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Hundreds of tonnes of recyclable rubbish sent to landfill from Kingston's public bin
Stock image of landfill (free for use, details: https://www.pexels.com/photo/scrap-metal-trash-litter-scrapyard-128421/)
Hundreds of tonnes of recyclable rubbish has been sent to landfill from Kingston's public bins in recent years.
About a third of the 393 tonnes of waste dumped in public bins each year is made up of paper, glass, cans and plastic that can all be recycled.
The council tried setting up separate bins for recycling in 2005, but too many loads were contaminated with other rubbish, meaning they were often being sent to landfill anyway, and in 2016 the last of these bins was removed.
Now, following a commitment in its manifesto during the May elections, the Liberal Democrat administration wants to reintroduce this type of on-street recycling.
But following the failure of the previous bins, the option of sending all rubbish collected in normal public bins to a plant – to have it sorted and recyclable material dealt with properly – is being explored.
It was agreed to investigate this option at the council's Environment and Sustainable Transport Committee meeting on November 28, and officers were given the green light to procure a contract – with details to come back to a future committee for discussion.
Councillors expressed concern about undoing the hard work and progress already made in increasing recycling rates in the borough.
Opposition leader, Councillor Kevin Davis, wondered whether it would confuse or annoy people who already sort their household rubbish, and therefore jeopardise the 50 per cent recycling rate the council has already achieved from domestic waste.
He said: "What I'm worried about is if we just take our existing bins and wrap them in this wrapper that says this is going to get recycled, the signal we are sending is that the council will sort it all out for you."
Councillor Hilary Gander, who chaired the meeting, said administration councillors had similar qualms, and it was agreed that communication would be "key" – although she also said that a slight reduction in household recycling would still be balanced by the on-street rubbish being recycled, which currently does not happen at all.
The two options being explored are sending rubbish to a mixed waste processing (MWP) plant or to a mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plant.
Both methods involve sorting the rubbish to glean the recyclable material, then after MWP that material might be further processed or sold, whereas during MBT the recyclable material is broken down by micro-organisms.
You can find out more about the council's recycling poliy at www.kingston.gov.uk


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Frog and Esther Jones
A writing team married to their work…and each other.
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Blackbox Protocol
Being a Private Investigator in the high-tech, magical city of Manzala requires more than street-smarts. Martin Aten makes do with a lifetime of experience in software engineering. Accompanied by the voice of his wife Jean and his memories of days gone by, he lives each life day-to-day, just scraping through. But every once in a…
Falling From Grace – Volume 3 of the Gift of Grace Series
Robert Lorents has done it all. He's beat back Cythymau's invasion of our world. He's rescued Andrea, the damsel who'd haunted his thoughts for a year. And, while doing all of that, he'd still managed to graduate high school and get himself into college. But everything has its price, and for Robert that cost has…
Coup De Grace – Volume 2 of the Gift of Grace Urban Fantasy Action Adventure Series
In that other world, I found a mysterious girl. Her life had been stolen to power a demon's magic. And I left her behind, bound to that demon. Now nothing else matters. Not my graduation. Not Grace's excuses or the politics of summoners. Not my friends, and not my foster family. I abandoned her, leaving…
Grace Under Fire – Volume I of the Gift of Grace Urban Fantasy Action Adventure Series
Everyone's had a terrible boss—but most aren't in charge of a covert syndicate of underground magic users already hated by the public and targeted by law enforcement. I'm pretty sure mine is trying to kill me. Summoners go missing, and he picks me to go check if demons are running loose and "report back." I've got no backup. No field experience….
Straight Outta Deadwood
Things that Go Bump at High Noon! Tales of the Weird Wild West from Charlaine Harris, Mike Resnick, D.J. Butler, Stephen Graham Jones, and more. Baen's Bestselling Western Fantasy and Horror Anthology Returns for Another Showdown! Available for purchase from Amazon here.
Swords, Sorcery, and Self-Rescuing Damsels
Twenty bestselling and award-winning authors offer enchanting tales of women and girls forging paths through darkness and peril. Cleverness, curiosity, and determinations make worthy heroines in fantastical new worlds. Available for purchase from Amazon here.
Well… It's Your Cow
Frog needs to learn not to shoot his mouth off. In the throes of a convention full of geeks, Frog Jones told a story. That story is found in this book's foreword, but the key line from the story became the title of this anthology. The authors seized upon that line, much like an out-of-control…
Dragon Writers
This anthology consists of such amazing authors as Brandon Sanderson, Jody Lynn Nye, David Farland, Todd McCaffery…and Frog Jones. Read an intense, and thick, volume published by WordFire press that explores the relationship between dragons and creativity. Frog's story, "The Dragon Went Down to Dyfy," is a re-imagining of a classic country song about a…
How Beer Saved the World
Possibly our most well-sold anthology. This book contains brilliant stories all formed around a single theme. No matter what the problem is presented by any given short story – be it zombie apocalypse or interplanetary missile strike – the answer is beer. Read "The End of the Long Haul," in which you'll read the transcripts…
How Beer Saved the World: Volume 2
The second draft! Volume 1 of this series become so overwhelmingly popular that the authors came back for "round" number two. Once again, a series of stories in which no matter the problem presented by a story…the answer is beer. Our story involves the interactions between the faeries and a brewery about to be seized…
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HomeNewsForeign
Edgar Lungu Retains Seat As Zambia's President
adminAugust 15, 2016 4:54 pm 0
Zambia's President Edgar Lungu has been re-elected, according to official results, which are being challenged by the main opposition party.
President Edgar Lungu of the ruling Patriotic Front party received 1,860,877 votes, which is 50.35% of the total votes and therefore enough to avoid a runoff election, the election commission said. The main challenger, Hakainde Hichilema of the opposition United Party for National Development, received 1,760,347 votes
Edgar Chagwa Lungu (born 11 November 1956) took over office since January 2015 following the death of President Michael Sata. Under President Michael Sata, Lungu served as Minister of Justice and Minister of Defense.
Following Sata's death in October 2014, Lungu was adopted as the candidate of Sata's party, the Patriotic Front, for the January 2015 presidential by-election. In the election, he narrowly defeated opposition candidate Hakainde Hichilema and took office on 25 January 2015.
Lungu commuted the death sentences of 332 prisoners to life in prison on 16 July 2015 and condemned the massive overcrowding at the Mukobeko prison, calling it "an affront to basic human dignity".
In October 2015, Lungu ordered a national day of prayer, to prevent further damage to his country's economy. Top religious and political officials participated, and other public events were cancelled.
CATEGORIES ForeignNews
TAGS Edgar Chagwa LunguHakainde HichilemaMinister of DefenseMinister of JusticeMukobeko prisonPatriotic FrontPresident Michael Satapresidential by-electionZambia's President
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Q: Can browser detect when the browser is running on Foreground or Background mode? I want to know that when I used multiples types of software on my computer, the browser can detect the others software is running or to?
And also can the browser handle that the browser is running in the background when I use another software.
Or when I used alt+tab to switch software, Is it possible for the browser to detect.

A: You can make use of Page Visibility API:

var visibilityChange;
if (typeof document.hidden !== "undefined") { // Opera 12.10 and Firefox 18 and later support
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} else if (typeof document.msHidden !== "undefined") {
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}
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document.addEventListener(visibilityChange, function(){
  console.log("Visibility changed at "+new Date());
}, false);

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ISTANBUL (AP) — Turkey's state-run news agency says parliament has extended by another year a motion allowing cross-border military operations into Syria and Iraq against Kurdish militants and the Islamic State group.
The resolution, first passed in 2014, was renewed on Saturday, the first and only item on the parliament's agenda on the first day of the new legislative year. The state-run Anadolu Agency says it will remain in force until October 30, 2017.
The pro-Kurdish People's Democracy Party voted against the bill, while the other three parties in parliament approved it. Turkey sent troops and tanks into Syria in August to help Syrian opposition rebels re-take Islamic State group strongholds near the border and curb the advance of Syrian Kurdish militia, which are affiliated with Turkey's outlawed Kurdish rebels.
This entry was posted on October 11, 2016, 10:03 am and is filed under Atmariar Gulf, Atmariar News, Iraq. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Home » IDEA Answers » Where can I find steps for cheap?
Looking for equipment to purchase online to use at a community center that does not have a lot of money for expensive fitness equipment.
Have you thought about going to gyms to make a deal for their aging equipment or things that sit around? How about yard sales or asking for donations? Do you have second hand stores in your area to check out?
If it must be from online, could you do a google search or something similar?
I do think buying from a large gym that is replacing old equipment could be a way to spend less and be earth kind. Do be very careful when you buy to check that the anti skid is in good condition, that the tread is not peeling and so on. It won't end up saving you money if someone is injured on equipment that is too worn out. Some of the large lot type stores do have things occasionally.... keeping in mind that they will be home rather than club quality and may not stand up to the greater usage.
An option to buying as cheaply as possible is to try to raise the funds to buy something more durable. Depending on the logistics of the center I wonder if there might be some sort of grant money? It can take some doing to find such sources. The real issue is finding whether there are available sources, and whether you would be eligible... and it would take a fair bit of time to try to get it. If you know someone who is experienced on either grant writing or crowd funding you might ask for advice.
Or doing a pasta supper, or healthy recipe contest, or trot off your turkey walk... something like that.
If you do buy online be careful to read very carefully. I noticed this recently when I was blogging about yoga mats.... a mat may look colorful and pretty in the picture but you have to read the fine print. There is a huge difference between 3mm and 1/4 inch for instance.
I agree, we check out yard sales, goodwill and other second hand stores all the time looking for equipment. Of course you have to check it to make sure that it is in working condition.
Did you get your steps?
Craigslist has been a good source for me. I got 8 steps from a trainer who was closing his studio for $150, in fabulous condition with risers.


Shampoo To Make Curly Hair Straight I have never been a wash-my-hair-everyday type of woman. Quite frankly, involving your shampoo and the conditioner and the blow-drying and flat-ironing, it's simply too much effort. However, it's not simply laziness--over-washing and too much blow drying or waxing can also be very difficult on your hair.
Thus, unless of course I'm doing a lot of sweating (that isn't often),'' a lot of time that I usually only clean my own hair around twice a week. In-between washings, I keep any greasy roots at bay with this specific unnatural homemade dry shampoo.
If your hair barely lightened throughout the incredibly first bleach, it is certainly not worthwhile to carry on seeking to reach a pale colour. Normally, you need to have to thoroughly choose a hair color product, after speaking to a healthcare service provider. Put simply, along with being non-toxic, it additionally must cover grey hair and be expected.
Your hair offers you the capability to show your exclusive identity. As a result, if you believe that you might intend to remove the hair color, do it quickly without wasting any kind of moment. You would similar to to have well-conditioned hair!
Do find the support of a capable colorist if you want to take your hair through a limit or even aluminum foil in some highlights. Your hair is first washed with a making clear shampoo therefore as to eliminate depositions of oil, ground, and other forms of deposits. Based upon just how dark your hair was supposed to begin with, you are going to perhaps are going to need to have to use bleach much more than as soon as to attain a pale yellowish shade that can be colored white colored. For those that have incredibly dark hair, you might intend to lighten it with bleach first. If you would certainly as if dark red colored hair, at that point you can choose a copper craft.
Shampoo To Make Curly Hair Straight As quickly as you have colored your hair you'll have the ability to get a colour protection shampoo of the particular brand to rinse your hair. The hair is inject a bowl of simple water. To decide whether you want to utilize a pure hair color or even a shop acquired one that has chemicals, presume when you are going to use it. Natural black hair is considerably less complex to make lighter than black color is, and the procedure can be finished in the convenience of your house.
Also just in case you perform have kicked back hair, there are actually specific hair colour shades that can be picked for black females. The incredibly first crucial concern to be thought about while tinting your hair is the proper type of hair color.
The hair will certainly be more nourished whenever the materials which are actually mosting likely to be applied to it are actually secure and effective. To be specific that all your hair receives the important nutrients and oils from your items, it is actually perfect to part the hair in to manageable parts.
Prior to it is actually feasible to color your hair blonde, you are going to need to have to estimate the condition of your hair. If you are actually unsure of one of the most effective blonde hair highlights for you, seek advice from a pro colorist to review your selections.
Your hair seems perspective and are going to improve your face features. Its best in the unlikely event you give away clean your hair for a pair days just before whitening. You are able to additionally make a hair color with tea. If your hair is colored, you'll typically need a sturdy hair conditioner and an incredibly delicate shampoo to care for it.
Now you know just how to color grey hair, go ahead of time and incorporate colour back in to your life! Consider your grey hair as exclusive, since it is. With additional insurance coverage to start with, grey hair will certainly certainly not be as noticeable message each color.
You merely must examine just how sturdy the shampoo is and how much time it are going to require to get rid of the colour. There are actually numerous sort of shampoo on the market place. If you decide on an excellent violet shampoo, it'll be the single form of skin toner you wish Shampoo To Make Curly Hair Straight.
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I lived on the extreme outskirts of Manhattan. Living all the way over on east side close to FDR and living all the over on west side close to Hudson River Drive there is a difference in attitudes. Is there a different in culinary delights?
Some of us living in Manhattan have strong opinions of east verses west side. East is perceived at the old, stodgy and conservative. West is (was) gritty, raw, creative. It is apparent that younger affluent people are living on the west side rather than the east. East side seems to have more strollers and older folks. Migration pattern appears to have more people going west. This creates a tip in how the population is spreads out geographically.
Penelope – even Penelope conjures up thoughts traditional old fashion that's the type of setting you'll encounter when you dine there. Yes, Penelope's does have some yummy traditional eats such as luscious Joey & Jackson Chicken Pot Pie. Incidentally, I had it the other night it was a very delicious meal. It came with thick crusted top cover and lots of white meat chicken and fresh vegetable. It also came with a fresh green salad topped with cranberries. As I dug into the creamy sauce with chopped carrots, butternut squash, asparagus, and peas I had to use a spoon.
Eatery – the name along implies minimalist associated with modern. The interior has a modern look to it. Let's look at the Turkey Meatloaf. Not your traditional meatloaf, because if it were traditional it would be made with ground beef with a side of mashed potatoes. But this Turkey Meatloaf comes with sweet potato mash, sautéed spinach, and Cheddar Fondue. Turkey Meatloaf is very delicious and very creative in presentation.
There you have it two very different restaurants which reflect the differences between east and west dining. Both are my personal favorites.


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By Rick Yancey
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Baddawi
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Bone: The Complete Cartoon Epic in One Volume
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Smith's epic nine volume graphic novel – together in one book in this edition – recounts the adventures of the three Bone cousins, Fone Bone, Smiley Bone, and Phoney Bone. At first, they attempt simply to find a new home after their exile from Boneville, but after befriending Rose and Gran'ma Ben, they become embroiled in a battle with rat-creatures which may hold the fate of the world in the balance.
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Nick has been court-mandated to write about his relationship with Caitlin. While he believes everything was fine between them, Nick soon discovers the reasons that Caitlin took out a restraining order against him.
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The Carbon Diaries 2015
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All of Great Britain is participating in carbon rationing because the world's resources are depleted, and one teen records her and her family's attempt to survive.
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Best friends Anna and Elise join Anna's boyfriend Tate and other friends for a senior trip to Aruba. But when Elise is murdered, Anna finds herself being accused of being a murderer.
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The ambitious Conner hand-picks four orphans with the intention of selecting one to pose as the lost Prince Jaron, heir to the throne of Carthya, then taking the kingship for himself.
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As if living in a world overrun by six-foot-tall hungry and horny mutant praying mantises isn't bad enough, Austin realizes he is in love with both his best friend Robbie and his girlfriend Shann. #donteatthecorn
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After Cassie accepts a bargain from the Polar Bear King to save her long-lost mother, Cassie will embark on her own journey through unbelievable wonders and countless dangers that will bring her east of the sun and west of the moon as she chases her truest desires for her future. Retelling of East of the Sun, West of the Moon.
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Sixteen-year-old identical twin daughters of a district court judge and a candidate for the United States House of Representatives, Kaeleigh and Raeanne Gardella desperately struggle with secrets that have already torn them and their family apart.
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Chloe adores her big sister Ruby, and lives to win Ruby's approval. In fact, Ruby seems to have this effect on everyone in their little town, but just what is the power that Ruby holds over them?
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Mirabelle's past is shrouded in secrecy, from her parents' tragic deaths to her guardians' half-truths about why she can't return to her birthplace, Beau Rivage. Desperate to see the town, Mira runs away a week before her sixteenth birthday—and discovers a world she never could have imagined.
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text:
The Pa-Oh People (continue)
The Taunghsu so called by the Shan are well known all over Thailand and Cambodia, and as far as the Lower Mae Khong-about Kassac and the rapids of the thousand Islands. In the Shan Highland plateau, they are cultivators. When they travel abroad they are most commonly known as elephant and horse dealers.
The Taunghsu called themselves Pa-Oh which immediately suggests Pwo(Pwaoh). The Taunghsu form more than one half the population of the Myelat, and the state of Has-Htumg( His-saing) is so completely Taunghsu that the chief is of that race. Elsewhere they are found in majority, all over the eastern part of the southern Shan state, but they do not spread northwards where there are the black and striped Karen which compose 15% of the population of the Shan state. In Lower Burma they are found in Sittang and Salween river vallies.
There are two distinct groups-the lowland and highland Pa-oh with two dissimilar economic way of life which builds a social gap between the two in their national advancement. The lowland Pa-oh with the construction of railways and roads, find their movement easier and quicker. This elevate their standard of living. The progress made by the lowland Pa-oh is found to exceed far more than that of the highland Pa-oh. Living mostly among the Pwaoh and Sgaoh, the lowland Pa-oh enjoy a more secure and quiet village life than those in villages in proximity to the Burmese villages on the main roads and river banks. A few by force of environment of social pollution, allow themselves to be Burmanized. But the majority maintaining loyalty to their mother tongue and national identity, prevent themselves to be a vanishing race.
Though they are opportune for educational progress, most Pa-oh do not encourage their children continue for higher education, and take less interest in the participation of civil and military services. The few who enter the services bear themselves to be good characters and receive high esteem for their trust worthiness.
On the whole, the lowland Pa-oh are cultivators, and as land owners, they are thrifty and modest not to fall into debt. During the world depression of the thirties, it was found that a very few lands belonging to the Pa-oh farmers lost to the Indian money lenders-the Chettiyars.
The main occupation is growing the staple food paddy. After the harvest, they enter into the cold season cultivation where dew is the deciding factor for good cash crop. After storing paddy for their family yearly consumption in the barns, the surplus paddy is sold to the brokers who collected the paddy in the country and recultivation consists mainly of two crops-peanut and tobacco for cash, and vegetables are grown for home consumption, as a practice to be independent of their neighbors.
Money derived from their cultivation is spent frugally on family welfare but liberally on the enjoyment of festivals and still lavishly on "Merit making" . It has been observed that religious practices are still extravagant and even more elegant as modernization takes place in the country.
As "Law and Order" takes care of the public security, martial arts as a measure for self-defense", is no more an important exercise. Among the lowland Pa-oh, who, inlarge number, are well-to-do farmers . Like others, they too suffer when the Burmese Socialist Economic Construction comes into force and totalitarian system is imposed on everyone in the country.
The highland Pa-oh to this day adhered to their national tradition and culture, which to such an extent, an indication of conservativism. But still the distribution of population is more in density as compared to that of the neighbouring Shan. As a matter of fact, the highland Pa-oh population is several times more than those in the lowland where there are many Pa-oh big villages (over five hundred houses). Whereas, in the highland, villages are of equal size and located within an equal distance from one of another. The Pa-oh population concentrated mainly in the two districts-Taunggyi and Loilem and area not over 8,000 square miles. The land is a rolling high plateau, interrupted with a few high mountain ranges, stretching from Kong Sang in the North towards the Karenni border in the South, and an expanse of fertile land roughly from Pawnlaung river in the west and Salween river in the reaching Thailand border.
Inlay Lake, noted for its floating villages, is situated in the middle of the land. People of In-lay, known as In-Tha, speak a Burmese dialect, but unlike the Burmans, they are industrious. Each village specialized in a particular trade, such as, gold or silver works, black smithy, weaving and other handicrafts. Besides the home industry, pieces of land constructed in the lake where cultivation of high yield crops are for commercial produce. Fish is abundant here.
Higher on the hill sides live the Yaung-Yo who speaks a different Burmese dialect to that of the In-Tha. They are less developed and live mainly on dry cultivation. Along side the Taung-yo are Pa-Laung who still live in long houses. On the whole, these are the few people who contributed to the growth of the land.
Since the Pa-oh are the majority, the national economy is virtually in their hands. Inveterate as they are, the Pa-oh live on the Mother Earth and take good care of it. In their rudiment ways, they conserve the soil by rotation of crops and periodically leave portions of the land for animal grazing, enabling the droppings to scatter in the fields. There are lands for rice, wheat, garlic. Peanut, potatoes, soy bean, all kinds of pulses, and plantations for sain-la (mulberry leaves for Burmese cheroots) tea, coffee and other fruit trees. Fruit trees flourish here so richly that any processing of canned industry would benefit the pa-oh growers. One foreign firm once constructed a canning factory in this area. It was, however, he nationalized and the plant was shifted to Mandalay where tin provision was manufactured for the military use.
A village life is an all day toil in the field and it is uniform everywhere. Morning starts with hustle bustle of womanfloks preparing to go to work. First, early in the morning, they cook and prepare food for the family while the men (heads of the families) chant their daily meditation before the family shrine. With mid-day lunch in the baskets which are slung across their shoulders they gather their hoes and hurry towards their respective fields. Weeding and harrowing are easily done by the hoe, and done the whole day long. There is a break at mid-day during which the workers partake their lunch and have some rest.
The elders, having chores to finish at home, leave late in the morning. First they let loose the cattle penned during the night. The cow dung and excretion of the animals are collected and heaped in the pit prepared for fermentation. This is one method where organic manure is prepared from the refuse of the domestic animals, the Pa-oh rear. The animals are domesticated not for milk or meat, but for the soil of the Mother Earth. These cattle are herded by hired persons who separate one herd from the other in the fields reserved for grazing. The number of heads of the cattle is usually between 90 to 100 and there are three or four herds belonging to a village. In the evening again the elders leave for home early as they have to round up the cattle for the night. The young, however, usually return from the fields at dust time less if they are seen returning while there is day light, neighbors would say they are lazy.
Night time is usually quiet but occasionally interrupted by a mute musical note denoting the name of the girl for courting. Serenade by the teenagers are common on the musical instrument used is the flute attached to the dried shell of gourd fruit. The art is to stimulate the romantic feeling of the girl for courting and only rustic way of life could appreciate it in feeling. The courting custom is made at night time. The man comes up to the house and occupy a place by the hearth which is a communal place where the house-hosts should sit near the fire, to keep themselves warn before going to bed. Nor understaindable he has no business with the elders who in all formality play host to him till it is time for them to retire to bed.
Sometimes, there is only a couple left to themselves, but very often a number of boys and girls sit around the fire place and talk right into the night. There is nothing as hands holding, hugging and kissing. Generally in every village, there is only one rooster for crowing and which gives times signal. By custom, when this rooster starts crowing the young people take their leave and go home. When the man and girl fall in love, the parents or the guardians take charge and made necessary arrangement for their marriage. Formal wedding ceremony is not an elaborate event. Normally, the bride and groom would make their vow in the presence of the elders who would tie of coil strings on their hands while wishing them well and good. The simple formality binds the couple man and wife. Divorce cases are rare and once a man is married, he has no further romantic life to go flirting, as the wife takes care of his comfort and need.
Flirting is generally permitted to take place in the open when working in the fields. The man has to learn to play the flute well if he wishes to be a good flirt. During midday rest, the young flirt would play a particular tune on his flute, calling the name of the girl he wants to flirt with. The girl in the next field across, on hearing the flute music (if played to her) would realize straight that someone is wanting to flirt with her. If she is in the mood, all she has to do is walk up and down in the field, indicating that she too wants to flirt. What follow is the boy continues to play his flute with the love songs. Sometimes they would leave their fields and meet halfway where they would flirt. But, it is a clean flirtation.
The peasant life is not drudgery but equally enjoyed by the Pa-oh. Tenant is not known, and instead "aid and loan" labor system is a traditional communal practice to solve labor problem, when and where extra laborer is needed to finish the work in time. Loan of labor is paid back with an equal amount of labor loaned. Communal labor as to public works such as roads and bridges is undertaken as a responsibility and needs no urge.
With a voluntary sense of duty, the villages are kept clean. Water for public utility and sanitation are provided for in every village. Village monastery is understood to be the symbol of Buddhist establishment where religious festival takes place and commences from. As parents are head of a family, monks in large measure, take great care to maintain the morality of the villagers. Drunkenness and rowdiness are not encouraged in the village. Killing of animals, wild or domestic, as a part of Buddhist teaching, is prohibited in the village vicinity. Should there be any bad character in a village, one in a thousand and incorrigible, the elders and the monks banish the said man for life.
Leading a simple life, the dress the Pa-oh prefer, is made plain from black colouued material, preferable of high quality. Man wears a pair of pants, girdled at the waist, over a shirt on top of which is worn a jacket. The woman wears a garment, a sort aof camisole, under a smock-frock and over it is a cardigan of velvet or serge, and black of dark blue are favorite colures. To keep herself warn and to prevent insect bites, legging are used. Both man and woman war turbans of bold color with prominent patterns in variety, done up in fashion particularly not in the same style as that of the Shan. The head dress of a woman is elaborate, and the turban is fashion to symbolize the head of a flying dragon ( the matriarchal symbolic). The hair is done up in a chignon and a large hair pin denotes the status of wealth the wearer has.
All Pa-oh are cultivators, and such as they are, there is no distinction in class behavior among them. All possess the means of production and each is independent in the economic life. Not one is hampered by any social discrimination. Among the people a classless society is prevailed, and as Buddhists, the concept of being rich or poor depends on the amount of merits one contributes in life.
"Merit making" is the pivot of the Pa-oh economic life. They are not extravagant in taste and enjoy religious festivals. They make pilgrimage to distant religious centers to worship and give donation- the practice which is meant "merit making". After they would return home and resume the daily toil- to work and save up for another "merit making".
Significantly, monastery is the mainstream of Pa-oh culture and traditional custom. Monastery plays the largest part in the molding of cohesiveness and national spirit without which national units would not have been possible. It, however, is not only established to conduct religious ceremony but to promote and guide the people in moral armament and social security.
There are many monks who follow the steps of their predecessors and continue to do research in the know ledge of herbal, and from it they teach the native herbalists and their medication. Normally, the medicine is extracted from the herb (root, stem and leave) and prepared as a powdered condiment. In some cases, boiled herb water is used as fomentation and ablution in cases of pain and burn. The condensation of hard-boiled herb-water is used as medicine in chronic diseases. Though the preparation is not perfect form medication, it has produced good result where no modem medical aid could reach people in remote places.
When and where modem health programmed covers and an area, the general public health in that certain area, has improved remarkably. However, it is yet early to dispense with the herbalists and their medication. It is deplorable that the infant mortality rate is high and the span of life is very short. The death rate of middle age is very high because the demand of hard labor of them is acute.
The knowledge and incentive of martial arts come from the monastery which is the centre of every festival. There, in the monastery, are sets of drums and gongs, big and small. A variety to suit any occasion called for. The beating of drums and gongs, the band is played by villagers. The band is practiced and played and to complete the exercise, one of two persons would roll up their trousers and step out to perform the arts as taught to them in their early age. It is the monks who induce the art to the youngsters with the fundamental of self-defense.
Historically, the reputation of the Pa-oh swordsmanship had been played down. There were many instances where Pa-oh swordsmen were engaged in battles. Ba Yin Naung, the warrior, mobilized a contingent of Pa-oh swordsmen in the attack and occupation of Ava and Alaung Paya with his Pa-oh cavalry in the invasion of Siam.
From the monastery, young Pa-oh are induced with the desire that self-defence is an essential art for manhood. As they grow older and in their teens, they undergo a series of training under capable masters. The training is done in the jungle. First, the lesson of freehand art is taught, then with stick or staff; when this art is mastered, sword fencing is taught last and for gradation. On graduation, each student is to fight his way through the gates where swordsmen are planted to cut him down. The art itself is a combination of Karate and judo, but locally is known as "lai dong and Lai swa".
The characteristic traits of the Pa-oh people are: loyalty, honesty, and their love of a peaceful life. Their taste is simples though their hospitality (like all members of the Karen race) is proverbial. As cultivators, they are industrious and learn the hard way to conserve the land they till so that they would be self-sufficient and may not be in want to feed themselves. They understand the value of independence from their toil.
On the whole, the simple life they persue helps them to be humble and gracious. The learn to suffer silently whatever hard ship mated out to them. But when human self-restraint comes under stress and strain, it snaps to let loose uncontrollable temper. The Pa-oh are not the exception. The turn of history is like the writing on the wall; for, the destiny of a people is defined by its own men of principle who, in time of crucial period, stand up for the right to lead their own people.
An Emerging Nation and against Feudalism
Feudalism in the Shan Highland Plateau was a typical and hereditary ruling class emerged rather than nominally based on autonomous manors. Classical European pattern of feudalism did not evolve here. Under the British colonial administration and recognition, the authority of the feudal lords went unchallenged. How much severe the people were downtrodden socially, politically and economically, they dare not complain.
By the time Taunggyi was occupied, the national aspiration, National Spirit, patriotism, loyalty and self-confidence were restored as national values. Hitherto worse was the case of the Pa-oh people. Under the alien feudal authority, as it is the way of the world when there was no leader to stand up for the principle the Pa-oh continued to exist as the oppressed and the only law over them was the law of the strong. They were not treated as a people to be fostered and nurtured for progress, but ruled over as a class only for exploitation by the ruling class for their own betterment.
Public functions and festivals were numerous and organized to conduct public gambling from which the henchmen collected taxes and fees to enrich their masters and themselves. Opium cultivation was promoted as a source of tax. Every family was allowed to distil rice wine which could be sold openly. Gambling, drunkenness and opium smoking were vices which were the roots of robbery and theft. Crimes occurred frequently and become uncontrolled. There was no law and order as it would under a democratic society where there were very few minions.
Under the corrupt and bad system, the people lost all appreciation of social and moral values. Aimless and bewildered, yet they still hoped for a better future, while they submitted themselves to the will of the repressive environment. It was appalling to perceive how humble the Pa-oh were demeaned to behave. In public eating shops, they were not allowed to eat on the tables but to use the ground floor. What humiliation and degrading treatment they suffered in those days under feudalism.
In post World War II, a disaster almost as bad as a calamity prevailed in the form of disease, lack of food, scarcity of currency, for the Japanese currency was invalid, dacoity and hooliganism were rampant. It was not only the Pa-oh but also the other races as well. Greediness and self-centerness made men lose their morals. The feudal lords were no exception. Instead of eradication the vices which damaged the social life of the people they ruled, they selfishly exploited on them. And the good people suffered the worst. Thus the bad situation was doubly increased under feudalism, and there was no social security for them.
For every disease there is a cure. To cure it is to attack and destroy the cause. During these darkest days, there were still men of principle, nationalists and patriotic monks. A few in number may they be but, were dedicated and determined to save the people from the living hell. An open attack on the feudal system, verbal or any other means was not advisable. It was premature and would hasten the fast deteriorated situation to get out of had, from worse to worst. But the good mass was already in the mood to be organized. They needed leaders to follow. They wanted reform.
For reform, the prime movers were (1) Sayadaw U Thu Riya, the most influential Abbot among the Burmese monks, ( 2) Sayadaw U Htut Nandah, the noted scholar who recoined the Pa-oh written language, (3) Sayadaw U Gandamah, the Pa-oh written language, (3) Sayadaw U Gandamah, the great national organizer and the torchbearer for the liberation from feudalism.
They together with other enthusiastic reformists among the monks and laymen, contrived a movement. First they formed a pilot movement as an initial programmed for moral-rearmament, seemingly not to be a hostile action against the feudal ruling class. They formed several cells of monks who conducted special religious services for the public. They preached to the gatherings and delivered messages of the immorality. As more attendants were won over, the movement was expanded. It was soon found out that the mass were all ears to hear the message on moral-rearmament. When the public response gained strength and in momentum, several monk associations were formed. These monk associations took up the challenge against vices and preached about the evils derived from the abuse of these vices. The pilot movement on moral-rearmament, the active challenge against vices and the consequences awakened the public who by this time regained their self-confidence. They aspired for reform, to take better care of their lives, their villages, communities, religion and country. The public response was then significantly positive.
By the end of 1946, a direct challenge and attach was launched- a movement for the eradication of all vices. The movement publicly called for the immediate eradication of the followings;-
1. Opium and all intoxication
2. Gambling
3. The ruling class taking lesser wives, and
4. Poaching and butchering in the vicinity of the monasteries and village
The active attack on immorality practiced by the ruling class, though verbal, was violent and damaging in the public. The denunciation made, revealed the ugliest image of them. Many repented and reformed. By the end of 1947, "Pa-oh Long Bu" – Pa-oh Solidarity was established. From this "Pa-oh Long Bu" besides the Pa-oh, all the other races became politically awakened.
During this period, the three existing organizations were:- the Asia Youth Organization, the Shan State Independence Organization and the "Pa-oh Long Bu" ( Pa-oh Solidarity). With the support of the mass, they joined rank and launched intensive attack on the feual system and fought for democracy.
Very soon retaliation took place. The lackeys with the support of the levies and police intensified their suppression on the mass. Then the conflict between the mass and the feudal lords come to a crucial state. By the end of 1948, for village security, Sayadaw U Gandamah, organized militiamen with arms they seized from the Sawbwas feudalist levies. This action encouraged the other local leaders to follow suit. Soon the Naung Ka villagers organized themselves as militia men and conducted a movement against the feudal ruling class. Thus among the Pa-oh, they said, "The revolution started first at Kyautk-ta-lone and second at Naung Ka".
Under the Colonial Rule
The Burmans were the favoured majority and helped the British to exploit on the country. Though the British police surveillance for law and order checked the racial hostility at bay, the policy of the British "divide and rule" bred distrust and hatred between the privileged and the non-privileged, or the majority and minority, the latter who had the obsession that they were still being subjected to the dominance of the Burmese superiority especially in the fields of social uplifting and in the public services.
The introduction of western education hastened the advancement and progress of the Burmese people in prosperity, many to become elite in the public services. In the early years, when there were only Christian schools, many Burmese parents sent their children to be educated from which they obtained good position in the civil administrative offices. The Karen Anglo-Vernacular schools could not encourage Pa-oh parents to send their children for better education. For, they feared and suspected that the Christian missionary were to destroy Buddhism.
Before and after World War I, Burmans were encouraged to study law, civil services, political science and such akin subjects, primarily to train civil servants. With profound social changes, Rangoon University, established at the end of World War I, became the centre of the Student Body for political activity. The Burmans began to organize themselves politically. First, Young Man Buddhist Association was formed to forment nationalism among the students, the majority of which studied in Christian schools, where morality and discipline were maintained. Later on, the Grand Council of Buddhist Association was formed to represent the entire Burmese community. Political agitation took in its stride, perpetrated a student strike in 1921. The strike was sparked by the Burmese students in the Cushing Baptist High School on the allegation that Christian teaching did not flatter Buddhism. The Student body took up the issue and launched a country wide student strike for constitutional change and home rule. Pa-oh students, studying in Karen schools which did not take part in the strike, perceived how the strike was manipulated for political intrigue. In retrospection, they reiterated stories retold about their ancient achievement. Then, they were confirmed in their belief that education was the pillar for growth and nationalism was the driving force. This prompted the Pa-oh to identify their political aspiration with the Karen National Association ( KNA).
In the thirties, before the World War II the Saya San Peasant Rebellion was staged in support for Home Rule. But the Karen National Association (KNA) fought for communal representation in the assembly with the advocation of the separation of Burma from India. With Pa-oh national leaders taking active part in the political struggle, The Karen National Association (KNA) had the united support from all Karen communities; and the Burmese ire was nonetheless irritated.
In 1942, there was a certain change-the upheaval of Pa-oh sentiment from sluggishness. It was motivated from the fact that the ever docile Karen ( in the Delta) stood up gallantly against the Burmese brutal attacks. The political awakening was on hand, at the threshold when Dr. Ba Maw as the Prime Minister, to form an interim government chose Pa-oH Hla Pe to serve under him as the Minister for Forestry and Agriculture. To the best of his ability, Pa-oh Hla Pe partly utilized his good offices as a staging ground for future leadership. When the Burma campaign was about to end, many Pa-oh guerrillas and freedom fighters in Shan Highland Plateau organized themselves under local leaders. When official contact was made with col. Tulloch, a commander under Col. Peacock, commander of Force 136, the Pa-oh irregulars, in conjunction with "Operation Character", seiged and occupied Hsi Saing, Banyin, and Loiput. Here they constructed road blocks to the retreating Japanese army from Shan Highland Plateau to Toungoo. At the end of the war many were cited in certificates of merits for valuable services rendered for war effort and a few were awarded with the double barrel guns during the Durbar held in LoiKar. But Pa-oh Hla Pe was suspected as being the prime mover of Pa-oh resistance and was taken to Thanbyu-Zayat for questioning. After suffering brutal outrages at the hands of the Kampetai, he was at last released.
The war ended and therein urshered a new breed of Burmese nationalists who had training under the Japanese political pre-eminence. They formed the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League( A.F.P.F.L) representing the majority opinion of the Burmans, preponderously to dominate the will of the indigenous races.
The K.N.A changed its sign board to the Karen National Union ( KNU) a move to encompass all the diversed Karen communities with the self-expression the Karens did not trust the bad intentions of the Burmese nationalists. Once the British left, they would be vulnerable to brutal treatments at the hands of the hostile Burmese elements. The Pa-oh people with an instinct of self-preservation joined the K.N.U. Pa-oh Hla Pe was elected as the vice-President of the K.N.U. In all appearance the Karen race was united, but soon the enemy won over the renegades who separately formed the Karen Youth Organization ( K.Y.O) . Many Pa-oh leaders in the Highland Plateau Joined. U Kyaw Sein became the Vice-President of the K.O.O. But the Karen mass did not forget their bitter experience during the Japanese occupation.
The Burmese nationalists wanted independence in one year and that they did not want Burma to be dismembered. The stipulation of the British White Paper for Burma was that Burma proper would attain independence in three years' time on the signing of the agreement and that the Frontier Areas would still remain under the British care. They threatened country wide rebellion. London summoned Aung San who met with Attlee. On assurance from Aung San that the A.F.P.F.L would form a democratic government with suitable autonomous privileges to the frontier peoples, Attlee conceded on the verbals statement. Aung San-Attlee agreement was concluded. Aung San came back and started to woo the frontier leaders. He made promises, gave assurance; and when that failed, he used coercion and intimidation.
To Attlee, Aung San did not say anything about 50-50 for the Karen and the Burman as he did it to Lord Mount Batten in Kandy meeting. The political fate of the Karen race was at stake and they were worried. The K.N.U sent a delegation to London to put up their case but was told to talk it over with their counter parts. However, London sent Rees Williams to chair the Frontier Areas Enquiry Committee. During the first hearing at Rangoon, Witnesses from the K.N.U, to the question asked, " Why do you not want independence with Burmans?" , gave similar answers that the karens do not trust the Burmans. But on the second hearing in May Myo, a couple of Karens from Papun hills stated that they wanted independence along with the Burmans. There were two sets of testimony and the legal practice and procedure called for a new hearing where the authenticity of the testimonies given by the witnesses could be ascertained. But it was observed that the British Labour government wanted a hasty exit. So next came Major Bottomley ( Now Lord Bottomley) to coordinated the Panglong Treaty. Mr. H.N.C Stevenson was then the director of Frontier Administration and knew the evils and woes of Burmese politics. On many occasions he warned the frontier leaders not to commit themselves in any political agreement with the Burmans. He was frustrated when his warming fell on dead ears. When his protest to the Governor strongly against the PangLong Tready failed, he put up his resignation and forfeited his life pension. On the first day negotiation for Panglong Treaty nearly all the frontier leaders were reluctant to endorse the treaty, But the next morning saw every one bent to the will of Aung San. And so Major Bottomley concluded the treaty to the expressed wish of Aung San.
The Thaton district, predominantly Karen was to become a testing ground. The Socialist Kyaw Nyein ( A.F.P.F.L) launched a land Reform Programmed by which the lands belonging to the Karen, Pa-oh and Mon were to be distributed to the landless Burmans. This infuriated the land owners, who, if not guided, would take action by themselves, which would be disastrous. In March 1947, Pa-oh Hla Pe organized a mass rally for the demonstration against the Land Reform programmed. Nearly all the man folks from Pa-oh villages turned out to show unity and strength. A multitude of not less than 10,000 assembled at a Pa-oh monastery from where a procession of a peace loving people took place, to demand justice. When the demonstrators passed by the Socialist office, the unruly Burmans from the office started flaying obscene expression and made fun of the Pa-oh farmers. Though the demonstration was meant to be peaceful, things went out of hand when some of the marchers broke out from the procession and attacked the miscreants from the office. The office was ransacked and pulled down. However, the procession reached the District Commissioner's Office where they handed in their petition to the District Commissioner. They demanded that:-
1. They be called and known as Pa-oh ( and not as Taungthu)
2. The Land Reform Programmed be cancelled , and
3. Two battalions of Pa-oh soldiers be formed in the Burma Army.
Sometimes later, the Government Gazetteer issued one publication to the effect that, such people known "Taungthu" , herein after shall be known as Pa-oh.
No answer was made to the other two demands. However, the socialist activity came to an end soon the incidence was forgotten.
When Aung San formed his Burma Defense Army he failed to foresee the tragedy that his rank and file would subsequently segregate themselves into distinct groups according to the political ideology absorbed by them in the course of their career. With the prospect of independence in view, the army officers had struggled along with the politicians who, after independence, wielded more power and ostentatiously profited more by it. The army officers were disgruntled and since Aung San was dead they had no allegiance to honour but to themselves. They were prone and vulnerable to chances of personal power and glory, acquisition of rights and privileges and ventilation of grievances. Than Tun launched a personal offensive against the constitution and able to wedge a division between the socielists and the People Voluntary Organization who fought for power inside the ranks of A.F.P.F.L. Than Tun by this time had infiltrated into the Army and won over officers to his side. Three months after the independence, Burma was torn country wide with internal strife as Than Tun led his Communist Party of Burma in active rebellion.
The power struggle within the A.F.P.F.L caused the dissension which followed among the indigenous parties and factions. In the country side, armed decocting bands roamed and looted the unprotected villagers, while the rebelling communists demanded personal services from the mass. There was no security and to protect their lives and property, the K.N.U began to form defense units and named it the Karen national Defense Organization ( K.N.D.O). The K.N.U believed that unless the Karen race was adequately armed they would be easily opened to abuse, insult and brutal attacks. Soon nearly all villages were protected b small detachments K.N.D.O. Many Pa-oh leaders came out to the call; notably, Boh Tah Kara of Pyu Township, Boh Pyu of Tantabin Township, Boh Ye Htut of Thaton and others who organized their K.N.D.O to protect Pa-oh villages.
U Nu was the first Prime Minister, versatile in political intrigue. In his handling of the Karen case, he used flattery with honeyed words. He often sibly welcomed the K.N.U assurance that the Karen would not use force in the quest for a Karen state. But when his Police Auxiliary Force- the Sitwuntaing which he built up secretly, was in preparedness, he proffered a challenge to the Karen in a firm tone that they would have to fight for it if they wanted a Karen state. U Nu had thrown down his gauntlet. The decision was made and U Nu was determined to destroy the Karen race.
In a country where are diverse races with different culture, custom and manner, ethnical traditional and background, nationalism can not be itemized for the integration of assimilation of the indigenous races into one homogenous unit. It is definitely chauvinism. When the Burmese nationalism breeds racial antagonism, the law of reciprocation crops up. The Karen who are the second largest race next to the Burmese, stood up to honour their national dignity and to prove that nationalism is not ill-gotten in the battle field of life and death.
U Nu said the first shot was not fired in Insein. It was correct and he knew it because he had set his Sitwuntaing to massacre Karen villagers at Wet-Net-Chaung a week earlier than the attack made on Insien. And so the war between the majority Burma and the minority Karen race started on January 31, 1949. Soon the Mon National Defense Organization joined in the fight.
It was not a rebellion. It was the the K.N.D.O and M.N.D.O who took military action to protect their races for national survival against the genocidal attacks of the numerous Burmese armed forces not only the Sitwuntaings and the Burma Army – the Burma Communist party, the people voluntary Organization and the Army deserters who actually were in active rebellion against the government, now joined rank and attacked the K.N.D.O. and the M.N.D.O. from all sides. It was the characteristics of a total war of extermination. It was indeed a racial war between the majority Burman and the minorities.
In Thongoo and Thaton districts the Pa-Oh mobilized their K.N.D.O. units and took active part in the occupation of Toungoo, Nyaunglaybin and Daik-U, The K.N.D.O. moved north and occupied Taunggyi, the provincial capital of Shan State in September 1949, Boh Chan Zone, a commander of U.M.P. unit took part in the occupation and he mobilized Pa-oh armed force in the Southern Highland Plateau. From Toungoo, Pa-oh Hla Pe came up to Taunggyi where he organized his people into a political body. It was the first political-military movement ever to materialize under a national leadership.
Commander Naung Seng, presently commanding the First Kachin Rifles, formerly of the Burma Army had joined the K.N.D.O. On the first instant, he made several attempts to induce the Shan Chiefs to join them. The chiefs in the expectation that the Panglong Treaty was binding and the Burmas would honour it in time did not want to play any part which would engender quarrel with the Burmans. Commander Naung Seng and his Kachin troops marched to Kachin Sub-state. His intention was to set up bastion where the liberation of Kachin people could be staged. The prospect of arousing the Kaching people from the backwardness and to get organized politically and militarily as a measure of preparedness to meet any urgency, was ruined when the Kachin mass leaders asked him not to interrupt the prevailing peace and security the mass was having in that period. Naung Seng was frustrated. He and his troops bolted across the frontier to write a new page of history. The two races, Shan and Kachin were innocent and ignorant. But their leaders failed to see thing in the right perspective for the future, in the course of time when more evils and woes would be carved out for them, more intense in severity.
http://www.paohpeople.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81:the-people-&catid=41:history&Itemid=60
thank for uploading about our PaO people and i was satisfied when i read it.
khun maung khae
India (temporary)
ခိြဳ.ပအို၀္း said...
there is mistake not KOO. Must Be KYO
၂၀၁၀ ျပည္ေထာင္စု ေရြးေကာက္ ပြဲတြင္ ပါ၀င္ ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင...
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္မႉးႀကီး သန္းေရႊ ၉ ပါးသီလ ေစာင့္ထိန္း
ရွမ္းျပည္တပ္မေတာ္ ျပည္သူ႔စစ္အသြင္ေျပာင္း
EC Approves Three More Party Registrations
ပါတီ ၅ ခု စစ္အစိုးရ တည္ေထာင္ခြင့္ျပဳ
အပစ္ရပ္ SSA ဥကၠဌ HGF လက္ခံ၊ တပ္ဖြဲ႕ႏွစ္ျခမ္းကြဲဖြယ...
Burma army shoots Wa
လြိဳင္ေကာ္ေက်းရြာေဒသမ်ား၌ ညလမ္းသရဲမ်ား သတိထားေနရ
KIO repeats 'No' to border force offer
Shan party to contest in 40 townships in Shan State
ပေလာင္ျပည္သူ ပညာေရးအေျခအေန အလင္းမဲ့ဘ၀ က်ေရာက္ေန
၀တပ္ဖြဲ႔ စစ္ေရးျပင္ဆင္ေန
၉၀ အႏိုင္ရ ပါတီအမ်ားစု ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲ မဝင္
ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီ တည္ေထာင္လိုေၾကာင္း ေလ်ာက္ထားသည့္ပါတ...
Bomb attacks in Burma kill at least 9
ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ႕နယ္၊ စခဲုင္းေက်ာင္းတုိက္ သိမ္ေတာ္ ေဆ...
ေနင္းတသာ ေငါ၀္းမဂၤလား
Junta tries to score political points
Burma 'will remain rich, poor and controversial'
ယမ္းေငြ႕လည္းေျပ ဘိန္းပန္းလည္းေ၀ (အပိုင္း၂)
Four More Groups Apply for Party Registration
Thai FM expects briefing from Burma
ႏုိင္ငံေရးပါတီအျဖစ္ ေလွ်ာက္ထားသည့္ပါတီ (၁၁) ခု ရွိၿပီ
ပအို၀္း ပါတီ မွတ္ပုံတင္ခြင့္ေလွ်ာက္
Pa-O Seek Party Registration
Leverage with Burma
ျဖားဗြာလွေဖ၏ အထၱဳပၸတၱိအက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္
ေကာ္မရွင္ ဥကၠ႒ကို ဥေရာပသမဂၢ နာမည္ပ်က္စာရင္းသြင္း
ယမ္းေငြ႕လည္းေျပ ဘိန္းပန္းလည္းေ၀ (၁)
Deported Karen boy killed by grenade


When you reach the closing stage of your new purchase, there are a number of other expenses that need to be calculated before ownership changes hands, known as adjustments.
This term is found in all agreements of purchase and sale. When a deal is closed all costs with respect to the property are deemed to be the responsibility of the buyer commencing on the day of closing. The most common item requiring an adjustment is property taxes.
We make a determination of what the taxes are or are expected to be for the calendar year. We determine the number of days of the year that have passed up to the day prior to closing. We determine how much is charged for taxes per day and by multiplying the daily rate by the days the seller owns the property we determine what the seller's share of taxes for the year will be.
We then compare this amount with the amount the seller has actually paid and if the seller's payment is less than his share the buyer will receive a credit or reduction in the balance due on closing to cover the balance of the seller's share. Conversely, if the seller has paid more than his share the overpayment will be added on to the purchase price.
If the property is a condominium the monthly maintenance fees or common expenses will be adjusted in the same manner as property taxes, except that the current monthly charge is used to calculate the adjustment.
If the property has a tenant, rent and last month's rent (if paid) are adjusted in the same manner.
If the home is heated by fuel oil or propane the seller will have the tank topped up on the day of closing and the buyer will be charged for the cost of a full tank, plus HST, as the fuel is not included in the purchase price.
Utilities that are metered such as hydro, water and gas are dealt with by the seller having the meters read on the day of closing and paying the final bill for consumption to that date. Therefore, no adjustment is required.
HST will be charged on top of these adjustments. Be certain to get dollar amounts for any such charges referred to in your purchase agreement or you will have no way of determining what you will have to pay on the date of closing.
Until very recently these types of charges could be found just about anywhere in the agreement. Now builders are required to list all such charges on schedule B to the Tarion pages that form part of the agreement. However, there are transitional provisions that permit builders to use the old method for pre-existing projects.
Call our firm at 289-809-0996 or send us a message online if you have any questions or concerns regarding the closing of your new property.


text:
Features /
Secrets of Success: Keith Li, co-founder and CEO of Innopage Ltd, believes in taking risks
It's more important to do something you love than try to succeed at something you hate
Letters from the Dorm: How do you measure success? It's not about money, but relationships with friends and family
Secrets of Success: founder and former CEO of Ever Learning, Amanda Tann, believes in helping others succeed
Young Post wins top World Young Reader Prize for coverage of Occupy
Let's redefine "outstanding" to include all the people involved in our accomplishments
Former Ocean Park chairman Allan Zeman took on Hong Kong Disneyland and built an empire with his can-do spirit and sense of fun
The CEO of the app development company created the world's first location-based mobile game and launched one of Hong Kong's first e-books
By Nicola Chan August 04, 2017
76e0d684-769d-11e7-84d9-df29f06febc3imagehires164144.jpg
Pokémon Go's predecessor was invented by Hong Kong's own Keith Li before the birth of the iPhone itself.
Photo: Keith Li
Nicola Chan
I read, sing and giggle. I am also a poet sometimes - more likely on the days when I hear the pitter-patter of the rain.
HKDSE 2019: Student counselling hotline took 433 calls on DSE day, more than 100 less than last year
The rest of Hong Kong's perfect IB scorers revealed
Hong Kong extradition bill: Liberal Studies teacher resigns from HKEAA post over anti-police Facebook post
The IB 2019 results are in! We spoke to some of Hong Kong's top scorers after they learned they'd scored 45 points
Hong Kong DSE students face alarming stress levels as results day nears, survey shows
Why did Hong Kong students take part in the anti-elab march on July 1?
Hong Kong voter registration closes tomorrow - do your civic duty and have your say in who runs the city
Let students drop the Liberal Studies IES for HKDSE, says Task Force
It was impossible to avoid 2016's biggest craze, Pokémon Go, but you may not know that it's predecessor Quest for Seven Swords/3G Fairy Quest – the world's first 3G network location tracking treasure hunt game – was invented by Hong Kong's own Keith Li way back in 2005, before the birth of the iPhone itself.
But Li was ahead of the curve in other respects; in 2004 he developed the mobile application m-Friends with his first startup company M-gen, which made social networking platforms like Facebook available on mobile devices.
Then, in 2010, he collaborated with two other partners to create one of the first e-books in Hong Kong, as well as embarking on another venture, Innopage Limited, which helps Hong Kong publishing companies digitise their books – saving them from extinction in the age of the Kindle and iPad.
Success doesn't mean choosing money over happiness, says Career Doctor Alison Chang
Now, the co-founder and CEO has shaped the company into a multi-award winning app developer and design consultant, working with multinational corporations like Samsung, the World Wildlife Fund, and the South China Morning Post.
Young Post stopped by Li's office at the Science Park to learn more about the man who lit his own path to success.
Early failures
While in an "ideal world", hard work would guarantee success, Li knows that in the real world, things aren't so simple.
"There are many external factors which determine success" he told Young Post.
Finding the right opportunity is often a case of luck, or "meeting the right person at the right time". For this reason, says Li, fixating too much on success or on getting your big break will only knock you back and get in the way of doing what you actually enjoy.
"Job satisfaction comes from work, not money," says founder of Goods of Desire (G.O.D.)
Li's own experiences are proof of this. The young pioneer of location-based augmented reality mobile gaming was sure Quest was destined for greatness after it was named "Best S60 Mobile Entertainment Gam"' at the Forum Nokia PRO Awards 2005. It was a highly prestigious award at a time when Nokia dominated the tech market – "like getting an award from Apple in today's world".
"It felt like I was receiving huge recognition because it was a worldwide competition which only gave out a total of seven awards annually" said Li.
Looking back now, however, Li realises he was "naive" to think the award was enough; sadly, critical success was swiftly followed by commercial failure.
One of the reasons for this was that Quest was simply too advanced for its time.
"Back then, the world was not prepared [for the game]. The mobile operating systems were slow, their battery life span short, and mobile broadband was slow and expensive" explained Li.
He added that "most mobile phones only supported 2G" while "the game required 3G for location tracking, which also lacked sharp accuracy".
Best avatars for every role when you're a complete League of Legends beginner
While we now know that it has taken 10 years to develop mobile technology able to support a location-based game, Li thought two or three years would be enough.
During that time, he worked hard to transform Quest into a commercial product. Lacking the necessary technology meant Li had to put in a lot of leg work. For one thing, there was no Google Maps, so Li had to create his own virtual version of Hong Kong from scratch. He planned to copy from a road atlas, but its proportions weren't correct. In the end, Li had to travel around Hong Kong himself to make the amendments to the map. It took him nine months to finally complete it. Unfortunately, mobile technology still hadn't caught up.
"My greatest frustration was I knew early on that [my applications] would be a success in the market, and I made it happen despite the difficulties" said Li. "The idea was right, and the direction was correct. But it wasn't the right time."
With the introduction of iPhones to Hong Kong in 2008 came the epoch of touchscreen smartphones, and M-gen started to lose employers, user subscriptions and revenue. But undeterred, Li moved with the current, observing and reacting to market needs.
"In 2010, book publishers and printing companies were facing the decline of people reading actual books. Everyone was spending time on their phones" recalled Li. "So we thought about writing a system for publishers to turn books into digital books."
This idea gave Li his second opportunity in entrepreneurship. And this time, technology was on his side.
"As we were about to execute our plan, Apple announced the release of the iPad, and its large screen size would make e-reading even more appealing,"said Li. A month later, his new startup, Innopage, launched one of the first e-books in Hong Kong .
With its early bird advantage, Innopage scooped up its fair share of worms in Hong Kong, having since worked with around 70 per cent of the city's publishers and multiple university presses. The company has continued to evolve, moving from publication to app design and development.
He knows well enough that luck is a big part of success.
Li's experiences are proof that the journey to success is just as important as the arrival.
"We're all so concerned about the thousandth light bulb Thomas Edison invented that we have forgotten about the 999 failures which preceded it. Everyone must go through trial and error before success," Li added.
His advice to Young Post readers: don't be afraid of taking risks.
"Fear not of trying. Trying might lead to failures, but without trying, you have nothing."
Edited by Charlotte Ames-Ettridge
Don't be afraid of taking risks
secrets of success,
Keith Li,
Pokemon Go,
Innopage,
e-books,
Nicola Chan,
startup,
Entrepreneur,


It's been a little while since we've had Susie update. She's pulling herself up wherever she can. And she loves to use that to generate laughs. Here, we get to watch as she stands up and crouches at the coffee table, playing a version of Peek-a-Boo with Traci.
I've also taught her a new game. It started at the softball field with me throwing a ball (read handing it to her) very dramatically and then taking it back as she held her hand out. It has now progressed into a passing back and forth game. She's gotten so good at it that if she misses, she'll pick it up and try again. Just before starting this game, she picked up her toy, crawled over to me toy in hand, and dropped it in, essentially letting me know she wanted to play. She's just so darn cute.


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Spotify has launched its long-awaited app for the Apple Watch. This allows Apple Watch owners who subscribe to Spotify to control what's playing without having to wrestle their iPhone out of their pocket. Which is invaluable when you're on the move.
When Apple first unveiled the Apple Watch How The Apple Watch Won Me Over How The Apple Watch Won Me Over When Apple announced their latest gadget, I wasn't entirely impressed. I ignored the hype, disregarded the reviews, and didn't pre-order one for myself. Obviously, I caved. Read More , many of us wondered what the point was. Here was a glorified timepiece that essentially just saves you from having to get your phone out of your pocket so often. And while that's still true, there's some value to that.
Spotify's new Apple Watch app demonstrates that value. It lets you control your favorite music and podcasts without having to fish your phone out of your pocket. Which, while not life-changing, is certainly useful when you're out and about and/or have your hands full.
Spotify for Apple Watch lets you play and pause the song currently playing, skip to the next track, rewind 15 seconds while listening to a podcast, and save a new favorite track by tapping the Heart icon. It can also connect to other devices using Spotify Connect.
The Spotify app for Apple Watch is officially live, but will be rolling out to Apple Watch users over the next week or so. To access the Apple Watch app you'll need to have the latest version (v.8.4.79) of Spotify installed on your iPhone.
This is clearly just the first version of the app, with Spotify promising new features are on the way. Still, for Apple Watch owners who prefer Spotify to Apple Music, this is a match made in Heaven. After all, haven't you always wanted to DJ using your watch?!
Spotify users should check out our unofficial guide to Spotify Spotify Music Streaming: The Unofficial Guide Spotify Music Streaming: The Unofficial Guide Spotify is the biggest music streaming service around. If you're not sure how to use it, this guide will walk you through the service, as well as offer some crucial top tips. Read More or our pick of playlists to beat the winter blues The 15 Best Spotify Playlists to Beat the Winter Blues The 15 Best Spotify Playlists to Beat the Winter Blues This selection of winter-themed Spotify playlists should help keep your good mood high through the cold winter months. Read More . And if you own an Apple Watch you should learn how to watch music videos on your Apple Watch How to Watch Music Videos on Apple Music How to Watch Music Videos on Apple Music Apple has added thousands of music videos to Apple Music. We'll show you how to access these music videos and create your own "music TV" channels on Apple Music. Read More or learn how to change your Apple Watch face How to Customize Your Apple Watch With Watch Faces How to Customize Your Apple Watch With Watch Faces All Apple Watch users should customize their watch face. Here's how to change your Apple Watch face, add complications, and more. Read More .
Explore more about: Apple Watch, Spotify, Streaming Music.


No guides. no tours, no agendas.
We chose a window-early November-booked an alcove room- Ramses Hilton-downtown between the Nile and Tahrir Square.
-brutalist leanings from the unconscious- this isn't Ando.
in the courtyard no one but those with talons can see.
Cairo in space and times…..


text:
Download iOS Games for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch Download Free iOS Beta Games for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch
Download Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 For IOS
Download Apex Legends for IOS
Download Super Smash Bros. Ultimate for IOS
Download Need for Speed Payback for IOS
Download Sonic Forces for IOS
Download Just Dance 2 for IOS
Download Call of Duty: WWII For IOS
Download Super Mario Odyssey For IOS
Download South Park: The Fractured but Whole For IOS
Download PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds for IOS
Home / Tag Archives: Download Sonic Forces IOS games
Tag Archives: Download Sonic Forces IOS games
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About Sonic Forces for Ios is an platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for IOS, Android, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. An installment in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, Sonic Forces for Ios was announced in commemoration of its 25th anniversary, …
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There's no getting around it, this one will hurt. But if you're used to waxing, just shut your eyes and think of all the nice underwear you're going to buy. You can opt for a Brazilian or a Hollywood wax. In case of the Brazilian, there is often a strip of hair left in or around the area, whereas in a Hollywood wax, it all goes. Be sure to get waxing done at a trusted salon, hygiene is of utter and supreme importance when you're getting That Hair removed.
If you're cringing at the thought of a bikini wax, but still want to get rid of hair down there, you can always fall back on the trusty razor. The downside to razors is that hair grows back much quicker and nobody fancies a stubbly bikini area. But it will get rid of the hair for a helluva lot less pain than waxing. Gillette has a rather good shaving gel for women which you can apply (carefully!) before shaving. To make it easier, you could trim the hair a little before you shave. Be extra careful of nicks and cuts as these tend to fester in your bikini area due to dampness. Shaving isn't a long-term solution and will need to be done every few days.
Depilatory creams are used on the principle that they soften up the hair, making it easier to remove and melt away the hair shaft. However, considering the delicate skin of the bikini area, and the chemicals used in most depilatory creams, it is prudent to be very careful while using them down there. Do a patch test just on your bikini line. If your skin reddens or feels itchy or irritated, do not use the cream. If all is well and you manage to cream your way to a hairless bikini line, ensure you're very careful while applying the cream.
This is the granddaddy of hair removal and you may never have to worry about waxing again. Laser hair removal treatments are best performed by a professional. It is also somewhat expensive, time-consuming – but possibly permanent. However, many salons will not allow extensive removal using a laser, so you may be only able to tidy your bikini line using this method.
This is, honestly speaking, the easiest and most hassle-free method of tidying up your bikini line. Ensure you use a pair of scissors that isn't used for anything else. Like chopping chilies! You can use either small scissors or an electric hair trimmer. Results of a trim last anywhere from a week to a few weeks, depending on how fast your hair grows.
H2O+ Plus Clearwater Shower & Bath Gel: H2O+ Clearwater Shower & Bath Gel has a gentle foaming formula which rinses off all impurities subtly. It does not have a drying effect of harsh soaps or caustic ingredients. It is made to follow the principles of healthy skin and splendid experience of fragrance at the same time. It has a property to sooth all blemishes and irritations leaving your skin feeling fresh. CLICK HERE to view product.
The Nature's Co. Chamomile Dusting Powder: Relaxing; Calming & soothing; Great absorbent; Cocoa smoothes the skin. Slip into Luxurious Body Dusting Powder that is infused with the relaxing Chamomile essential oil leaving you feel calm and soothed. Kaolin works as a great absorbent and Cocoa smoothes the skin. CLICK HERE to view product.
Kama Ayurveda Pure Rosewater: KAMA Ayurveda Pure Rosewater is made from the roses of Kannauj, a region in North India, rich in white soil conductive to roses' growth. The Kannauj rose is considered special…it has the same specifications as the Bulgarian rose. CLICK HERE to view product.
Tags: Bikini wax, H2o+, Hair Removal, Kama Ayurveda, The Nature's Co.


a precipitate, especially that formed spontaneously.
/sed·i·ment/ (sed´ĭ-ment) a precipitate, especially that formed spontaneously.
a deposit of relatively insoluble material that settles to the bottom of a container of liquid.
1. Insoluble material that tends to sink to the bottom of a liquid, as in hypostasis.
2. To cause the formation of a sediment or deposit, as in the case of centrifugation or ultracentrifugation.
2. To cause the formation of a sediment or deposit.
n a deposit of relatively insoluble material that settles to the bottom of a container of liquid.
a deposit, often a precipitate, that develops spontaneously.
a test of ruminal function based on the speed with which the sediment in a sample of rumen fluid floats to the top, an indication that it has been digested.


What's Día/Children's Day, Book Day?
What's Children's Day, Book Day (Día)?
Personalize with your organization's logo or website.
A compilation of ways to celebrate all our children and excite them about bookjoy.
We encourage libraries, schools, universities, literacy organizations, and all who wish to promote Día to share these videos on social media, showcase them on your website, and share them with patrons, students and families. The spots were created by Día Dynamos Christy Vasquez, a retired librarian and Thom Eberhardt, a retired screenwriter. As Sky City Productions, they created and filmed these spots to assist in promoting Día nationally. How generous of them to donate their creative talents for all of us to share!
The above videos are meant for use with websites and presentations. They are not broadcast standard.
Click "Share" to get a direct link you can copy and paste into an email or web page.
Click "Email" to have YouTube send the video to your recipient(s).
ALSC invited Pat to record these Día Public Service Announcements. We hope you'll share them to encourage families to participate in your Día celebrations! These are downloadable, broadcast-quality audio mp3 files. To download, right-click on the PSA, select "save link as," choose computer file location and click "save." You can find scripts for these PSA's on the ALSC Día site.
Explore the Día resource page on the First Book website.
Visit the Día shop to find discover books for your celebration that depict and celebrate diverse characters and experiences.
Find books paired with tip sheets to celebrate Latino culture.
Fundraise for your Día celebration.
Celebrating Our 23rd Anniversary, April 2019!


Ski accessible which will take you anywhere.
The AMP RX is a ski both comfortable and tolerant in any type of snow. It has a rocker tip, which allows an entry into a curve easier. As to its traditional camber, it gives you a good stability curve.
So this is a ski that will take you anywhere and you will grow with confidence.


This week's walk was to be with guests from the Royal Horticultural Society and People's Trust for Endangered Species who are interested in featuring our reserve in raising awareness of what can be done to support hedgehog populations. Sadly, the hedgehog we found last week was too badly injured, and has been put down, but the visit was good, and my fingers are crossed for a celebrity visit this October. Unfortunately, my camera battery failed after photographing a minute toad and some striking nails, so I returned this morning to take more pictures.
Hoping to see visitors when we open up the reserve this Saturday, I was interested to see how good the blackberrying would be. OK, I guess, but the rain has meant many of them have started to go mouldy – I guess that's just what happens as Autumn approaches. It makes me think, however, of what other fungi we have on the reserve – I know we have bracket fungus, but others may appear in the next couple of months.
There was also a lot of aerial action involving crows and parakeets, the latter, by weight of numbers, seeming to conquer the dead branches at the very top of one of our central Turkey oaks as theirs.
We also have a newly installed carved wood bench, donated by the charity Froglife, which has helped develop the reserve for wildlife, which a local fox reasonably enough seems to think includes her, rather more than me.
Never knew about the reserve despite being a member of the German church in Dares Road for 30 years! Love your reports of the weekly walks and wonderful pictures. It encourages me greatly to leave parts of my garden 'wild'. We live in a great city and a privileged to still be close to nature, if only we look.