text:
How to Catch a TortoiseA.W. Moore
Vol. 25 No. 24 · 18 December 2003
How to Catch a Tortoise
A.W. Moore
Everything and More: A Compact History of ∞
by David Foster Wallace.
Weidenfeld, 319 pp., £14.99, November 2003, 0 297 64567 6Show More
A Brief History of Infinity: The Quest to Think the Unthinkable
by Brian Clegg.
Constable, 255 pp., £8.99, September 2003, 1 84119 650 9Show More
The Art of the Infinite: Our Lost Language of Numbers
by Robert Kaplan and Ellen Kaplan.
Allen Lane, 324 pp., £20, August 2003, 0 7139 9629 3Show More
'As you've probably begun to see,' David Foster Wallace writes in Everything and More, 'Aristotle manages to be sort of grandly and breathtakingly wrong, always and everywhere, when it comes to infinity.' A much milder version of this antagonism towards Aristotle appears in both Brian Clegg's Brief History of Infinity and Robert and Ellen Kaplan's The Art of the Infinite. Clegg writes that Aristotle 'made a distinction on the matter of infinity that was to prove useful, but also was a fudge that made it possible to avoid the real issue for a couple of thousand years'. And the Kaplans describe how Georg Cantor won certain 'striking insights . . . by going against the authority' of Aristotle. All three books express what has become, nowadays, received wisdom: that Aristotle ('the bad guy') promulgated certain views about infinity that had the status of orthodoxy until the late 19th century, when Cantor ('the good guy') finally showed what was wrong with these views and how we should really think about the infinite. I do not myself subscribe to this standard account, and in due course shall explain why not.
First, however, I want to go back to our ordinary intuitive conception of the infinite – as that which is endless, unlimited, unsurveyable, immeasurable. I don't mean to suggest that this conception is stable: all sorts of paradoxes beset it, and all sorts of refinements of it are designed either to circumvent or to accommodate these paradoxes. There are technical definitions of both endlessness and unlimitedness, for instance, whereby not only can they come apart from each other, but each can come apart from the infinite in its own appropriately technical sense. Even so, we should not allow any of this to make us lose sight of our starting point among these basic ideas of endlessness, unlimitedness, unsurveyability and immeasurability.
From the time of the early Greeks, the infinite, so conceived, has aroused suspicion, largely because of the paradoxes such as the famous one of Achilles and the tortoise, formulated 2500 years ago by Zeno of Elea. Achilles, who runs much faster than the tortoise, lets it start a certain distance ahead of him in a race. The paradox is that Achilles seems never to be able to overtake the tortoise, no matter how great the difference in their speeds. For in order to do so, he must first reach the point at which the tortoise starts, by which time the tortoise will have advanced a fraction of the distance initially separating them. Achilles must then make up this distance, by which time the tortoise will have advanced again. He must then make up this new distance, by which time the tortoise will have advanced yet again. And so on ad infinitum.
There is also a family of paradoxes, known since medieval times, based on the principle that if it is possible to pair off all the members of one set with all the members of another, then the two sets must be exactly the same size. (We can be certain that the set of older twins has just as many members as the set of younger twins, even if we have no idea how many there are of each.) This 'same-size principle' is certainly very compelling. You might even think that it is incontestable. But when it is applied to infinite sets, it seems to flout Euclid's notion that the whole is greater than the part. It is possible, for example, to pair off all the members of the set of positive integers {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } with all the members of the set of square positive integers {1, 4, 9, 16, . . . }. We can pair 1 off with itself, 2 with 4, 3 with 9, 4 with 16, and so on.
Aristotle, well aware of the problems that afflict the infinite, but also reluctant to abandon the concept completely, responded to this dilemma by drawing a distinction between the 'actual infinite' and the 'potential infinite'. The infinitude of the actual infinite exists at some point in time. The infinitude of the potential infinite exists over time. (Imagine a clock endlessly ticking. Its ticking is potentially, but never actually, infinite.) All the objections to the infinite, Aristotle insisted, are objections to the actual infinite. They are objections to the idea of an infinitude that exists all at once. The potential infinite, by contrast, is a fundamental feature of reality. It is there to be acknowledged in any process that can never end: in the process of counting, for example; or in the process of dividing the racecourse on which Achilles is trying to overtake the tortoise; or in the passage of time itself. Paradoxes such as Zeno's arise because we fail to pay due heed to this distinction. Having seen that there can be no end to the process of dividing the racecourse, we imagine that all those possible future divisions are somehow already there. We come to view the racecourse as already divided into infinitely many parts, and it is easy then for Zeno's paradox to take hold. If we consider only the actual divisions that we have effected at any given time, then we can say that Achilles will overtake the tortoise once he has traversed a certain finite number of them.
For well over two thousand years this view had the status of orthodoxy, though it did not persist in exactly the form Aristotle presented it. Later thinkers construed the references to time in the actual/potential distinction metaphorically. Existing 'all at once' came to mean something altogether more abstract than it had for Aristotle. Eventually, exception to the actual infinite became exception to the idea that the infinite could be a legitimate object of mathematical study at all.
Hence today's received wisdom. Late in the 19th century, Cantor presented a coherent, rigorous, systematic mathematical theory of the infinite, by taking the paradoxes in his stride. He accepted the same-size principle, for instance, and what follows from it: that there are as many square positive integers as there are positive integers altogether. He didn't flinch at the idea that the part can be as great as the whole. Neither, however, did he go to the other extreme of urging that all infinite sets are the same size (a conclusion which, in its own way, would not have been all that repugnant to commonsense). On the contrary, much of the revolutionary impact of his work lay in his proof that, granted the converse of the same-size principle – that two sets are the same size only if it is possible to pair off all the members of one with all the members of the other – then not all infinite sets are the same size. No set, and in particular no infinite set, has as many members as it has subsets. (Here is Cantor's proof. Suppose that all the members of a given set S were paired off with subsets of S. Then some members of S would belong to their corresponding subsets, while others would not. All those that did not would themselves constitute a subset of S – call it T. But no member of S would be paired off with T. For if a member m were paired off with T, then m would belong to T if and only if m did not belong to T, which is of course impossible.) Cantor then devised infinite cardinals: numbers that can be used to measure the various different infinite sizes. He presented an arithmetic for these cardinals: carefully defining his terms, he indicated what happens when one infinite cardinal is added to another, or multiplied by another, or raised to the power of another. His work showed mathematical craftsmanship of the highest calibre. It was astonishing in both its depth and its beauty. No longer, it seemed, was there any reason to reject the actual infinite. The Aristotelian orthodoxy seemed finally to have been subverted.
But was it really so? Cantor needed to proceed cautiously. His work made indispensable use of the concept of a set (as glimpsed above). But what is a set? According to one conception of what a set is, often referred to as the 'naive' conception, a set is something that is constituted by all the things that have some given property. Moreover, for any given property, there is, on the naive conception, a corresponding set, constituted by all the things that have it: corresponding to the property of being a planet, there is the set of planets; corresponding to the property of being an older twin, there is the set of older twins; corresponding to the property of being a square positive integer, there is the set of square positive integers; and corresponding to the property of being a set, there is the set of sets. The naive conception can be shown to be incoherent, however. For suppose there is a set corresponding to any given property. Now consider the fact – I am still presupposing the naive conception – that some sets belong to themselves, and some do not. The set of sets would be of the former kind, because it is itself a set, while the set of planets would be of the latter kind, because it is not itself a planet. But what about the set corresponding to the property of being a set that does not belong to itself – call it R? Then R belongs to itself if and only if it does not, which is of course impossible. So the naive conception is incoherent. (This is Russell's famous paradox. There is a striking resemblance between the reasoning involved in this paradox and the reasoning involved in Cantor's proof sketched above. The connections between the two are very deep.)
In order to safeguard his theory from this kind of incoherence, Cantor needed to operate with a somewhat more sophisticated conception of a set, often referred to as the 'iterative' conception. According to the iterative conception, a set is something whose existence is parasitic on that of its members: the members exist 'first'. Thus there are, to begin with, all those things that are not sets (planets, twins, positive integers etc). Then there are sets of these things. Then there are sets of these things. And so on, without end. Each thing, and in particular each set, belongs to countless further sets. But there never comes a set to which every set belongs. There is no set of all sets. How does this escape the incoherence in the naive conception? Well, on the iterative conception, no set belongs to itself. Hence R, if it existed, would be the set of all sets. But there is no set of all sets: there is no such thing as R.
The iterative conception, like the naive conception, has great intuitive appeal. But is it not also strikingly Aristotelian? Notice the temporal metaphor that sustains it. Sets are depicted as coming into being 'after' their members, in such a way that there are 'always' more to come. Their collective infinitude, as opposed to the infinitude of any one of them, is potential, not actual. Moreover, it is this collective infinitude that has best claim to the title. For the basic ideas characteristic of our ordinary intuitive conception of the infinite – endlessness, unlimitedness, unsurveyability, immeasurability – more properly apply to the entire hierarchy than to anything in it. This is not least because of the success that Cantor enjoyed in subjecting the sets within the hierarchy to careful mathematical scrutiny. He showed, for example, that the set of positive integers is not unlimited (in size): it has fewer members than it has subsets. He also showed that it is not immeasurable: we can give a precise mathematical measure to how big it is. There is a sense, then, in which he established that what is 'really' infinite is something of an altogether different kind. (He was not himself averse to talking in these terms.) In a curious way, his work served, in the end, to corroborate the Aristotelian orthodoxy that 'real' infinitude can never be actual.
The quarrel that I have just picked with these books should not be allowed to detract from what each of them has to offer. Wallace and Clegg both provide a historical account of the concept of infinity, tracing a story from early Greek discomfort with the infinite, through the development of the calculus, to the advent of transfinite arithmetic in the work of Cantor. The Kaplans give a more general introduction to various mathematical delights, which, although it makes the reader continually aware of the infinite framework within which mathematical practice proceeds, does not always have the infinite itself in focus.
Clegg's book is engagingly written and includes several interesting biographical sketches, which animate the mathematics and give a good sense of the very human concerns that have helped to propagate the story of this (very inhuman?) concept. There are, however, some slips and inaccuracies. In his presentation of Russell's paradox, for example, Clegg gets into an uncharacteristic muddle concerning the difference (which is as crucial in this context as it is anywhere) between the members of a set and its subsets. He calls the set of humans 'humanity', and comments that each one of us, as well as being a member of this set, is also a member of a nation: humanity has us as its members and includes nations among its subsets. But he also says, immediately afterwards, that nations are members of humanity. He exacerbates the confusion by talking indiscriminately about what humanity 'contains': this can mean either what humanity has as members or what it has as subsets. Still, there is much to be learned from this book and much pleasure to be derived from it.
The same is true of the Kaplans' book, which guides the reader through some extremely difficult mathematical ideas in ways that are both imaginative and diverting. Mathematics is often said to be the science of the infinite; the Kaplans want us to appreciate mathematics as the art of the infinite, an art which involves invention, narrative and an inexhaustible pursuit of variations on themes. They would have done better, however, to have resisted indulging in slightly irritating, and indeed bemusing, metamathematical-cum-philosophical asides, such as 'there is no problem that cannot be solved,' or, we can 'be sure that problems will have solutions'. Not only is this optimism controversial and expressed without adequate justification, it is also inconsistent with the equally controversial and equally unjustified pessimism expressed on the final page of the main text, where we are told that a problem with which Cantor wrestled throughout his life – whether any set is intermediate in size between the set of positive integers and the set of sets of positive integers – is 'for ever undecidable'.
As for Wallace's book, the less said, the better. It's a sloppy production, including neither an index nor a table of contents, and after a while his breezy style grates. No one who is unfamiliar with the ideas behind his dense, user-unfriendly mathematical expositions could work their way through them to gain any insight into what he is talking about. Worse, anyone who is already familiar with these ideas will see that his expositions are often riddled with mistakes. The sections on set theory, in particular, are a disaster. When he lists the standard axioms of set theory from which mathematicians derive theorems about the iterative conception of a set, he gets the very first one wrong. (It is not, as Wallace says, that if two sets have the same members, then they are the same size. It is that two sets never do have the same members.) From there it is pretty much downhill. He goes on to discuss Cantor's unsolved problem, which I mentioned at the end of the previous paragraph. There are many different, equivalent ways of formulating the problem; Wallace gives four. The first and fourth are fine. The second, about whether the real numbers 'constitute' the set of sets of rational numbers, does not, as it stands, make sense. And the third, about whether the cardinal that measures the size of the set of real numbers can be obtained by raising 2 to the power of the smallest infinite cardinal, is simply wrong: we know it can. Any reader keen to gain insights into the infinite would do better to go back to Aristotle.
A.W. Moore is professor of philosophy at Oxford. The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics: Making Sense of Things appeared earlier this year.
Carving at the Joints: The Book of the World
The Seven Million Dollar Question: The quest to solve the Millenium Problems
More by A.W. Moore


A few years ago, managed services were still something of a novelty for many companies. The market was in its infancy, brand-name services were few and far between, and VARs sometimes had to pay vendors thousands of dollars upfront just to play in the game.
The market has matured and grown. Brand-name services have emerged, thanks to major vendors such as Cisco, IBM, McAfee, and Microsoft providing hosted applications. National distributors Avnet, Ingram and Tech Data now offer managed solutions to VARs, who no longer have to pay vendors dearly to play. In addition, the Master Managed Service Provider (MMSP) model gives VARs the choice of working with a fellow VAR experienced in the ups and downs of the managed services business.
The customer side has also changed enormously. Companies of every stripe, particularly SMBs, have begun to see the true values of managed services: dependable services, a low total cost of ownership (TCO), and a boost to the bottom-line.
The main benefits of hosted applications are scalability, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), and remote accessibility, said Jeff Jernigan, In-Stat analyst. He noted that the need for IT support for business applications is greatly minimized if not eliminated due to the centralized, vendor-supported management of applications.
While a majority of business functions are still performed in-house, In-Stat research shows that convergence and complexity will aid in steady, yearly, managed services revenue growth.
The growth of hosted services, specifically hosted applications or SaaS (software as a service) are driving managed services revenue growth in the United States, according to a recent report from In-Stat. The report forecasts that hosted application revenues will grow from $8 billion in 2008 to $16 billion by 2012.
A lot of growth in the U.S. market is coming from the SMB space, said Joe Quaglia, senior vice president, U.S. Marketing, Tech Data.
Quaglia added that the most popular managed services for SMBs are backup and recovery, VoIP, network management and monitory, and hosted Exchange.
A clear trend is the increasing importance of the VAR to the market, said Justin Crotty, vice-president of Ingram Micro's services division.
Quaglia said about 60 percent of Tech Data's VARs will probably be offering managed services by 2010.


OUT OF STOCK UNTIL JUNE!!
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Professionals can mark their availability which would be reflected at the customer's end. Logicspice offers appointment booking software custom development which allow professionals to select their non-working days over calendar and those days will be displayed as blocked over the calendar. They can refer a customer to another professional if they want to.
Professionals/Customers will be able to manage their basic personal information over the website.
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Customers can search for a professional by entering the keyword about his problem and city.
Customers will be able to select the date for booking their appointment and view their non-working days.
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Customer can select his city and the type of professional he wants in the website and all the Professional will be listed to the customer.
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Yes, customer can add the professionals that he may find interested in to a favorites list so that he can see them at one place when he visits the website again.


Long duration missions to the ISS are referred to as ISS Expeditions. Expedition crew members typically spend approximately six months on the ISS. The initial expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the Columbia disaster. Since May 2009, expedition crew size has been six crew members. Crew size is expected to be increased to seven, the number the ISS was designed for, once the Commercial Crew Program becomes operational. The ISS has been continuously occupied for the past 18 years and 169 days, having exceeded the previous record held by Mir; and has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from 15 different nations.
^ Lale Tayla & Figen Bingul (2007). "NASA stands 'for the benefit of all.'—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu". The Light Millennium. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ "Workforce Profile". NASA. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ "Trump, Congress approve largest U.S. research spending increase in a decade". Science AAAS. March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
^ Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1989). "11-4 Shepard's Ride". In Woods, David; Gamble, Chris. This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (url). Published as NASA Special Publication-4201 in the NASA History Series. NASA. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
^ Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1989). "13-4 An American in Orbit". In Woods, David; Gamble, Chris. This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (url). Published as NASA Special Publication-4201 in the NASA History Series. NASA. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
^ a b Loff, Sarah (2016-11-22). "Katherine Johnson Biography". NASA. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
^ Loff, Sarah (2016-11-22). "Mary Jackson Biography". NASA. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
^ Loff, Sarah (2016-11-22). "Dorothy Vaughan Biography". NASA. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
^ Spaceflight, Kim Ann Zimmermann 2018-01-19T02:02:00Z. "Sally Ride: First American Woman in Space". Space.com. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
^ mars.nasa.gov. "Overview – Mars 2020 Rover". mars.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
^ Faust, Jeff (28 March 2018). "WFIRST work continues despite budget and schedule uncertainty". Retrieved 17 September 2018.


FORT MEADE — Polk County sheriff's detectives are investigating the theft of a $1,000 marble slab taken from a woman's gravesite in Fort Meade after she was buried.
Winifred Cariaga died on Aug. 9 at a hospital in St. Petersburg. She was 83.
A slab measuring 7 feet long and 3 feet wide was placed near her gravesite after the burial on Aug. 16 at Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church Cemetery at 6210 Mt. Pisgah Road.
Once the ground settled, the marble slab was expected to be placed on the site, detectives said. The slab was purchased by Cariaga 20 years ago when she bought side-by-side gravesites for herself and her husband.
The slab has been in the same place for about 20 years, detectives said.
It was last seen Saturday during the day. It was stolen between Saturday afternoon and Tuesday evening.
The cemetery's maintenance crew noticed the slab was missing.
Anyone with information about the missing slab can call the Sheriff's Office at 863-499-2400 or Heartland CrimeStoppers at 800-226-TIPS.
Cariaga graduated from Fort Meade High School in 1953. She was a longtime resident of Lakeland before moving to St. Petersburg a few years ago.


I photographed Cameron & Mark's wedding in 2006, and I was so excited when she called me to photograph her daughter's portraits. Cameron and I went to high school together, and I still can't believe we both have little ones. P was about 2-weeks old and just adorable and sweet during the photoshoot. Congratulations Cameron & Mark!


Definition: In French, prepositions are words which link two related parts of a sentence. They are placed in front of nouns in order to indicate a relationship between that noun and the verb, adjective, or noun that precedes it.
I'm talking to Jean. Je parle à Jean.
He is from Paris. Il est de Paris.
The book is for you. Le livre est pour toi.


text:
An Unbalanced BBC
David Calling
By David Pryce-Jones
About David Pryce-Jones
Why is it that the media can no longer be relied on to be fair? The slanting of news and comment to give the worst possible interpretation of public figures and public life is a phenomenon that goes to the heart of today's culture. The mixture of cynicism and frustrated power drives provides the rich but unhealthy mix spooned out every day in the press and on television. For instance, anyone who relied on the New York Times for a world picture would be seriously misled. And the same goes for the BBC.
To listen to the BBC output is to be assured that everything in the United States is in bad hands, and nothing there goes right. Night after night, Matt Frei, a chief correspondent in Washington, finds some way of twisting the news in an anti-American sense. He reached a low recently when President Bush announced that a sum of several million dollars was to be given to help eliminate AIDS in Africa. Frei then showed us four AIDS victims in the American South who said they could get no treatment. So in doing good to others, the President was actually doing harm to his own. That's the moral of Frei and the BBC.
A fine example of this inverted moral is to be found in a two-part BBC film, shown these last two days, with the title No Peace, No Plan – the Inside Story of Iraq's Descent into Chaos. These films purport to reveal that President Bush and his administration had no idea what they doing by invading Iraq. Ignorant, whimsical, incompetent, they threw other peoples' lives and money to the wind. A story-line for the Left is being established, and it goes like this: Colin Powell would have stopped the overthrow of Saddam Hussein if he had known how to, but Donald Rumsfeld overrode him. Praise the supposed liberals, blame the supposed neo-conservatives.
A slew of self-important and sneering Americans were interviewed, including Ambassador Barbara Bodine and Larry Wilkerson, Powell's aide, to bad-mouth their colleagues and denigrate everything that had been done or not done. In their eyes, it was purposeless to single out mistakes of conception and planning because everything was a mistake. The BBC demonstrated to its satisfaction that the British should have had nothing to do with all this. Tony Blair was too superficial even to criticize Bush, let alone stop him. A general with a face like a boot and no powers of articulation had the gall to call Rumsfeld "intellectually bankrupt." One slimy British diplomat after another looked to camera, said that the whole Iraqi affair was a disaster and none of it was their fault, they had entrusted everything to the Americans and were shattered to find that the Americans had let them down.
Intermittent clips stressed the horrors of suicide bombings, the shelling of Falluja or riots in Basra. Failure all round the compass, then. Not a single voice suggested that the overthrow of Saddam might be a necessary prelude to a new and humane Iraq, and perhaps a challenge to other disgusting regimes in the region. Nobody put the argument that it makes geo-strategic sense to have a large military force in between Iran and Afghanistan. Nobody even hinted that it is better to fight Islamists on their territory rather than have them come and fight us on ours. To these moralists of the age, an ultimately pacified and successful Iraq would still be presented as imposition and failure.
The BBC has really become a political party, and these films are advertising its campaign. The sooner the BBC puts itself up for election, the better.
David Pryce-Jones is a British author and commentator and a senior editor of National Review.
The Flight 93 Post-Election
The mood perfectly captures what happened at the U.S. Capitol — fevered, dark, and apocalyptic.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Dedicated Server API is composed of Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) services accessible via a web reference or by using SOAP. You must generate an API key and API password within the dedicated server control panel to use the API.
The services can be called by a client to perform defined functionality.
Customers can access WSDL through PHP, .NET, or any other programming language that supports SOAP.
Validate a reseller's user login.
Add a new reseller's user for a given user name.
Edit a reseller's user for a given user name.
Delete a reseller's user for a given user name.
Find a reseller's user for a given user name.
List all servers for the user as well as the servers that belong the user's sub-users.
List all servers for the reseller's sub-users.
Get server details for a server assigned to a user.
Assigns the server to a reseller's sub-user OR unassigns the server from a the reseller's sub-user and reassigns it back to the reseller.
Send an IPMI command to power on, power off or reset the server.
List all IP blocks (and details) for the user's servers as well as the IP blocks that belong to sub-users servers.
List all IP blocks (and details) for a server belonging to the user.
Get the IP block details for an IP address Id.
List all active entries where the Server is assigned to a user, reseller, or a reseller's sub-user.
Add a new null route.
List DDoS attack history for a user.
Get DDoS attack details for an attack id.
Delete(reset) DDoS settings for an IP address.
Get DDoS settings for an IP address.
Set(edit) DDoS settings for an IP address.
Get backup storage full details for a backup storage assigned to a user.
Updates the FTP details for a backup storage.
List all of the reseller options in an "Option Name", "Option Value" format.
Get bandwidth details for a server assigned to a user.


Once you choose the right woofers and get them properly mounted in the bags, there are some EQ and crossover tricks that will allow you squeeze out a ton of acoustic power and bass response while at the same time protect your woofers from melting down. In fact, you can get them to play so loud that they can be heard loud and clear on the highway and will blow people away in the parking lot. Attempting to get a lot of bass without a good sound processor though is not recommended at all.
Some of this is a long read. So I have broken this article up into sections. You can read the first part of each section if you want and then go back over what you didn't get if you need to. The important part is that you know the basics. I go into length on some points for those who are interested.
The Quest for Bass - Know What You Don't Know.
There are some things that must be understood about bass in a Harley application before you even start thinking about what equipment you are going to use. In this article I will explain several tricks and tips that will allow you to select the proper equipment for spectacular results. I will also cover how to properly set the system up. You can have all of the best equipment, but without proper setup you really can not expect your system to be very impressive. There are very good options for big bass on a Harley but none of them are anything like what you will see in a car or boat system.
Before you go down the path of bass you have two choices. Get to know and understand all of the information in this article or buy all of your parts from a shop that already knows this stuff.
You should know going into this that your typical bike shop or car audio shop will not likely be educated about Harley bass, so don't be surprised.
Know what you are looking at and don't listen to anyone who has not successfully built a system that you have heard in person. It's a fact; many, many people have tried to get bass from a Harley and most all of them have failed. Doing what worked in your car will not work here!
Subwoofers are generally a bad idea for a lot of reasons. A traditional car or marine subwoofer is designed to only work within a very limited band of frequencies. This small range of frequencies is also the same range as your pipes, the wind, and traffic. Unless your bass is substantially louder than all of this, you will not be able to hear it muchless be impressed by the volume. Too often we see someone fall in love with a car audio subwoofer and in turn endup on a doomed quest to make that subwoofer perform in their bike system. There is a lot more to why a traditional subwoofer is a very bad idea that will be covered throughout this article but the point here is, a huge iron magnet and a heavy moving mass (cone) will not perform well on a bike.
But Don't You Want a Subwoofer for Bass?
Not really. A much better way of going about it in the Harley application is to use a wade band pro audio type woofer. Actually I should say "woofers". A single large diameter woofer is not a good idea here.
In the above pic I used two 10" Diamond Audio HXM free air marine subwoofers. This turned out to be an impressive parking lot system and the best sounding Harley subwoofer system I have ever heard. In retrospect though, four 8" woofers put out a lot more volume, play as low, requires only one amp, weighs a small fraction, and leaves a lot more bag room.
Why Pro Audio and What Does Pro Audio Mean Anyway?
Pro audio refers to a speaker design typically found in professional musician applications like guitar amps and live concert speakers. These speaker systems are not designed anything like your home audio speakers or your car audio speaker systems. These types of speakers are much more efficient than other types of speakers. They simply put out a lot more sound for every watt that they are fed. This is done by keeping the moving mass (cone & suspension) weight to a minimum and by keeping the cone movement much more tightly regulated mechanically. This is why pro audio speakers a lot of times have a paper cone and a progressive suspension surround (accordion looking surround). Additionally these speakers have a much higher thermal limit. This means that these speakers are designed to run at full boogie for 8 hours without thermal failure. Car and home speakers are not designed like this because you are so much closer to the speakers than in a concert situation. On a Harley we need all of the output possible. So even though we are right on top of the speakers we still need them to endure extreme volume levels for extended periods of time.
Not all pro audio woofers are the same. A lot of people refer to pro audio woofers as "mids". This can be true but for the most part this has become common because people are selecting the wrong speaker.
The Wrong Pro Audio Mid If You Want Bass.
Resonant frequency is too high (Fs). Should be close to 50 hz.
Resonant magnitude is too low (Qts) Should be .4 or higher.
The Fs is the resonant frequency point where the woofer starts to ring and lose control. The higher the Qts the lower that the woofer will be able to effectively play at or below the Fs but the more it will ring. Fact of the matter is that in a Harley application we want the woofer to ring a bit on the bottom end.
This part throws most people. We have all been taught over the years and the generations that bigger iron magnets are always better. This is the equivalent of shopping for a fast car based on the tire size. There is such a thing as an under sized magnet but what is important to know is that there is also more than one type of magnet out there. The big heavy iron magnets that are so prevalent in the speaker market are popular for two reasons.
Iron magnets look more impressive.
A much more premium magnet type is neodymium. Neo magnets are made of a refined metal that oxidises rapidly in open air. Consequently it is typically coated in chrome or some other type of coating to keep it from oxidizing. This makes it quite a bit more expensive compared to an iron magnet.
In a Harley application neo magnet speakers have a few other advantages over iron magnet speakers.
Keeps the center of gravity on the bike lower by not adding a bunch of weight up high. For lid speakers you won't need a forklift to open your bags.
Leaves more storage space due to the small size.
Packs a much bigger punch due to better magnetic flux density.
Focused magnetic flux is common in high end speakers even with iron magnets, and not really a factor that engineers can do much about in low cost speakers. It kind of is, what it is. The small physical size of neo magnets make them inherently easier to arrange in such a way that the magnetic energy is better focused on the voice coil.
As I stated earlier, traditional subwoofers are very limited to a small range of frequencies. In a Harley application it is very important to cover as wide of a range of frequencies as possible. Its not just the low bass that gets sucked up and dissipated by the wind, traffic, and your pipes. All of the sound gets gobbled up. So the more speaker cone area you have contributing to output, the better your system will be at overcoming these acoustic obstacles.
I often get the question, " are 10' speakers better or 8". The answer is, the more cone surface area you have the better. a 10 has more cone area than an 8 but two 8s have quite a bit more cone surface area than one 10.
My favorite setup is two 8" speakers in each bag for a total of 4 woofers.
Way outside the Scope of This Article!
Then there are other factors of speaker design that simply fall way outside the scope of this particular article that involve how various electromechanical characteristics of a particular speaker design interact with each other and the application.
In order to explain how to set up I am going to use my favorite woofers as an example with very specific parameters. These setting will not work for all speakers.
These two speakers are both based on the same design, come from the same factory, and are nearly identical in performance. Although these speakers are not truly pro audio speakers (they are motor sports/marine) they do have all of the important characteristics of a pro audio speaker.
High pass at 50 hz with a 48 db per octave crossover slope. We want to cut off all information below 50 hz so that all energy can be focused on the speakers playable range and nothing is wasted on excessive cone movement. Settings on a Rockford Fosgate DSR1 processor should look like this.
In the advanced EQ section the EQ is a parametric type. This means that I can not only select a frequency band to increase or decrease, but I can also change how much effect that adjustment will have on surrounding frequency bands by lowering the Q value attached to that band. See below.
Above you can see that I set band #7 to a frequency of 83hz with a Q of .970 and boosted it by 6 db. This creates a huge bump across a lot of the bass frequency range with a focus on 83 hz.
Next I selected band # 16 and set it for 630 hz with a Q of .620 (even wider), and I cut by 7.5 db. This is because the boost I put at 83 hz also affects the lower midrange too much, making the vocals sound a bit overbearing. The net result is a rollercoaster looking EQ curve. But i am not done yet.
In the next pic I overlayed the high pass crossover plot with the EQ plot so that we can see what the net result of both will get us.
Notice that the audio information on the vary low end of the frequency spectrum is cut off sharply. This does two things for us.
Saves our speaker from self destruction.
Allows more energy to be focused on the bass region that we can hear.
It is very important to cut out all low frequency information that falls below the speakers abilities.
The end result here is a system that will play very aggressively down to 40 hz. This is low enough to cover 90% of all the low frequency information in most any recording.


Once you've gotten that, go kick down the bridge for Trip and head to the end of the corridor. Use Decoy to cover you as you run towards the broken beam, which lets you jump to the side of the old water tower. Climb up its side to flank the turret, then take it down and use it to cover Trip as she opens the security door. You'll need to watch out for melee mechs who rush Trip, as well as distant gunners who'll appear directly ahead of you and to the left.
After Trip opens the door, drop down and go through it to find a Mask at the bottom of the stairwell. You're almost done, though; your next goal is to dispatch a number of mechs in the courtyard below before destroying another demolition robot. This is made considerably easier by a few canisters of stun ammo lying around below you. If you drop down to the right as you initially enter the room and hop down two levels, you can grab one canister, then go back up a floor using the nearby crate and cross the room to find a second one.
Destroy the mechs on the floor. It's tempting to just blow them all up with plasma, but you're going to want to save that ammunition for the next chapter unless you're going for an Invincible run. You're better off mixing it up in melee.
When the demobot shows up, you'll need to change up your approach slightly. You have more plasma ammo this time, so destroying it's relatively simple. Bounce a plasma blast off its head, then taunt it into charging one of the walls. After it hits, run up behind it and perform a takedown to finish it off.
Grab any leftover ammunition from the courtyard, and spend your Tech Orbs on shield and health upgrades. To end this chapter, throw Trip onto the shipping container.


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The Downside to Sex in the Final Frontier
Getting knocked up in zero gravity could be a bad idea, a new study reveals.
By Mike Darling
Until now, there was nothing—nothing—that could seem like a bummer about doing the nasty in outer space. It's been the Holy Grail of sexual fantasies since Jane Fonda seductively twirled around in zero gravity during the opening scene to Barbarella. It is the premise of one of the all-time most underappreciated Bond one-liners: "I think he's attempting reentry, sir."
So you can thank science for bringing a completely unnecessary buzzkill to your most otherworldly sexual desires. That is, if part of your fantasy involves single-handedly populating a new planet.
Researchers at Montreal University found that getting pregnant in outer space could pose a wide array of health risks to a developing fetus—including a risk of developing cancer, Alzheimer's, and brain disease. Granted, the researchers are taking something of a leap: The study was not conducted with human sperm, but by studying pollen tubes—the reproductive organ in plants.
As professor Anja Geitmann explains to the Daily Mail:
"Just like during human reproduction the sperm cells in plants are delivered to the egg by a cylindrical tool. Unlike the delivery tool in animals the device used during plant sex consists of a single cell—and only two sperm cells are discharged during each delivery event. Our findings offer new insight into how life evolved on Earth and are significant with regards to human health, as a traffic jam on these highways that also exist in human cells can cause cancer and illnesses such as Alzheimer's."
Part of that potential 'traffic jam' has to do with how efficiently sperm—or in this case, pollen—moves when subjected to hyper-gravity. Geitmann's colleague, Dr. Youssef Chebli, continues:
"We found intracellular traffic flow is compromised under hyper-gravity conditions and both hyper and microgravity affect the precisely coordinated construction of the cellular envelope in the growing cell.This allows us not only to understand general principles of the reproductive mechanism in plants but, more importantly, how the intracellular transport machinery in eukaryotic cells responds to altered gravity conditions. Our findings have implications for human health as similar effects are likely to occur in human cells such as neurons where long distance intracellular transport is crucial.'
The upside? So far, there do not appear to be any risks to interstellar bootyknockin' as long as you're not trying to make a baby. (Please, scientists, just let us keep the dream alive.)
7 Masturbation Secrets You Don't Know About
7 Ways to Make Your Penis Bigger
The 30 Best Sex Toys for Men
Why You Should Be Having More Morning Sex
Is Your Penis Normal?
15 Ways to Be More Attractive to Women
How Many Calories Do You Burn During Sex?
Real Women Share 9 Tips For Making Them Orgasm
4 Signs That You Are Masturbating Too Damn Much
Is Blue Balls Real? Sorta, Kinda, Maybe
7 Women Share the Sex Position That Finally Helped Them Orgasm
iPhone's HealthKit Arrives—Finally
Friday Is the Final Day
Finally, a Sex Doll That Wants to Be Treated Like "Family"
Final Training in Poland
Finally! A Urine Test for Cancer


We've had some lovely spring weather here in the Netherlands lately and this is what I've been wearing (and doing) most. One of the books I'm currently reading is The little book of Hygge by Meik Wiking. I'll definitely be making some illustrations inspired by this theme soon! And of course I'm always carrying my Dopper water bottle filled with fresh tap water to reduce my plastic waste.
Happy King's day! Today we Dutchies celebrate our King's birthday. That means: celebrating all day, preferably outside, and everything (including yourself) in orange!
For my non-Dutch followers, some of the typical Dutch foods in here are (from top to bottom): tompoes (a very sweet pastry, with an orange layer especially for King's Day), drop (salty liquorice), stroopwafel (waffle filled with caramel syrup) and hagelslag (chocolate sprinkles to eat on your bread, usually for breakfast).
Author MangominiPosted on April 27, 2018 May 21, 2018 Categories IllustrationsTags amsterdam, Cindy Mangomini, cute drawing, drawing, drop, Dutch, hand drawn, illustratie, illustration, kingsday, koningsdag, Mangomini, nederlands, orange, oranje, oranje tompoes, stroopwafel, tekening, tulpen, typical dutch, typisch nederlands, willem alexanderLeave a comment on Happy King's Day!


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Homepage»More News»Pastor Plans "Buyback" Program for Toy Guns
Pastor Plans "Buyback" Program for Toy Guns
By USAHM-News on February 26, 2013 /
Once again demonstrating that the hysterical war on the Second Amendment knows no bounds, a pastor in St. Louis will offer to buyback toy guns later this year.
Over-the-top reactions to children with toy guns now the customary reaction of public employees and various state bureaucrats in charge of indoctrinating America's children.
"My wife and I feel that we need to do everything we can to not allow our kids to get exposed to this too early. They're going to get exposed to it but we can protect them early on so they don't get a distorted view of what those can do to the human body," Pastor Rodney Francis of the Washington Tabernacle Baptist Church told KMOX 1120.
"We want to engage the culture of violence and one of the strategies that we thought we might be able to use is to educate parents about the danger of allowing kids to continue this access to toy guns and playing with toy guns."
Francis is not alone in his belief that toy guns represent a threat to society. Infowars.com has reported on a number of instances where children have suffered dire consequences for taking toy guns to school.
A ten year old Virginia boy who was arrested earlier this month for taking a plastic toy gun to school is facing a potentially permanent criminal record over the incident.
In South Carolina, a kindergartner was expelled from school after she brought a small transparent plastic toy gun to school for a show and tell.
In Massachusetts, a five-year-old boy was threatened with suspension by school officials after he built a small toy gun out of lego blocks and started to play-shoot his classmates.
Police with assault rifles and helicopters invaded a Bronx school last month in response to the sighting of a Nerf gun. Panicked parents rushed to the two schools on Fulton Avenue and East 174th Street today after heavily armed police were called to respond to reports of a gun on campus. The alarm was caused by a campus aide overhearing a student say "something about a gun."
A South Philadelphia elementary student was searched in front of classmates and threatened with arrest after she mistakenly brought a "paper gun" to school, we reported on January 23. When a school administrator found the piece of paper, Melody Valentin was verbally chastised in front of the whole class and, according to her mother, even threatened with arrest.
In Pennsylvania, possession of a Hello Kitty bubble gun resulted in the suspension of a five year old girl. Hysterical school officials characterized the incident as a terrorist threat and said the bubble gun represented a serious threat to other students.
Students can be suspended for merely showing an image of a gun, as Daniel McClaine Jr., a freshman at Poston Butte High School in Arizona, discovered after he put a screen saver on his computer showing an AK-47.
Because toy guns are dangerous in the hands of kids and adults, the ATF confiscated a shipment of Airsoft BB guns destined for a Washington state retail store. Special Agent Kelvin Crenshaw said the toys could be easily retro-fitted into dangerous weapons, KOIN Local 6 reported in February, 2010.
Over-the-top reactions to children with toy guns – and even fingers held up like a gun – are now the customary reaction of public employees and various state bureaucrats in charge of indoctrinating America's children. It is all part of an ongoing and intensifying program to brainwash children and make sure they do not fall victim to America's gun culture which, as Rep. Charlie Rangel has stated, must be overcome if citizens are to be disarmed.
Post tagged: Buyback Guns Pastor Program Toy Guns
Top 10 Most Extreme Substances
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Beretta Exec Likens Gun Ban to Book Ban
Christians have no right to wear crosses, British government says
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Cloak, dagger and a blond wig? FSB says CIA agent nabbed in Moscow


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Die Allées couvertes Maison du Loup (auch l'Oustal-del-Loup, Montpazier Dolmen oder Allées couvertes de la Borie-Neuve genannt) – () liegen nordöstlich von Marsalès, im äußersten Süden des Département Dordogne in Frankreich. Die Reste zweier aquitanischer Allées couvertes liegen etwa 20,0 m voneinander entfernt im Wald.

Galeriegrab 1
Galeriegrab 1 ist etwa 7,2 m lang. Seine Breite variiert zwischen 0,5 m und 0,9 m. Es wird von einem Hügel von etwa 15,0 m Durchmesser und einer maximalen Höhe von 0,4 m umschlossen. Die Orthostaten sind aus Mühlstein (). Eine Zwischenplatte, über die R. Marchadier und M. Secondat 1935 berichten, ist verschwunden. Die teilweise zusammengebrochene Anlage wurde von drei Decksteinen bedeckt. Der größte ist etwa 3,0 m lang, 2,3 m breit und 0,4 m dick und liegt schräg gegen die Tragsteine.

Galeriegrab 2
Galeriegrab 2 ist von geringerer Bedeutung. Die leicht trapezförmige Anlage ist etwa 6,5 Meter lang. Ihre Breite variiert zwischen 1,0 m und 0,85 m. Der Tumulus ist mit etwa 12,0 m auch kürzer.

Siehe auch
 Dolmen und Menhire des Midi

Literatur
 Alain Beyneix: Monuments mégalithiques en Aquitaine, Éditions Alan Sutton, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, 2009, ISBN 978-2-84910-957-1

Weblinks
 Beschreibung engl. und Bilder
 Beschreibung franz. und Bilder

Maison du Loup
Maison du Loup
Kultplatz
Grabbau in Frankreich
Sakralbau im Département Dordogne
Grabbau in Europa
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


had been too drastically compressed in its linguistic categories.
we suggested that might have erred too far in the other direction.
account the language distance in its definition.
And it's on this index we're going to focus our attention.
The index is expressed in a range of one to zero.
the highest showing the greatest diversity.
We have data for only 148 States and you can see the ones missing here.
will be 15 each until the final two and then it will fall to 14.
we'll let these pass the review quite quickly and pick up the story from halfway.
Don't forget you can pause or stop visualization whenever you wish.
The sixth decile is still fairly compressed.
The observations fall within a range of 0.05.
and Belgium, France, and the Netherlands.
here, we find Russia and Vietnam.
Next decile covers the same range again, virtually 0.1 percent.
Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan.
The ninth decile widens slightly.
Uganda, Nigeria South Africa, and Kenya.
Also in this segment are India and Israel.
The final decile covers a much wider range.
United Arab Emirates, and Bolivia.
the map would have looked if we use the Ethnologue data.
You can pause it here if you want to look at it in more detail.
data are in the database accompanying this course.


If you thought Hillary Clinton was going to walk away scot free from her scandals just because the election is over… Think again.
A federal appeals court has ruled that the State Department and National Archives did not take adequate measures in recovering the emails Clinton illegally deleted from her private server and is forcing the government to more thoroughly retrieve the erased correspondence.
Conservative watchdog group Judicial Watch and Cause of Action filed lawsuits in 2015 requesting Secretary of State John Kerry and the and the head of the National Archives, David Fierro, seek the help of the attorney general in restoring Clinton's emails.
A three-judge panel of the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals, comprised of liberals and conservatives, overturned the appellate court's decision on Dec. 27, ruling that the lower court judge had erred by pre-emptively dismissing the suits. The State Department's requests to Clinton and the FBI for copies of her emails were not pursued aggressively enough, D.C. Circuit Judge Stephen Williams stated in the court's opinion.
When a Cabinet officer becomes aware that the removal or destruction of federal records has happened or is imminent, he must notify the head of the National Archives, and then "initiate action through the Attorney General" to recover those records. Despite the Federal Records Act's clear and unambiguous language, Kerry never did so.
If Obama pardons Hillary, she and Obama admit national security treason and public corruption.
If it's one second past noon on Jan. 20 and Hillary does not have a pardon, she will be at the mercy of a Republican run State Department and Attorney General Jeff Sessions.


[PDF] Holiday Baking Handbook: Classic Holiday Recipes that are Gluten Free and Dairy Free | Free eBooks Download - EBOOKEE!
Description: I sincerely appreciate your interest in baking the best Gluten Free and Dairy Free recipes for yourself and the ones you love. Food allergies and sensitivities are uncomfortably common nowadays due to the way our food is being processed, grown, distributed and other environmental factors. But, we won't get into that here. My goal for writing this book is to provide all those who are Gluten Free and Dairy Free with some delicious options so they may enjoy their holiday favorites just like everyone else. One of my favorite things to do is to create healthier versions of people's favorite recipes. Over the years I have tried many different combinations, substitutions and measurements and I have given away an enormous amount of dishes that were tasty but just not right. But, when it finally turns out just the way it is supposed to… I get soooo excited! I tried to include as many classic recipes as I could think of but if you're favorite isn't in here, let me know and I will send it to you personally. Don't be shy! Like I said, it's one of my favorite things to do. As you review and hopefully try each one of these delicious recipes you will notice a few ingredients are repeated quite often. That isn't an accident and I will explain why I included them but feel free to try some substitutions if you would like to change some things. I firmly believe all recipes are simply guidelines! After you make it once, ask yourself some questions What could I add? What could I do without? Less Cinnamon? More Vanilla? How about adding some nuts?	These are YOUR recipes, make them perfect for you!
No comments for "[PDF] Holiday Baking Handbook: Classic Holiday Recipes that are Gluten Free and Dairy Free".


"Popcorn! Popcorn! Get your popcorn!" The grade eights will once again be selling popcorn on Fridays to raise money for their graduation. The difference this year is that you will be able to preorder your child's popcorn through School CashOnline eliminating the search for a loonie and a bag or envelop on Friday mornings. Each bag is still only $1.00!!! The popcorn will then be delivered to their classroom by lunch recess on Friday for them to enjoy.
The first block will run until March Break ( Feb 15, 22, March 1,8) so that your child will be able to choose and sample the flavours. The second block will run from March 22 until the end of the year. On the days where a PD day falls on a Friday the popcorn will be delivered on the Thursday at lunch. Below is a table of the nutrition facts for each of the flavours. Apparently the Apple Cinnamon has been a favourite as well as a tasty addition!
Thank you, on behalf of our graduating students, for your continued support.


Three exhibits opening on Monday, Jan. 14, at Hamilton's Emerson Gallery explore key moments in African-American history through photography and political satire. Two photography exhibits are comprised of images of Underground Railroad sites and Civil War venues at which black soldiers fought. They were photographed by Hamilton alumnus and Haverford College professor William Earle Williams '73. The third exhibit explores the reality of life for many African-Americans in post-Civil War America as seen through images of political cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840-1902). The wood engravings are part of religious studies professor Jay Williams' collection. The three shows are open through April 13 and are free and open to the public.
Read more on these exhibits.


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Football Tennis Golf Olympics US Sports Climbing Motorsport Formula E Esports Hockey
Brooks Koepka seven clear heading into final round of US PGA
By Rob Hodgetts, CNN
Updated 8:53 PM EDT, Sat May 18, 2019
Brooks Koepka has dominated the US PGA for three days at Bethpage.
Warren Little/Getty Images
The only person who can beat Brooks Koepka heading into the final round of the US PGA is likely to be himself.
The all-powerful Koepka leads by seven shots after two record-breaking rounds and a solid third to leave the field trailing in his rearview mirror at Bethpage, New York.
The defending champion shot a level-par 70 on a breezy, sunny Saturday on Long Island to reach 12 under as he tightens his grip on a fourth title in his last eight majors.
The muscular Floridian will play Sunday alongside countryman Harold Varner III, who heads a chasing quartet at five under alongside another American Luke List, Thailand's Jazz Janewattanond and Koepka's close friend Dustin Johnson, the world No.1.
The 29-year-old Koepka has been impregnable this week, blending his brute force with a killer short game, deft putting touch and seemingly unflappable, single-minded demeanour.
The coronation had more spice than he would have liked, but Brooks Koepka held his nerve to seal back-to-back PGA Championship titles to confirm his status as a once-in-a-generation player.
READ: Koepka charges as Woods crashes out at Bethpage
READ: Woods struggles as Koepka coasts clear at US PGA
Photos: In pictures: The 2019 PGA Championship so far
Jamie Squire/Getty Images
Brooks Koepka successfully defended his PGA Championship title after a thrilling finish at Bethpage Black.
Patrick Smith/Getty Images
The 29-year-old clinched his fourth major in eight events after overcoming a late wobble at Bethpage.
Ross Kinnaird/Getty Images
Koepka led by seven ahead of the final day but four straight bogeys on the back nine let in his close friend and the then world No.1 Dustin Johnson, who narrowed the gap to one.
England's Matt Wallace was in the chasing pack well behind the leading two at Bethpage.
Christian Petersen/PGA of America/Getty Images
Popular veteran Phil Mickelson is a fan favorite in New York.
Stuart Franklin/Getty Images
Koepka said the back nine was "very stressful" as he battled his own mistakes and the pressure exerted by Johnson.
Japan's Hideki Matsuyama of Japan chips onto the 13th green during the final round of the PGA Championship.
John Jones/Icon Sportswire/Getty Images
Tyrrell Hatton of England makes a shot out of the rough amidst the gallery on the ninth hole during the final round.
John David Mercer/USA TODAY Sports
Three-time champion Jordan Spieth finished tied third to reignite his major form after a slump of late.
Johnson faltered coming home and has now finished runner-up in all four of golf's major tournaments.
Julio Cortez/AP
Brooks Koepka drives off the 12th tee during the third round.
Jordan Spieth hits out of a bunker onto the fifth green during the third round of the PGA Championship golf tournament on Saturday, May 18.
A spectator rests in the shade of a tree along the seventh fairway during the third round.
Andres Kudacki/AP
Phil Mickelson walks up to the 18th green during the third round.
Dustin Johnson greets spectators as he walks to the 12th tee.
Brooks Koepka picks his ball out of the hole after putting on the eighth green.
Brooks Koepka plays his shot from the 17th tee during the second round of the 2019 PGA Championship on Friday, May 17, in Farmingdale, New York. Koepka, in the lead after the second round, set a record for the lowest 36-hole score in major championship history.
Tiger Woods tees off on the 18th hole. Woods failed to make the cut for the final two rounds after shooting a three-over 73, ending the tournament at five over.
JUSTIN LANE/EPA
Fans cheer for Tiger Woods on the 13th hole.
Mike Ehrmann/Getty Images
Jordan Spieth of the United States lines up a putt on the 16th green during the second round of the US PGA Championship. At the end of the round, Spieth was tied second with Australian Adam Scott.
Fans line up near the the eighth green during the second round.
World No.1 Dustin Johnson reacts after putting on the seventh green.
Phil Mickelson plays a shot from the rough on the third hole.
Charles Krupa/AP
Brooks Koepka, left, shakes hands with Tiger Woods after finishing the second round.
Tommy Fleetwood plays a shot from the fourth tee.
Brooks Koepka with yet another impeccable drive on the 15th tee in a thrilling opening round of 63 -- a course record.
April's Masters victory felt a long time ago for Tiger Woods; the 15-time major winner regularly located both rough and bunker in a first round that lacked the control of last month.
Darren Carroll/PGA of America/Getty Images
Alex Noren takes stock on the third hole of this thrillingly difficult golf course. If you miss the fairway and the bunkers, the long grass will eat you alive.
John Daly, the PGA Championship winner in 1991, was making a bit of history at Bethpage Black. He has been given permission to use a golf cart at the tournament as a result of his osteoarthritis in his right knee.
Brad Penner/USA TODAY Sports
Phil Mickelson and Jason Day salute their fans as they complete solid first rounds of 1 under par.
Flowing locks blowing in the wind, Tommy Fleetwood in action en route to a very respectable first-round effort of 3 under par.
Peter Casey/USA TODAY Sports
Brooks Koepka putts on a hulking eighth green, watched by fans who were witnessing a clinic from the three-time major winner.
Jason Day's only major victory came in the 2015 PGA Championship. Here he is, one of many to find one of Bethpage Black's daunting sandpits.
Dustin Johnson, the world No.1 and a favorite among many experts, tees off at the 17th.
As Phil Mickelson watches his tee shot fly into the distance, his fans make sure to leave with their own memories.
An image to highlight the extent of this monster golf course. Narrow fairways, damp, long roughs, gaping bunkers, overhanging trees. But then, Brooks Koepka on the tee, helping himself to the most supreme first round of major golf imaginable.
'Tunnel-vision'
Koepka is aware of the records stacking up, but insists his focus is on just winning a second-straight US PGA to go with back-to-back US Opens.
With a 7-shot lead, Brooks Koepka could become the second player to win back-to-back PGA Championship.
The only player to do this is Tiger Woods. pic.twitter.com/xCD88AVAdC
— PGA Championship (@PGAChampionship) May 19, 2019
"I couldn't care less about breaking any records," he told Sky Sports. "I'm just trying to win a golf tournament."
If Koepka's demeanour is deadpan, his golf has been anything but as his explosive brand of the game has overpowered Bethpage's infamous Black course this week.
Comparisons have naturally been drawn with Tiger Woods in his pomp, after beating the Masters champion by 17 shots over two days and forcing the 15-time major winner to admit he's playing a game few can live with, as Woods did in his heyday.
"Everybody keeps asking, like what am I doing differently," he told reporters. "I'm not – I'm just that much more focused. I think I'm tunnel-visioned.
"It's just something about playing a tough golf course and understanding. I'm not the best at the birdie-fest. I'm better if it's going to play very difficult and even par, I like that. Those are my kind of golf courses, where it's very stressful to play. I enjoy that. That's what I live for."
Brooks Koepka is ploughing a lone furrow at the US PGA.
'I'm going to need some help'
Johnson and co. will be desperately searching for some kind of chink in Koepka's armor. They may cling to his back-to-back bogeys at nine and 10 Saturday, or a number of drives pushed out to the right, mistakes which could multiply should the pressure of trying to maintain his lead intensify.
Or they may reach for the history books, which record that Scotland's Paul Lawrie came from a record 10 shots back on the final day to overhaul the befuddled Jean van de Velde in the Open at Carnoustie in 1999.
Then there's the eight shots retrieved by Jack Burke Jr at the Masters in 1956, or the seven shot deficits erased by Arnold Palmer in the 1960 US Open or John Mahaffey at the US PGA in 1978.
Johnson himself has experience of disappointment at majors and leads disappearing through his hands, such as blowing a three-shot lead heading into the final round of the 2010 US Open at Pebble Beach.
"I'm going to need some help from him [Koepka], and then I'm going to have to play very, very well," Johnson, the 2016 US Open champion, told reporters.
Koepka, though, isn't planning to help anyone.
"I know if I can get off to a good start, guys got to push, and if you're going to push on this golf course, you're going to make mistakes," he added.
"I just have to have the same mentality, focus on myself and not anybody else. And at the same time, staying patient and staying in the moment, and every time I do it, I feel like I'm getting better and better at it."


Renovations or alterations to a sectional title unit need the prior approval of the trustees of a body corporate and the local municipality. This is especially the case if the improvement involves structural changes, an extension of a section or an alteration to the external look of a building, or any major building work.
Problems often arise when an owner of a sectional title unit – often a new owner who has not read through the conduct rules of the scheme – plans to make changes to his property but has not followed the correct procedures, says Michael Bauer, general manager of the property management company IHFM.
If electrical work is involved, then a qualified electrician must be used and a compliance certificate has to be obtained. The same is necessary if plumbing work is called for: a plumber's compliance certificate has to be issued on completion of the work depending on the province of the scheme.
"These requirements are often overlooked, especially by those doing kitchen and bathroom renovations as they seem minor changes, but they sometimes can have serious consequences with regards to resulting damages to other units," says Bauer.
Any renovation that proceeds without the trustees' approval is likely to be a breach of the scheme's conduct rules and needs to be stopped. The conduct rules of the scheme are usually filed with the Deeds Office and should be an addendum to the Deed of Sale. They vary from scheme to scheme, but owners should make a point of reading them carefully. This should be done before buying a unit in the complex, not only when renovations or alterations need to be made to the unit.
The most common problems caused by alterations and renovations in sectional title schemes, says Bauer, relate to material deliveries and the associated increased risk of theft, noise, dirt and rubble piles. Combined these can cause severe disruption to other residents' lives.
"Typically in the worst cases, a new owner will take transfer of a unit and two or three days later start a major makeover – without the trustees' consent. This can mean bringing in noisy jackhammers, grinders and floor sanders. It can also mean tons of rubble being moved from the unit to the ground floor – in all probability using the lifts of the building. If the plumbing is to be revamped cutting off the entire scheme's water supply for a few hours may be necessary.
The correct procedure, says Bauer, is first to apply for the body corporate's permission (submitting plans of the work to be done), then to get their approval of the municipality, then appoint a contractor (and his all builders' risk insurance policy) and then register every one of his employees with the body corporate, preferably with photographs. It has to be remembered, too, that delivery vehicles are also a hazard and can cause damage to common property – and should be covered by the insurance policy of the principle contractor.
It is also important, says Bauer, to get photographs of the areas to be worked on before work begins and on completion. This will act as evidence if and when an insurance claim arises or the contractor over-claims.
The trustees, says Bauer, have the right to ask for a building deposit and to stipulate what hours the contractors will work – and to ban any evening, early morning or weekend work. They can also ban the use of the scheme's common property for vehicle parking or rubble collection.
If those conduct rules do not provide for a strict process, then the trustees should amend the conduct rules as soon as possible to cover the body corporate and the owners' responsibilities during this process.


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Preview Day 21: Valletta vs Sliema W. Published on: 12-03-2010
Championship Pool Day 21: Valletta vs Sliema W.
Valletta and Sliema W face each other tomorrow in a delicate encounter.
The Citizens signed international striker Michael Mifsud earlier this week. Unfortunately Michael's debut with the white shirt will have to wait another week, before his registration (which is off-market transfers due to a free player) is approved by the Executive of the MFA. Therefore Mifsud will make his debut on Friday 19 th March against Qormi.
For the match against Sliema Wanderers, Dutch coach Ton Caanen, will have to do without the services of the suspended defender Steve Borg and striker Njongo Priso while Roderick Briffa is injured. H owever the Citizens will be strengthened by the return of midfielder Gilbert Agius.
Valletta are coming from a series of four positive results, scoring 18 goals and acquired only three. It is expected that Declan O'Brien and Terence Scerri will form the Lilywhite's attack for tomorrow's match. At the moment Terence Scerri is the club's top scorer and definitely will try to score more to top the BOV Premier League top scorers list.
Sliema Wanderers started the Championship pool with a defeat against leaders Birkirkara, they are fourth in the league standings with 18 points. Mark Marlow the Wanderers coach will have full squad at his disposal for tomorrow's match, Josef Mifsud and John Mintoff return with the squad from suspension.
In the previous two games played between the two teams, Valletta won the first encounter 1-0 while Sliema won the last match 3-1.
Valletta FC vs Sliema W.
Saturday 13th March 2010 @ 16.00hrs