple of doubts regarding the approach :-

*

*What is the best way to choose the factorising parameters and how
much time does the factorisation usually take? I tried with the above parameters and the factorisation itself ran for 30+ min.

*Is there a way to serve real time requests a bit faster, as taking the dot product
with all possible item vectors is resulting in a high request time?
Is there something as offline SVD?

*Looking at the size of the dataset that i have, should i be trying some other factoriser?

A: I want to answer all your questions together.
Given the size of your data and the real time request, you should take another approach.

*

*Do an offline item-item similarity calculation which does not need to be done that often for items with lot of ratings. They mostly don't change. You may want to recalculate for item with few ratings.

*Calculate the user-items rating prediction per user in real-time using the item-item similarity list. This operation is not that costly since you have a lot less items than users. It's also a constant time operation when the item size doesn't change that much.


text:
The Union wins Freedom of Information task in Scotland
By Marketing Week	 23 Sep 2004 12:00 am
The Union has been appointed to develop the UK's first campaign to educate the public about the introduction of the new Freedom of Information (FOI) Act.
The Edinburgh agency has been appointed by Scottish Information Commissioner Kevin Dunion to develop a television campaign for Scotland explaining how the FOI Act can empower the public.
The campaign is funded by the Scottish Parliament and will begin in January. The FOI Act applies to all Scottish public bodies and organisations and gives the public new rights to request information they might hold.
This means, for instance, that a customer could check the health and safety record of a restaurant with the local authority. The ads will illustrate several examples of where the public might want to get information.
Although Parliament in Westminster has set up the Office of the Information Commissioner, plans for advertising the FOI in the rest of the UK are not yet so advanced.
The Union won the business after a pitch and will be designing an FOI booklet. MediaCom Scotland will be handling media planning and buying for the campaign.
The Union account director Giles Moffatt says: "Our job is to make sure everyone in Scotland is aware of their new right. It's quite a complex proposition but we've managed to distil it down to a core message."


text:
Ingredients we will never have:
Petroleum or Petroleum derivative. That includes mineral oil, petrolatum, white petroleum, paraffin wax or paraffin oil.
The moisture barrier created by using petroleum based ingredients is not breathable and can trap bacteria and fungus on the skin allowing it to flourish. Petrolatum (mineral oil jelly) may be contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are carcinogens and also xenoestrogens which may have endocrine disrupting potential.
Phthalates, dibutylphthalate (DBP), dimethylphthalate (DMP)
The European Union has banned the use of this family of chemicals in consumer goods as they have been associated with toxic effects on reproductive health. No such ban currently exists in North America.
Parabens: methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben, isobutyl-, butyl-, isopropyl- and propylparaben)
Parabens are a group of chemicals that are used as artificial preservatives. Some studies suggest that parabens may disrupt hormones in the body harming fertility and reproductive organs and may increase the risk of cancer.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG Compounds) and Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES) & Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)
The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists ethylene oxide as a known human carcinogen and 1,4-dioxane as a possible human carcinogen. Further, ethylene oxide can harm the nervous system. Depending on the process used to produce PEG compounds and SLES, these chemicals may be contaminated with measurable amounts of ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane.
The California Environmental Protection Agency has listed both ingredients as a developmental toxicant based on evidence that it may interfere with human development.
Further, PEG compounds may function as a penetration enhancer which will allow harmful ingredients to be absorbed more readily through the skin.
When used in cosmetics, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a related detergent to SLES, can cause skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation.
Triclosan and Triclocarban
Triclosan and triclocarbon have similar properties. The Food and Drug Administration does not recognize triclosan nor triclocarban as generally regarded as safe and effective for antiseptic products. Some short-term animal studies have shown that exposure to high doses of triclosan is associated with a decrease in the levels of some thyroid hormones. Other studies have raised the possibility that exposure to triclosan contributes to making bacteria resistant to antibiotics and that it may be harmful to the immune system.
BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole)
The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists BHA as a possible human carcinogen. The European Commission on Endocrine Disruption has also listed BHA as a category 1 priority substance, based on evidence that it interferes with hormone function. BHA may cause allergic reactions in the skin.


text: Q: Changing Grafana settings from another computer I was wondering if it was possible for me to change the grafana.ini file of a specific grafana server from my own computer. The goal is simply to set embedding settings to true but I don't know how to change the settings of a specific Grafana server. Any changes to the grafana.ini file is only reflected on my local grafana server.


Fascinated by this question for my whole career as a serial entrepreneur and writer, I've read more billionaire entrepreneur biographies than I can count, researched what they have in common, and met and interviewed several.
The process of uncovering these principles has fundamentally changed how I think about business (and life). Some have served as a reminder that it's consistently doing simple things that matter most.
To counteract the often negative influence emotions can have in investment decisions, Buffett and Munger use several checklists, including ones for investing,problem solving, and psychological biases.
They claim that using these checklists has been crucial to their miraculous 21.6 percent return on investment for four decades, which is double the market average.
More recently, checklists have been receiving well-deserved attention as a result of the Checklist Manifesto, written by Harvard Medical School professor of surgery, Atul Gawande.
Test. Test as many potential solutions as you can afford to. This avoids theconfirmation bias of rationalizing the one solution you chose.
"Even if this checklist helps you make big decisions just slightly better, it will change the entire trajectory of your life and business. It has for me," Goodwine says.
We are wired to want to fit in socially. So, standing up against the herd is extremely hard. Fortunately, courage is a skill that can be practiced.
Build deep relationships with people who have accomplished the goals you want to accomplish. By building relationships based on mutual trust and respect, where others want you to succeed, people share information they never would publicly. For more on this strategy, read Reid Hoffman's strategy.
Learn from other fields and bring the insights into your own. Most people focus on learning about their own field, even though other fields have proven insights that are applicable. Being an expert-generalist (a term coined by Orit Gadiesh, the chairwoman of multibillion dollar consulting company, Bain & Company) and going wide into adjacent fields will quickly give you a unique perspective.
5. Steve Jobs (Apple co-founder): Use storytelling to make your vision more compelling; not mission-speak.
Yet, there are other leaders like Steve Jobs and Elon Musk who seem to have the superpower to distort reality. After listening to them, it feels like their vision of the world is inevitable and critical.
It is easy to attribute this ability to charisma, but there is a case to be made that Jobs was just really good at storytelling, which is a learnable skill.
Ask: Once you've transported yourself to that place, ask yourself some questions that will help you "crystal ball" the future. Here are some key questions to ask yourself:- What is your top-line revenue?
6. Reid Hoffman (LinkedIn founder): Build deep, long-term relationships that give you insider knowledge.
In the technology world, this phenomenon has been cataloged extensively (see the mafias of Oracle, Netscape, Fairchild, PayPal, and Myspace). Each of these companies have spawned new multi-billion dollar enterprises as a result of former employees starting new companies together, advising each other, investing in each other, and much more.
These long-term, collaborative networks are often referred to as mafias. Reid Hoffman, founder of LinkedIn and part of the PayPal mafia, has put these types of relationships at the center of his career and makes a case that others should too. In the information age, one of the best ways to get information is not from just being better at searching Google, it's from learning how to build a network and get the information you need through that network, Hoffman says.
They're also able to invest time in maintaining and growing the relationship.
7. Elon Musk (SpaceX and Tesla co-founder): Use decision trees to make better decisions.
Special thanks to Rachel Zohn, Sheena Lindahl, Emily Shapiro, Austin Epperson, and Ian Chew who volunteered their time to edit this article and do research. Also thank you to Jessica Newfield, Antonia Donato, Amber Tucker, and Eduardo Litonjua for reviewing the article and providing insightful feedback.
Flop2Hit Disclaimer: This is a curated post originally written by Michael Simmons. He is an award-winning social entrepreneur, bestselling author, and contributor to publications like Forbes, Fortune, Inc., Entrepreneur, Time, Business Insider, and HBR.. The statements, opinions and data contained in this column are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not that of Flop2Hit or the editor(s). This post originally appeared on Medium. Follow Michael on Twitter.
Featured image photo credit : Michelle Andonian (Elon Musk), Steve Jurvetson (Jeff Bezos), AP Photo-Nati Harnik (Charlie Munger), , World Economic Forum/Moritz Hager (Ray Dalio), Matthew Yohe (Steve Jobs), Stuart Isett/Fortune Most Powerful Women (Warren Buffett) as stated on Michael Simmons's post.


Table 1. Source of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Table 2. Sequences of quorum sensing gene primers.
Table 3. Phenotypic biofilm analysis according to detected biofilm genes in P. aeruginosa.
Table 4. Analysis of the gene and protein sequence of P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain and clinical isolates of non-biofilm producing P. aeruginosa.
Biofilm production is an important mechanism for the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its relationship with antimicrobial resistance represents a challenge for patient therapeutics. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen frequently associated to nosocomial infections, especially in imunocompromised hosts.
Analyze the phenotypic biofilm production in P. aeruginosa isolates, describe clonal profiles, and analyze quorum sensing (QS) genes and the occurrence of mutations in the LasR protein of non-biofilm producing isolates.
Isolates were tested for biofilm production by measuring cells adherence to the microtiter plates. Clonal profile analysis was carried out through ERIC-PCR, QS genes were by specific PCR.
The results showed that 77.5% of the isolates were considered biofilm producers. The results of genotyping showed 38 distinct genetic profiles. As for the occurrence of the genes, 100% of the isolates presented the lasR, rhlI and rhlR genes, and 97.5%, presented the lasI gene. In this study nine isolates were not biofilm producers. However, all presented the QS genes. Amplicons related to genes were sequenced in three of the nine non-biofilm-producing isolates (all presenting different genetic similarity profile) and aligned to the sequences of those genes in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 (standard biofilm-producing strain). Alignment analysis showed an insertion of three nucleotides (T, C and G) causing the addition of an amino acid valine in the sequence of the LasR protein, in position 53.
The modeling of the resulting LasR protein showed a conformational change in its structure, suggesting that this might be the reason why these isolates are unable to produce biofilm.
In this work, we aimed to investigate biofilm production in multidrug resistant (MDR) and multidrug susceptible (MDS) clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from different sites of infection and colonization, and describe their clonality. In addition, to sequence PCR products of QS genes for investigating the occurrence of mutations in the LasR protein of non-biofilm producing isolates.
This was an experimental, laboratory-based study in which 40 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa stored in the bacterial collection of the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Molecular Biology of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) were randomly selected, 20 multidrug-susceptible (MDS) and 20 multidrug-resistant (MDR) were analyzed. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFPE, registered at CEP/CCS/UFPE under number 009/11. Isolates resistant to at least three different antimicrobial classes, mainly aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones were considered multidrug-resistant.8 These isolates were collected from November 2012 to November 2013, from several sites of infection and colonization (Table 1). The identification and analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by the automated system (Phoenix – BD®) and sent to the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Molecular Biology of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, where they were kept frozen in 20% glycerol at −20°C. The bacteria were reactivated in BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) broth and incubated for 48h at 37°C, and then seeded on cetrimide agar and incubated at 37°C for 24h for further analysis.
Source of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Biofilm production was evaluated according to Stepanovic et al.,9 with modifications. Briefly, 50g/L sucrose was added to BHI broth. The categorization of biofilm production was performed according to the biomass adhered to the bottom of the plate according to the values of the optical densities read at 570nm. The BHI broth was used as negative control (CN) and the P. aeruginosa strain PA01 was used as the positive control (CP), since this strain is recommended as a positive control for biofilm assays.
DNA extraction from the isolates was performed using the Brazol kit (LGC-Biotechnology) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. DNA was quantified by spectrophotometry (Ultraspec 3000; Pharmacia Biotech) over the wavelength range 260–280nm. PCRs were performed to detect the following QS genes: lasR, lasI, rhlI, and rhlR.10,11 The parameters for the amplification were 30 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1min, annealing at 52°C for 1min, and extension at 72°C for 1.5min. The PCR products were stained with blue-green (LGC Biotecnologia – São Paulo), submitted to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under UV light. The primers are presented in Table 2. The P. aeruginosa strain PA01 was used as the positive control (CP) since this strain is recommended as a positive control for biofilm assays.
Sequences of quorum sensing gene primers.
In the quantitative technique for measuring biofilm production, described by Stepanovic et al.,9 a phenotypic test considered a "gold standard" for biofilm detection, 77.5% (31/40) of the isolates were considered biofilm producers, being distributed in the following categories: 42.5% (17/40) weakly adherent, 27.5% (11/40) moderately adherent, and 7.5% (3/40) strongly adherent, as can be observed in Table 3.
Phenotypic biofilm analysis according to detected biofilm genes in P. aeruginosa.
In the present study, a high occurrence of QS genes was found, 100% of the isolates presented the lasR, rhlI and rhlR genes and 97.5%, presented the lasI gene, observed in Table 4. In this study, nine clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa (P1A, P9A, P1B, P5B, P7B, P9B, P11B, P19B, and P20B), all presenting different genetic similarity profile, were non-biofilm producers. However, they all presented the genes lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR.
Analysis of the gene and protein sequence of P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain and clinical isolates of non-biofilm producing P. aeruginosa.
* Regions where nucleotide insertions (T, C and G) occurred, respectively, in clinical isolates of non-biofilm producing P. aeruginosa.
# Regions where amino acid valine insertion occurred, in clinical isolates of non-biofilm producing P. aeruginosa.
When comparing the lasR gene sequences of three non-biofilm producing isolates (P1A, P7B and P20B), it was evidenced, through the alignment of sequences with the biofilm-producing strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 (default biofilm producing strain), the insertion of three nucleotides (T, C and G) between the positions 1558327–1558330 in the lasR gene sequences (Table 4). When aligning these three sequences with the strain of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by NCBI BlastP tool, it was observed that the insertions led to the addition of the amino acid valine at LasR protein sequence, at position 53, frame 2.
The comparative modeling of the LasR variant was based on the use of a known model (with experimentally determined structure), aligned with the sequences for which the tertiary structure was desired. Furthermore, this analysis allowed a visualization of the general architecture of these carbohydrate binding proteins. In this study, the models were constructed from the model template 2uv0 and 3jpu, both of P. aeruginosa, with 1.8Å and 2.3Å resolution, respectively, available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), which shows the best similarity with the proteins of the analyzed species. Thus, these sequences were submitted to homology-based computational modeling, presenting 100% identity values after alignment against the model and strains P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P1A isolate (non-biofilm producer). Three-dimensional modeling demonstrated that the insertion of the amino acid valine into the protein sequence of the P1A isolate generated a change in the protein structure, reducing the antiparallel beta sheets and altering the structure of the alpha cleavage (Fig. 1A and B).
Three-dimensional models of the P. aeruginosa LasR protein. (A) P. aeruginosa PAO1 (standard biofilm producing strain) and (B) P1A (clinical isolate of non-biofilm producing P. aeruginosa).
The reliability analysis of the proposed models presented values within the reliability standards, with QMEAN scores varying within the spectrum −0.66 to 0.37 (values closer to one represent models with higher quality). Although negative Z-scores are an indication of a good model, the plot of the model should also be considered in the graph of the scores of all protein structures deposited in the PDB, which must be located inside the gray (light or dark) and black areas. Based on this analysis, the different proteins modeled are within the area referred to the desired quality standards, and the LasR protein was modeled for the clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa P1A, which is non-biofilm producer, plotted more externally to the graph (Fig. 2A and B).
Representative Z-score graphs of the generated models, compared to X-ray (gray) and magnetic (dark gray) crystallography models deposited in the PDB. The dots in red refer to the generated models for the P. aeruginosa LasR protein. (A) P. aeruginosa PAO1 (standard biofilm producing-strain) and (B) P. aeruginosa P1A (clinical isolate non-biofilm producer), obtained through comparative modeling.
The distribution of the amino acid residues in the Ramachandran graph, which evaluates the stereochemical quality of the structure, revealed that 98% and 93.3% of the residues were in the most favorable energy regions for a good quality model for P. aeruginosa PAO1 (standard biofilm producing strain) and P. aeruginosa P1A (clinical non-biofilm producing isolate), respectively (Fig. 3A and B). In the graph of P. aeruginosa P1A, there are amino acid residues in the energetically unfavorable regions, due to the presence of the amino acid valine, differing from the results described by Chowdhury et al.,20 in which no amino acid residue was in the most unfavorable energy regions of the Ramachandran chart.
Dispersions of the amino acid residues in the Ramachandran graph. (A) P. aeruginosa PAO1 (standard biofilm producing strain) and (B) P. aeruginosa P1A (clinical isolate non-biofilm producing).
The genotyping of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa by ERIC-PCR showed 38 distinct genetic profiles, with similarity ranging from 24% to 100% (Fig. 4).
Dendrogram constructed by analysis of the results of the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-based PCR generated by the PAST software for 40 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
The biofilm quantification test proved to be effective in the detection of biofilm production by the clinical isolates analyzed, since it was able to detect biofilm production by P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, used as positive control in the test. Similar data were observed by Lima et al.,21 showing that 75% of the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were biofilm producers. Additionally, in a study conducted by Perez et al.,22 in which biofilm production was observed in 68% (50/74) of the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, being distributed in the following categories: 96% (48/50) weakly adherent and 4% (2/50) moderately adherent. In the study of Perez et al.,23 biofilm production was present in 93.4% (85/91), being distributed in the following categories: 60% (51/85) poorly adherent, 25.9% (22/85) moderately adherent, and 14.1% (12/85) strongly adherent.
Furthermore, among the isolates classified as biofilm producers in the present study, 48.4% (15/31) were MDR and 51.6% (16/31) were MDS, suggesting that, for these isolates, biofilm production was not relevant for antimicrobial resistance, differing from the results found by Perez et al.,22 where all isolates of P. aeruginosa producing metallo-β-lactamases (MβL) produced biofilm.
As for the occurrence of the genes of QS, our data are similar to those found by Perez et al.,23 where 90.1% (82/91) of the analyzed isolates presented all the genes. By contrast, the results reported by Karatuna et al.24 showed that QS genes detection were not as high, as those reported in our study detection (81.25% for the lasI and lasR genes, 68.75% for the rhlI gene, and 62.5% for the rhlR gene).
In a study conducted by Sabharwal et al.,25 in India, the occurrence of lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR genes of P. aeruginosa was 75% for the lasI and lasR genes, 41.6% for the rhlI gene, and 58.3% for the rhlR gene. Accordingly, similar data were found in the study by Aboushleib et al.,26 in Egypt, where the QS genes occurrences were 48% for the lasI gene, 40% for the lasR and rhlI genes, and 36% for the rhlR gene. Analysis of these studies revealed that genotypically positive and phenotypically negative isolate sequences appear to carry several mutations in the QS genes.
To the best of our knowledge, despite the report of numerous lasR mutations, the mutation reported herein had never been described elsewhere. In the study carried out by Senturk et al.,27 four isolates of P. aeruginosa were non-biofilm producers, despite the presence of these QS genes. The authors attributed the lack biofilm production to the mutations detected by sequencing, although they did not report the types of mutations found. Bjarnsholt et al.28 evaluated the occurrence of mutations in the QS genes of 238 P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from cystic fibrosis patients. Mutations in the lasR and rhlR genes were found and these isolates showed decreased virulence, similar to those found in the present study in which isolates that had mutations in the lasR gene were non-biofilm producers.
By contrast, Aboushleib et al.26 found mutations in the lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR genes in both biofilm producer and non-producer isolates.
Moreover, in the study by Feltner et al.,29 the lasR gene of 2583 cystic fibrosis isolates of P. aeruginosa was sequenced, and 580 sequences encoded proteins that differed from conserved LasR proteins. The authors showed that about one-sixth of 31 LasR variant proteins were functional, including three with nonsense mutations. In addition, in lasR-null isolates, LasR-dependent were, nevertheless, expressed. The remaining 23 isolates showed non-functional LasR variants. Although the findings did not describe the mutation found in our study, it is possible that this mutation did also generate a non-functional LasR variant, which would explain the lack of biofilm production.
In addition, the lasR gene is located at the position 1558171–1558890 of the genome of P. aeruginosa and is franchised by genes PA1429 and rsal,7 responsible for cytoplasmic LasR protein coding. This protein belongs to the family of transcriptional regulators LuxR-type and is related to the regulation of transcriptional regulatory region, autoinducer region (area where the connection with the autoinducers occurs) and the region of the DNA-binding residues.30 The mutation described in our study was in the first two regions, which could therefore prevent biofilm formation.
Bottomley et al.30 observed through modeling that the region of insertion of the amino acid valine corresponds to the region of the beta 2 leaf. In addition, the analysis of the modeling reveals that the atomic interactions between the protein LasR and its autoinducer N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) occur in the N-terminal domain of the LasR protein, through hydrogen bonds. The amino acid residues found to be involved in the interactions with the autoinducer were tyrosine-56, arginine-61, aspartate-73, threonine-115 and serine-129. These residues bind concurrently and cause protein folding, leading to dimerization of LasR, thus allowing DNA binding to the promoter and consequent transcriptional activation of QS controlled genes. These amino acids, detected by computational analysis, provide information on the binding affinities of the amino acid residues to the specific ligands.30 Based on this analysis, it can be suggested that the valine insertion in position 53 of the LasR protein prevented the binding of the amino acid tyrosine located in position 56 to form the hydrogen bond with the autoinducer, preventing activation of the protein biofilm formation.
Our results corroborate the findings of Bjarnsholt et al.,28 in which amino acids tyrosine-56 and threonine-75 strongly interact with the autoinducer, and the occurrence of mutations in this region of the lasR protein would impair autoinducer binding.
A great genetic diversity was observed in the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa analyzed in this study, as found in studies involving patients with severe or chronic infections, who present favorable conditions for the occurrence of non-lethal mutations.31,32 Similar data were also observed by Cavalcanti et al.,33 who reported replacement of the SPM-1 P. aeruginosa clone by a variety of genetically distinct P. aeruginosa isolates in a university hospital in Recife, Brazil. Besides that, the presence of clones with phenotypic profiles of distinct biofilm production evidences the existence of regulation mechanisms of the expression of QS genes related to biofilm production. Of concern is the high biofilm production by these isolates, even by multridrug sensitive isolates, which may make it difficult to treat the infections caused by them. The three-dimensional models were satisfactory in the evaluation of the regulation of the proteins related to biofilm formation, and may, therefore, be used in other analyses. However, further studies including a larger number of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa will be necessary to elucidate the relationship between this mutation found and non-biofilm producing clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
This research was in part supported by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
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P. Benkert, T. Schwede, S.C. Tosatto.
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P. Benkert, H. Biasini, T. Schwede.
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Molecular insight into the activity of LasR protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the regulation of virulence gene expression by this organism.
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Analysis of quorum sensing-dependent virulence factor production and its relationship with antimicrobial susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory isolates.
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Molecular detection of virulence genes as markers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract infections.
H.M. Aboushleib, H.M. Omar, R. Abozahra, A. Elsheredy, K. Baraka.
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S. Senturk, S. Ulusoy, L. Bosgelmez-Tınaz, U. Yagci.
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Quorum sensing and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during lung infection of cystic fibrosis patients.
J.B. Feltner, D.J. Wolter, C.E. Pope, et al.
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Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hospitalized patients: a comparison of susceptibility and biochemical profiles with genotype.
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Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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