Though it is perhaps not required list the reason behind resignation when you are feeling prone to do this. Resignation is you choose to depart the job that you do not will need to complete this any more. The resignation of everybody is different, and ought to be dealt with.
The letter stipulates the tentative dates for resignation to prevent inconveniencing the employers. Make note of the things which you want to devote your letter, before composing. Resignation letters should be assessed to meet your own personal circumstance. You need to know a handful of things before drafting your church resignation letter. While stopping from the circumstance, you might need to draft an expert church resignation letter, highlighting that the reason why behind your selection.
You ought to be attentive You can write a resignation letter complaining of harassment from the workmates or from your own seniors and all of measures ought to be taken to make certain to usually do not hurt your employer or image of the small business. Your resignation letter will be stored in your record, so make sure certain it's a testament to your maturity and professionalism. The letter of resignation is actually a formal correspondence, which can be also a sturdy standard record to be used legally in the event. The sort is dependent mainly on your personal position, and the sum of notice you're in a position to give before leaving your current host to employment. As a result, it is wise to go through the sample letters to come across a understanding of a very excellent resignation letter should be published to produce the process simpler and faster. You ought to utilize the sample resignation letters for acquiring the thought of you should write a resignation letter.
To stop work properly, you might need to place it in producing. Then you shouldn't shed your sanity, if you are very likely to quit your work. It is accurate , you're resigning in the work, so that your resignation letter ought to be treated as with any other parcel of small business correspondence. If you were miserable along with your work, an announcement just like I have resolved to pursue unique chances for particular factors" is sufficient. In the event you are thinking of quitting your job because your health is currently preventing you out of being in a position to focus in work, among the first things that you should do is establish the date you want your resignation. It's beneficial should when potential, you need to start your new job. Perhaps you're at a place to progress on earth.
The employee resignation letter template is an standard resignation letter that comprises a letter template that may be used by any employee. The document should be assessed to fit your individual circumstance. Topic line full to alarm the reader precisely what the correspondence is all about. There certainly are. Once you must leave to care for a handicapped family member, Even a resignation letter for spouse and children problems may be properly used. It's a short letter notifying your employer which you're leaving your job. Try to remember that it is perhaps not a loveletter.
Choosing the phrases that are most appropriate to compose is tough and you'll detect that it's simpler to get hold of a boss in person. It isn't simple to resign and maintain with your business and supervisor. To assist you started, here is a example of a simple record of resignation you have the ability touse for inspiration. Quite simply, it's a formal type of stopping.
The specific details that you want to comprise can be your own instant that is official. The most important advice to comprise in a resignation letter is the day you want to depart the small business. More on you could see the Sample that is ready to utilize Resignation Email. Usually, business mails are the people agreed by your small business enterprise for you , usually including yours along with your institution's identify. You are creating a resignation email to the time and you wind up staring at a blank piece of paper or even word document.
The correspondence has to be very concise and concise. Teachers trying to step from their job with the purpose of retirement for a teacher out of school can employ the educator specialist resignation letter to template in PDF. Approach the letter as if you're writing a thank-you note, and you are going to become about the correct track. Before telling anybody of your aims, consult your hospital employment plan to discover just how much in progress since it will vary in 1 association to the next, your note ought to be awarded. You may conduct the risk to be let it go , as will be your own employer right if it is given far beforehand. The cause to learn how to provide notice will be to economize the relationship. Check the plan to find out just how much see you are expected to give of your organization.
Your correspondence needs to be small and easy. The correspondence has to have an salutation an issue line plus also a human body. Providing a resignation letter is one of the important measures which have to get obtained by staff to facilitate smooth transition out of one firm to the next. It's recommended to compose a resignation letter so as to leave an outstanding impression using the company or supervisor of one. Keep in mind require a resignation letter to display proof.
That you really don't need to explain to a employer you're departing, or at which you're going to be heading. The company will not will need to need to take a fantastic deal of time reading through the letter. Based on you may possibly meet the requirements for definite advantages. The organization ought to be awarded ample time to seek replacement. Just be sure therefore you are able to work with your shortly for a former employer for a reference to leave with elegance.
Even though it's not required Organize your cause of resignation in the event that you're feeling inclined to accomplish this. Resignation might be of reasons that might be personal in addition. My resignation means that upon my return from Australia I might have to start hunting for a brand new project. Resignation could be the event which not merely impacts the individual nevertheless the expert life of an individual. If you're hesitant to extend the real reason behind your resignation, you certainly can cite motives to strengthen your pick.
The letter has to handle a particular man. You are going to need a letter along with the fundamentals as to quit your job. It's important your resignation letter should be both short or short and effortless. A letter of resignation is an functional record which may be used in exit requirements. The large part of the instant, a resignation correspondence is not sufficient. Writing a letter of resignation can be a thing when the option to offer up a job was produced to take. Therefore that it's extremely crucial before leaving occupation which you compose an exemplary resignation letter.
The part of your letter should discuss the hand off. As a result, it really is a good idea to go through the sample letters to obtain a understanding of a resignation letter that is superior ought to be written to generate the procedure quicker and simpler. The sample resignation letter that is exceptional will also have the predicaments you have learned from the business enterprise that you may utilize to execute next firm.
Fitting the tone is critical since the particulars As it's to perform writing a resignation correspondence. Once you're proceeding from work, A resignation letter could appear unwanted, nevertheless, you shouldn't ever walk away without filing a formal record of resignation to a manager. It does not will need to be extended. Resignation letters ought to accompany expert small business letter type which has an official announcement of your aims, the current date along with your own signature. The letter of resignation is really an official letter, which is a standard document to be used lawfully at the event of any dispute which could arise. Below you will locate an example resignation letter to help exemplify how one needs to render perform. You ought to use the sample resignation letters for receiving the concept of you should write a resignation letter.
Keep in mind, the decision on how best to create your correspondence is your selection. After you initiate the correspondence be certain you deal with company using words and also end in the way that is identical. It's vital to be aware that resignation letters are not on why you're leaving your work, rants or you're unhappy with it. It's a fantastic concept to recognise which you oughtn't placed in a comprehensive resignation letter. Here are quite a few ideas on how to write a great letter for resignation.
Generally in most cases, people prefer to keep the letters simple and short. The correspondence needs to be delivered if the person really wants to resign. It is vital not to burn any bridges, Nevertheless resignation letters are generally the official communicating you've got together using the company. There is A normal resignation letter just to verify to your company that you are getting to be leaving. The educator expert resignation letter to template in PDF can be used by educators trying to step in their occupation together with the intention of retirement for a teacher out of school.
RESUME designs there are tons of styles of resumes together with variants. Your resume includes an aim rather than an expert summary Target statements clarify your prerequisites, in place of just how the requirements of a company will satisfy. Resumes have traditionally develop into the ticket that was key for broadcasting the job industry. They, in the beginning, may appear time-consuming and tedious. They have shifted, and that means you want to be certain that you're checking up on the latest trends and standards. While graphic resumes are good looking but they truly are terrible in having the task done. There is absolutely no Resume.
It is about quality not quantity, when it's to do with searching for work and publishing an application. Then you definitely need to publish a caliber resume, if you'd like to get the task that you would like. In the event the career entails a lot of prototyping emphasize prototyping on your own resume. Your preceding knowledge inside the cafe service industry is very good however, not relevant here if you should be requesting for a news applications development endeavor, for instance.
You're the one individual who's liable for landing work. There needs to be a strategy behind whatever that you do at a project searchincluding you anticipate folks to refer to youpersonally. Overcome Challenges you will find plenty of troubles which you will face while shifting your own career or though applying for employment especially in the case that you own any gap in job. It really is true that landing on a job has a particular quantity of fortune. Locating an appropriate occupation is only.
Find your fantasy job Decide exactly what occupation you'll love to pursue. Instead, you have to tailor your resume for every task which you apply to get. Wanting to land your dream project is like wanting to browse an barrier training program. You likely already know that it's best to leave your present address off your resume, In the event you prefer to relocate work.
The recruiter will likely probably search for keywords from the work description, and also marketplace phrases are guaranteed to leap outside and painting you. Your resume may be around you personally but additionally, it is very much about the recruiter. Recruiters do not possess the full time. Recruiters really should just strive more difficult to test every restart in spite of the format, then you might be right, if you're pondering properly, however that is not truly the reality.
Even a HR manager can take just a few moments to scan the summit of your resume before choosing which heap to place you in. Choosing managers do not own a preference about 2 or one page resumes. Choosing professionals (for the massive area ) are specially interested in everything you have already been doing at the previous 2-3 decades and how it's associated with the position they truly are attempting to fill.
Resume creator is one of the easiest ways to produce your path in moments. So they write and create, plus the current trends are known of by resume writers a resume to make an important influence. Finding the writer that is ideal to your precise situation is easily the difficulty when in search of professional restart guidance, and price is one of several vital considerations. Empower your friends or some expert editor to aid you polish your resume.
Inch answer would be to think about your linked in profile by a high degree. The solution is rather straightforward. One among the least difficult and most efficient ways to genuinely boost the content of your resume is to highlight your accomplishments. Publishing a site is a terrific means to pull at attention on social networking and search generate traffic to your site. Winning your fantasy project is all about locating the most best chances. The sort of job and also your experience will help ascertain the style of resume you're using. Evidently, you always should be more honest.
Keep in your mind should emphasize the relevant skills, experience, and accomplishments which are relevant to your job goals. The capability to demonstrate logical thinking to be able to collect and study information can be the absolute requisite from the finance area. Your leadership skills are guaranteed to turn heads.
Skim through the job description and also find out exactly the requirements you fulfil. All you need to desire is to learn the requirement of the method in which to write professional livelihood and the academic in a customized format. Your employer works out if you have a shiny restart. As a principle consider employer or the recruiter you're planning to get when authoring or structuring your own resume. If you do not desire your employer to learn you are browsing for chances that are various and work make sure beyond simply set your present endeavor, it's punchy and enlightening. Remember , your resume needs to concentrate on what you might present your company, or perhaps not vice versa.
The letter needs to be sent or 2 days following the interview. Finally, a thank you letter makes you appear a lot much more professional in their interviewer's view. If you should be creating a traditional personal advertisements letter or for an on-line occupation application, you will need to replicate it as you would any letter, together with have content.
In case you're requested to post the correspondence to help some one demonstrate to renew correspondence of recommendation, abide by lots of policies. Only or whether you are producing a letter of app in answer to a work advertising on the lookout for a job that has not yet been advertised, the aim is the sam e you prefer to obtain an interview. An application correspondence is one of the exact 1st few things that you want to prepare yourself when applying for employment. Based upon the application needs of the company, a restart might not be taken along side all the employment app for a correspondence of program is approved and might even be essential. Furthermore, your application correspondence communicates your intent to generate an application for a task inside corporation, firm or an organization. A touch of determination for PhD program is required which means you've got to jot down the reason you'd want to find yourself a PhD from the claimed institution.
Then you definitely ought to have undergone first hand just how hard it's always to compose a program correspondence, if you're. The letter of application is likely going to function as the correspondence you'll have using an employer. Around the reverse side, a program letter may be the sole requirement sought by schools or employers having an application correspondence, it might not be essential to add a resume. Writing an application letter of inspiration might be rough at times depending upon where you are very likely to utilize it.
Your correspondence can have a influence over your guy or lady reading it, moreover bringing the name for their consideration an extra moment. A letter in the doctor should be okay, but also the financial aid form or the financial aid division will inform you kind of proof they need. Letter ought to be published utilizing a deductive strategy. Regrettably it is impossible to comprehend if there is a correspondence going to be the difference in becoming right into a faculty or never. Furthermore, a letter that is great will have information regarding the applicant. A superb school advice letter might be the gap in between a top-tier and an alternate faculty. The traditional final announcement will most likely tell the reader ways exactly to find the writer and also will summarize the advice in the body.
If you should be applying by correspondence, instead of electronic mail, you could enclose a stamped addressed envelope to enhance your odds of a response. Cover letters should be exceptional and customized that you apply . Make certain you also compose a cover letter to go together with the resume. Keep on reading in order to learn whether an school must be submitted by you cap letter and also the way to create.
Be sure to include the date that you ship. To pick a complete column you click on the letter over the column of cells. Writing your own statement for residency is now vitally crucial for all factors. Your resume cover letter isn't your autobiography. You're well prepared to beat that letter. You may add as much as five cover letters and resumes. The internship resume cover letter should focus more about what you would like todo, rather than which you have carried out.
Settle on which phrases demand explanation within an on-line project program. Such as for instance at which you watched your posting, you might mention facts in your advertisements letter, and also the way that your obligations at your present job prove you've obtained the relevant skills to manage the job which you're searching for. It will be potential to utilize this kind of case such as. Using this factor for purposes could bring about confusion and make it tough for some one wanting to read and understand the code.
If you are new here, your program might possibly be denied. Other applications are offered. Teacher application main form The application is designed to be course-centric. Get to keep in touch with the manager and then telephone the store and wait 1 week you asked for this application form. You should seem like the task is desired by you though you are only very likely to request a work application. If you're likely to be writing one to get a job application or perhaps be given a PhD or you're attempting to register in a university, then you must understand exactly what should proceed in your correspondence. You would like to sound certain within a project application, but not distressed.
Your manager resume should not be overly generic and clearly needs to concentrate in your own experience. Administrators will attempt to cue you which they require a genuine case, maybe not a idea about what you woulddo in a special circumstance. After all, even if you're inclined to be described as a manager, you should be able posture to demonstrate you have management capabilities and at this degree, there'll become more rivalry. Your functionality must be demonstrated by your boss resume in this portion of the page. A sample manager restart that is amazing will comprise key words a number of times throughout the file. Choose the sample manager restart you're searching for. Utilize these management restart recommendations to comprehend how exactly to create a more resume.
You'll find an increasing amount of forms of resumes appearing in the past few years plus several are very valuable. Utilize bullet tips to assure it isn't difficult to read and absorb the info. You have to ensure all record of insignificant ability aren't added. There's no definitive collection of what constitute lousy expertise" on a job application.
The template is made by experts therefore that you can be certain about their content's grade. This template might be utilized by job managers of every single part. 1 tip however would be always to make sure you get a resume template out of a individual that has a job recently not in 1997. Job supervisor Resume templates are doc templates that can be utilized in many moments if you should be a job supervisor. In this page you're going to have the ability to find sample hints to secure you started. Free samples which can be found are some thing of push on you in the 17, a sort. You are able to pick the most effective amongst the various template samples out there there.
It's critical to incorporate things like the coaching related skills in the resume that could force you to stick out from different coaches all After writing the resume for just about any coach. My comprehension of the plastic company is slender. On occasion, you might not have the vital operate experiences that are applicable to the job that you are applying for. Resume can help you to receive the job prospect. Be certain that the info you offer goals the employment prospect.
If you'd want to apply for any job, you are dutybound to put in details to meet the employer. So when you devote to your very first position, start off out searching in exactly the same direction which you will be traveling. You probably have composed a minumum of 1 coverletter into your daily life, if you've actually employed to your a job. When you first get started, you're going to be more tempted to carry jobs willy nilly whenever they truly are provided to you, no matter where they have been observed, however you will continue to work better in the event that you opt for a place and stay to it, that way you are able to knock multiple visits each day you operate. If there are really no alterations to the schedule to anticipate in the future Before you take work, ask the recruiter. So whenever your fantasy occupation calls you, you are able to be sure to make a restart that is good being used by it . The advice above should illustrate the way sample supervisor resumes are optimal organized, to obtain an interview and realize that job.
Nowadays you have the specification for your position for a job shareable alternative. You must have abilities and managerial background, such as directors In the event you prefer to be in a assistant managerial position. Therefore concerning write your resume for cafe manager's job, the purpose is competing together with candidates that are distinct such as position, but in addition with additional essential matters such as flyers, advertisements and promotional topics of this competition. Order assist that is present and tips emloyers to garner those portions of your resume which are very essential with your own company.
Goal, on the reverse side, contains an superb standing and paths that include things like Target are deemed desirable. Make certain that it is a realistic selection. So that you don't confine your capabilities 28, give an array of salaries you'll have the ability to accept. There may become a change of professionals which gives the director an option to apply their collection of personnel. Once you have made a decision to request employment share program, you will need to exhibit your company. The sample analysis will assist one to grasp exactly what the company is trying to find and how best to display your capabilities to handle any dilemma from the company.
Design goes far beyond software and there's lots of theory behind it. Website Layout Freebies Website designing is a complicated task that takes a little while. Rather than developing a symbol from scratch, logo designers can take advantage of completely free premium packages and templates out there there for several types of organizations and companies. A true stained glass contractor has got the capability to make a pieces employing quite a few procedures.
You have to concentrate just on style. In the event that you possess a style and design and style for your firm stuff you are inclined to be hunting for an organization who provide printing products and services. It's possible to also secure the layouts customized in accordance with your own requirements. You can utilize letterhead Design being a way to advertise your organization. A Letter Head Design tells your customers to be able to keep that you are , also in addition it creates a statement exactly what you are upto at the field of enterprise.
Typically, website designers and developers are two separate men and women working in close collaboration with one another as a way to aid creation of site that is successful. Style and design to Renourish is a significant read. Then, the design of the banner ad is another aspect that is significant. You may select the graphic design. The contemporary logo style is easy and clean. When you've manufactured a timeless logo design when commencing your business, by producing minor improvements you may present your symbol a modern look. The cases above have standard characteristics of a logo design that are simple, uncomplicated and exceptional to remember.
Brighten up the layouts Although it depends you're making, occasionally it performs that you simply brighten the image to produce a direct impact up. You have to be skillful with picture design and know graphic designing personal software applications mainly simply because an outstanding campaign plan demands excellent promotional pieces and a lot of public relations and advertisements and advertising and advertising employers need very excellent graphic design talents and comprehension of graphic design software applications including Quark, Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator. Graphic design is a draw for those audiences soon after that opt to move and because occasionally, a man or woman is going to have a glance at the graphics. Today designing the visual communication, has all the potential instruments. Graphic artists are able to benefit from sites that provide advice for promotion substances and design templates that just require minimal adjustments to receive them prepared for novel. They make innovative and aesthetic designs found every single day, always, over the world. Online layout Freebies graphic artists also needs to become mindful of web sites offering unlimited options for several kinds of layout for example logo, social networking postsand business cards, business cards, business cards, letter heads, etc..
The parts of the letters may be generated employing any thing that was curved including the edges of protractors or diamonds. The sales letter has to be placed before an individual which will have a desire. Lettering is also the procedure of creating examples using numbers, letters, or any kind of phrase or personality. Block letters possess a lot. An individual letter can communicate a concept that is fruitful together with a fresh logo. You may wind up using a nice appearing letters which you just find it possible to utilize in a variety of contexts. The letter in glowing reddish color is difficult to discount.
It's necessary for you to use design freebies to be found on the web, to enhance your efficiency. The 3 impacts of the design help it become trendy as well as sophisticated. You will then add other graphic design effects for example lighting and colors. As far as design principles are all included, typography ought to be well implemented. Once fixing the kind facets of your site ensure your typography is not secreted in a sea of images, backdrop colors and patterns that will make your website and you will need to coArdinate it. Elements of the design industry vary so quickly you're very likely to possess to be in a place to stay informed about the criteria.
The exact same as technologies, style trends evaporate. Ensure it is attainable The logo design that is ideal ought to function as the beginning of the firm's collaterals. Presently Meggs' History of Graphic layout will provide the tools you require to know the history of design and place it to do the job all to one of. When you are quite new into the world of internet design, then it can really be quite difficult to select which fonts to use. It can be tricky to think you can earn a full time income out of a career in graphic layout that's satisfying and compelling.


Kicking off #LifestylePolen 2017 Edition!
A total of 3 Norwegian influencers visited the Pomorskie area in September 2017.
Follow our influencers during the campaign over the next few months to find inspiration for your next trip to Poland!


I have had a few reluctant readers in my career as a homeschool (and now public school) mom. Right now my reluctant reader is Avi. At age 10, she can read, but not fluently. It is still work for her and she can't yet envision the joy of losing herself in book. We all know that the key to learning to read better is to read. Having her read aloud to me doesn't work, though. Avi hates to "fail". She is one of those kids who will avoid trying (or just goof off) rather than risk being put in a situation where she might fail. This is what makes Reading Buddy Software perfect for her!
2. She doesn't have to worry about being embarrassed or "failing" in front of the computer.
The system is simple. The child hooks up to the computer (you will need a headset with a mic) via usb. The child chooses a book to read and then reads aloud to the computer.
The books range from historical to classic, to just plain fun. Avi has seemed to enjoy both the books and the facts she has learned from them. She asks to use Reading Buddy Software nearly every day.
The amazing thing about this system is it listens to your children read and responds to them. If they are having trouble with a word, the program will read it to them, just as you a parent or educator would. It is very responsive and takes the pressure off of the child to perform. This is really useful if you have a child who deals with anxiety.
* Responsive to your child.
* Allows you to easily track their work and learning.
* You set up incentives for your child's learning.
* Children who use Reading Buddy Software generally improve their reading by 50% over 3 months.
* At $79 a month, its a bit spendy. However, as a family who has hired private tutors in the past (and present), I will say I think this is money well spent and will actually save you money over hiring a tutor.
* The child narrating parts of the program has a speech issue/pronunciation issues. I have no idea why that child was chosen to do the talking in this program. While I don't think it makes the program less useful, it seems like an odd choice.
* If you don't already own them, you will need to purchase headphones with a built-in microphone.
If you a have a reluctant reader, especially one with anxiety, this is a great program! For $79 a month your child will receive unlimited reading "tutoring" and my actual child (who is not an affiliate) actually enjoys using the program.
Get 25% off of your first month by using the referral code: LITTLE EARTHLING.
Have you ever had a reluctant reader? What have you found to be useful?
Renee–my reluctant reader was afopted from Colombia three years ago and thus speaks with a heavy accent. Do you have any information/experience/ideas about how accurate the reader's pronunciation must be for the software to recognize what is being read? Thanks!
I just bought the software but my daughter and I want her to read more than one book a day. will it not let us? it said she can get more points tomorrow. it is summer and I want her to do reading buddy in the am and pm but does it allow us only once a D?
As far as I know she can read as many books a day as she wants. My daughter uses this and has never been limited.
Hi…are there PC software requirements? Can it be done via IPad.
Is there a trial version for parent can see how his/her child works with the program?
Can it be cancelled at the end of any month?
There is not a trial version that I am aware of but your an use my promo code to get 25% off your first month and cancel at the end of the month if you don't like it. I hope that helps!
I purchased it but we have had difficulty with it. It doesn't seem follow along my fluent reader as well as my slow reader. And the part where the RBS read for you, the underling of the words doesn't match up with the reader.
Sharon, thank you so much for sharing this. That sounds really frustrating. I haven't used it with my fluent readers, only with my struggling reader I will share this feedback with Reading Buddy.


text:
The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor (NSA), is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President, based at the West Wing of the White House. The National Security Advisor serves as the principal advisor to the President of the United States on all national security issues.

The National Security Advisor participates in meetings of the National Security Council (NSC) and usually chairs meetings of the Principals Committee of the NSC with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense (those meetings not attended by the President). The NSA also sits on the Homeland Security Council (HSC). The National Security Advisor is supported by NSC staff who produce classified research and briefings for the National Security Advisor to review and present, either to the NSC or the President.

The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President and does not require confirmation by the United States Senate. An appointment of a three- or four-star General to the role requires Senate confirmation to maintain that rank in the new position.

Role
The influence and role of the National Security Advisor varies from administration to administration and depends not only on the qualities of the person appointed to the position, but also on the style and management philosophy of the incumbent president. Ideally, the National Security Advisor serves as an honest broker of policy options for the president in the field of national security, rather than as an advocate for his or her own policy agenda.

The National Security Advisor is a staff position in the Executive Office of the President and does not have line or budget authority over either the Department of State or the Department of Defense, unlike the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense, who are Senate-confirmed officials with statutory authority over their departments. The National Security Advisor is able to offer daily advice (due to the proximity) to the president independently of the vested interests of the large bureaucracies and clientele of those departments.

In times of crisis, the National Security Advisor is likely to operate from the White House Situation Room or the Presidential Emergency Operations Center (as on September 11, 2001), updating the president on the latest events in a crisis situation.

History

The National Security Council was created at the start of the Cold War under the National Security Act of 1947 to coordinate defense, foreign affairs, international economic policy, and intelligence; this was part of a large reorganization that saw the creation of the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency. The Act did not create the position of the National Security Advisor per se, but it did create an executive secretary in charge of the staff. In 1949, the NSC became part of the Executive Office of the President.

Robert Cutler was the first National Security Advisor in 1953, and held the job twice, both times during the Eisenhower administration. The system has remained largely unchanged since then, particularly since President John Kennedy, with powerful National Security Advisors and strong staff but a lower importance given to formal NSC meetings. This continuity persists despite the tendency of each new president to replace the advisor and senior NSC staff.

President Richard Nixon's National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, enhanced the importance of the role, controlling the flow of information to the president and meeting with him multiple times per day. Kissinger also holds the distinction of serving as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State at the same time from September 22, 1973, until November 3, 1975. He holds the record for longest term of service (2,478 days); Michael Flynn holds the record for shortest term, at just 24 days.

Brent Scowcroft held the job in two non-consecutive administrations: the Ford administration and the George H. W. Bush administration.

List

See also
White House Chief of Staff
Homeland Security Council
Homeland Security Advisor

Notes

References

Further reading
Falk, Stanley L., "The National Security Council under Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy". Political Science Quarterly 79.3 (1964): 403–434. online
 George, Robert Z. and Rishikof, Harvey, eds., The National Security Enterprise: Navigating the Labyrinth (2nd ed.: Georgetown University Press, 2017). Excerpt
 Preston, Andrew, "The Little State Department: McGeorge Bundy and the National Security Council Staff, 1961‐65". Presidential Studies Quarterly 31.4 (2001): 635–659. Online
 Rothkopf, David, Running the world: The inside story of the National Security Council and the architects of American power. (PublicAffairs, 2009).

External links
 WhiteHouse.gov/NSC

Assistants to the President of the United States
United States National Security Council
United States diplomacy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Come enjoy the newly renovated Hilton Tucson East. We are pleased to welcome you to our new facilities and services. Our location on the east side is convenient to the University of Arizona, Davis Monthan Air Force Base, major business centers, restaurants, shopping, and hiking. Hotel amenities include an outdoor pool, whirlpool, fitness center, restaurant, room service, lounge, free weekday newspapers, free WiFi, laundry valet, gift shop, and safe deposit box. Standard room amenities include air conditioning, an MP3 alarm clock, magnifying mirror, cable TV, coffeemaker, dataports, hairdryer, iron, ironing board, and telephone.


Scientists this week have unveiled a brand new material that was inspired by nature and is thought to be the toughest, strongest ceramic-type material that has ever been made.
This new invention was announced this week in the journal Science, by Robert Richie and his colleagues from the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory in California in the United States.
Their inspiration came from mother of pearl or nacre, the iridescent, shiny covering found on the inside of seashells, it's also the same stuff that pearls are made from.
Essentially, mother of pearl is made from calcium carbonate, which in itself doesn't seem to be all that remarkable. But it is the arrangement of strong but brittle layers of calcium carbonate, interspersed with slippery organic layers that act like a lubricant and ultimately makes nacre three times tougher and less likely to shatter than normal calcium carbonate. These layers are also the key to the beautiful lustre of mother of pearl and pearls.
And while scientists have for a while known the secret to these incredibly tough natural materials, until now, no-one has been able to artificially recreate them except in just very thin sheets of material.
This new material isn't actually made form calcium carbonate, but from a mixture of aluminium oxide and plain old water. By mixing the two together then carefully freezing the mixture, the researchers were able to encourage the aluminium oxide to form sheets. Freeze drying the mixture then gets rid of the water leaving a scaffold of aluminium oxide into which a polymer is then added.
This allowed Richie and his team to mimic the same interspersed layers that are found inside mother of pearl which are the secret to creating a material that is extremely strong but even if cracks start to form, they don't get bigger.
The team think they should be able to further refine their super-tough ceramics, but making the structures even finer and closer to the actual structure of natural mother of pearl.
Scientists have found another chemical involved in obesity - one that could hold promise for preventing diabetes.
Writing in the journal Cell Metabolism, the researchers (and there's lots of them - from Louisiana state university, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Columbia University Medical Centre, and Cambridge University here in the UK), have identified the role of a protein called adropin, which plays an important role in digestion - regulating a group of genes which affect how energy is stored, including the production of lipids (fats) from carbohydrates that we eat.
Adropin is coded for by a gene called Energy Homeostasis Associated (Enho) - a gene expressed in the in liver and in the brain. Expression of the gene itself if regulated by the amount of fat in the diet - mice on a very high fat diet showed a rapid increase in adropin, while fasting mice showed a reduction.
This makes adropin one of the first factors shown to be directly related to the amount of fat in our diets, but there's a further twist to this tale. Obese mice, whether obese because of diet or genetics, don't produce adropin normally, but obese mice given extra adropin show less fat in their livers and respond better to insulin. These obese mice do eventually lose weight but the benefits, such as reduced liver fat, can be seen long before the weight is lost.
As the gene for adropin is expressed in both the liver and the brain, it could well have some effect on the brain that we do not yet understand, so we still have a long way to go and this certainly isn't a quick fix for obesity or the associated diseases. However, as adropin seems to be instrumental in the homeostasis of glucose and lipids, it's certainly a candidate for further research.
Back into the marine world once more, with a story this week that has provided the first robust evidence that sea turtles are more successful at producing young when females lay their eggs on beaches that are untouched by human hand.
That's according to David Pike from the University of Sydney in Australia who published his study this week in the journal Biology Letters.
They may spend the majority of their lives in the ocean, but female sea turtles are tied to the land and have to haul themselves out on beaches to lay their eggs.
What Pike did was to hunt through hundreds of other studies published by people who have gone out and counted how many turtle eggs hatch on different types of beach - both those were people are present, with coastal developments like hotels and resorts, and beaches where there is no permanent human presence.
And what he found may not come as much of a surprise: for both the magnificent loggerhead turtles, and green turtles, on average around 12 to 16% more eggs hatched on undisturbed beaches compared to those on beaches with human developments on them.
That may not sound like a lot, but this is likely to be an important difference for turtles that face a host of different threats to their survival, including being accidentally caught at sea in trawling nets and because turtles often mistake plastic bags for one of their favourite food: jellyfish.
It is not clear exactly why the hatching success rate is so much lower on developed beaches, but it is likely to be a combination of factors including trampling and physical disturbance by people and various forms of pollution.
This study has shown how crucial it is to protect nesting beaches that are currently not disturbed by coastal developments because there are the areas where many turtles are being born, and it is the young turtles that will determine the future of these wonderful species.
When an epidemic looms, governments should stockpile vaccines. That's a no brainer, but what if you have little warning, or the cost or development times are prohibitive? Research in PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases suggests that a mere fraction of a vaccine may give enough short term immunity to stop an epidemic in it's tracks.
Looking at meningitis outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa, Phillipe Guerin and colleagues from institutions in Norway, Uganda and Manchester looked at the immune response of 750 healthy volunteers when they were given either a full dose of meningitis vaccine, one fifth of a dose or just one tenth. They measured immune response by looking at something called serum bactericidal activity, which does exactly what it says on the tin - a measure of how effective a blood sample is at killing bacteria. They took blood samples immediately before, then four weeks after vaccination, and tested them against 4 serotypes, subgroups of meningitis, called A, C, Y and W135.
So how did the partial doses fair against a full dose? Well, of the 4 serotypes, a tenth dose of vaccine was as good as a full dose for types Y and W135. One fifth of the vaccine dose was enough for group A, but only the full vaccine dose gave an adequate serum bactericidal activity for group C.
Clearly, we shouldn't be stretching our resources beyond our limits, but in times of emergency, controlling vaccine dose in this way could allow us to protect many more people in the time available, and could be what we need to stop an epidemic in it's tracks.
Helen - Now Professor Sunil Shah joins us now from the Midland Eye Institute. Hi Sunil. Thanks for joining us today. I thought we could start off with the very basics, just how do eyes actually work?
Sunil - It's a way of focusing light onto the retina. If you think of the eye as a camera you have the cornea which is the clear window of the eye and the lens which both focus the light onto the retina which is a bit like the film in a camera.
Helen - So we have this - the back of our eyes is where we're picking up the light. Now all sorts of things can go wrong with our eyesight and shortsightedness is when the image is focused in front of the retina long sightedness is when exactly behind the retina. How does that sort of thing change as we get older?
Sunil - That's a condition called presbyopia. What normally happens is that the lens in your eye actually changes in shape when you try and read. As you get older and typically that's about 45 or so the lens stops being able to react so well. Then you need to give it some assistance in terms of reading glasses.
Helen - So it is really just the close-up reading that becomes a problem. For example, I'm shortsighted and I think Ben is as well. Does that mean that as I get older I'm going to become less shortsighted or I'm just going to become both short and long sighted at the same time?
Sunil - No, that's a bit of a misconception. No there are two completely different mechanisms. To a distance you will remain shortsighted and you won't be able to see. But in addition you will have a reading problem. As it happens all that reading glasses do is make you artificially shortsighted. So if you were shortsighted to the right amount you might get a away with not wearing reading glasses but you still have a distance problem.
Helen - So I'll have to keep an eye on it anyway. Moving now to cataracts: what are they and how do they develop?
Sunil - Cataracts, we don't really know what causes them but everybody will get a cataract if they live long enough. There are many ideas on what causes them. One of them is related to sunlight exposure. Essentially a cataract is where the lens in the eye - so the lens is the size and shape of a smartie inside the eye - the lens actually becomes yellow and harder and this has an effect on the light getting through to the back of the eye.
Helen - So it sort of seems like your vision becomes cloudy and more indistinct as you get older, is that right?
Sunil - If you're developing cataract, yes.
Helen - I take it that this is something that happens through time. Way back when we were all hunter-gatherers and so on we wouldn't live long enough really for cataracts to happen. If they did you'd be less likely to survive perhaps but not many of us are thankfully living much longer and so cataracts are presumably becoming a problem.
Sunil - Absolutely and also in the third world because there they do tend to develop a little bit earlier and there's still a lot of places where there is an adequate provision of treatment for it.
Helen - We can treat cataracts. What can we do to help people who have developed cataracts?
Sunil - This needs an operation and the lenses inside the eye are the cataracts and so it does need a full operation. Lots of people we see think we can do the surgery with a laser but that's not really the case. What we do is create a small hole and the hole's are between two and 3mm large and. We remove the contract from inside the eye. In the space where the contract would have gone we put a plastic lens in its place.
Helen - So you take the whole lens out?
Sunil - Well, we - it's a little bit more complicated than that. If we go back to the smartie analogy what we actually do is you break open the candy coating on the outside and remove all chocolate. In the candy coating we put in the plastic lens.
Helen so you squirt that back in.
Sunil - Well, it's a solid lens. We can either roll it or fold it. It goes in through the same 3mm hole.
Helen - Once you've done that that's all that you need to do. That's a one-off operation and they have much better vision for the rest of their lives.
Helen - Replacing lenses to cure cataracts, that's one thing. Is there anything else we can use the surgery for?
Sunil - Well, we use lens surgery instead of laser surgery and in people who want to get rid of their short-sightedness as well or their long-sightedness. It's not a procedure you'd choose for somebody who's younger. you can organise a small prescription but certainly there are indications for it. For example, some while ago I treated someone whose prescription was -27.
Helen - Goodness me. That's enormous!
Sunil - Yeah. Most people think they're pretty bad when they're minus two because they can't see the top letter on the charts. But if you think this person was ten time as bad.
Ben - Replacing the lens for the same reason that you have laser eye surgery. Later on in the show we have a package about laser eye surgery. One of the things they told me is that if your eyes are going to change over the next 5 or 10 years anyway then laser eye surgery won't stop that from happening. Would lens replacement surgery mean the further degradation of it won't happen?
Sunil - In general most people's prescription doesn't change after their early 20s. So if you've got evidence of no change over a number of years it's actually extremely unlikely they'll change after that time. Certainly that's why the College of Ophthalmologists recommend that though we do not do laser eye surgery until someone's 21. You have to take each person on what the prescription is, what the state of their eye is, what their requirements in terms of job and hobbies are before you decide to operate on them.
Paul - It's good for our eyes because the surface of your eye needs to have moisture on it to keep the cells healthy. They add little nutrients to the cells. They provide oxygen to the eye and they also provide a nice smooth optical surface. That helps us see nice and clearly.
Meera - how does that happen when we blink? How is the health of our eye maintained?
Paul - There are different parts of our tears. there is a little bit at the bottom which is like a mucus layer. That comes from the little cells in your eye. They secrete that all the time. That helps the tears stick to the eye. Then you have a watery bit that comes from glands tucked up under your eyelid. They're secreeted gradually all the time. That adds the watery bits. When your eyes are watering those cells are being squeezed and more water's coming out. We've also got an oily layer at the top to help two things. They help tears spread each time we blink. The blinking squeezes all the tears down and then they have to spread back out and that oily layer makes that easier. They also stop the evaporation. You want your tears to stay there and you don't want them to wash away or evaporate away. That evaporation is part of the secret of what we think is going on with blinking. If you keep your eyes open for too long it hurts. Everyone has staring competitions but that hurts if you keep your eyes open for too long. So you need to blink before that happens. You don't want to spend your life blinking so there must be somewhere in the balance between the two. If you have evaporating coming off with the tears even with that oily layer there, that's producing temperature change and maybe a localised temperature change. The evaporation isn't always equal in the different places it's happening. We've got a thermal energy camera.
Meera - Actually yes. We've got one here with us. it's playing a recording of one of the visitors here today blinking. You can see what the temperatures are for all the various regions of the eye.
Paul - yes that's right. You can see the different temperatures of the eye. We've got hot and cold temperatures represented by different colours. The central part of the eye, the clear cornea that we're all seeing through has no blood vessels. That's important. It can't have blood vessels otherwise you couldn't see through them. That's a bit colder, it doesn't have the blood supply heating that. The tears are formed by the eyelids and also warmed by the body as they're being produced. Each time we blink those warm tears are spread back over the eye. When you keep the eye open you're evaporating the tears slowly. Once they're over that colder, central part you get the temperature change going on. These really sensitive corneal nerves can detect that temperature change. Out of that temperature change the cornea says, right, we've got a temperature change going on. That's sent to the blink centre of your brain and triggers another blink. The whole thing starts again.
Meera - Does the composition of our tear films vary greatly throughout the general public?
Paul - Yes. We're all different, aren't we? We're all the same but we're all different. From an overall point of view we're supposed to blink maybe ten or twelve times a minute. Some of us blink more. Some of us blink less. That's partly due to the tear film. Some of us have better quality tear film. Some of us poor quality tear film. Similarly, looking at that is actually just to take a little tear sample. Put it in a glass slide. Allow it to dry there for ten minutes. It forms this beautiful crystal pattern. If it's a cold winter's morning and you look at the crystals on the windscreen of the car or something like that. It's that kind of thing that you're looking at. If you've properly balanced tear film you've a beautifully, neatly-packed, tight, small furling pattern that looks really regular and neat and tidy. If you start to have an imbalance where there's not enough salts or there's too much or there's too many proteins or that mixture's wrong the pattern changes quite dramatically. It's a really easy way for us to start judging quality of tear film.
Meera - Having looked at this in a patient's eye would you then be able to tailor eye drops more specifically to what their eye needs?
Paul - Yes. That's what's starting to happen. The manufacturers of all these drugs and drops have begun to look at these issues. Now there are quite a number of drops out there. We're still only at the beginning of this, unfortunately. We're still trying to find the correct mixture. That's what we're hoping our work will do to try and answer some of those questions.
Ben - Hi, Robin. First of all, what is inherited retinal degeneration?
Robin - It's a diverse group of conditions caused by defects in any one of 150 different genes. They give rise to deterioration of vision very early in life. It may result in almost absent vision or it may affect individuals in early adulthood or middle age. Whatever the gene defect the result is the loss of receptor cells through apoptopic cell death and further deterioration of vision.
Ben - Is this a bit like AMD where we lose a particular region of the retina. In particular with AMD we lose our central vision so our peripheral vision is still good but we lose the really important, high-detail bit in the middle. Is inherited retinal degeneration the same or is it a bit more broad?
Robin - It's much broader than that because there are at least 150 different forms of inherited retinal degeneration. Some forms - and again it's a group of conditions - called retinisis pigmentosa have defects in genes that affect primarily the rod photoreceptor cell. The patients experience a loss of nightvision and peripheral vision. Often because of the deterioration of their rods their cones start to degenerate later in life. They then start to lose central vision. In other types of inherited retinal degeneration caused by defects in genes that function in cone photoreceptor cells the central vision isn't affected. The condition might resemble the sort of vision loss one would experience in age-related macular degeneration. The cause is quite different but it would be the loss of that central high-definition vision.
Ben - I see. Just to clarify - the rod cells are the ones we use for night vision. They see really in black and white.
Robin - In different light. They don't perceive colour and one uses rod vision in the periphery.
Ben - And the cone cells are the ones that pick up our full tricolour vision. They're more focussed in the macular, the high-detail area.
Robin - Yes, for reading and recognising faces. That's all tone-mediated vision.
Ben - You've mentioned that there are 150 different genes for 150 different types. How have we found the genes? How do we know which genes are going wrong?
Robin - It's been a huge challenge and you will be aware that the genome project and human genome project was important for the central identification of thousands of disease-causing genes. Essentially it starts with identifying a family that's affected and pedigreed mapping of the genes through crucial genetics and then using molecular genetics to hone down the region to a molecular level. And then, eventually when some candidate genes are found proving that they're the lead-causing and often demonstrating that through production of an animal model that's defective in that particular gene.
Ben - So, for example a knock-out mouse.
Ben - So we know what genes are causing the problem, can we treat it?
Robin - Well we're starting to make major advances in developing treatments. I have to stress at this point there is no effective treatment for inherited retinal degeneration but my group's been involved ver the last 15 years in developing gene therapy for these sets of conditions. Earlier this year we published the first set of results from a clinical trial of gene therapy from one particular form of inherited retinal degeneration. The results were encouraging and were built on the work of the last decade showing that we could improve vision and slow degeneration in a variety of animal models. But this time earlier this year we showed that we could use the same technology to improve vision in patients.
Ben - Fantastic. Is this using a retrovirus?
Robin - It's not using a retrovirus. It's using a viral vector but it's using a vector based on a virus called adeno-associated virus, which is a different type of virus which is essentially a nonpathogenic palmar virus that is very common in humans. It's not known to be associated with any disease and we've engineered the virus to carry the missing gene and put that gene back into cells of the retina.
Ben - So this has to be applied directly to the retina. You can't give this systemically and just hope that it gets taken in to the right place and the gene is expressed in the retina.
Robin - The vector is administered through a quite complex surgical procedure that localises the viral suspension very precisely between two layers of cells in the retina. Between the photorecoptor cells and the retinal epithelia. In this particular condition the gene defect is in the gene that is expressed normally in the retinal epithelium. We target the virus to that cell there. The virus is taken up by the cells and the gene expressed in the cells and produces the normal gene product in that cell.
Ben - It sounds incredibly promising. Do you think you're likely to have similar gene therapies for other diseases in the retinal degeneration spectrum or things like advanced age-related macular degeneration?
Robin - Well I think the technology is certainly very promising. It's taken us fifteen years to move from the bench into the clinic. We expect that the next disorders that we'll treat we'll be able to do so much more rapidly. The time for development is going to be diminishing just because we've learnt so much more about the safety profile and the technology that's required for efficient gene delivery to the eye. We have now a programme that includes the development of gene therapy. Not only for the disorder we're treating at the moment which is a type of Leber's congenital amaurosis due to a defect in RP65. But we're looking at three or four other rare inherited disorders as well as developing a gene therapy approach for age-related macular degeneration. For AMD we had to take a slightly different approach. The approach would involve replacing defective gene but using a gene therapy vector as a way of delivering a medicinal product. Instead of having to use repeated injections of an antibody to target blood vessels growing in the retina we might be able to use a gene therapy vector to deliver a gene that will have the same result. The advantage of that is a single administration.
Ben - I've no doubt that multiple injections into the eyeball will make quite a lot of our listeners quite squeamish.
Reena - The cornea is made up of three layers. There's the epithelium layer, then we have the stroma which forms the core of the cornea. And the endothelium which is a single layer of cells which provide the nutrients to the cornea. It's mainly made of collagen. The stroma is, anyway.
Ben - So it's a collagen structure but we can reshape it using lasers. How do the lasers actually reshape it?
Reena - They, basically by removing small amounts of tissue. If you were to imagine the cornea as being like a wood - imagine changing the shape of the wood so it's the same sort of thing. All the laser does is cause a small change in shape of the cornea and those small changes in shape can actually give a big change in the refractive power of the eye. Contrary to common belief 2/3 f the power of our eye is actually from the cornea and not from our lens. We can actually do quite a bit by changing the power of the cornea.
Ben - I know that there are a few different types of laser eye surgery. What are the different kinds?
Reena - Essentially there's two basic types of laser treatment. First of all is the lasik which is spelled with an 'i-k' and the other one sounds exactly the same but is spelled with and 'e-k' - Lasek. The difference between the two is just the surgical procedure's slightly different. With the lasik, if we were just to imagine our cornea as being made up, say of 100 sheets of paper you can think of it as what we're going to do is lift the top ten sheets, do the laser treatment underneath and then put those top ten sheets back again. With the lasek - if we imagine the hundred sheets again we'll remove the very top layer, do the laser treatment underneath that and the top layer regenerates. The main difference between these two is in the initial recovery period. Lasik is the one with the faster recovery. Most people are driving standard to better the next day whereas lasek is roughly a week or so behind.
Ben - Why can't you just operate with the laser directly on the surface?
Reena - The top layer of our eyes is the epithelium which is like a skin layer so if you laser on top it will just grow back again.
Ben - Is everybody suitable? Can everyone have laser eye surgery?
Reena - Unfortunately not which is why we do the consultations. Most people are suitable. We have to turn away about 15% of patients who do come and see us unfortunately. It could be a number of things. It could be general health which is a contraindication. It could be the corneas are too thin, it could be the corneas are too steep, too flat. There's a number of reasons.
Ben - What are the risks?
Reena - The worst case scenario is an eye infection but that's quite rare. You have the same risk factor every time you put a contact lens in your eye. The most common question I get asked is 'has anyone gone blind from this procedure?' And we haven't had anyone that's lost their sight. If we're thinking about the anatomy of the eye itself you can see why. You rule out a lot of the complications because you don't enter the eye to do the treatment. The treatment is very superficial. You're lasering the cornea.
Ben - Once you've had the surgery how long does it last?
Reena - The treatment itself is permanent. The way your eyes change is individual to yourself. If you didn't have treatment and five years down the line your prescription was going to change by + or -1 for example, this change can still take place. What the treatment does do is it corrects you at this moment in time with the prescription you have now. If your eyes are going to change they're going to do so regardless. A good indication that you're going to be stable after treatment is how stable you are beforehand. If your prescription's been stable for the last 5-10 years then that's a good indication it should be afterwards.
Ben - I've just had a consultation with you. Can you take me through the different stages and what we had to do? Most of it was very similar to a normal eye consultation.
Reena - That's correct. We have your prescription. We check the health of your eye. We go through your history and symptoms so we know more about your general health. We look at the front surface of your eye, the cornea, the lens and your retina. These are all the things they'd do in a normal eye test as well. Then you had a session where you did some scans. We looked at the front surface of your eye. We mapped your cornea, corneal topography and then we measured your aberrations, how much glare you suffer from.
Ben - I have my scans here and how do I look? Can you tell me what these actually mean?
Reena - First of all if we have a look at the orb scans which is a topography map. First of all, is looking at how steep or flat your cornea is. Yours if perfectly within the normal scale. Having a look at your corneal thickness map your corneas are nice and thick which is fantastic when it comes to laser treatment.
Ben - Map is really the right word. It genuinely looks like a map of hills or mountains and lakes.
Reena - Yes, it does!
Ben - So that's the orb scan showing the topography of my cornea. What's the other scan that they did?
Reena - The other scan is the aberrometer. That measures how much glare you suffer from. If you imagine this as being a pinpoint of light what we have here is a picture of how your eye scatters the light in different directions.
Ben - What this should really be is one solid pinpoint of light. It actually looks like a crystal. It's triangular, lines inside it: like you would on a diamond.
Reena - It does. Everyone has a different map depending on how much aberrations and how much aberrations you have.
Ben - Putting all of this together, looking at my prescription and the thickness and shape of my cornea am I eligible, could I have laser eye surgery?
Reena - Yes, you are suitable to have the treatment done.
Ben - What's the cornea actually made of?
44:34 - Why do we laugh when we find something funny?
Why do we laugh when we find something funny?
Why do we laugh at something that's funny? Something that's funny is by definition something that makes us laugh. I'll talk about why we laugh. Laughter is really a social phenomenon. If we look back to its origins, laughter, the 'ha ha' originated in the 'pant pant' of rough and tumble play such as you would find in tickle or the rough and tumble play of children. 'Pant pant' became the human 'ha ha.' With adults, however the arena of laughter has shifted from tickle and rough and tumble to a more linguistic and cognitive arena whereby, for example, the play of adults has to do with wordplay during conversations. You don't have to tickle one of your colleagues to get them to laugh. You can tell them the joke. Even within conversation the key to laughter is the presence of another person. Laughter almost totally disappears when we're alone. The key element for producing laughter is another person and not a joke. In fact we have followed people around and recorded what was said before people laugh. In only 10 or 15% is it anything remotely joke-like. Most laughter follows comments like 'hey, where have you been? Ha ha!' or 'I've gotta go now, haha!' These aren't jokes so it basically is about developing bonds and relationships with other people.
53:11 - Is there a downside to having a cataract removed?
Is there a downside to having a cataract removed?
Robin Ali: Cataracts are very common in patients with RP and that's probably because their retina is thinner and there's less oxygen consumption. That extra oxygen generates free radicals and damages the lens. In general there's no downside to having the cataract removed. It's very important for individuals to seek appropriate consultation with an ophthalmologist.
53:59 - How long will a cataract operation last before it starts to grow back again?
How long will a cataract operation last before it starts to grow back again?
Sunil - Cataract operations are a one-off procedure. A cataract can't come back in itself. Even children who are born with cataracts, once they've had their cataract operations done they'd expect to live without a cataract for the next 80 years. The only thing that can happen is you can get some clouding of the membrane holding the implant. Some people call that an after cataract but that can easily be laser away without the need of another operation.


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Salem-News.com (Nov-15-2016 13:48)
Hood River Power Outage Caused by Metallic Balloon
There are about 30 of these "balloon" outages a year, just in the Hood River area.
(HOOD RIVER, Ore.) -	 A power outage that disrupted life in Hood River Nov. 12 was caused by a metallic-skinned helium balloon that got away.
The balloon from a nearby celebration apparently blew into a substation and made contact with electrical equipment and caused a short. Response came quickly and power was back on within 75 minutes. While rare, balloon-caused outages are regular occurrences.
Follow The Sand To The Real Fracking Boom
James Stafford for Salem-News.com
The frac sand business is a huge element of the US oil boom but one that very few investors know anything about.
(LONDON / Oilprice.com) -	 When it takes up to four million pounds of sand to frack a single well, it's no wonder that demand is outpacing supply and frack sand producers are becoming the biggest behind-the-scenes beneficiaries of the American oil and gas boom.
Demand is exploding for "frac sand"--a durable, high-purity quartz sand used to help produce petroleum fluids and prop up man-made fractures in shale rock formations through which oil and gas flows—turning this segment into the top driver of value in the shale revolution.
Salem-News.com (May-06-2014 14:24)
Why Hasn`t The U.S. Gone After Gazprom?
John C.K. Daly Salem-News.com
Gazprom has already warned that further Western sanctions could disrupt gas exports to Europe.
(LONDON OilPrices.com) -	 Amidst the deepening war of words over Moscow's annexation of Crimea, U.S. President Barack Obama on April 28 added more Russian individuals and companies to a sanctions list that already included influential members of Russian President Vladimir Putin's inner circle and Bank Rossiya, which has close ties to the Russian leadership.
The new list freezes the assets of Igor Sechin, head of Russia's major oil company, Rosneft, six other individuals and 17 companies.
BP Pipeline Sprays `Oily Mist` Over 33 Acres of Alaskan Tundra
The company was at fault in at least two oil spills in the same region since 2006.
(MOSCOW RT) -	 Alaska state officials confirmed Wednesday that an oily mist sprung from a compromised oil pipeline and sprayed into the wind without stopping for at least two hours, covering 33 acres of the frozen snow field in the oil well's vicinity.
The discovery was at the BP-owned Prudhoe oil field on Alaska's North Slope, the northernmost region of the state where a number of profitable oil fields sit beneath the tundra. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) revealed that BP officials found the mist during a routine inspection on Monday.
Salem-News.com (Apr-15-2014 12:22)
Ukraine Falling to Economic Warfare and Its Own Missteps
Robert Bensh for Salem-News.com
There has been no movement by the Ukrainian military to make good on its ultimatum; indeed, the messages have been unclear and contradictory.
(LONDON OilPrices.com) -	 As protests in Ukraine's eastern region turned violent on Sunday leading to the death of a Ukrainian security officer in a shootout with pro-Russian militia, Kiev threatens military action while Moscow flexes its geo-economic warfare muscles.
Pro-Russian militia groups have seized government buildings and police headquarters in Ukraine's eastern city of Donetsk and Slovyanks--where the shoot-out took place--and despite a Monday morning ultimatum by the Ukrainian government, these groups have shown no sign of giving in.
The Most Profitable Gas in the World
The smart investor will realize that there is no better time to invest in Ukraine's energy sector. Once it is transformed, the best opportunities will have been seized.
(LONDON OilPrices.com) -	 There is only one certainty in Ukraine: The energy sector must and will be transformed, and how long this takes will depend on who ends up in the driver's seat and how serious they are about becoming a part of Europe and reducing dependence on Russia.
But by then, investors will have missed the boat.
Salem-News.com (Mar-27-2014 16:17)
Why Ukraine`s Next President Doesn`t Matter
Regardless of who wins the presidential vote, the Maidan will be disappointed.
(LONDON OilPrices.com) -	 Having ridden roughshod over Ukraine, Russia's annexation of the Crimea is now over and a new chapter in Ukrainian politics is about to begin—but it won't be much different than the last chapter, with the same old faces surfacing for May presidential elections.
In the aftermath of the Maidan protests that overthrew president Viktor Yanukovych in February and Russia's retaliatory annexation of the Crimea in March, Ukraine has moved presidential elections forward a year to 25 May.
Small Oil Companies Eye Huge Prize in Ghana
James Burgess for Salem-News.com
Bigger companies continue to make significant headway in with Ghana's oil, despite a few setbacks, including delays to the country's gas infrastructure, which means that associated gas is being lost to flaring or has to be re-injected into wells.
(LONDON) -	 Since the first discovery of the massive Jubilee oilfield in Ghana by a start-up company, the West African playing field has begun to change, and so too have investor sentiments, disappointed most recently by the low fourth-quarter 2013 results of major integrated oil companies like Exxon, Shell, Chevron and BP.
But while the supermajors are struggling with soaring project costs and poor balance sheets, innovative juniors and start-ups are increasingly swooping in...
Russia Looks East as Relations with Europe Deteriorate
Nicholas Cunningham for Salem-News.com
Several market analysts had already predicted before the Crimean crisis that a deal would be finalized this year.
(LONDON OilPrices.com) -	 The standoff between the U.S. and the EU on one hand, and Russia on the other, intensified pretty quickly late last week. The U.S. quickly slapped heavier sanctions on Russia after its annexation of Crimea, leading to a mutual escalation of retaliatory measures.
However, it appears that the West gained a bit of leverage at the moment, as the Russian economy has shown some cracks amid uncertainty over how bad this is going to get.
What the Loss of Crimea Means for Ukrainian Energy: Interview with Robert Bensh
Birth of a New Ukrainian Nation? Interview with Robert Bensh
(LONDON OilPrices.com) -	 Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula is now Russia's. It was done with an impressively organized non-violent military operation, and supported by the foregone conclusion of a referendum on independence from Ukraine.
One Ukrainian soldier was reportedly killed on 18 March, after Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the treaty to annex the Crimea and troops moved to take over a Ukrainian military facility in Simferopol.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Kemin AgriFoods, the Des Moines, Iowa-based manufacturer and distributor of feed supplements designed to improve animal health and nutrition, has promoted Jeff Murphy to vice-president, sales. Mr Murphy joined the company in 1998, and has held a number of senior posts, most recently as commercial director. Prior to joining Kemin, he worked with Bioproducts, ADM and the Feed Specialities Company. Mr Murphy is also involved in the American Feed Industry Association, the American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science Association.


The subject of Hodgkin's disease has never been so exhaustively reviewed and discussed as in Kaplan's new edition. The current edition has been expanded by more than 200 pages from the first edition, published in 1972. Relying on years of work, Dr. Kaplan has put together a masterpiece on the historical, laboratory, and clinical aspects of this disease that will make this volume useful to a wide audience.
Published: Ann Intern Med. 1980;93(5):787.


When you have an image which needs some spot fixing you can often do the work in PT Photo Editor easily. PT Photo Editor has a Blemish Removal tool available for fixing blemishes and removing problems such as spots caused by dust on your camera's sensor.
To see how to use Blemish Removal tool, start by selecting an image to fix. Locate the Blemish Removal tool which is situated in the tool stripe below the Navigator. You can also select it by pressing its shortcut key B.
Adjust the brush size using the slider or mouse wheel. Your brush size needs to be large enough to cover the area to fix. If you want to add some transparency to the fixing area, drag the Opacity slider to the left.
You can click on the area to fix and leave PT Photo Editor to choose the source image data to fix it with or click on the part of the image to fix and continue to hold the left mouse button as you drag to find an area to use to for the fix. You will see a preview of how the fix will look to help you determine a good part of the image to use. Only let go the mouse button when you have your selection in place.
When you have released mouse button, you will see two circles on your image. The circle with the thinner edge is the selected area and the circle with the thicker edge defines the area you are fixing.
If you did not get the fix exactly right you can click inside either of the circles and drag the selected circle to a different position. You can also select a circle and then readjust its size or opacity.
Before applying the fixing, to hide the circles, move the mouse pointer out of the image.


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Home Interviews A day in the life of executive pastry chef Angelo Musa
A day in the life of executive pastry chef Angelo Musa
Renata Haidle
Have you ever wondered what it is like to be an executive pastry chef in one of the most elegant hotels in Paris? Chef Angelo Musa, Meilleur Ouvrier de France, World Pastry Champion and Executive Pastry Chef of Plaza Athénée Paris, allows Renata Haidle a glimpse into his world
How do you start your mornings?
Italian through my father, I do have a special fondness for strong black coffee in the morning. Its aromas are pure bliss. Then, the French side of me takes over with traditional tartines and homemade jams. I have been deepening my knowledge of the art of confitures for over a year now, and I believe we can say it has almost turned into an obsession! Although, I do try to keep this option for weekends, and instead would consider detox juices during the week.
What's a typical day like in the pastry lab at Hotel Plaza Athénée?
I don't have a written-out plan. Routine is definitely not part of my vocabulary and neither is it part of my life. Every day is an adventure! My workday at Hotel Plaza Athénée starts by greeting and chatting with the team, checking on them, getting informed about the activity in the pastry lab, and feedback with the restaurant director. Then, I meet with pastry chef Alexandre Dufeu, who is my right hand. We work very closely.
Working in such an establishment is pure joy, but also quite demanding. We all strive together to bring out the best for our guests. And I firmly believe that such a task can only be achieved in a good work environment, where discipline can be met with laughter – as the saying goes, "being serious without taking yourself too seriously". I am fortunate enough to be surrounded with a team of professionals and dedicated people.
What inspires you when it comes to creating recipes?
There is nothing new in what I'm about to say, but respecting nature and the ingredients' rhythm is essential. We try through our work to be more respectful of seasonality. It might be common sense but this basic principle leads to using premium ingredients, highlighting their freshness and fragrances – for instance, exploring and revealing all the flavours of a strawberry, enhancing the original taste by playing with different textures reveals all its richness. It is far more challenging than one can think, as you need to unveil new ways of expressions, dig deeper into your creative senses.
What pastry creation are you most proud of?
Each pâtisserie is conceived as a masterpiece, involving a great amount of thinking, experiments, trials, and adjustments before being displayed on the menu. I would not use the word "proud", although 100% Vanilla does embody my pastry beliefs. Built around vanilla, my favourite ingredient, my aim in this dessert is to unfold all its flavours located in four different layers. This belief has driven me to a greater ambition, allowing my imagination to roam towards exploring all the facets of the flavour profile of an ingredient, which eventually resulted in the brainchild that is the "100% Collection", setting out an extensive range of "100%" featuring fruits, citrus, nuts, spirits or chocolate.
On a different note, showcasing tailor-made pieces crafted for special occasions such as Easter or Christmas celebrations does also reflect a strong ability for innovation, challenging new heights of creativity, requiring lavish products, techniques and designs.
How do you relax after hours?
Sport plays an important role in my daily life, bringing a crucial work-life balance. For a few years now, I have been running on a regular basis, three to four times a week. I need the body-and-soul balance, the adrenaline. It releases the tension, eases the mind, and helps me stay in shape. Running allows me to recharge my batteries.
My schedule is quite full between work and family, but I enjoy trying out new places. When in Paris, Akrame Benallal's Shirvan Café Métisse is a great option near work, offering refined fusion cuisine. For an authentic Italian restaurant, I usually head to Osteria Ferrara helmed by Fabrizio Ferrara. The ambiance, the staff, the cooking… everything takes you back to Italy.
Truth be told, I do love hosting family and friends at home during weekends – nothing beats cooking for loved ones.
To see Chef Angelo Musa in action, head to Salon du Chocolat in Paris on November 2. You will have the chance to attend his demonstration of a scrumptious chocolate coffee tart recipe, and you can be among the first to get a copy of his book, Ma Promesse, an autobiography that also includes a collection of his most beloved recipes.


Microsoft Dynamics 365 takes accounting and business productivity software to the next level. Integrated with intelligent business apps in the cloud, Dynamics 365 Business Edition gives companies the flexibility to personalize and manage their Financial, Sales, Marketing and Customer Service business functions on one familiar platform. Watch the overview video to get a quick look at the solution.


Virgo natives whose birthdays on September 14 are significantly looking at visionaries with modern concepts and the exclusive means to materialize them during the serious globe. You are charming and articulate when discussing your thoughts and plans, however you have substantially far more problem sharing your feelings. You might be essentially much more cozy examining and categorizing your thoughts than expressing them. For the reason that you are impartial, assertive, intelligent, and ambitious, whenever you come across a thing you truly have confidence in, you go after it using a exceptional enthusiasm that practically guarantees good results.
Virgo born on September 14 are among the probably the most intriguing and enigmatic associates of the photo voltaic Virgo team. Your Sun signal prefers attempted and true conventional approaches, nevertheless the root variety 5 inclines towards the unconventional, avant-garde, and unusual. There is certainly anything with the everlasting student about you that requires consistent mental stimulation. Your inquiring brain wishes to know why things would be the way they may be. Freewheeling and adventurous by mother nature, you may need repeated doses of variety and alter to serene your restive temperament. Often you'll want to become involved in the bodily or mentally hard challenge only to stay away from boredom.
In an intimate relationship, your emotionally aloof mother nature can make a huge hole involving your passionate desires and day-to-day reality. What's more, idealism tends to make you overly critical. However, while using the right person, you happen to be able to giving your all for adore.


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List of famous people born in 1997, with photos when available. This list of celebrities born in 1997 is loosely ordered by popularity, so the most well-known people are at the top. All sorts of men and women are featured on this list, including actors, singers, musicians and athletes born in 1997. Various bits of information are available for these prominent people whose birth year is 1997, such as what schools they went to and where they were born. If you're looking for a particular famous person born in 1997 you can type their name into the "search" bar and it will take you right to them.
A factual list, featuring celebs like Chloë Moretz and Bella Thorne.
If you're trying to answer the question, "Which celebrities were born in 1997?" then this list should be a perfect resource for you.
#75 on Who Is America's Sweetheart in 2018?


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Віра Іванівна Бриндіна (нар. 25 квітня 1979, с. Пічеполонга Атюр'євського району) — мокшанська письменниця. Член Спілки письменників Росії.

Біографічні відомості
Віра Бриндіна народилась 25 квітня 1979 року в селі Пічеполонга Атюр'євського району Мордовії.

Закінчила Мордовський державний університет імені М.П. Огарьова за спеціальністю журналістика.

Працювала у газеті «Мокшанська правда». Автор книг «Пештень товнеть» (2010), «Кизэнь пиземне» (2017).

Співпрацювала з дитячим журналом «Якстерь тяштеня» («Червона зірочка»), публікувалась також у газеті «Мокша».

Лауреат літературної премії Глави Республіки Мордовія для молодих авторів.

Проживає у Саранську.

Джерела
 Эйкакшонь туртов сёрмадыця // Чилисема. № 5, 2019. - с. 24.
 Вера Брындина  // Портал национальных литератур.

Примітки

Народились 1979
Народились 25 квітня
Мокшанські письменники
Члени Спілки письменників Росії
Персоналії:Саранськ


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Pep Guardiola 'congratulates' Liverpool for winning the Premier League
Zachary Oguda
Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola has jokingly congratulated Liverpool for winning the 2019/20 Premier League title.
City shockingly lost to Norwich over the weekend and according to Guardiola, there was still a long way to go in the league title race with the Spaniard promising that they were going to recover from the loss.
"We're in September… we're going to do that? Okay: congratulations, Liverpool, you are the champions. We will recover, go to Ukraine, then we come back. Of course, we've dropped five points. Tottenham was a pity because we played very well.
Important Parts
"Against Norwich, it was in the important parts, in set pieces for example, that the players have to know exactly what to do," Guardiola told reporters.
Attention for City shifts to the Champions League where they are to face Ukraine giants Shakhtar Donetsk on Wednesday.
The Norwich loss coupled with their draw with Spurs earlier in the season see City fall five points below Liverpool who have a 100% record in the league.
City host Watford in their next league fixture with Liverpool travelling to Stamford Bridge to take on Chelsea.
Read More: Michael Owen explains why he played for both Liverpool and Manchester United
Read More: Kenya placed in Pot 3 in 2022 World Cup qualifiers
Victor Wanyama reacts to Mbwana Samatta joining Aston Villa


Ensuite to Master Bedroom. Fitted Bathroom.
Double glazed casement window to rear aspect. Radiator. Cloaks area. Security entry phone system. Storage cupboard.
Double glazed french doors opening to Juliet Balcony. Radiator.
Single bowl single drainer stainless steel sink unit. Range of colour co-ordinated wall and floor mounted cupboards and drawers. Roll top work surfaces. `Zanussi` oven and gas hob with stainless steel extractor over. Integrated fridge and freezer. Integrated `Electrolux` dishwasher. Integrated `Zanussi` washer/dryer. Part tiled walls. Double glazed casement window to rear aspect.
Fitted with 3 piece suite in white comprising shower cubicle with `Aqualisa` power shower, pedestal wash basin and low level WC. Part tiled walls. Extractor fan. Shaver point. Radiator.
2 double glazed casement windows to front aspect. Radiator.
Fitted with 3 piece suite in white comprising panelled bath with shower mixer tap, pedestal wash hand basin and low level WC. Part tiled walls. Extractor fan. Radiator. Shaver point. Double glazed casement window to rear aspect.
Allocated parking for 1 car and further visitor parking.