text:
Highly motile nanoscale magnetic artificial cilia
View ORCID ProfileTanveer ul Islam, View ORCID ProfileYves Bellouard, and View ORCID ProfileJaap M. J. den Toonder
aMicrosystems Section, Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, the Netherlands;
bGalatea Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
cInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, the Netherlands
PNAS August 31, 2021 118 (35) e2104930118; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104930118
Tanveer ul Islam
ORCID record for Tanveer ul Islam
ORCID record for Yves Bellouard
Jaap M. J. den Toonder
ORCID record for Jaap M. J. den Toonder
Edited by Kenneth Breuer, Brown University, Providence, RI, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Joanna Aizenberg July 24, 2021 (received for review March 17, 2021)
Cilia are hair-like microscopic structures present abundantly in our body and producing motions at the smallest scales. They perform a wide range of critical functions and are crucial for the normal functioning of our body. Abnormal functioning of cilia results in a number of diseases jointly known as ciliopathies. Artificially mimicking cilia is aimed at understanding their normal/abnormal functionality and at developing cilia-inspired micro-/nanoengineering devices. In this study, we present a magnetic polymer preparation process yielding a material with optimum properties and a cilia fabrication method producing the smallest highly motile artificial cilia with sizes equal to their biological counterparts. This opens avenues for biological studies and for creating submicrometer manipulation and control.
Among the many complex bioactuators functioning at different scales, the organelle cilium represents a fundamental actuating unit in cellular biology. Producing motions at submicrometer scales, dominated by viscous forces, cilia drive a number of crucial bioprocesses in all vertebrate and many invertebrate organisms before and after their birth. Artificially mimicking motile cilia has been a long-standing challenge while inspiring the development of new materials and methods. The use of magnetic materials has been an effective approach for realizing microscopic artificial cilia; however, the physical and magnetic properties of the magnetic material constituents and fabrication processes utilized have almost exclusively only enabled the realization of highly motile artificial cilia with dimensions orders of magnitude larger than their biological counterparts. This has hindered the development and study of model systems and devices with inherent size-dependent aspects, as well as their application at submicrometer scales. In this work, we report a magnetic elastomer preparation process coupled with a tailored molding process for the successful fabrication of artificial cilia with submicrometer dimensions showing unprecedented deflection capabilities, enabling the design of artificial cilia with high motility and at sizes equal to those of their smallest biological counterparts. The reported work crosses the barrier of nanoscale motile cilia fabrication, paving the way for maximum control and manipulation of structures and processes at micro- and nanoscales.
magnetic elastomer
nano artificial cilia
extreme deflection
high-frequency actuation
Described as the "surprise organelle" of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the hair-like microscopic structure cilium remains as intriguing as at the time of its discovery (1, 2). Just a few micrometers long and some hundreds of nanometers thick, cilia perform a wide range of vital functions in our body as chemo- and mechanosensors (3, 4) and as actuators (2). Efforts made to artificially mimic their functions have demonstrated and further pointed toward a broad range of applications in major areas like microfluidics (5⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–12), micro- and nanorobotics (13), cell and particle manipulation (14⇓–16), surface enhancements (17), and many more. Fabrication of artificial cilia to act as actuators has triggered the use and development of various materials responsive to external stimuli like electric fields, chemicals, light, and magnetic fields (18⇓–20). Less implemented methods involving pneumatic (21), acoustic (22), piezo (23), and mechanical (24) actuation have also been reported. Toward exercising a high degree of control and actuation, the implementation of magnetic materials offers a promising approach, in particular due to the noninteracting nature of magnetic fields with biological fluids and cells (25⇓–27). As magnetic biomimetic microactuators are remotely addressable and reversible in short response times, their use enjoys an overwhelming acceptance in the biomimicry of organelle–cilia and many other bioprocesses (28, 29).
The magnetic materials investigated for artificial cilia so far are responsive hybrid composites known as magnetorheological elastomers (also referred to as magnetic elastomers) (30), which have magnetic particles embedded in an elastic polymer matrix. First developed for their field-dependent material properties, most importantly their tunable modulus (31), and to study the combined influence of magnetic field and elastic stresses in an elastomer (32), they quickly gained a lot of attention after a quasistatic model explaining their changing modulus was developed (33). Materials were further developed to enhance the field-dependent modulus by using magnetic particles with higher magnetization saturation values like the commonly used iron carbonyl particles. Magnetic artificial cilia with large sizes (i.e., lengths of hundreds of micrometers or more) have been successfully fabricated and demonstrated, but the fabrication of highly motile artificial cilia with submicrometer dimensions to faithfully mimic their biological counterparts has remained an open challenge due to a number of unresolved issues. First, magnetic particles most used in creating artificial cilia such as iron carbonyl and other magnetic particles have diameters of the order of a few micrometers (34), and the corresponding magnetic elastomers are therefore not suitable for fabricating artificial cilia with submicrometer dimensions. The magnetic artificial cilia we demonstrated earlier make use of these materials and therefore, have large diameters and lengths of tens and hundreds of micrometers or more, respectively (11, 35) (i.e., more than an order of magnitude larger than biological cilia). Conversely, magnetic elastomers with nanomagnetic particles have been less explored because of their much lower magnetization values and critical preparation processes. Complications in their preparation arise due to the presence of magnetic dipole moments and van der Waals forces existing between the nanoparticles, which heavily hamper their dispersion in an elastomer without agglomeration (36). Reduction in particle–particle interaction, and therefore, the particle agglomeration, is attained by coating them with a layer of polymer, but this limits the maximum particle concentration possible to attain in the elastomer (25). Consequently, artificial cilia fabricated with lower concentration of particles in an elastomer show a lower degree of response, making them less effective in use (25). Cilia-like nanostructures fabricated from the only magnetic elastomers with sufficiently high particle concentration and nanoscale homogeneity (37) have also shown a limited bending response (27, 38). Recently, highly responsive cilia with nanoscale dimensions fabricated from nanomagnetic particle chains have been reported (39); a drawback from this approach is that the cilia dimensions and properties are limited by the particles available. In this study, we report a material preparation process for preparing a magnetic elastomer that overcomes these issues and is suitable for fabricating highly responsive micro-/nanostructures. Another limiting factor that hampers creating small-scale cilia is the fabrication process for which conventional mold and release processes are often used, using molds made with photolithography (11, 35). This limits the downscaling and aspect ratio of the cilia. To resolve these limitations, we further report a robust micro-/nanomolding process to shape and successfully release the micro-/nanocilia structures from their template. The material preparation method coupled with the tailored fabrication process enables us to make a major step and realize artificial structures faithfully mimicking the highly motile cilia at sizes equivalent to the smallest sizes found in nature. The fabricated artificial cilia we report here have radii and lengths down to 200 nm and 6 μm, respectively, and show a maximum possible bending angle of 900 under an external magnetic field generated by a conventional magnet. This extremely large bending response is further exploited to demonstrate a complex 3600 rotary motion at large bending angles and at very high frequencies (up to 80 Hz) without loss of motility.
The complete fabrication process consists of two main steps: first, synthesizing superparamagnetic nanoparticles followed by their coating and dispersion in a low–molecular weight polymer to yield a ferrofluid (Fig. 1A) and second, molding, in which the material is shaped, solidified, and released to obtain nanoscale cilia with desired properties (Fig. 1 B–F). The magnetic elastomer preparation process begins with synthesizing nanomagnetic particles from ferric and ferrous chloride salts in an alkaline aqueous solution, yielding particles of around 12 nm in size (25, 40). The pH of the alkaline solution could be raised to a high value of 12 while the particles remain suspended in the solution. The synthesized magnetite nanoparticles are known to bind under certain conditions with a polymer containing 6−7 mol % aminopropylmethylsiloxane with dimethylsiloxane (AMS-162 from Gelest) (37). A specific procedure involving the use of aqueous ammonium hydroxide is adopted to create the right pH conditions for the particle to bind with the added polymer. The coated particles are cleanly extracted using the solvents methanol and water in a particular manner to be further tuned to different concentrations. The setup designed for the material preparation process, the procedure adopted for the particle coating, the steps followed for extracting coated particles, and the final ferrofluid preparation are discussed in detail in Materials and Methods. The material preparation process allows particle concentration tuning from 0 to a maximum of around 50 wt%. Higher concentration of particles with magnetization M present in a material with Young's modulus E and density ρ favors large bending angles θ (relative to the normal to the surface) of a cilium structure present in a free space with magnetic permeability μ0, as θ is directly proportional to the quantity μ0M2ρ2/E (37). Although a maximum of 50 % particle concentration could be achieved, a concentration larger than 40±2 wt% increases the ferrofluid's viscosity before curing in the molding process to such an extreme value that the material prematurely changes to a solid phase. At concentrations lower than 40±2 wt%, the material has enough fluidity before curing and optimal E after curing required for the maximum deflection of fabricated micro- and nano-sized cilia structures. An adverse but unavoidable property that gets seeded in the prepared material is its reduced ultimate tensile stress. Lower ultimate stress restricts its use in most of the micro-/nanomolding processes involving a commonly used liftoff step to release structures from their templates. A second adverse property of the material is its high curing temperature of 130−1800C, which affects the polycarbonate track etched (PCTE) membranes used as a mold for fabricating submicrometer artificial cilia, as detailed below. High temperature exposure modifies the PCTE mold such that it develops resistance to solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide otherwise used to dissolve it. Although sensitive to high temperatures, the PCTE mold is still selected for its defect-free and highly precise pore dimensions ranging from nano- to microscales. The molding process discussed next circumvents these issues to enable the cilia fabrication and actuation at their lowest size limits.
Schematics of the ferrofluid preparation and molding process. (A) The particle synthesis process, their complexion with a polymer, extraction of the coated particles, and concentration tuning to yield a ferrofluid followed by its curing to form the elastomer are shown here. The particle coating efficiency of the process is above 95% (a detailed description is given in Materials and Methods). (B) Different layers of the device, their typical thicknesses, and the order of stacking. (C) Molded device configuration before and after curing as the curing only changes the liquid ferrofluid into a solid elastomer. (D) Top-layer detachment while washing; the glass substrate is removed before washing. (E) Released cilia attached to a glass substrate again. (F) Scanning electron microscopy image of fabricated artificial cilia; each cilium has a nominal radius of 1 μm and a length 23 μm. Cilia density is = 1×106 cm−2. (G) Cilia fabricated without the addition of the top ferrofluid layer show a ruptured nanofilm attached to the cilia tips, which would trap and constrain cilia movement during the actuation process.
The molding process involves insertion of ferrofluid assisted by capillary action into the pores of the PCTE mold supported on a solidified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer (Fig. 1 B and C). A thin layer (<1 μm) of ferrofluid is left between the PDMS layer and the PCTE mold, and an extra thick layer (>50 μm) of ferrofluid is laid on top of the PCTE mold (Fig. 1B). Solidification/curing of the ferrofluid, in the molding process, is carried out by heating the sample in a vacuum oven that exposes the PCTE mold to a maximum temperature of 1300C while applying a magnetic field of 0.15−0.2 T directed along the cilia length using permanent magnets to assist particle alignment. To remove the heat-modified etch-resistant PCTE mold, washing in anhydrous chloroform solvent (≥99%, contains 0.5−1.0% ethanol as stabilizer from Sigma-Aldrich) is found to completely remove the mold due to the comparable cohesive energy density of the PCTE and the solvent expressed in terms of solubility parameter or Hildebrand value (41). Use of solvents with polymers made from dimethylsiloxane, used in most of the soft lithography processes, is known to result in swelling problems with a swelling ratio of 1.39 in the chloroform solvent (41). The magnetic elastomer matrix, being a copolymer of dimethylsiloxane, shows a large and quick swelling in the solvent chloroform; it is found to first swell and wrinkle and then, may disintegrate the cured elastomer and therefore, the released cilia structures, but this is avoided by the presence of the PDMS layer (Fig. 1 C and D). Cilia grown on the freely standing PDMS layer of appropriate thickness allows equal swelling of the entire device as the measured swelling ration of 1.38±0.01 of the magnetic elastomer is equivalent to the PDMS swelling, thus avoiding stress generation and therefore, the disintegration. Furthermore, in the absence of the top ferrofluid layer, a thin layer of tens of nanometers thickness (nanofilm) of the cured ferrofluid is observed to have settled on top of the membrane (Fig. 1G). Removal of the nanofilm is achieved by adding the extra ferrofluid layer on top of the PCTE mold, which mixes with the nanofilm while curing, thus increasing its net thickness. During washing, on exposure to the solvent chloroform, the thick film on the top quickly swells first, inducing enough stress to detach itself from the cilia tips and leaving the free cilia attached to the base behind (Fig. 1 D–F). Without the thick top ferrofluid layer, the nanofilm lacks the stiffness required to generate enough stress to detach itself from the cilia tips. Since the fabrication process involves the use of flat PCTE molds, the released cilia structures are formed over an extensively large flat surface compared with their sizes. This configuration allows clear visualization of the top view of the cilia structures at high magnifications, and only in limiting cases, the cilia devices are further modified to access the side view of the structures. The complete molding process involves the preparation of the substrate, curing of ferrofluid by following a specific heating profile, bonding and debonding of layers in a particular manner/sequence before and after washing, and finally, transferring the released cilia to a chip, keeping the cilia permanently immersed in a fluid medium (SI Appendix, Text S1 and Fig. S1). The cilia were preserved and studied while being immersed in ethanol, since this fluid is compatible with the chloroform used for washing. Also, ethanol has a low viscosity (similar to water) and it wets the polymer surface.
To demonstrate the successful use of the developed fabrication process for a broad range of micro- and nanoscale cilia structures, we selected four cilia sizes: cilia with nominal radii (r) of 1.5 and 1 μm falling in the microrange and cilia with r=350 and 200 nm falling in the nanoscale, all having a high aspect ratio between 11 and 15 and sufficiently spaced to avoid the interference of neighboring magnetic cilia (Fig. 2 and SI Appendix, Fig. S2).
Scanning electron microscopy images of micro- and nanocilia. (A) Microcilia with r=1.5 μm, L=47 μm, and density =1×104 cm−2. Images are made at different magnifications. (B) Microcilia with r=1 μm, L=23 μm, and density =1×105 cm−2. (C) Nanocilia with r=350 nm, L=9 μm, and density =7×105 cm−2. (D) Nanocilia with r=200nm, L=6 μm, and density =1×106 cm−2. All the cilia are fabricated and aligned in one direction by applying an external magnetic field while drying them in the ambient conditions.
After the successful fabrication of the cilia, their responsive behavior is analyzed by observing the cilia deformation induced by an applied magnetic torque. Both top-view and side-view observations are done, while the magnetic torque is applied using a permanent magnet positioned at varying locations relative to the cilia to change the magnitude of the applied torque. The concentration of magnetic particles is kept at 40±2 wt%. Fig. 3A illustrates the experimental configuration for the top-view measurements. The cilium deflection angle θ is determined from the observed projected cilia length and assuming that the cilium remains straight. Both the selected micro- and nanocilia show a deflection of 0 to 900 as the lateral distance x approaches zero (Fig. 3 B and C) since they tend to align to the magnetic field due to the magnetic torque. The observed bending behavior is compared with a model that balances the induced magnetic torque (τmag) with the opposing deformation torque (τdef) acting on cilium structure (26). The magnetic torque is given byτmag=ν|nr−na|2μ0nanr|B|2sin(2(θ−ϕ)),[1]which assumes that the magnetic field gradient is negligible, and that the induced magnetic moment is determined by the aspect ratio of the structure. The latter holds if the magnetic susceptibility is high, which is typical for the soft magnetic magnetite we have (26, 42). In the above expression, ν is the total volume of magnetic particles; na and nr are the geometry demagnetization factors along and perpendicular to the cilium long axis, respectively; and B is the magnitude of magnetic field vector B⃗ making an angle (ϕ−θ) with the long axis of the cilium. τmag is balanced by the counteracting deformation torque given byτdef=πEr4θL,[2]where r is the cilium radius and L is its length (26). Eq. 2 assumes that the cilium bends with a constant radius of curvature while undergoing large deformation; these assumptions induce a maximum 30% error in the predicted bending angle (25). The different parameters involved in these equations are measured or computed using different setups and tools (SI Appendix, Text S2 and Fig. S3). By minimizing the expression τmag+τdef against the only unknown parameter θ using a MATLAB code, the net bending angle (θ) is calculated as a function of x. Calculated results for both micro- and nanocilia agree very well with the experimental results within the 30% model accuracy (Fig. 3 D and E). The associated magnetic and deformation torques, according to the model, are shown in SI Appendix, Fig. S4 C and D. The model can be applied to estimate the bending response as a function of cilia aspect ratio (since this determines the induced magnetic moment), as shown in SI Appendix, Fig. S4E for the configuration of Fig. 3D. For an aspect ratio of 48, the cilium bending angle is optimally aligned with the magnetic field for all x, but our experimental cilia with a maximum aspect ratio of 16 are close to this optimum for smaller x.
Cilia deflection response. (A) Schematic representation of a cilium position with respect to a permanent magnet held at a constant z position while varying its x position from 15 to 0 mm. θ is the cilium deflection angle, and ϕ is the direction of the applied magnetic field. Inset illustrates the finite element simulation of the magnetic field direction due to the 7 mm cube magnet used as the external permanent magnet. (B and C) Images of a microcilium (r=1.5 μm) and nanocilium (r=350nm) bending in response to various magnet positions as observed under the microscope (top view) while keeping z fixed at 500−600 μm. (D and E) Bending behavior from 0−900 of the micro- and nanocilia compared with the model results (shown in Movies S1 and S2). At large bending angles, the maximum difference between the experimental data fitted with polylines (R2>0.98) and the theoretical values is well within the 30% limit of the model accuracy. Another microcilium with r=1 μm shows a similar bending behavior (SI Appendix, Fig. S4 and Movie S6). (F) Schematic representation of applied field and cilia configuration for side-view visualization while bending the cilia by moving the magnet from x=12.5 mm to x=0.5 mm. Inset shows the magnetic field direction at z=900 μm extracted from a finite element model used to simulate a 7-mm cube magnet used as the external permanent magnet. (G) Side view of the cilia bending profile with respect to different magnet positions. The local magnetic field strengths in these images are 0.25, 0.11, 0.05, 0.028, 0.018, 0.012, and 0.009 T for x = 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12.5 mm, respectively. (H) Bending behavior from 0−900 of the microcilia compared with the model results (also shown in Movie S3). The finite element simulations were carried out with COMSOL Multiphysics software. The error bars on all the theoretically calculated values are determined by uncertainties in the values of parameters used in the theoretical model shown in SI Appendix, Table S1. Error bars on the experimental data are from the measurements done on multiple cilia (three to four) observed under the microscope in a particular experiment.
For cilia viewed from the side, the permanent magnet arrangement is shown in Fig. 3F. Here, the field lines are always perpendicular (ϕ=900) to the initial direction of the cilia long axis. In this configuration, the cilia bend toward the field lines due to magnetic torque, with maximum bending as the distance x approaches zero since then the magnetic field strength is largest, resulting in the largest torque (Fig. 3 F and G). Taking the cilia tip direction as the effective bending angle in this experiment, as indicated in Fig. 3, the cilia show a bending of around 800 when the magnet is at x=0.5 mm (Fig. 3H). The theoretical prediction of the cilia bending angle (based on Eqs. 1 and 2) reasonably predicts the observed behavior, within the 30% model accuracy. Movie S3 shows the bending with decreasing x. The bending angle can be further increased to 900 and beyond, by rotating the applied field direction. This is shown in Movie S4 for an experiment in which the permanent magnet is rotated around the cilium (at x=1.5 mm), which enables bringing the cilia tips in touch with the base surface. The side view of the nanocilia undergoing large bending by bringing the magnet closer in steps is shown in Movie S5.
The maximum bending response of artificial cilia is a characteristic representation of their suitability for producing motions of all types involving any degree of deflection. By rotating the applied external magnetic field in time, the cilia are rotated through a complete 3600 angle at large bending angles, therefore enveloping all other possible motion profiles with smaller bending angles and degrees of rotations (Fig. 4A). Cilia found in nature have an additional important feature of rotating at high frequencies (e.g., one of the smallest cilia types present on medaka fish embryo beats at a frequency of around 10−15 Hz) (43). A setup designed to actuate the cilia by using a conventional magnet supported on a hollow shaft is rotated at high frequencies by a direct current motor connected to the hollow shaft by a belt-drive mechanism (SI Appendix, Fig. S5 A and B). The hollow shaft allows for bottom illumination of cilia under the microscope as the cilia immersed in a fluid medium are best visualized in the transmission illumination mode only. The belt-drive mechanism keeps the motor at a distance, thus ensuring no interference of the motor armature magnetic field with the magnetic cilia. Microcilia with r=1.5 and 1 μm and average interdistance (pitch) bigger than the cilia lengths are actuated in steps from 0 to a very high frequency of 80 Hz at extreme bending angles without the loss of motion amplitude or change in bending angle (Movies S7 and S8). Similarly, the nanocilia with r=350 and 200 nm and pitches equivalent to their lengths, to minimize the magnetic interference from the neighboring cilia, are also actuated at increasing frequency steps and at large bending angles, showing no bending angle change even at the highest actuation frequencies (Movies S9 and S10). High-speed camera recordings of the high-frequency cilia rotation confirm that the phase difference between the direction of the rotating magnetic field and the cilia rotation remains limited, so that the cilia motion is smooth and uninterrupted (Fig. 4 B–E). This remarkable behavior implies that the fluid (ethanol) drag that increasingly acts on the cilia at higher frequencies to diminish motion amplitude and to introduce a phase difference (9) is dominated by the magnetic torque even at these high frequencies, indicating the strong magnetic properties of the fabricated cilia structures. Cilia with 200-nm radius are equivalent to the smallest cilia present in various biological ciliary systems like the medaka fish embryo node containing motile cilia, which are critical for determining the left–right asymmetry of the body organs (43). The absence of a model system has so far hindered their in vitro analysis and therefore, the complete understanding of the mechanism involved in establishing the asymmetry. The reported fabrication process enables, for example, mimicking the embryonic node cilia in their shape, size, distribution, and motion by creating an artificial embryonic node (Movie S11).
Cilia motility response. (A) Schematic representation of the cilia and magnet position for 3600 cilia actuation. For microcilia, x=1.5±0.1 mm and z=600±50 μm, and for nanocilia, x=1.5±0.1 mm and z=500±50 μm. (B) Frames extracted from a video recorded at 480 fps showing in six frames a complete 3600 smooth and uninterrupted rotation of microcilia rotating at 80 Hz. (C) Readings from an encoder mounted on the motor shaft show a very stable rotating frequency of the magnet, used to actuate microcilia shown in B, rotated at 80 Hz with a variation of ±0.1Hz only. (D and E) Nanocilia frames recorded at 480 frames per second (fps) showing 3600 rotation of nanocilia actuated at 10Hz frequency and the corresponding stable rotating magnet frequency. Two other selected micro-/nanocilia are also recorded at high fps and frequencies (SI Appendix, Fig. S5 C and D).
The limits on the size, the aspect ratio, and the geometry of the structures fabricated using the reported process are defined by the commercially available PCTE membranes used as molds. These come with pore sizes (corresponding to the cilia diameters) ranging from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers and thicknesses (corresponding to the cilia lengths) of tens of micrometers. We used aspect ratios of 11 and 16, but our fabrication method is not fundamentally limited to the small aspect ratios, in contrast to conventional molding/demolding methods. The shapes of the PCTE membrane pores are circular, and our cilia therefore always have a circular cross-section. The experiments reported in this paper have been conducted in ethanol. The cilia can be transferred to water as long as they are not dried, and they remain equally responsive (Movie S12).
The material synthesis and micro-/nanomolding fabrication process we have introduced here enables the realization of highly motile cilia with dimensions down to the sizes of their biological counterparts. This enables opportunities for implementing in vitro systems that can help us to understand the broad range of fascinating functions of the biological cilia such as those found in the embryonic nodes. Beyond this, the artificial nanocilia can be exploited to realize a variety of functions in micro- and nanodevices, such as controlled liquid pumping or mixing in micro-/nanofluidic devices, manipulation of particles and biological cells, responsive surfaces, nanorobotics, and many more.
Materials Used.
Materials used include reagent-grade 97% ferric chloride (FeCl3), reagentPlus 98% ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2+4H2O), ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH) having 28% NH3 in H2O, anhydrous chloroform containing 0.5 to 1% ethanol as stabilizer, and 98% dicumyl peroxide from Sigma Aldrich. The ferric and ferrous chloride salts, being highly hygroscopic, are stored in a nitrogen glove box (Inert Laboratory 2 GB). The polymer containing 6to7 mol % aminopropylmethylsiloxane with dimethylsiloxane (commercial name AMS-162) was obtained from Gelest.
Setup Design.
A setup designed to carry out the material preparation process in an inert environment consists of a GL−45 threaded glass bottle fitted with a leak-tight customized GL−45 cap to prevent the oxidation of synthesized nanomagnetic particles (SI Appendix, Fig. S6A). The cap is selected for its compatibility with glass bottles of different capacities varying from 100 mL to as high as 1 L. Fitted with a motor at its center, the cap has four transfer tubes/lines (TYGON tubes) running through it for introducing nitrogen and flushing it out, for injecting ammonium hydroxide, and for transferring the polymer into the reaction vessel. A pressure regulator between the main nitrogen supply maintained at 1 bar and the inlet tube is used to control the nitrogen flow rate into the vessel. A 10-mL burette is connected to another transfer line for dropwise injection of a given quantity of ammonium hydroxide. Each transfer line is connected with a luer lock to enable its opening and closing. A stirring rod (made from glass or polystyrene) is centrally attached to the motor shaft through a push-fit rigid coupling (made from glass or plexiglass).
Ferrofluid Preparation.
Schematically demonstrated in Fig. 1A, the material synthesis process begins with preparing solutions of ferric chloride (2.43 g in 40 mL Milli-Q water) and ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (1.49 g in 40 mL Milli-Q water) in 2:1 molar concentration, which are then poured into the glass bottle. Closed with the GL−45 cap, the bottle is flushed with nitrogen for half an hour as the stirrer is turned on, and the rotating rate is maintained at around 600 rpm. The solution is now titrated with a minimal quantity (∼4ml) of ammonium hydroxide solution to reach the equivalence point, on the characteristic pH graph (SI Appendix, Fig. S6B), to completely precipitate the nanomagnetic particles (magnetite). The total quantity of magnetic particles synthesized is calculated by balancing the chemical reaction involved in the particle synthesize (44). After a waiting time of 10to15 minutes, a sufficient quantity (4 mL) of the polymer is added and stirred for another half an hour. More ammonium hydroxide is now added to raise the pH near to 12, and all the transfer lines are closed. The leak-tight cap and closed valves ensure a near-inert environment for a long-enough time while the stirring is continued overnight to facilitate the particle–polymer binding. Apart from maintaining an inert environment, closing of the transfer lines is required to suppress the fluid evaporation, which otherwise reduces the solution pH and results into transformation of the fluid into two separate phases—a clear aqueous phase and a thick black particle–polymer mixture. Separation into two phases is a condition to be avoided for the maximum binding of particles with the polymer.
To extract the coated and uncoated particles from the extra polymer, after overnight stirring, the particles are first settled on a permanent magnet, leaving a clear aqueous phase above. Decanting the aqueous phase, the particles are washed twice in methanol, two times by water, and then again twice with methanol. Each time, the solution is stirred for a few minutes with a glass rod, and the particles are again settled using a permanent magnet to remove the solvents. We observed that for complete removal of the extra polymer, a large quantity of methanol (∼200 ml) should be used in the first step of the washing process. The washed content is now mixed with chloroform (∼20 ml) and sonicated for half an hour, forming a stable solution of the coated particles and the solvent. The solution is transferred to 15-ml vials, and the uncoated particles are settled on a permanent magnet by allowing a settle time of around 1 h before the solution is transferred to new vials. A small quantity (0.5to1ml) of the solution is used to find the exact percentage of coated particles present by weighing the sample before and after the chloroform evaporation. Concentration tuning is done by adding a calculated amount of polymer along with the curing agent dicumyl peroxide in a 1:10 ratio, and the solution is again sonicated for half an hour. Evaporating the chloroform leaves behind a thick paste of the polymer containing homogeneously dispersed nanomagnetic particles. The fluid can further be cured in a vacuum heat oven to yield a magnetic elastomer material as mentioned above and also described in detail in SI Appendix, Text S1 and Fig. S1.
All study data are included in the article and/or supporting information.
The devices were prepared in the Microfab laboratory at Eindhoven University of Technology and processed in the Polymer Technology laboratory at TU/e. Material magnetization tests and device preparation for scanning electron microscopy imaging were done in the [email protected] The work is funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant 754462 and the European Research Council–funded Project Bio-Plan under Advanced Grant Physical Sciences and Engineering 8, 2018, Grant 833214.
↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: j.m.j.d.toonder{at}tue.nl.
Author contributions: T.u.I., Y.B., and J.M.J.d.T. designed research; T.u.I. performed research; T.u.I. analyzed data; and T.u.I., Y.B., and J.M.J.d.T. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no competing interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. K.B. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2104930118/-/DCSupplemental.
Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).
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, Micro-fluidic actuation using magnetic artificial cilia. Lab Chip 9, 3413–3421 (2009).
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., Self-assembled artificial cilia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 1844–1847 (2010).
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, Magnetically actuated artificial cilia for optimum mixing performance in microfluidics. Lab Chip 13, 2834–2839 (2013).
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, Versatile microfluidic flow generated by moulded magnetic artificial cilia. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 263, 614–624 (2018).
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, Microfluidic pumping using artificial magnetic cilia. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 4, 1–9 (2018).
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, Bio-inspired magnetic swimming microrobots for biomedical applications. Nanoscale 5, 1259–1272 (2013).
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, Propulsion and trapping of microparticles by active cilia arrays. Langmuir 28, 3217–3226 (2012).
, Removal of microparticles by ciliated surfaces—an experimental study. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1806434 (2019).
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, Real-time manipulation with magnetically tunable structures. Adv. Mater. 26, 6442–6446 (2014).
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, Magnetically actuated patterns for bioinspired reversible adhesion (dry and wet). Adv. Mater. 26, 775–779 (2014).
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, Microfluidic manipulation with artificial/bioinspired cilia. Trends Biotechnol. 31, 85–91 (2013).
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, Photodeformable azobenzene-containing liquid crystal polymers and soft actuators. Adv. Mater. 31, 1904224 (2019).
M. Li,
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, Optomechanically actuated microcilia for locally reconfigurable surfaces. Adv. Mater. 32, 2004147 (2020).
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, Pneumatically-actuated artificial cilia array for biomimetic fluid propulsion. Lab Chip 15, 4348–4355 (2015).
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, Acoustic actuation of in situ fabricated artificial cilia. J. Micromech. Microeng. 28, 025012 (2018).
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, Bio-mimetic silicone cilia for microfluidic manipulation. Lab Chip 9, 1561–1566 (2009).
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, Directional fluid transport along artificial ciliary surfaces with base-layer actuation of counter-rotating orbital beating patterns. Soft Matter 8, 5342–5349 (2012).
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., Magnetically actuated nanorod arrays as biomimetic cilia. Nano Lett. 7, 1428–1434 (2007).
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., Micro-elastometry on whole blood clots using actuated surface-attached posts (asaps). Lab Chip 15, 1385–1393 (2015).
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, Active periodic magnetic nanostructures with high aspect ratio and ultrahigh pillar density. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 11135–11143 (2020).
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., Biomimetic cilia arrays generate simultaneous pumping and mixing regimes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 15670–15675 (2010).
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., Bio-inspired microrobots. Mater. Today 15, 463 (2012).
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, Magnetostriction in magnetic gels and elastomers as a function of the internal structure and particle distribution. J. Chem. Phys. 151, 114906 (2019).
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, A state-of-the-art review on magnetorheological elastomer devices. Smart Mater. Struct. 23, 123001 (2014).
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, The response of an elastomer filled with soft ferrite to mechanical and magnetic influences. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 37, 267–276 (1983).
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, The magnetoviscoelastic response of elastomer composites consisting of ferrous particles embedded in a polymer matrix. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 7, 613–622 (1996).
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, Magnetostrictive polymer composites: Recent advances in materials, structures and properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 97, 204–229 (2018).
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, Controlled multidirectional particle transportation by magnetic artificial cilia. ACS Nano 14, 10313–10323 (2020).
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, Magnetization and actuation of polymeric microstructures with magnetic nanoparticles for application in microfluidics. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321, 1843–1850 (2009).
., A highly tunable silicone-based magnetic elastomer with nanoscale homogeneity. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324, 501–507 (2012).
, Magnetically actuated dynamic iridescence inspired by the neon tetra. ACS Nano 13, 4657–4666 (2019).
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., Self-adaptive magnetic photonic nanochain cilia arrays. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2005243 (2020).
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, Preparation of aqueous magnetic liquids in alkaline and acidic media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 17, 1247–1248 (1981).
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, Solvent compatibility of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem. 75, 6544–6554 (2003).
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, Modeling magnetic torque and force for controlled manipulation of soft-magnetic bodies. IEEE Trans. Robot. 23, 1247–1252 (2007).
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, Mechanism of nodal flow: A conserved symmetry breaking event in left-right axis determination. Cell 121, 633–644 (2005).
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, "Formation and alteration of magnetite nanoparticles," PhD thesis, Universität Potsdam, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Potsdam, Germany (2014).
You are going to email the following Highly motile nanoscale magnetic artificial cilia
Tanveer ul Islam, Yves Bellouard, Jaap M. J. den Toonder
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Aug 2021, 118 (35) e2104930118; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104930118


text:
Q: Как разделить текст в python по блокам? text = ''''''
data = ((10, 5), (10, 6), (10, 7), (10, 8), (10, 9))

for first_number, second_number in data:
    text += f'''{first_number} умножить на {second_number} равно {first_number * second_number}
'''

result = [text[i:i+40] for i in range(0, len(text), 40)]  # ['10 умножить на 5 равно 50\n10 умножить на', ' 6 равно 60\n10 умножить на 7 равно 70\n10', ' умножить на 8 равно 80\n10 умножить на 9', ' равно 90\n']
print(result)

Данный код заполняет переменную text данными, а затем разделяет её каждые 40 символов. Как вы можете видеть, строка разделяется в средине предложения. Подскажите пожалуйста как сделать так, чтобы она разделялась на максимум 40 символов и по предложениям??

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We invite authors of all disciplines to send us your abstracts for both oral and poster presentations along with your short biographies via our online submission form, before Friday, March 23, 2018. Abstracts should be no longer than 300 words.
Authors will be notified of acceptance to the conference by April 06 2018 at the latest.
Please see Practical Info for the tentative conference schedule, estimated costs, important dates and other information for travel.


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Satsuki and Junketsu, who seem Truck Parts Online Catalog Hallowmas Pokemon. Quality cosplay takes a lot purchased with all major credit. Bhiner Cosplay - Cosplay Costume.


text:
Tag: transgender rights
H.Bomberguy's Transgender Charity Stream
Last year I wrote a small piece about how Drake showed up on Ninja's stream and how it was going to propel Fortnite and video games into the mainstream. This, of course, was shortly before Fortnite started taking over everywhere. It was one of those blink-and-you-miss-it events that was big in the gaming world but led to something bigger outside of it.
Today I was planning on writing about something else, but this past weekend something similar happened and I wanted to talk a little bit about it.
This weekend H.Bomberguy, a known YouTuber who does gaming and political videos, did a stream that lasted 50+ hours of him playing Donkey Kong 64. He did it as a charity stream to support Mermaids, a British transgender activist group that had recently made the news because Graham Linehan (creater of IT crowd and other shows) put together a petition to deny them lottery funding because reasons. Because of his petition, their funding is now under review, and so as a fellow Brit H.Bomberguy decided to put together a charity event to get them some funding anyway.
He decided to play Donkey Kong 64 because it was a game from his childhood that he'd never beaten because he had a lot of difficulty with it as a child, and so he pledged to 101% the game from start to finish and take donations for Mermaids the entire time he played the game – this took somewhere around 58 hours for him to do (with naps, from what I understand) so the stream started on the 18th and finished in the wee hours of the morning on the 21st.
H.Bomberguy managed to raise $344,000 and counting for Mermaids (as while he has finished his DK64 runthrough, he and his moderators have left his stream running for the purposes of allowing as many people to donate as well – here's a link to it if you also wish to donate.
What was surprising about this stream was how it started to take off with more mainstream political advocates. Adam Conover (from Adam Ruins Everything) and some of the casters from Chapo Trap House were on (and apparently debated the merits of a banana-based economy while H.Bomberguy played, although I haven't watched that part myself yet). Jim Sterling (another YouTuber from Britain) was on for a little while. Chelsea Manning showed up to lend her support. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez also dropped by to talk and advocate for transgender rights, almost as a "screw you" to Aaron Sorkin's recent comment about how young Democrats need to "grow up."
It was a very surreal and fun stream event – at one point H.Bomberguy got stuck on a mini-game for an hour, so he ended up joining a DK64 speedrunning Discord and got tips from speedrunners to help him get through and move on towards the 101% finish. While I didn't get to watch a majority of it, I'm sure fairly soon there will be highlights of some of the big guest moments as well as the more entertaining bits during the 58 hour stream.
I'm hoping this spearheads a greater movement in gaming towards supporting people of all races, genders, and orientations. I'm personally tired of the "asshole gamer" narrative that seems to permeate everywhere due to things like #Gamergate and high profile YouTubers being Anti-Semitic. Gaming can be a wonderful, inclusive place and also isn't just a toy for kids – H.Bomberguy's stream proved it, especially with the outpouring of support for him by all these other people.
That's all I have for today – on today, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, and every other day please be good to each other and treat others the way you yourself would want to be treated. It takes very little to show decency and respect to your fellow humans.
I'll end with links to H.Bomberguy's stream and to the Mermaids website directly, in case anyone wants to show their support.
H.Bomberguy's stream
Mermaids website
atmaphoenix Opinions January 21, 2019 January 21, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Sure-Grip Rebel Speed Roller Skate with Rebel Wheels boasts a Rebel leather boot with elastic tongue stays, ankle protection and box toe so that your feet remain comfortable and supported. This allows you to suffer less foot fatigue and keeps you on the rink longer. This beginner skate, designed specifically for the derby and speed skating, boasts a Rebel Wheel which has an ABEC 7 speed and will keep you whipping past the competition. Keeping your foot comfortable is a microfiber lining. Priced for someone dipping their toe into the derby scene, you'll find everything you need to boost performance in a Sure-Grip Rebel Rebel Speed Roller Skate.
A: These wheels are intended for use on indoor surfaces but could be swapped out for outdoor specific wheels. Outdoor wheels are going to be in the 78-85A hardness range.


On April 24th the IEEE ISCTE-IUL SB celebrated the Girls in ICT Day with an event dedicated to creating apps for Android. We invited the Engineer Ana Lara Simões from Sapo to give a workshop on Android development for beginners.
Teams were formed and each one tried to apply the knowledge acquired into building a prototype of an app. At the end of the day our jury composed by Prof Dr. Paulo Trezentos, Prof Dr. António Lopes and Eng. Ana Lara Simões graded the projects created and voted on which team had the best idea and best app.
The winner was the team with the app MyISCTE-IUL that provided access to some services of the institution such as personal and academic information, library catalog, secretary tickets, events, canteen menu and ask for help when something is not working at ISCTE-IUL.
We hope to celebrate this date again next year and have an even better event that promotes Women in Engineering.


The son of Jamaican immigrants, Derek was born in Birmingham in 1965. He grew up happily there with his six brothers and sisters, until the age of 13, when his mother died. This plunged him into the world of a stutterer.
Throughout his 20's and 30's, far from being successful Derek had great financial challenges and debt. His situation became dire, and at one point his family home was moments away from being repossessed by the bank. He was working long hours and this kept him away from his family.
By the end of 2003, in a moment of despair, Derek discovered a way to live his life differently. Out of this came a unique approach that changed everything, irrevocably. Over the next four years he turned his life and business around, made his first million and people began to ask him how he did it.
Derek is the author of The 10 Second Philosophy® published by Hay House. Using the power of TrueSelf and the utilization of Standards instead of goals to achieve happiness and success, Derek is invited to speak internationally and to coach and advise others.
Derek is the creator and power behind the Standards Revolution™, through which he shares his philosophy of living by Daily Standards™. If you have ever set goals and not achieved them, then Daily Standards™ are the missing link to your happiness and success. If you have never set goals then Standards is an alternative way to live the life of your dreams.
He is eminently qualified to speak around the subject of wealth. He has conducted over 15,000 personal financial interviews with people considered to be 'not wealthy'. In addition, in the last 10 years he has carried out over 5000 'millionaire meetings' and discovered who they are, what they are, what makes them tick and their philosophy.
Derek is available to speak throughout the UK, Europe and the USA. Book him to speak here for your next conference and you'll soon see why he regularly gets a standing ovation from very impressed audiences of 1000's.


text:
Angler catches record-breaking 73-inch lake sturgeon on Rainy River
By Allie Johnson, FOX 9
Jack Burke caught a 73-inch lake sturgeon on the Rainy River on May 4. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
KOOCHICHING COUNTY, Minn. (KMSP) - An angler from Stillwater, Minnesota, set a new state catch-and-release record for lake sturgeon with a 73-inch long fish caught on the Rainy River earlier this month.
Jake Burke reeled in the record-breaking lake sturgeon while fishing on the Rainy River in Koochiching County with his fishing buddy Michael Orgas on May 4, according to a news release from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Burke said they knew there were big fish in the river because they had already caught six sturgeon over 60 inches over the last few days.
At the time of the catch, Burke was using Orgas' muskie rod with an 80-pound braided line rigged with a circle hook and crawlers. He said the sturgeon took 45 minutes to reel in.
The fish measured 73 inches long and 30 inches in girth. It beat the previous lake sturgeon catch-and-release record set last spring by two separate anglers who both caught a 70-inch fish on the same day.


text:
Canadian Dexter Cattle Association
Welcome to the home of the Canadian Dexter Cattle Association. On these pages you will find relevant information about Dexter cattle in Canada, the Dexter Association, and helpful articles about breeding and caring for Dexters. We hope that this website becomes a valuable resource to Canadians interested in owning Dexters and to those already raising and breeding Dexter Cattle in Canada.
Objectives of the CDCA
To keep a record of purebred Dexter Cattle in Canada.
To register ownership and the transfer of ownership of Dexter Cattle in Canada.
To establish standards for the breeding of Dexter Cattle as dual purpose animals.
To compile and publish a herd book of Dexter Cattle in Canada by March 1st of each year.
To require a practical and effective means of uniquely identifying Canadian Dexter Cattle.
To establish rules of eligibility for registration of Dexter Cattle.
To promote and conduct research for the betterment of Dexter Cattle in Canada by Association members and others.
To collect and disseminate information with respect to breeding, history, development, and marketing of Dexter Cattle.
To establish and maintain contact with Dexter Cattle associations in other countries.
Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, to work for the general good and advancement of Dexter Cattle and the breeders and owners thereof.
To the fulfillment of these objectives, the Association shall have the power and responsibility to make all necessary contracts and agreements, and to make, alter and repeal regulations, subject to the provisions set out in the by-laws.
Disclaimer: This website, its organization and design, and all information, images, artwork, text, video, audio, maps, photographs and other materials on this website (together, "Content") are provided "as is". The Content is believed to be accurate when it was posted on this site. However, the Content may not be accurate, complete or current. Canadians Dexter Cattle Association makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, as to the Content or the operation of this website.
About Dexter Cattle Genetics
Dexter Semen
Find a Dexter Breeder in Canada
Herd Books
CDCA Newsletters
Join the CDCA
Gestational Chart
DNA Test procedure
CDCA Fee Schedule
Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle
Watch this little video about Dexter Breeders
Easy-to-digest Dexter milk >>read more.
Grass fed Dexter Beef! >> more.
See what's for sale in the "Market".
| Site Map |	Copyright © 2009 Canadian Dexter Cattle Association. Designed by LynxWorks.
All photographs and articles within this website remain the property of their owners/authors and are protected by Copyright.


I try to apply these words to my life, but I could never have written them so clearly. Even before having cancer, but especially since the first time, I have tried to keep focused on Hope, in all walks of my life. In this current cancer situation, I find that friends have asked me how I could be positive and how did I keep a hopeful attitude. Initially, I didn't know the answer, and I shrugged off the question. But after thinking about, I knew my answer, and replied with my own question: What are my choices?
Actually, I did have several choices. I could choose to lock my door, shut my computer and take the phone off the hook, become a hermit and live in loneliness. I could rage with anger until I drive myself crazy and make my body even worse. I could shut myself in a dark room and cry in despair. I could wallow in depression. I could choose to be bitter and resentful and whine to my friends until I no longer had friends. And I admit that I have dipped my toe in all of these waters, for a short time. But really, in the long run, none of them is appealing, and none of them stands as a beacon to help me get through this journey.
What good does it do to live in fear, loneliness, anger or despair? Momentarily it accomplishes a much needed emotional release but, for the long run, I need something more solid, more of a light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel. I choose Hope.
I am learning that the cancer journey is a very long and slow trek. Like trekking in the Himalayas, it has peaks and valleys, celebrations and slog, new cultures and familiar challenges. From my first inkling of 'possibly cancer', on June 22, to a complete diagnosis of 'a new primary lung cancer with clear lymph nodes' on October 7, took 106 days. And after that, there will be another 36 days until my surgery on Nov. 12. That is a great number of days to wake up, seeking the energy, and strength to face my uncertain world. I can't imagine how difficult it would be to say, 'Good Morning World,' to a world without hope. Hope is my beacon, my light, my encouragement.
Perhaps I am not being realistic, or pragmatic, or practical, but that is not my style. I have to do what works for me. I have to heed Jack Leyton and not lose hope. I need to hope for a quality of life after my cancer, to hope that I will enjoy many more years with my family and friends, to hope that I will play with my grandchildren, and to hope that I will swim Meech Lake again.
This post is spectacular.I am so proud to have you as a dear friend, Peggy. You are an inspiration to me.


Looking for the perfect gift for a book lover who also happens to enjoy a drink or two? Then you'll want to snag them a literary flask. Here's a small selection of the wide range of the bookish styles of portable liquid holders.
This classy composition notebook flask is customizable.
You can get this Jane Austen public library catalog card flask in two different sizes.
This one is for the drinker who also loves cats.
Need a safe storage place for a flask? This flask comes inside a book.
You probably don't need to wait if you're enjoying your drink with this flask while you read that chapter. Two birds, one couch spot.
The grown-up version of Little Golden Books.
Chase that white whale, my friend. This whale isn't white, but maybe by the time you finish the liquid inside this flask, you'll see it.
There's a whole new meaning to Mischief Managed, amirite?
Speaking of Harry Potter, here's a classy Hogwarts flask.
You can pick from among a few different Alice in Wonderland designs in this shop.
From the same shop, you can select from a few vintage Dictionary pages.
This is so inappropriate and yet really damn funny.
This is a classy glass flask inside a really classy book case. There are a few styles to choose from, too.


To date, data movement problems have been primarily studied in uni-core and multi-core programming systems. Thus, shifting to a many-core programming paradigm presents the new challenges of 1) scalability, 2) software and hardware interface, and 3) addressing the trade-off between performance and energy. First, the data movement models in uni-core and multi-core processors do not scale well, thus, this project develops scalable analytical models and yet provides powerful heuristics in practice. Second, it is important to redefine the responsibilities of software and hardware. Given the complexity of many-core architecture, it is impossible to solve data movement problems using software-only or hardware-only approaches. This project optimizes data movements with a cross-stack design principle that aims to combine the strengths of software and hardware. Third, previous studies have focused on performance without much consideration to issues of power and energy efficiency. This project targets both performance and energy, models the energy cost of data movement and integrates this information into the power/energy model for the entire system. Overall, this project can help shape future software-hardware cache interfaces and lay the foundation for the design of next-generation cache systems.
Please report errors in award information by writing to: awardsearch@nsf.gov.


Unsure how to manage your busy schedule and get in those last minute edits? Consider using this effective content management template. You'll be able to track and organize all your ideas and content tasks. You can use different colors and labels to customize it according to the content type, clients, topics, assigned writer, and more.
By implementing this template into your content management strategy, you'll be able to easily construct a well-thought content plan and develop a clear and visual method of sorting your marvelous ideas. Our template is perfect for content writers seeking to navigate the roads of their imagination, it can be adapted to suit any and all content needs. This template removes the time-consuming logistics behind content marketing and allows you to focus on creating valuable content for your audience. It allows you to insert all the tasks directly on the board and to store, overview, track and organize all brilliant content ideas that may strike you.
Adopt this template to considerably enhance your content plan. You'll be able to group your content per month, or even have a group named "ideas" that can be used to plan the upcoming month by dragging each idea to its allocated time.
Have you ever found yourself in a content pickle? So many ideas, but no clear way to organize them. Even worse, sometimes there are too many getting in the way of creating valuable content. Having a content management template board on monday.com is hands down the perfect solution to building the foundations of your content plan.


Please read these Terms and Conditions ("Terms", "Terms and Conditions") carefully before using the Gift-a-Deed mobile app (the "Service") operated by Navision Limited ("us", "we", or "our").
By accessing or using the service you agree to be bound by these Terms. If you disagree with any part of the terms then you may not access the service. This Terms & Conditions agreement is licensed by TermsFeed to Gift-a-Deed.
Donors/Fulfiller offer and distribute food at their own risk and responsibility. Gift-a-Deed and none of its employees or management is responsible for food offering and distribution.
Also, Gift-a-Deed and none of its employees or management is responsible for any misuse of SOS feature.
Our service may contain links to third-party mobile apps or services that are not owned or controlled by Gift-a-Deed.
Gift-a-Deed has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third party mobile apps or services. You further acknowledge and agree that giftadeed shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with use of or reliance on any such content, goods or services available on or through any such mobile apps or services.
We strongly advise you to read the terms and conditions and privacy policies of any third-party mobile apps or services that you visit.
These terms shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of Hong Kong, India, U.K., U.S.A., Singapore, without regard to its conflict of law provisions.


text:
Мюлау () — коммуна в Швейцарии, в кантоне Аргау.

Входит в состав округа Мури.  Население составляет 997 человек (на 31 декабря 2007 года). Официальный код  —  4235.

Ссылки
 Официальная страница

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Vuex router push with parameters not working The data.product.slug is fine when tested on console log
this.router.push({ name: 'preview', params: { slug: data.product.slug } })

This does not work in vuex?

A: If you are calling it from a component you should a the  $ because you are calling a prototype and the convention is to have a dollar sign before, and of course Router follows it.
this.$router.push({ name: 'preview', params: { slug: data.product.slug } })

A: Yes I accidentally omitted the $router but it still didn't work, ended using this code
const product = data.product.slug
this.$router.push({ path: `/preview/${product}` })


text:
package com.portfoliomanager.akka;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

public class Work implements Serializable{
	private final String akkaWorkId;
	public static ConcurrentHashMap<Integer,String> workNumberToWorkIdMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, String>();

	public Work(String akkaWorkId){
		if(workNumberToWorkIdMap.contains(akkaWorkId)){
			try {
				throw new RuntimeException("WorkId already exists");
			} catch (Exception e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		this.akkaWorkId = akkaWorkId;
	}

	public String getWorkId(){
		return akkaWorkId;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
2021/2022 Season
The North Star
Tuck Everlasting, TYA
All American Boys
Disney's The Little Mermaid, Jr.
Accessible Performances
Theatre for the Very Young
HEALTH & SAFETY POLICIES & PROCEDURES
Individual Tickets
Season Subscribers and Flex Passes
Summer Theatre Workshops (Age 4 – Grade 12)
School Year Programs (Age 3 – Grade 12)
C.A.S.T. Program for Youth with ASD
Teen Mentorships (Ages 16-19)
Emerging BIPOC Designers Mentorship
First Job in the Arts
In-School Programs (Pre-K – Grade 12)
School Break Workshops (Age 4 – Grade 12)
Audition Tips and FAQs
Technical Theatre Opportunities for Youth
All Together Now!
Dedicate a Performance
Staff and Board of Directors
Anti-Racism & Accountability
Stages Alumni
Stages Youth Council
Ticket Donation
Stages Theatre Company will return to performances inside, in the mainstage theatre in November. To ensure your safety, and the safety of our staff, cast, crew and volunteers, the following protocols will be in place throughout the run of our first production, ELF THE MUSICAL, JR, (Nov 19 – Dec 27, 2021). and THE NORTH STAR (Jan 14-Feb 13, 2022)
A refund will be offered to any patron that no longer wishes to attend a performance. Contact ticketbooth@stagestheatre.org or call 952-979-1111 , option 4 to cancel or exchange your tickets for another production.
THANK YOU for standing with us to care for our community by preventing the spread of Covid-19. We will be sure to update our policies as the environment changes.
If you have any questions or concerns,
please feel free to reach out to
Artistic Director Sandy Boren-Barrett or
Managing Director Susan Swenson.
Stages Theatre Company's
At this time, Stages Theatre Company is requiring that all (18+) patrons provide proof of a COVID-19 vaccination OR a negative COVID-19 test (completed within 72 hours of the performance) AND all attendees (3+) wear masks at all times while in the building and theater. We are currently selling to a limited capacity to allow for social distancing and will provide all ticket holders with any updated requirements closer to the time of the event.
PROOF OF VACCINATION OR A NEGATIVE TEST RESULT (taken within 72 hours of the performance) AND A PHOTO ID. All audience members, 18 years of age and older will be required to show either:
✔ PROOF OF VACCINATION OR NEGATIVE COVID TEST (taken within 72 hours of performance)
• All patrons 18+ years of age will be required to provide proof of vaccination or a negative test.
• At home tests NOT accepted.
• This includes parent chaperones and staff attending with groups.
✔ MASKS REQUIRED FOR EVERYONE AGES 3+
All patrons 3yrs and older will be required to wear a mask while in the building.
Vaccination Records & Testing Locations
Find Immunization Records
Schedule a free COVID-19 test
Find a COVID 19 Testing Site
MASK REQUIREMENTS
MASKS REQUIRED FOR EVERYONE AGES 3+.
All audience members, staff and volunteers will be required to wear masks inside The Hopkins Center for the Arts, the home of Stages Theatre Company. This follows the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendation for all guests ages 3 and above, regardless of vaccination status.
CAPACITY LEVELS
We are currently selling to a limited capacity to allow for social distancing.
Guests will be provided with a QR code that can be used with their phone's camera to review the playbill. A link will be sent via the preshow email and via a QR code at the theatre.
AUTOGRAPH LINE
All meet & greets after performances are canceled until further notice. We love meeting you in the lobby after the show, however, we have made the difficult decision to cancel the meet & greet line in the lobby until it is safe for everyone involved.
We encourage social distancing while in the lobby prior to the performance, at intermission, and while within The Hopkins Center for the Arts / Stages Theatre Company.
We will begin checking patrons in 1 hour prior to the performance
Will Call will open to pick-up tickets 1 hour prior to the performance
Guests who are sick or exposed to COVID-19 are kindly asked to stay home to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Please contact the box office to transfer your tickets to another performance, donate your tickets or request a refund. There will be no fees or penalties for making changes to your tickets. You can contact our box office to cancel or exchange your tickets for another production.
ticketbooth@stagestheatre.org 952-979-1111, option 4
In light of the uncertainty that surrounds us, we want you to know that it is our promise to be flexible and empathetic as it relates to accommodating ticket exchanges and refunds should you be unable to safely join us for a purchased performance. And in that same spirit, if a performance has to be rescheduled or canceled, we will work with you to facilitate a ticket exchange, credit, donation or refund.
All STC staff and volunteers interacting with patrons are fully vaccinated and will be wearing masks at all times.
UPDATED HVAC SYSTEM
Our HVAC system has been updated by GPS (Global Plasma Solutions) to further ensure the safety of our patrons. The city of Hopkins & Hopkins Center for the Arts, home to Stages Theatre Company had GPS (Global Plasma Solutions) install air purification technology in 2020 in order to maximize indoor air quality. Documentation of the installed system will be made available to any individual or agency that requests the information.
Hand sanitizer will be available on site.
Our WEBSITE will continue to be updated as we gather new information. Please check back as the details and requirements for live performances are subject to change. We plan to share pertinent updates via email, mail and social media as new information or guidelines arise.
Due to the nature of COVID-19 (coronavirus), there is a risk associated with attending a group gathering of any kind. You understand that you are entering the theater at your own risk and that you and your party hereby agree that you will waive and release Stages Theatre Company and the Hopkins Center for the Arts from any and all liability related directly or indirectly to contracting COVID-19 (coronavirus) or any other related illness or disease. Thank you for your understanding and support. Please share this waiver with those in your party.
See what's ahead in the 2021/2022 Season
STAGES THEATRE COMPANY MISSION: Stages Theatre Company is committed to the enrichment and education of children and youth in a professional theatre environment that stimulates artistic excellence and personal growth.
STAGES THEATRE COMPANY STATEMENT OF INCLUSION: Stages Theatre Company is dedicated to creating a space where diverse opinions, courageous dialogue, and local, national, and international community engagement is not only valued, but vital to our shared artistic and educational success. We make this pledge in the hope of curating a welcome home for all.
SHOW & EVENT ANNOUNCEMENTS
Want the latest news on upcoming Stages Theatre Company productions, auditions, classes, and events? Sign up for our email newsletter.
This activity is made possible by the voters of Minnesota through a Minnesota State Arts Board Operating Support grant, thanks to a legislative appropriation from the arts and cultural heritage fund.
1111 Mainstreet
Tuesday-Saturday, 12n– 6pm and one hour prior to all performances
(952) 979-1111 option 4
Schedule Changes & Building Updates
© 2021 Stages Theatre Company. All Rights Reserved.


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A Life Fitness Circuit Series Push Button Resistance Seated Leg Curl is, and can best be described as follows: A Leg Curl is a plate-loaded or selectorized piece of gym equipment available in variations including: Seated, Prone (lying), Bent-over, Kneeling, or Standing, and is designed to strengthen the Hamstrings muscles of the legs during Strength Training. The user lifts the loaded or selected weight by flexing the knees against an adjustable lower leg pad in a curling motion, bringing the feet closer to the hips.
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At the latest 10 working days before the date of entry into force of a block exemption, Member States shall transmit to the Commission a summary information via the Commission's web notification application SANI.
Within 10 working days of receipt of that summary information, the Commission shall send to the Member State a notice of receipt with an identification number of the aid.
The Commission will publish the summary information in its Competition case database.
A notification must be transmitted electronically via the Commission's web notification application SANI.
the specific notification form relating to the aid measure concerned.
These forms have to be sent as attachments within SANI.
Following the adoption on 25 June 2014 of the European Union Guidelines for State aid in the agriculture and forestry sector and in rural areas 2014 to 2020, new notification forms have been formally established through Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/246 of 3 February 2016 amending Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 794/2004 as regards the forms to be used for the notification of State aid in the agricultural and forestry sectors and in rural areas.
The forms are available in all official EU languages except Irish.
This form may be used for the simplified notification pursuant to Article 4 (2) of the Commission Implementation Regulation N° 794/2004 of 21 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999.
For reasons of urgency Member States may waive their rights to receive the text in the authentic language; the language waiver shall be signed by a representative of the Member State's addressee.
They can be found on the website of DG Competion.
If you want to lodge a complaint against alleged unlawful State aid, please do so using the State Aid Complaint Form.


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PORSCHE 911 RSR – MARCH OF PROGRESS
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World Endurance Championship Action Hots Up
February 22, 2013 by: Glen Smale | Leave a Comment
Roll Out Test, Toyota Hybrid Racing, 7th-8th February 2013, Paul Ricard, France
With the opening round of the WEC taking place at Silverstone, Northamptonshire on the weekend of 12-14 April, the first shots have been fired by the big manufacturers. Toyota unveiled their new car on 19 February, the TS030 Hybrid, which naturally boasts improvements over the previous car, which may sound a bit low key, but considering their impressive performance in 2012 in the car's debut year, they will undoubtedly be a serious contender for the manufacturer's crown in 2013.
Enthusiasts will remember that the team suffered a significant setback during testing at the beginning of last year which forced them to miss the first European round at Spa, making their Le Mans appearance in June the first public outing for the TS030. In the 24-Hour race they suffered a double retirement when Anthony Davidson was the victim of a terrible accident with a backmarker, and then their second car retired just after midnight with mechanical problems.
However, the Toyota team arrived at Silverstone buoyed by the performance of their cars at Le Mans, and despite not having finished there, they knew their car had the legs. The race at Silverstone would prove them right, as the lone Toyota TS030 finished second, splitting the works Audis and announcing their intent to disrupt the rest of the season for the Ingolstadt camp. The next race, the 6-Hours of São Paulo saw Alexander Wurz and Nicolas Lapierre grabbing the top step of the podium for the first time for Toyota. The team was however just getting into its stride as at their home race, the 6-Hours of Fuji, Wurz and Lapierre scooped their second victory of the season, this time with the help of Kazuki Nakajima. The season could not have finished on a higher note for Toyota, as Alexander Wurz and Nicolas Lapierre took gold once again at the 6-Hours of Shanghai, giving Toyota three outright wins in their debut season, a truly remarkable achievement against the might of Ingolstadt.
For the 2013 season, Toyota has announced that they will be running a two-car team for the full season. In the #7 Toyota will be Alex Wurz, Nicolas Lapierre and Kazuki Nakajima (the same trio who won at Fuji in 2012), while the #8 car will be piloted by the extremely experienced combination of Anthony Davidson, Stéphane Sarrazin and Sébastien Buemi.
Details of the new car are understandably thin on the ground at this stage, but Toyota has revealed that the 2013 TS030 car uses a revised version of the Toyota Racing hybrid system first used in 2012. The super capacitor-based system delivers 300hp of boost automatically, on top of the 530hp generated by a 3.4-litre, normally aspirated V8 petrol engine. Ahead of the new regulations due to be enforced in 2014, the team has fine-tuned the powertrain, chassis and aerodynamics to improve power, efficiency, management of component usage and reliability.
The car will be further developed at the rear, and so more changes will be seen in due course, while the driving position has been slightly modified to improve driver comfort. The 2013 car will not be racing at Silverstone, the team preferring to fine tune the car's details away from prying eyes, and according to a team spokesman, "We are confident the 2012 car gives us a good chance to win at Silverstone anyway." Toyota plan to do a further four tests before the Le Mans test day.
As more details become available, these will be revealed on our blog, so check back each week for updates.
STOP PRESS
Porsche 911 RSR Sebring 2013 Test
News of the successful conclusion of the tests for the new 911 RSR (991) was announced by Stuttgart today (Friday 22 February). Testing of the new car has just been completed at the Sebring International Raceway, Florida, USA and in a statement Porsche said that the car was now ready for its debut in the WEC 6-Hour race at Silverstone on April 14. Sharing driving duties at Sebring were Porsche works drivers Richard Lietz and Patrick Pilet.
Lietz contests the WEC including Le Mans with Marc Lieb at the wheel of the #92 911 RSR while Patrick Pilet joins forces with Joerg Bergmeister in the #91 car. At the first two WEC rounds in Silverstone and Spa as well as at Le Mans, they will be backed up by factory drivers Romain Dumas (#92) and Timo Bernhard (#91).
"We are very pleased with how the testing has gone so far," said Porsche's Head of Motorsport Hartmut Kristen. "Our goal is to be well prepared for the challenges of the very strong GTE class in the WEC and at Le Mans. The circuit in Sebring is very well suited to put a new vehicle through some demanding trials. For this reason, a test in Sebring is a very good rehearsal for one of the toughest races of all, the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Until the season kicks off in Silverstone, we will conduct some final tests on other race tracks so that our new 911 RSR is well and truly ready for the World Endurance Championship season."
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Categories: Car Racing Tags: Porsche 911 RSR, Toyota Hybrid Racing, WEC
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Ok, so does anyone really have any doubts remaining whatsoever on who's the culprit of this?
I have no idea who it was, and no it wasn't me.
Apparently I managed not to have a clean install of BP and instead installed the complete installer over an old version. After remedying that and also adding the compatibility VPs which I was missing, it finally runs with the last nightly without any errors.
I'd never consider you as the author of this.
Yes it's silly so what.
So who do we really have to thank for that epic masterpiece now? Whoever came up with this deserves more than one salute. Stuff like this really makes me feel nostalgic. I was in love with the FS series since its original release, and we've really come a long way with the whole SCP and the sheer legions of usermade content.