text:
Moringa (Moringa oleifera)
Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans
Moringa, drumstick tree, ben oil tree, benzolive tree, benzoil tree, horse-radish tree, horseradish tree, West Indian ben [English]; ben oléifère, ben ailée, moringa ailée, pois quénique [French]; moringa, marango, resedá, árbol de rábano, árbol de los espárragos [Spanish]; acácia-branca, muringueiro, quiabo-da-quina, maranga, paraíso, paraíso blanco [Portuguese]; Meerrettichbaum [German]; zogale [Hausa]; kelor [Indonesian]; mlonge [Swahili]; malunggay [Tagalog]; chùm ngây [Vietnamese]; ሽፈራው [Amharic]; بان زيتوني [Arabic]; সজনে [Bengali]; ဒန့်သလွန် [Burmese]; 辣木 [Chinese]; מורינגה מכונפת [Hebrew]; सहजन [Hindi]; ワサビノキ [Japanese]; ನುಗ್ಗೆಕಾಯಿ [Kannada]; മുരിങ്ങ [Malayalam]; शेवगा [Marathi]; ਸੁਹਾਂਜਣਾ [Punjabi]; முருங்கை [Tamil]; มะรุม [Thai]
Moringa leaves, moringa forage
Moringa leaf meal
Moringa seed cake, moringa oil seed cake, moringa oilseed cake
Moringa oleifera Lam. [Moringaceae]
Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn., Guilandina moringa L., Moringa moringa (L.) Small
Related feed(s)
Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the "miracle tree" or "tree of life" by the media (FAO, 2014; Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004).
Moringa is a small to medium evergreen or deciduous tree that can grow to a height of 10-12 m. It has a spreading open crown, typically umbrella-shaped. The roots are deep. The bole is crooked, generally one-stemmed but sometimes forked from the base. The bark is corky and grey. The branches are fragile and drooping, with a feathery foliage. Young twigs and shoots are covered in short dense hairs, purplish or greenish white in colour. Moringa leaves are alternate, 7-60 cm long, tripinnately compound with each pinnate bearing 4-6 pairs of leaflets that are dark green, elliptical to obovate, and 1-2 cm in length. The inflorescences are 10-20 cm long, spreading panicles bearing many fragrant flowers. Moringa flowers are pentamerous, zygomorphic, 7-14 mm long and white to cream in colour. The fruit is a typically 3-valved capsule, 10 to 60 cm in length, often referred to as a "pod" and looking like a drumstick (hence the name "drumstick tree"). The fruit is green when young and turns brown at maturity. The mature fruit splits open along each angle to expose the seeds. The capsule contains 15-20 rounded oily seeds, 1-1.5 cm in diameter surrounded by 3 papery wings, up to 2.5 cm long. Moringa seeds contain a large amount of oil (FAO, 2014; Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004; Foidl et al., 2001).
Food uses
All parts of moringa are consumed as food. The plant produces leaves during the dry season and during times of drought, and is an excellent source of green vegetable when little other food is available (FAO, 2014). Moringa is mainly grown for its leaves in Africa, and much appreciated for its pods in Asia (Bosch, 2004). Leaves, pods, roots and flowers can be cooked as vegetables. The roots have been used as a substitute for horseradish but may be slightly toxic. The leaves are very nutritious and rich in protein, vitamins A, B and C, and minerals. They are highly recommended for pregnant and nursing mothers as well as young children (FAO, 2014). They are generally cooked (boiled, pan-fried) and eaten like spinach or put in soups and sauces. Moringa leaves are also eaten as a salad or dried and ground to make a very nutritious leaf powder. Moringa leaf powder is used to aid the restoration of infants suffering from malnutrition. Moringa flowers are used to make tea, added into sauces or made into a paste and fried. The young pods are prepared, and taste like asparagus. Older pods can be added to sauces and curries in which their bitterness is appreciated (FAO, 2014; Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004). The immature seeds can be cooked in many different ways while the mature seeds are roasted and eaten like peanuts. Moringa seeds contain about 30-40% of an edible oil (ben oil), which is used for salad dressing and cooking, and can replace olive oil. Ben oil is resistant to rancidity and provides substantial amounts of oleic acid, sterols and tocopherols (FAO, 2014; Yu et al., 2005).
Feed uses
Moringa leaves are a valuable source of protein for ruminants but they have a moderate palatability. They are used in smallholder rabbit farming in several African countries. Using moringa leaves for feeding poultry, pigs and fish is feasible but only in limited amounts due to the presence of fibre and antinutritional factors. Moringa oil seed cake, the by-product of oil extraction, is not very palatable to livestock and mainly used as green manure or a flocculating agent in water purification. Moringa seeds appear to be toxic to rabbits.
Moringa oil has various industrial applications. It is used in the perfume industry, as it readily retains its fragrance and is not prone to rancidity, and in the manufacture of paints and lubricants (Bosch, 2004; Foidl et al., 2001). Moringa oil has qualities needed for a biodiesel feedstock (Rashid et al., 2008). At the time of writing (December 2014), several projects to produce biodiesel from moringa seeds were under way in Asia and Africa.
The oil cake resulting from seed oil extraction contains about 1% of floculant proteins that bind mineral particles and organic material in the purification of drinking water. They are a natural alternative to the toxic alumine generally used for treating water (see Environmental impact below). These proteins are also used to assist the sedimentation of fibres in the juice and beer industries. Moringa timber is soft and can only be used for light constructions, but it can produce fibre for ropes and mats as well as pulp for the paper industry. Moringa bark is a source of dye (Bosch, 2004; Foidl et al., 2001).
Agricultural uses
Phytohormones extracted from moringa leaves have been shown to have a growth enhancing effect on various plants, including black gram, peanut, soybean, sugarcane and coffee. Spraying moringa leaf extract on leaves increased plant production by 20-35% (Foidl et al., 2001).
Medicinal uses
Moringa seeds contain pterygospermin, a potent antibiotic and fungicide effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the Philippines, due to their high iron content, moringa leaves are used in the treatment of aenemia. Moringa roots and bark are used in cardiac and circulatory problems (Orwa et al., 2009). Uses in ethnomedicine are numerous and beyond the scope of this datasheet.
Moringa originated from the southern hills of the Himalayas and was introduced in many tropical and subtropical areas, largely by migrant Asian populations (Radovich, 2009; Bosch, 2004). Moringa seed oil was valued in perfume manufacture in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004). Moringa is now naturalized in most African countries, in the Caribbean Islands and in Central America. Moringa is an important crop in India, Ethiopia, the Philippines and Sudan (FAO, 2014).
Moringa grows from sea level up to an altitude of 600 m, but it can be found up to 1000 m in the Himalayas, up to 1350 m in East Africa, and as high as 2000 m in Zimbabwe (Radovich, 2009; Bosch, 2004). Moringa does well where average temperatures are high, ranging from 25 to 30°C. Low temperatures and frost can kill the plant back to ground level but regrowth occurs quickly once the temperatures increase. Moringa grows better where annual rainfall is about 1000-2000 mm. However, it is tolerant of drought and survives where rainfall is as low as 400 mm, though foliage production under such conditions is reduced. Moringa has a low tolerance of waterlogging. It thrives in full sunlight. Moringa does well on a wide range of soils, with pH ranging from 4.5 to 9, provided they are well-drained (Radovich, 2009; Bosch, 2004). Moringa has some salt tolerance (up to 3 dS/m during germination and 8 dS/m once well established) (Nouman et al., 2014; Oliveira et al., 2009).
India is the main exporter of moringa: canned leaves, fresh fruits (1.2 million t in India), oil and leaf powder (Radovich, 2009). In Africa, leaves are the main product for local trade (Bosch, 2004).
Forage management
Establishment and culture
Moringa can be grown in pure stands, or in mixtures with many other tree species such as leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and guacima (Guazuma ulmifolia), with vegetables species in alley cropping, or with grasses or cereal crops (New Forests Project, 2012; Petit Aldana et al., 2010). Moringa is propagated from seeds or from cuttings. When it is grown from seeds it can be sown either directly or in containers. Moringa should be sown at the beginning of the rainy season on an elevated seedbed so that it is protected from waterlogging, but it can benefit from soil moisture. While propagation through seeds is well adapted to foliage production, propagation from cuttings is suitable for high-grade fruit production and for root production (Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004).
The recommended spacing between moringa plants depends on their final use and geographic location. Leaf production increases with sowing or planting density (Goss, 2012; Foidl et al., 2001). Spacings as small as 5 x 10 cm to 20 x 20 cm were successfully used for leaf production in home-gardening conditions (Gadzirayi et al., 2014a; Radovich, 2009; Amaglo et al., 2007). Increasing the spacing (75 cm x 100 cm) is recommended when moringa is sown on larger areas, thereby reducing the number of seeds required when cost is an important factor (Radovich, 2009; Patricio et al., 2012). However, in Nicaragua, intensive production on large fields yielded up to 44 t/ha of DM at the first cutting (Foidl et al., 2001). When moringa is cultivated for pod production, 2.5 x 2.5 m spacing is recommended (Radovich, 2009). This level of spacing is also suitable when moringa is intercropped with another plant species.
Harvest and yields
Moringa has an outstanding growth rate and can be harvested for foliage in less than 2.5 months. Optimal cutting intervals range from 15 to 75 days, depending on local conditions (Sultana et al., 2014; Nouman et al., 2014; Amaglo et al., 2007; Reyes Sanchez et al., 2006; Foidl et al., 2001). Fodder yields are very variable and may range from 27 to 120 t/ha of fresh matter at the first cutting (Amaglo et al., 2007; Reyes Sanchez et al., 2006; Foidl et al., 2001). Up to 9 cuttings/year can be achieved (Radovich, 2009; Bosch, 2004; Foidl et al., 2001). Highest growth and forage yield are obtained under warm, dry conditions, with some supplementary fertilizer and irrigation (Radovich, 2009). Plant management is important for leaf production. Pollarding and coppicing promote leafy regrowth and enhance leaf yield (Orwa et al., 2009).
Moringa trees grown for pod production can be harvested 7 months after planting. Pod yields are about 19 kg pods/tree/year, equivalent to 30 t pods/ha/year (Radovich, 2009). In Tanzania, seed yield was reported to be about 3.3 kg/tree/year (Bosch, 2004), which corresponds to 1 to 1.5 t/ha of oil (Sengupta et al., 1970).
Moringa seed powder has antibacterial properties that make it useful as a natural clarifier for water purification systems and fish ponds (Aruna et al., 2012). It is considered as a potential natural and inexpensive alternative to toxic alum, but further investigation is required since moringa seed powder may have negative effects when combined with chlorine treatment. It was found to promote bacteria regrowth after the first removal of the bacteria (Egbuikwem et al., 2013; Preston et al., 2010).
Toxicity and pond management
Moringa seed powder can be toxic to animals and particularly to fish. This toxicity may be used in pond management to control predators of cultured fish. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of moringa seed powder in common carp was 124.0 mg/L after 96 h and the sublethal concentration was 12.4 mg/L. Common carp exposed for 35 days at the latter concentration had significant changes in all their blood parameters (Kavitha et al., 2012).
Nutritional aspects
Nutritional attributes
Moringa leaves
Moringa leaves are usually considered as a source of protein. However, the protein content ranges from 15% to more than 30% DM as it depends on the stage of maturity and on the proportions of leaflets, petioles and stems, the latter being much poorer in protein. Likewise, the fibre content of moringa leaves reported in the literature is extremely variable, with an ADF content ranging from 8% to more than 30% DM. The lignin content is also variable, from 2% to more than 10% DM. Moringa leaves contain high levels of minerals (about 10% DM), particularly Ca and Fe. They are also rich in a wide range of vitamins (ß-caroten, ascorbic acid, vitamin B1, B6 and niacin) (Price, 2007; Reyes Sanchez, 2004) as well as flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol), which are known to be more potent antioxidants than ascorbic acid (Yang et al., 2006; Siddhuraju et al., 2003). Moringa leaves may thus be used as an antioxidant feed (Makkar et al., 2007). They have a relatively high concentration of lipids (5-6%, up to 10% DM) with an important proportion (33 to 45%) of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) (Moyo et al., 2011; Olaofe et al., 2013).
Moringa seed cake
Moringa seed cake defatted with a solvent is a high-protein ingredient containing about 60% DM of protein, with limited amounts of fibre (NDF 9% DM) and fat (less than 1%). Its amino acid profile is rich in sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine + cystine: 6.1% of protein) but very poor in lysine (less than 1.5% of protein).
Potential constraints
Moringa leaves have been found free of trypsin inhibitors. Saponin content was relatively high (up to 8%). Moringa leaves and twigs contained limited amounts of cyanogenic glucosides (Makkar et al., 1997). The latter study did not detect glucosinolates in the leaves and only trace amounts in leaves and stems, but later trials using a different method of analysis reported significant amounts of glucosinolates (Bennett et al., 2003; Amaglo et al., 2007; Bellostas et al., 2010). Condensed tannins are either absent (Makkar et al., 1997) or present in small amounts (Bakhashwain et al., 2010; Moyo et al., 2011). Ethanol-extracted leaf meals were not reported to contain antinutritional factors (Afuang et al., 2003).
Moringa seeds contain important amounts of glucosinolates (Bennett et al., 2003). Moringa seed cake was also found to contain significant amounts of glucosinolates and phytate (65.5 µmol/g and 4.1% respectively) as well as saponins, but in a lesser concentration (1.4%) than in the vegetative fractions. Some haemagglutination activity was detected in the meal (Makkar et al., 1997).
Moringa leaves are a good source of digestible protein, digestible OM and energy for ruminants and, therefore, a valuable protein supplement. In addition, they are a valuable mineral supplementation when minerals are limited or unavailable. The palatability of moringa forage has been reported to be only average. Moringa leaves could successfully supplement low-quality forage diets and improve animal performance. However, when included in ruminants diets to replace concentrates (commercial, sunflower meal, soybean meal), animal performance tended to be reduced.
Moringa leaves are typically fed fresh to ruminants. However, they have been ensiled alone, or in mixtures with Napier grass or sugarcane, to increase the nutritive value of the silage (Mendieta-Araica et al., 2009).
The palatability of moringa is average. Compared to several shrub and tree species in Cuba and Venezuela, moringa leaves were only moderately consumed by cattle, sheep and goats (Garcia et al., 2008c; Garcia et al., 2008d; Toral Perez et al., 2008). However, when used as sole supplement or included into a concentrate in diets for growing goats, the DMI of Moringa oleifera leaves was comparable or higher to that of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) or gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) (Ndemanisho et al., 2007; Asaolu et al., 2012).
Moringa leaves are a valuable source of protein for ruminants. Its protein and organic matter are readily digestible in the rumen and/or in the intestine (Makkar et al., 1997; Makkar et al., 1996; Kakengi et al., 2005; Ndemanisho et al., 2007; Gutierrez et al., 2012). However, the available data are highly variable, and reported in vitro and in vivo OM digestibilities range from 40 to 80%, possibly due to the large variability in fibre content. Moringa leaves and stems contain low amounts of tannins with no or low amounts of condensed tannins (Bakhashwain et al., 2010; Murro et al., 2003; Sarwatt et al., 2002; Aregheore, 2002; Makkar et al., 1997; Makkar et al., 1996). The levels of glucosinolates found in moringa leaves were not reported to impair ruminant nutrition (Bennett et al., 2003; Amaglo et al., 2010). However, they contain saponins, which may impair palatability.
Moringa leaves seem to promote rumen microbial protein synthesis due to the substantial contents of readily fermentable nitrogen and energy (Soliva et al., 2005). Rumen in sacco DM degradability of the leaves ranging from 82 to 95.6% have been reported (Garcia et al., 2008d; Ndemanisho et al., 2007; Sarwatt et al., 2004). However, lower values (less than 70%) were observed in different animal species and different pore size of the nylon bags (Gutierrez et al., 2012; Garcia et al., 2008a). In Nigeria, including moringa leaf meal in ruminant diets reduced their metabolizable energy content, OM digestibility and production of short chain fatty acids (Tona et al., 2013).
Moringa leaves have been assessed as a protein supplement for medium or low producing dairy cows fed low-quality forages. Feeding moringa leaves had variable effects on DM intake and milk yield but did not change milk composition. Moringa leaves offered as the sole forage (fresh or ensiled) plus molasses gave the same results as a low quality forage supplemented with concentrate.
Fresh moringa leaves used as the sole forage fed to dairy cows negatively modified the smell and taste of milk and cheese, which could have been due to the presence of glucosinolates in the leaves. Milk from cows fed ensiled moringa leaves did not have off-flavour and aroma, possibly because the ensiling process destroyed most of the glucosinolates, as observed with other forages (Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011a).
Table 1. Utilisation of moringa leaves in dairy cattle
Country Animal Experiment Moringa inclusion Results Reference
Nicaragua Creole Reyna (394 kg, after 1 month lactation) Moringa leaves supplemented to dairy cows fed with low quality Brachiaria brizantha hay and molasses 0, +2 or +3kg DM/d Hay DMI decreased (8.8 to 7.7 kg/d) when the amount of moringa leaves increased; DM digestibility increased (44 to 57-60%) with 2 or 3 kg moringa supplement; milk yield increased from 3.1 to 5 kg when supplemented. No changes in milk composition. Reyes Sanchez et al., 2006
Tanzania Zebu x Friesian (347 kg, peak of lactation) Moringa leaves compared to cottonseed meal as protein supplement to dairy cows fed with fresh Napier grass 0 to 1,7 kg DM/d Increasing levels of moringa leaves increased forage DM intake (0.545 to 0.552 kg) and milk yield (7.8 to 8.6 kg) but did not change milk composition. The best ratio moringa:cottonseed meal was 40:60. Sarwatt et al., 2004
Nicaragua Brown Swiss (456 kg, 4th week of lactation) Fresh or ensiled moringa leaves plus 1 kg molasses compared to Napier grass (60%) plus concentrate (40%) ad libitum DMI of fresh (11.2 kg DM) or ensiled (11.3 kg DM) moringa leaves was higher (silage) or equal (fresh) to Napier grass (11.1 kg DM). Diet DM digestibility with fresh moringa leaves (69%) was similar to that of the Napier diet (64%) but lower than with ensiled (76%) moringa leaves. No milk yield (13.6-13.9 kg/d) and milk composition differences. Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011a
Nicaragua Brown Swiss (467 kg, 4th week of lactation) Moringa leaf meal replaced soybean meal in a concentrate (20% soybean meal) distributed to dairy cows fed with 60% low quality forage and 40% concentrate 20% of concentrate Replacing soybean meal with moringa leaf meal did not change forage DMI or diet DM digestibility. Milk yield was lower (12.3 kg vs. 13.2 kg) but milk composition was unchanged. Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011b
In growing steers, moringa leaves used as the sole concentrate and fed at 0.59% BW resulted in a gain of 380 g/d (Reyes Sanchez et al., 2006). When moringa leaves replaced a commercial concentrate in growing steers (pure N'Dama or N'Dama x Jersey crossbred) fed groundnut hay, they depressed DM intake, but increased the daily weight gain of both breeds: 625 vs. 458 g/d (N'Dama) and 750 vs. 625 g/d (crossbred), respectively (Nouala et al., 2009).
Moringa leaves totally replaced cottonseed cake for growing lambs fed on low-quality hay. Hay intake (355 vs. 324 g DM), DM digestibility (70 vs. 60 %) and daily weight gain (62 vs. 52 g/d) were all increased (Murro et al., 2003).
Feeding growing goats with moringa leaves as the sole forage, or combined with other legume tree leaves in the diet, had no effect on total DM intake (278-289 g/d) and diet digestibility (76-77%) (Asaolu et al., 2011). Moringa leaves included at up to 50% as the sole supplement in diets based on low quality forage increased daily weight gain and diet digestibility (Aregheore, 2002). Moringa leaves offered to growing goats fed low-quality forage or cassava peels to replace cottonseed cake, sunflower seed cake or a commercial concentrate (250 g/d) had no effect on daily weight gain (Ndemanisho et al., 2007; Sarwatt et al., 2002; Asaolu et al., 2012). Moringa leaves replaced a commercial concentrate (250 g/d) in a diet based on cassava peels without modifying daily gain (21 g/d), which was higher than with other legume tree leaves (Asaolu et al., 2012). Supplementing growing goats fed on grass hay and wheat bran with moringa leaf meal, instead of sunflower cake, resulted in higher meat quality (physical and chemical characteristics together with organoleptic quality parameters, including higher first bite, aroma, flavour and juiciness scores) (Moyo et al., 2014).
Table 2. Utilisation of moringa leaves in goats
Nigeria West African Dwarf goats, male & female (7.5 kg) Moringa leaves compared to commercial concentrate, gliricidia and leucaena leaves, offered as sole supplement with cassava peel 250 g/d Higher cassava DMI with concentrate (195 g/d) than with moringa, gliricidia (188 g/d both), and leucaena (183 g/d). DMI of moringa leaves was higher than that of other species (123 g/d) but lower than that with concentrate (160 g/d). Daily gain with moringa was similar to that of concentrate (20.8 vs. 21.4 g/d), but higher than from other species (~15 g/d). Asaolu et al., 2012
Samoa islands Anglo-Nubian x local Fiji
(9.5 kg) Increasing levels of moringa leaves with low quality forage 20 to 80% in the mixture No effects on total DMI. 20 to 50% moringa leaves gave higher daily gain (86 to 79 g/d). Diet DM and CP digestibility increased with 20 and 50% moringa leaves : 58-57% vs. 58% and 68-70% vs. 55% respectively, when compared to the diet without moringa leaves. Aregheore, 2002
Tanzania Local Tanzania x Norwegian Landrace male & female
(10 kg) Moringa leaves compared to other shrubs and included into a concentrate, fed as supplement to a maize stover based diet 46% moringa leaves into the concentrate No difference in DMI and daily gain with moringa compared to other shrubs but higher daily gain with cottonseed cake (33 vs. 22-25 g/d). Ndemanisho et al., 2007
Tanzania East African male (10 kg) Replacement of sunflower meal with moringa leaves in concentrate offered with low nutritive value hay 0 to 100% replacement of SSC Full substitution of sunflower meal with moringa leaves increased total DMI (311 vs. 258 g/d) and DM digestibility (59.6 vs. 50.6 %) but did not affect daily gain (13-16 g/d). Sarwatt et al., 2002
In vitro assessment by the gas production method has shown that moringa seed cake may be a better source of digestible protein than moringa leaves (Kakengi et al., 2005). In Barbarine male lambs (4 months, 26 kg), increasing the amount of defatted moringa seed meal (0, 2, 4 or 6 g/d) in a diet based on oat vetch hay and soybean meal (100 g/d) did not change hay DMI (~ 1kg) or DM digestibility (658%). Daily gain was higher with 4 g/d of defatted moringa seed meal compared to the control diet (97 vs. 64 g/d) (Ben Salem et al., 2009).
Moringa leaves extracts
Extracts of moringa leaves obtained with aqueous maceration had in vitro anthelmintic properties on gastrointestinal strongyles common in sheep. A dose of 50 mg/mL of extract reduced egg hatching by 43 to 52% in strongyles and caused 86-90% mortality of larvae. Larvae migration was reduced by 97% at dose rates from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL (Puerto Abreu et al., 2014). Similar results were observed on the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus in goats, where a moringa leaves extract, obtained by infusion and included at 5 mg/ml, reduced hatching by 90-98% and resulted in 51-70% mortality of larvae (Tayo et al., 2014).
Information about the nutritive value of moringa leaves and seed cake in pig feeding is scarce. In vitro estimations showed that moringa leaves could be valuable in pig feeding and may have a good energy value, though they do not completely meet the pig's nutritional requirements (Kambashi et al., 2014). Feeding trials with moringa leaf meal have been only partly successful as high inclusion rates were found detrimental to performance. In Nicaragua, including up to 30% moringa leaf meal in diets for growing pig as part substitution for a commercial concentrate decreased pig performance and depressed feed conversion ratio but, depending on feed costs it could have been an economic option (Perez et al., 2001). In the Philippines, moringa leaf meal included at 10%, partially replacing a commercial concentrate for 'backyard' growing pigs, did not hamper performance (Acda et al., 2010).
There has been a lot of research on the potential of moringa leaf meal (dried and ground moringa leaves) as an alternative feed ingredient for poultry, due to the rising interest in moringa and because the leaves have a high protein content. However, the digestibility of diets containing moringa leaf meal was found to be lower than that of control diets, especially for crude protein (and therefore amino acids), which was partly due to the fibre content, which also limits its energy value in poultry (Abou-Elezz et al., 2012b).
While some literature reviews have been quite optimistic (Moreki et al., 2014; Gadzirayi et al., 2014b), most studies show that the use of moringa leaf meal in broiler diets results in decreased performance. Inclusion rates as low as 5-7.5% have reduced growth by 15% (Zanu et al., 2012; Olugbemi et al., 2010a; Oludoyi et al., 2012; Gakuya et al., 2014). Feed intake is generally not much affected, which leads to a reduction in feed efficiency.The depression in growth is linked by some to unbalanced diets, in other cases it appears to be a direct effect of moringa. However, this detrimental effect of moringa is not constant and in some trials performance was similar to (but seldom higher than) those obtained with control diets, even with 7.5 to 10% moringa leaf meal (Onu et al., 2011; Foluke et al., 2013; El Tazi, 2014; Banjo, 2012). However, performance always deteriorates when moringal leaf meal is included at 20% or more in the diet (Tesfaye et al., 2013; Jiya et al., 2014; Gakuya et al., 2014). The general recommendation is to avoid the use of moringa leaf meal in intensive broiler production, as the risk of a loss in performance is high. Very low levels (less than 2%) need testing for potential probiotic effects.
Slow-growing or indigenous chickens
In slow-growing chickens, up to 10% moringa leaf meal maintained growth performance in some studies, but it decreased at higher levels (Melesse et al., 2011; Gadzirayi et al., 2012; Chongwe, 2011). Other studies observed reduced growth with as little as 5% moringa in the diet (Gadzirayi et al., 2014a). A cost-benefit analysis is required on a per case basis, as including moringa leaf meal may reduce the need to purchase high priced ingredients.
In layers, moringa leaf meal generally lowers laying performance and feed efficiency at high inclusion rates (15-20%) (Kakengi et al., 2007) but also sometimes at lower (5 to 7.5%) levels (Ebenebe et al., 2013; Olugbemi et al., 2010b). However, there are some reports of performance being maintained at a 10% inclusion rate (Kakengi et al., 2007), and improved at 2.5% (Ebenebe et al., 2013). In moderately productive layers, fresh moringa leaves added to ad libitum commercial feed improved laying performance but results were negative when the quantity of commercial feed was reduced (Abou-Elezz et al., 2012a). The recommendation is to use moringa leaf meal carefully in layer feeds, and at no more than 5% of the diet.
Moringa as a feed additive
Moringa leaf meal and moringa leaf extracts, because of their active compounds, have been tested in poultry as feed additives for their potential benefits on poultry health and meat or egg quality. However, there can be negative affects on digestion and metabolic processes. Some results showed a positive effect of moringa extracts and, at low levels (below 2%), moringa leaf meal (Portugaliza et al., 2012; David et al., 2012; Teteh et al., 2013). No major toxicity problems have been reported (Ashong et al., 2011). The effect of moringa on serum and egg cholesterol levels is disputed, as some studies report a decrease in cholesterol (e.g. Ashong et al., 2011) and others an increase (e.g. Gakuya et al., 2014). As a consequence, moringa leaf meal cannot be used reliably to regulate cholesterol levels in poultry products.
Fresh moringa leaves
Fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera tend to be rich in protein with a moderate content of fibre. In Benin and Ghana, they are used by smallholder rabbit farmers as a traditional nutritive forage, which is particularly valuable in the dry season when other forages are not available (Adoukonou, 2014, personal communication; Osei et al., 2012). In Nigeria, moringa leaves are used in rabbit research as a standard forage fed with concentrates (Ola et al., 2013). Fresh moringa leaves given to breeding rabbit does at 2% of body weight with a concentrate were found as efficient as fresh Centrosema pubescens (control) and Tephrosia candida (Odeyinka et al., 2008; Ola et al., 2012). Fresh moringa leaves offered ad libitum, with a concentrate, to growing rabbits were slightly less palatable (17% of daily intake) than Leucaena leucocephala and Brosimum alicastrum foliages (22 and 27% of daily intake respectively) (Safwat et al., 2014a).
Because rabbits consume both the leaves and the tender stems (Osei et al., 2012), they can be used efficiently for the routine pruning recommended to maximise forage production from moringa trees (Palada et al., 2003).
Since the late 2000s, many trials have assessed the nutritive value of moringa leaf meal, for growing rabbits, as a potential replacement for soybean meal (Nuhu, 2010; Ewuola et al., 2012a; Odetola et al., 2012; Owen et al., 2013), groundnut cake (Adeniji et al., 2012; Alemede et al., 2014), wheat offal (Vantsawa et al., 2014), or maize bran plus soybean meal (Abu et al., 2013). Inclusion rates in such diets ranged between 10 and 15%. These trials generally concluded that moringa leaf meal can be used safely in rabbit feeding, with no reduction in growth rate, feed efficiency, slaughter yield or blood parameters. However, moringa leaf meal has been linked to a slight but significant reduction of serum glucose and serum cholesterol concentration (Rajeshwari et al., 2008; Ewuola et al., 2012b). In some trials, moringa leaf meal was included successfully at 30% (Dahouda et al., 2013), and up to 40% of the diet (Safwat et al., 2014b). The main limit to the use of moringa leaf meal for feeding growing rabbits is the required nutritional balance of the diets rather than the product itself.
In breeding rabbits, moringa leaf meal was fed to males at 15% (Abu et al., 2013), and to breeding does at 7.2% in substitution for soybean meal (Ayodele et al., 2014). When moringa leaf meal replaced 20% of soybean meal protein, the breeding performance of rabbit does was significantly better than that allowed by the control diet (Ayodele et al., 2014).
While moringa leaf meal is an efficient source of dietary protein, it is deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids (providing only 50 to 80% of requirements) and lysine. In experiments with protein-rich moringa leaf meal, the faecal protein digestibility was found to be high (70-71%, Adeniji et al., 2012) or increased in presence of moringa, e.g. from 65% up to 80% (Ewuola et al., 2012a; Nuhu, 2010). This positive effect of moringa leaf meal on protein and DM digestibility was also observed at moderate inclusion rates as low as 3% (Djakalia et al., 2011). However, when moringa leaf meal contained less protein (20-23%) and more fibre (NDF 31%, ADF 26%, Safwat et al., 2014b), the calculated protein digestibility was only about 50% (Lebas, 2013). Likewise, the digestible energy content of moringa leaf meal may be estimated from 10.6 to 13.8 MJ/kg DM for low-protein and high-protein meals respectively (Lebas, 2013). Therefore, it is recommended that the composition and nutritional value of moringa leaf meal is assessed on a per case basis before it is used in balanced rabbit diets.
The relatively high energy content of moringa leaf meal is partly due to its low fibre content but also to its unusually high concentration of lipids. The high proportion of α-linolenic acid may help to improve meat composition as well as the health status of rabbits (Colin et al., 2012).
Moringa leaves and their extracts may have an immunomodulating effect. Aqueous extracts of moringa leaves fed for 30 days to male rabbits (5 ml/d/head) increased CD4 cells, blood insulin concentration and enhanced enzymatic activity (Isitua et al., 2013). Inclusion of moringa leaves in the diets of growing rabbits had an antihyperglycemic or hypoglycemic effect and an hypocholesterolemic activity (Rajeshwari et al., 2008).
Moringa seeds
Literature on the use of moringa seeds in rabbit feeding is nonexistent at the time of writing (December 2014). In Benin, growing rabbits fed a compound diet containing 10% moringa seeds had a 50% mortality rate within the first 10 days. It is not known whether this was due to an intrinsic toxicity of moringa seeds, which contain glucosinolates, or to a post-harvest contamination, as the seeds had been stored for several months before use (Adoukonou, 2014, personal communication). In support of the toxicity hypothesis, it should be noted that moringa seeds fed to growing rats resulted in low feed intakes, impaired growth and physiological troubles (Oliveira et al., 1999). Therefore, the use of moringa seeds in rabbits feeding cannot be recommended until trials demonstrate its safety.
Moringa leaf meal is rich in protein and has been tested in various fish species as a potential replacement for fish meal. However, feeding trials show that only limited amounts of moringa leaf meal can be safely used in fish diets, which is probably due to the presence of phenolics, saponins, phytic acid and other metabolites with antinutritional effects in fish (Richter et al., 2003; Egwuy et al., 2013).
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Moringa leaf meal can be included in Nile tilapia diets in limited amounts only, up to 8-10% of the diet (Abo-State et al., 2014; Yuangsoi et al., 2011; Richter et al., 2003; Afuang et al., 2003). In a diet where moringa leaves were included at 10% to provide supplementary protein, protein digestibility was reported to range from 68% to 75%, and daily weight gain was increased by 30% (Yuangsoi et al., 2011). Inclusion levels higher than 10% resulted in lower specific growth rate, lower nutrient utilization and poorer carcass composition (Abo-State et al., 2014). Including moringa leaf meal at 12% (as fed, replacing 15% of soybean protein) significantly reduced DM digestibility, and a 24% inclusion rate reduced all nutrient digestibilities (Kasiga et al., 2014).
Methanol-extracted leaf meal containing less saponins and phenolics was included at up to 30% in the diets for tilapia fingerlings without hindering fish performance, but carcass protein was reduced (Afuang et al., 2003). Water-extracted leaf meal included at 15% of the diet had deleterious effects on feed intake, feed utilization and fish performance. The product was still highly unpalatable to fish, who spat out the feed pellets (Madalla, 2008). Different moringa leaf extracts (tannin-reduced, saponin-reduced and saponin-enriched) were all shown to reduce fish performance (Dongmeza et al., 2006).
Redbreast tilapia (Coptodon rendalli)
Moringa leaf meal replaced up to 25% of fish meal in the diets of redbreast tilapia (Coptodon rendalli) without compromising fish growth, but resulted in hepatocyte degradation and enterocyte irritation, and increased feed costs (Hlophe et al., 2014).
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Moringa leaf meal included at 12.5% of the diet for African catfish fingerlings replaced groundnut cake without hampering fish performance (Olaniyi et al., 2013). Up to 20% moringa leaf meal inclusion did not affect fish performance, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency, but higher rates increased serum enzymes, which suggested some cellular damage (Ozovehe, 2013).
Basa fish (Pangasius bocourti)
Moringa seed cake replaced 50% of soybean meal (8.5% of the diet) in basa fish diets based on fish meal and soybean meal. Higher rates resulted in poorer fish performance, a reduced feed conversion ratio and lower protein efficiency. No signs of pathology were observed at any inclusion level (Yuangsoi et al., 2014).
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
In carp, moringa leaf meal was included at 8.8% of the diet, replacing 20% of the soybean meal protein without compromising protein digestibility, fish growth and feed conversion ratio, and with no deleterious effects on fish health (Yuangsoi et al., 2012).
Moringa extracts as pond management tool
Moringa seeds and bark contain several chemical substances that are potentially useful for pond management.
Moringa seeds contain oleanic acid and ursolic acid, which are known to have antifertility properties. They can be used to control early undesirable fish reproduction in fish ponds (Ampofo-Yeboah et al., 2013).
Moringa root bark extracts contain ichthyotoxic substances that can be used to manage predator populations in an environment-friendly manner in fish ponds prior to stocking desirable fish species (Adesina et al., 2011; Adesina et al., 2013b).
Moringa seed powder contains a natural floculating agent that can replace toxic alum to remove organic matter from pond water. However, it has been shown to result in pathologic lesions in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Ayotunde et al., 2011).
Nutritional tables
Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value
Moringa (Moringa oleifera), leaves, fresh
Moringa (Moringa oleifera), leaves, dried
Moringa (Moringa oleifera), pods
Moringa (Moringa oleifera), oil meal, solvent-extracted
Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used
Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 26.2 8.6 16.4 46.1 16
Crude protein % DM 24.3 4.3 17.1 29.7 22
Crude fibre % DM 13.6 4.5 8.0 19.3 10
NDF % DM 28.3 9.4 16.2 45.3 18
ADF % DM 19.3 7.4 11.2 31.0 17
Lignin % DM 7.0 3.3 1.8 12.0 16
Ether extract % DM 5.4 1.2 2.2 7.0 18
Ash % DM 10.3 1.8 7.5 13.3 21
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 18.6 0.8 17.8 19.4 3 *
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Calcium g/kg DM 26.5 4.2 20.0 32.2 14
Phosphorus g/kg DM 3.1 0.8 2.0 4.3 16
Potassium g/kg DM 19.1 1.8 15.9 20.2 5
Sodium g/kg DM 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 5
Magnesium g/kg DM 5.0 1.1 2.7 5.7 6
Manganese mg/kg DM 45 16 21 70 6
Zinc mg/kg DM 23 3 20 26 6
Copper mg/kg DM 9 1 7 10 6
Iron mg/kg DM 497 177 182 603 5
Amino acids Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Alanine % protein 6.3 0.8 5.3 7.3 4
Arginine % protein 5.7 0.4 5.1 6.2 4
Aspartic acid % protein 9.6 0.7 8.8 10.1 3
Cystine % protein 1.4 0.3 1.2 1.8 4
Glutamic acid % protein 11.5 1.2 10.2 12.7 4
Glycine % protein 4.8 0.5 4.4 5.5 5
Histidine % protein 2.3 0.5 1.9 3.0 4
Isoleucine % protein 4.1 0.4 3.8 4.6 6
Leucine % protein 7.7 0.9 6.2 8.7 6
Lysine % protein 4.8 0.7 3.8 5.6 6
Methionine % protein 1.5 0.3 1.1 2.0 5
Phenylalanine % protein 5.9 0.5 5.1 6.6 6
Proline % protein 4.8 0.5 4.4 5.4 4
Serine % protein 4.3 0.4 4.0 4.7 4
Threonine % protein 4.4 0.2 4.1 4.7 6
Tryptophan % protein 2.1 1
Tyrosine % protein 3.8 3.7 3.9 2
Valine % protein 5.0 0.4 4.8 5.7 5
Secondary metabolites Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Tannins (eq. tannic acid) g/kg DM 16.1 1.9 14.0 17.8 3
Tannins, condensed (eq. catechin) g/kg DM 0.8 0.0 1.5 2
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, ruminants (gas production) % 73 1
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 71.7 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 13.3 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 10.6 *
ME ruminants (gas production) MJ/kg DM 9.4 1
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 71.0 1
The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.
Aregheore, 2002; Babiker, 2012; Bakhashwain et al., 2010; Busson, 1963; Garcia et al., 2008; Kambashi et al., 2014; Ly et al., 2001; Makkar et al., 1996; Malik et al., 1967; Melesse et al., 2012; Mendieta-Araica et al., 2009; Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011; Nuhu, 2010; Odetola et al., 2012; Reyes Sanchez et al., 2006; Safwat et al., 2014; Sen, 1938; Soliva et al., 2005; Sultana et al., 2014
Last updated on 12/12/2014 16:36:55
ADF % DM 15.3 7.7 7.9 31.4 15
Lignin % DM 3.4 2.6 1.1 8.1 7
Ether extract % DM 6.4 1.6 4.1 10.6 20
Ether extract, HCl hydrolysis % DM 6.6 1
Total sugars % DM 11.0 1
Calcium g/kg DM 25.6 10.0 11.0 41.4 14
Manganese mg/kg DM 89 27 57 122 4
Zinc mg/kg DM 33 13 17 50 6
Copper mg/kg DM 11 6 6 20 6
Iron mg/kg DM 262 193 37 542 5
Alanine % protein 6.8 6.2 7.3 2
Tryptophan % protein 2.2 0.5 1.6 2.8 4
Tyrosine % protein 3.3 0.5 2.9 3.9 3
Tannins (eq. tannic acid) g/kg DM 21.5 28.8 5.0 72.6 5
Tannins, condensed (eq. catechin) g/kg DM 2.0 1.8 0.0 3.4 3
OM digestibility, ruminants % 79.5 1
OM digestibility, ruminants (gas production) % 52 9 41 58 3
ME ruminants (gas production) MJ/kg DM 6.4 4.3 8.4 2
Abo-State et al., 2014; Abou-Elezz et al., 2012; Alemede et al., 2014; Alikwe et al., 2013; Al-Masry, 2003; Asaolu et al., 2011; Chongwe, 2011; CIRAD, 2008; Gadzirayi et al., 2012; Hlophe et al., 2014; Ijarotimi et al., 2013; Kakengi et al., 2005; Kakengi et al., 2007; Kasiga et al., 2014; Madalla, 2008; Makkar et al., 1997; Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011; Moyo et al., 2011; Moyo et al., 2014; Murro et al., 2003; Mutayoba et al., 2011; Ndemanisho et al., 2006; Njidda et al., 2010; Nouala et al., 2009; Odeyinka et al., 2008; Olugbemi et al., 2010; Olugbemi et al., 2010; Reyes et al., 2003; Richter et al., 2003; Safwat et al., 2014; Sarwatt et al., 2002; Sarwatt et al., 2004; Tesfaye et al., 2013; Zanu et al., 2012
Dry matter % as fed 10.7 1
Crude protein % DM 17.6 2.7 15.8 20.7 3
Crude fibre % DM 33.5 5.7 27.0 37.5 3
NDF % DM 52.6 52.1 53.1 2
ADF % DM 49.1 49.0 49.2 2
Lignin % DM 10.2 10.0 10.3 2
Ether extract % DM 3.5 2.1 1.0 4.9 3
Ash % DM 9.7 0.7 8.9 10.2 3
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 18.7 *
Calcium g/kg DM 2.7 2.7 2.8 2
Phosphorus g/kg DM 5.4 5.3 5.5 2
Potassium g/kg DM 36.7 35.8 37.7 2
Sodium g/kg DM 0.4 0.4 0.4 2
Magnesium g/kg DM 2.6 2.6 2.6 2
Manganese mg/kg DM 19 18 20 2
Zinc mg/kg DM 30 29 31 2
Copper mg/kg DM 9 9 9 2
Iron mg/kg DM 510 484 537 2
Arginine % protein 8.5 8.5 8.5 2
Aspartic acid % protein 6.9 6.9 7.0 2
Cystine % protein 2.5 2.4 2.5 2
Glutamic acid % protein 15.2 15.1 15.2 2
Glycine % protein 4.3 4.3 4.3 2
Isoleucine % protein 2.9 2.9 3.0 2
Leucine % protein 5.6 5.6 5.6 2
Lysine % protein 3.3 3.2 3.3 2
Methionine % protein 1.5 1.5 1.5 2
Phenylalanine % protein 3.6 3.6 3.7 2
Proline % protein 4.5 4.4 4.6 2
Serine % protein 3.7 3.6 3.7 2
Threonine % protein 3.3 3.3 3.3 2
Valine % protein 3.7 3.7 3.7 2
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 9.0 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 7.1 *
Kandiah et al., 1938; Melesse et al., 2012
Crude protein % DM 60.3 59.2 61.4 2
NDF % DM 9.4 8.2 10.5 2
ADF % DM 6.7 1
Lignin % DM 2.5 1
Ether extract % DM 0.4 1
Ash % DM 5.7 5.7 5.8 2
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 19.4 1
Calcium g/kg DM 3.8 1
Phosphorus g/kg DM 16.6 1
Potassium g/kg DM 17.3 1
Sodium g/kg DM 7.4 1
Magnesium g/kg DM 4.4 1
Manganese mg/kg DM 12 1
Zinc mg/kg DM 66 1
Copper mg/kg DM 36 1
Iron mg/kg DM 67 1
Alanine % protein 3.8 1
Arginine % protein 11.6 1
Aspartic acid % protein 4.0 1
Cystine % protein 4.2 1
Glutamic acid % protein 19.4 1
Glycine % protein 4.9 1
Histidine % protein 2.3 1
Isoleucine % protein 3.1 1
Leucine % protein 5.3 1
Lysine % protein 1.5 1
Methionine % protein 1.9 1
Phenylalanine % protein 4.0 1
Proline % protein 5.5 1
Serine % protein 2.8 1
Threonine % protein 2.3 1
Tyrosine % protein 1.5 1
Valine % protein 3.5 1
Tannins (eq. tannic acid) g/kg DM 0.0 1
Ben Salem et al., 2009; Makkar et al., 1997
Abdulkarim, S. M. ; Long, K. ; Lai, O. M. ; Muhammad, S. K. S. ; Ghazali, H. M., 2005. Some physico-chemical properties of Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods. Food Chem., 93 (2): 253–263
Abo-State, H. ; Hammouda, Y. ; El-Nadi, A. ; AboZaid, H., 2014. Evaluation of feeding raw moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves meal in Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) diets. Global Vet., 13 (1): 105-111
Abou-Elezz, F. M. K.; Sarmiento-Franco, L.; Santos-Ricalde, R.; Solorio-Sanchez, J., 2012. The nutritional effect of Moringa oleifera fresh leaves as feed supplement on Rhode Island Red hen egg production and quality. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 44 (5): 1035-1040
Abou-Elezz, F. M. K.; Sarmiento-Franco, L.; Santos-Ricalde, R.; Solorio-Sanchez, J., 2012. Apparent digestibility of Rhode Island Red hen diets containing Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera leaf meals. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst., 15 (2): 199-206
Abu, A.H.; Ahemen, T.; Ikpechukwu, P., 2013. Testicular morphometry and sperm quality of rabbit bucks fed graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Agrosearch, 13: 49-56
Acda, S. P. ; Masilungan, H. G. D. ; Moog, B. A., 2010. Partial substitution of commercial swine feeds with malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal under backyard conditions. Philippine J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 36 (2): 137-146
Adeniji, A. A.; Lawa, M., 2012. Effects of replacing groundnut cake with Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the diets of grower rabbits. Int. J. Mol. Vet. Res., 2 (3) : 8-13
Adesina, B. T. ; Omitoyin, B. O., 2011. Potential of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) fresh root-bark extract as an organic piscicide in aquaculture pond management. Egyptian J. Biol., 13: 8-13
Adesina, B. T. ; Oguntuga, O. A. ; Raimi, K. A. A. ; Ogunremi, J. B., 2013. Guide to large scale production of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) for sustainable aquaculture development in Nigeria: prospects and challenges. Agrosearch, 13 (3): 186-194
Adesina, B. T. ; Omitoyin, B. O. ; Oguntuga, O. A., 2013. Preliminary toxicological screening of ichthyotoxic compound of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) hot ethanolic extract to freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. Agrosearch, 13 (3): 256-265
Adoukonou, J., 2014. Essai d'utilisation des graines de Moringa oleifera dans l'alimentation des lapins en engraissement. Unpublished
Afuang, W. ; Siddhuraju, P. ; Becker, K., 2003. Comparative nutritional evaluation of raw, methanol extracted residues and methanol extracts of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves on growth performance and feed utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture Res., 34 (13): 1147-1159
Al-Masri, M. R., 2003. An in vitro evaluation of some unconventional ruminant feeds in terms of the organic matter digestibility, energy and microbial biomass. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 35 (2): 155-167
Alemede, I. C. ; Onyeji, E. A. ; Tsado, D. N. ; Shiawoya, E. L. , 2014. Reproductive response of rabbit does to diets containing varying levels of horseradish (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal. J. Biol. Agric. Healthcare, 4 (19):62-68
Alikwe, P. C. N. ; Omotosho, M. S., 2013. An evaluation of the proximate and phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as potential feedstuff for non ruminant livestock. Agrosearch, 13 (1): 17-28
Amaglo, N. K. ; Timpo, G. M. ; Ellis, W.O. ; Bennett, R. N., 2007. Effect of spacing and harvest frequency on the growth and leaf yield of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), a leafy vegetable crop. Ghana J. Hort., 6: 33-40
Amaglo, N. K.; Bennett, R. N.; Lo Curto, R. B.; Rosa, E. A. S.; Lo Turco, V.; Giuffrida, A.; Lo Curto, A.; Crea, F.; Timpo, G. M., 2010. Profiling selected phytochemicals and nutrients in different tissues of the multipurpose tree Moringa oleifera L., grown in Ghana. Food Chem., 122 (4): 1047-1054
Ampofo-Yeboah, A. ; Lambrechts, H. ; Brink, D. ; Hiten, F. ; Afriyie-Gyawu, E., 2013. Analysis of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, potential antifertility agents in Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. A, 3 (12): 989-999
Aregheore, E. M., 2002. Intake and digestibility of Moringa oleifera–batiki grass mixtures by growing goats. Small Rum. Res., 46 (1): 23-28
Aruna, M. ; Srilatha, N., 2012. Water clarification using Moringa oleifera Lam. seed as a natural coagulant. Current Biotica, 5 (4): 472-486
Asaolu, V. O. ; Odeyinka, S. M. ; Akinbamijo, O. O. ; Sodeinde, F. G. , 2010. Effects of moringa and bamboo leaves on groundnut hay utilization by West African Dwarf goats. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 22 (1)
Asaolu, V. O. ; Binuomote, R. T. ; Akinlade, J. A. ; Oyelami, O. S. ; Kolapo, K. O., 2011. Utilization of Moringa oleifera fodder combinations with Leucaena leucephala and Gliricidia sepium fodders by West African Dwarf goats. Int. J. Agric. Res., 6 (8): 607-619
Asaolu, V. ; Binuomote, R. ; Akinlade, J. ; Aderinola, O. ; Oyelami, O., 2012. Intake and growth performance of West African Dwarf Goats fed Moringa oleifera, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala dried leaves as supplements to cassava peels. J. Biol. Agric. Health Care, 2 (10): 76-88
Ashong, J. O. ; Brown, D. L., 2011. Safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera powder for growing poultry. J. Anim. Sci., 89 (Suppl.1): 84 (M220)
Ayodele, A. E. ; Adeola, J. R. ; Mayowa, A. T., 2014. Reproductive performance of rabbit does fed graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal based diet. Int. J. Sci., 3 (3): 50-53
Ayotunde, E. O. ; Fagbenro, O. A. ; Adebayo, O. T., 2011. Histological changes in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus i779) exposed to aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds powder. Turkish J. Fisheries Aquatic Sci., 11 (1): 37-43
Ayssiwede, S. B.; Dieng, A.; Bello, H.; Chrysostome, C. A. A. M.; Hane, M. B.; Mankor, A.; Dahouda, M.; Houinato, M. R.; Hornick, J. L.; Missohou, A., 2011. Effects of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaves meal incorporation in diets on growth performances, carcass characteristics and economics results of growing indigenous Senegal chickens. Pak. J. Nutr., 10 (12): 1132-1145
Babiker, M. S., 2012. Chemical composition of some non-conventional and local feed resources for poultry in Sudan. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11 (4): 283-287
Bakhashwain, A. ; Sallam, S. M. A. ; Allam, A. M., 2010. Nutritive value assessment of some Saudi Arabian foliages by gas production technique in vitro. JKAU: Met., Env. & Arid Land Agric. Sci. 21 (1) : 65-80
Banjo, O. S., 2012. Growth and performance as affected by inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in broiler chicks diet. J. Biol. Agric. Heathcare, 2 (9): 35-38
Bellostas, N. ; Sørensen, J. C. ; Nikiema, A. ; Sørensen, H. ; Pasternak, D. ; Kumar, S., 2010. Glucosinolates in leaves of Moringa species grown and disseminated in Niger. African J. Agric. Res., 5 (11): 1338-1340
Ben Salem, H. ; Makkar, H. P. S., 2009. Defatted Moringa oleifera seed meal as a feed additive for sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 150 (1-2): 27-33
Bennett, R. ; Mellon, F. ; Foild, N. ; Pratt, J. ; Dupont, M. ; Perkins, L. ; Kroon, P., 2003. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose tree Moringa oleifera. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51 (12): 3546-3553
Bosch, C. H., 2004. Moringa oleifera Lam. In: Grubben, G. J. H.; Denton, O. A. (Eds). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l'Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands
Broin, M., 2005. Nutritional composition of Moriga oleifera leaves. Moringa news, 5pp.
Busson, F., 1963. Etudes biologiques et chimiques sur les végétaux alimentaires de l'Afrique tropicale occidentale dans leurs relations avec le milieu géographique et humain. Qualitas Pl. Mater. veg., 10 (1-4): 109-132
Chongwe, A. M., 2011. The effect of Moringa supplementation on growth and health of indigenous Zambian chickens. M.Sc. dissertation, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. 47pp
Colin, M. ; Xi, C. ; Prigent, A. Y., 2012. The enrichment of rabbit feeds with long and short chains omega 3 fatty acids: an opportunity for the producer and the consumer. Cuniculture Magazine, 39: 33-43
Dahouda, M. ; Adjolohoun, S. ; Senou, M. ; Toleba, S. S. ; Abou, M. ; Vidjannagni, D. S. ; Kpodékon, M. ; Youssao, A. K. I., 2013. Effects of diets containing Moringa oleifera Lam leafl and commericial feed on rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) growth performance and meat quality. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 7 (5): 1838-1852
David, L. S.; Vidanarachchi, J. K.; Samarasinghe, K.; Cyril, H. W.; Dematawewa, C. M. B. , 2012. Effects of Moringa based feed additives on the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chicken. Trop. Agric. Res., 24 (1): 12-20
Djakalia, B. ; Guichard, B. L. ; Soumaila, D., 2011. Effect of Moringa oleifera on growth performance and health status of young post-weaning rabbits. Res. J. Poult Sci., 4 :7-13
Dongmeza, E. ; Siddhuraju, P. ; Francis, G. ; Becker, K., 2006. Effects of dehydrated methanol extracts of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves and three of its fractions on growth performance and feed nutrient assimilation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (L.)). Aquaculture, 261 (1): 407-422
Ebenebe, C. I. ; Anigbogu, C. C. ; Anizoba, M. A. ; Ufele, A. N., 2013. Effect of various levels of Moringa leaf meal on the egg quality of Isa Brown Breed of Layers. Adv. Life Sci. Technol., 14: 45-49
Egbuikwem, P. N., Sangodoyin, A. Y. , 2013. Coagulation efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed extract compared to alum for removal of turbidity and E. coli in three different water sources. Eur. Int. J. Sci. Technol., 2 (7): 13-20
Egwui, P. C. ; Mgbenka, B. O. ; Ezeonyejiaku, C. D., 2013. Moringa plant and its use as feed in aquaculture development: a review. Anim. Res. Int., 10 (1): 1672-1680
El Tazi, S. M. A., 2014. Effect of feeding different levels of Moringa Oleifera leaf meal on the performance and carcass quality of broiler chicks. Int. J. Sci. Res., 3 (5): 147-151
Ewuola, E. O. ; Jimoh, O. A. ; Atuma, O. V. ; Soipe, O. D., 2012. Growth indices and apparent nutrient digestibility in rabbits fed graded levels of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal. Nigerian J. Anim. Sci., 14: 92-100
Ewuola, E. O. ; Jimoh, O. A. ; Atuma, O. V. ; Soipe, O. D., 2012. Haematological and serum biochemical response of growing rabbits fed graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Proc. 10 th World Rabbit Congress – September 3 - 6, 2012– Sharm El- Sheikh –Egypt, 679 - 683
FAO, 2014. Moringa. Traditional Crop of the Month. FAO
Foidl, N. ; Makkar, H. P. S. ; Becker, K., 2001. The potential of Moringa oleifera for agricultural and industrial uses. In: What development potential for Moringa products ? October 20th - November 2nd 2001. Dar Es Salaam
Foluke, A.; Olufemi, A., 2013. Effects of graded levels of cassava peels fortified with moringa as a replacement to wheat bran on performance, digestibility and blood profile of broilers. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. A, 3 (3A): 210-215
Gadzirayi, C. T. ; Masamha, B. ; Mupangwa, J. F. ; Washaya, S., 2012. Performance of broiler chickens fed on mature Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein supplement to soyabean meal. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11 (1): 5-10
Gadzirayi, C. T. ; Mupangwa, J. F., 2014. The nutritive evaluation and utilisation of Moringa oleifera Lam. in indigenous and broiler chicken production: a review. Greener J. Agric. Sci., 14 (1): 15-21
Gadzirayi, C. T. ; Mupangwa, J. F., 2014. Feed intake and growth performance of indigenous chicks fed diets with Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein supplement during early brooding stage. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 13 (3): 145-150
Gakuya, D. W. ; Mbugua, P. N. ; Kavoi, B. ; Kiama, S. G., 2014. Effect of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in broiler chicken feed. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 13 (4): 208-213
García, D. E.; Medina, M. G.; Cova, L. J.; Torres, A; Soca, M.; Pizzani, P.; Baldizán, A.; Domínguez, C. E., 2008. Preference of cattle for the foliage of twelve species with potential for agrosilvopastoral systems in the Trujillo State, Venezuela. Pastos y forajes, 31 (3) : 255-270
Garcia, D. E. ; Medina, M. G. ; Clavero, T. ; Humbria, J. ; Baldizan, A. ; Dominguez, C., 2008. Goats preference of fodder tree in the Venezuelan Andes low zone. Rev. Científica, FCV-LUZ, 18 (5): 549-555
Garcia, D. E. ; Medina, M. G. ; Clavero, T. ; Cova, L. J. ; Dominguez, C. ; Baldizan, A., 2008. Nutritional characterization of six fodder species foliage with emphasis in their polyphenolic profiles. Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ, 18 (2): 188-196
Garcia, D. E.; Medina, M. G.; Cova, L. J.; Soca, M.; Pizzani, P.; Baldizan, A.; Dominguez, C. E., 2008. Acceptability of tropical tree fodder by cattle, sheep and goats in Trujillo state, Venezuela. Zootecnia Trop., 26 (3): 191-196
Goss, M., 2012. A study of the initial establishment of multi-purpose moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) at various plant densities, their effect on biomass accumulation and leaf yield when grown as vegetable. African J. Plant Sci., 6 (3): 125-129
Gutierrez, P. ; Rocha, L. ; Reyes Sanchez, N. ; Paredes, V. ; Mendieta Araica, B., 2012. Ruminal degradation rate of Moringa oleifera foliage in Reyna cattle using in sacco technique. La Calera, 12 (18) : 37-44
Hlophe, S. N. ; Moyo, N. A. G., 2014. A comparative study on the use of Pennisetum clandestinum and Moringa oleifera as protein sources in the diet of the herbivorous Tilapia rendalli. Aquacult. Int., 22 (4): 1245-1262
Huque, K. S. ; Sarker, N. R., 2014. Feeds and feeding of livestock in Bangladesh: performance, constraints and options forward. Bang. J. Anim. Sci., 43 (1): 1-10
Ijarotimi, O. S. ; Fagbemi, T. N. ; Osundahunsi, O. F., 2013. Comparative study of nutritional profiles and phytochemical components of raw, blanched and fermented flour from the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Malays. J. Nutr., 19 (3): 371-382
Isitua, C. C. ; Ibeh, I. N., 2013. Toxicological assessment of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and Caulis bambusae leaves in rabbits. J. Clin. Toxicol., S12: 003
Jiya, E. Z. ; Ayanwale, B. A. ; Ibrahim, A. B. ; Ahmed, H., 2014. Growth response, meat yield and carcass characteristics of broilers fed beniseed (Sesamum indicum) and drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves as sources of lysine. Am. J. Expe. Agric., 4 (10): 1178-1185
Joy, O. C. ; Okoroafor, U., 2014. Effect of processing on the amino acid profile of the leaf, root and seed of Moringa oleifera grown in Rivers state, Nigeria. Ann. Biologic. Res., 5 (8): 8-12
Kakengi, A. M. V.; Shem, M. N.; Sarwatt, S. V., Fujihara, T., 2005. Can Moringa oleifera be used as a protein supplement for ruminants?. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 18 (1): 42-47
Kakengi, A. V. M. ; Kaijage, J. T. ; Sarwatt, S. V. ; Mutayoba, S. K. ; Shem, M. N. ; Fujihara, T., 2007. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on performance of laying hens in Tanzania. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 19 (8): 120
Kambashi, B. ; Picron, P. ; Boudry, C. ; Thewis, A. ; Kiatoko, H. ; Bindelle, J., 2014. Nutritive value of tropical forage plants fed to pigs in the Western provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J. Anim. Feed. Sci., 191: 47-56
Kandiah, S. ; Koch, D. E. V., 1938. The analysis of Ceylon foodstuffs. 3. Some leafy and non-leafy vegetables. Trop. Agric., Mag. Ceylon Agric. Soc., 90: 11-16
Kasiga, T. ; Lochmann, R., 2014. Nutrient digestibility of reduced-soybean-meal diets containing Moringa or Leucaena leaf meals for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J. World Aquac. Soc., 45 (2): 183-191
Kavitha, C. ; Ramesh, M. ; Kumaran, S. S. ; Lakshmi, S. A. , 2012. Toxicity of Moringa oleifera seed extract on some hematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 64 (7-8): 681-687
Lebas, F., 2013. Estimation de la digestibilité des protéines et de la teneur en énergie digestible des matières premières pour le lapin, avec un système d'équations. 15ème Journées de la Recherche Cunicole, Le Mans, 19-20 novembre 2013
Madalla, N., 2008. Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) . In: PhD Thesis, Inst. Aquaculture, Univ. Stirling, Scotland, UK
Makkar, H. P. S. ; Becker, K., 1996. Nutritional value and antinutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted Moringa oleifera leaves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 63 (1/4): 211–228
Makkar, H. P. S. ; Becker, K., 1997. Nutrients and antiquality factors in different morphological parts of the Moringa oleifera tree. J. Agric. Sci., 128 (3): 311-322
Makkar, H. P. S. ; Becker, K., 1999. Plant toxins and detoxification methods to improve feed quality of tropical seeds. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 12 (3): 467-480
Makkar, H. P. S. ; Francis, G. ; Becker, K., 2007. Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems. Animal, 1 (9): 1371-1391
Malik, M. Y. ; Sheik, A. A. ; Shah, W. A., 1967. Chemical composition of indigenous fodder tree leaves. Pakistan J. Sci., 19 (4): 171-174
Mandal, N., 1997. Nutritive values of tree leaves of some tropical species for goats. Small Rumin. Res., 24 (2): 95-105
Melesse, A. ; Tiruneh, W. ; Negesse, T., 2011. Effects of feeding Moringa stenopetala leaf meal on nutrient intake and growth performance of Rhode Island Red chicks under tropical climate. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst., 14 (2): 485-492
Melesse, A. ; Steingass, H. ; Boguhn, J. ; Schollenberger, M. ; Rodehutscord, M., 2012. Effects of elevation and season on nutrient composition of leaves and green pods of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera. Agrofor. Sys., 86 (3): 505-518
Melesse, A. ; Steingass, H. ; Boguhn, J. ; Rodehutscord, M. , 2013. In vitro fermentation characteristics and effective utilisable crude protein in leaves and green pods of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera cultivated at low and mid-altitudes. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 97 (3): 537-546
Mendieta-Araica, B. ; Sporndly, E. ; Reyes-Sánchez, N. ; Norell, L. ; Sporndly, R., 2009. Silage quality when Moringa oleifera is ensiled in mixtures with Elephant grass, sugar cane and molasses. Grass and Forage Sci., 64 (4): 364–373
Mendieta-Araica, B. ; Spörndly, R. ; Reyes-Sánchez, N. ; Spörndly, E., 2011. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal as a source of protein in locally produced concentrates for dairy cows fed low protein diets in tropical areas. Livest. Sci., 137 (1/3): 10-17
Mendieta-Araica, B. ; Spörndly, E. ; Reyes-Sánchez, N. ; Spörndly, R., 2011. Feeding Moringa oleifera fresh or ensiled to dairy cows - effects on milk yield and milk flavor. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 43 (5): 1039–1047
Moreki, J. C.; Gabanakgosi, K., 2014. Potential use of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets. Global J. Anim. Scientif. Res., 2 (2): 109-115
Moyo, B. ; Masika, P. J. ; Hugo, A. ; Muchenje, V., 2011. Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. African J. Biotech., 10 (60): 12925-12933
Moyo, B. ; Masika, B. J. ; Muchenje, V., 2014. Effect of feeding Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal on the physico-chemical characteristics and sensory properties of goat meat. South Afric. J. Anim. Sci., 44 (1): 64-70
Murro, J. K. ; Muhikambele, V. R. M. ; Sarwatt, S. V., 2003. Moringa oleifera leaf meal can replace cottonseed cake in the concentrate mix fed with Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay for growing sheep. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 15 (11)
Mutayoba, S. K. ; Dierenfeld, E. ; Mercedes, V. A. ; Frances, Y. ; Knight, C. D., 2011. Determination of chemical composition and anti-nutritive components for Tanzanian locally available poultry feed ingredients. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 10 (5): 350-357
Ndemanisho, E. E. ; Kimoro, B. N. ; Mtengeti, E. J. ; Muhikambele, V. R. M., 2006. The potential of Albizia lebbeck as a supplementary feed for goats in Tanzania. Agroforestry Systems, 67 (1): 85–91
Ndemanisho, E. E. ; Kimoro, B. N. ; Mtengeti, E. J. ; Muhikambele, V. R. M., 2007. In vivo digestibility and performance of growing goats fed maize stover supplemented with browse leaf meals and cotton seed cake based concentrates. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 19 (8): 105
New Forests Project, 2012. Establishing Moringa oleifera tree plots for fodder production in Haiti . New Forests Project, The International center. Washington, USA
Nouala, F. S. ; Muetzel, S. ; Hoffmann, E. ; Becker, K., 2009. Feed intake and digestion by two cattle breeds fed of baby corn stovers and groundnut hay supplemented with graded levels of concentrate and Moringa leaves. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 21 (10): 163
Nouman, W. ; Basra, S. M. A. ; Siddiqui, M. T. ; Yasmee, A. ; Gull, T. ; Cervantes Alcayde, M. A., 2014. Potential of Moringa oleifera L. as livestock fodder crop: a review. Turk. J. Agric. For., 38 (1): 1-14
Nuhu, F., 2010. Effect of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) on nutrient digestibility, growth, carcass and blood indices of weaner rabbits. In: MSc. Thesis. Anim. Nutr., Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi (Ghana), 122 pp.
Odetola, O. M. ; Adetola, O. O. ; Ijadunola, T. I. ; Adedeji, O. Y. ; Adu, O. A., 2012. Utilization of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves meal as a replacement for soya bean meal in rabbit's diets. Schol. J. Agric. Sci., 2 (12): 309-313
Odeyinka, S. M. ; Oyedele, O. J. ; Adeleke, T. O. ; Odedire, J. A., 2008. Reproductive performance of rabbits fed Moringa oleifera as a replacement for Centrosema pubescens. Proc. 9th World Rabbit Congress - June 10-13, 2008 - Verona - Italy, 411-415
Ola, S. I. ; Williams, O. S. ; Obamojure, I. A. ; Okunlola, A. M., 2012. Sexual receptivity and conception rate of rabbit does fed selected perennial forages in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Proc. 10 th World Rabbit Congress – September 3 - 6, 2012– Sharm El- Sheikh –Egypt, 291-295
Ola, S. I. ; Olatunbosun, O. S., 2013. Effect of buck presence on sexual receptivity and kindling performance of rabbit doe. Livest. Res. Rur. Dev., 25 (8): 135
Olaniyi, C. O. ; Ajani, N. O. ; Adetomi, M. N., 2013. Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal. J. Nat. Sci Res., 3 (8): 99-104
Olaofe, O. ; Adeyeye, E. I. ; Ojugba, S., 2013. Comparative study of proximate, amino acids and fatty acids of Moringa oleifera tree. Elixir Appl. Chem. 54: 12543-12554
Oliveira, J. T. A. ; Silveira, S. B. ; Vasconcelos, I. M. ; Cavada, B. S. ; Moreira, R. A., 1999. Compositional and nutritional attributes of seeds from the multiple purpose tree Moringa oleifera Lamarck. J. Sci. Food Agric., 79 (6): 815-820
Oliveira, F. R. A. ; Oliveira, F. A. ; Guimarães, I. P. ; Medeiros, J. F. ; Oliveira, M. K. T. ; Freitas, A. V. L. ; Medeiros, M. A., 2009. Emergency of seedlings of Moringa oleifera Lam irrigated with water of different levels of salinity. Biosci. J., 25 (5): 66–74
Oludoyi, I. A. ; Toye, A. A., 2012. The effects of early feeding of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on performance of broiler and pullet chicks. Agrosearch, 12 (2): 160-172
Olugbemi, T. S. ; Mutayoba, S. K. ; Lekule F. P., 2010. Effect of moringa (Moringa oleifera) inclusion in cassava based diets fed to broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (4): 363-367
Olugbemi, T. S. ; Mutayoba, S. K. ; Lekule, F. P., 2010. Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion in cassava chip based diets fed to laying birds. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 22 (6): 118
Onu, P. N. ; Aniebo, A. O., 2011. Influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the performance and blood chemistry of starter broilers. Int. J. Food Agric. Vet. Sci., 1 (1): 38-44
Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Anthony, S., 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya
Osei, D. Y. ; Apori, S. O. ; Osafo, E. L. K., 2012. Rabbit production in selected urban areas of southern Ghana: status and implications for policy and research. J. Anim. Prod., 14 (2): 131-139
Owen, O. J. ; Alikwe, P. C. N. ; Okidim, I. A. , 2013. The economic potential of compounding rabbit diets with graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. J. Env. Issues Agric. in Dev. Countries, 5 (2): 34-40
Ozovehe, B. N., 2013. Growth performance, haematological indices and some biochemical enzymes of juveniles Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) fed varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diet. J. Aquacult. Res. Dev., 4 (2): 166
Palada, M. C. ; Chang, L. C., 2003. Suggested cultural practice for Moringa. AVRCD, Int.cooperators's guide pub #03-545: 1-5
Paliwal, R. ; Sharma, V. ; Pracheta, 2011. A review on Horse-radish tree (Moringa oleifera): a multipurpose tree with high economic and commercial importance. Asian J. Biotechnol., 3 (4): 317-328
Patricio, H. G. ; Palada, M. C. ; Ebert, A.W., 2012. Adaptability and horticultural characterization of Moringa accessions under Central Philippines conditions. In: Holmer, R. ; Linwattana, G. ; Nath, P. ; Keatinge, J. D. H. (Eds.), SEAVEG 2012: High Value Vegetables in Southeast Asia: Production, Supply and Demand. AVRDC-WorldVegetableCenter, 2013
Perez, H. J. R. ; Torres, P. F. J., 2001. Evaluación de marango (Moringa oleifera Lam.) como una alternativa en la alimentación de cerdos de engorde. Red Marango de Nicaragua
Petit Aldana, J. ; Casanova Lugo, F. ; Solorio Sanchez, F., 2010. Fodder yield of intercropping and monoculture fodder bank of Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia and Moringa oleifera. Rev. Forest. Venezolana, 54 (2): 161-167
Portugaliza, H. P. ; Fernandez, T. J. Jr., 2012. Growth performance of Cobb broilers given varying concentrations of malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lam.) aqueous leaf extract. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 2 (6): 465-469
Preston, K. ; Lantagne, D. ; Kotlarz, N. ; Jellison, K. , 2010. Turbidity and chlorine demand reduction using alum and moringa flocculation before household chlorination in developing countries. J. Water Health, 8 (1): 60-70
Price, M. L., 2007. The Marango tree. Nota Tecnica, ECHO, 17391 Durrance road North fort Myers, FL 33917, USA
Pritchard, M. ; Craven, T. ; Mkandawire, T. ; Edmondson, A. S. ; O'Neill, J. G., 2010. A study of the parameters affecting the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in drinking water purification. Phys. Chem. Earth, 35 (13-14): 791-797
Puerto Abreu, M. ; Arece Garcia, J. ; Lopez Leyva, Y. ; Roche, Y. ; Molina, M. ; Sanavria, A. ; Fonseca, A. H. da, 2014. In vitro effect of Moringa oleifera and Gliricida sepium aqueus extracts in the development of non-parasitic stages of sheep gastrointestinal strongyles. Revista de Salud Animal, 36 (1): 28-34
Radovich, T., 2013. Farm and forestry production and marketing profile for Moringa. In: Elevitch, C.R. (Ed.) Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai'i
Rajeshwari, Y. B. ; Suhas, Y. S. ; Siddeswara, N. C., 2008. Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera tree leaves on blood parameters in broiler rabbits. 3rd Rabbit Congress of the Americas" Maringa, Parana, Brazil. August, 21-23, 2006. World Rabbit Sciences, 16, 38
Rashida, U. ; Anwar, F. ; Moser, B. R. ; Knothe, G., 2008. Moringa oleifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel. Bioresource Technol., 99 (17): 8175–8179
Reyes, O. S. ; Fermin, A. C., 2003. Terrestrial leaf meals or freshwater aquatic fern as potential feed ingredients for farmed abalone Haliotis asinina (Linnaeus 1758). Aquacult. Res., 34 (8): 593-599
Reyes Sanchez, N.; Sporndly, E.; Ledin, I., 2006. Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of Moringa oleifera to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition. Livest. Sci., 101 (1/3): 24-31
Reyes Sanchez, N., 2004. Marango: Cultivation and utilization in animal feeding. Guia tecnica n°5, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Por un desarollo agrario integral y sostenible, 24 p.
Richter, N. ; Perumal Siddhuraju ; Becker, K., 2003. Evaluation of nutritional quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture, 217 (1/4): 599-611
Safwat, A. M. ; Sarmiento-Franco, L. ; Santos-Ricalde, R. H. ; Nieves, D., 2014. Determination of tropical forage preferences using two offering methods in rabbits. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 27 (4): 524-529
Safwat, A. M. ; Sarmiento-Franco, L. ; Santos-Ricalde, R. ; Nieves, D., 2014. Effect of dietary inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala or Moringa oleifera leaf meal on performance of growing rabbits. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 46 (7): 1193-1198
Sarwatt, S. V. ; Kapange, S. S. ; Kakengi, A. M. V., 2002. Substituting sunflower seed-cake with Moringa oleifera leaves as a supplemental goat feed in Tanzania. Agroforestry Systems 56 (3): 241-247
Sarwatt, S. V. ; Milang'ha, M. S. ; Lekule, F. P. ; Madalla, N., 2004. Moringa oleifera and cottonseed cake as supplements for smallholder dairy cows fed Napier grass. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev., 16 (6): 38
Savon Valdes, L. L.; Gutierrez Borroto, O.; Febles Perez, G., 2017. Mulberry, moringa and tithonia in animal feed, and other uses. Results in Latin America and the Caribbean. FAO, Rome, Italy; ICA Cuba
Sen, K. C., 1938. The nutritive values of Indian cattle feeds and the feeding of animals. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Dehli, Bulletin No. 25, 1-30
Sengupta, A. ; Gupta, M. P., 1970. Studies on seed fat composition of Moringaceae family. Fette Seifen Anstrich., 72 (1): 6-10
Siddhuraju, P. ; Becker, K., 2003. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51 (8): 2144-2155
Soliva, C. R. ; Kreuzer, M. ; Foidl, N. ; Foidl, G. ; Machmüller, A. ; Hess, H. D., 2005. Feeding value of whole and extracted Moringa oleifera leaves for ruminants and their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 118 (1/2): 47-62
Sultana, N. ; Alimon, A. R. ; Haque, K. S. ; Sazili, A. Q. ; Yaakub, H ; Hossain, S. M. J., 2014. The effect of cutting interval on yield and nutrient composition of different plant fractions of Moringa oleifera tree. J. Food, Agric. Env., 12 (2): 599-604
Tayo, G. M. ; Pone, J. W. ; Komtangi, M. C. ; Yondo, J. ; Ngangout, A. M. ; Mbida, M., 2014. Anthelminthic activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts evaluated in vitro on four developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus from goats. Am. J. Plant Sci., 5 (11): 1702-1710
Tesfaye, E. ; Animut, G. ; Urge, M. ; Dessie, T., 2013. Moringa olifera leaf meal as an alternative protein feed ingredient in broiler ration. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (5): 289-297
Teteh, A. ; Lawson, E. ; Tona, K. ; Decuypere, E. ; Gbeassor, M., 2013. Moringa oleifera leaves: hydro-alcoholic extract and effects on growth performance of broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (7): 401-405
Tona, G. O. ; Asaolu, V. O. ; Amao, O. A. ; Akingbade, A. A., 2013. Evaluation of chemical composition and in vitro fermentation parameters of Moringa oleifera leaf meal based diets as feed for ruminants in Nigeria. Agric. J., 8 (4): 165-169
Toral Perez, O. C. ; Iglesias Gomez, J. M., 2008. Selectivity of potentially useful arboreal species for livestock systems. Zootecnia Trop., 26 (3) :197-200
Vantsawa, P. A. ; Daramola, A., 2014. The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on the hematological parameters and the cholesterol level of rabbits. Am. J. Biol. Chem. Pharmaceut. Sci., 2 (3): 1-6
Yang, R. Y. ; Tsou, S. C. S. ; Lee, T. C. ; Chang, L-C. ; Kuo, G. ; Lai, P-Y., 2006. Moringa, a novel plant rich in antioxidants, bioavailable iron, and nutrients. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Series, 925 (17): 224-239
Yu, L. ; Parry, J. W. ; Zhou, K., 2005. Oils from Herbs, Spices, and Fruit Seeds. In: Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc
Yuangsoi, B. ; Charoenwattanasak, S., 2011. Utilization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaf on growth performance and protein digestibility in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Proc. 49th Kasetsart Univ. Ann. Conf., Kasetsart University, Thailand, 1-4 February, 2011, 3 (Fisheries): 317-326
Yuangsoi, B. ; Masumoto, T. Songklanakarin, 2012. Replacing Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) partially by protein replacement in soybean meal of fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio). J. Sci. Technol., 34 (5): 479-485
Yuangsoi, B. ; Klahan, R. ; Charoenwattanasak, S. Songklanakarin, 2014. Partial replacement of protein in soybean meal by Moringa seed cake (Moringa oleifera) in bocourti's catfish (Pangasius bocourti). J. Sci. Technol., 36 (2): 125-135
Zanu, H. K. ; Asiedu, P. ; Tampuori, M. ; Abada, M. ; Asante, I., 2012. Possibilities of using Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal as partial substitutefor fishmeal in broiler chicken diets. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 2 (1): 70-75
153 references found
Datasheet citation
Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2019. Moringa (Moringa oleifera). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/124 Last updated on May 9, 2019, 11:10
English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ)
Crops for the future
Forest & Kim Starr
Lionel Allorge


>recent fontconfig versions have fixed a bug.
selection problem. I have built and installed the RPM.
this to whom it concerns.
first using the default fonts.conf supplied in the rh9 distrib.
In all cases I made sure the local.conf was renamed.
afraid lines could be wrapped etc.
My LANG is set to en_US.UTF-8. I have no LC_ALL var defined.


text:
January 29, 2023 January 29, 2023 Petroleum
On Sunday, Jan 29, 2023 at 10:50 am, Ishaq Dar came on national television to make some announcement. These announcement included the increase in fuel prices, including both the prices of diesel and the petrol. To be exact, prices of both were increased by Rs. 35 per litre. Also the new prices of petrol, diesel and all other petroleum products gone into effect just 10 minutes after the announcement at 11:00 am. The new, increased prices of these petroleum products are as follows. Petroleum Product New Price Petrol Rs. 249.80 High Speed Diesel Rs. 262.80 Light Diesel Oil Rs. 187 Kerosene Oil Rs. 198.83 The current increase in petroleum prices are to meet the one of the demands of International […]
January 26, 2023 January 26, 2023 Economy
Currently Pakistan is in talks with International Monetary Fund (IMF) for continuation and revival of a previously on going bail out loan program. However, for this time IMF had about four conditions for Pakistan to meet, before the loan program go further. As the Pakistan's economy is not doing well and foreign reserves are dropping, so Pakistani government had recently decided to accept the conditions of IMF. Along with increasing the gas & electricity prices and increasing taxes, one of IMF condition demanded Pakistan to not control the Rupee and US Dollar exchange rate artificially. As US Dollar was artificially being kept below 225 in interbank and open markets while in black market it was being sold as high as […]
January 26, 2023 January 26, 2023 Politics
Recently, Fawad Chaudhry, a Pakistani politician belonging to Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, was arrested by the current PDM led government. He was arrested in Lahore, his brother told media that on time of arrest no warrants were shown. Later a Lahore's court had asked Punjab police to bring him in court but he was brought to Islamabad by Islamabad police and he was brought to a court in Islamabad. According to Islamabad police he was arrested after his public comments about a constitutional institution Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP). Later on, Islamabad police asked court to grant them eight days physical remand of Fawad Chaudhry. However, the court granted two days physical remand of Fawad Chaudhry while he is in custody of […]
January 26, 2023 January 26, 2023 Incidents
Recently a bullying and beating incident have been spreading like fire on social media, where few girls getting together and bullying & beating their fellow student at Scarsdale International School, Lahore. After the incident widely spread over the social media, government took the notice of the incident. Specially, Deputy Commissioner Lahore (DC Lahore) had recent arranged a meeting with all the concerned stakeholders, including parents and school. Deputy Commission Lahore revealed this in his tweets, in which he told that on the recommendation of Education Authority Lahore he heard all the concerned parties. He also suspended the registration of Scarsdale International School, Lahore, until further notice. He added to make sure the suspension, CPO Education Lahore have been instructed. Also, […]
January 26, 2023 January 26, 2023 Automobile
Pak Suzuki have increased its car prices in Jan 2023. This have happened after recently Toyota Pakistan and Honda Pakistan have increased their car prices recently. Pakistan auto industry is facing many challenges. These all are due to the impact of pressures through which Pakistan's economy and currency going through right now. The new prices of Suzuki vehicles will be effective from Jan 25, 2023 in Pakistan. The new prices and the increase details are as follows. Car Make & Model New Price Old Price Difference Suzuki Alto VX 1,859,000 1,699,000 160,000 Suzuki Alto VXR 2,156,000 1,976,000 180,000 Suzuki Alto VXR AGS 2,310,000 2,120,000 190,000 Suzuki Alto VXL AGS 2,423,000 2,223,000 200,000 Suzuki Wagon R VXR 2,629,000 2,421,000 208,000 Suzuki […]
1 2 … 135 >

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On Thursday, December 2, 2010, Natty Narwhal Alpha 1 was released. This is a developer snapshot to give an early glance at the next version, as well as to test it.
To upgrade from Ubuntu 10.10 on a desktop system, press Alt + F2 and type in "update-manager -d" (without the quotes) into the command box. Update Manager will let you know: New distribution release '11.04' is available. Then you just need to click on Upgrade and follow the instructions.
This release is labeled for developers only. It is far too early a release to be used on production machines. For Ubuntu Desktop and Server, the list of source ISOs is here. I recommend choosing a torrent. Transmission makes torrents easy to add to the download list. If you use a torrent, please consider letting people upload from it for a while after you have finished downloading.
Unity is now the default for the Ubuntu Desktop session. This is only partially implemented. The Unity Launcher is available. It can be used to launch applications that are pinned to the launcher and also to switch between applications. For now, clicking the Ubuntu logo in the upper left of the screen will open the applications directory. This is temporary until the Applications place is available.
Network Manger applet has been patched to use appindicator. Classic Gnome panel applets are not supported in Alpha 1, only indicators.
There are now two kinds of sessions in GDM: Ubuntu Desktop will run Unity by default, and the Ubuntu Classic Session will run gnome-panel. Ubuntu Classic supports all video hardware and video drives. Ubuntu Desktop requires 3D driver support.
Alpha 1 includes the Linux 2.6.37-rc3 kernel which is based on the latest mainline release candidate kernel. This is expected to roll forward to version 2.6.38 for final release.
Please note for installation: the live CD configurations are being reworked for Natty. At this time, the images are a bit too large to fit on a CD. You are advised to use a USB stick or DVD as a workaround.


Has your Fort Lauderdale, FL home been damaged by a flood? Or do you have to deal with mold removal? Environmental services and restoration professionals can help with everything from supplying you with mold test kits to helping restore and rebuild your Fort Lauderdale home, returning it to its original condition.
Find environmental services and restoration professionals on Houzz. Narrow your search in the Professionals section to Fort Lauderdale, FL residential environmental testing and home disaster restoration services to find a list of qualified professionals. Read through professional profiles for information on qualifications, experience and services provided.


Kray Happenings: Lincoln is 8 months.
And Ben with some wild hair!
I thought Lincoln's 7th month had big changes....I didn't know what was coming this month! To say he's "moving" is an understatement. Lincoln is crawling all over the place, climbing up stairs, pulling up on everything and "starting" to cruise. Baby proofing is at it's highest level right now. Also, because he moves all over the place and puts everything in his mouth, I have to be very aware of where he is and what's around him at all times (which is harder than it was when Ben was a baby because I didn't have a 3 year old with little toys everywhere). He will eat anything he finds and pull up on anything in his way. It's fun to watch him move...I just have to be careful where and when I let him explore.
Lincoln is also babbling a bunch and does this funny blowing thing....as if he's trying to do a raspberry while he's crawling around and exploring. I really need to get some videos up here, but I'm having trouble with my computer lately and emailing them doesn't work anymore. Someday, I'll put a bunch up to catch up.
Still no teeth but he's eating great. I'm trying to think of more finger foods to give him so he can explore more food textures. He's had all kinds of purees (sweet potatoes, squash, peaches, pears, apples, peas, carrots), banana, avocado, pasta, cheerios, puffs, pancakes, cheese, oatmeal and yogurt. I'm so happy he likes to eat. My only fear is that he's not getting enough milk. He nurses 4 times a day and sometimes it's only for 2-4 minutes. He seems happy and is growing fine though.
Happy Birthday, Lincoln! Before we know it, you'll be turning one! It is fun to hear that you are crawling and cruising well these days. It seems like Ben is being a protective and caring older brother, too, which is great. I'm glad your mom posted some updates since we were waiting for pictures!


text:
SEC probes U.S. movie studios over China ties
April 24 - Reuters Correspondent Aruna Viswanatha talks about an SEC inquiry of at least 5 movie studios and their dealings with China.
Well it reads like one but this is no Hollywood movie scripts. Our borders exclusive says US regulators are investigating top movie studios they're dealings with Chinese Government officials and possible -- Investigators want to know if they grease the wheels to get their movies and to China when -- tinsel town's largest potential markets. Joining us with more is Reuters correspondent herb nab this when not who is in Washington and -- -- working on this story. -- this is quite a high profile probe just what are the allegations and how extensive is it. So what we know is. At the Securities and Exchange Commission in the past couple months to send out a bunch of letters until at least -- -- movie studios we think potentially more than that. I'm asking about their business in China saying that you know they're potentially looking in teen. On any undue influence. Any improper dealings with the Chinese Government in trying to get into the market so we know that this is an area they're looking and we don't quite know if they have found evidence that. Any drives were actually paid that we do know this is something they're looking. Okay well it seems the foreign corrupt practices act. Has snared a number of high profile companies and probes. With Wal-Mart Mexico the most recent target. We say the US government is launching a major crackdown on companies with dealings overseas. I -- definitely. The past four or five years every year we've seen sort of record penalties in the billions of dollars. That the Justice Department and the SEC have collected in knees for encrypt practices that frozen. It's definitely a very hot area of enforcement for them. And I don't see that. Slowing down any time and seen what will interfere with. Any inroads Hollywood has Maine and doing business with China. You know it's an interesting question and the SEC has done these kinds of sweeps in the past where immediate finds. A reason to be concerned about one company and then it thinks maybe this is an industry wide problem and we should look. Sort of a cross at other companies in that industry. And you know these things take a really long time to play out so. We may not even know if they find any evidence of problems for another year to end. Because these things takes a lung I don't know if they will have an eastern immediate business impact but it seems like it's definitely something companies are gonna have to be concerned about. When there trying to build business in China well will we see the SEC pursue more high profile companies in the future. Do you think this is the entertainment industry is at risk. Yes it's it's sun we haven't really seen that many cases in the entertainment industry mean historically. A lot of companies say and I get caught up in at CP investigations are sort of the traditional. Meaning defense contractors -- oil and gas companies that deal a lot with foreign governments. But I think as sort of businesses get more global and as Hollywood kind of pushes outwards they -- also. Running up against. Some of these concerns and answer as they push more into these markets I think it's going to be -- bigger issue. Our thanks to British correspondent Byron Davis not I'm putting mom this is Richard.


This 6″ blue-ocean political globe with plastic black base will stimulate a child's imagination while playing an educational role. Packaged eight per carton. This globe is also available with Spanish text (Model #81004).


Even if your Bolton based vehicle has little value, many agents will still remove for free.
Broken down on Bolton roads?
Had an accident in Bolton?
Scrapping your car, van or motorbike, will always include an agent visiting your local Bolton location, saving you time and money.
A North Western town, within the area of Greater Manchester. With an industrial history, especially with cotton mills. Near the Pennies.
When comparing best prices offered for scrap cars in Bolton, today getting several quotes is the answer. The demand in Bolton for each individual model of automobile, defines the actual quote you will be offered. Greater demand in Bolton will give a better price.
No "non trade" Bolton businesses are allowed to be members. Free collection of your End of Life Vehicle (ELV) in Bolton is part of the deal.
Auto part dismantlers, yards and Bolton treatment centers are examples of buyers.
All Bolton agents complete legal paperwork.
As a Bolton resident the recycle route is up to you.
Sell your vehicle to a Bolton Treatment centre where is is crushed and melted down.
Dispose of your Bolton junk car to an auto dismantler, where parts are re-used in other vehicles, extending their life.
The Bolton Car Treatment centre process is quicker as your motor is melted down to make other products. The Bolton junk yard process, reduces car part manufacturing, but will take longer for the motorcar to be demolished completely.
Several Bolton agents want your scrap cars. Complete the simple online form stating what Bolton post code the vehicle resides.


text:
Joe Jackson Dead at 89 Years Old
By admin / Published on Thursday, 28 Jun 2018 10:47 AM / No Comments / 1729 views
Joe Jackson, the patriarch of the world-famous Jackson family, has died at the age of 89 years old.
TMZ reports via family sources that Jackson passed away at 3:30 a.m. Wednesday morning (Jun. 27) in Los Angeles. How did Joe die? What was his cause of death?
Last week, we reported that Joe had been hospitalized with terminal cancer earlier this month and was in the final stages of the disease. His wife, Katherine Jackson, as well as some of their children and grandchildren, had been at his bedside.
According to TMZ, Jackson had been dealing with health issues for a while now. He was hospitalized back in 2016 after coming down with a high fever, but he recovered and was seen partying in Vegas not long after. His health had also been declining after suffering a stroke and three heart attacks back in 2015 and had a pacemaker implanted.
Joe Jackson was best known as the father of some of the most successful entertainers in the world: The Jackson 5, then as solo artists, Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson, whose careers he managed at young ages.
His controversial parenting methods—including abuse and strict management practices—were scrutinized by his children and the media. Joe admitted to the physical abuse and being a very strict parent, but never apologized, instead saying that his methods turned his children into successful adults and kept them out of jail.
Joe stood by Michael during his molestation trial, and after Michael's death in 2009, Joe was criticized for trying to make money from his son's memory.
Joe and Katherine were married for more than 60 years and had 10 children together, though more recently, they didn't live together as their relationship was strained for the last years of his life.
Rising Rapper Lexii Alijai Died at 21 on New Year's Day; Celebs, Family & Friends Shocked: "My Heart is Broken and the Tears Won't Stop"
Up and coming rapper Lexii Alijai has died. She was only 21 years...
Mariah Carey's "All I Want for Christmas Is You" is #1 on Hot 100 After 25 Years & Also Her 19th #1 Hit
Christmas came a bit early for Mariah Carey. For the first time...
K. Michelle Disses Camila Cabello on Twitter Over Her Racist Past: "Find a D**k to Suck, Racist Rat!"
Welp! K. Michelle is definitely not a Camila Cabello fan and...


To start, go to the outdoor marked Challenge vending machine at 12 Queens Wharf (next to Fergs Kayaks), swipe your wristband or use the POWERADE Challenge app on your phone and follow the prompts.
Follow the marked course along the Waterfront and Oriental Parade to the halfway point at the Balaena Bay public bathrooms (this is a small wooden construction located on Evan's Bay Parade. It's right next to the footpath and there'll be some signs to help show you the way).
Swipe your wristband or use the POWERADE Challenge app on your phone at the marked Challenge vending machine at Checkpoint B, turn around and head back to the starting point.
At the finish point, Checkpoint A, swipe your wristband or use the POWERADE Challenge app on your phone to log your time.


text:
The United Kingdom left the European Union on 31 January 2020 and a Trade and Cooperation Agreement, governing the relationship between the EU and the UK was concluded on 24 December 2020.
We continue to support our clients on the legal and business ramifications arising from the UK's departure from the EU. Regardless of which sector your business operates in, action is required with regards to the movement of personal data between the UK and EEA states, the protection of intellectual property rights and updating commercial contracts to ensure they are still fit for purpose.
There will clearly be a big impact to the banking and financial services sectors, as well as to the energy sector, including the regulatory regime that underpins these sectors. A further concern continues to be the rules underpinning cross-border mergers and acquisitions.
Aside from the legal consequences, there are real opportunities for Ireland to attract foreign direct investment away from the uncertain future of the UK and to promote Dublin as an alternative stable financial hub to London. Some of this movement away from the UK has already taken place, with likely more to follow as an inevitable result of their altered access to the Single Market. Ireland is now the only English speaking country in the EU with strong ties to the US so there are clear advantages for Ireland as a potential alternative location within the EU for UK-based financial institutions where EU passporting rights are central to their operations and for US businesses seeking an English speaking EU base. There are similar merits for businesses currently based in the UK with regards to data storage and processing, where Ireland, as a global tech hub, has significant advantages.
We continue to assess the implications of Brexit for businesses in Ireland.
To aid in understanding the present situation, we have outlined the possible changes for some sectors and legal practices in our dedicated Brexit section.
View full team
UK-EU Trade Agreement and IP Rights
Brexit & commercial contracts
Impact of Brexit on Irish registered companies
COVID-19 and charity trustees


text:
Wednesday, April 4, 2018 - 4:00pm to 5:30pm
Chao 340, HBS, 25 Harvard Way, Boston
Climate Week at HBS: Fireside Chat with David Crane on "The Role of Business in Climate Policy"
As CEO of NRG Energy (2003-2015), Crane attempted to turn the company into a major renewable energy provider. Now a Senior Operating Executive at Pegasus Capital Advisors, Crane will speak about business leaders' role in affecting climate policy.
Bio: David Crane is a Senior Operating Executive at Pegasus. Prior to joining Pegasus as an Operating Advisor, David served as President and CEO of NRG Energy from 2003 until 2015. NRG was a Fortune 250 company and a member of the S&P 500. David is a global thought leader in the push towards a clean energy economy and sustainable development. During David's tenure, NRG and David personally won numerous industry, community, and environmental awards. Prior to NRG, David served as Executive Director of London based International Power from 2000 to 2003. Prior to that, David was a Senior Vice President of Global Power at Lehman Brothers from 1996 through 2000, where David was responsible for Lehman Brothers' Global Power business in emerging markets (Latin America and Asia) with a focus on project financing and the privatization of state-owned utilities (Thailand, Brazil).
Marina Jokic
mjokic@hbs.edu