text:
All Boys Together
The Club: Johnson, Boswell, and the Friends Who Shaped an Age, by Leo Damrosch, Yale University Press, 488 pp, £20, ISBN 978-0300217902
The Club is a love story; or, in classically inflected terms of which its protagonists might have approved, a prosopographia of homosocial desire. Lawrence Stone noted in his 1971 essay "Prosopography" that the genre of group biography is founded on the preservation of ephemera and the meticulous recording of everyday life's seemingly inconsequential details. James Boswell performed these labours on behalf of Samuel Johnson and his many circles of social and professional acquaintance, the most celebrated of which gives this book its title. Boswell can therefore be placed in the company of those "diligent antiquaries, clergymen and scholars" who, Stone writes, began from the eighteenth century onwards to amass such biographical data "in quite astonishing quantities". "In terms of psychological motivation," he added, "these obsessive collectors belong to the same category of anal-erotic males as the collectors of butterflies, postages stamps or cigarette cards."
As well as material objects, the erotics of biography extend to human subjects. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick popularised the concept of homosociality in Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (1992), a brilliant book which set out what might appear, when its insight is acquired as hindsight, to have been one of literary history's central, even obvious, facts. Ranging through the male literary canon from Shakespeare to Dickens and beyond, Sedgwick pointed out that while such works tend to be read or misread as leading to an endpoint of heterosexual union, what shapes them is the circulation of libidinal energy through contact, competition and camaraderie between males which is not, in the end, categorically different from love.
Even more than for their imaginative content, literary works have historically depended on such energies, channelled through networks of collaboration and support, for their production. These weren't necessarily or exclusively male. As detailed in Norma Clarke's Dr Johnson's Women (2005) the central figure of the club, Samuel Johnson, enjoyed female collaboration and friendship throughout his career, appearing as a character in Charlotte Lennox's novel The Female Quixote (1752) and spending much time among a parallel group centred on Hester Thrale. Nonetheless the all-male circle which gives The Club its name has a symbolism which exceeds its relatively modest historic purpose. Part artistic coterie, part gentleman's club, it stands on the one hand for easy conviviality and mutual support; on the other it emblematises the continuing, and not always benign, power of exclusive but informal networks to shape culture and politics.
The club was conceived over the winter of 1763 by the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds. Samuel Johnson was at that point seven years into an eighteen-month contract to produce an edition of Shakespeare, and the club was designed to help him avoid a relapse into the depression which had cost him five years of his youth. The idea that you would stir a "lifelong procrastinator" into productivity by taking him away from his work and into the upstairs room of a pub is an interesting one, but it worked. The club first met in 1764; The Plays of William Shakespeare came out the following year.
There were nine founding members, a number chosen to be large enough to ensure conviviality even when not quorate, but perhaps also in masculine appropriation of the nine, conventionally female, muses. Two of them, Topham Beauclerk and Bennet Langton, sound less like actual historical figures than fictional law firms; of a third, Anthony Chamier, little is known other than that he was a stockbroker. Unusually for a physician, Christopher Nugent had the best handwriting of the original nine. In an index of the club's relatively progressive outlook he was also a Catholic, dining on an omelette when the club met on Fridays; his son-in-law Edmund Burke upped the Irish contingent along with Oliver Goldsmith, who also raised the club's quota of qualified doctors to one and a bit. When he quarrelled with Burke, John Hawkins, magistrate and musicologist, became the first member to leave; he claimed it was because of the late hours but Johnson bemoaned "a tendency to savageness" which made him fundamentally "unclubbable".
Numerous intellects of the time proved more so and went on to join or to fraternise on the margins. They included Richard Brinsley Sheridan, several of his and Burke's fellow Westminster MPs, the actor David Garrick, historian Edward Gibbon and economist Adam Smith. Interestingly, given the author's background in literary studies, he tends when looking beyond the central pair of Boswell and Johnson to emphasise the clubbers' contribution to economics, politics and philosophy. One reason for this is to emphasise that in a time before disciplinary specialism, "literature" meant everything written. A second is to suggest that the age-shaping invoked in this book's subtitle refers not just to the time that these people lived in but also to ours. Depending on perspective, the club represents a cradle of Enlightenment values or an early playground of neoliberal capitalist modernity.
While it doesn't spell out such dualities, doubling is a structural feature of The Club. The chapter on Adam Smith, for example, offsets discussion of the "invisible hand" theory of markets as self-correcting with systems with a more recent argument that such notions are articles of faith by comparison with the reality, the "antagonistic, impersonal and self-regarding social relations that capitalism imposes". Dualism is a visual strategy as well as moral one. The illustrations, which are sumptuous and wonderfully copious for a book of this price, tend to come in pairs so that Canaletto's clean, sunlit, airy riverscape of the Thames at Richmond presents an elegant near-Venetian city which is unrecognisable as the same town depicted in Thomas Rowlandson's image of a public execution at Charing Cross.
Of these parallel universes, Johnson is consigned to the latter, the "teeming, noisy, contradictory and often violent world of eighteenth-century London". What's missing from this dichotomy is the third space of the club, which represents neither neoclassical splendour nor Hogarthian squalor but rather a space of comfort, intimacy, and abundant food and drink. Omelettes apart, detailed records of what the clubbers ate and drank don't survive. Ready abundance of animal protein was, however, a matter of national pride, seen in such works as Hogarth's The Roast Beef of Old England, so it can be assumed that the fare on offer in London taverns such as the Turk's Head, where the club met, was hearty and plentiful. Over at Hester Thrales', guests could expect "two courses of twenty-one dishes each". When it came to alcohol Johnson was capable of abstinence but not moderation. His perennial foil Boswell was capable of neither, recording that he had over the course of a single evening drunk "all the liquors": "small beer, ale, porter, cider, madeira, sherry, old hock, port, claret".
Despite his central billing in this book's title, Boswell was regarded as a "lightweight" by the other clubbers, who did not admit him to membership until he had pestered them for seven years, and only then for his devotion to Johnson rather than any qualities of his own. Qualified but uninterested in law, Boswell was a dilettante in search of a project, which he found in Johnson. The first meeting between the two is wittily framed so that it follows from an anticlimactic relationship between Boswell and the actor Anne Lewis, where the two lovers seem to have spent most of their time quarrelling over which of them had given gonorrhoea to the other. Little did Boswell know that "the most important encounter of his life" was just around the corner.
Though chaste, love with Johnson could still be painful. Boswell had taken elocution lessons from Thomas Sheridan, and when the fated couple were introduced, Boswell didn't sound obviously Scottish to Johnson. When his nationality was revealed, Johnson took pleasure in teasing him about it, "pretending", throughout their twenty-one-year relationship, "that he hated Scotland and the Scots". Whatever masochistic pleasure Boswell took from this must have been diluted by the fact that Johnson dispensed similar treatment freely to all the younger men who surrounded him. He habitually addressed Oliver Goldsmith as "Goldy" for the specific reason that Goldsmith hated it and had asked him not to. In the company of Thomas Percy, Johnson took a notion to compose a request for a cup of tea in extempore parody of the vernacular ballads which Percy collected and published. So much did this amuse Johnson that he kept at it until Percy begged him to stop. As well as a tease, Johnson could be a bore, in the habit, when he had delivered himself of a choice remark, of looking around the room to make sure his audience were sufficiently grateful for what they had just received. He once woke up sweating from a dream where someone had got the better of him in an argument, only to sink back contentedly when it dawned on him that the contest had been between two versions of himself.
In such moments Johnson can come across as a prototype of his UK-prime minister namesake – a wilful caricature of bumptious English masculinity, portly, wiggy, handy with a dictionary but too long indulged in the notion that ostentatiously belittling foreigners, especially Celtic ones, marks the height of witty sophistication. Nor was such contempt always genial in its delivery. When riled by an Irish clergyman Johnson announced that he "would have done as Oliver Cromwell did, […] burned your cities and roasted you in the flames of the"'. The figure behind such utterances is perhaps a product of literary celebrity and its mediation by Boswell and others, dating from a period when, relieved from money worries by a government pension, Johnson's "full creative force was", as John Montague observed, mostly "reserved for conversational effect".
There was another Johnson, scarred and half-blind from childhood scrofula, a critic of slavery and of British adventurism in the Falkland Islands, forced by poverty to leave his university studies after a year and plunged into breakdown as a result, a sympathetic friend to Burke and Goldsmith, inspirer of women writers from Mary Wollstonecraft to Charlotte Brontë. Another group particularly receptive to his influence, as Anthony Lee's recent collection Samuel Johnson Among the Modernists (2019) has demonstrated, was the generation of Eliot, Woolf and Joyce. "They can put me wherever they want," Samuel Beckett commented, "but it's Johnson, always Johnson, who's with me. And if I follow any tradition, it's his."
Rather than the bombast of the public persona, Beckett was tracing through Johnson's works a vein of philosophical enervation which found succinct expression in a series of weekly essays, The Idler. "Uneasiness without molestation, and complaint without a grievance" is how Johnson defined such idleness; it is a state which, as Catherine Parke notes in her 1991 book on Johnson, "goes beyond common laziness to describe ethical paralysis, moral torpor and physical inertia not as sins but as a tragicomic inevitability".
A similar condition permeates Rasselas, in which the main characters mostly sit around and talk about getting round to doing something. As presented in unsympathetic outline by Hester Mulso, Johnson's novel appears not so much prototypically as parodically Beckettian. Its likely effect, she wrote shortly after its publication in 1759, would be to "extinguish hope […] and dispose men to lie down in sloth and despondency", its only moral consisting in the maxim "that human life is a scene of unmixed wretchedness, and that all states and conditions of it are equally miserable". In fairness to Johnson, he did remark that it is possible for a person to achieve happiness "when he is drunk". Beckett spent a year working a play about Johnson, named after his poem The Vanity of Human Wishes. The play was never finished and in it, as Frederik Smith remarks in his book Beckett's Eighteenth Century, "like Godot, Johnson never appears".
Unlike Beckett, Boswell finished his opus; when it came out The Life of Samuel Johnson made him financially secure for the rest of his life and married his posthumous reputation forever to that of his subject. In the twentieth century, the publication of Boswell's private papers and letters (some of them recovered from a French vendor of waste paper) caused a stir because they revealed what the biography had omitted, notably the relentless, salacious, and frequently obnoxious torrent of Boswell's sexual opportunism. Eroticism of a gentler kind can be found in the unfolding relationship of the two men. Once after they had each drunk two bottles of port Johnson took his companion "cordially by the hand and said 'My dear Boswell! I do love you very much"'. During their tour of the Hebrides, in a moment of bedroom role play which is hard not to read as an allegorical reversal of Boswell's initial effort to hide his Scottishness, he was moved to raptures. "To see Mr. Samuel Johnson lying in Prince Charles's bed," he wrote, "in the Isle of Skye, in the house of Miss Flora McDonald, struck me with such a group of ideas as it is not easy for words to describe". As this passage suggests, the thrill of the moment was enhanced by the knowledge that even as it happened the moment was being framed and recorded for posterity.
The Club shows that for all the brilliance of Johnson's circle, the original odd couple of himself and Boswell remains the big attraction. It is perhaps inevitable that behind such big personalities, others can be obscured. Although a founding member of the club, Oliver Goldsmith does not receive a chapter in his own right, perhaps because his own story remains so compelling, tragicomic and odd that it would require a whole book to contain it. Norma Clarke's Brothers of the Quill: Oliver Goldsmith in Grub Street (2016) provides this space, using Goldsmith's career as a central point from which to map the branching paths of migration and labour which shaped the production of literature in eighteenth century London.
The city was a commercial and imperial centre through which writing passed as a commodity to be bought and sold like any other. Prefaces, depending on their length, commanded between one and three guineas; translations, thanks to Goldsmith's fluency in French, could be produced quickly and for a healthy fee; compendious works on an extraordinary range of subjects could be written to order and were carried in hearts and holds to the ends of empire. The founders of the New South Wales penal colony could recite The Deserted Village from memory, but they also used Goldsmith's History of the Earth, and Animated Nature to identify as emus the large flightless birds that could outrun the colony's greyhounds.
In his book on Goldsmith and the geographies of empire, Enlightenment in Ruins (2013), Michael Griffin points out that one of Goldsmith's central metaphors reflects his medical training: people and goods circulate like blood in a body. Friends and contemporaries of Goldsmith were drawn to what they might have seen as the peripheries, where they produced work which celebrated the taking of individual bodies to extremes in the name of profit or pleasure. At eighteen, John Cleland enlisted as a soldier in the service of the East India Company and shipped out to Bombay. There, according to an account picked up by Boswell and discussed in Hal Gladfelder's recent book Fanny Hill in Bombay, he was challenged to write an explicit work without obscene language. Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure was the result. Meanwhile, in the West Indies, James Grainger produced The Sugar Cane, which Clarke describes as "an attempt to make refined poetry out of the plantation experience" produced by "an apologist for slavery". Johnson noted the poet's apparent ambivalence over plantation labour in his review; when Grainger performed his poem in London for an assembly of club members including Bennet Langton and Sir Joshua Reynolds, gales of laughter burst forth.
However much Grainger and Cleland whitewashed and idealised them, they did at least document slavery and prostitution as historical and economic facts. More often they were appropriated as insulting metaphors for the condition of the male professional writer. The whore and the slave became interchangeable abstractions called up to enforce the prejudice that to write for money was a shocking and irredeemable display of vulgarity. "If a writer did not look like an independently wealthy man he would be judged a lowly slave," Clarke notes, while "to avoid being considered a prostitute scribbler it was necessary to acquire money without appearing to do so, to display it and spend it without finding oneself in need."
Goldsmith, recently characterised to me by a colleague as "always running away from something", was usually fleeing debt, but this was accrued through the pressure to maintain appearances as much by his own extravagant tastes. Both of his plays develop the farcical premise of being taken for someone other than you are and present the absurd labour that must be expended when a choice is made to service rather than challenge the misapprehension.
In The Good-Natured Man, bailiffs descend on a debtor just as he is expecting company so he persuades them to pose as, and mingle with, his polite guests. The scene had to be omitted after the play's opening night: the audience objected vocally to the sympathetic portrayal of such "low" characters (and also, presumably, to the idea that politeness could be performed in ways that might reveal class difference to be a fiction). In She Stoops to Conquer, two entitled young men are encouraged to believe that an old-style country house is an inn so that they treat their genteel host, Mr Hardcastle, as badly as they would any pub landlord. In The Irish Enlightenment, Michael Brown interprets the play as dramatising tensions between transactional, commercial modernity and traditional modes of sociability and hospitality. Clarke's assessment is blunter: the young men's behaviour to their host "reproduces the colonial relationship" between England and Ireland.
Generational conflict and change in time become, in such interpretations, a metaphor for territorial expansion and expropriation across space. The most powerful elaboration of this theme is The Deserted Village. Back on the map thanks to Center Parcs and Love Island, the poem's originating locale of Ballymahon retains an uncanny ability to embody social change accelerated by capitalism and mediated by popular culture. As Griffin notes in Enlightenment in Ruins, de Valera's 1943 St Patrick's Day vision of "a rural self-sufficient republic" owes much to Goldsmith's fictional village of Auburn. Like the landscape it abstracts from, Goldsmith's poem has become a kind of surface upon which to register nostalgia or protest, "smoothed", in Clarke's words, "by geniality".
Eavan Boland's 2011 poem in response to The Deserted Village calls Goldsmith out on this sugaring of pain, highlighting the way any semblance of anger or political resistance melts away in his "sweet Augustan double talk". On first reading the poem, I mistakenly associated the phrase "double talk" with politicians and assumed that it meant accomplished, polished, lying. In fact it refers to music hall patter: nonsense syllables performed for comic effect with the fluency of natural speech, at once enabling and concealing the suggestion of outlandish or outrageous content. It is an apt, if slightly cutting, way to present the effortless contribution of an Irish migrant to what is now called English literature.
James Ward teaches English at Ulster University. His book Memory and Enlightenment is published by Palgrave: https://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9783319967097


An entity shall recognise a financial asset or a financial liability on its balance sheet when, and only when, the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
An entity shall remove a financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) from its balance sheet when, and only when, it is extinguished ie when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.
When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially, an entity shall measure it at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability.
The following flow chart illustrates the evaluation of whether and to what extent a financial asset is derecognised.
An amendment to the Standard, issued in June 2005, permits an entity to designate a financial asset or financial liability (or a group of financial assets, financial liabilities or both) on initial recognition as one(s) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss. To impose discipline on this categorisation, an entity is precluded from reclassifying financial instruments into or out of this category.
(c) investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured and derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such unquoted equity instruments, which shall be measured at cost (see Appendix A paragraphs AG80 and AG81).
Financial assets that are designated as hedged items are subject to measurement under the hedge accounting requirements in paragraphs 89 &102. All financial assets except those measured at fair value through profit or loss are subject to review for impairment in accordance with paragraphs 58 &70 and Appendix A paragraphs AG84 &AG93.
(b) financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or when the continuing involvement approach applies. Paragraphs 29 and 31 apply to the measurement of such financial liabilities.
(ii) the amount initially recognised (see paragraph 43) less, when appropriate, cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue.
(ii) the amount initially recognised (see paragraph 43) less, when appropriate, cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18.
A gain or loss arising from a change in the fair value of a financial asset or financial liability that is not part of a hedging relationship, shall be recognised, as follows.
(b) A gain or loss on an available-for-sale financial asset shall be recognised directly in equity, through the statement of changes in equity, except for impairment losses and foreign exchange gains and losses, until the financial asset is derecognised, at which time the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in equity shall be recognised in profit or loss. However, interest calculated using the effective interest method is recognised in profit or loss. Dividends on an available-for-sale equity instrument are recognised in profit or loss when the entity's right to receive payment is established.
For financial assets and financial liabilities carried at amortised cost a gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss when the financial asset or financial liability is derecognised or impaired, and through the amortisation process. However, for financial assets or financial liabilities that are hedged items the accounting for the gain or loss shall follow paragraphs 89 & 102.
An entity shall assess at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired.
If there is a designated hedging relationship between a hedging instrument and a hedged item as described in paragraphs 85 & 88 and Appendix A paragraphs AG102 & AG104, accounting for the gain or loss on the hedging instrument and the hedged item shall follow paragraphs 89 & 102.
(a) fair value hedge: a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognised asset or liability or an unrecognised firm commitment, or an identified portion of such an asset, liability or firm commitment, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect profit or loss.
(b) cash flow hedge: a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that (i) is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognised asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction and (ii) could affect profit or loss.
(c) hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation as defined in IAS 21.
(b) the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk shall  adjust the carrying amount of the hedged item and be recognised in profit or loss. This applies if the hedged item is otherwise measured at cost. Recognition of the gain or loss attributable to the hedged risk in profit or loss applies if the hedged item is an available-for-sale financial asset.
(b) the ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument shall be recognised in profit or loss.
(b) the ineffective portion shall be recognised in profit or loss.


Currently, a person must have a net worth of $1 million or an annual income of $200,000 if single or $300,000 if married (and filing jointly) to be an accredited investor. The senator's proposed bill doesn't say what inflation adjustment will be used to convert these numbers, established in 1982, to today's dollars. But if we use the Bureau of Labor Statistics inflation calculator to adjust these figures on the basis of the consumer price index, then the annual income requirements for accredited investor status would become $449,000 if the investor were single and $674,000 if the investor were married, while the net worth requirement would become $2.25 million.
This is exceptionally bad news, if it passes, on multiple fronts. To explain why, let's review some of the basics.
Investing in public securities, like stocks and bonds, is heavily regulated. There is a long standing legal concept, dating back to the 1930s, that individual investors need to be protected from nefarious money raising capitalists. However, a special exception was carved out for the rich, under the auspice that sufficiently wealthy investors have enough education and resources to protect their own interests. Thus, for private companies that wish to raise capital from private investors outside these large regulated facilities, there is a concept of an "accredited investor".
When do you need to be an accredited investor?
You need to be an accredited investor to invest money in angel investments, hedge funds, certain private partnerships, and other high risk / unregulated investments. For example, if Mark Zuckerberg came to you in 2005 and offered to let you put $25,000 into thefacebook.com, you'd need to be an accredited investor to do so. (BTW If you can go back in time and do this, I highly recommend it).
Who is this going to hurt?
This is really going to hurt two groups – entrepreneurs and individual investors.
Adjusting the income and net worth requirements for accredited investing to those proposed in the Dodd bill would reduce the number of accredited informal investors to 121,000 to 174,000 people.
So if this passes, we are talking about a massive decline in the number of potential angel investors in a new business. Potentially a 98% decline, if the numbers above are accurate. Outside of web 2.0 companies in Silicon Valley, raising angel funding is not trivial as it is. Reducing the pool of investors here is massively disadvantageous to most entrepreneurs.
The amounts to qualify as an accredited investor haven't been changed in a very long time. Originally, these amounts were incredibly large, but they were never indexed for inflation. I don't think anyone ever envisioned millions of Americans qualifying.
Given the recent scandals around hedge funds and related ponzi schemes, these changes are an attempt to "protect" the public from people who would trick them into investing into shady schemes and poor investments. The assumption is the same as the original one in 1933 – that in order to be sophisticated about investments, you need to be rich.
Alternatively, you could argue that we just don't care that much if "rich" people lose their money, but that normal people, even those earning $300K/year, need to be protected from charlatans and rogues who would trick them into unregulated investments.
A better solution: make accredited status earned by knowledge, not income or assets.
We are learning the wrong lessons from the recent financial crisis and scandals. If anything, recent events have demonstrated that dumb money is bad in large amounts, whether it is aggregated from a bunch of small investors, or funded by large rich investors.
We know from clear evidence that lottery winners, professional athletes, movie stars, and other wealthy people can still be incredibly financially ignorant. Just because a retiree has accumulated $2M over a lifetime does not mean that they have significant financial education, or that they understand how to evaluate a hedge fund for legitimacy. We also know that there is significant danger in this money being lost, stolen, or even worse, leveraged and invested in ways that can exacerbate bubbles.
Just because someone has a high income and/or significant wealth, does not mean that they have significant financial education, or will appoint/hire people who have significant financial education.
Depriving entrepreneurs and individuals from the opportunity to fund new businesses is completely unfair, and likely counter-productive to goals of encouraging new business formation and entrepreneurship.
We introduce a new form of license / test that gives you "accredited investor" status for a fixed number of years (3-5 years).
We do increase the accredited investor limits – in fact, we eliminate them over time.
Look, we force people to repeatedly take a test to prove that it's safe for them to drive. It's not a big stretch to insist that people who believe they are capable of making unregulated investments have the proper education.
Meritocracy. This allows for anyone with the will to research and learn the ability to become an accredited investor.
Education. This allows the government to ensure that all accredited investors, regardless of wealth, are aware of relevant financial and legal issues around investments. This would help prevent charlatans from taking advantage of people. For example, the test could ensure people are aware of their rights, of recent financial returns, of warnings signs, and of recourse for reporting fraud.
Self-funding. The government could charge a fee to take this test to help fund the license and potential even some enforcement resources. It could also charge a licensing fee for institutions that want to offer classes around the license.
Centralized verification. This would ensure that every accredited investor is easily verifiable.
As always, very interested in thoughts and feedback from those familiar with the issue.
Update: Good news. It looks like some amendments have made it through on the Senate bill that restore much of the status quo. That means the primary damage will be avoided. Maybe now there is an opportunity over the next four years to take a different approach to qualifying accredited investors.
Sometimes I am reminded that there are a lot of observations & stories that I tell in real life that I haven't shared on this blog. This is one that I've mentioned in conversation three times this week, so I'm making an effort to actually write it out.
When I attend business school at Harvard, I took a couple of elective classes that were roughly equally populated by both MBA students and Government students. Harvard is fairly unique in that it has both a world-class business school (technically, the oldest) and a world-class government school (Kennedy School of Government).
What I learned in these classes had less to do with the material, and more to do with the fundamental difference in mindset between the two types of students.
Tell us what the rules of the game are, and we'll tell you how to win the game.
Tell us who you want to win the game, and we'll tell you how to make the rules.
Needless to say, the conversations typically went nowhere. The business students always felt it was unethical to either change the rules mid-stream, or to create an unlevel playing field. The government students always felt it was unethical to set up rules that weren't destined to generate the ideal outcome.
Let me know how many times you see echoes of this disconnect in both business & political discussions.
I normally don't comment on politics here, but wanted to share a couple thoughts I had about the recent churn and furor over the $165M in bonuses paid out to approximately 370 employees in the AIG financial products division. As everyone now knows, this is the same division that apparently ended up with such large unhedged exposure that it required $170B of US government "investment" to prevent global economic collapse.
Now that's chutzpa. World record chutzpa.
Avoid Bankruptcy at your own peril. Our legal & financial system is like a giant, complex distributed system. As anyone who works on distributed systems knows, common definitions and patterns are essential. We have a pattern that's been built over more than a hundred years for having debts greater than ability to pay. It's called bankruptcy.
The problem is, AIG never went bankrupt. That means all of the common agreements and assumptions, both written and unwritten, about failed businesses no longer apply. In a bankrupt company, all debts are subject to negotiation, including wages and compensation. Every state is different, but the lattitude to control the existence of prior contracts is huge. By not letting AIG go bankrupt, we've probably actually limited the number of options we have in this and thousands of other situations tremendously, because there isn't a hundred+ years of legal precedent for businesses that "should have failed but didn't because of US government investment". Nope. None. As a result, a lot of laws that apply to companies that don't go bankrupt apply here.
Sunshine may be the best disinfectant. I've heard a variety of proposals on this topic, ranging from the fatalistic (you can't take the money back) to the extreme (we'll fire anyone who takes the bonus.) I'm skeptical that the latter really has teeth (Here. Take $3M. Don't come back!), and I'm concerned the former declares defeat.
Here is a middle proposal. Publicity. Cuomo is right on this one. Give in to the subpoena. Publicly list the name of every single employee of AIG that receives a bonus over $5000 this year. Name, Title, City, State. Give them the option of declining the bonus, or appearing on the list.
In this economy, with this attention from the public and the government, that list is one place I wouldn't want my name to be. It would follow you forever, and that's assuming the government doesn't directly target you.
Just a thought. It might be naive, and I'm not sure of the legality of putting names on a list like that where a lynch mob might literally come out with torches and pitchforks. But it's a thought.


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Grand Prize-Best of Parade-York Saint Patrick's Day Parade 2014, Best Irish Dance School 2015, 2016, & 2017!
To book a performance, email Lena McGinley at lena@mcginleyirishdancers.com or call (717)439-2991 Dancers from the McGinley School of Irish Dance perform year-round at festivals, theaters, local pubs, restaurants, private parties and weddings. Our performances have proven to be crowd-pleasing, innovative and entertaining.
To date, dancers from the school have performed with world-class entertainers such as: Cherish the Ladies, Danú, Eileen Ivers, Frank Patterson, Gaelic Storm, Harrisburg Symphony Orchestra, The Prodigal, Ronan Tynan, Searson, and the Trinity Irish Dance Troupe. McGinley Irish Dancers have also appeared numerous occasions on local news programs and have been featured on the Vance Report, Out and About with Chuck Rhodes, and in a Turner Kia commercial. They have performed at the Corbett/Cawley Inauguration and for our former Governor, Tom Ridge and First Lady, Michele Ridge.
Lena McGinley, founder of the McGinley School of Irish Dance, also holds a Bachelors Degree in Secondary Education (Bloomsburg University of PA) and a Masters Degree in Educational Administration (Temple University, PA), along with her Oide Damhsa Cumann Rince Naisiunta (ODCRN) and Ard Damhsa Cumann Rince Naisiunta (ADCRN), teaching and adjudicating degrees in Irish Dancing (Cumann Rince Naisiunta, Dublin). Over the years, she has developed and hosted educational, entertaining, and fun assemblies in many school districts throughout South-Central Pennsylvania and the state of Mississippi.
Please click on our CALENDAR to view our upcoming performances.


I have to remind myself that some birds aren't meant to be caged. Their feathers are just too bright. And when they fly away, the part of you that knows it was a sin to lock them up DOES rejoice. But still, the place you live in is that much more drab and empty that they're gone. I guess I just miss my friend.
The empty house that was a full home.
Across the street there is an empty house. It is a house more hollow than most empty houses. Until a week or so ago the house was brimming with the life of a family. Over the last three years the people of that family became my friends. In their comings and goings there was a continual reassurance that life was being lived with spirit and love and joy. Russell Spera grew up in that house. His father was postmaster in this town for many years. When the father died, the mother moved to Florida and Russell and his wife Jenn made it a home, a home where two sons, Lukas and Liam were working toward maturity.
Jenn and Russ at his surprise 50th birthday party.
On the day he left for a new home in Florida Russell told me "I never wanted to live here." For all those many years I guess it was sort of a Shawshank prison for him. So finally he packed it up and moved to Florida. "I learn by going where I have to go" wrote the poet Theodore Roethke.
Like most women who mother successful families Jenn knows the power of influence that emanates from her family. When we said goodbye I told her it was a joy having the presence of her family in my world these last few years. She understood and said she would "spread that around" wherever they went. Lucky for folks in Florida.
Russell is a teacher. He was teaching English at Creative Arts Morgan Village Academy, a high school in Camden, NJ. He also taught music as he is an accomplished guitar (and other stringed instruments) player and a member of several local bands. There were times when I would hear music in the distance; when I looked across the street Russell was sitting on his front steps playing and singing. I'll miss his impromptu free concerts. He had recently finished a Masters degree at my alma mater, Rutgers University. It is a rare treat to have someone in the neighborhood who also appreciates the brilliance of a Seamus Heaney translation of Beowulf.
A pirate ship playhouse in the backyard.
We were simply neighbors until Jenn engineered a very successful surprise 50th birthday party for Russ. She asked me to attend and take pictures. Russell seemed appropriately surprised. I was amazed. Jenn had managed to bring all his friends together, along with college professors who had become friends, people who worked with him as well as family members. A brother from New York Russell hadn't seen in some years was even there. The work and planning to pull it off was enormous, and what came shining through was the tremendous love and caring they have for one another. I felt very lucky to have been included in this wonderful evening of the very best of humanity.
Jenn does the work of a nutritionist in some way I don't fully understand. Last year they planted a good size garden. When I saw this happening I told Russ he was fulfilling my dream. I had always told my father he should make a vegetable garden, including Jersey corn in the front yard of our suburban house. Each year he opted for the side or back yards. Well, Russell was planting his right in the front yard, and he let me know he didn't care what neighbors might think.
Along with the garden they had a compost pile going. I made a lot of trips across the street with vegetable trimmings and coffee grounds, adding to the compost. They were generous and told me to have anything I wanted from the garden.
There's a huge pirate ship in the backyard — built as a playhouse for children. An above-ground pool was the centerpiece of parties. And colorful kayaks hung along the sunflower-draped fence, ready any time for some paddling in lakes and streams around here. I smiled when I overheard one of Liam's friends ask if they were taking the pirate ship with them. It now waits for a new captain kid.
What didn't go to Florida, left for trash pickup.
I feel sad when I look across the street and see the empty house that was a full home. It's not as bad as the first few days when trash pickers came by periodically. Everything that was discarded and not moved was placed along the curb for the next mid-week trash pickup. It was hard to watch the trash pickers, like vultures tearing at the carcass of treasured memories.
Lukas graduated high school last year; he's been doing college work this year. Having grown up here, he is losing most all of what he has and knows so the move will be a challenge for him. As if to reassure himself, he kept telling me, "Change is a good thing." Liam is going into sixth grade in the fall (next month in Florida), and he's a tough, resilient character who will do well anywhere. Russ says there are plenty of teaching jobs in Florida — since they pay so poorly no one wants the job. And Jenn, like Ma Joad in Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath, will keep the family purring along and successfully loving each other — and anyone else who gets in the way!
Welcome to their wonderful world, Florida!
Russ, to me, is "a friend, a companion, the only product you will ever need", to quote Tom Waits. He is more of brother to me than the guys that share my name. We became friends in second grade because he wanted to, and he usually gets what he wants, eventually. He took me under his wing and put me on his back. I'm only a small part of his universe, but he's a large part of mine. Our circumstances and lifestyles have prevented us from seeing each other very often in the past several years. But it's okay we don't need to – a quick note on the phone can make a world of difference when I need a pick-me-up. Jenn and the kids share his exuberance and make for a fascinating whirlwind. I hope Florida embraces them all.


Chlorella is rich in vitamins, antioxidants and minerals such as sodium and potassium and also iodine, manganese, selenium and iron. This green algae has powerful anti-age and moisturizing properties. That's why nowadays, many beauty studios and spas are offering beauty treatments with chlorella.
This is the easiest DIY homemade chlorella face mask the you can make because it requires only two ingredients, chlorella powder and water. In a small bowl add one tablespoon of chlorella powder and add a little but of water until you create a slightly thick paste (around one teaspoon of water should be enough). Apply this simple homemade chlorella facial mask on a clean skin, leave it for 10-15 minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water. After using this face mask, you'll notice that your skin is softer and hydrated.
This homemade chlorella facial mask will freshen up and clean your skin and it's great for oily and acne prone skin. In a small bowl add one tablespoon of chlorella powder, one teaspoon of honey and one teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice. Mix everything well and add more freshly squeezed lemon juice or chlorella powder until you get the consistency that you like. Apply the DIY anti acne chlorella face mask on your face and leave it for 20 minutes. After that, rinse with lukewarm water.
This DIY homemade chlorella face mask is perfect for dry skin because it's really moisturizing. Here's how to make it: In a small bowl add 1 tablespoon spirulina powder and 1 teaspoon of honey. If the honey is hard, melt it slightly in a microwave, but be careful not to burn it. To make this chlorella facial mask more moisturizing you can also add 1 teaspoon of extra virgin olive oil. Mix everything well and apply it on a clean face. Leave it for 15 minutes and rinse your face with lukewarm water. Because it contains honey, this face mask wont get dry.
This homemade chlorella face mask is really refreshing, so it's great for oily skin. To prepare it you'll need: 1 tablespoon of chlorella powder, 1 teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice and 1 teaspoon of plain unsweetened yogurt. Mix the ingredients in a small bowl. Apply the mask on clean skin while massaging your face with light circular movements and then leave it for 20 minutes. Rinse it off thoroughly with lukewarm water. You can prepare and use this DIY chlorella face mask once a week.
To make this nourishing chlorella face mask you'll need: 1 teaspoon of chlorella powder, 1 tablespoon of oatmeal flour or finely ground oatmeal, 1 teaspoon grape seed oil and a little bit of water. In a bowl mix all of the ingredients and add a little bit of water to get a somewhat thick mask. Apply the mask to a clean face and leave it for 15 minutes. Rinse with lukewarm water. This homemade chlorella face mask is suitable for all skin types.
You can find chlorella sold in capsules, powder or as tablets. If you have capsules just open them and use the powder inside them. If you have the chlorella as tablets, you can crush them and use them in your homemade chlorella face mask recipe. If you haven't bought chlorella before, you can easily find it in health food stores or online. For these recipes we've used raw and organic chlorella powder bought from iHerb and it's Earth Circle Organics, Chlorella Powder. It costs $9.15 for 4 oz (113 g). This chlorella powder is certified USDA organic, its cold processed below 118 ºF and it contains no additives, preservatives or fillers.
Apart from making homemade chlorella face masks, you can actually eat the chlorella powder. You can add it on salads or put it into your smoothie. It contains an array of nutrients like vitamins, minerals, protein and chlorophyll.
What annoys women about their online friends?


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123 posts tagged "Baseball"
Kramer: A day of Dominican Republic baseball
David Kramer | Wednesday, November 20, 2019
After nearly 30 minutes on the winding, jagged dirt road, I jump from the bed of an open-air truck and step into the searing sun. The triple-digit heat feels unbearable, somehow far more potent than the dunes of the American South. Initial greetings from the early arrivals of a nearby batey echo as my colleagues
Kramer: Baseball's One-Dimensional Plague
David Kramer | Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Some of society's most bizarre and ill-considered insight comes from volunteer youth baseball coaches. Granted, nearly every retiree cherishes memories of beloved coaches who overcame this stereotype and actually bestowed some life-changing wisdom on them. But in spite of our exceptional role models, something about the nature of the volunteer position makes people act so
Mulvena: MLB has much work to do
Connor Mulvena | Wednesday, September 4, 2019
I remember the 2006 Subway Series like it was yesterday. Specifically, my memory of the second game of the first series at Shea Stadium is irreversibly etched in the annals of my mind. It was Saturday, May 20. It was sunny. It was warm, but not too warm; windy, but not too windy. The ice
Notre Dame announces head coach Aoki will not return next season
Observer Sports Staff | Saturday, June 8, 2019
Irish head baseball coach Mik Aoki will not be returning next season, Notre Dame athletic director Jack Swarbrick announced Saturday. Aoki recently concluded his ninth season with the program, and the University has elected not to renew his contract. "I'm grateful to have worked with Mik over the last decade during our transition to the
Irish drop 2-straight at home, extend losing streak to 4
Lauren Mathile | Friday, April 12, 2019
On Tuesday night, Notre Dame picked up its third-straight loss as it hosted Michigan State at Frank Eck Stadium, followed by a home loss to Western Michigan on Wednesday night. Against the Spartans, the Irish (12-19, 7-8 ACC) came out swinging on offense. In the bottom of the third, sophomore center fielder Spencer Myers reached first
Irish fall to UVA in split series
Hayden Adams | Monday, April 8, 2019
Notre Dame fell to Virginia in a split home series this weekend. After the Irish (12-17, 7-8 ACC) opened Friday night with a victory, Virginia (19-13, 8-7 ACC) won two-straight games in a Saturday double-header to take the series. In the first game of the series, after a quick first inning in which only three
Irish drop homestand opener in blowout, prepare to host conference foe Virginia
Ryan Kolakowski | Friday, April 5, 2019
Notre Dame is finally playing baseball at home after spending much of the early-season schedule on the road, and head coach Mik Aoki said he hopes the South Bend weather will cooperate during the second half of the season. The Irish (11-15, 6-6 ACC) played their first 19 games — and 22 of their first
Irish comeback falls short as they drop series to Georgia Tech in 8-7 loss
Observer Sports Staff | Tuesday, April 2, 2019
Tensions were high in Atlanta as Notre Dame looked to rebound after a tough 2-11 road loss to Georgia Tech on Saturday night. Entering play Sunday, the Irish (11-14, 6-6 ACC) and Yellow Jackets (19-9, 7-5 ACC) split their first two games of the weekend series. The Irish had a huge 9-6 upset win to
Notre Dame drops series to Florida State with 3-1 loss in extra innings
Observer Sports Staff | Tuesday, March 26, 2019
As Sunday morning extended into late afternoon, a pitcher's duel between Notre Dame and Florida State stretched into an extra-inning marathon at Frank Eck Stadium. Entering play on Sunday, Notre Dame (9-12, 5-4 ACC) and Florida State (17-6, 5-4 ACC) split their first two games of the weekend. The Seminoles, led by a dominant performance
Irish post winning record on road trip, take two series from conference foes
Jack Concannon | Wednesday, March 20, 2019
The Irish continued their lengthy stretch of early-season road games over spring break, traveling to the Carolinas for seven games in 10 days. Over the course of the road trip, the Irish (8-10, 4-2 ACC) opened conference play and clinched two series against ACC opponents. Notre Dame opened the break with a trip to Wake

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Actress Lea Salonga welcomes a baby girl
By peoplestaff225
Updated May 20, 2006 09:00 AM
Actress Lea Salonga and her husband Richard Chien welcomed a baby girl, Nicole Beverly, on May 16th in Manila, the Philippines. This is the couple's first child. Nicole weighed in at 6 lbs, 10 oz, and was 19 inches long when she was born at 12:12 pm. Lea had a natural birth aided by an epidural, and is nursing her daughter.
"My husband and I are both well-prepared to lose sleep while personally looking after our baby, feeding her and changing her diapers," Lea said.
The couple had previously said that they were keeping their choice for their daughters name a secret before the birth. The middle name, Beverly, is after Lea's deceased mother-in-law.
In 1991, Lea won a Tony Award for her role as Kim in Broadway's Miss Saigon.
Source: Celebrity Baby Names Blog, Journal Online, Manila Bulletin, and ABC News.
Thanks to CBB readers Neil, Venus, Patti, and Marie.


Temperature Gun Temperature Gun is a device which is used to measure the temperature of whatever the gun is pointed. It weighs approximately 200 gm and has a digital display with degree Celsius as its default temperature unit.
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MFY-01 Leak and Seal Testing Equipment is professionally designed for the leakage tests of packages for food, drugs, medical instruments, daily chemical products, cars, electronic components, stationeries and other industrial products.
About Eewa Engineering Co. Pvt. Ltd. The fountainhead of quality in products is fed by a sustained corporate commitment to fulfilling customer demands. Eewa Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd. has grown from manufacturing Impulse Heat Sealing Machinery to being a major corporate player and market in the manufacture of multifaceted range of products in Sealing & Packaging Machineries.
Introduction With an aim to increase the magnitude of our business operations, we, H.M. & Company, adhere to ethical business practices and work to achieve utmost customer satisfaction. Since our inception in the year 1995, we have directed all our business endeavors to transparent business dealing, quality of products, committed deliveries and competitive pricing.
Symbio Scientific Pvt. Ltd. is listed in Trade India's list of verified sellers offering supreme quality of Protein Labeling Kit, Autoclave STWL Regular Series, Horiba pH Meter etc. Buy Chemical Reagent in bulk from us for the best quality products and service.
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Asmac Gold Spray Paint We are instrumental in providing ASMAC Gold Spray Paints which are available in 50 colors. Contents per bottle is 400ml. Contents per bottle is 400ml. It comes in a packing of 12 piece per box and the master carten is of 72 piece.


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Q: jQuery requests undefined url (used with phpdevshell) I'm creating an app using phpdevshell (which uses latest jQuery).
Now without any reason visible to me, jQuery started requesting an url ending with "undefined" which doesn't exist and causes 404.
It looks for this url: http://localhost/mysite/undefined
I've located the part of jQuery that does this (starting at line 7866):
// Do send the request
// This may raise an exception which is actually
// handled in jQuery.ajax (so no try/catch here)
xhr.send( ( s.hasContent && s.data ) || null );

Any idea why this happens? Thanks.

A: It looks like you're building an url with a variable that returns undefined. Ie: var url = " http://localhost/mysite/" + variable; where variable is undefined.

A: Try puting return false at the end of your function. May be it is propagating for another event.

A: Mmm... try updating jquery in folder /themes/cloud/js/combined-min-305.js it might just be an annoying Jquery 3.0.5 bug.

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Educação especial — ramo da Educação que ocupa-se do atendimento e da educação de pessoas com deficiência
 Caso Especial — faixa de programação produzida e exibida pela Rede Globo até 1995
 Efeito especial — nome dado a qualquer uma de várias técnicas de cinematografia
 Especial da Rede Globo — programa de televisão esporádico transmitido pela Rede Globo, habitualmente nos finais de ano
 Serviço Aéreo Especial — uma força especial britânica
 Relatividade especial — teoria publicada pela primeira vez por Albert Einstein em 1905
 Força especial — as unidades militares treinadas para operações especiais
 Especial de televisão

Especialista
Especialização
Espécie
Especifismo
 Wikipédia:Páginas especiais — domínio virtual da Wikipédia onde suas páginas começam com os prefixos "Especial:" ou "Special:"

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Q: Delphi Spring Mock of reference to function I have an interface and I want to mock a function of this interface with an argument which is a reference to a function. See code exmple:
unit Main;

interface

procedure Execute;

implementation

uses
  Spring.Mocking;

type
  TRefFunc = reference to function: Boolean;

  IHelper = interface
  ['{7950E166-1C93-47E4-8575-6B2CCEE05304}']
  end;

  IIntfToMock = interface
  ['{8D85A1CD-51E6-4135-B0E9-3E732400BA25}']
    function DoSth(const AHelper: IHelper; const ARef: TRefFunc): Boolean;
  end;

procedure Execute;
var
  IntfMock : Mock<IIntfToMock>;
begin
  IntfMock := Mock<IIntfToMock>.Create();
  IntfMock.Setup.Returns(True).When.DoSth(Arg.IsAny<IHelper>, Arg.IsAny<TRefFunc>);
end;

end.

Unfortunately I receive a compile error:
[dcc32 Error] Main.pas(29): E2010 incompatible types: 'TRefFunc' and 'Spring.Mocking.Matching.TArg.IsAny<Main.TRefFunc>'

I understand why passing a callback as an argument to a mocked method is not a good idea if the method will be mocked. The best solution is to refactor the code and remove the callback argument from the method. But I was wondering if it is possible to pass an argument, which is a callback, via the Arg.IsAny<T> syntax?
Thanks and keep healthy

A: When passing something that is invokable to a function reference parameter the compiler tries to build a closure on it to then pass it to the parameter. This happens also for variables:
var
  f: TRefFunc;
begin
  f := Arg.IsAny<TRefFunc>; // boom, E2010

This is one of the few cases where Delphi needs the () on a call to understand that you actually want to invoke the rhs and assign its result.


Creative Mountain Games: Events & Play Wednesday - Gen Con Indy & Gary Gygax Day!
Events & Play Wednesday - Gen Con Indy & Gary Gygax Day!
If you haven't already made plans to go to Gen Con this year, you are fast running out of time. It takes place July 30 - August 2, 2015 and will likely top 60K attendees. For me, the main deterrent are the crowds. Not that I don't enjoy being around a lot of gamers. It's just that my picture-taking compulsion would make it impossible for me to get in any gaming!
While we're on the subject of Gen Con, and future Gen Cons, here's a screencap of their page where all the future Gen Cons through 2020 are stored. It's not a secret chamber not are there any locks or traps, except perhaps the allure of going to one of them. Save versus Fun!
Finally, make your tabletop gaming plans for Gary Gygax Day for Monday, July 27th, that being the date of his birth. Perhaps on the weekend leading up to it? It's less than two weeks away, so don't waste another moment! If you can manage to run (O)D&D or 1E AD&D you'll be honoring him doubly so but any roleplaying game would be his wish, or even a wargame or some Ticket to Ride: Europe (which he enjoyed quite a bit in his later years). Just try to get a game or two into your schedule and take a moment at some stage to think of all that Gary Gygax did for hobby gaming! You can kep an eye on what others are doing through the Gary Gygax Day Facebook page here.