Searching for educational technology (edtech) can be overwhelming. The number of products available is daunting: for example, Apple's App Store contains more than 80,000 educational apps. And for educators, the decision has high-stakes implications for budgets and student learning.
To assist in their search, some educators turn to online edtech product summaries. But it's hard for these summaries to keep up with the pace of technology development. Product information can quickly become out-of-date, and it can take time to review new products.
With support from a Small Business Innovation and Research grant from the U.S. Department of Education, EdSurge and SRI International are exploring whether artificial-intelligence technology can help solve this problem. We are working on building an AI-based tool that collects and analyzes information from the web to automatically update existing tool descriptions and add new products to the EdSurge Product Index, a database that helps educators identify edtech products that meet their specific needs.
SRI has used similar technology for automatic extraction of experimental results from scientific publications, building databases about global news events, and automated assessment of student writing.
Can AI do the job? Does it fall short? You be the judge! EdSurge and SRI are running a study to test the AI-enhanced product index now. Educators, click here to participate in the study. It only takes 5-10 minutes. Your responses will help us understand how the AI enhancements are working.
Where else could AI go? SRI and EdSurge are using AI to speed up the pace of edtech product reviews. What other ways will we use AI to make education more efficient? Automated grading? Individualized feedback? The sky's the limit!
Claire Christensen (@research_claire) is an education researcher at SRI International.


The church will be open from 7.30am-9pm every day from 9th -14th May. Why not pop in for a time of quiet prayer?
Engage with the prayer stations that will be up in the church during that week to help inspire prayers.


text:
Poland-Belarus border to be best defended in Europe says minister
Politics | News | First Report
(PAP) emer/md/mf October 27, 2022
Artur Reszko/PAP
The Polish-Belarusian frontier will be the most secure external border of the Schengen zone, a deputy interior minister has claimed owing to a new fence that now separates the two countries.
The construction of the barrier came in response to a migration crisis which started in the spring of 2021 and saw thousands of migrants trying to get into Poland.
Warsaw has claimed that Alexander Lukashenko, the Belarusian president, manufactured the crisis in an attempt to destabilise Poland and the EU in retaliation for sanctions imposed by Brussels.
According to Maciej Wasik, a deputy minister of internal affairs and administration, the hybrid attack from Belarus was co-prepared with the Russian secret services.
"We have no doubts that these activities were in some way aimed at destabilising Europe ahead of Russia's attack on Ukraine... and culminated last autumn when around 40,000 people attempted to illegally cross the Belarusian-Polish border," he said on Thursday.
The new border fence, was completed in the summer. The 186-km barrier consists of a five-metre-high steel fence topped with razor wire. Its cost about PLN 1.6 billion (EUR 337 million) to build.
The next stage of the fence, an "electronic barrier," comprising of cameras, thermal-vision surveillance equipment and sensors, will be completed by the end of November, with the first stretch of this electronic surveillance infrastructure ready on November 11, according to Wasik.
"It looks like the Polish-Belarusian border will be the most secure border of the Schengen zone," he said.
He said since the barrier was put up Poland has seen "a huge decline in illegal migration," and quoted Border Guard statistics showing that, while in October 2021 there were around 17,500 illegal crossing attempts from Belarus, this year, by October 24 it was only 1,820.
"Yes, there is still (illegal migration - PAP), still inspired by the Belarusian services, but we are aware that it is part of a huge migration movement that is pushing towards Europe," Wasik said.
He added that "however, on the northern route that Lukashenko wanted to exploit with Putin, through Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, he was stopped."
Tags: Poland, Belarus, border, migrants, fence, Maciej Wąsik

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/*
 * @file
 * Calculate the integral averaged value in each cells.
 *
 * @details
 * Calculate the cell intergal averaged values by the formula
 * \f$ \int_{\Omega_k} u dA = \sum_{n=1}^{N_q} w_n J_n u(\xi_n) \f$
 * where \f$ \xi_n \f$ is the Gauss quadrature points.
 *
 * @param[in] fvar The field value on each interpolation points in all elements
 * @param[in] wq The quadrature weights in each cell
 * @param[in] J The Jacobian determination on interpolation points in all
 * elements
 * @param[in] Vq The transform matrix to convert nodal values to quadrature
 * values
 * @return fint The integral values in each elements
 *
 * @code
 *  [ fint ] = mxGetMeshIntegralValue( fvar, wq, J, Vq )
 * @endcode
 *
 */
#include "mex.h"
#include <math.h>
#include "blas.h"

#if !defined(_WIN32)
#define dgemm dgemm_
#endif

#ifdef _OPENMP
#include <omp.h>
#endif

void mexFunction(int nlhs, mxArray *plhs[], int nrhs, const mxArray *prhs[]) {

    /* check input & output */
    if (nrhs != 4)
        mexErrMsgIdAndTxt("Matlab:mxGetIntegralValue:InvalidNumberInput",
                          "4 inputs required.");
    if (nlhs != 1)
        mexErrMsgIdAndTxt("Matlab:mxGetIntegralValue:InvalidNumberOutput",
                          "1 output required.");

    /* get inputs */
    double *fvar = mxGetPr(prhs[0]);
    double *wq = mxGetPr(prhs[1]);
    double *J = mxGetPr(prhs[2]);
    double *Vq = mxGetPr(prhs[3]);

    /* get dimensions */
    size_t Np = mxGetM(prhs[0]); // number of interpolation points
    size_t Nq = mxGetM(prhs[3]); // number of quadrature points
    size_t K = mxGetN(prhs[0]);  // number of elements

    /* allocate output array */
    plhs[0] = mxCreateDoubleMatrix((mwSize)1, (mwSize)K, mxREAL);
    double *fint = mxGetPr(plhs[0]);

    const double one = 1;
    const double zero = 0;
    ptrdiff_t one_ptrdiff = 1;
    ptrdiff_t Np_ptrdiff = Np;
    ptrdiff_t Nq_ptrdiff = Nq;
    char *tran = "N";
#ifdef _OPENMP
#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(DG_THREADS)
#endif

    for (int k = 0; k < K; k++) {
        double Jq[Nq], fq[Nq];

        // map the node values fvar to quadrature nodes by
        // \f$ fq = Vq * fvar \f$
        dgemm(tran, tran, &Nq_ptrdiff, &one_ptrdiff, &Np_ptrdiff, &one, Vq,
              &Nq_ptrdiff, fvar + k * Np, &Np_ptrdiff, &zero, fq, &Nq_ptrdiff);
        dgemm(tran, tran, &Nq_ptrdiff, &one_ptrdiff, &Np_ptrdiff, &one, Vq,
              &Nq_ptrdiff, J + k * Np, &Np_ptrdiff, &zero, Jq, &Nq_ptrdiff);

        for (int n = 0; n < Nq; n++) {
            fint[k] += wq[n] * Jq[n] * fq[n];
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The information noted above is not exhaustive: additional documents and/or information may be requested when you apply for a mortgage. The Required Mortgage Documents Checklist has been developed for guideline purposes only.
Copyright 2019 © iconnectmortgages. All Rights Reserved.


Colville - Based on the principle that memorable items last the longest, Colville - which was founded by three fashion insiders - creates statement pieces such as these orange shoes. They're crafted from mesh with light-grey leather slingback straps, fastening with a gold-tone metal buckle, and are slightly lifted on small heels. Wear them to accent colourful edits and to energize monochrome looks.


Obamacare rules released, did you notice?
Obamacare has been unpopular since its inception despite the administration's best efforts to muddle and cloud the issue through vagueness. Thankfully, the administration has released new health care guidelines outlined in Obamacare. Anyone familiar with politics and politicians, when they want to brag about something they've done, they make sure to grandstand behind it. When they know they've sold you a bill of goods, it's released as quietly as possible at a time when the least amount of people are likely to be paying attention, for example at 11:45 pm EST Thanksgiving Eve. Guess what the Obama administration did?
At literally the eleventh hour — 11:45pm EST — on Tuesday night, just before the start of the Thanksgiving holiday break, the Obama administration released its new health care guidelines under Obamacare.
It gets scarier by the minute.


Integral to their training at the Dojo in Island Bay is 'bokken and jo', wooden equipment funded by a TTCF grant. Shodokan Aikido is a soft form martial art, excellent for self defense, improving fitness and self-esteem. Run entirely by volunteers, the organisation offers young people aged 9 to 12 years who may be under confident, facing bullying, or needing to develop discipline and resilience, the opportunity to train in martial arts free of charge.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The Hubbard model for cubic lattice with on-site Coulomb interaction
dominating over the inter-site hopping
produces spin polarized  ground-state  near half-filling \cite{nagaoka}. In the
theory of itinerary ferromagnetism \cite{if} the phenomenon is referred to as Nagaoka ferromagnetism.
Semiconductor quantum dots were pointed out  as a possible two-dimensional realization of the Hubbard
model and artificial molecules or clusters formed by multiple quantum dots
were studied in the context of a spin polarization driven by inter-dot tunneling and electron-electron interaction \cite{square,nielsen}.
Spin-ordered ground state was recently experimentally identified in electrostatic quantum dots
defined in GaAs \cite{naturexp} in a three-electron system for quantum dots arranged in
a square cluster, a case previously theoretically studied in Ref. \cite{square}.

In graphene \cite{graphene} and graphene-like Xene materials \cite{xenes}
the electron states near the charge neutrality
point are additionally characterized  by the valley isospin due to the presence of two non-equivalent
Dirac points in the Brillouin zone. Electrostatic confinement in graphene is excluded
by the Klein tunneling effect \cite{Klein}. However in bilayer graphene \cite{blqd} or buckled silicene \cite{ni} the energy gap
and thus the electrostatic confinement can be formed by perpendicular electric field.
The valley degree of freedom of confined states can be resolved by the transport spectroscopy
\cite{pereira,blx} in a similar way as the spin is \cite{spintronics}.
A possible Nagaoka ordering of the valley would contribute to the toolbox of valleytronics \cite{valleytronics,ary}
for confined states in two-dimensional materials.

In this paper we look for the counterpart of the Nagaoka ferromagnetism in the valley degree
of freedom in a 2D system.
We focus our attention on the ground-state valley polarization for a three-electron system in a square cluster of quantum dots
defined in silicene \cite{xenes}, i.e. a counterpart of the case studied experimentally in GaAs system \cite{naturexp}.
With respect to the III-V quantum dots the silicene besides the valley degree of freedom  hosts
a strong intrinsic spin-orbit coupling \cite{soc,soc2} which as we show below can play a role in the Nagaoka ordering.
Without the spin-orbit coupling term the tight-binding Hamiltonian is identical with the one
for the monolayer graphene  with staggered potential \cite{stag,stag2,stag3} up to the numerical value of the inter-atomic hopping energy.
For that reason below we solve both the problems with and without the spin-orbit coupling.
We demonstrate that in the absence of the spin-orbit coupling the spin degree of freedom of the three-electron system needs to be frozen for the valley ordering to be observed.
The intrinsic spin-orbit coupling splits
the fourfold degeneracy of the confined single-electron ground state with respect to the
spin and valley forming spin-valley doublets in a manner similar to the one closely studied
for carbon nanotubes \cite{rmpcnt}. We find that in presence of the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling
Nagaoka ordering in both valley and spin appear simultaneously.

\section{Theory}

\subsection{Atomistic tight-binding Hamiltonian}

For the  tight-binding model we define a flake of buckled silicene \cite{hamsi,chow}
with ions of the A sublattice at positions ${\bf r}_{\bf k}^A=k_1 {\bf a}_1+k_2 {\bf a}_2$ with the crystal lattice vectors
${\bf a}_1=a \left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},0\right)$,
and ${\bf a}_2=a \left(1,0,0\right)$, with the silicene lattice constant $a=3.89$ \AA.
The B sublattice is shifted by a base vector ${\bf r}_{\bf k}^B={\bf r}_{\bf k}^A+(0,d,\delta)$ where $d=2.25$ \AA\; is the in-plane nearest-neighbor distance and the vertical shift of the sublattices is denoted by $\delta=0.46$ \AA.
Calculations are performed for a hexagonal flake with armchair edges and side length of about 30 nm with approximately 72 000 $p_z$ spin-orbitals.

We determine the eigenstates of atomistic tight-binding Hamiltonian \cite{soc,soc2,chow},
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{TB}&=&-t\sum_{\langle k,l\rangle } p_{kl} c_{k}^\dagger c_{l}  +\sum_{k} V_k c^\dagger_{k}c_{k}
\\ &+& it_{SO} \sigma_z\sum_{\langle \langle k,l\rangle \rangle  } p_{kl} \nu_{kl} c^\dagger_{k} c_{l} \nonumber
 +\frac{g\mu_B }{2}{\vec {\sigma}} \cdot {\bf{ B}}, \label{hb0}
\end{eqnarray}
where the first sum describes the nearest neighbor hopping with the energy $t=1.6$ eV \cite{soc,soc2}. In Eq. (\ref{hb0})
$p_{kl}=\exp\left({i\frac{e}{\hbar}\int_{\vec{r_k}}^{\vec{r_l}}\vec {\bf A}\cdot \vec {dl}}\right)$ stands for the Peierls phase.
 The integral in the exponent of $p_{kl}$ accounts for the Aharonov-Bohm phase shifts that the wave functions
 acquire from the vector potential ${\bf A}$ in hopping. We consider the magnetic field with both perpendicular $B_z$ and in-plane $B_x$ components ${\bf {B}}=(B_x,0,B_z)$ with the vector potential  ${\bf {A}}=(-B_z y/2, B_z x/2 -B_x z,0)$.
Due to the 2D nature of the material
the in-plane component does not produce noticeable orbital effects. The in-plane field is introduced in order to manipulate spins of the confined states
 via the spin Zeeman effect included in the last term in Eq. (\ref{hb0}), with $\mu_B$ as the Bohr magneton and $g=2$ as the Land\'e factor.
 The third sum in Eq. (\ref{hb0}) introduces the intrinsic
spin-orbit interaction \cite{km} with  the coupling constant $t_{SO}=3.9$ meV \cite{soc,soc2}
and  $\nu_{kl}=+1$  ($-1$)  for the path of the next-nearest neighbor hopping from ion $l$ to $k$ via the common neighbor that turns  counterclockwise (clockwise).   The second sum in Eq. (\ref{hb0}) introduces the external potential with $V_k$ standing for the potential on ${\bf r}_k$ ion.

In silicene the bias between sublattices opens the energy gap in the band structure \cite{ni} that allows
for formation of the confinement potential.
For the confinement potential we assume that the bias is independent of the electron position within the plane,
\begin{equation}
V_k({\bf r}_k)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc} -V_g \sum_{i=1}^4 \left(\exp(-r_{ik}^4/R^4)-1\right) \text{on A}\\ -V_g \sum_{i=1}^4 \left(\exp(-r_{ik}^4/R^4)+1\right) \text{on B}
 \end{array}\right. \label{pott}
\end{equation}
where the sum over $i$ runs over 4 quantum dots with centers
${\bf g}_i$ and ${\bf r}_{ik}=|{\bf r}_k-{\bf g}_i|$. We take $R=4.2$ nm for the dot radius,
and $V_g=0.3$ eV for the depth of potential cavities.
In Eq. (\ref{pott})  the electrostatic potential is lowered on both sublattices near a center of each quantum dot.
This type of potential variation -- with nearly equal bias and a minimum on both sublattices --  can be achieved with a pair of flat gate electrodes with one that contains a circular
intrusion near the quantum dot center \cite{Zebrowski}. Note, that type I quantum dots
 can also be produced with flat gates
provided that they contain apertures near the confinement area \cite{scirep}.

Three-electron charge densities for the centers of the quantum dots ${\bf g}_i$
forming a square of side length $X$ are given in Fig. 1 with the A (B) sublattice placed on the left (right)
column of plots, and the side of the square increasing from top to bottom.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{pA2-crop.pdf} \put(-38,65){\color{white}(a)} & \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{pB2-crop.pdf}
\put(-38,65){\color{white}(b)}  \\
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{pA24-crop.pdf} \put(-38,65){\color{white}(c)}  & \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{pB24-crop.pdf}\put(-38,65){\color{white}(d)}   \\
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{pA28-crop.pdf} \put(-38,65){\color{white}(e)}  & \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{pb28-crop.pdf}\put(-38,65){\color{white}(f)}

\end{tabular}
\caption{Square-root of the charge density of the three-electron ground states as calculated for the
continuum approach
 for neglected spin-orbit interaction.
The left (right) panels indicate the electron densities in the A (B) sublattice.
The rows of figures from top to bottom correspond to centers of the quantum dots placed on
the corners of a square with side 8.4 nm (a-b), 10 nm (c-d), and 11.7 nm (e-f).
}
\label{wf}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Continuum Hamiltonian}

The atomistic calculations are supported with modelling of the continuum approximation
that explicitly resolves the valley degree of freedom. We work
with a four-component wave function spanned on sublattice and spin subspaces
$\psi=\left( \begin{matrix} \psi^{A\uparrow} & \psi^{B\uparrow} & \psi^{A\downarrow} & \psi^{B\downarrow}  \end{matrix}\right)^T$,
and the energy operator \cite{soc,EzawaNJP}
\begin{eqnarray}
H &=&\left[  \hbar v_F\left( k_x \tau_x -\eta k_y \tau_y \right)+ \left(\begin{array}{cc} V_A({\bf r}) & 0 \\ 0 & V_B({\bf r}) \end{array}\right)\right]\otimes {\bf I}_{spin} \nonumber  \\
&+& \eta t_{SO} \tau_z \otimes \sigma_z +{\bf I}_{sublattice} \otimes  \frac{g \mu_B} {2} \vec{\sigma}\cdot {\bf{B}} \nonumber \\
&-& W_D \nabla^2 \tau_z \otimes {\bf I}_{spin},
\label{con}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma$ and $\tau$ are the Pauli matrices in the spin and sublattice subspaces, respectively.  ${\bf I}_{sublattice}$ and ${\bf I}_{spin}$  are the identity matrices,
 the Fermi velocity is $v_F=3dt/2\hbar$. The wave vector operators are defined as ${\bf k}=-i\nabla +\frac{e}{\hbar}{\bf A}$, and $\eta=\pm 1$ is the valley index.

Hamiltonian (\ref{con}) is diagonalized by the finite element method. The computational box is divided into typically about 2200 triangular elements with 18000 nodes supporting
Lagrange interpolating polynomials of the second degree \cite{Solin} as shape functions covering the spin and sublattice spaces.
In Eq. (\ref{con}) the last
 expression is an artificial Wilson term \cite{wi} that is applied to remove the spurious states \cite{wi,spur2,spur3,spur4} due to the fermion doubling problem from the low-energy spectrum.
We take  the Wilson parameter $W_D=36$ meV nm$^2$ which increases the energy of the fast oscillating states with a negligible influence on the actual solutions of the Dirac equation that are smooth near the charge neutrality point.

\subsection{Calculations for three electrons}

We look for signatures of Nagaoka ordering effects in the system of three
excess electrons in a quadruple quantum dot.
The electron-electron interaction for gapless graphene flakes can lead to generation of   electron and hole pairs so that only the confined charge and not the number of electrons is a good quantum number \cite{egger}.
In the calculations that follow for the three-electron system the typical total interaction energy is about 60 meV, i.e. $\simeq 20$ meV per electron pair, i.e. much lower than the
potential bias between the sublattices.
Since the interaction energy is lower than the energy gap and the considered quantum dot does not
support confinement of holes we neglect the effects of pair-generation by Coulomb interaction
\cite{egger} and assume that the number of conduction band electrons
is fixed \cite{c2}.
In both the atomistic method and in the continuum approximation we diagonalize the Hamiltonian
in the basis of three-electron wave functions constructed by the lowest-energy 48 confined eigenstates   of the conduction band that produces the basis of 17 296 Slater determinants.

The Hamiltonian for the system of interacting electrons is
\begin{equation}
  {H}_{i}=\sum_{i}{d}^{\dagger}_{i}{d}_{i}E_i +\frac{1}{2}\sum_{ijkl}{d}^{\dagger}_{i}{d}^{\dagger}_{j}{d}_{k}{d}_{l}V_{ijkl},
  \label{Htwo}
\end{equation}
where ${d}^{\dagger}_{i}$ is the electron creation operator for the energy level $E_i$.
The two-electron Coulomb matrix elements that
\begin{equation}
V_{ijkl}=\kappa\langle{\psi_{i}(\mathbf{1})\psi_{j}(\mathbf{2})|\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r_{12}}|}}|{\psi_{k}(\mathbf{1})\psi_{l}(\mathbf{2})}\rangle,
\label{coulF}
\end{equation}
with $\kappa=e^2/(4\pi\epsilon\epsilon_0)$. We take $\epsilon_0=4.5$ for the dielectric constant, that corresponds to SiO$_2$ or thin layers of Al$_2$O$_3$ \cite{al2o3groner,birey}
applied as a matrix embedding the silicene monolayer.

\subsubsection{Coulomb integrals in the continuum approach}

The integration of the Coulomb matrix elements is performed in a somewhat different manner
for the continuum approximation and in the atomistic approach.
For the continuum approach we calculate the Coulomb integrals using the formula
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{ijkl}&=&\kappa\delta_{\eta_i,\eta_k}\delta_{\eta_j,\eta_l}  \int \int d{\bf r}_1 d{\bf r}_2
\left[\psi_{i}^{A\uparrow*}({\bf r}_1)\psi_{k}^{A\uparrow}({\bf r}_1) \right. \\
&+&\psi_{i}^{B\uparrow*}({\bf r}_1)\psi_{k}^{B\uparrow}({\bf r}_1)
+\psi_{i}^{A\downarrow*}({\bf r}_1)\psi_{k}^{A\downarrow}({\bf r}_1) \\
&+&\left. \psi_{i}^{B\downarrow*}({\bf r}_1)\psi_{k}^{B\downarrow}({\bf r}_1)\right]
\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r_{12}}|} \left[\psi_{j}^{A\uparrow*}({\bf r}_2)\psi_{l}^{A\uparrow}({\bf r}_2)\right. \\
&+&\psi_{j}^{B\uparrow*}({\bf r}_2)\psi_{l}^{B\uparrow}({\bf r}_2)
+\psi_{j}^{A\downarrow*}({\bf r}_2)\psi_{l}^{A\downarrow}({\bf r}_2) \\
&+&\left. \psi_{j}^{B\downarrow*}({\bf r}_2)\psi_{l}^{B\downarrow}({\bf r}_2)\right], \label{xx}
\end{eqnarray}
where the four components of each function are calculated by the finite-element method.
The Kronecker deltas with the valley indices that stand before the integral imply the neglect of the inter-valley
scattering effects by the short-range component of the Coulomb interaction \cite{ivs1,ivs2,ivs3}.
The tight-binding approach accounts for the inter-valley scattering and the comparison
of the two methods that follows provides estimation of the inter-valley scattering effects.

\subsubsection{Coulomb integrals in the atomistic approach}
In the tight-binding method the single-electron wave functions $\psi$ are expanded
in the basis of $3p_z$ spin-orbitals of Si ions,
\begin{equation}
\psi_i({\bf r}_i)=\sum_{k,\sigma_k} C^i_{k,\sigma_k} p_z^k({\bf r}_1).
\end{equation}
The Coulomb matrix elements are summed over the ions,
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{ijkl}&=&\kappa\sum_{\substack{a,\sigma_{a};b,\sigma_{b};\\ c,\sigma_{c};d,\sigma_{d} }}C_{a,\sigma_{a}}^{i*}C_{b,\sigma_{b}}^{j*}C_{c,\sigma_{c}}^{k}C_{d,\sigma_{d}}^{l}\delta_{\sigma_{a};\sigma_{d}}\delta_{\sigma_{b};\sigma_{c}}\times \nonumber\\&&\langle p_{z}^{a}({\bf r}_{1})p_{z}^{b}({\bf r_{2}})|\frac{1}{|{r_{12}}|}|p_{z}^{c}({\bf r_{1}})p_{z}^{d}({\bf r_{2}})\rangle.
\end{eqnarray}
We apply the two-center approximation \cite{c2} for the integral.
$ \langle p_{z}^{a}({\bf r}_{1})p_{z}^{b}({\bf r_{2}})|\frac{1}{|{r_{12}}|}|p_{z}^{c}({\bf r_{1}})p_{z}^{d}({\bf r_{2}})\rangle=\frac{1}{r_{ab}} \delta_{ac}\delta_{bd}$ for $a\neq b$.
The  single site integral ($a=b$) is calculated for $3p_z$  Si atomic orbitals with  $p_z({\bf r})=N z \left(1-\frac{Z r}{6}\right)\exp(-Zr/3)$, where $N$ stands for the normalization  and $Z$ is the effective screened nucleus charge. The single site integral is
calculated analytically and equals $\frac{3577}{46080}Z$. We apply the effective atomic number  $Z=4.15$ according to the Slater screening rules for $3p$ electrons in Si atom.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\includegraphics[width=0.17\textwidth]{mes1ebsowbz-crop.pdf} \put(-17,50){(a)} & \includegraphics[width=0.17\textwidth]{mes1ebsowbx-crop.pdf}
\put(-17,50){(b)}  \\
\includegraphics[width=0.17\textwidth]{mes1ezsowbz-crop.pdf} \put(-17,40){(c)} & \includegraphics[width=0.17\textwidth]{mes1ewbx-crop.pdf}\put(-17,40){(d)}  \put(-52,47) {\includegraphics[width=0.08\textwidth]{szx-crop.pdf} }
\end{tabular}
\caption{Low-energy single-electron spectrum of states confined in a {\it single} quantum dot
without (a-b) and with (c-d) the spin-orbit  interaction. The results in (a,c)
are obtained for $B_x=0$ and in (b,d) for $B_z=10$mT. The subscripts $u/d$ in (a,c) correspond to spin-up and spin-down eigenstates of $\sigma_z$ operator. In (b) $l$, and $r$ subscripts stand for the eigenstates of $\sigma_x$ operator with negative and positive eigenvalue, respectively.
The inset in (d) shows the average values of $\sigma_x$ and $\sigma_z$ operators for the ground-state.}
\label{piery}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ll}
 \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{bpxbsotb-crop.pdf}  \put(-55,24){(a)} &
 \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{mesbezspbezx-crop.pdf}
 \put(-55,24){(b)} \\
 \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{tbbszowbx-crop.pdf} \put(-55,24){(c)}
 & \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{bk1mesbsowbx-crop.pdf}\put(-55,24){(d)}

\end{tabular}
\caption{Three-electron energy levels for the quadruple quantum dot as calculated within
 the tight-binding method (a,c) and the continuum approach (b,d) for $B_x=0$.
 Spin-orbit interaction is neglected ($t_{SO}=0$).
The color scale in (a,c) and (b,d) indicate the z-component of the spin and the valley isospin component, respectively.
The centers of the four quantum dots are placed on the corners of a square with side length of $X=11.7$ nm.
}
\label{3els}
\end{figure}

\section{Results and discussion}
\subsection{Single-dot single-electron results}
Before we proceed to the discussion of the results for three electrons
in the multiple quantum dot we first present the spectrum for a single electron
in a single quantum dot.
In the absence of spin-orbit interaction and without external magnetic field the single-electron confined ground state
is four-fold degenerate with respect to both spin and valley [Fig. \ref{piery}(a)]. The splitting of
energy levels by the perpendicular magnetic field $B_z$ is stronger with respect to the valley than to the spin
[Fig. \ref{piery}(a)]. The valley degeneracy
is preserved for the in-plane field $B_x$ and the energy levels are split only
with respect to the spin [Fig. \ref{piery}(b)].

The intrinsic spin-orbit coupling is diagonal in $z$-component of the spin.
The coupling introduces an effective magnetic field perpendicular
to the plane of confinement with orientation
that is opposite in the sense of eigenvalue sign to the valley isospin $\eta$ (cf. the term with $t_{SO}$ coupling constant
in Eq. (\ref{con})).
This effective field splits [Fig. \ref{piery}(c)] the ground state into a pair
of doublets with  splitting energy that corresponds to the spin Zeeman effect at the magnetic field of $\sim 34$ T.
The effective spin-orbit-valley magnetic field in silicene is strong. Application of an in-plane magnetic field [Fig. \ref{piery}(d)] slowly tilts the spins to the  $x$ direction [see the inset to Fig. \ref{piery}(d)].

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{bsobx20tb-crop.pdf}\put(-37,75){(a)} &
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{best-noso-mez-zbx-crop.pdf} \put(-37,75){(b)}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Same as Fig. \ref{3els}(a,b) only with in-plane magnetic field $B_x=20$ T.
(a) shows the results of the tight-binding method and (b) the ones for the continuum approach.
The centers of the four quantum dots are placed on the corners of a square with side length of $X=11.7$ nm and $t_{SO}=0$. }
\label{w20bxnoso}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Three electrons in quadruple quantum dot for $t_{SO}=0$}

For a  circular quantum dot the single-electron ground state corresponds to angular momentum quantum number 0
for the wave function component on sublattice A and $\pm 1$ on sublattice B \cite{Zebrowski}.
In consequence, the charge density in a single quantum dot corresponds to a  maximum and a zero of the charge density in the centers of the quantum dots on A and B sublattice, respectively.
The single-electron properties are consistent with the charge density distribution for three interacting electrons
with well separated wave functions -- see  Fig. \ref{wf}(e,f) for the  centers of potential
minima distributed on a square with side length of $X=11.7$ nm.
The wave function component on the B sublattice is less strongly localized and thus it mediates the inter-dot tunneling in a stronger extent.

\subsubsection{Nagaoka valley ordering}

The three-electron spectrum is given in Fig. \ref{3els}(a) as calculated with the tight-binding approach and in Fig. \ref{3els}(b) as obtained with the finite-element method.
The results of the atomistic and continuum approaches agree very well up to a relative shift
of the entire spectra on the energy scale of a few meV. In the results of the atomistic approach
we plot the energy levels with colors indicating  the total spin $z$ or $x$ component. On the energy levels calculated with  finite-element modeling we  mark by the color of the lines the total valley isospin component for the three electrons.

The three-electron ground-state at $B_z=0$ is four-fold degenerate. The degenerate
energy levels correspond to the eigenvalue of $S_z=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^3 \sigma^i_z$ z-component of the total spin $\pm \frac{1}{2}$ and the z-component of the total valley isospin of $\Sigma_{KK'}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^3 \eta^i_z$ equal to $\pm \frac{1}{2}$.
The ground-state is therefore not polarized neither in spin nor in valley and no Nagaoka ordering is found. The first excited state is sixteen-fold degenerate. The energy levels that are degenerate at $B_z=0$ correspond to the total valley index $\Sigma_{KK'}=-\frac{3}{2},-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}$. For each of these values an energy level with each values of the z-components of the spin $S_z=-\frac{3}{2},-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}$ is found.

Nagaoka ferromagnetism was observed \cite{naturexp} in a quadruple quantum dot defined in GaAs, with three electrons per 8 available spin-orbitals.
 In silicene system we have 16 available spin-valley-orbitals due to the additional valley degree of freedom. One can try to eliminate the spin degree of freedom and reduce the number of equivalent states to 8  by applying a strong magnetic field to freeze the spin degree of freedom. The application of the perpendicular magnetic field lifts the valley degeneracy [Fig. \ref{piery}(a)] that would eventually lead to
 the valley polarization by the external field. Here, we want to preserve the valley degeneracy
in order to study the electron-electron interaction triggering the valley polarization. For that reason we choose to apply the in-plane field that interacts only with the spin and not the valley of confined states [Fig. \ref{piery}(b)]. The results are given in Fig. \ref{3els}(c,d) with $B_z=10$ mT applied to slightly split the energy levels. The states  that are spin polarized in the $-x$ direction for all valley configurations are promoted to the lower energy by the $B_x$ field.

The structure of the low-energy spectrum spin-polarized by strong $B_x$ field is revealed once
a weak $B_z$ field is additionally applied. In Figure \ref{w20bxnoso} we set $B_x=20$ T and calculate
the energy levels as functions of $B_z$. In the applied range of $B_z\leq 0.3$ T the spins remain nearly perfectly polarized in the $-x$ direction. The ground-state at $B_z=0$ is fourfold degenerate with the valley isospin component that takes  values $-\frac{3}{2},-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{3}{2}$.  This structure of the
ground-state energy level is a valley-ordered counterpart of spin-polarized three-electron state with the total spin quantum number $S=\frac{3}{2}$ and the spin component quantum numbers
$S_z=-\frac{3}{2}, -\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}$ and $+\frac{3}{2}$.
In the excited part of the spectrum in Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso} we find a number of valley non-polarized states forming doublets at $B_z=0$ with the valley isospin equal to $\pm \frac{1}{2}$.
By analogy to the spin degree of freedom we attribute
the total valley isospin quantum number $V=\frac{3}{2}$ to the four-fold degenerate state with the
isospin component $\Sigma_{KK'}$ changing from $-V$ to $V$ with steps of 1. The doublets thus correspond to $V=\frac{1}{2}$ with the components  $\Sigma_{KK'}=\pm \frac{1}{2}$.

The Nagaoka polarization of the ground-state appears due to the inter-dot
electron tunneling and thus it is determined by the system geometry.
In order to study the valley polarization we kept $B_x=20$T and varied the
positions of the centers of the dots.
We define $\Delta E_{31}$ as the energy difference between the lowest valley polarized state with $V=\frac{3}{2}$ and the lowest non-polarized state with $V=\frac{1}{2}$ state. $\Delta E_{31}<0$ corresponds to the Nagaoka ordered valley in the ground-state. The black line in Fig. \ref{faz} shows the result for the continuum Hamiltonian as a function
of $X$ -- the side length of the square on which the centers of the dots are placed [Fig. \ref{wf}]. The valley-polarized ground-state
is found for $X\gtrsim 10.5$nm. The polarized ground-state is most stable for $X=11.7$nm that was selected for plots in Fig. \ref{wf}(e,f), Fig. \ref{3els} and Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso}.
For low values of $X$ the four quantum dots become
more strongly tunnel coupled and they eventually are transformed to a single quantum dot
for which the ground-state is not polarized. In the limit of large $X$
the inter-dot tunneling is negligible. Once the electrons are separated and their hopping between
the dots is removed the valley isospin has no influence on the energy for $B_z=0$, hence the degeneracy of $V=\frac{3}{2}$ and $V=\frac{1}{2}$ states at large $X$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{faz-crop.pdf} \put(-119,119) {\includegraphics[width=0.1\textwidth]{17-crop.pdf}
}
 \put(-52,121) {\includegraphics[width=0.065\textwidth]{17_spr1k05-crop.pdf} }
\caption{ The black lines shows the energy difference between the lowest valley polarized and non-polarized states  as obtained with the continuum approach for $B_x=20$ T and $t_{SO}=0$ as a function of the side length of a square on which the centers of the four quantum dots are placed [see Fig. \ref{wf}]. The red line shows the results obtained for $X=11.7$ nm, that corresponds to the most stable valley-polarized ground state as a function of a shift $\Delta x$
of the $y$ position of the quantum dot localized in the first quadrant of the Cartesian coordinate.
The insets show the potential on the A sublattice for $X=11.7$ nm and $\Delta X=0$ (left)
and $\Delta X=4$ nm (right). Same scale for $V_A$ is applied for both sublattices.
The frame in the insets has the length of 60 nm.
}
\label{faz}
\end{figure}

Ref. \cite{naturexp} found that the ground-state spin ordering vanishes when the array of dots is deformed
to approach the limit of a quantum dot chain. For a chain of dots  \cite{Bd1} the Lieb-Mattis theorem \cite{LM1,LM2} excludes  spin polarization of the ground state. Here we looked for a similar effect
in the valley degree of freedom. We fixed the value of $X$ to 11.7 nm and
 moved the quantum dot localized in the first quadrant of the coordinate system ($x>0,y>0$,
see the insets to Fig. \ref{faz}) shifting its center by $\Delta X$ in the $y$ direction. The results
are displayed in Fig. \ref{faz} by the red line. The shift by $\Delta X \simeq 0.75$ nm
makes the valley polarized and non-polarized states degenerate. For $\Delta X\gtrsim 2.1$ nm
the value of $\Delta E_{31}$ is more or less inverted from the $\Delta X=0$ case.
The energy spectra for $X=11.7$ nm and $\Delta X=2.1$ nm are plotted
in Fig. \ref{spr05}. The ground-state here is a $V=\frac{1}{2}$  doublet
and the valley polarized $V=\frac{3}{2}$ quadruplet  appears as an excited state
nearly degenerate at $B_z=0$ with an excited doublet. The energy spacing between
the quadruplet and the excited doublet is larger for the atomistic model
than in the continuum approach [see Fig. \ref{spr05}(a) and Fig. \ref{spr05}(b)].

\subsubsection{Inter-valley scattering effects}
Results for the energy spectra presented so far were very similar in the continuum and tight-binding approaches. In the continuum approach that we apply here all the inter-valley scattering effects are neglected. The inter-valley scattering  can appear as (i) a single-electron effect triggered by the armchair edge \cite{edge} of the flake and (ii) as an interaction effect due to the short-range component of the Coulomb potential \cite{ivs1,ivs2,ivs3}.

The effect (i) can be observed for a smaller flake, when the tails of quantum-dot-confined wave functions tunnel to the armchair edge that induces inter-valley mixing.
 Figure \ref{zoom} shows a zoom of the low-part of the spectra for parameters applied in Fig. 4 with the side length of the flake of 20.5 nm [Fig. \ref{zoom}(a)], 23 nm [Fig. \ref{zoom}(b)] and 25 nm [Fig. \ref{zoom}(c)].
The valley mixing due to the  edge effect lifts the degeneracy at $B_z=0$ and opens avoided crossings between
energy levels that in the continuum approach correspond to different valley isospin quantum numbers [compare with Fig. 4(b)]. For strong inter-valley mixing the dependence of energy
levels of $B_z$ deviates from linear, in particular near $B_z=0$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.205\textwidth]{2k4sprtb-crop.pdf} \put(-32,85){(a)} \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{2k8spr05mes-crop.pdf} \put(-37,85){(b)}
\caption{Same as Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso} only with the dot of the first quadrant moved by $\Delta X=2.1$ nm,
see Fig. \ref{faz}.}
\label{spr05}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{zoom_k9-crop.pdf} \put(-32,105){(a)}
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{zoom_1-crop.pdf} \put(-32,105){(b)}
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{zoom_1k1-crop.pdf} \put(-32,105){(c)}
\caption{Enlarged low-energy part of the spectra for parameters of Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso}
for the side length of the hexagonal silicene flake of length 20.5 nm (a), 23 nm (b), and 25 nm (c)
as calculated with the atomistic method.}
\label{zoom}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{2k4tb-crop.pdf} \put(-37,135){(a)}\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{2k4mes-crop.pdf} \put(-37,135){(b)}
\caption{Same as Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso} only with the inter-dot distance decreased to $X=10$ nm. }
\label{closer}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.215\textwidth]{zso_bpxtb-crop.pdf} \put(-37,95){(a)}
\includegraphics[width=0.23\textwidth]{zso_bpzmes-crop.pdf} \put(-47,95){(b)}
\caption{Same as Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso} only with $t_{SO}=3.9$ meV,  $B_x=0$.
Color scale in (a) now shows the $z$ component of the spin.}
\label{zso}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{zso_sprbpxtb-crop.pdf} \put(-37,95){(a)}
\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{s2k8spr05meszso-crop.pdf} \put(-37,95){(b)}
\caption{Same as Fig. \ref{zso} only with the dot of the first quadrant shifted along the $y$ axis by $\Delta X=2.1$ nm. Color scale in (a) now shows the $z$ component of the spin. For the results without spin-orbit coupling see Fig. \ref{spr05}.
}
\label{spo05so}
\end{figure}

The effect (ii) is not triggered when the electrons occupy separate quantum dots. In this case
only the long range tail of the Coulomb potential is resolved by carriers.
The applied method for the continuum approach explicitly neglects the inter-valley
scattering. The scattering due to interaction can be introduced to the continuum Hamiltonian,
although  the procedure is far from straightforward \cite{ivs1,ivs2,ivs3}.
The atomistic approach applied here inherently accounts for the inter-valley scattering.
As we find above, the continuum Hamiltonian produces results that are
very close to the tight-binding spectra for the geometry of the system
for which Nagaoka valley ordering is found.
In Fig. \ref{closer} we plotted the results for quantum dot centers placed
at the corners of the square of side length $X=10$ nm. For this parameters the valley ordering is no longer observed in the ground-state [see Fig. \ref{faz}].
In Fig. \ref{closer} we can see that the agreement between the two methods is no longer perfect.
In particular, the valley-ordered quadruplet is  found here
only by the continuum approach but in the atomistic model the quadruplet is split into two doublets.
The two-electron levels splitting by the inter-valley scattering due to the electron-electron interaction  was discussed in detail in Ref. \cite{Zebrowski} for an electron pair in a single quantum dot (see Fig 4(a) and Fig. 4(b) in \cite{Zebrowski}).
In the parameter range where Nagaoka ordering  is found the inter-valley
scattering by the Coulomb interaction is negligible or missing.

\subsection{Nagaoka polarization in presence of the spin-orbit interaction}

Figure \ref{zso} shows the spectra for $X=11.7$ nm and $t_{SO}=3.9$ meV in the absence
of the in-plane field $B_x=0$.
We notice that with the spin-orbit interaction  the agreement
between the continuum and atomistic spectra is still very good.
Moreover, the pattern of energy levels is similar to the one found
in Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso} for $t_{SO}=0$ and $B_x=20$ T.
For $t_{SO}=3.9$ meV and $B=0$ a single dot hosts
a two-fold degenerate ground state [Fig. \ref{piery}(c,d)] with opposite spin and valley isospin components
$\eta \sigma_z=-1$.
This pattern of energy levels replaces the
valley-degenerate ground-state with $\eta=\pm 1$ found for $t_{SO}=0$, $B_z=0$ and strong in-plane field that freezes the spin found for Fig. \ref{piery}(b).
In these two above cases the Coulomb integrals between the single-electron
states in the low-energy part of the spectrum are similar, hence the agreement
of the three-electron spectra in Fig. \ref{zso} and Fig. \ref{w20bxnoso}.
In presence of the intrinsic spin-orbit interaction there is a perfect anticorrelation between the $S_z$ and $\Sigma_{KK'}$ quantum numbers  [Fig. \ref{zso}(a,b)]. All the information on the eigenstates is therefore redundantly included in
the spin and valley sets of quantum numbers.
The above conclusions hold also for the deformed system with $\Delta X=2.1$ nm
that are plotted in Fig. \ref{spo05so}.

 \section{Summary and conclusions}
We studied a system of three-electrons in a square cluster of quantum dots defined within material that provides valley degree of freedom to the confined single-electron states using the continuum approach
that allows for identification of the valley isospin in the atomistic tight-binding spectra.
We found that the Nagaoka-type polarization of the valley in a system without the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling is found in conditions when the spin degree of freedom is frozen by in-plane magnetic field.
Non-polarized ground state is promoted when the spatial symmetry of the cluster is lifted by
a shift of one of the quantum dots that transforms the cluster toward a chain of quantum dots.
In presence of the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling the spin-valley polarization is observed
along with the perfect anticorrelation of the spin and valley isospin components
already in the absence of external magnetic field.
The pattern of the energy levels near the ground-state for systems with and without the spin-orbit coupling is very similar provided that a strong in-plane magnetic field is applied to the latter.
The spontaneous ground-state valley polarization
in the system can be harnessed for studies of valley manipulation in multiple quantum dots.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by the National Science Centre
(NCN) according to decision DEC-2016/23/B/ST3/00821.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text: Q: Where should Apple Watch be held during calls? I normally hold my Apple Watch up close to my face when taking a call on Apple Watch. But after a short while, my arm starts to ache. Is there a way to hold the Apple Watch so that my arm does not ache? I wonder if the caller will still be able to hear me if I just keep my arm down by my side?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In an older case, which dates back to 2012, Google had lost a defamation case and was ordered to pay $208,000 in fines to Milorad Trkulja, the plaintiff.
The appeals court ruled that Google hadn't defamed the man. The Australian judges held that Google couldn't be held to be publisher of the allegedly defamatory material. Not only that, according to The Guardian, it was found that the material on which Milorad Trkulja sued wasn't capable of conveying any defamatory meanings.


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text:
from ._version import get_versions
from .gs_version import glowscript_version
__version__ = get_versions()['version']
__gs_version__ = glowscript_version()
del get_versions
del glowscript_version

# Keep the remaining imports later to  ensure that __version__ and
#  __gs_version__ exist before importing vpython, which itself imports
# both of those.

from ._notebook_helpers import _isnotebook, __is_spyder
import platform
__p = platform.python_version()

# Delete platform now that we are done with it
del platform

__ispython3 = (__p[0] == '3')
__require_notebook = (not __ispython3) or (__p[2] < '5') # Python 2.7 or 3.4 require Jupyter notebook

if __require_notebook and (not _isnotebook):
        s = "The non-notebook version of vpython requires Python 3.5 or later."
        s += "\nvpython does work on Python 2.7 and 3.4 in the Jupyter notebook environment."
        raise Exception(s)

from .vpython import canvas

# Need to initialize canvas before user does anything and before
# importing GSprint
scene = canvas()

from .vpython import *
from .shapespaths import *
from ._vector_import_helper import *
from .rate_control import rate
from .gsprint import GSprint

# gsprint and vpython are showing up in the
# namespace, so delete them
del gsprint, vpython

# cyvector may be in the namespace. Get rid of it
try:
    del cyvector
except NameError:
    pass

# import for backwards compatibility
from math import *
from numpy import arange
from random import random

if __is_spyder():
    from ._notebook_helpers import _warn_if_spyder_settings_wrong
    _warn_if_spyder_settings_wrong()


I want to thank you and to wish you welcome on commune Soimus Hall's site. Here you will find useful information about Local Administration's activity, about achievements and future plans and especially interesting things about our Commune. I want to thank Commune Soimus's inhabitants for the trust given on 10.06.2012. Through everything I undertake I don't want to disappoint and Commune's image to be thriving. I am convinced we can show on our site a complete image of all the activities undertaken and in progress, culture preserved and enriched, the generosity and land's beauty , the hospitality and people's generosity living on these lands .We invite you to visit us and to enjoy in peace the natural character of these places , to be close to us at traditional holydays , and together to remind the past , to built the future under the sign of present accomplishments and achievements. As Mayor of Commune Soimus , I Irimie Mihai Gabriel assure you of the institution's availability and you receive the proof of my high consideration. We have triumphed in the past and I am determined to do in the future!


text:
package com.aspose.cells.examples.data;

import com.aspose.cells.Workbook;
import com.aspose.cells.examples.Utils;

public class RetrievingDataFromCells {

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

		// The path to the documents directory.
		String dataDir = Utils.getSharedDataDir(RetrievingDataFromCells.class) + "data/";

		// Instantiating a Workbook object
		Workbook workbook = new Workbook();

		// Accessing the worksheet
		com.aspose.cells.Worksheet worksheet = workbook.getWorksheets().get(0);
		com.aspose.cells.Cells cells = worksheet.getCells();

		// get cell from cells collection
		com.aspose.cells.Cell cell = cells.get("A5");

		switch (cell.getType()) {
		case com.aspose.cells.CellValueType.IS_BOOL:
			System.out.println("Boolean Value: " + cell.getValue());
			break;
		case com.aspose.cells.CellValueType.IS_DATE_TIME:
			System.out.println("Date Value: " + cell.getValue());
			break;
		case com.aspose.cells.CellValueType.IS_NUMERIC:
			System.out.println("Numeric Value: " + cell.getValue());
			break;
		case com.aspose.cells.CellValueType.IS_STRING:
			System.out.println("String Value: " + cell.getValue());
			break;
		case com.aspose.cells.CellValueType.IS_NULL:
			System.out.println("Null Value");
			break;
		}

	}
}


(Left to right) Archie, Bucket and columnist Jon Carroll.
Tracy looked at me in that way she has. "Archie is getting too fat," she said. "We have to do something about it." That usually means: You have to do something about it. I am, after all, the go-to guy in the reprocessed chicken leavings department; I should come up with a plan.
So first: Is Archie getting too fat? Archie is 7 years old, and I would describe him as "husky." He is not one of those roly-poly animals one sees around the neighbourhood. He can gracefully leap up onto a fence 4 feet above his head - although he will not do so unless goaded by the sound of a vacuum cleaner.
Is there some sort of cat obesity index? Do I divide his weight in kilograms by his height in meters squared? Where do I get a kilogram scale? And when we speak of a cat's height, are we referring to the foot-to-withers measurement (1.1 hands), or the head-to-tail measurement (14 inches), or the front-paw-extended-to-tail measurement... Archie has just disappeared under the house, preventing an accurate measurement of this dimension?
And there's an even more puzzling problem. Though Archie may or may not be fat, Bucket is definitely not fat. She is the certified runt of the litter, and is as sleek and tiny as she was six years ago. So how do we put Archie on a diet without putting Bucket on a diet? They eat from the same bowl now, and they find it a companionable exercise.
I suppose I could split the food into two bowls and put them in different rooms, but how do I tell Archie which bowl is his? A lovely little sign: "Archie's Bowl"? Ha ha ha. Put Bucket's bowl in a space so small Archie could not get into it? Look, when food is involved, there is no space so small that Archie could not get into it.
Also, Bucket might not like eating dinner in some POW pit. She might go off her feed, and she cannot afford to go off her feed. Bucket is a mature cat who has yet to break the 10-pound barrier. She needs food. She may need kitty Ensure.
And, may I say, Tracy does not make this problem any easier by slipping Archie some table scraps. Yes, I know, but human behaviour is complicated. The table scrap thing makes a person feel like a benevolent despot, a human queen of the cat realm. "Take this in remembrance of me" - oh, it's a powerful impulse.
You might think I'd mention the table scraps thing in the Archie-is-fat conversation. You probably have never been married. But, as I say, this is a cat column.
One might slip Bucket some table scraps, but Bucket is never around at dinnertime. Indeed, Bucket's schedule is entirely unpredictable. She is often in the house, but we have no idea where she is. Ah, in the sock drawer! Who would have thought? And no one wants to sprinkle kibble in the sock drawer.
Readers may have suggestions about this difficulty, and I welcome them. Two requests: please, no mention of lamb with rice. We've done lamb with rice. And definitely no loose chat about carbs. I'm sure Dr. Atkins was a wonderful man, but his acolytes have turned him into a combination of Dr. Phil and Bishop Fulton J. Sheen. Enough.
You've heard about how the fat cats are running our nation? Well, not my fat cat. George Bush never consults my cat on energy policy and tax cuts. You'd think my cat would answer the call of his nation, but no.


text:
NEET > Biology Class 11 > NEET Previous Year Questions(2016-22): Anatomy of Flowering Plants
NEET Previous Year Questions(2016-22): Anatomy of Flowering Plants - Notes | Study Biology Class 11 - NEET
Q.1. Given below are two statements: (NEET 2022)
Statement I: The primary CO2 acceptor in C4 plants is phosphoenolpyruvate and is found in the mesophyll cells.
Statement II: Mesophyll cells of C4 plants lack RuBisCo enzyme.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
Ans. b
Phosphoenolpyruvate or PEP is the 3C compound and acts as the primary carbon dioxide acceptor in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants, leading to the formation of OAA, C4 acid. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) is an enzyme found in the mesophyll cells present within the C3 plants. In C4 plants, this enzyme is found in the bundle sheath cells.
Q.2. In old trees the greater part of secondary xylem is dark brown and resistant to insect attack due to: (NEET 2022)
(a) secretion of secondary metabolities and their deposition in the lumen of vessels.
(b) deposition of organic compounds like tannins and resins in the central layers of stem.
(c) deposition of suberin and aromatic substances in the outer layer of stem.
(d) deposition of tannins, gum, resin and aromatic substances in the peripheral layers of stem.
(e) presence of parenchyma cells, functionally active xylem elements and essential oils.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) (c) and (d) Only
(b) (d) and (e) Only
(c) (b) and (d) Only
(d) (a) and (b) Only
Ans. d
In old trees, the greater part of secondary xylem is dark brown due to deposition of organic compounds like tannins, resins, oils, gums, aromatic substances and essential oils in the central or innermost layers of the stem. These substances make it hard, durable and resistant to the attacks of microorganisms and insects. This region comprises dead elements with highly lignified walls and is called heartwood.
Q.3. Read the following statements about the vascular bundles: (NEET 2022)
(a) In roots, the xylem and phloem in a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner along the different radii.
(b) Conjoint closed vascular bundles do not possess cambium.
(c) In open vascular bundles, cambium is present in between xylem and phloem
(d) The vascular bundles of dicotyledonous stem possess endarch protoxylem
(e) In the monocotyledonous root, usually there are more than six xylem bundles present
(a) (b), (c), (d) and (e) Only
(b) (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e)
(c) (a), (c), (d) and (e) Only
(d) (a), (b) and (d) Only
The vascular system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and the xylem. The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles. In roots, xylem and phloem in a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner along the different radii the arrangement is called radial. Conjoint closed vascular bundles do not possess cambium. In open vascular bundles, cambium is present in between xylem and phloem. The vascular bundles of dicotyledonous stem possess endarch protoxylem. In monocotyledonous root, usually there are more than six xylem bundles present.
Q.4. Identify the correct set of statements: (NEET 2022)
(a) The leaflets are modified into pointed hard thorns in Citrus and Bougainvillea
(b) Axillary buds form slender and spirally coiled tendrils in cucumber and pumpkin
(c) Stem is flattened and fleshy in Opuntia and modified to perform the function of leaves
(d) Rhizophora shows vertically upward growing roots that help to get oxygen for respiration
(e) Subaerial growing stem in grasses and strawberry help in vegetative propagation
(a) (a) and (d) Only
(b) (b), (c), (d) and (e) Only
(c) (a), (b), (d) and (e) Only
(d) (b) and (c) Only
The thorn is a hard, straight and pointed structure. In Citrus and Bougainvillea the axillary bud is modified into a thorn. Cucumber and pumpkins have long slender and coiled stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds. Stem is flattened and fleshy in Opuntia and modified to perform photosynthesis. Rhizophora shows vertically upward growing roots which is known as pneumatophore help to get oxygen for respiration. Subaerially growing stems in grasses and strawberry help in vegetative propagation.
Q.5. The anatomy of springwood shows some peculiar features. Identify the correct set of statements about springwood. (NEET 2022)
(a) It is also called as the earlywood
(b) In spring season cambium produces xylem elements with narrow vessels
(c) It is lighter in colour
(d) The springwood along with autumnwood shows alternate concentric rings forming annual rings
(e) It has lower density
(a) (a), (c), (d) and (e) only
(b) (a), (b) and (d) only
(c) (c), (d) and (e) only
(d) (a), (b), (d) and (e) only
Ans. a
The true statements are:
1. It is also called as the early wood.
2. In spring season cambium produces xylem elements with wider vessels.
3. Spring wood is lighter in colour
4. The spring wood along with autumn wood shows alternate concentric rings forming annual rings.
5. It has lower density
Q.6. Match List I with List II (NEET 2021)
Select the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(b) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(c) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(d) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
Ans. c
Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialised regions of active cell division called meristems (Gk. meristos: divided).
Permanent tissues having all cells similar in structure and function are called simple tissues.
Permanent tissues having many different types of cells are called complex tissues.
The sclereids are spherical, oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells with very narrow cavities (lumen).
The vascular system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and the xylem.The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles
Q.7. Match List-I with List-II. (NEET 2021)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(b) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)
(c) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(d) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
Hence, sooner or later, another meristematic tissue called cork cambium or phellogen develops, usually in the cortex region.
The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.
The cork is impervious to water due to suberin deposition in the cell wall.
Lenticels permit the exchange of gases between the outer atmosphere and the internal tissue of the stem.
Q.8. Select the correct pair. (NEET 2021)
(a) Cells of medullary rays that form part of a cambial ring - Interfascicular cambium
(b) Loose parenchyma cells rupturing the epidermis and forming a lens-shaped opening in the bark - Spongy parenchyma
(c) Large colourless empty cells in the epidermis of grass leaf - Subsidiary cells
(d) In dicot leaves, vascular bundles are surrounded tissue by large thick-walled cells - Conjunctive tissue
The cells of medullary rays, adjoining these intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium.
Q.9. Identify the incorrect statement. (NEET 2020)
(a) Sapwood is the innermost secondary xylem and is lighter in colour.
(b) Due to the deposition of tannins, resins, oils etc., the heartwood is dark in colour.
(c) Heartwood does not conduct water but gives mechanical support.
(d) Sapwood is involved in the conduction of water and minerals from the root to the leaf.
In a large tree, only the outer secondary xylem (sapwood) serves in water conduction, while the inner part (heartwood) is composed of dead but structurally strong secondary xylem and is darker in colour due to the deposition of tannins, resins and oils.
Q.10. The transverse section of a plant shows the following anatomical features:
(i) a Large number of scattered vascular bundles surrounded by bundle sheath.
(ii) Large conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue.
(iii) Vascular bundles conjoint and closed.
(iv) Phloem parenchyma absent.
Identify the category of plant and its part: (NEET 2020)
(a) Dicotyledonous stem
(b) Dicotyledonous root
(c) Monocotyledonous stem
(d) Monocotyledonous root
All these anatomical features are showing that plant is monocotyledonous stem so option 3 is correct. The monocot stem has vascular bundles near the outside edge of the stem. Vascular bundles are scattered in parenchymatous ground tissue. There is no pith region in monocots. The vascular bundles are closed as they do not have cambium in it
Q.11. Grass leaves curl inwards during very dry weather. Select the most appropriate reason from the following. (NEET 2019)
(a) Tyloses in vessels
(b) Closure of stomata
(c) Flaccidity of bulliform cells
(d) Shrinkage of air spaces in the spongy mesophyll
In grasses, certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into large, empty, colourless cells. These are called bulliform cells. When the bulliform cells in the leaves have absorbed water and arc turgid, the leaf surface is exposed. When they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss.
Leaves Curl inwards
Q.12. Phloem in gymnosperms lacks (NEET 2019)
(a) Both sieve tubes and companion cells
(b) Albuminous cells and sieve cells
(c) Sieve tubes only
(d) Companion cells only.
In gymnosperms, phloem is without companion cells and sieve tubes.
Q.13. Which of the statements given below is not true about the formation of annual rings in trees? (NEET 2019)
(a) Annual rings are not prominent in trees of temperate regions.
(b) Annual ring is a combination of springwood and autumn wood produced in a year.
(c) Differential activity of cambium causes light and dark bands of tissue-early and latewood respectively.
(d) Activity of cambium depends upon variation in climate.
The activity of cambium is under the control of many physiological and environmental factors. In temperate regions, the climatic conditions are not uniform throughout the year. In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities. The wood formed during this season is called spring wood or early wood.
Annual Rings
In winter, the cambium is less active and forms fewer xylary elements that have narrow vessels and this wood is called autumn wood or late wood. The spring wood is lighter in colour and has a lower density whereas the autumn wood is darker and has a higher density. The two kinds of woods that appear as alternate concentric rings, constitute an annual ring.
Q.14. In the dicot root, the vascular cambium originates from- (NEET 2019)
(a) Tissue located below the phloem bundles and a portion of pericycle tissue above protoxylem.
(b) Cortical region.
(c) Parenchyma between endodermis and pericycle.
(d) Intrafascicular and interfascicular tissue in a ring.
Tissue located below the phloem bundles and a portion of pericycle tissue above protoxylem.
Q.15. Regeneration of damaged growing grass following grazing is largely due to (NEET 2019)
(a) Lateral meristem
(b) Apical meristem
(c) Intercalary meristem
(d) Secondary meristem
Regeneration of damaged growing grass following grazing is largely due to Intercalary meristem. Intercalary meristem occur in grass and regenerate the part removed by grazing herbivores.
Q.16. Stomata in grass leaf are (NEET 2018)
(a) Dumb-bell shaped
(b) Kidney-shaped
(c) Rectangular
(d) Barrel-shaped
Grass being a monocot, has dumb-bell shaped guard cells. Guard cells are generally bean-shaped or kidney-shaped in dicots.
Q.17. Secondary xylem and phloem in dicot stem are produced by (NEET 2018)
(a) Apical meristems
(b) Vascular cambium
(c) Phellogen
(d) Axillary meristems
Vascular cambium is a type of lateral meristem that produces secondary tissues (xylem and phloem) during secondary growth.
It is produced by two types of meristem: intrafascicular cambium (primary meristem occurring as strip in vascular bundles) and interfascicular cambium (secondary meristem which develops from permanent cells of medullary rays which occur at the level of intrafascicular strips).
The cells of vascular cambium are of two types : fusiform initials which produce secondary xylem towards outside and secondary phloem towards inner side and ray initials which give rise to vascular rays.
Q.18. Casparian strips occur in (NEET 2018)
(a) Epidermis
(b) Pericycle
(c) Cortex
(d) Endodermis.
A casparian strip is a band of thickening present on the radial and tangential walls of the endodermis. It is made up of both suberin and lignin.
Q.19. Plants having little or no secondary growth are (NEET 2018)
(a) Grasses
(b) Deciduous angiosperms
(c) Conifers
(d) Cycads.
Monocots (e.g., grasses) lack secondary growth, as they lack lateral meristem viz. vascular cambium and cork cambium. In the case of conifers (e.g., Pinus) and cycads (e.g., Cycas) vascular tissues are arranged into vascular bundles just like angiosperms, they are open so secondary growth is common.
Q.20. The vascular cambium normally gives rise to (NEET 2017)
(a) Primary phloem
(b) Secondary xylem
(c) Periderm
(d) Phelloderm.
Cells of vascular cambium divide periclinal both on the outer and inner sides to form secondary permanent tissues, i.e., secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
Q.21. Root hair develops from the region of (NEET 2017)
(a) Elongation
(b) Root cap
(c) Meristematic activity
(d) Maturation.
Root hair are lateral tubular outgrowths that develop from the outer cells of the zone of maturation or root hair zone.
Q.22. Which of the following is made up of dead cells? (NEET 2017)
(a) Collenchyma
(b) Phellem
(c) Phloem
(d) Xylem parenchyma
The phellem or cork consists of dead and compactly arranged rectangular cells that possess suberised cell walls.
Q.23. Identify the wrong statement in the context of heartwood. (NEET 2017)
(a) It is highly durable.
(b) It conducts water and minerals efficiently
(c) It comprises dead elements with highly lignified walls.
(d) Organic compounds are deposited in it.
Heartwood is the non-functional part of the secondary xylem, hence, it does not conduct water and minerals.
Q.24. Cortex is the region found between (NEET 2016)
(a) Epidermis and stele
(b) Pericycle and endodermis
(c) Endodermis and pith
(d) Endodermis and vascular bundle.
Cortex is the ground tissue present below the epidermis.
It surrounds the central cylinder and the endodermis lines the outermost layer of the cylinder.
So, the region between epidermis and stele is cortex.
Q.25. The balloon-shaped structures called tyloses (NEET 2016)
(a) Originate in the lumen of vessels
(b) Characterise the sapwood
(c) Are extensions of xylem parenchyma cells into vessels
(d) Are linked to the ascent of sap through xylem vessels.
Tyloses are balloon-like extensions of parenchyma cells that protrude into the lumen of a neighbouring xylem vessel or tracheid through a pit in the cell wall.
Tyloses form most commonly in older woody tissue, possibly in response to injury, they may eventually block the vessels and thus prevent the spread of fungi and other pathogens within the plant.
Tyloses may become filled with tannins, gums, pigments, etc., giving heartwood its dark colour, and their walls can remain thin or become lignified.
Q.26. Specialized epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are called (NEET 2016)
(a) Bulliform cells
(b) Lenticels
(c) Complementary cells
(d) Subsidiary cells.
The leaf and stem epidermis of the plant is covered with pores called stomata.
Each stomata is surrounded by a pair of specialised epidermal cells known as guard cells which are in some cases further surrounded by another category of less modified epidermal cells known as subsidiary cells which provide support to the guard cells.
Q.27. Transmission tissue is the characteristic feature of (NEET 2015)
(a) Solid style
(b) Dry stigma
(c) Wet stigma
(d) Hollow style
A solid style has transmission tissue that has large intercellular spaces. It allows the growth of pollen tubes in pistils.
Q.28. A major characteristic of the monocot root is the presence of (NEET 2015)
(a) Scattered vascular bundles
(b) Vasculature without cambium
(c) Cambium sandwiched between phloem and xylem along the radius
(d) Open vascular bundles
Monocot root shows radial and closed vascular bundle (xylem & phloem).
Q.29. In a ring girdled plant: (NEET 2015)
(a) The root dies first
(b) The shoot and root die together
(c) Neither root nor shoot will die
(d) The shoot dies first
In a ring girdled plants roots die first due to damage of phloem causing inhibition of translocation of food.
Q.30. Vascular bundles in monocotyledons are considered closed because: (NEET 2015)
(a) Cambium is absent
(b) There are no vessels with perforations
(c) Xylem is surrounded all around by phloem
(d) A bundle sheath surrounds each bundle
Vascular bundles in monocotyledons are considered closed due to the absence of cambium.
Q.31. Read the different components from (A) to (D) in the list given below and tell the correct order of the components with reference to their arrangement from the outer side to the inner side in a woody dicot stem. (NEET 2015)
(A) Secondary cortex
(B) Wood
(C) Secondary phloem
(D) Phellem
The correct order is:
(a) (A), (B), (D), (C)
(b) (D), (A), (C), (B)
(c) (D), (C), (A), (B)
(d) (C), (D), (B), (A)
The correct sequence from outer side to inner side in a woody dicot stem is as follows:
Phellem →Secondary cortex → Secondary phloem → Wood , [(d) → (a) → (c) → (b)].
Q.32. You are given a fairly old piece of dicot stem and a dicot root. Which of the following anatomical structures will you use to distinguish between the two? (NEET 2014)
(a) Secondary xylem
(b) Secondary phloem
(c) Protoxylem
(d) Cortical cells
The anatomically fairly old dicotyledonous root is distinguished from the dicotyledonous stem by position of protoxylem. In dicot root the protoxylem is located near the periphery of the vascular cylinder while in dicot stem the protoxylem is located near the centre of vascular bundle i.e., the xylem is endarch.
Q.33. Tracheids differ from other tracheary elements in: (NEET 2014)
(a) Having Casparian strips
(b) Being imperforate
(c) Lacking nucleus
(d) Being lignified
The walls of vessels (tracheary elements) are lignified and less thick than tracheids. The lumen is wider. Vessels differ from tracheids in being cell fusions arising through the dissolution of end walls.
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Russia Tensions Reveal Threat To UK Food Supplies, Farming Chief Warns
Tensions in Russia and Ukraine have revealed a risk to the UK's food supplies with soaring costs and post Brexit in-fighting helping to create a "perfect storm", a farming chief has warned.
The two sparring countries provide 30 per cent of the world's global wheat exports and a recent temporary block on fertiliser chemicals exported by Russia saw prices more than doubling.
Minette Batters, president of the National Farmers' Union (NFU), said warning about UK food security had fallen on deaf ears for years, but now had to be taken seriously by the government.
"I cannot understand why you would not treat food security as importantly as defence," she told The Independent. "The quickest way to create a serious issue [for a country] is if you have food shortages."
Russia imposed a two-month block on exports of ammonium nitrate this month, Ms Batters said, a key tool for boosting yields from crops such as wheat and cotton.
The move has driven up global fertiliser costs which were already stoked by sanctions on Belaruskali, Belarus's biggest potash supplier, imposed by the US, UK and others last year.
Belarus and Russia account for 38 per cent of the global supply of potash, according to figures compiled by the Canadian government.
Farmers' profit margins have been decimated by the uptick in fertiliser prices, in addition to higher energy bills, labour costs and global supply chain disruptions.
Ms Batters said: "Last year I paid under £300 a tonne for nitrogen fertilizer, this year, it's over £700 a tonne.
"[Russia and Ukraine] know exactly how much the world is reliant on them for natural gas and fertilizer."
Ms Batters' warning came as the World Bank and other multilateral agencies warned of rising global food prices and insecurity, with inflation for agricultural products rising by 25 per cent in January 2022, compared to the same month in 2021.
She said the problem were compounded by post-Brexit changes to trade and agricultural policy, which are threatening to put many farmers out of business: "Agriculture seems to be the pawn in trade deals. So I think it is a perfect storm."
She said although there were "people in government who seem to get this", such an understanding "doesn't come from the prime minister".
"All you hear is this rhetoric around putting land aside for nature, build back Beaver, this is a very frustrating adversarial approach between setting land aside and producing food," she said. The result is that food production "just doesn't seem to get cut though at the moment".
The NFU's intervention comes after Sir Geoffrey Clifton Brown, the conservative deputy chair of the public accounts committee warned last month that the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' (Defra) new Environment Land Management schemes would "undermine" a "critical national sector" pushing farmers out of business.
"The recent energy price crisis should be a salutary warning of the potential risks to the availability and affordability of food if the UK becomes even more reliant on food imports," Sir Geoffrey said.
The problem of food security has been laid bare during the Covid-19 pandemic. Several countries put up barriers to stop food exports as well as medical products, according to Simon Evenett, economics professor at Switzerlaversity of St Gallen, and author of the Global Trade Alert.
Costs are also rising for consumers, with Tesco warning that prices would rise at a rate of around 5 per cent in the coming months.
"At the moment, the consumer here is getting a better deal than anyone in the world unless you happen to be living in some states of the US or Singapore. We've got the most affordable food in European here right now," she said.
But that is in large part because the UK has managed to remain 60 per cent self-sufficient for food production, something that is now under threat.
A Defra spokesperson said the government was taking a "test and trial" approach to new subsidies for the agricultural sector at present.
They added: "We continue to champion food production, but some land use change is inevitable if we are to restore 300,000 hectares of land to nature. However, this is only a relatively small proportion of more than nine million hectares of farmland in England."
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A tray of now mostly-eaten sandwiches rested atop a table in the back of the room, only the most undesirable of fillings left to be claimed. Along the walls, giant television screens showcased the battle taking place down in the mock city, with different cameras capturing every aspect of the seniors' trial. Roughly two dozen costumed men and women sat in dark, cushy chairs, as they picked at their leftover sandwiches and watched the fighting unfold. Dean Blaine, along with all the other Lander professors, save for Carl Fletcher and Sean Pendleton, stood quietly around the room, ready to answer any questions a viewing Hero might have. It was not their place to offer unsolicited commentary, who the Heroes took interest in was their own decision to make, but sometimes one would want to know more about a student's training or ability. When those questions arose, it was the duty of the educators to fill in the gaps.
There was a rustle of movement from the chairs as a woman wearing a red and blue costume rose from her seat. She made her way around the others, walking quietly to the back of the room where the sandwich tray sat and looking over the few remains.
"Blaine," she called, motioning to the nearby dean. "Why in God's name do you insist on getting tuna salad? Honestly, does anyone ever pick these things, or do you just use them to make the pile look bigger?"
"It's a pre-made variety tray, Coral," Dean Blaine told her. "We just pick from a list of various combinations, and this was the one with the fewest bad options. Unless you wanted chicken and pineapple?"
Coral shuddered and slowly lifted one of the remaining tuna salad sandwiches onto her plate. "Point made, I guess you did the best you could."
"I'm so glad you approve of my catering choices. Do you have any questions about the actual reason you've come out today?" Dean Blaine asked.
"No, you already told me about the free food." Coral nibbled at the edge of the bread and walked away from the table, leaning against the wall next to Blaine. "And honestly, what I'm seeing so far is pretty clear cut, so there's not much to ask about. You've got a few with strong leadership potential, though they definitely need more tactical training, and a couple that could serve as excellent second in commands. But that stuff is long down the road anyway, as interns they need to know how to follow more than lead, and on that account they're doing well. Actually, if anything I'm a little blown away at how easily they all fell into formation and took orders. Most classes lose twenty minutes with bickering and pissing contests."
"Horrific as it was, last May's attack gave them all a true taste of what awaits them outside this school." Dean Blaine looked away from Coral, to the monitors where his class was currently slicing through the Sims at a rapid pace. "They understand the importance of teamwork, planning, and timeliness in a way that few other students possibly could."
"Obviously. But you see these things every year; I don't have to tell you that they're putting on a good showing." She jabbed him lightly in the ribs, and met his glare with a wide smile. "Why are you so uptight? You doubled the normal amount of Sims, and the kids are still tearing them up while minimizing civilian losses. No one is talking because they're impressed. They want to see how everything plays out."
"In a way, I think I was afraid of exactly this outcome," Dean Blaine slowly admitted. "There has already been so much attention and interest paid to these students, so much scrutiny placed atop them, I fear that if they get much more it will follow them for the rest of their lives. Another Class of Legends, another group of fresh Heroes saddled with impossible expectations and hundreds of bitter eyes just waiting for them to fail. That is the last thing I want for any of my students, especially ones who have already endured so much."
"I think I can say with complete certainty that no one is going to call these kids a Class of Legends," Coral assured him. "For one thing, you lot were all really powerful, but most of you had abilities better suited to neutralizing criminal threats that flat-out offing them. That made it easy to promote you all as heroic saviors, showing you standing atop a group of handcuffed criminals about to face the justice system."
"From what I can see, they've managed to avoid killing the vast majority of the Sims they've encountered so far." Dean Blaine pointed to a small screen, nestled in the center of the larger ones, which displayed the stats for Sims killed, Sims safely neutralized, and civilians lost. Currently, only four of the Sims had died in the brawl, and no civilian was yet lost.
"They might not be killing them, but if those were humans then the aftermath of all this would be far from media-friendly," Coral said. "Cut spines, shattered limbs, not to mention the fact that the ground would be slick with blood by this point. Not that they're really doing anything wrong, the job is the job, after all. Just saying, this is not a group that's easy to hold up and make people feel safe. If anything, they'll be a group that gets whispered about in the criminal world. A new generation of boogeymen terrifying all but the bravest or dumbest Super who decides to try and test them."
"I'm not so certain that will be better for them, in the long run," Dean Blaine said.
"Maybe it won't be easy, but that sort of reputation can save a lot of lives, when used properly." Coral was watching the screens so devotedly that she actually took a big bite of the tuna salad sandwich. With a grimace, she chewed and forced it down, then set the plate aside. "Whether you like it or not, Blaine, these kids are going to make a splash when they hit the world, if not sooner. And while they may not be another Class of Legends, personally I think they're something better. They're the sort of Hero that smiles at the cameras while haunting the dreams of criminals. Speaking for myself, I'm looking forward to scooping one of these kids up. After all, it won't be a lot of us who get to say we helped mentor the Class of Nightmares."
Dean Blaine groaned softly under his breath, and looked quickly around. "Please don't say that out loud again; the last thing I want is for it to catch on."
"Sorry, Blaine," Coral replied with a shrug. "I didn't even come up with it. Like you said, those kids have already gotten a lot of attention. I'm not the first person to notice just how much collective power they're packing."
"Wonderful." Dean Blaine looked back at the screens, where the team of Mary, Allen, Amber, and Selena had successfully repelled a second cluster of Sims that tried to surprise them. Across the faux-city at the largest brawl, all the civilians had successfully been evacuated from the nearby buildings and the class was finally beginning to pick off Sims on the edge while Violet, Vince, Roy, and Chad continued mowing them down from the center. Alice and Shane, having laid low six Sims on their own, had joined up with Rich and Jill and were currently flying around, Jill leading them with a device on her arm, using Rich's eyes and Shane's shadows to neutralize any of the non-engaged Sims they spotted. Alice laid in wait in case neither of the first methods succeeded, and when she struck, the Sims fell.
He'd doubled the usual number of Sims in the test, trying to account for the unusual concentration of offensive power in the class, and yet they were still making incredible time. True, this was the easiest of the monthly trials they were going to face, but that didn't mean it was actually supposed to be a cakewalk. Previous classes usually had a harder time of it until they worked out a plan, often with several students needing to be removed for injury. Yet this group was blazing across the city, saving civilians and shattering Sims in their wake.
Class of Nightmares might be a terrible name, but even he had to admit it wasn't entirely unfitting.


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12 Jul 2018 | BusinessNZ
New Zealand's level of manufacturing expansion experienced a dip in June, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
New Zealand's level of manufacturing expansion in May came back down to more steady levels of expansion, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
New Zealand's level of manufacturing expansion experienced a boost in April, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
New Zealand's level of manufacturing expansion decreased further in March, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
New Zealand's level of manufacturing expansion decreased slightly in February, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
New Zealand's level of manufacturing expansion rose in January after experiencing lower expansion for the previous month, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
New Zealand's level of manufacturing expansion slowed during December, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
The seasonally adjusted PMI for November was 57.7 (a PMI reading above 50.0 indicates that manufacturing is generally expanding; below 50.0 that it is declining).
Activity in New Zealand's manufacturing sector during October remained within a fairly tight band of expansion over recent months, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).
Activity in New Zealand's manufacturing sector during September was largely unchanged from the previous month, according to the BNZ - BusinessNZ Performance of Manufacturing Index (PMI).


FinishWell, LLC provides speakers, trainers, and consultants to help businesses and individuals thrive. It also supports the book of the owner "Finishing Well—My Daughter's Journey Home. With decades of experience in nursing, sales, and banking its two owners bring a wealth of information and first had experience to their training.


text:
Sainte-Féréole är en kommun i departementet Corrèze i regionen Nouvelle-Aquitaine i de centrala delarna av Frankrike. Kommunen ligger  i kantonen Donzenac som tillhör arrondissementet Brive-la-Gaillarde. År  hade Sainte-Féréole  invånare.

Befolkningsutveckling
Antalet invånare i kommunen Sainte-Féréole

Referens:INSEE

Se även
 Lista över kommuner i departementet Corrèze

Källor

Kommuner i Corrèze

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Clifford Chance (CC) has taken the lead role as Permira prepares to sell off its frozen foods business Iglo Group for as much as €3bn (£2.5bn). CC is advising the private equity house, which has appointed Credit Suisse to handle an auction sale of the company. Global corporate head Matthew Layton is believed to be leading the team at the magic circle firm. Iglo, Europe's largest frozen foods business, owns household name brands including Birds Eye and Findus.
Clifford Chance (CC) has taken the lead role as Permira prepares to sell off its frozen foods business Iglo Group for as much as €3bn (£2.5bn).