text:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 25., C-dúr zongoraversenye a Köchel-jegyzékben 503 szám alatt szerepel.

Keletkezése, története
Ez a versenymű rekeszti be az 1784–86-ban írott zongorakoncertek sorát.
A művet Mozart 1786. december 4-én fejezte be.

Szerkezete, jellemzői
A versenymű a partitúra szerint szóló zongorára, fuvolára, 2 klarinétra, 2 oboára, 2 basszetkürtre, 2 kürtre, trombitára, üstdobra és vonósokra íródott. Ez Mozart egyik leghosszabb zongoraversenye, játékideje 33 perc körüli.

Tételei:
 Allegro maestoso
 Andante F-dúrban
 Allegretto

Az első tétel nagyszabású fényes zenekari hangzást kívánó szonátaforma, amelynek tematikáját szélesen bontakoztatja ki a zenekari bevezető.

A lassú tételben Mozart leszűkíti a hangszerek létszámát, és kamarazenei formában szólaltatja meg a háromrészes formát.

A zárótétel rondótémája a kor zongoramuzsikájának köznyelvén szól, egy epizódja azonban keleties-egzotikus színeket jelenít meg.

Ismertség, előadási gyakoriság
A mű az ismertebb Mozart zongoraversenyek közé tartozik. Hangversenyen, hanglemezen, vagy elektronikus médiákban viszonylag gyakran hallgatható darab. 2006-ban, a Mozart-év kapcsán a Magyar Rádió Bartók Rádiójának Mozart összes művét bemutató sorozatában a zongoraszólamot Alfred Brendel játszotta, a St. Martin-in-the-Fields Kamarazenekart Neville Marriner vezényelte.

Források
 Pándi Marianne: Hangverseny-kalauz II. Versenyművek (Zeneműkiadó, 1973)
 Hutchings, A.:  A Companion to Mozart's Piano Concertos, 1997, Oxford University Press.
 Girdlestone, C. M.: Mozart's Piano Concertos. Cassell, London.
 Mozart, W. A. Piano Concertos Nos. 23–27 in full score.  Dover Publications, New York.
 RTV Részletes, 2006. évfolyama, Magyar Rádió Zrt. HU ISSN 1418-3544

Mozart zongoraversenyei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Regine August 20, 2015 activism, architecture, democracy, magazine, politics
The Funambulist magazine. Politics of Space and Bodies
THE FUNAMBULIST is a bimestrial printed and digital magazine complemented with a blog and a podcast (Archipelago) edited by Léopold Lambert. Its subtitle, "Politics of Space and Bodies," expresses it ambition to bridge the world of design (architecture, urbanism, industrial and fashion design) with the world of the humanities (philosophy, anthropology, history, geography, etc.) through critical articles written by long-time collaborators as well as new ones.
Over the past few years, i've been following Lambert's investigation into how the built environment is used as a political weapon. Much of the content the architect produces is free. But because Lambert's work is of high quality and pretty unique for the grounds it covers and the rigorous way it approaches it, it felt natural to me to just click on 'buy' as soon as i found out he was publishing a magazine.
Example of a New York Police Department SkyWatch foldable tower, 2008
An Israeli military checkpoint in the old city in Hebron, West Bank. Getty Images, via Aljazeera
The Funambulist magazine is bilingual french and english. This first issue looks at the violence of military organization in the city and postulates that the violence is not necessarily something that come from the outside. In many cases, the architecture of the city contains this very violence within itself.
The first part of the books analyzes in depth 5 specific case studies: Beirut, Lahore, Jerusalem, Cairo, and Oakland.
Since 2009, Mona Fawaz, Mona Harb & Ahmad Gharbieh have been mapping security in Beirut. The temporary checkpoints, security cameras, screening measures in large department stores, barbed wires, speed bumps, sand bags, tanks, and other physical elements of the security apparatus not only condition the way inhabitants navigate the streets everyday, they also install a segregation that shelters politicians and "high income city dwellers" inside their own bubble. More importantly, these security measures create a visible architecture of fear that affects every citizen's experience of the city.
In her research covering bomb blasts in Lahore, Sadia Shirazi calls this Pakistani city one of the greatest unacknowledged casualties of the United States' "war on terror." She demonstrates convincingly how security apparatuses delineate boundaries, reduces public space and restrict movements and experiences of the city. The result is a city that looks more threatening than secure.
Mohamed Elshahed focuses on the multiple forms that the militarization of Cairo has been taking since 2011.
Oakland. Image via The Archipelago
The Demilit group (Javier Arbona, Bryan Finoki & Nick Sowers) takes a bunkered telecom hotel tower as a symbol of how the city of Oakland is being vacuumed by a consortium of public and private security agencies.
Finally Nora Akawi uses the poster designed for Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design's 2015 graduate exhibition as a starting point to explores Jerusalem and the Zionist's fantasy of an empty land, open to be inhabited and built upon. While denying Palestinians the possibility to plan for the future
The rest of the publication is equally engrossing. It features an interview with Philippe Theophanidis about the legal and logistic processes that govern a 'state of exception' such as the one that characterized the manhunt of Boston in April 2013 when 2,500 police officers were deployed in the city to arrest Dzhokhar Tsarnaev for his participation in the Boston Marathon bombings 4 years earlier
Next comes an astonishing photo series showing Jerusalem from above. The most striking feature of the photos is the wall. Not the ones that attract tourists from all over the world but the 500 km wall started in 2002 by Ariel Sharon.
The magazine closes on a series of projects by students in architecture that further speculate and investigate these Politics of Space and Bodies.
A Lebanese Army Security checkpoint. Photo via alalam
I highly recommend that you either download or get the paper version The Funambulist. The pages make for an interesting and informative read that stay with you long after you've closed the magazine. The essays, photos and discussions invite readers to look at their own city in a more critical and inquisitive way, making it hard not to question every barrier, new 'security' measure, parking interdiction, private security booth and other, more subtle way to control the flow of citizens.
You can still get plenty of free content on The Funambulist blog and on the Archipelago podcasts but this first issue of the printed/digital magazine is so good that Lambert's work is definitely worth a very affordable subscription.
Related: an interview i did in 2012 with Léopold Lambert about his book Weaponized Architecture.
Posted in activism, architecture, democracy, magazine, politics. Bookmark the permalink.
Upcoming online classes: Art & politics for plants
Icebergs, Zombies and the Ultra Thin: Architecture and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century
See Yourself X: Human Futures Expanded
Sugar: A Cosmology of Whiteness
Can blood ever be a material like any other?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Lacrosse, like many field sports, requires speed, agility, endurance, ability to accelerate, change direction, and focus.
Our unique CrossFit Lacrosse program is designed with those specific attributes in mind. Created by our own coach, George Giles, our CrossFit Lacrosse program will look at each athlete as an individual, assess each movement pattern, and then focus on improving overall posture, control, and ability to stop, start, and redirect motion.
Athletes can expect to be physically and mentally challenged by each session, and at the same time, feel rewarded by their progress.
By the end of the sessions, athletes will be ready to step on the field with more confidence as well as more resilient to injury!


Kids In Seats is a non-profit organization that promotes achievement in disadvantaged youth by using event experiences as motivational tools to recognize and reward their academic achievement and positive social behavior. As a reward for making those goals they get tickets to a sporting event or concert.
We need two volunteers who can work on their computers entering tickets into our system for sporting events and cultural events.


text:
Vlad II Dracul, född 1390, död 1447, var härskare (vojvod) i Valakiet 1436 till 1442 och igen mellan 1443 och 1447. Han var medlem av det kungliga huset Basarab och var son till Mircea cel Bătrân. Han var far till den mer kände Vlad III Dracula. Såsom Valakiets härskare var han officiellt en vasall under kungen av Ungern. Han var också markis, med skyldighet att skydda handel och handelsvägar från Transsylvanien till Valakiet för den romersk-katolska kyrkan. Även om Vlad II var uppskattad av kyrkan är det känt att han mördat medlemmar av tronkonkurrenterna i huset Dănești. Det var på detta sätt han fick makten i Valakiet då han återvände från sin exil i Transsylvanien år 1436.

Vlad II fick namnet 'Dracul' då han introducerades i Drakorden av Sigmund av Luxemburg år 1431. Orden hade skapats av Sigismund år 1408 för att få kyrkans politiska stöd och för att skydda den ungerska kungafamiljen från ursprungligen husiterna, yttre fiender och det  Osmanska riket.

I september år 1444 bröt kung Vladislav I av Ungern under påtryckningar från påven Eugenius IV det fredsavtal som den 12 juni samma år slutits i Szegedin med sultan Murad av Osmanska riket och återupptog kriget mellan osmanerna och Ungern. Ledaren för fälttåget, János Hunyadi, krävde att Vlad II skulle uppfylla sina plikter som medlem av Drakorden och vasall till Ungern men Vlad vägrade deltaga. Påven befriade Vlad från denna plikt, men krävde att han skulle skicka sin son Mircea istället.

Korståget mot Varna slutade med att den kristna armén besegrades i slaget vid Varna. Hunyadi lyckades dock undkomma. Många, inklusive Vlad och hans son, skyllde fiaskot på Hunyadi, vilket gjorde Hunyadi bittert aggressiv gentemot den valakiske fursten. År 1447 avrättades Vlad tillsammans med sin son av bojarerna i Târgoviște genom att begravas levande. Hunyadi placerade då en medlem av huset Dănești, en konkurrerande gren av samma släkt som draculs, på Valakiets tron. Denne person kom senare också att bli avrättad, och efterträdd av Vlad III Dracula, Vlad II:s andre son.

Även om Vlad II var en framgångsrik general och en skicklig regent är han mest känd för sin andre sons handlingar. Vlad II hade också en tredje son, Radu, kallad den sköne.

Referenser

Valakiets regenter
Rumänska militärer
Födda 1390
Avlidna 1447
Män
Personer i Rumänien under 1400-talet


I will be doing pin-up girl postcard sets and swap journals with a retro design. I will post pics this week.
The cowgirl one is only in the set once, not twice like the pic.
Handbound notebook with a wonderful vintage theme. Each page also has an image for a wonderful touch to all your notes. Can be yours for just 2 points.
Set of 8 custom (using your logo or other info) notecards.
Bamboo Tile Necklace (please choose 1,2,3 or 4) all are on adjustable waxed cording.
ok...shhhhh....wanna see my birthday present from my sister?
Two packages of chocolate milk bath!!! Who wouldn't want to relax in a tub full of wonderful skin soothing chocolate milk? Can be yours for just 1 point.
Set of 8 turtle and frog notecards. Who can resist this wonderful pair? included 8 envelopes.
Set of 8 Sundae themed notecard set!! Included 8 envelopes.
claimed by redheadskydiver and chelleyf already, but still available.
Set of 8 safari themed notecards. You will get 4 of each pictured. Included 8 envelopes. All yours for just 1 little point!
Set of 8 bunny and hedgehog themed notecards. You will get 8 of the item pictured. The word sample will not be on your notecards. Included 8 envelopes.
Bracelet with handmade focal bead (made by an awesome gal on etsy), swarovski crystals and all sterling silver findings and tube beads. Approx. 7" Can be yours for just 3 points!
Thanks bunches!! She loves everything!!
I don't have a picture of the chocolate milk bath. You will get enough for several baths.


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The Geography of Aenya
Since J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, it seems every good fantasy novel needs a map, and I finally got around to making mine (an early version was used for "Enya" in 2004). You'll notice, however, that Aenya is different than most fantasy worlds, in that it is neither an island continent nor a peninsula. Instead, Aenya is depicted as a planet. The places in which the heroes live out their adventures is limited to the hospitable lands between the scorching West, with its desert "Ocean," and the frigid East, bathed in the perpetual light of the Greater Moon, Infinity.
Simple map by Hedonian carographers
Places of note:
Tyrnael: Featuring most prominently in The Princess of Aenya, Tyrnael is located at the north pole. Despite its geographic position, an unnatural energy source emanating from the city maintains an ideal climate. Its borders, however, are marked by ice and snow, and an impassable mountain range, The Crown of Aenya. Due to it seclusion, Tyrnael remans isolated from other civilization, and is thought to have been lost to history, or to have been a mere myth, as it is more commonly referred to as Mythradanaiil. Before the Great Cataclysm, circa ten millennia ago, Tyrnael was home to the Zo and the global capital of Aenya. Though its advanced technology has been lost, the genetically modified descendants of the Zo can live for hundreds of years, without sickness or the ailments of aging. Tyrnael is distinguished by its white and gold Compass Tower, centered at the pole; a matrix of interconnected bridges; and its terraced, forested megastructures.
Northendell: Flowing from the stronghold city of Northendell is the Potamis River, "The Lifeblood of Aenya." It originates from the icy Crown of Aenya (also called the Pewter Mountains) feeding all the lands of Aenya. Being so near to the dark hemisphere, Northendell has been in a perpetual state of war for centuries, as subhuman races from the sunless hemisphere mount annual sieges against it. The city itself is marked by walled fortifications seamlessly adjoining to the surrounding mountains. Upon its highest hill sits Hoarfrost, the enormous mead hall of King Frizzbeard, which is said to have been constructed for heroes to gather and to sing songs, the same heroes who are thought to have laid the first stones of the city. The Delian people chronicle their history and their myths in song, the most renown of which is The Song of Strom.
Alogas: This village, north of the Endless Plains (it's not really endless!), is home to an equestrian culture. It was featured in my short story, The Nude Equestrian.
Yefira: This small trading town is known for its rolling hills, windmill houses, and airships. It is situated at the edge of the midland tectonic plate, beside "The Great Chasm," which circles the planet. The ruined base of an enormous bridge, dating back to the time of the Zo, begins to span the divide between the two hemispheres.
Ilmarinen: With a perfect year-round climate, rich soil, and a flower (the ilm) with remarkable medicinal properties, the Ilmar know nothing of war, greed, or shame. The impassable Ukko Mountains to the north, and the dense Wildwood jungle to the south, has kept Ilmarinen hidden from invaders for ten thousand years, that is until recently, when a shift in climate and an invading bogren host forces its people to abandon their ancestral home. Ilmarinen is home to Xandr and Thelana, the heroes of Ages of Aenya.
Hedonia: In a world with only one Sea, coastal land is precious, and the one controlling it rules the world. Ages past, Hedonia used its navies to subdue the neighboring city-states of Thalassar and Thetis, becoming a global empire. Its influence ended after a meteor impact resulted in a tsunami, leaving the city's defensive walls in ruins. Before that day, Hedonia was known as the "Jewel of the Sea." It was distinguished by its temples and rotundas and stadiums of marble, and by the great pyramid at its center, housing the churches of the gods of Aenya, and a towering idol of the city's patron deity, Sargonus.
Aea: This tiny island was once home to a powerful, matriarchal civilization. Though largely forgotten, its people continue to thrive. In temples from another age, an all-female priesthood venerates the three goddesses, Zoe (Life), Maki (War) and Irene (Love and Sex). It is believed that the people of Hedonia originally migrated from here. Aea was featured in the short story, The Gorgon's Lover or The Ballad of Titian and Midiana.
Nimbos: This cloudy peak is home to the avian race, or "bird people." Once human, avians achieved flight after centuries of "controlled" evolution. Their home city rises thousands of feet from the peak of Mount Spire, and consists of a peculiar light mix of elements called "whisperstone," allowing for structures that defy any known building conventions.
Graton: This small fishing village and trading town is known for its lighthouse and astronomical observatory. It is commonly used as a way port for goods to be transferred between the western city-states of Hedonia, Thalassar and Thetis, and the eastern oasis kingdom of Shemselinihar. This town will be prominently featured in the third Aenya novel, "The Children of Aenya."
Shemselinihar: Located in the midst of the Great White Flat, this domed city, also called "The White City," is home to the assai, who are also referred to as Shemites. The assai are notoriously reclusive and territorial, placing considerable emphasis on tradition, and their monotheistic faith to the one "true" god, "Un."
The boundary of the dark hemisphere is not constant, since it is not a geographically determined region. Just as the length of an afternoon changes here on Earth, depending on the seasons, so does the night side change on Aenya. Further to the north, the dark hemisphere creeps deeper and remains longer, during what is called "High Moon." This is similar to what happens in Scandinavia, where night can last for 20+ hours, but on Aenya, Infinity is most visible in the sky, and temperatures are at their lowest. This is also when bogrens and horg march from their lands to invade Northendell.
Whenever I look at a fantasy map, whether it's Middle Earth or Westeros, I am forced to wonder, "where are the boundaries? Where is this located in space? Is it even in space? Is it even round?" According to the Silmarillion, the sun in Tolkien's world is a fruit fallen from the tree of Valinor. But for someone who loves Sci-Fi and astronomy, I simply cannot wrap my head around such nonsense. For me, Aenya can only be a planet, and being "tidally locked" to a gas giant (a Jupiter-like planet) makes for some great story potential, I think. Because one side perpetually faces Infinity, the eastern hemisphere remains dark and cold. To survive, the humans once living there burrowed deep under the planet's crust, evolving into bogrens. Conversely, the side facing the sun is too hot for any life to thrive or develop. On the hospitable lands situated between the night and the day, the people must often struggle, and sometimes make war.
In making this map, I figured Aenya to be a little smaller than Earth (about the circumference of Mars). Despite its size, most of the land is uninhabitable. All of the action takes place in and around the One Sea, which is approximately the area of the Mediterranean, and the Potamis River (which is longer than the Nile and broader than the Amazon). The surrounding area is comparable to that of Europe.
Want to know more about the science of Aenya? Check out this e-mail I sent to my favorite astronomer, Neil deGrasse Tyson. While he didn't get back to me personally, Alejandro Nunez of the Hayden Planetarium was kind enough to give me his feedback, Hayden Planetarium on the Aenya-Moon System.
Aenya
Thelana: Feminist Icon?
Martian Meh


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La Chiesa evangelica ungherese (in ungherese: Magyarországi Evangélikus Egyház), nota anche come Chiesa evangelica luterana d'Ungheria, riunisce i protestanti ungheresi di fede luterana, che, secondo il censimento del 2001, erano pari al 3% della popolazione del Paese.

Durante il regime comunista nei primi anni '80, il Congresso statunitense stimava una comunità di 500.00 membri, mentre nel 2019 la Chiesa evangelica al 2019 dichiarava di avere circa 176.000 fedeli battezzati.

Storia
Durante il "Decennio del lutto" (dal 1671 al 1681), il luteranesimo e la Chiesa riformata ungherese subirono la dura repressione della dinastia degli Asburgo, fedele alla Chiesa cattolica romana. Il Pietismo e l'Atto di Tolleranza dell'imperatore Giuseppe II concedessero la libertà religiosa, inaugurando una stagione di rinnovamento a partire dal 1781.
Le chiese protestanti ottennero il pieno riconoscimento giuridico solamente a seguito del ripristino della sovranità ungherese nel 1867.

Nel 1948, il regime comunista condannò il primate d'Ungheria ad otto di detenzione con l'accusa di aver manipolato valute di provenienza straniera. Riabilitato e liberato nel '56, il vescovo Lajos Ordass riprese il proprio ruolo, ma autorità ungheresi lo rimossero nuovamente dalle carica due anni più tardi.

Durante l'incontro del comitato esecutivo della Federazione luterana mondiale svoltosi nell'estate del 1980 ad Augusta, in Germania, i delegati della Chiesa evangelica luterana d'Ungheria proposero Budapest come sede del meeting dell'anno successivo, certe che le autorità del regime avrebbero rilasciato i visti d'ingresso necessari ai rappresentanti delle Chiese luterane di tutto il mondo. Si trattò del primo congresso mondiale di una denominazione cristiana a potersi celebrare in un Paese socialista.

Organizzazione
La chiesa è organizzata in 256 parrocchie, raggruppate in 17 contee ecclesiastiche e 3 distretti ecclesiastici amministrati dai vescovi: il distretto meridionale di Pest, il distretto settentrionale (con sede a Buda) e il distretto occidentale di Győr. Un vescovo-presidente (elnök-püspök) è a capo della chiesa nazionale, assistito da un supervisore (felügyelő), dal Santo Sinodo e da un presbiterio nazionale di 14 membri.

La Chiesa evangelica in Ungheria è una delle 14 confessioni cristiane ad essere ufficialmente riconosciute dallo Stato ungherese e da questi autorizzate avere la parola Chiesa all'interno del proprio nome ufficiale.

Istruzione
L'ELCH ha un programma educativo che comprende la formazione in seminario dei candidati all'ordinazione, una formazione per i laici e i loro leader locali e regionali, una rete di 46 scuole che coprono fasce di età dall'asilo alla scuola secondaria e tre istituti di istruzione superiore (college e università).

Affiliazioni
La Chiesa evangelica d'Ungheria è membro del Consiglio Mondiale delle Chiese, della Conferenza delle Chiese europee, del Consiglio ecumenico delle chiese in Ungheria, della Federazione luterana mondiale e della Comunione delle chiese protestanti in Europa.

Note

Voci correlate
 Legge ecclesiastica ungherese
 Luteranesimo

Collegamenti esterni

Chiese luterane
Protestantesimo in Ungheria


Drop everything and make these now!
Ted Reader's Barbecued Back Ribs With Maple Bacon Barbecue Sauce are seriously the best ribs ever. I am hard pressed to make anything but these when I make ribs. Obviously I make ribs a lot, so figure that I make these Barbecued Back Ribs With Maple Bacon Barbecue Sauce every other time I make ribs. Yeah. That sounds about right. These ribs ARE that good!
Sometimes you just need something a little more filling than nibbles when you're cooking for a crowd or game day. These Boneless Ribs With Apple-Hickory Barbecue Sauce fill the hole, can be eaten as finger food, proper like with a fork and knife, or on a bun for portability. They're sticky, sweet, and oh so delicious. Finished with some brown sugar on top, you'll have people screaming for you to "gimme some sugar".


Drake has announced a new project called 'More Life' and previewed three tracks from it.
Following the Toronto rapper's massive selling 'Views' album in April, he has now confirmed that 'More Life' will follow in December.
Later in the show, Drake played three songs from the release, 'Two Birds One Stone', 'Sneakin' and 'Fake Love'. Listen to those beneath.
Drake also unveiled a remix of UK rapper Dave's 'Wanna Know', featuring a verse from Drizzy himself. Hear that beneath.
Drake has also added extra dates in several cities to his 2017 tour of the UK.
Additional dates in London and Leeds were recently announced to meet high demand. An extra date in Glasgow had already been announced, meaning Drake will now begin his UK tour on January 25, a day earlier than originally planned.


text:
The statement of H.E the Rector of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University on the issuance of the budget of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
the Rector of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Prof. Einas bint Suleiman Al-Eisa, valued the great support and interest of the wise leadership, headed by the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, and the Crown Prince, His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz, in the education sector in the state budget that was announced yesterday, Monday evening. She pointed, in this regard, to the continuity of supporting education as the main engine for investing in the Saudi human being, and creating a unique educational experience.
Prof. Al-Eisa said, on the occasion of the issuance of the 2020 budget, that the annual spending on the education sector in general, and higher education in particular in the Kingdom, keeps pace with future aspirations to enable this sector to have its developmental and economic role. Moreover, the acquisition of education to the largest share in the 2020 budget is a clear message of the leadership's firm belief in its importance, and the responsibility of those in charge of it to overcome all challenges to enable them to carry out their educational mission.
H.E the Rector of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University added that allocating SR 193 billion of the government spending from the 2020 budget for the education and human development sector, which represents 19% of the total government expenditures, would undoubtedly contribute to the development of education sector. Furthermore, raising the efficiency of university outputs and improving their competitiveness in indicators of quality education will constitute a qualitative leap in achieving sustainable development in line with the Kingdom's Vision 2030.
Prof. Al-Eisa stressed that Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, being the largest women's university in the world, has the support of the state by giving women qualitative educational opportunities that are reflected in their performance and empowerment in the Saudi development process. As this will help achieve the strategic goals of the wise leadership in giving the full opportunity for women to be an active and influential partner in the national movement with thought, knowledge, and conviction that educated leadership women, are an essential pillar in development, prosperity and social welfare.
• The full Accreditation for the Simulation and Clinical Skills Development Center at PNU is the highest institutional accreditation granted to simulation centers in the world


text: IMPLEMENT_PRIMARY_GAME_MODULE( FDefaultGameModuleImpl, Chapter10, "Chapter10" );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Kayalı (, ) is a village in the İdil District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Dorikan tribe and had a population of 433 in 2021.

History
The village was historically populated by Assyrians.

References

Villages in İdil District
Kurdish settlements in Şırnak Province
Tur Abdin
Historic Assyrian communities in Turkey


A Price Freeze on Household Waste Collection Prices in Ireland: Consistent with Competition Policy and Law?
The Irish Waste Management Association (IWMA), an association of undertakings accounting for 75% the household waste currently managed in Ireland, announced that it is committed "to freezing prices at current rates for twelve month period from 20th June 2016 to 1 July 2017."1)IWMA, "IWMA Agrees Measures to Alleviate Consumer Concerns on Pay by Weight," Press Release, 21 June 2016. What position should Ireland's Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (CCPC), which has yet to comment, adopt?2)Based on an examination of its website, www.ccpc.ie.
The first port of call for the CCPC is its own enforcement record and guidance.
On the 1st December 2008 the two trade associations representing publicans in Ireland announced a twelve month price freeze. The CCPC3)More accurately, the CCPC's predecessor, the Competition Authority. The latter was merged with the National Consumer Council and in October 2014 became the CCPC. We will refer to the CCPC throughout. was in no doubt that this was a breach of competition law: "It is inherent within both section 4 of the [Competition] Act  and Article 81  EC that each undertaking must determine independently the policy which that undertaking intends to adopt on the market… The fact that the announcement purports simply to freeze, as opposed to raise, prices does not exclude it in competition law terms. Any agreement or concerted practice among competitors or decision of a trade association which sets the price to be charged for a product has the potential to distort competition in the market to the detriment of customers."4)The Competition Authority v The Licensed Vintners Association & ors (2009) IHEC 439, para. 7. The Authority successfully instituted legal proceedings on the basis that the price freeze was against earlier undertakings given to it. The issue of whether or not the price freeze breached competition law was not decided by the Court.
In a subsequent November 2009 guidance note on trade associations and compliance with competition law, the CCPC stated "the freezing of prices at a certain level in order to resist downward pressure on prices" is an example of coordinated pricing that breaches competition law.5)Competition Authority, Notice on Activities of Trade Associations and Compliance with Competition Law, Decision N/09/002, November 2009, para. 4.5.
No doubt mindful of the views of the CCPC, IWMA stated, four days before it announced its price freeze, that as "a trade association, the IWMA cannot and does not make recommendations on pricing structures to its members. That is a matter for individual operators and ultimately market forces will determine the prices charged for waste collection services."6)IWMA, "Statement from IWMA," Press Release, 17 June 2016.
There was, however, extensive government involvement in the IWMA's, but not the publican's, price freeze.
For environmental reasons pay-by-weight (PBW) charges for household waste collection were to be introduced as of 1 July 2016.7)S.I. No. 24 of 2016, Waste Management (Collection Permit)(Amendment) Regulations 2016. It was estimated that almost 90% of households would save money through PBW.8)Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, "Almost 90% of Households will Save Money Through Pay-By-Weight – Minister Kelly," Press Release, 1 Feb. 2016. The 90% estimate appears to have been based on existing patterns of prices and behaviour. Approximately 20% of operators used some form of PBW prior to 1 July 2016. Nevertheless, substantial public disquiet was expressed over the introduction of PBW in mid-June 2016. There was a widespread concern that household waste collection prices would rise.
Against this background the relevant Minister negotiated with the IWMA a dual pricing structure, householders could either: switch to PBW; or remain on their existing pricing plan, which would be frozen for a year. Furthermore a Government press release stated that the "operation of the price freeze by the industry will be closely monitored by Government and, in the event of evidence of it not being honoured, the Minister will ensure that primary legislation is brought forward to legislate to enforce the freeze."9)Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, 'Government plan for Pay By Weight introduces Price Freeze and phased introduction of Pay-by-Weight," Press Release, 21 June 2016.
The CCPC is thus in a difficult position. How can it satisfy the Minister's concerns over pricing while ensuring that the solution is not a price freeze?
One solution is competitive tendering, in which the lowest bidder collects waste for a defined period of time for a defined local geographic area. Currently competition in the household waste collection market in Ireland takes place between individual household waste collectors. Collectors, once they have obtained the required regulatory approval and permits, can approach householders to collect their waste. This is referred to as side by side competition.
A series of studies have found that side by side competition is not working well for consumers in Ireland and that competitive tendering is the best alternative.10)See, for example, Forfas, Waste Management in Ireland. Benchmarking Analysis and Policy Priorities: Update 2010. See also Competition Authority Decision cited in next footnote. Competitive tendering is able to take advantage of economies of scope, scale and density, while ensuring householders benefit.
The CCPC was initially in favour of competitive tendering.11)Competition Authority, Alleged Excessive Pricing by Greenstar Recycling Holdings Limited in the Provision of Household Waste Collection Services in Northeast Wicklow, Enforcement Decision E/05/002, 30 August 2005. The author, who was a member of the Competition Authority between 2000 and 2008, was responsible for this Decision. However, in 2011 the CCPC softened its support somewhat. While acknowledging in theory that competitive tendering was superior to side by side competition, the CCPC suggested that there were certain difficulties in the implementation of competitive tendering, such as designing the contract and ensuring that bid rigging does not take place. It reached this conclusion notwithstanding the fact that competitive tendering is common in many jurisdictions12)OECD, Ireland: Towards an Integrated Public Service, Public Management Reviews, 2008, p. 329. This report contains a case study on local waste management in the local government sector. and had already been employed by some local authorities with respect to the collection of dry recyclables. Indeed, the CCPC went so far as to state that "From a competition perspective, there may be merits in retaining side-by-side competition in areas of high population density, if such an approach is not too administratively costly or legally difficult."13)Competition Authority, Altering the Structure of Household Waste Collection Markets, S-11-009, September 2011, para. 1.5.
The CCPC should be in a strong position to provide guidance on the recent performance of the household waste collection market. In 2012 it was tasked with maintaining "ongoing oversight of household waste collection markets," with a report due in 2016 as part of the review of the household waste collection market.14)Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, A Resource Opportunity, Waste Management Policy in Ireland, 2012, p. 32.
If based on that review the CCPC felt that side by side competition was not working well for consumers and that its earlier concerns over the practicality of competitive tendering were exaggerated, then it would be able to suggest competitive tendering as an option to replace the current market arrangements, including the price freeze.
One possible barrier to the switch to competitive tendering is that the property rights of incumbent collectors might be compromised. However, a 2015 High Court judgment ruled taxi license owners should receive no compensation consequent on the State's removal entry controls in the taxi market, which saw the value of such licenses decline dramatically in value.15)Alphonsus Muldoon & ors v Minister for the Environment and Local Government & ors (2015) IEHC 649. It could be argued that similar arguments apply with respect to the introduction of competitive tendering.
1. ↑ IWMA, "IWMA Agrees Measures to Alleviate Consumer Concerns on Pay by Weight," Press Release, 21 June 2016.
2. ↑ Based on an examination of its website, www.ccpc.ie.
3. ↑ More accurately, the CCPC's predecessor, the Competition Authority. The latter was merged with the National Consumer Council and in October 2014 became the CCPC. We will refer to the CCPC throughout.
4. ↑ The Competition Authority v The Licensed Vintners Association & ors (2009) IHEC 439, para. 7. The Authority successfully instituted legal proceedings on the basis that the price freeze was against earlier undertakings given to it. The issue of whether or not the price freeze breached competition law was not decided by the Court.
5. ↑ Competition Authority, Notice on Activities of Trade Associations and Compliance with Competition Law, Decision N/09/002, November 2009, para. 4.5.
6. ↑ IWMA, "Statement from IWMA," Press Release, 17 June 2016.
7. ↑ S.I. No. 24 of 2016, Waste Management (Collection Permit)(Amendment) Regulations 2016.
8. ↑ Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, "Almost 90% of Households will Save Money Through Pay-By-Weight – Minister Kelly," Press Release, 1 Feb. 2016. The 90% estimate appears to have been based on existing patterns of prices and behaviour. Approximately 20% of operators used some form of PBW prior to 1 July 2016.
9. ↑ Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, 'Government plan for Pay By Weight introduces Price Freeze and phased introduction of Pay-by-Weight," Press Release, 21 June 2016.
10. ↑ See, for example, Forfas, Waste Management in Ireland. Benchmarking Analysis and Policy Priorities: Update 2010. See also Competition Authority Decision cited in next footnote.
11. ↑ Competition Authority, Alleged Excessive Pricing by Greenstar Recycling Holdings Limited in the Provision of Household Waste Collection Services in Northeast Wicklow, Enforcement Decision E/05/002, 30 August 2005. The author, who was a member of the Competition Authority between 2000 and 2008, was responsible for this Decision.
12. ↑ OECD, Ireland: Towards an Integrated Public Service, Public Management Reviews, 2008, p. 329. This report contains a case study on local waste management in the local government sector.
13. ↑ Competition Authority, Altering the Structure of Household Waste Collection Markets, S-11-009, September 2011, para. 1.5.
14. ↑ Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, A Resource Opportunity, Waste Management Policy in Ireland, 2012, p. 32.
15. ↑ Alphonsus Muldoon & ors v Minister for the Environment and Local Government & ors (2015) IEHC 649.


Updated: Jan. 16, 2019, 9:17 a.m.
Answer: You may be incorrectly referring to the California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 14, section 29.10, which applies to mollusks. It states that mollusks "may be taken only on hook-and-line or with the hands." Sea urchins are not mollusks. They fall into the general category of invertebrates, for which there is no specified method of take. You may use tools to assist in your harvest of sea urchins if you like. You will find that urchins do not attach themselves strongly to the substrate the way abalone do. With some caution, they are fairly easy to pick up by hand and put into your dive bag. But we strongly suggest that you wear protective gloves when urchin diving/picking, as their spines are very sharp and painful if they poke you.
Are My California Licenses Still Valid if I Move Out of State?
Answer: We wish you well on your move. There are some wonderful, dedicated people at the Nevada Department of Wildlife on both the science and law enforcement sides. We work with them regularly. Thanks to their effort, and those of conservation-minded hunters and anglers, you will have some excellent fishing and hunting opportunities there too. Let's start by answering your question in the immediate term.
California Fish and Game Code (FGC), section 70, defines a "resident" as any person who has resided continuously in the State of California for six months or more immediately prior to the date of his application for a license or permit, any person on active military duty with the Armed Forces of the United States or auxiliary branch thereof, or any person enrolled in the Job Corps established pursuant to the United States Code Title 29, section 2883.
So if you purchase a hunting or fishing license as a resident of California, it is valid until it expires, whenever you return to California, no matter where you move and establish residency. Let us plant an idea for you to consider (and answer your question from a long-term perspective): If you think you will return to California to hunt and fish often over the years to come, you may want to consider purchasing a lifetime license. If you purchase a lifetime license while you are still living here as a resident, California will honor your license and whatever additional privileges you purchased for the rest of your life. A good example would be when a grandparent purchases a lifetime hunting or fishing license for a grandchild, before the grandchild moves out of state due to a parent's job transfer. Ownership of a lifetime license will hopefully coax the grandchild back to California time and again, both to visit family and continue to enjoy all of the wonderful fishing and hunting opportunities California has to offer.
Is it Legal to Shoot a Pellet Gun from a Car?
Answer: No. CCR Title 14, section 251 (a) states: No person shall pursue, drive, herd or take any bird or mammal from any type of motor-driven air or land vehicles, motorboat, airboat, sailboat or snowmobile. A related statute can be found in FGC, section 2006, which prohibits shooting a loaded long gun from a vehicle, but refers only to shotguns and rifles, not pellet guns. There are exceptions to this for mobility impaired disabled persons with proper signed documents from a physician.
If you are hunting, you must abide by the required legal methods of take for the animal you are hunting.


Thomas Reiter's fifth and most recent book of poems, Catchment, was published by LSU in 2009. He has received fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the New Jersey State Council on the Arts. His poems have appeared in Poetry, The Southern Review, The Sewanee Review, The Gettysburg Review, and The Kenyon Review. He is Professor of Humanities Emeritus at Monmouth University, where he held the Wayne D. McMurray Endowed Chair in the Humanities.
in your favorite cartoon when I awoke.
he dodged every sandbar and floating tree.
ears like streamers in the prevailing wind.
you held 400 million years in your hands.
a dinosaur's back, you called it.
I fed you stones, none of them collectible.
you were running out to retrieve the champion.
up to my waist–no wizard, no wizard at all.
a towboat with sealed barges and its wake.
Nice work, once again. Glad to see SHENANDOAH cottons to your work. May it always be so. I was a dinophiliac as a kid, so I especially like "Collectibles." Keep on wielding that quill.


The Navajo Generating Station, one of the country's biggest coal-fired power plants, is scheduled to close in 2019 unless a new buyer is found. Two potential buyers have recently expressed interest, fueling new questions about whether the economics of coal can work for this iconic plant. The World's Carolyn Beeler has an update.


text:
\section{Introduction}

In recent years there has been an explosion in the quantity of kinematic data available for individual stars in the brightest Local Group dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies (e.g., \citealt{battaglia06,koch07,mateo08,walker08a}).  Many of the major surveys producing such data are designed to quantify the amount and distribution of dark matter in these systems, but the improved statistics benefit other investigations as well.  We now know that what were once thought to be simple dSph stellar populations often contain multiple components separable by age, metallicity and kinematics \citep{tolstoy04,battaglia08}.  Some dSphs display evidence for localized kinematic substructure \citep{kleyna03,walker06b}, while some exhibit tidal streaming motion among their outermost stars \citep{munoz06,sohn07,mateo08}.  Taken together, all these results inform models of galaxy evolution at the smallest scales.

Here we put the available kinematic data sets to another new use---measuring systemic proper motions (PMs) of dSphs independently of astrometric data.  \citet{kaplinghat08} have recently argued that one can use line-of-sight (LOS) velocity samples of $\ge 1000$ stars to measure PM with precision similar to that which is achieved with HST astrometry, while samples of $\ge 5000$ can do significantly better.  The technique relies on the detection of ``perspective rotation'': at large angular radii, a dSph's transverse motion has a non-negligible component along the LOS, causing spectra to become increasingly redshifted along the direction of the PM vector.  In the absence of an intrinsic velocity gradient (e.g., due to true rotation and/or tidal streaming), the strength and orientation of an observed gradient relates simply to the systemic PM.  This effect is frequently considered in kinematic studies of the Magellanic Clouds (e.g., \citealt{feast61,vandermarel02}), and has recently been used to constrain the PM of M31 from the velocities of its satellites \citep{vandermarel07}.

Here we apply the perspective technique for the first time to large dSph velocity samples and present the resulting constraints on the PMs of Carina, Fornax, Sculptor and Sextans.  The data result from our Magellan/MMFS observations as of 2008 August and are presented elsewhere \citep[Paper II]{walker08a}.  To our MMFS data we add the Fornax kinematic data of \citet{walker06a}, which contribute 155 stars not observed with MMFS.  We do not combine with other published data, but have verified that, with one exception that owes to different spatial sampling (see Section \ref{sec:discussion} discussion of Carina), doing so would leave our results qualitatively unchanged.  The samples contain velocity measurements for the following numbers of stars: Carina:  1982 stars (774 members); Fornax 2793 stars (2610 members); Sculptor: 1541 stars (1365 members); Sextans: 947 stars (441 members).

\section{Velocity Gradients}
\label{sec:gradients}

We first demonstrate that the available kinematic data exhibit significant velocity gradients.  For each dSph, Paper II presents LOS stellar velocities, $V$, measured in the heliocentric rest frame (HRF).  Allowing for an HRF velocity gradient $k\equiv dV/dR'$, where $R'$ is angular distance from the dSph center in the direction of the gradient, the data have likelihood
\begin{eqnarray}
  L(\langle V\rangle,\sigma_{V_0},k)\propto \displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^N
  \biggl (\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2)}}\hspace{1in}\\
  \times \exp\biggl [-\frac{1}{2}\frac{(V_i-\langle V \rangle -kR_i\cos(\theta_i-\theta_{0}))^2}{\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2} \biggr ]\biggr )\nonumber,
  \label{eq:protation}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma_{V_i}$ is the measurement error, $\sigma_{V_0}$ is the internal velocity dispersion, and $\theta_i$, $\theta_{0}$ are position angles of the star and gradient, respectively.  \citet[Paper III hereafter]{walker08b} introduce an algorithm that evaluates the membership probability, $P_{M}$, of each star according to its velocity, magnesium index and position.  Assigning weights to the data points according to their membership probabilities, the expected log-likelihood is
\begin{eqnarray}
  E(\ln L)=-\frac{1}{2}\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^N P_{M_i}\ln (\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2)\hspace{1.2in}\\
-\frac{1}{2}\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^N P_{M_i} \biggl [\frac{(V_i-\langle V \rangle -kR_i\cos(\theta_i-\theta_{0}))^2}{\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2} \biggr ]
+\mathrm{const}.\nonumber
  \label{eq:explogprotation}
\end{eqnarray}

For a given $\theta_{0}$, the estimates\footnote{$\hat{X}$ denotes the estimate of $X$.} $\langle \hat{V}\rangle$, $\hat{\sigma}_{V_0}$ and $\hat{k}$ take the values that maximize $E(\ln L)$.  Following \citet{walker08b}, we obtain estimates by setting equal to zero the partial derivative of $E(\ln L)$ with respect to each parameter, and then solving iteratively.  For example, $\hat{k}$ is calculated in each iteration a
\begin{equation}
  \hat{k}=\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^N\frac{\hat{P}_{M_i}[V_i-\langle \hat{V} \rangle]R_i\cos(\theta_i-\theta_0)}{1+\sigma_{V_i}^2/\hat{\sigma}_{V_0}^2}}{\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^N\frac{\hat{P}_{M_i}[R_i\cos(\theta_i-\theta_0)]^2}{1+\sigma_{V_i}^2/\hat{\sigma}_{V_0}^2}}.
  \label{eq:k}
\end{equation}

For each dSph we consider possible position angles for the velocity gradient of $\theta_{0}=\{0^{\circ},3^{\circ},6^{\circ},...,180^{\circ}\}$.  We quantify the significance of the maximum gradient, $\hat{k}_{max}$, via Monte Carlo simulation using permutations of the real $(V_i,\sigma_{V_i},R_i,\theta_i)$ data.  In each of $1000$ realizations we re-assign $(V_i,\sigma_{V_i},\hat{P}_{M_i})$ tuples randomly to $(R_i,\theta_i)$ pairs.  Thus the simulated data sets have the same spatial sampling and overall velocity distribution as the real data, but scramble any existing correlation between velocity and position.  We define the significance, $p_{\hat{k}_{max}}$, of the maximum velocity gradient measured from the real data to be the fraction of simulated data sets that fail to produce, at \textit{any} position angle, a gradient as large as the maximum gradient observed in the real data.

Table \ref{tab:global} lists for each dSph the values of $\hat{k}_{max}$ and $p_{\hat{k}_{max}}$ corresponding to the position angle, $\theta_{0_{max}}$, that gives the largest velocity gradient.  Carina, Fornax and Sculptor all exhibit HRF velocity gradients that are significant at the $p_{\hat{k}_{max}}>0.973$ level.  Sextans shows no significant gradient, with $p_{\hat{k}_{max}}=0.753$.  Despite their significance, none of the gradients inflate estimates of the global velocity dispersion---estimates $\langle \hat{V}\rangle $ and $\hat{\sigma}_{V_0}$ are identical to those obtained in the analysis of Paper III, where we assume no velocity gradient.

\section{dSph Proper Motions}
\label{sec:propermotion}

The observed velocity gradients can result from the perspective effect and/or some combination of intrinsic rotation and streaming motions.  Here we assume that the latter two phenomena are negligible, in which case a gradient reflects the transverse motion of the dSph.  Suppose $v_{rel}(\alpha,\delta)$ is the projection of the relative motion between Sun and dSph along the line of sight defined by equatorial coordinates $(\alpha,\delta)$.  To an observer instantaneously at the Sun but comoving with the dSph---i.e., in the dSph rest frame (DRF)---a dSph star at $(\alpha,\delta)$ has LOS velocity
\begin{equation}
  V_{DRF}=V-v_{rel}(\alpha,\delta),
  \label{eq:dsphframe}
\end{equation}
where $V$ is the star's HRF velocity.  In Appendix \ref{app:drfgrf} we derive formulae that express $v_{rel}(\alpha,\delta)$ in terms of the components $(\mu_{\alpha},\mu_{\delta})$ of the dSph's systemic PM.

We assume a given dSph has a Gaussian velocity distribution with mean $\langle V\rangle_{DRF}=0$ and variance $\sigma_{V_0}^2$, with no intrinsic gradient.  The HRF gradient (Section \ref{sec:gradients}) then reflects the smooth variation in $v_{rel}$ across the face of the dSph, and the likelihood function becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
  L(\mu_{\alpha},\mu_{\delta})\propto
  \displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^N \biggl (\frac{1}{(\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2)}\hspace{1.5in}\\
  \times \exp\biggl [-\frac{1}{2}\frac{[V_i-v_{rel}(\alpha_i,\delta_i)]^2}{\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2}\biggr ]\biggr ).\nonumber
  \label{eq:pmlikelihood}
\end{eqnarray}
Again assigning weights to each star according to probability of dSph membership, we obtain the expected log-likelihood
\begin{eqnarray}
  E(\ln L)= -\frac{1}{2}\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^N P_{M_i}\ln (\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2) \hspace{1in}\\
-\frac{1}{2}P_{M_i}\biggl [-\frac{1}{2}\frac{[V_i-v_{rel}(\alpha_i,\delta_i)]^2}{\sigma_{V_0}^2+\sigma_{V_i}^2}\biggr ]
+\mathrm{const}.\nonumber
  \label{eq:pmloglikelihood}
\end{eqnarray}

We measure PM by maximizing $E(\ln L)$ over the parameter pair $(\mu_{\alpha},\mu_{\delta})$, which specifies $v_{rel}(\alpha_i,\delta_i)$ according to Equations \ref{eq:axayaz1} - \ref{eq:vrelagain}.  During this procedure we hold the velocity dispersion $\sigma_{V_0}$ fixed at the value that maximized the expected log-likelihood in Equation \ref{eq:explogprotation}.  These values are $\sigma_{V_0}=6.6$ km s$^{-1}$ (Carina), $11.6$ km s$^{-1}$ (Fornax), $9.2$ km s$^{-1}$ (Sculptor) and $7.9$ km s$^{-1}$ (Sextans).

Figure \ref{fig:propermotion} displays and Table \ref{tab:global} lists the resulting PM measurements.  Contours in the $\mu_{\alpha}^{HRF},\mu_{\delta}^{HRF}$ plane of Figure \ref{fig:propermotion} enclose regions containing $68\%$, $95\%$ and $99\%$, respectively, of the volume underneath the $\exp[E(\ln L)]$ surface.  Points with errorbars indicate published, astrometric PM measurements \citep{schweitzer95,piatek03,dinescu04,piatek06,piatek07}.

For two (Carina and Fornax) of the three dSphs with astrometric PMs, the PMs derived from MMFS data agree well with astrometric values.  We obtain our tightest constraint on the PM of Fornax, for which we measure $(\mu_{\alpha}^{HRF},\mu_{\delta}^{HRF})= (+48 \pm 15,-25\pm 14)$ mas century$^{-1}$.  The $1\sigma$ error ellipse in Figure \ref{fig:propermotion} overlaps the measurements of both \citet{dinescu04} and \citet{piatek07}.  It should be noted that the Fornax measurement by \citet{piatek07}, based on HST astrometry, has the best precision of any dSph PM measurement ($\pm 5$ mas century$^{-1}$).  It is encouraging that our measurement of Fornax agrees with the \citet{piatek07} value and has precision similar to that of HST measurements for other dSphs.

Our measurement for Sculptor disagrees with the two published astrometric PMs \citep{schweitzer95,piatek06}, which also disagree with each other.  However, if either of the astrometric PMs is correct, disagreement with our result is to be expected.  If we use Equation \ref{eq:dsphframe} to remove the perspective effect due to either of the astrometric PMs, the resulting Sculptor velocities exhibit a strong residual DRF velocity gradient ($\hat{k}\geq 6.0$ km s$^{-1}$deg$^{-1}$; $\hat{p}_{\hat{k}_{max}}\geq 0.994$).  Thus, if either of the astrometric PMs is correct, our velocity data imply that Sculptor has a strong intrinsic velocity gradient.  Whether attributable to a rotational component, as argued by \citet{battaglia08} on the basis of independent kinematic data, or to tidal streaming, such a gradient would invalidate the assumptions inherent to our PM measurement.
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.6}
\begin{deluxetable}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr}
  \tabletypesize{\scriptsize}
  \tablecaption{ \scriptsize HRF Velocity Gradients and Proper Motions}
  \tablehead{\\
\colhead{dSph}&\colhead{$\hat{k}_{max}$}&\colhead{$\theta_{0,max}$}&\colhead{$p_{\hat{k}_{max}}$}&\colhead{$\mu_{\alpha}$}&\colhead{$\mu_{\delta}$}\\
    \colhead{}&\colhead{(km/s/deg)}&\colhead{(deg)}&\colhead{}&\colhead{(mas/cent)}&\colhead{(mas/cent)}}
  \startdata
\\
Car&$2.5\pm 0.8$&21&0.973&$+25\pm 36$&$+16\pm 43$\\
For&$6.3\pm 0.2$&120&$>0.999$&$+48 \pm 15$&$-25 \pm 14$\\
Scl&$-5.5\pm 0.5$&21&$>0.999$&$-40 \pm 29$&$-69 \pm 47$\\
Sex&$-2.1\pm 0.8$&120&0.753&$-26 \pm 41$&$+10 \pm 44$\\
\enddata
  \label{tab:global}
\end{deluxetable}

\begin{figure}
  \epsscale{1.25}
  \plotone{f1.eps}
  \caption{\scriptsize Proper motions measured from stellar redshift data.  Contours indicate $1\sigma$, $2\sigma$ and $3\sigma$ constraints on the PM of each dSph, obtained by evaluating Equation \ref{eq:pmloglikelihood} using the MMFS velocity data.  Points with error bars indicate published PM measurements derived from precise astrometry (Carina---\citealt{piatek03}; Fornax---\citealt{dinescu04,piatek07}; Sculptor---\citealt{schweitzer95,piatek06}).  Where two measurements exist, the HST measurement has smaller error bars.}
  \label{fig:propermotion}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

We have presented the first constraints on dSph PMs that are derived from stellar redshifts.  Given the sizes of our kinematic samples, we are able to measure PM with approximately the precision predicted from simulations by \citet[K08 hereafter]{kaplinghat08}.  K08 adopt a more sophisticated model for a dSph's intrinsic velocity distribution, marginalizing over several parameters that describe the gravitational potential and orbital anisotropy.  However, our simple assumption that the dSph velocities are drawn everywhere from a single, isotropic Gaussian distribution is consistent with the flat empirical velocity dispersion profiles of dSphs \citep{walker07b}, and yields similar constraints as the K08 method.

\citet{battaglia08} conclude that Sculptor rotates, based on their detection of a significant LOS velocity gradient in the Milky Way rest frame.  We detect a similar gradient, but note that it can be accounted for entirely by perspective effects, provided that Sculptor's PM differs from both of the astrometric measurements.  In order to examine the implications of our PM measurement for a non-rotating Sculptor's orbit, we have integrated the orbit backward in time for 6 Gyr using code provided by Slawomir Piatek.  Assuming a static MW potential with disk, spheroid and halo components identical to those adopted by \citet{johnston99}, our measurement implies a plausible Sculptor orbit ($r_{peri}=66_{-45}^{+12}$ kpc, $r_{apo}=149_{-63}^{+97}$ kpc) with eccentricity similar to that implied by the HST astrometric PM ($r_{peri}=68_{-37}^{+15}$,$r_{apo}=122_{-25}^{+91}$ kpc; \citealt{piatek06}).

Conclusions regarding Sculptor's status then depend on the initial assumption.  If one assumes and corrects for (either of) the published astrometric PMs, the significant residual DRF velocity gradient implies a strong intrinsic gradient that is likely due to some combination of rotation and/or tidal streaming (see \citealt{battaglia08}).  If one assumes instead that Sculptor has no intrinsic velocity gradient, then the HRF gradient implies a PM that is inconsistent with either of the published astrometric measurements.

\citet{munoz06} detect a strong LOS velocity gradient from Carina members projected at large angular distances ($R> 1^{\circ}$), well outside the region sampled by MMFS.  Had we combined their extended kinematic sample with our MMFS data, we would have measured a PM of $(\mu_{\alpha}^{HRF},\mu_{\delta}^{HRF})=(+56\pm 29,-1\pm 33)$, in poorer agreement with astrometric measurements.  \citet{munoz06} argue convincingly that the outermost regions of Carina exhibit tidal streaming motions, which would invalidate our PM measurement that includes their outer sample.  It is encouraging that in the inner regions where no evidence for tides exists, our PM measurement stands in excellent agreement with the astrometric measurement.  In any case, Carina and Sculptor help illustrate that PMs measured from stellar redshifts ought to be regarded with caution, as they are only as valid as the assumption of no intrinsic gradient.  The agreement, to high precision, of our Fornax PM with the astrometric measurement serves as strong evidence that Fornax has no intrinsic velocity gradient over the kinematically sampled region.

Our results include the first PM measurement of any kind that has been made for Sextans.  Our measurement implies that Sextans, at a distance of 86 kpc \citep{mateo98}, is receding from its perigalacticon distance of $r_{peri}=66_{-61}^{+17}$ kpc toward an apogalactic distance of $r_{apo}=129_{-33}^{+113}$.  We note, however, that the relatively large error bars on Sextans' PM accommodate orbital eccentricities ranging from $0.25- 0.89$ within the $95\%$ confidence interval.  The most radial of these orbits would bring Sextans within $\sim 5$ kpc of the Galactic center.  If one takes the most likely PM at face value, it becomes unlikely that Sextans is a member of a stream associated with other well-known objects in the Milky Way Halo.  None of the PMs predicted by \citet{lyndenbell95} for possible Sextans associations with Sculptor, Sculptor/Fornax, or Pal 3/Pal 2/NGC 5824 falls within even the large error bars of the measured PM (although none of the stream associations is ruled out beyond the $2\sigma$ level).

We thank Louie Strigari for helpful discussion, and Slawomir Piatek and Tad Pryor for sharing the code used to calculate orbital parameters.  EO acknowledges NSF grants AST-0205790, 0505711, and 0807498.  MM acknowledges NSF grants 0206081, 0507453, and 0808043.  MGW acknowledges support from the STFC-funded Galaxy Formation and Evolution programme at the Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
/**
 * Created by jiangyun on 16/9/7.
 */
(function () {
    'use strict';
    describe('PetsListController', function () {
        // Initialize global variables
        var PetsListController,
            $scope,
            Authentication,
            PetsService,
            $state,
            $window,
            $httpBackend;

        beforeEach(function () {
            jasmine.addMatchers({
                toEqualData: function (util, customEqualityTesters) {
                    return {
                        compare: function (actual, expected) {
                            return {
                                pass: angular.equals(actual, expected)
                            };
                        }
                    };
                }
            });
        });

        // Load the main application module
        beforeEach(module(ApplicationConfiguration.applicationModuleName));

        // The injector ignores leading and trailing underscores here (i.e. _$httpBackend_).
        // This allows us to inject a service but then attach it to a variable
        // with the same name as the service.
        beforeEach(inject(function ($controller, $rootScope, _$httpBackend_, _Authentication_, _UsersService_) {
            // Set a new global scope
            $scope = $rootScope.$new();

            // Point global variables to injected services
            $httpBackend = _$httpBackend_;
            Authentication = _Authentication_;

            // Mock logged in user
            Authentication.setUser({
                _id: '525a8422f6d0f87f0e407a33',
                username: 'test',
                roles: ['user']
            });

            // Initialize the Articles controller.
            PetsListController = $controller('EditProfileController as vm', {
                $scope: $scope
            });
        }));

        describe('Random add in user', function () {
            it('should have user context', inject(function (UsersService) {
                expect($scope.vm.user).toBe(Authentication.getUser());
            }));

            it('should update the user profile', inject(function (UsersService) {
                // Set PUT response
                $httpBackend.expectPUT(/api\/users/).respond();

                // Run controller functionality
                $scope.vm.updateUserProfile(true);
                $httpBackend.flush();

                expect($scope.vm.success).toBe(true);
            }));

            it('should set vm.error if error', inject(function (UsersService) {
                var errorMessage = 'error';
                $httpBackend.expectPUT(/api\/users/).respond(400, {
                    message: errorMessage
                });

                $scope.vm.updateUserProfile(true);
                $httpBackend.flush();

                expect($scope.vm.error).toBe(errorMessage);
            }));
        });
    });
}());


text:
San Jose • London • Beijing • New York • Singapore
31 May–1 June 2016: Training
1 June–3 June 2016: Conference
What Esperanto can teach us about collaboration in the big data environment
Anne Sophie Roessler (Dataiku)
11:00–11:20 Wednesday, 1/06/2016
DDBD
Location: Capital Suite 2/3 Level: Non-technical
Rate This Session
Attendees should have a basic understanding of the big data environment and the business value behind data-driven projects, as well as global understanding of the different steps involved (connecting to data, data preparation, predictive models, and deployment into production), and basic knowledge of machine learning and programming languages.
Today, a company depends on many skill sets, from the business expert to the data scientist to the data engineer, to develop a data product, whether that product is for the reduction of churn, the detection of fraud, or intelligent targeting. Anne Sophie Roessler uses the example of the failed universal language Esperanto to explain how to help these stakeholders—most of whom use different languages and technologies and have different baselines—work together.
In the 1880s, an eye doctor by the name of Ludwig Lejzer Zamenhof attempted to foster peace and international understanding between people of different languages by creating a universal system of communication, which he called Esperanto. But Esperanto failed because replacing one language by another is an almost impossible goal. People are, by nature, more attached to, more comfortable with, and more efficient in their mother tongue.
This is particularly relevant for big data projects, where many skilled stakeholders—with many different skills—are involved. These include architects, who have to connect to all data sources and spend a lot of time doing data plumbing between Hadoop clusters, SPSS infrastructure, etc.; developers and data scientists, who use different programming languages (SQL, Spark, Python, Hive, R, etc.); business intelligence analysts, who produce reports based on data and spend a majority of their time in Excel spreadsheets or on PowerPoint presentations; and business decision makers, who usually speak plain English and want to be able to make decisions based on analyzed data. Even though these people have the same global goal, they all work by different means and track different KPIs to achieve that goal.
So what can make everyone work together as a team and give every stakeholder the both ability to achieve their goals and the freedom to improvise and produce efficiently? The first reaction is often an attempt at democratizing data access—in other words, creating a unique environment in which one language is used by all (the goal of Esperanto). The problem with this approach is that people who speak programming languages also speak English (or any other language), while the opposite is not true. Therefore, this unique environment usually tends to turn toward a code-free tool. But code-free also means less efficient and highly frustrating for developers and data scientists.
If you wipe out diversity of approach and culture for the sake of simplification and better collaboration, you'll soon figure out two things: forcing everyone to fit in a restricted environment despite their skills doesn't work and the quality of the framework in a project is as important as the technical abilities of its stakeholders. This is why the environment should adapt to the content and not the contrary.
The challenge of a big data project management is to make IT, BI, and business units work together on the same project, letting everyone speak their own language for maximum efficiency. Anne Sophie explores one solution: creating an adapted framework which allows a real-time view of what happens on the workflow, easy prototyping, scalability and deployment into production on an end-to-end workflow, and the ability to leverage underlying technologies (machine learning, Hive, Spark, MapReduce, etc.) with the frameworks that are best adapted to each individual skill set. In such an environment, diversity no longer means chaos. On the contrary, it becomes the key to a successful project.
Anne Sophie Roessler
Dataiku
Anne Sophie Roessler is deployment strategist at Dataiku, developer of Data Science Studio (DSS), which integrates all the capabilities required to build end-to-end highly specific services that turn raw data into business-impacting predictions quickly. From her experience in project management, Anne Sophie got the conviction that collaboration is a particularly relevant topic in the big data environment. She believes that in the future, all the stakeholders of data-driven projects will have to be able to work with data, whether they have technical skills or not. Anne Sophie graduated from ESCP Paris. She also studied classical singing and worked as an opera singer for a few years.
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text:
Other Arachnida
Opiliones
Solifugae
Araneae
Scorpionida
Protoscorpiones
Palaeoscorpiones
Scorpiones
Scorpions and their extinct relatives
Scott A. Stockwell
Tree after Stockwell (1989)
Containing group: Arachnida
Scorpions are easily distinguished from other arachnids by their large, well developed claws (pedipalps) and distinct division of the abdomen (opisthosoma) into a broad preabdomen (mesosoma) and narrow, tail-like postabdomen (metasoma). All scorpions possess a poisonous sting (telson) and a pair of peculiar, comb-like, sensory appendages called pectens.
There about 1100 species of scorpions known worldwide, and probably that many more still to be discovered. Although they are normally associated with hot, dry areas like deserts, scorpions are found in a variety of habitats including cool, wet forests and grasslands.
Scorpions are among the oldest arachnids. The earliest fossils date from the middle Silurian rocks, over 400 million years old. Early scorpions had large compound eyes, but were otherwise similar to living forms.
Scorpions are generally large arachnids. Adults range in size from 1.5 cm to 21 cm in length. Some fossil scorpions are thought to have been up to 1 meter in length! All are predatory. Their prey includes a variety of arthropods and other invertebrates, and the larger species are known to prey on small vertebrates.
The scorpion's most notorious feature is its poisonous sting. While all scorpions are venomous, only about twenty species worldwide possess venom of sufficient toxicity to kill humans.
The phylogeny of the Scorpionida is highly controversial. The phylogenies shown here and on subsequent pages are based on my dissertation work (Stockwell 1989). They are provisional, though the corresponding classification has already been adopted by some fossil workers (Selden 1993, Jeram 1994). The placement of the Scorpionida is disputed among workers. The most recent phylogeny (Shultz 1990) places the Scorpionida as the sister group of the Pseudoscorpiones + Solifugae, but other workers, including myself, consider the recent scorpions (Scorpiones) to be the sister group of all other arachnids, or an altogether separate eurypterid clade. Unfortunately, this will remain difficult to test due to the lack of resolution in the otherwise obviously paraphyletic Eurypterida.
In an effort to rectify the fossil and recent classifications of scorpions, which were hitherto incompatible (Kjellesvig-Waering, 1986), I proposed to raise the Scorpionida to the rank of class with three orders, Protoscorpiones, Palaeoscorpiones, and Scorpiones (Stockwell 1989). The strictly phenetic suborders and infraorders of Kjellesvig-Waering (1986) were largely abandoned.
The fossil group, Protoscorpiones, is not demonstrably monophyletic, but is included for the sake of completeness and clarity. They possess the most plesiomorphic, euypterid-like legs and sternocoxal arrangements, as well as well-develpoed lateral compound eyes. It is possible that these early scorpions are the actual ancestors of other groups. Geological range: middle Silurian to lower Devonian.
The fossil group, Palaeoscorpiones, possesses an enlarged prosomal sternum that completely separates the midcoxae. Their legs are cylindrical, like those of eurypterids and protoscorpions, but the tarsi are showing plantigrade features that could be considered land adaptations. Could the Palaeoscorpiones share a most recent common ancestor with the non-scorpion arachnids? Geological range: upper Silurian to middle Carboniferous.
The group Scorpiones encompasses most known scorpions, both fossil and Recent. All show development of an increasingly sophisticated preoral chamber comprised of the first and second leg coxae. The reduction of compound eyes and loss of one pair (and in some extinct groups, two pair) of pulmonary books (and the corresponding fusion of opisthosomal sternites), so characteristic of modern scorpions, occurs in this group. Scorpiones contains a great many fossil specimens that I consider incertae sedis. Some might one day be classified, but most lack critical characters that could be used to ally them with any group more inclusive than the Scorpiones. Geological range: lower Devonian to Recent.
Other Names for Scorpionida
Jeram, A.J. 1994. Scorpions from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland, with revision of the infraorder Mesoscorpionina. Tranactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 84:283-299.
Kjellesvig-Waering, E.N. 1986. A restudy of the fossil Scorpionida of the world. Organised for publication by A. S. and K. E. Caster. Palaeontographica Americana, No. 55, 287 pp.
Schulz, J.W. 1990. Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics, 6:1-38.
Selden, P.A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida, and Chelicerata), pp. 297-320. In: The Fossil Record 2 (M. J. Benton, ed.). Chapman and Hall, London.
Stockwell, S.A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. 413 pp.
Cyclophthalmus senior
Nicholson, H. A. 1897. Ancient Life-History of the Earth. D. Appleton and Company, New York.
E. Salle
Fossil -- Period: Carboniferous
Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C., USA
Page copyright © 1996 Scott A. Stockwell
Stockwell, Scott A. 1996. Scorpionida. Scorpions and their extinct relatives. Version 01 January 1996 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Scorpionida/2558/1996.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
Scorpionida Branch Page
Scorpionida Images
Scorpionida Movies
Scorpionida People


Adorable! Perfect timing as NFL starts again. Thanks for linking to Pin Me!
So cute! THanks for sharing at Pinworthy Projects!
Whew! That wasn't an easy button to find! Thanks for bringing to my attention that missed the link back - I have it corrected now!! And thank you for the follow!
Sorry, that you had to some searching. We have talked that we need to make it more visible. But thanks for linking back.
Such a fun idea for a cake!! What little boy wouldn't love that.
Thanks for linking up over at Finding the Pretty & Delicious Linky Party!
Such a cute idea for a cake. What little boy wouldn't love it. Thanks so mcuh for linking up over at Finding the Pretty & Delicious Linky Party. Hope you'll come back and visit tomorrow too!


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Welcome to your new Volusia Sheriff's Office website!!!
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public safety and their "lack of responsibility"
Get rid of State Attorney John Tanner?
WFTV9 Story: Volusia Sheriff Johnson Driving Drunk?
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Sgt V******/ Ponce cop(S*******) Fired or Quit ?
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Where is V******'s citation ? Check records !
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Your Florida Representatives Who Don't Care About You.
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Port Orange PD & Professional courtesy ? There is none apparently ?
Dave Brannon - Deland Police Chief???


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Archival giclee print on Somerset Velvet paper with Epson Ultrachrome HDR inks, signed limited edition (50 in edition) by Valerie Savarie. 10"x14" paper size, image approx. 7"x10.5".
Archival giclee print on Somerset Velvet paper with Epson Ultrachrome HDR inks, signed limited edition (50 in edition) by Valerie Savarie. 12"x17" paper size, image approx. 9"x13".
Archival giclee print on Somerset Velvet paper with Epson Ultrachrome HDR inks, signed limited edition (50 in edition) by Valerie Savarie. 12"x17" paper size, image approx. 9"x12.5".
Archival giclee print on Somerset Velvet paper with Epson Ultrachrome HDR inks, signed limited edition (50 in edition) by Valerie Savarie. 12"x15" paper size, image approx. 8.5"x11.25".
Archival giclee print on Somerset Velvet paper with Epson Ultrachrome HDR inks, signed limited edition (50 in edition) by Valerie Savarie. 12"x15" paper size, image approx. 9"x11.5".
Archival giclee print on Somerset Velvet paper with Epson Ultrachrome HDR inks, signed limited edition (50 in edition) by Valerie Savarie. 10"x12" paper size, image approx. 6.5"x9".
Archival giclee print on Somerset Velvet paper with Epson Ultrachrome HDR inks, signed limited edition (50 in edition) by Valerie Savarie. 10"x12" paper size, image approx. 7"x10.5".