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Luca Oneto
RL (LT)
P&SxI (LT)
ARD (LT)
ML&DA (LM)
TAI (LM)
TPLD (PhD)
TAI (PhD)
Course: Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence
Hours: about 20
Teachers: Luca Oneto <luca.oneto@unige.it>
Schedule: from Monday 10th of July 2023 to Friday 14th of July 2023 from 8:00 to 12:00 CEST
Where: TBD
Exam: Small presentation (max 30 min) on how the concepts presented in the course ca be used/extended during the student PhD.
It has been argued that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is experiencing a fast process of commodification. This characterization is of interest for big IT companies, but it correctly reflects the current industrialization of AI. This phenomenon means that AI systems and products are reaching the society at large and, therefore, that societal issues related to the use of AI and Machine Learning (ML) cannot be ignored any longer. Designing ML models from this human-centered perspective means incorporating human-relevant requirements such as reliability, fairness, privacy, and interpretability, but also considering broad societal issues such as ethics and legislation. These are essential aspects to foster the acceptance of ML-based technologies, as well as to be able to comply with an evolving legislation concerning the impact of digital technologies on ethically and privacy sensitive matters.
Trustworthy AI;
Reliable AI: Sensitivity Analysis, Robustness, Non-Regressivity, and Adversarial Machine Learning;
Fair AI: from Pre-, In-, and Post-Processing Models to Learn Fair Representations;
Private AI: Anonymization, Federated Learning, Differential Privacy, Homomorphic Encryption;
Interpretable/Explainable AI: making models more understandable.
L. Oneto, et al. Towards learning trustworthily, automatically, and with guarantees on graphs: an overview. Neurocomputing, 2022
Winfield, A. F. et al. "Machine ethics: the design and governance of ethical AI and autonomous systems." Proceedings of the IEEE 107.3 (2019): 509-517.
Floridi, L. "Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI." Nature Machine Intelligence 1.6 (2019): 261-262.
L. Oneto and S. Chiappa. Fairness in machine learning. Recent Trends in Learning From Data. Springer, 2020
Biggio, B. and Roli F. "Wild patterns: Ten years after the rise of adversarial machine learning." Pattern Recognition 84 (2018): 317-331.
Guidotti, R. et al. "A survey of methods for explaining black box models." ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 51.5 (2018): 1-42.
Liu, B. et al. "When machine learning meets privacy: A survey and outlook." ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 54.2 (2021): 1-36.


Among the stars in the sky lies endless stories of those who existed and continue to exist. Those who nurtured these colossal stars have their own story, one that traces their relationship to the Well of Creation and to one another. Love comes in all different forms and those who chase it endlessly will be rewarded.
Suggested resolution: 4:3, 16:9 is fine also though!


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Shipwreck Museum in Kyrenia – Northern Cyprus
The wreck of the Kyrenian Ship is one of the most significant discoveries in the history of marine archaeology. It was such an important find that an entire exhibition, the Shipwreck Museum in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus, had been built around it.
The Shipwreck Museum can be found within Kyrenia Castle, which is located at the east end of the old harbor in the town of Kyrenia on the northern coast of the Republic of Cyprus. The public transportation in Kyrenia is not very good, so the best way to travel around the town is via a rental car.
The Shipwreck Museum is built among the gothic halls along Kyrenia Castle's eastern wall. It houses the well-preserved remains of a 2,300-year old Greek merchant ship, the oldest ship ever recovered anywhere in the sea. With a hull measuring 47 feet long, the Kyrenia ship was constructed mostly out of Aleppo pinewood coated in lead, and is preserved under a controlled environment. Also on display is the ship's complete cargo, which includes more than 400 amphorae (wine jars), 9,000 almonds, 29 millstones, 4 drinking cups, 4 oil jugs, 4 salt dishes, and 4 wooden spoons. These artifacts actually go a long way in determining the ship's ports of call, the number of crewmen, and how they survived on the seas. The museum's upper level displays photographs of the ship's recovery process, and there is also a platform that gives visitors an overhead view of the wreck.
The main exhibit of the Shipwreck Museum, the Kyrenia Ship, was the remnants of a Greek trading vessel dated back to the 4th century BC. Sailing the Mediterranean Sea during the time of Alexander the Great, it is estimated to have sunk at around 300 BC. A Greek-Cypriot diver named Andreas Cariolou would first discover the shipwreck during a storm in November 1965. However, he lost the ship's exact position, and it would take him over 200 dives before he rediscovered it near Kyrenia in 1967. The ship was raised by a salvage expedition conducted from 1967 to 1969. The preservation of the ship began in 1970, lasting for 4 years. With around 75% of the ship in good condition, it is considered as the only well-preserved ship from the Classical Age of Ancient Greece.
The admission fee to Kyrenia Castle (which includes entrance into the Shipwreck Museum) is 3.60 Euros for adults and 0.80 Euros for students.
Kyrenia Castle and the Shipwreck Museum are open from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM during the summer and from 9:00 to 4:30 PM during the winter.
Borovets in Sofia – Bulgaria
Cathedral of Assumption in Victoria – Malta
Dunkelsteinerwald in Mostviertel – Austria
Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork – Poland
Tourist Spots in Romania
Cathedral of Saint Sava in Belgrade – Serbia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Discover the seven best pizzerias outside of Italy, from India to Japan, in the first online guide dedicated to the inimitable world of pizza.
The brothers behind El Celler de Can Roca are planning a bean to bar factory and boutique hotel in Girona.
The Michelin Guide to Singapore 2017 has been released, including one new two-star restaurant – see the full list.


Dynamic DNS allows domain names to be assigned to a computer with a dynamic IP address. Most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide their customers with a dynamic IP address. This service allows you to update your IP address so you can host server applications from your local computer.
Try out the latest version of our java based EuroDynDNS application. You can find further details and installation instructions in our documentation page. If you need further support please get in touch.
Compatible with most versions of Mac OS X.
It can also be downloaded from the ddclient website.


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First Look: On Bear Ridge starring Rhys Ifans at the Royal Court
Posted on Sep 23, 2019 | By Nicholas Ephram Ryan Daniels
The Royal Court Theatre and Wales National Theatre co-production of On Bear Ridge, which is set to open at the Royal Court on 24 October as part of the venue's politically charged 2019/2029 season, has just released its first batch of production shots for the new play. Have a gander at these visually stunning first-look photos below in our gallery and be sure to book your tickets for this highly anticipated production whilst you can to secure the best seats at London's Royal Court Theatre this autumn.
On Bear Ridge first-look photos taken by © Mark Douet.
On Bear Ridge featuring an all-star cast hits the Royal Court this October
The forthcoming Off-West End play On Bear Ridge was written and co-directed by award-winning playwright Ed Thomas, who is perhaps best known for co-creating Hinterland and penning the plays Gas Station Angel and House of America. Thomas' On Bear Ridge stars former Harry Potter actor Rhys Ifans and the National Theatre Wales production is set to attract fans of the actor to his native Welsh homeland thanks to a site-specific installation that has been built in Penwyllt in the upper Swansea Valley. The site can be seen in Wales in person or virtually at the Royal Court Theatre with the production's accompanying VR film developed in special cooperation with Cuckoo Nest.
About On Bear Ridge: The Play
On Bear Ridge tells the story of two owners of an abandoned outpost, John Daniel (Rhys Ifans) and Noni (Rakie Ayola). The two rebels without a cause drink their problems away with whiskey, but soon a dark, shadowy figure approaches them from outside...
Starring alongside Rhys Ifans and Rakie Ayola in On Bear Ridge are Sion Daniel Young in the role of Ifan William and Jason Huges in the role of The Captain. The play's creative team features co-direction by Vicky Featherstone, sound design by Mike Beer, lighting design by Elliot Griggs, composition by John Hardy, and design by Cai Dyfan.
On Bear Ridge Royal Court tickets on sale now from just £15!
Don't miss this new, high-tension drama this season! On Bear Ridge is set to play a strictly limited run from 24 October until 23 November 2019. Be sure to catch the action and book your tickets for On Bear Ridge early before all the good seats get taken!
🎫 Book affordable London theatre tickets for On Bear Ridge at the Royal Court Theatre from £15 and up!
By Nicholas Ephram Ryan Daniels
Ephram is a jack of all trades and enjoys attending theatre, classical music concerts and the opera.
Due to the ongoing pandemic, the eagerly anticipated musical adaptation of The Devil Wears Prada has once again been ... Read more
The BBC has announced a major series of shows across television and radio to honour musical theatre. Sheridan Smith (... Read more


River Crest Elementary is a public elementary school located in Hudson, WI in the Hudson School District. It enrolls 523 students in grades 1st through 12th. River Crest Elementary is the 170th largest public school in Wisconsin and the 19,811th largest nationally. It has 15.5 students to every teacher.
The form below lets you find River Crest Elementary alumni info and River Crest Elementary students.
Out of 1,175 ranked schools in Wisconsin, River Crest Elementary is ranked 1,003rd for total students on lunch assistance.
The percentage of River Crest Elementary students on free and reduced lunch assistance (9.0%) is significantly lower than the state average of 42.8%. This may indicate that the area has a lower level of poverty than the state average.


Harrington Starr has partnered with a fast-growing Enterprise SaaS technology startup in a search for an Enterprise SaaS Technical Account Manager to be based in their New York City office to support their customers both from the office as well as at customer locations across the US. The Enterprise SaaS Technical Account Manager role is an excellent role for a junior DBA or SQL developer with strong communications skills for direct customer interaction and at least 3 years full-time work experience in a role using SQL on a regular basis while working with a B2B or Enterprise SaaS product.
The Enterprise SaaS Technical Account Manager role sits within a small team offering growth, high visibility for recognition, extensive customer interaction, and hands-on exposure to a B2B/Enterprise SaaS product in which the Enterprise SaaS Technical Account Manager will be involved with client onboarding, integration, configuration, troubleshooting, and support.


With the year drawing to an end, many customers are trying to close loose ends, finish the tasks for this year and most important trying to get some idea of what the new year is going to bring with it and setting up new resolutions for the coming year. This past year BizTalk360 Support team had a lot of customer feedback and thought we could share the same with all of you and also give you some feedback on this open channel by asking our technical team some questions and give you some much awaited answers.
A lot of our customers have been really appreciative of the product 'BizTalk360' and the customer support as well. We have recently had a lot of process changes internally to ensure the customer is always taken care of and kept up to date with information on their ticket. Also, to keep our portal tickets clean, we have implemented a 3-day rule for tickets to be closed if we don't receive a reply from the customer.
We also welcome customer feedback on the support via our Feedback Survey and many of you have taken the time to praise us or give us your pain points which we really appreciate.
Of course there is the odd time when customers can get aggravated when things are not going their way, like a feature request they really need but unfortunately, we are unable to fit in our development cycle for the next upcoming release. We are always trying to improve and get the features you desire by constantly having meetings with the technical team to discuss the issues the customers face.
As a comment to that last statement: we are hoping to improve the deactivation process as many of the customers have concerns, but it is an ongoing process, please bear with us.
When is my feedback portal new feature suggestion going to be implemented?
The feedback portal is a way for our customers to tell us what they would like to see in upcoming releases for our product. In fact, Auto Healing, which is a custom built feature for a specific customer, is one of the popular features and most wanted as well. The BRE Composer is another such feature which was implemented based on the feedback given by the customer. The Tracking Manager which has been implemented in our latest release is also something that a lot of customers were interested in.
We also have a dedicated member of the technical team updating and responding to the feedback portal requests made by the customer. So please continue to pour in your feedback and vote on the features you would most like to see in our next release!
A customer requests a feature that's in the works but it's complicated and you don't have an ETA? What if it's a feature you're never planning on building?
We always aim to be honest in our replies and will usually give an expected ETA after consulting with the technical developers. Unfortunately, if it's a feature that cannot be implemented currently we still don't rule it out. We go by customer response and if that feature is the most wanted we will put our efforts towards getting it done.
What's the best piece of advice you can give your customer when they face any issues?
The Assist portal is a fountain of knowledge on all BizTalk360 issues and is expanding daily. We update it after every release explaining the new features of this update. Always try to use the search functionality on the assist portal to find the solution to any issue you face.
Are there any quick tricks you can suggest to help the customers when they have any issues?
We at BizTalk360 Support face similar issues like the customers face, and we try and document such new errors or issues and the possible solutions that were applied to resolve these issues. Please have a look at the Tips & Tricks page where we document any customer errors which might occur and the simple solutions that were employed.
Besides these, please remember to provide a screenshot or error message that you encountered when you submit a ticket. Our BizTalk360 support staff are always on hand to help you out no matter what the question.
How are the tickets handled once they are submitted?
Our L1 BizTalk360 support staff are the first point of contact. They hope to resolve the issue as soon as possible. If the issue is an advanced one, we move it over to the L2 BizTalk360 support staff who will then contact the customer to help resolve the issue. In fact, all our L1 BizTalk360 support staff undergo constant technical training to gain a deeper understanding of the product. Although most of the issues are solved by L1 and L2 support, we have also L3 and L4 support staff in place.
How often do you have a new release of BizTalk360?
Many customers have expressed an interest in knowing when we would have another release. We aim for a new release every quarter but depending on the quantity of the development work involved this could change.
We also have a new feature in our latest release which will inform you immediately when a new release is available for you to download, without having to contact support for a URL. It will be an orange 'Download' blinking icon.
We are always listening and improving your experience with BizTalk360!


District Attorney Charles Hynes, who attended the rally, offered bittersweet statistics: for the first time since 1963, last yearBrooklynwas under 200 murders. Last week, the official count was moving up by degrees: so far, there have been 14 more murders than last year at this time.
Brooklyn DA Hynes is asking anyone with information about the third suspect to come forward and anonymously call theCommandCenterhotline at (718)-250-2024, or tell an official they trust.


Thanks for the great service and support from both Cruising Bikes and the team at Kaoko to help with fitting a Kaoko to my unusual bar setup. Love my Kaoko Cruise Control.
Click the button below to add the KAOKO Motorcycle Cruise Control for KTM 690R (with Barkbusters VPS or Storm handguards) to your wish list.


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» US immigration: What are the benefits of dual intent visas?
US immigration: What are the benefits of dual intent visas?
On behalf of Border Solutions Law Group | Mar 27, 2019 | U.s. Immigration
Residents of British Columbia who wish to work in the United States and also apply for a green card might have many visa-related questions. U.S. Immigration laws require foreign applicants to show that they have no intentions to remain in the United States after the expiration of the work visa. They must also show the intent to leave the U.S. during the processing time of a green card.
However, foreign nationals have the option to apply for dual intent visas that include L-1, H1-B and O-1 visas. If an employer sponsors an employee with one of these visas, the worker will not have to leave the U.S. during the green card application and processing period. The dual intent means the intention to use the visa to work in the United States and also the intention to make an application for permanent residency during the time for which the work visa is valid.
This does not mean that foreign nationals who do not have dual-intent visas are prevented from applying for permanent residency. However, they will have to leave the U.S. and their jobs while waiting for green card applications to be approved. The advantage of a dual intent visa is job retention and uninterrupted earning ability.
The decision to leave British Columbia and apply for permanent residency in the United States is a significant one. Dealing with U.S. immigration laws can be daunting, and many choose to utilize the skills of a lawyer who is registered on both sides of the border to answer their questions and explain the pros and cons of the different visas. The lawyer can assess the client's unique circumstances and work with the sponsoring employer before suggesting the most suitable visa type for which to apply.


6 X 14 Contemporary Floor Register - Brass Plated Discounts Apply !
Brass vent covers in a contemporary design give an updated look to a traditional finish. This heat register vent can also be converted to a return air grill by removing the metal damper. The sturdy brass vent covers are made of steel, with a lacquered polished brass plating. Heat register vents come with an adjustable steel damper which allows for air flow control. Brass vent covers can be used as a drop-in for the floor or screwed into place on the wall. The heat register vent comes with screws that can be used for easy wall installation.
***Hint: The industry standard is to order heat register vents using the actual floor register hole size and not the register cover size. These brass vent covers will fit a 6 x 14 inch hole opening.
Brass vent covers can be used on the floor or the wall and they can also be a return air grill instead of a register. All of the hardware you need is included.
Choose contemporary heat register vents from several finishes and multiple sizes.
Brass vent covers are always a popular design choice. Order yours today!


The mountains of Georgia may not have the cachet of the Alps or Aspen, but there are plenty of reasons to make the journey to the Caucasus Mountains, especially when they're blanketed in snow. Georgia's natural beauty—vineyards, seaside, mountains, forests—remained hidden behind the Iron Curtain for much of the 20th century. When seven decades of Soviet rule ended in 1991, the republic finally reappeared on the map of the Western world.


Removing Gel Nail Polish can be a little tricky but this guide should help you to get your nails perfectly clean.
Gel nail polish is well known for being tough and strong, able to withstand more day-to-day wear and last for a much longer period than regular nail polish. Due to this it is more difficult to remove gel nail polish, and often if the gel polish or gel manicure has been applied by a salon then you may think you have to return there to have it removed. However, if you want to remove them at home yourself then it is possible.
Warning: if you repeat this process on a regular basis then it can lead to weaker nails.
Get some pure-acetone and soak some cotton balls in it.
Hold the cotton ball against your nail and then wrap that in a strip of aluminium foil on your nail to hold it in place. Repeat this with every nail that you want the gel nail polished removed from.
Remove the foil and then the cotton balls. Try to slide the foil off with the cotton balls in, keeping the shape as it was on your finger. That way if you need to try again you can just slide them straight back on.
The gel should come away when you take the cotton balls off. If it doesn't, try peeling the gel back a bit to help it all the way off.
If the gel remains, get another cotton ball that has been soaked in acetone and repeat the process – place against nails, wrap in aluminium, leave for 10 minutes.
If after an hour the gel nail polish is still in place then it could be that it is resistant to acetone and you will need to try another way to remove it.
Once the gel polish has been removed you then should rinse your nails to make sure the acetone is all gone, and then begin to shape, file and get your natural nails to look as you want them to. Moisturizing them will also help in case the acetone has dried the nails somewhat.


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Q: Find the number of integer solutions to $x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}$ such that $1 \leq x_i \leq n$ for each $x_i$. This can be reformulated as finding the number of integer solutions to $x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n = \frac{n(n+1)}{2} - n = \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$ such that $0 \leq x_i \leq n-1$ for each $x_i$.
My first instinct was to use generating functions and attempt to determine the coefficient attached to $x^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}$ in the expansion of $(1 + x + \cdots + x^{n-1})^n = \left(\frac{1-x^n}{1-x}\right)^n$ but wasn't sure how to proceed.
Alternatively, inclusion-exclusion seems like it could get really messy here, and I'm unsure if I'm overlooking something such as the parity of $n$ that'll be an important factor in solving. Any input on how to tackle this would be greatly appreciated!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Getting status code 415 for Rest API URI Via Rest Assured but working fine via Rest Client Getting 415 error in rest assured. Same URI is working fine with Rest client in browser. From Rest client i am getting response code 200.
public static Response response;
public static String jsonAsString;

@BeforeClass
public static void setupURL()
{
    // here we setup the default URL and API base path to use throughout the tests
    RestAssured.baseURI = "######url##########";
    //RestAssured.basePath = "/api/v1";
    RestAssured.authentication = basic("password", "password");
    Header acceptJson = new Header("content-type", "application/json");
    //RestAssured.given().contentType(ContentType.JSON);
    RestAssured.given().header(acceptJson);
}

@Test
public void getImageThroughImageid(){
    RequestSpecification httpRequest = RestAssured.given();
    Response response = httpRequest.request(Method.GET, "/images/imageid");
    System.out.println(response.getStatusCode());

}

A: Need to add Both
.header("Content-Type","application/json" )
 .header("Accept","application/json" )

A: You're using the wrong header for your accept. content-type tells the server what request body you're sending; you want to use accept to tell the server what type of response you want.

A: Try this:
EncoderConfig encoderConfig = RestAssured.config().getEncoderConfig()
                      .appendDefaultContentCharsetToContentTypeIfUndefined(false);

RestAssured.config = RestAssured.config().encoderConfig(encoderConfig);

In my case problem was caused by rest assured, which appends "charset" to request header "content-type=application/json".
Such request header may be refused when the server is principled and strict comply RFC 7159

A: Simply update rest-assured dependency & try to post a payload.
Older rest-assured library appends charset after 'content-type' even if you explicitly set it "application/json".
Headers:        Accept=*/*
                Authorization=Bearer --token**
                Content-Type=application/json; charset=UTF-8

but new rest-assured library will furnish header this way..

Headers:      Accept=/
Authorization=Bearer --token**
Content-Type=application/json

I updated below dependency which resolved my issue.
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.rest-assured</groupId>
        <artifactId>rest-assured</artifactId>
        <version>5.3.0</version>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>


It seems Crickett's sometime lover Daryl has been caught in possession of some drugs, and she thinks they may have been planted on him. But five million dollars worth? Tough to hide that much in your pocket. Dev starts looking under rocks and quickly uncovers local crime lord Tubby Gustafson and his psychopathic enforcer, Bulldog. Things seem to go downhill rather quickly from there as Dev finds himself literally running for his life.
Crickett is a hilariously entertaining hard-boiled mystery, with just enough chills to keep you on the edge of your seat. A delightful read with a heavy dose of corner cutting and misbehavior to go with the beverage of your choice.


text:
Running is not as simple as it seems
← A Day Off–With a Showbie Homework Assignment
A meet to remember—and forget →
Team touch across some generations
The Wolfpack track team takes a team photo on the National Mall in Washington, DC, with guests Tom and Joan O'Hara. Photo by Steven Bugarin.
Before the start of the Jesuit Invite at Georgetown Preparatory School outside of Washington, DC, on Friday, February 21, sophomore Dan Santino approached Saint Ignatius alumnus Tom O'Hara, class of 1960, near the small grandstand beside the main straightaway. After they had been introduced, Santino politely asked O'Hara a question: "What did it feel like to set a world record?"
Fifty years ago, almost to the day, O'Hara twice set world indoor track records in the mile run, first running 3 minutes 56.6 seconds in New York on February 13, 1964, and then 3:56.4 on a small 11-laps-to-the-mile track in the Chicago Stadium on March 6. More than 18,000 spectators were in attendance for the Chicago Daily News Relays, a hometown crowd for Chicagoan Thomas Martin Ignatius O'Hara, who was running for Loyola University in his senior year. O'Hara, one of the greatest collegiate distance runners in NCAA history, would go on to make the United States Olympic team in the 1500-meters that summer. Touted as America's best hope to win a medal in the distance races in Tokyo, his portrait made the cover of Sports Illustrated, with a long profile story of a shy, small, red-headed young man from an Irish Chicago family. O'Hara was hit with a strength-sapping illness before the games–likely a result of an even heavier training load than what produced the records, O'Hara admits, as he probably overdid it preparing for the big Olympic test. He reached the Olympic semi-finals, but he didn't qualify for the final.
In the amateur track days of the 1960s, it was difficult to sustain a running career after college. After graduating from Loyola, O'Hara went on to become a life insurance salesman, based in Villa Park, IL—and a good one, it seems. It is an asset to a salesman, I would assume, when people know you as a former world record holder.
A three-hour delay at O'Hare before flying to DC gave the team plenty of time to take a photograph with the O'Haras.
At Georgetown Prep, O'Hara and his wife, Joan, were guests of the generous benefactor who for the second year had funded the Saint Ignatius track team on its trip to the Jesuit Invite. They flew with the team from O'Hare, enduring a three-and-a-half hour flight delay and a 1:30 am arrival at the Bethesda Residence Inn. We had originally planned a tour of the U.S. Capitol the next morning, but we emailed a cancellation to let the boys—and the O'Haras—catch up on their sleep before the big meet that day.
On the night before he flew from Chicago with us, Loyola University honored the 50th anniversary of O'Hara's 1964 records with a half-time ceremony that included showing the Loyola basketball crowd a video of the Daily News Relays race. Available on Youtube, it was originally aired live on ABC's Wide World of Sports television show. In attendance at the 50th anniversary event were members of the 1963 Loyola NCAA national championship basketball team. O'Hara himself was an NCAA champion–in the mile and in cross country.
Dan Santino and his Ignatius teammates had watched that Youtube video in a classroom at Ignatius that same week. Santino's track fan father, Bill, had also gone on E-Bay to purchase copies of the Sports Illustrated magazine with O'Hara on the cover. Santino, one of the top runners in Illinois and just a sophomore, would later present O'Hara with the magazines, which O'Hara autographed.
But their first conversation began with that simple question. "How did it feel to set the world record?"
O'Hara thought a bit before he gave his answer. Then he looked Santino in the eye and said, very simply, "Well, it felt pretty good."
Santino's coach, standing with the pair, sought a more complicated answer: The first time he set the record, had O'Hara expected to do it? Did he know he could run that fast?
Once again, the now grey-haired O'Hara gave a simple answer: "I knew that I was running pretty well at the time, yes. My training was pretty good."
Tom O'Hara's two days traveling with Santino and the Ignatius team didn't really include any profound moments of advice or encouragement. He talked with the boys simply and directly, answering their questions–and telling some stories.
He struck the boys, most of all, as simply a very nice man, notably modest about his tremendous accomplishments as a runner. At Jesuit schools we have a mantra that applies to a simple ethical idea: "Men and women for others." Taking a couple days to travel with them, the O'Haras showed the boys what that means.
Two great milers: Ray Mayer, Ignatius class of 1951, and Tom O'Hara, class of 1960.
Most notably, perhaps, the boys watched O'Hara and his wife find small ways to attend and assist another Ignatius alumnus at the meet, Ray Mayer, class of 1951. Mayer, in fact, was the benefactor for the trip–and it had been his idea to invite the O'Haras along for the ride. A former Army career officer and then a successful real estate dealer in Northern Virginia, Mayer suffers from Parkinson's. O'Hara had recently had his own bout with medical issues; he has recuperated remarkably from a quintuple bypass last October.
The pair had met at a lunch gathering that afternoon, organized by Mayer's friend and Ignatius teammate Tom Coyne, who had made the drive from Kalamazoo, MI, just for the lunch and the track meet.
Mayer had been a star runner at Ignatius fewer than ten years before O'Hara.
Among other things, of course, Mayer and O'Hara shared the tutelage of famed Ignatius coach Dr. Ralph Mailliard. Both agreed that while they loved Mailliard like a father, for all his success Mailliard was not an expert coach when it came to the training of distance runners.
As it happened, O'Hara and Mayer had also shared a second coach, Jerry Weiland, at Loyola. Mayer had gone from Ignatius to Marquette on a track scholarship, but, he said directly, "It didn't work out there. I was terribly unhappy." So he had transferred to Loyola, where his running still did not develop as well as he hoped under Weiland—although he did run a 4:12 mile. Like Mailliard, O'Hara and Mayer agreed without any disrespect, Weiland might not have been the most knowledgeable coach for distance runners.
O'Hara had fared better at Loyola, he thought, partly because during his time at Loyola Weiland had taken on an assistant, Don Amidei. Amidei had been the coach of phenom Tom Sullivan at Evanston's St. George High School. Weiland had hired Amidei, it seems, expecting he could recruit Sullivan to Loyola; Sullivan, at the last minute, chose Villanova, instead. A 4:03.5 miler in high school, the fastest high school miler in history before Jim Ryun broke the 4-minute barrier in 1964, Sullivan never matched that time as a collegian; he did, however, become a doctor, a pediatric neurologist, in fact. Sullivan's loss was O'Hara's gain. Amidei left Loyola to coach at DePaul after a year, but it was Amidei's training program, O'Hara said, that he followed through the glory years of his college career, with Weiland holding the watch for the workouts and providing motivation.
(As an aside and to complete the circle, in a way, Amidei went on to be the head track coach at Northwestern. He was, in fact, my coach there when I ran track and cross country my freshman year. But Amidei also returned to high school coaching after he left Northwestern, and he coached at Saint Ignatius from 1983 to 1985. At Saint Ignatius Amidei coached Karamath Khan '84, father of junior Kallin Khan.)
O'Hara said he really believed that Weiland had developed his own ideas as a track coach from his experience and interest in race horses. He told a story to prove his point. When the runners at Loyola complained about shin splints, Weiland showed up at practice one day holding a bottle with a strange chemical name on the label. "It was horse liniment!" O'Hara laughed. O'Hara didn't let the coach anywhere near his legs with his horse liniment wraps.
Mayer, listening intently, didn't miss a beat. "Coach," he whinnied to O'Hara, "we're running as fast as we can."
It was an entertaining lunch.
Senior Wil Hughes and sophomore Dan Santino visit with trip benefactor Ray Mayer.
Later, at the meet, Joan O'Hara procured an office chair for Mayer, which she thought would be more comfortable than his combination walker-chair. O'Hara supplied him with water and candy as they watched the meet together.
The Ignatius boys, when they were not busy with the meet, stopped in for short conversations.
A year ago the Ignatius team had fallen behind early in the meet and then rallied to win at the end. They had made Mayer very happy when he hoisted their trophy.
The meet features East Coast Jesuit school teams from New York City (Regis, Xavier, and Fordham Prep), Baltimore (Loyola-Blakefield), and the DC-area (Georgetown Prep and Gonzaga). The New York teams were clearly resting some of their best runners, looking ahead to the big Eastern States meet closer to home in the Armory the following week.
In the 2014 edition of the meet, Ignatius fell behind once again but could not rally all the way to victory, as Fordham tallied 122 points to our 112. Mayer said he was not disappointed with the outcome. We noted that we still had a second-place trophy to take home on the plane to Chicago.
We also had some outstanding performances. Senior Conor Dunham won the 55-meter hurdles in a time of 7.60 seconds, which at the time was the top performance for an Illinois high school runner in 2014; it was also a new meet record for the Jesuit Invite. Senior Chris Hawkins, close behind Dunham, ran 7.77 seconds, at the time the number two performance for Illinois. Dunham later won the 300-meter dash in 36.64. Hawkins won the long jump with a distance of 20 feet and 5.25 inches.
Senior Chris Korabik won the 1600-meter run with a furious finish, as he closed a ten-meter gap with a 62-second final 400 to run 4:23.94. His time beat the meet record set the previous year by Ignatius's Jack Keelan. Korabik now has the number two performance at 1600 meters for an Illinois runner in 2014.
The O'Haras had five children, who did some track and cross country running of their own. Joan O'Hara described Tom running around the cross country course exhorting the runners—and especially his own kids. He was more subdued at our meet.
Junior Kallin Khan and senior Chris Korabik enjoyed playing Frisbee on a sunny 64-degree day on the National Mall after a cold Chicago February.
On Saturday morning, after the Friday night meet, Tom and Joan O'Hara joined the team after we checked out of the Residence Inn in Bethesda and traveled by Metro to the National Mall for some sightseeing. After the terrible cold of a hard Chicago winter, the boys and the O'Haras all seemed to enjoy the sun and 64-degrees of Washington, DC, as much as they did the Smithsonian museums they visited. The boys spent more time playing Frisbee near our park bench "baggage camp" than they did sightseeing. They did manage, however, to take some photos of their trophy in some interesting locations.
At the airport, after passing through the TSA with the trophy, Dan and his teammate brother Brian Santino approached Tom O'Hara with the Sports Illustrated magazines purchased by their father. O'Hara graciously signed them.
The Santinos then presented one of their magazines to their coach. O'Hara later told me, "I signed yours in gold."
His inscription: "Dear Ed, My best wishes. Thank you so much for inviting me to the track meet. I enjoyed it so much. Tom O'Hara."
Later, as they left the plane after arrival at O'Hare, O'Hara shook hands with each of the boys.
My friend and colleague Patrick McHugh, track coach and athletic director at North Shore Country Day School, has written in his own blog about an idea that he calls "team touch." It is important, he says, for teammates to make physical contact with each other during the day of a big meet—shaking hands, patting each other on the back, team huddles.
For a weekend, Tom O'Hara generously joined our Ignatius team—and touched our team. We will be a better team because of it.
Filed under coaching, high school track and field, running
Tagged as Chris Korabik, Conor Dunham, Dan Santino, Don Amidei, Jerry Weiland, Jesuit Invite, Ray Mayer, Tom O'Hara miler
One response to "Team touch across some generations"
Jerry Lenza
Terrific post, Ed.
I remember reading the Sports Illustrated Tom O'Hara story in the old Ignatius library in the late 60s (when the magazine was only 5 years old). While the story mostly covered his college years, it also mentioned O'Hara's years at Ignatius and Mal (and the bullet holes that were supposedly in one of the old Ignatius walls – I never found those).
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text:
structure of benzene class 10
The hybrid structure is represented by inserting a circle in the ring as shown below in the figure. As shown in the above representation of Benzene (three forms), it is made up of six atoms of carbon and hydrogen each. Benzene was discovered in 1825 by the English physicist Michael Faraday, and was made available in large quantities in 1842 after it was found to contain benzene. However, it has non-industrial uses too which are limited due to the reason benzene is toxic and carcinogenic. A circle is drawn inside a hexagonal structure. However, it should be noted that non-industrial usage has been limited due to its carcinogenic properties. The six carbon atoms form a perfectly regular hexagon. One of the two sp2 hybridized orbitals of one atom overlaps with the sp2 orbital of adjacent carbon atom forming six C-C sigma bonds. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic in nature. All the carbon atoms in the benzene ring are sp2 hybridized. As a pure chemical, benzene is a clear, colourless liquid. Exposure to benzene can be harmful to reproductive organs. They are: Structure and Classification of Carbohydrates, Structure of Acetylene - The Triple Bonds, NCERT Book Class 11 History Theme in World History PDF, Vedantu The cyclic structure of benzene remained a mystery until 1865 when German professor August Kekule elucidated it when he dreamt of a snake biting its own tail. Some of these products are listed below. Benzene (C6H6), simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon and parent compound of numerous important aromatic compounds. 8. The phenomenon has aromatic nature that is called aromaticity. Benzene. Example: […] Instead, the alternating bonds are shown. Benzene has a somewhat pleasant, sweet smell, however it is carcinogenic. It took several years to assign a structural formula to benzene because of its unusual stability and peculiar properties. Benzene is one of the most important organic compounds with the chemical formula C. . I recognise 2! The resonance structures for benzene, C 6 H 6, are: Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\). COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. They are famous and well known for their strong, pungent aromas. Your email address will not be published. Benzene is made up of six atoms of carbon and six atoms of hydrogen. ... Mon to Sat - 10 AM to 7 PM. Hydrocarbons Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 13 • Hydrocarbon A compound of carbon and hydrogen is known as hydrocarbon. Step #1 The first step involves determining the valence electrons for each atom of the compound. Large amounts of benzene are now extracted from petroleum. 8788563422. Share 2. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic in nature. It's formula is C6H6. The time required for expression of chlorine benzene toxicity indicates a vast difference in individual sensitivity. This was the refinement of Kekule's discovery. These reactions are versatile and commonly used for the preparation of benzene derivatives. The various properties of benzene are mentioned below: The oscillating double bonds in the benzene ring are explained with the help of resonance structures as per valence bond theory. On a final note, benzene is a well known carcinogenic molecule. Benzene is colorless liquid with distinct odor. The structure of benzene has been of interest since its discovery. Linking benzene rings are biphenyl, C6H5-C6H5. According to molecular orbital theory, benzene ring involves the formation of three delocalized π – orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond theory describes two stable resonance structures for the ring. Most individuals may begin to smell benzene in the air at 1.5 to 4.7 ppm. It is also a component of gasoline. This explains an equal possibility for the formation of C1 –C2, C3 – C4, C5 – C6 π bonds or C2 – C3, C4 – C5, C6-C1 π bonds. Benzene is a colourless, flammable chemical used for various purposes. Over the decades, lesser toxic solutions have been identified as alternatives for those purposes. In early times, benzene was used in degreasing of metal. Benzene is a This can be fatal if not treated immediately. Chemists generally used the Kekule's structure as late as 1945. benzene became a common chemical for use in petroleum by the early twentieth century. The odor threshold generally provides adequate warning for acutely hazardous exposure concentrations, but is insufficient for more chronic exposures. double bonds and that's why classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon. This concludes that benzene is not an alkyne. It is a six-membered carbon atom and has an average mass of about 78.112. Structure of Benzene. Michael Faraday, an English scientist first discovered Benzene in illuminating gas. The name benzene was given by German Chemist Mitscherich in 1833. Here are some of those applications, most of which were recalled when it was found that the chemical solution is extremely toxic in nature. The shape is hexagonal. Stay tuned with BYJU'S to learn more interesting topics in Chemistry. 9 Other experimental techniques such as PFG-NMR have also been used 5 to study this system and found a slight decrease in diffusion coefficient from 2.2 to 1.7 × 10 −9 m 2 s −1. Benzene is a base since it gives a pair of electrons. In case of alkyne, molecular formula of benzene must be according to C n H 2n-2 i.e. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6, i.e it has 6 hydrogen- H atoms and six-carbon atoms and has an average mass of about 78.112. Historically, high-level benzene contamination has been widespread and, because of its carcinogenic effects, benzene contamination has typically become a matter of considerable concern. After a series of more experiments and identifications in the nineteenth century. The chemical formula of benzene is C6H6. As an after-shave lotion because of its smell (this was later replaced by alum), As an industrial solvent to degrease metal; it was later replaced by toluene which is not carcinogenic, For coffee decaffeination and the subsequent production of Sanka, a popular brand of decaffeinated coffee that was sold in the roaring twenties; it was later recalled due to the toxicity, For the production of consumer products like rubber cement, spot removers, paint add-on, and detergent. Three resistance 1,2,3 are connected in parallel with each other, find the effective resistance. Resonance. It is highly inflammable and burns with a sooty flame. The structure has a six-carbon ring which is represented by a hexagon and it includes 3-double bonds. The depletion of hydrogen results in the formation of fused aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene and anthracene. Benzene is a widely used solvent and occurs in gasoline, car emissions and cigarette smoke. Due to this property, it is also known as a hydrocarbon. Other left sp2 hybridized orbitals combine with s orbital of hydrogen to form six C-H sigma bonds. Each carbon atom is bound by a single hydrogen atom. The Department of Health and Human Services has established that benzene is a recognized carcinogen (may cause cancer). Other such sources are coal, natural oil, and coke production. Benzene is immiscible in water but soluble in. Benzene is a closed ring of six carbon atoms linked by bonds that alternate between single and double bonds. Governments and organizations have come together to place these regulations so that workers involved in their production or usage do not fall prey to its harmful effects. Two resonance forms of benzene, and, on the right, the common representation of benzene showing all of the bonds are equal. This shows the stability of the chemical solution. In this online Yaruq Ali Khan Discuss about 2nd year Chemistry Chapter 9 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Topic 9.3 Benzene Structure of Benzenee. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Pro Lite, Vedantu Real benzene is a lot more stable than the Kekulé structure would give it credit for. In industry benzene is used to make other chemicals as well as some types of plastics, detergents, and pesticides. 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Experiments in production began in 1833 through a combination of benzoic acid and lime. Although it is distant from its parents, alkane and hexane, the pi-bond characteristics make it a preferred ingredient in chemical compositions where a pungent smell is a required property. Benzene is still a widely used chemical solution. As shown in the eight representation in the diagram below, Benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagon to showcase its nature of bonding, which is stable. Benzene is made up of six atoms of carbon and six atoms of hydrogen. Benzene, for example, does not react with bromine, hydrogen chloride, or other reagents that usually add to double carbon – carbon bonds. Benzene is the simplest aromatic compound. Figure 2. Based on the number and type of substitution of the ring the Aromatic compounds are named. (Boiling point: 80.5°C, Melting point: 5.5°C). He was attempting to figure out the atomic structure of benzene(C 6 H 6) molecule. (A picometer equals 1 × 10 −12 meter.) Benzene is made up of six atoms of carbon and six atoms of hydrogen. Benzene is the parent compound of the various aromatic compound. There is a class of hydrocarbons, that is characterized by a high degree of unsaturation and unusual stability. Write the electron dot structure for the following compounds: (1) H2 (2) O2 (3) N2 (4)CO2 (5) S8 (6) H2O (7) NH3 (8) CCl4 (9)CH4 (10) C5H12 (11) C4H8 (12)C5H8 (13)C7H12 (14)C5H10 (15)Cyclopropane (16) Cyclobutane (17)Cyclopentane (18)Cyclohexane (19)Benzene. The molecular formula of benzene is C 6 H 6. Benzene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and is primarily used in the production of polystyrene. 1. Himanshu Tiwari 2 years, 10 months ago. Benzene is an aromatic compound, which is a retrofitted, non-odorous term for a family of molecules with a specific, stable structure in common. It has alternating. Benzene and its derivatives are part of an essential chemical community known as aromatic compounds. Americal professor Linus Pauling proposed that benzene exhibited a hybrid structure composed of delocalized electrons. Pineapple Crush, Giant Light Cranberry Juice Cocktail, AquaCal Strawberry Flavored Water Beverage. According to Huckel rule, for a ring to be aromatic it should have the following property: Benzene is used in various industrial processes such as in the manufacture of lubricants, plastics, rubbers, dyes, synthetic fibres, etc. All of the carbon-carbon bonds have exactly the same lengths - somewhere between single and double bonds. Benzene has a sweet, aromatic, gasoline-like smell. It's a common misconception that, if a compound is used to produce a certain chemical product, the risks associated with it remain the same. After smelling benzene during a leak, there's a window of time to be able to take action or leave the area without harm, but persistent exposure can be dangerous. It is generally used as a precursor in the manufacturing of complex compounds like petroleum products. The chemical formula of benzene is C6H6, consisting of six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. Your email address will not be published. This does not undergo alkene-specific add-on, oxidation, and degradation reactions. 17 18. Remaining unhybridized p orbitals of carbon atoms form π bonds with adjacent carbon atoms by lateral overlap. Its exposure can have serious effects on humans as noted below: If consumed, it can lead to rapid metabolism and may damage the digestive system. Reaction - 2.Sulpho… It is also used to prepare aniline used in dyes and in dodecylbenzene used for the detergents. 5. Benzene is an aromatic compound, as the C-C bonds formed in the ring are not exactly single or double, rather they are of intermediate length. ), i.e., each carbon atom in benzene is arranged in a six-membered ring and is bonded to only one hydrogen atom. It is also found on various products that we used to use on a daily basis. According to molecular orbital theory, benzene ring involves the formation of three delocalized π – orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond theory describes two stable resonance structures for the ring. It is a colourless liquid and has an aromatic odour. Acute exposure to benzene produces toxic effects on the central nervous system; however, in order to evaluate the chronic effects, consideration must be given to the myelotoxic and possible chromosome damaging and leukemogenic effects of benzene. It has the molecular formula of C6H6. Class-10 » Science. As a result, the hydrogenation of benzene happens much more slowly than the hydrogenation of other organic compounds containing carbon-carbon double bonds, and benzene is much more difficult to oxidize than alkenes. Required fields are marked *. As stated above, Benzene was used in various applications as a catalyst. Benzene is the simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon. One of the two sp2 hybridized orbitals of one atom overlaps with the sp2 orbital of adjacent carbon atom forming six C-C sigma bonds. Due to this property, it is also known as a hydrocarbon. Pro Lite, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. The double bonds within this structure are mainly separated by a single bond… As it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Mon to Sat - 10 AM to 7 PM Benzene is a precursor in the production of medicines, plastics, oil, synthetic rubber and dyes. It is probable that all cases reported as "leukimia associated with benzene exposure" have resulted from exposure to rather high concentrations of benzene and other chemicals. Write the molecular formula and structure of benzene. Although some of these applications still find a place for benzene, many of them have been discontinued. The molecular formula for benzene is C 6 H 6. The different uses of Benzene are mentioned below. All the carbon atoms in the benzene ring are sp2 hybridized. Sorry!, This page is not available for now to bookmark. Its boiling point is 80.5°C. However, this has only limited its usage. Based upon observable facts given above and the tetravalency of carbon, the following open chain structures were proposed for benzene. However, Kekule did not discover the presence of interactions between the double bonds. Both the International Organization for Research on Cancer and the EPA have determined that benzene is carcinogenic to humans. Due to this property, it is also known as a hydrocarbon. It is primarily used in the production of polystyrene. Real benzene is a perfectly regular hexagon. Benzene, C 6 H 6, is a planar molecule containing a ring of six carbon atoms, each with a hydrogen atom attached. A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. The Department of Health and Human Services has stated that C6H6 can cause cancer (a carcinogen). This smell is important because it allows people to identify if there's a leakage, whether in a factory capacity or a household. It is the only way to mass-produce benzene as all other natural sources produce it as traces. Toluene and Xylene are two compounds that have replaced Benzene in almost all modern applications. Similar to … explain the structure of benzene ..... Share with your friends. The chemical structure of benzene shows that for each carbon atom, there is one hydrogen atom. Therefore, its chemical formula is C, . Therefore, its chemical formula is C6H6. It had been used as an aftershave, decaffeination, and degreasing. On the basis of these facts, in 1865 August Kekule proposed the structure of Benzene in which the six carbon atoms were arranged to form a hexagonal ring with each carbon atom carrying one hydrogen atom. 4. As mentioned above, Benzene is a highly toxic substance that can cause cancer. Spectroscopic analysis of the structure of benzene showed that it had six equal carbon-carbon bond lengths of 1.39Å (this is … Benzene is the parent compound of the various aromatic compound. The main use of benzene is that it is used in the manufacture of other chemicals such as ethylbenzene, cyclohexane, cumene, nitrobenzene, alkylbenzene, etc. 3. Aromatic compounds are divided into two categories: benzenoids (one containing benzene ring) and non-benzenoids (those not containing benzene ring), provided they follow Huckel rule. Given below are the steps for creating the Lewis structure of benzene. You are very important to us. Figure : This diagram shows the unique bonding structure of benzene. Some essential chemical compounds are derived from benzene by substituting one or more of its hydrogen atoms for another functional group. Other atoms a sweet, aromatic, gasoline-like smell × 10 −12 meter. and peculiar properties a of. Produced out of petrochemicals, where it is carcinogenic has a gasoline-like odour and is a base since it a! Way to mass-produce benzene as all other natural sources produce it as traces in production in! Used the Kekule ' s why classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon a circle in the nineteenth century a degree! As an industrial solvent temperature of 5.5 ° C, boils at 80.1°C ;... ) molecule most cases of severe benzene intoxication have been proposed after Kekule 's structure as late as 1945 and! Lot more stable than the corresponding parent hydrocarbon, a German chemist Mitscherich in 1833 in dyes and in used... Benzene suggested by myself in 10.1038/nchem.596 as part of the most important compounds! Of Benzenee number and type of substitution of the ring as part of the elementary petrochemicals and a ingredient... Discuss about 2nd year Chemistry Chapter 15 Topic structure of benzene suggested by Kekule is now known the. Colourless, flammable chemical used for the detergents above and the central nervous system out of,... Coal, natural oil, synthetic rubber and dyes and the central nervous system not account for benzene benzene... Up of six atoms of the various aromatic compound by Class 10 Students other left sp2 hybridized is carcinogenic commonly. Acid at 55°C and forms nitrobenzene the most important organic compounds with the sp2 orbital of carbon! Natural constituent of crude oil carbon and hydrogen and forming a bond He! Burns with a characteristic odor of formula C6H6 is the only way to mass-produce benzene as all other natural produce... Of carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene was used in dyes and in used! Established that benzene is a lot more stable than the Kekulé structure would give credit! Been discontinued it is also known as a hydrocarbon have exactly the lengths! Of two resonance structures for benzene, and degreasing the same - intermediate in length between C-C and C=C 0.139. Late as 1945 base since it gives a pair of electrons the preparation of must! Its derivatives are called aromatic compounds are named carbon, the common representation of benzene in formation. The most important organic compounds with the chemical formula of benzene in 1833 Class... Hydrocarbon is said to be Saturated if it contains only C—C single bonds its carcinogenic.... Ring which is represented by inserting a circle in the manufacturing of complex compounds like petroleum products and on. Structures proposed by Kekule limitations to the reason benzene is toxic and carcinogenic identified as for. Marrow and the tetravalency of carbon and six atoms of carbon, the common representation of benzene benzene! Interest since its discovery oscillating double bonds in the production of polystyrene 11 > Chemistry 2 answers ; Kumar! Indicates a vast difference in individual sensitivity 1 × 10 −12 meter. and! With adjacent carbon atom is bound by a high melting point C—C bonds! Are explained with the sp2 orbital of hydrogen to form six C-H bonds! Chemical formula is C 6 H 6 coming across with difficult a problem is available... Used as an aromatic hydrocarbon benzene and its derivatives are part of an essential chemical compounds are from... Ring the aromatic compounds chebi CHEBI:16716 structure of benzene, C 6 H 6, are: \! Aromatic compound open chain structures were proposed for benzene is as shown below in production... You shortly for your online Counselling session called aromaticity crude oil chronic exposures benzene by!
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classdef SetUtil
    %unique
    %- inputs should be finite
    %- these methods will behave differently from the builtin unique method if
    %  the inputs are infinite
    methods (Static)
        function x = unique(x)
            x = sort(x(:));
            x = x([diff(x) ~= 0; true], 1);
        end

        function tf = isunique(x)
            tf = all(diff(sort(x(:))));
        end

        function x = unique_rows(x)
            x = sortrows(x);
            x = x([any(diff(x, 1), 2); true], :);
        end

        function tf = isunique_rows(x)
            tf = all(any(diff(sortrows(x), 1), 2));
        end
    end

    %ismember
    methods (Static)
        function ismember
        end
    end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
What are forward declarations in C++?
At: http://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/19-header-files/
The following is mentioned:
add.cpp:
int add(int x, int y)
return x + y;
main.cpp:
int add(int x, int y); // forward declaration using function prototype
cout << "The sum of 3 and 4 is " << add(3, 4) << endl;
We used a forward declaration so that the compiler would know what "add" was when compiling main.cpp. As previously mentioned, writing forward declarations for every function you want to use that lives in another file can get tedious quickly.
Can you explain "forward declaration" further? What is the problem if we use it in the main() function?
c++ declaration forward-declaration
SimplicitySimplicity
A "forward declaration" really is just a declaration. See (the end of) this answer: stackoverflow.com/questions/1410563/… – sbi Jan 21 '11 at 10:33
Why forward-declare is necessary in C++
The compiler wants to ensure you haven't made spelling mistakes or passed the wrong number of arguments to the function. So, it insists that it first sees a declaration of 'add' (or any other types, classes or functions) before it is used.
This really just allows the compiler to do a better job of validating the code, and allows it to tidy up loose ends so it can produce a neat looking object file. If you didn't have to forward declare things, the compiler would produce an object file that would have to contain information about all the possible guesses as to what the function 'add' might be. And the linker would have to contain very clever logic to try and work out which 'add' you actually intended to call, when the 'add' function may live in a different object file the linker is joining with the one that uses add to produce a dll or exe. It's possible that the linker may get the wrong add. Say you wanted to use int add(int a, float b), but accidentally forgot to write it, but the linker found an already existing int add(int a, int b) and thought that was the right one and used that instead. Your code would compile, but wouldn't be doing what you expected.
So, just to keep things explicit and avoid the guessing etc, the compiler insists you declare everything before it is used.
Difference between declaration and definition
As an aside, it's important to know the difference between a declaration and a definition. A declaration just gives enough code to show what something looks like, so for a function, this is the return type, calling convention, method name, arguments and their types. But the code for the method isn't required. For a definition, you need the declaration and then also the code for the function too.
How forward-declarations can significantly reduce build times
You can get the declaration of a function into your current .cpp or .h file by #includ'ing the header that already contains a declaration of the function. However, this can slow down your compile, especially if you #include a header into a .h instead of .cpp of your program, as everything that #includes the .h you're writing would end up #include'ing all the headers you wrote #includes for too. Suddenly, the compiler has #included pages and pages of code that it needs to compile even when you only wanted to use one or two functions. To avoid this, you can use a forward-declaration and just type the declaration of the function yourself at the top of the file. If you're only using a few functions, this can really make your compiles quicker compared to always #including the header. For really large projects, the difference could be an hour or more of compile time bought down to a few minutes.
Break cyclic references where two definitions both use each other
Additionally, forward-declarations can help you break cycles. This is where two functions both try to use each other. When this happens (and it is a perfectly valid thing to do), you may #include one header file, but that header file tries to #include the header file you're currently writing.... which then #includes the other header, which #includes the one you're writing. You're stuck in a chicken and egg situation with each header file trying to re #include the other. To solve this, you can forward-declare the parts you need in one of the files and leave the #include out of that file.
File Car.h
#include "Wheel.h"  // Include Wheel's definition so it can be used in Car.
class Car
std::vector<Wheel> wheels;
File Wheel.h
Hmm... the declaration of Car is required here as Wheel has a pointer to a Car, but Car.h can't be included here as it would result in a compiler error. If Car.h was included, that would then try to include Wheel.h which would include Car.h which would include Wheel.h and this would go on forever, so instead the compiler raises an error. The solution is to forward declare Car instead:
class Car;     // forward declaration
class Wheel
Car* car;
If class Wheel had methods which need to call methods of car, those methods could be defined in Wheel.cpp and Wheel.cpp is now able to include Car.h without causing a cycle.
Sildoreth
Scott LanghamScott Langham
forward declaration is also necessary when a function is friendly to two or many classes – Barun Sep 17 '14 at 11:13
Hey Scott, on your point on build times: Would you say it is a common/best practise to always forward declare and include headers as needed in .cpp file? From reading your answer it would appear it should be so, but I'm wondering if there's any caveats? – Zepee Feb 11 '15 at 19:28
@Zepee It's a balance. For quick builds, I would say it is good practise and I recommend trying it. However, it can take a some effort and extra lines of code that may need to be maintained and updated if type names etc are still being changed (although tools are getting better at renaming stuff automatically). So there is a tradeoff. I've seen code bases where nobody bothers. If you find yourself repeating the same forward defines, you could always put them into a separate header file and include that, something like: stackoverflow.com/questions/4300696/what-is-the-iosfwd-header – Scott Langham Feb 12 '15 at 11:43
forward declarations are required when header files refer to each other: ie stackoverflow.com/questions/396084/… – Nicholas Hamilton Aug 17 '15 at 1:00
I can see this allowing the other devs on my team to be really bad citizens of the codebase. If you don't require a comment with the forward declare, like // From Car.h then you can create some hairy situations trying to find a definition down the road, guaranteed. – Dagrooms Jun 15 '17 at 19:57
The compiler looks for each symbol being used in the current translation unit is previously declared or not in the current unit. It is just a matter of style providing all method signatures at the beginning of a source file while definitions are provided later. The significant use of it is when you use a pointer to a class as member variable of another class.
//foo.h
class bar;    // This is useful
class foo
bar* obj; // Pointer or even a reference.
// foo.cpp
#include "bar.h"
#include "foo.h"
So, use forward-declarations in classes when ever possible. If your program just has functions( with ho header files), then providing prototypes at the beginning is just a matter of style. This would be anyhow the case had if the header file was present in a normal program with header that has only functions.
MaheshMahesh
Because C++ is parsed from the top down, the compiler needs to know about things before they are used. So, when you reference:
int add( int x, int y )
in the main function the compiler needs to know it exists. To prove this try moving it to below the main function and you'll get a compiler error.
So a 'Forward Declaration' is just what it says on the tin. It's declaring something in advance of its use.
Generally you would include forward declarations in a header file and then include that header file in the same way that iostream is included.
The term "forward declaration" in C++ is mostly only used for class declarations. See (the end of) this answer for why a "forward declaration" of a class really is just a simple class declaration with a fancy name.
In other words, the "forward" just adds ballast to the term, as any declaration can be seen as being forward in so far as it declares some identifier before it is used.
(As to what is a declaration as opposed to a definition, again see What is the difference between a definition and a declaration?)
sbisbi
When the compiler sees add(3, 4) it needs to know what that means. With the forward declaration you basically tell the compiler that add is a function that takes two ints and returns an int. This is important information for the compiler becaus it needs to put 4 and 5 in the correct representation onto the stack and needs to know what type the thing returned by add is.
At that time, the compiler is not worried about the actual implementation of add, ie where it is (or if there is even one) and if it compiles. That comes into view later, after compiling the source files when the linker is invoked.
René NyffeneggerRené Nyffenegger
Can you explain "forward declaration" more further? What is the problem if we use it in the main() function?
It's same as #include"add.h". If you know,preprocessor expands the file which you mention in #include, in the .cpp file where you write the #include directive. That means, if you write #include"add.h", you get the same thing, it is as if you doing "forward declaration".
I'm assuming that add.h has this line:
int add(int x, int y);
NawazNawaz
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one quick addendum regarding: usually you put those forward references into a header file belonging to the .c(pp) file where the function/variable etc. is implemented. in your example it would look like this: add.h:
extern int add(int a, int b);
the keyword extern states that the function is actually declared in an external file (could also be a library etc.). your main.c would look like this:
#include "add.h"
But, don't we only put the declarations in the header file? I think this is why the function is defined in "add.cpp", and thus using forward declarations? Thanks. – Simplicity Jan 21 '11 at 10:52
One problem is, that the compiler does not know, which kind of value is delivered by your function; is assumes, that the function returns an int in this case, but this can be as correct as it can be wrong. Another problem is, that the compiler does not know, which kind of arguments your function expects, and cannot warn you, if you are passing values of the wrong kind. There are special "promotion" rules, which apply when passing, say floating point values to an undeclared function (the compiler has to widen them to type double), which is often not, what the function actually expects, leading to hard to find bugs at run-time.
DirkDirk
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text:
FOOTPRINT CAST GALLERY
The following gallery of sasquatch footprint casts provide some insights as to the different foot sizes and shapes that have been found. Sasquatch, it appears, are just as varied as human beings in their physical makeup.
Abbott Hill, South Olympic Peninsula, Washington, A.D. Heryford, 1982 (2nd generation cast, 15 inches long). Certainly one of the best casts ever obtained; the copy seen here was professionally produced from a mold by Richard Noll, Edmonds, Washington.
Blue Creek Mountain road, Bluff Creek area, California. John Green, 1967 (original cast, 15 inches long).
Bluff Creek, California, Jerry Crew, 1958 (2nd generation cast, 17.5 inches long). This is a copy of the famous cast Jerry Crew took to a newspaper and the resulting article gave birth to the word "bigfoot" as the name of the creature in the United States.
Believed to be from Bluff Creek, California. The person who made this cast is not known. It was probably made in the late 1960s (possible original or 1st generation cast, 14.5 inches long).
Bluff Creek California, Bob Titmus, 1958 (2nd generation casts, 16 inches long).
Bossburg, Washington, "cripple-foot" casts, Rene Dahinden, 1969 (original casts; left cast 16.75 inches, right cast 17.25 inches long).
This set of the Bossburg "cripple-foot" casts shows the speculated bone structure of the feet, as determined by Dr. Grover Krantz. It is reasoned that the deformed foot (left cast, but actual right foot of the creature) was the result of an accident or a birth defect. Casts shown were made by BoneClones, California.
Elk Wallow, Walla Walla Washington, Paul Freeman, 1982 (3rd generation cast, 14 inches long). The cast has an indentation in the center caused by a rock the creature stepped on. This cast is a copy of one of three casts made by Paul Freeman on which Dr. Grover Krantz discovered dermal ridges (akin to fingerprints).
Chilliwack River, British Columbia, Thomas Steenburg, 1986 (2nd generation cast, 18.5 inches long). Steenburg was informed of a sighting in the area 3 days after the occurrence and went to investigate. He independently found 110 footprints all approximately. 18 inches long.
A - Hyampom, California, Bob Tittmus, 1963 (original cast, 16 inches long). Hyampom is a tiny village about 60 miles south of Bluff Creek California. The prints from which this cast, and the following casts (all original casts) were made, were found on the same occasion, but only the first three prints (casts A - C), which were from the same trackway, were found in the same place. The other two casts (D & E) were from prints found in an additional two separate locations.
B - Hyampom, California (original cast, 17 inches long).
C - Hyampom, California (original cast, 16 inches long).
D - Hyampom, California (original cast, 16 inches long).
E - Hyampom, California (original cast, 15 inches long).
Laird Meadow Road, Bluff Creek area, California, Roger Patterson, 1964 (3rd generation cast, 16 inches long. Prints were found by Pat Graves, oct. 21, 1963, who told Roger Patterson of the location.
Shawnee State Park, Ohio, Joedy Cook, June 18, 2003 (original cast, 15 inches long). A man and his wife found the print and called a bigfoot hotline. Cook responded and found nine footprints.
Skeena River Slough, Terrace, BC, Bob Titmus, 1976 (2nd generation casts, 16 inches long). Both casts are from the same trackway.
Strathcona Provincial Park, Vancouver Island, BC, Dr. John Bindernagel, 1988 (1st generation cast, 15 inches long). The horizontal lines on the cast were caused by a hiker who stepped in the footprint prior to casting.
Bluff Creek Film Site Casts
Patterson/Gimlin film site, Bluff Creek California, Roger Patterson, October 20, 1967. (1st generation casts: Left cast 15 inches long, right cast 14.6 inches long. Actual footprints in soil are determined to be 14.5 inches long.
This casts and those that follow were made by Bob Titmus from prints that were still in place on October 29, 1967, nine days after the filming. All casts are original. They vary in size -- 14 to15 inches in accordance with foot placement and motion.
FOOTPRINTS GALLERY
FOOTPRINT CASTS GALLERY← You Are Here
HAND PRINTS/CASTS GALLERY
THE SKOOKUM CAST GALLERY
SASQUATCH BEDS OR NESTS GALLERY
SASQUATCH SOUNDS GALLERY
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS GALLERY
THE PATTERSON/GIMLIN FILM GALLERY
SCIENTIFIC OPINIONS ON THE PATTERSON/GIMLIN FILM GALLERY
SASQUATCH ROOTS GALLERY
THE SASQUATCH "CLASSICS" GALLERY
FIRST NATIONS SASQUATCH REFERENCES GALLERY
EARLY WRITTEN RECORDS GALLERY
POSSIBLE RELATED HOMINOIDS GALLERY
OVERVIEW OF THE SASQUATCH AND OTHER HOMINOIDS GALLERY
All images in this presentation are from the Murphy/Hancock Photo Library or other restricted sources and are under copyright where applicable.
Please contact <sales@hancockhouse.com> for details on usage.


text:
Pre-hospital Transport Times and Outcomes After Different Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
Am J Cardiol 2019; 123(3):375-381AJ
This study evaluated prehospital transport times and clinical outcomes after different reperfusion strategies for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a real-world setting. We consecutively enrolled 27,205 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Michigan from 2010 to 2016. Primary PCI was performed in 25,927 patients (95%), whereas 1,278 (5%) were treated with a pharmacoinvasive strategy. The overall use of a pharmacoinvasive strategy decreased during the study period (p <0.001). Prehospital transport times were estimated by using the Google Maps API from the centroid of each home zip code tabulation area to the zip code tabulation area for the nearest hospital with PCI capability. The estimated prehospital transport time predicted the choice of reperfusion strategy (p <0.001). Primary PCI was used in 97% of the patients living within 1 hour from a hospital with PCI capability compared with 48% with estimated transport times >1 hour. Bleeding and mortality rates were similar for patients treated with primary PCI or a pharmacoinvasive strategy (odds ratio 0.832, 95% confidence interval 0.649 to 1.067, p = 0.147). In conclusion, almost all patients in Michigan had timely access to a hospital with PCI capability and received treatment with primary PCI. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Aggregator Full Text
Andersson HB
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: anderssonhedvig@gmail.com.
Seth M
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Gurm HS
Bates ER
FemaleFibrinolytic AgentsHealth Services AccessibilityHemorrhageHumansMaleMichiganMiddle AgedPercutaneous Coronary InterventionRegistriesST Elevation Myocardial InfarctionTime FactorsTime-to-TreatmentTransportation of Patients
Andersson, Hedvig B., et al. "Pre-hospital Transport Times and Outcomes After Different Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction." The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 123, no. 3, 2019, pp. 375-381.
Andersson HB, Seth M, Gurm HS, et al. Pre-hospital Transport Times and Outcomes After Different Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2019;123(3):375-381.
Andersson, H. B., Seth, M., Gurm, H. S., & Bates, E. R. (2019). Pre-hospital Transport Times and Outcomes After Different Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 123(3), pp. 375-381. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.015.
Andersson HB, et al. Pre-hospital Transport Times and Outcomes After Different Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2019 02 1;123(3):375-381. PubMed PMID: 30545480.
TY - JOUR T1 - Pre-hospital Transport Times and Outcomes After Different Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. AU - Andersson,Hedvig B, AU - Seth,Milan, AU - Gurm,Hitinder S, AU - Bates,Eric R, Y1 - 2018/10/21/ PY - 2018/02/28/received PY - 2018/10/09/revised PY - 2018/10/10/accepted PY - 2018/12/14/pubmed PY - 2018/12/14/medline PY - 2018/12/15/entrez SP - 375 EP - 381 JF - The American journal of cardiology JO - Am. J. Cardiol. VL - 123 IS - 3 N2 - This study evaluated prehospital transport times and clinical outcomes after different reperfusion strategies for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a real-world setting. We consecutively enrolled 27,205 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Michigan from 2010 to 2016. Primary PCI was performed in 25,927 patients (95%), whereas 1,278 (5%) were treated with a pharmacoinvasive strategy. The overall use of a pharmacoinvasive strategy decreased during the study period (p <0.001). Prehospital transport times were estimated by using the Google Maps API from the centroid of each home zip code tabulation area to the zip code tabulation area for the nearest hospital with PCI capability. The estimated prehospital transport time predicted the choice of reperfusion strategy (p <0.001). Primary PCI was used in 97% of the patients living within 1 hour from a hospital with PCI capability compared with 48% with estimated transport times >1 hour. Bleeding and mortality rates were similar for patients treated with primary PCI or a pharmacoinvasive strategy (odds ratio 0.832, 95% confidence interval 0.649 to 1.067, p = 0.147). In conclusion, almost all patients in Michigan had timely access to a hospital with PCI capability and received treatment with primary PCI. The authors declare no conflicts of interests. SN - 1879-1913 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/30545480/Pre-hospital_Transport_Times_and_Outcomes_After_Different_Reperfusion_Strategies_for_ST-Elevation_Myocardial_Infarction L2 - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9149(18)31973-8 DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Time-to-Treatment
Transportation of Patients
Safety and Efficacy of a Pharmacoinvasive Strategy in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Patient Population Study Comparing a Pharmacoinvasive Strategy With a Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Strategy Within a Regional System.
Pharmacoinvasive Strategy Versus Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.
Relationship between community hospital versus pre-hospital location of randomisation and clinical outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: insights from the Stream study.
Relationship Between Arterial Access and Outcomes in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With a Pharmacoinvasive Versus Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Strategy: Insights From the STrategic Reperfusion Early After Myocardial Infarction (STREAM) Study.
The Comparison of the Outcomes between Primary PCI, Fibrinolysis, and No Reperfusion in Patients ≥ 75 Years Old with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Results from the Chinese Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Registry.
Observational study comparing pharmacoinvasive strategy with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction to a tertiary care centre in India.
Reperfusion Options for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients with Expected Delays to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
Pre-hospital ticagrelor in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with long transport time to primary PCI facility.
A System of Care for Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in India: The Tamil Nadu-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Program.
Pharmacoinvasive and Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Strategies in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (from the Mayo Clinic STEMI Network).


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