text:
The Case for More Female Cops
Nearly nine out of ten cops are men. Sarah Smarsh discusses the police force's gender problem and a Wichita woman's efforts inside the criminal justice system that failed her.
Betty in uniform for the Wichita Police Reserve, 1977. (Photo courtesy of Sarah Smarsh)
This story was funded by Longreads Members
Join and help support great storytelling
Sarah Smarsh | Longreads | July 2016 | 20 minutes (4,886 words)
Betty was in the bathroom dyeing her platinum hair black while the kids played with her teenage sister down the hall. Betty had recently left Bob. He'd beaten her, which was officially a crime, but there wasn't any use in calling the cops. A hometown boy and typesetter for the Limon Leader, Bob knew everybody in their small Colorado burg on the plains, from the police station to the butcher. Betty, my future grandma, was a 23-year-old outsider from Wichita—a social challenge likely not helped by her unapologetic wearing of miniskirts in 1968.
Two years prior, Betty had blown into Limon, 90 miles west of the Kansas border, with her four-year-old daughter, Jeannie, and a pair of go-go boots. Her mom, Dorothy, and little sisters, Polly and Pud (as in "puddin'") were along, too. Betty and Dorothy both had just washed their hands of Kansas men. Back in Wichita, Dorothy's third husband, Joe, had strangled her. Betty's jealous first husband, my biological grandfather, routinely beat her up and, Betty suspected, had paid someone to throw gasoline on her male friend's face and set it on fire. So Betty and Dorothy piled the kids in a jalopy and headed west, destination unknown, to start over.
"Why Limon?" I asked her once.
"It was where our car broke down," Betty said with a shrug.
Betty and her daughter Jeannie at City Park in Denver in the mid-1960s, when she worked as a highway-diner waitress in Limon, Colorado. (Courtesy of Sarah Smarsh)
Betty and Dorothy took jobs working in diners along the highway that cut through town. Betty waited tables, her mom cooked specials. Before too long, Betty hooked up with a customer named Bob. Then she got pregnant. She drove past the chapel the first time and left him at the aisle, but on the second try they got married. She gave birth to a son, Bo. Then Bob hit her and snapped his belt at Jeannie one too many times. After just a couple years of marriage, she moved out and filed for divorce.
Now Betty had a 6-year-old daughter with a dangerous Kansas man, a 2-year-old son with a dangerous Colorado man, and a divorce decree pending at the courthouse. Custody of their child, Bob had assured her, would go to him. He'd make sure the judge knew what kind of woman she was.
She had the dye worked into her hair when the phone rang. A voice warned that Bob was on his way over, and he was mad. There wasn't time for Betty to rinse her hair. She wrapped a towel around her head. Dark dye dripped down her neck as she and Pud put the kids in the car. They rolled through town until the road turned into a highway.
Then, sirens and flashing red lights.
Betty pulled the car to the shoulder. A police officer approached her window. It was hard to see with blinding lights in the rearview mirrors, but Pud thought she could make out Bob sitting in the passenger seat of the patrol car. The officer took Betty's toddler son from her car and drove away.
Betty was distraught that their son was with Bob but worried for her and Jeannie's safety in Limon. She escaped to the Denver area for a while and finally returned to Kansas, where her mom and sisters were living again. She would spend the next five years fighting to get her baby back.
Bob's attorneys used both her gender and her poverty against her—shaming her for being single with two ex-husbands in her early twenties, saying her numerous past addresses suggested an unstable environment and an unfit mother, rescheduling court dates once she got to Colorado after begging time off work and saving up gas money for the nine-hour drive from Wichita. A judge awarded custody to a violent man with small-town community standing rather than to a twice-divorced waitress with a court-appointed attorney.
Betty ached to hold her son. She sobbed over the custody papers she had been served. She had what people called a nervous breakdown. Then she got her act together, found a different lawyer, and fought again. Eventually her son barely knew her anymore. She stopped trying. She focused on raising Jeannie. She put pictures of Bo in a drawer—the great injustice of her life owed to a system that not only failed to protect her but kept her from protecting her own child.
Betty with son Bo and daughter Jeannie visiting family in Wichita, Kan., in 1967, before she lost custody of Bo to an abusive ex-husband in Colorado. (Courtesy of Sarah Smarsh)
Nationwide, according to Bureau of Justice statistics, three million incidents of domestic violence are reported to police in the United States each year. Ninety-five percent of them are committed by men against women. In most police departments, domestic abuse consistently ranks as the most common reason for calls—often more than half of them.
Meanwhile, about 88 percent of law-enforcement officers in the United States are male.
Men thus compose the immense majority of both women's assailants and women's official protectors.
This structure is so calcified that we tend to sense it as a natural order rather than a social one, even as it harms women around the globe. (Worldwide, 91 percent of cops are male, according to 2009 data.) The United Nations noted in a 2011 report on women and justice systems, "in rich and poor countries alike, the infrastructure of justice—the police, the courts and the judiciary—is failing women, which manifests itself in poor services and hostile attitudes from the very people whose duty it is to fulfill women's rights." As Betty's story demonstrates, women in poverty endure that infrastructure's worst effects, as do women of color and members of the LGBT community.
"The history of police is the history of state power," political theorist Mark Neocleous wrote in The Fabrication of Social Order. State power for millennia belonged mostly to men, of course, societal beneficiaries of a biological evolution in which size meant control. Modern policing thus centers on armed males trained to subdue civil disruption—most recently and notably, mass killings by male shooters with histories of violence against women—with physical force. The 20th century was a crescendo of militarization, first by the state and then by a fearful populace. It brought us to our current, boiling-point moment in which mostly male cops kill innocent civilians and mostly male civilians kill innocent cops. Racism is often the undercurrent, but toxic masculinity is the force that makes it lethal.
Meanwhile, a modern officer's work more often involves driving a homeless person to a shelter than it does tackling a perp or drawing a weapon. For a society that in recent decades has dismantled many of the public institutions that once cared for citizens in need—mental health care, welfare, after-school programs—today's American cop is among the few remaining tax-funded administrators of public wellness. He is less called upon to be a soldier than a caretaker.
Often the person who needs his care is a woman. In that process, gender can be a detrimental divide.
One result of that divide is that women are often disbelieved when reporting assault. In a 2014 study published in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, ten officers in a Michigan police department—seven of whom were male—described their personal approaches to evaluating rape reports: "If there is no physical evidence and you said you got raped, did you get raped? …No," one cop said. Other officers described giving alleged victims "a light interrogation" in the event that "there's any inclination that there might be another motive" for the report. Such scrutiny of sexual assault victims deters reporting, of course. Unsurprisingly, the presence of female cops makes women more likely to report, according to United Nations research.
A police department's treatment of domestic violence in its own ranks is telling of the culture it brings to work. In the Los Angeles Police Department's handling of domestic violence claims against its own officers from 1990 to 1997, 227 complaints were filed, 91 were determined to be worth investigating—and just four resulted in a criminal conviction. The validated claims weren't mentioned in performance evaluations more than three-quarters of the time, and over a quarter of accused officers were promoted while under investigation. Calling out bad cops is risky business, of course. When a legal consultant in a civil lawsuit noticed these scandalous mishandlings in LAPD personnel files and leaked the story to the press, he became the first person in U.S. history to serve prison time for violating a judge's protective order.
An even more sinister outcome of a gender-lopsided police force: Sexual assault of female civilians by male cops. Last year, the Associated Press reported that, over a six-year period, about a thousand officers lost their badges for rape, propositioning citizens and other sex crimes. Victims—mostly young, poor females compromised by addiction or criminal records and unlikely to file complaint—included "unsuspecting motorists, schoolchildren ordered to raise their shirts in a supposed search for drugs… women with legal troubles who succumbed to performing sex acts for promised help, and prison inmates forced to have sex with guards." The study doesn't capture the size of the problem, as it only counted revoked licenses, thus leaving out untold reported and unreported offenses that went unpunished. (Nine states and Washington, D.C., including highly populous California and New York, didn't provide numbers or have no state-level system for dealing with officer misconduct to begin with.)
High-profile cases of serial-rapist officers leveraging the power of their badges to assault women have brought recent arrests in Los Angeles and convictions in Oklahoma City. In March, an Alabama state trooper who raped a woman when responding to her call for help after a car accident was sentenced to just six months in jail. In June, Oakland, Calif., Mayor Libby Schaaf said of a scandal involving over a dozen male officers accused of having sex with a teenage girl and supplying her with money and information, "I'm here to run a police department, not a frat house." In 2009 and 2010, sexual misconduct was the second most frequent complaint against officers, according to the Cato Institute.
The most frequent complaint: excessive force. This topic of broad public discussion for the last couple years has rightly centered on the race of victims, but relevant too is the gender of cops: Female officers are, in general, far less brutal. They are over eight times less likely than male officers to face sustained charges of excessive force, and two to three times less likely to receive complaints. This data, compiled by the National Center for Women and Policing (NCWP) in a 2002 report, also shows that female police officers favor—and succeed with—non-physical means of interaction with suspects, though they still use force when necessary. In 1991, an independent commission formed after the videotaped beating by white officers of black motorist Rodney King highlighted similar findings to little public notice.
Preference for nonviolence does not constitute physical weakness. The NCWP report cites studies indicating that women's typically smaller stature doesn't hurt their survival in the field. When physical force is required, training—not brute strength—better predicts success. Meanwhile, communication skills important for defusing dangerous situations, commonly measured as higher among female officers, are under-emphasized in officer-selection standards—hiring criteria that would encourage less violent male recruits, too. In these ways, a police force over-fueled by testosterone endangers not just women but people of any gender most likely to come into contact with police, including people of color or in poverty.
As someone who grew up with cops for family and friends, I'm sensitive to reactive discourse that casts every officer in a negative light—especially concerning so harrowing a job that I doubt most critics would perform any better. As recent killings of innocent black civilians by white male cops reveal, though, our police departments reflect the unjust power paradigms of our country.
In Ferguson, Missouri, the St. Louis suburb where a white male cop shot and killed an unarmed black teenager but was not criminally indicted in 2014, the police department was 55 percent more white than the community it patrolled—making for cultural chasms and fostering racist policing. Departments like these must rectify a dangerous racial imbalance, many have argued, to look more like the people in their precincts.
For similarly proportional representation, gender is easier to map than most demographics. Almost anywhere you go, about half the population identifies as female. Yet we have scarcely recognized the need for more female cops.
Our officers are the stuff of this country, no better and no worse. They are our prejudice, bravery, history, decency, and inequity sent down the street with a gun. Female cops carry these things, too—including, sometimes, bias against their own gender. But for a society in which the most common police call involves violence against women, half of all people are women, and almost nine out of ten police officers are male, there is no greater agent of positive disruption than a female cop.
In 1974, when she was in her late twenties, Betty got a government education grant—likely federal funds for women by way of Title IX—to attend a small business college in Wichita. A woman who had left school after ninth grade, she soon landed a job working for the state of Kansas as a secretary in the county court system.
There she earned $800 a month in a comfortable office, which struck her as a joke after years of making far less for grueling work in restaurants and factories. She got bored quickly, typing and filing documents while male coworkers came and went. So when she heard the county subpoena officer for the juvenile court was leaving, she wanted the job.
A judge told her that serving subpoenas was no job for a woman. A few years prior, though, the Civil Rights Act had been expanded to prohibit employer discrimination against women in state agencies.
"Check the law on that," Betty told the judge. She got the job.
As a subpoena officer for the juvenile courts in Sedgwick County, Betty drove through Wichita's rough neighborhoods to walk up crumbling sidewalks and deliver bad news. She told parents they had to show up in court for their children's crimes, or that they were on the verge of losing custody of their kids. Sometimes they got irate. A drunk man with a gun said he would blow her away. A woman pulled a knife on her in a stairwell. Betty calmly talked her way out of such situations. She never got hurt on the job.
Emboldened by her success as a subpoena officer, Betty signed up for the Wichita Police Reserve. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 had opened doors for female officers, previously barred in many places from, say, arresting adult offenders or riding patrol after dark. They didn't even have to wear high heels anymore. There was just one other woman in the mix when Betty joined the reserves, but she didn't give it much thought. She enlisted to do a job, not to make a point.
Betty's notes taken during training for the Wichita Police Reserve in the 1970s. (Courtesy of Sarah Smarsh)
When I was a kid, I found the blue spiral notebook Betty had taken to training classes: notes on chain of command, types of traffic accidents, how to identify pot, when to discharge a gun, the meaning of a "29." What type of evidence goes to the lab? When can you enter a house without knocking? What is the differences between aggravated battery and battery? What do you do when the person you're arrested is intoxicated? She'd never had to spell the word "detox," but as the daughter of a violent alcoholic, she knew what it meant.
Drunk (taking into custody)
Take custody of drunk
Frisk, place in veh
10-15 to D-tocs
10-23 at D-tocs
Take the drunk in
Wait for arresting off or cut case—paperwork.
After long days serving subpoenas, Betty put on a blue uniform, got in a patrol car with a male partner who was a full police officer, and went out into the night. Mostly they put drunks in the tank, which she found satisfying. One night, though, she opened her car door outside a robbery-in-progress and heard the zip of a bullet. She and her partner ducked behind their car doors before they gave chase through a nearby graveyard. Betty's heart pounded as she ran with her heavy holster. The man escaped.
"Was it at all a relief that he got away?" I asked her, since she'd admitted she was scared.
"No," she told me. "I wanted to catch the bastard."
Betty's gumption with a badge was not unusual for her gender. The 2003 NCWP report delineates 20 years of research supporting the hiring and retaining of female police officers: They are more assertive, independent, flexible, and creative than male counterparts, and less authoritarian and prejudiced in their behavior. They receive more favorable evaluations and fewer complaints. They exhibit more empathy and respect. Based on studies by police departments in Mexico City and Lima in the late 1990s, female officers are less likely than male officers to take bribes. The greater the number of women in a department, the less sexual discrimination and harassment—on the whole experienced by 68 to 86 percent of female cops. They receive more favorable evaluations from domestic violence survivors and are less likely to blow off such crimes by failing to write a report. Their presence benefits men by decreasing a force's emphasis on physical strength, which can create hierarchies among male cops. Male cops themselves receive higher marks in responding to some crimes when they have female partners.
Betty in the 1970s, the decade she was among the first women to serve on the Wichita Police Reserve. (Courtesy of Sarah Smarsh)
Acknowledging the strength of the female cop is one thing. Recruiting and retaining her is another.
In 1975, a year before my grandma entered reserve training in Wichita, the Pittsburgh police department comprised just 1 percent female officers. Thanks to an affirmative-action court order that year requiring that half of new hires be female, by 1990 the percentage of women in the department was 27 percent—the highest in the nation. Once the hiring quota was lifted in the early nineties, female hires dropped to 8.5 percent, and the percentage of female officers fell to 22 percent by 2001.
If public policies not just tolerating but encouraging the recruitment and retention of female officers had existed when Betty put on her uniform, she might have spent her life as a cop. Instead, in the late seventies she moved up the judicial job ladder from subpoena officer to probation officer, tasked with keeping tabs on freed criminals.
It was no small emotional feat for a woman who herself had been victimized so many times. In 1969, my biological grandfather casually shot her in her living room with her own gun while my mom, then seven, played in the front yard. Now, as a probation officer, Betty's job was to advise and help men who shot people. She did so with compassion.
"Thanks for being such a tough bitch," her probationers would tell her when their parole ended.
"My pleasure," she'd say.
While maintaining her course load, she was assigned a second position as a judge's bailiff, until her retirement nearly 20 years after she began work for the courts. But she never stopped thinking of herself as a sort of cop.
Around 1991, when I was a sixth-grader living in Betty's tiny house in a working-class neighborhood near downtown Wichita, her pair of golden Pomeranians disappeared from our backyard. The yard was separated from the alley by a flimsy chain-link fence; someone had stolen Feisty and Fancy, everyone agreed, since Pomeranians were valuable to breeders. They were Betty's only indulgence, except the emerald ring she had bought herself when she got on at the courthouse, the first time she could buy a ring for herself if she damn well pleased. She had an idea about who might have taken the dogs.
One night during a party at our house, while she and the other adults were pounding beers and discussing the disappearance, Grandma told me to grab a flashlight and get in the car.
She slid behind the wheel of her small Toyota with the full ashtray. She tossed a heavy fold of shiny black leather into my lap. I opened it, and silver shone in the glow of the streetlight near our driveway. A thrill ran through me as I touched her old badge—probably illegal for her to use now but a means of self-protection she'd kept all those years in a drawer with a gun.
She drove slowly for a few blocks and turned onto a side street. As on our own block, gutters sagged, sofas decorated porches, flower beds were full of weeds. She parked at a house with its lights turned off. I handed her the badge. We spent the next half hour trying to glimpse her kidnapped dogs: quietly entering an enclosed porch, shining the flashlight around, jiggling doorknobs, crouching down to basement windows.
Betty finally whispered, "Let's go," but I knew the search wasn't over. She'd write down the license plate number of the car parked in the driveway. She'd run the number through the computers at the courthouse to look for a criminal record, the way she had done with the number I wrote down after a man in a truck followed me around the block one afternoon. Back in her car she lit a cigarette, teared up, and tossed the badge back into my lap.
"I hope whoever snatched 'em gave 'em a good home."
In 1910, Alice Stebbins Wells, a Kansas minister new to Los Angeles, talked the LAPD into giving her a job. She sewed herself a floor-length dress and pinned to it a badge, designed by the department to be distinct from those of her male colleagues and therefore carrying the number "one." She wore it for 30 years. (Nationally, she was preceded by two women who had joined the Chicago and Portland police in 1891 and 1908, respectively.) In 1915, Stebbins founded the International Association of Women Police, through which she traveled widely to promote the hiring of female officers. The organization celebrated its 100th anniversary last year and now has members in more than 60 countries.
During that century, progress for women in police departments was slow and intertwined with American history. In the early 1900s, on the heels of the abolitionist, suffragist, and prohibition movements, female officers tended to be upper-class, white, educated and motivated by social reform. After World War II, class dynamics changed, and working-class women of all races vied for policework. It wouldn't be until 1968, though—half a century after Stebbins began her campaign, the same year Betty fled a violent ex with her children while hair dye ran down her neck—that two female cops in Indianapolis would be the first in the nation assigned to patrol cars. During that period, from 1960 to 1980, the percentage of female cops doubled, according to the NCWP, due largely to the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. However, women remained mostly at lower department ranks, as they do today.
Finally, in 1985—75 years after Stebbins got her badge and two years after we sent the first woman to the moon—came the first female police chief of a major city: Penny Harrington in Portland. The first black female police chief, Beverly Harvard, took charge in 1994 in Atlanta. The next year, Harrington cofounded the NCWP with Katherine Spillar of the Feminist Majority Foundation. In the last 25 years, though, as women have entered many professions in historic numbers, the national percentage of female officers has risen wanly from 5 to 12 percent. You'd never know it from television criminal procedurals, bursting with female agents; even sexist Hollywood is ahead of reality in representation, if not in accurate portrayal.
Countries around the world are addressing gender in law enforcement. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Ghana, India, Kosovo, Liberia, Nicaragua, Peru, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda and Uruguay all have established specialized units or local stations for female cops—problematic professional gender segregation in countries with highly discriminatory laws and cultures, in some instances, but an effort that makes way for female officers. In 2009, the United Nations launched an initiative to recruit more women into national services and UN police operations. Last year, Ukraine undertook sweeping police reform with two women at the helm as first deputy interior minister and national police chief; the country has since seen a fast increase in female officers in spite of vast gender inequality in the country at large.
Such integrations will not pass without strife. This year in Querétaro, Mexico, female officers filed complaints for being forced by senior male officers to submit to inspections of their attractiveness. The chief of that department had previously formed a unit of female officers who worked in high-heeled boots and tight, frilly uniforms in the state of Aguascalientes.
As for the United States, 21 percent of city and county law enforcement agencies had recruitment efforts directed at increasing female hires in 2008, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. (The number for state agencies was much higher at 83 percent.) Sluggish gains for women have as much to do with retention as with recruitment, though. Once hired, as female cops have attested for decades, they face sexual harassment or even assault, doubt about their ability to do the job, general hostility, ostracizing, and discrimination in salary and promotion. The disadvantage is compounded for female officers of color, who contend not just with sexism but racism; according to a 2001 survey by the NCWP, women of color are nearly absent in small departments, representing about 1 percent of employed officers, and account for just 5 percent of officers in big-city agencies.
Amid protests over police brutality in black communities, in 2014 President Obama created a taskforce on "21st-Century policing." The president of the National Association of Women Law Enforcement Executives, Barbara O'Connor made the case for gender parity during a panel discussion on diversity. Some of the $120 million funneled from the Department of Justice produced research recommendations for improving response to victims of sexual assault and domestic violence, especially among LGBT communities, racial and religious minorities, and immigrants. Oklahoma law enforcement agencies received support for a summit addressing, among other things, gender sensitivity in hiring practices. But gender diversification of the police was not a direct goal of the federal initiative.
A female cop herself might be reluctant to bring gender into focus. Perhaps, like trailblazing women in many professions, she's kicking ass at her job and would prefer that speak for itself. Perhaps she has worked so hard for respect that the best she can hope for on the job is that her gender be forgotten altogether. For that matter, she may scarcely resemble our stereotypes about what a female is. She may be physically faster and stronger than her male colleagues. She may be cold when assisting victims. She may have no children or any intention to do so. She may have a temper and punch her locker. She may have defied every social construction and resent conversations thus framed. A female cop's performance is not for being female, it is for being herself.
A female cop's life experience, however, has everything to do with being female. Women, people of color, members of the LGBT community, and other oppressed groups can't put on the uniform without embodying a particular truth: Their presence diversifies a mostly male, mostly white institution that historically has harmed people like themselves. Just as there is necessity in acknowledging gender to reduce the number of female victims, surely we must acknowledge it to increase the number of female cops.
A serious effort to do so might involve affirmative action in hiring, department education and training, federal improvement of childcare and family-leave options, accessible police-station facilities, and even increased access to police equipment, which is designed and constructed with the male form as a model. Before policy and politics, though, we must acknowledge what that male form has represented, with a gun on his hip—power in the form of both gender and threat of violence. We must say loudly that women, both most vulnerable to victimization and least likely to draw an unnecessary weapon, are not only qualified for a sound police force but essential to it.
Women like my grandmother may be no more innately qualified for good police work than men are, but by merely walking through the world as females they have gained a valuable empathy for patrolling it. In this way, women are unequivocally the stronger sex. Give them half the badges and let them protect this country.
This story was supported by the Economic Hardship Reporting Project.
Sarah Smarsh is a journalist who has reported on public policy and socioeconomic class for The New Yorker and Harper's online, The Guardian, Guernica, and others. Her essays have been published by Aeon, McSweeney's, The Morning News, Creative Nonfiction, Vela, and The Texas Observer. Smarsh's book In the Red, on the American working poor and her upbringing in rural Kansas, is forthcoming from Scribner. She lives in Kansas and Texas.
Editors: Julia Wick and Mike Dang; Fact-checker: Matthew Giles
Click to share on Instapaper (Opens in new window)
Posted by Longreads	on July 26, 2016
Categories: Featured, Nonfiction, Story
Tags: longreads, nonfiction, original, police, police violence, Sarah Smarsh
Get the Longreads Weekly Email
Sign up to get the week's best Longreads delivered to your inbox every Friday afternoon.
Friends: We Need Your Help to Fund More Stories
We want to dramatically increase our story fund this year, but we can't do it without your support. Every dollar you contribute goes to writers and publishers who spend hours, weeks, and months reporting and writing outstanding stories. Now is the time to join us.
Support Longreads
Become a Longreads Member for just $3 per month
Follow us on WordPress.com
wordpress-logo
Create your own site at WordPress.com	arrow-right


text:
Życie Warszawy () was a Polish language newspaper published in Warsaw. Despite its name it was a national pro-establishment newspaper, but since 1990 it was an independent publication increasingly focused on local Varsovian issues.

History and profile
Życie Warszawy was founded in 1944 as an initiative of Polish Workers' Party and/or Marian Spychalski.

During the communist era the paper was a semi-official organ of the Polish government. It was a pro-PRL mouthpiece, right until the end of communism in the country. In the years 1978 and 1988 the paper consisted of 12-16 pages. The number of pages was 20 in 1998.

In 2004 Życie Warszawy had a circulation of 250,000 copies in weekdays and of 460,000 copies in weekends. The paper was published by Gremi Media Group. As of 2004 Zbigniew Jakubiec, a Polish businessman, was the owner of the paper. It was acquired by Presspublica in August 2007 and in December 2011 the newspaper and its website was integrated into Rzeczpospolita as the local press section.

See also
 List of newspapers in Poland

References

External links
 Newspaper website

1944 establishments in Poland
Publications established in 1944
Newspapers published in Warsaw
Polish-language newspapers
Daily newspapers published in Poland
Defunct newspapers published in Poland
2011 disestablishments in Poland
Publications disestablished in 2011

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Great Land Grab
Posted in Commentary, Retired Campaigns
Written by Will Horter
Famous U.S. abolitionist Wendell Phillps once said, "Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty; power is ever stealing from the many for the few."Phillips' quip applies to BC where fortunes have been made – and are being made- by resource companies that benefit from sweetheart deals that privatize vast tracts of land. A select few, with the right government connections, reap the benefits and the public, especially First Nations, pay the price. The BC government's recent decision to privatize 28,000 hectares of forestlands previously in Western Forest Products (WFP) tree farm licences (TFL) is only the latest scandal in a sordid history that traces back to BC's entry into the CanadianConfederation.
Few British Columbians are aware that a land privatization deal was written into the Terms of Union when BC joined Canada in 1871. As Forester RayTravers points out, "Clause 11 of the Terms of Union, conveyed in trust to the federal government, provincial lands along the entire length of the railway across BC, some that later became the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Land Grant on southeastern Vancouver Island"
The controversy surrounding the E&N land grant still haunts decision making today. In late October, the Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group,representing six Coast Salish First Nations, asked the Washington D.C.-basedInter-American Commission on Human Rights to hear its complaint that 300,000 hectares of land converted to private property in the E&N Land Grant was"an act of egregious piracy."
Back in the 1870s as part of its commitment to "connect theseaboard of BC with the railway system of Canada,"Canadaagreed to contribute $100,000 annually towards the construction of a railway. BClater agreed with Canada togrant about two million acres plus $750,000 to the company that constructed arailroad on Vancouver Island.
As with the recent WFP privatization, back in the 1870's only a select few well-connected people reaped the bulk of the windfall. The man behind the E&N deal was coal baron Robert Dunsmuir. Dunsmuir, who came to BC from Scotland, made his fortune in coal mining on Vancouver Island.He was both the richest man in BC and, with a seat in the provincial legislature, influential in political circles.
Dunsmuir had little interest in railroads, what he wanted was the land grant and with it control of the great reserves of coal and other minerals. Dunsmuir used his economic and political influence to secure the contract to build the railway. He negotiated behind the scenes with Dominion officials in Victoria and Ottawa,and in April 1884, the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway Company was formally established, with Dunsmuir appointed president and holding almost half of the company's shares.
E&N immediately began subdividing the grant into parcels and selling it off making Dunsmuir and his colleagues millions. In 1905, theCanadian Pacific Railway Company (CPR) bought E&N. CPR paid just over $1million for the railway and $1.25 million for the remaining 566,580 hectares of land not yet sold. In 1910, Dunsmuir sold his coal mining interests in the granted lands for $11 million.
Today, the Hul'qumi'num call this scandalous transaction"the great land grab" because it effectively privatized about one-third of their territory. Robert Morales, chief negotiator for the Hul'qumi'num, said recently, "Dunsmuir and the government stole our land…and for the last hundred years their decedents particularly logging companies have been getting rich,while locking us out."
The legacy of the E&N privatization is upsetting treatynegotiations. Even though Canadian courts have recognized Aboriginal title andrights on private lands, and directed the Crown to resolve the land disputeshonorably, the government will not negotiate private land or compensation atthe treaty table. Morales says the Hul'qumi'num are taking action because,"international laws say that if aboriginal lands are illegally confiscated, thelands need to be returned, or we need to be compensated."
"The conversion of excellent forestland to real estate development goes beyond Dunsmuir and the E&N land grant," says Ken Millard,a Director of Galiano Conservancy. "What is now happening all over Vancouver Island began on Galiano in the 1970's. The public subsidizes logging companies for decades with preferential taxes then these same companies try to develop the land and make a killing on real estate."
Samuel Robins, a manager of a coal mine in Nanaimo,purchased large tracts of land in the Gulf Islands,including 8,294 acres on Galiano in 1899. The land passed through the hands of a number of coal and logging companies before MacMillan Bloedel took control of the lands in 1960. After high-grading the old growth for a few years, in 1972MacMillan Bloedel proposed to subdivide and sell off their lands. The fight was on. Galiano residents organized and defeated the conversion, but the battle continued. In the 1990s island residents had to defend their community's bylaws from lawsuits. "Maintaining our community against the developers requires eternal vigilance," says Millard. "If we relax for a second, developers will move in. Every election is a referendum on the future of our island."
The Galiano experience is now being replicated all over Vancouver Island. As the coastal timber industry declinesafter decades of overcutting, many logging companies are now becomingreal-estate developers. In 2007, TimberWest announced "94,000 acres of theCompany's private forestlands have been identified as having greater value asreal estate properties and will progressively be made available for higher usesover the next ten to fifteen years."
TimberWest is not the only logging company making this realty conversion. The new focus on real estate explains why in 2003conglomerate Brascan took over the failing Doman-WFP in bankruptcy proceedings.Since leveraging control of WFP, Brascan (now Brookfield Asset Management) has put together vast holdings of both public and Crown forest lands. It acquired all MacMillan Bloedel's operations in 2004 folding the private lands into the 635,000 acres of fee simple timberlands it controls in a private timber fund.WFP also controls the majority (7.5 million m3) of Annual AllowableCut from coastal Crown lands.
Forest Minister Rich Coleman decision to remove 70,000 acres of forestland from WFP's TFLs inJanuary of 2007, illustrates the continued erosion of a system that with a scandalous history dating back over
half a century. When they were given away in the late 1950's,TFLs were a sweetheart deal set up by a corrupt minister who took bribes to ensure favourable terms for logging companies. As a Business Examiner article recently said, "[Government] created the tree farm system precisely to bribe the owners of private lands on Vancouver Island to accept bureaucratic management (or mismanagement) of their lands by guaranteeing them the exclusive use of adjoining public lands."
Since theBC Liberals were elected in 2001, with strokes of their pens, Forest Ministersselectively dismantled TFLs to create new windfalls for logging corporationsfriendly to their party. The latest scandal erupted with theannouncement that WFP had put 6,300 acres of the former forestlands in theSooke-Port Renfrew area up for sale. The listing of 4.95 kilometres ofwaterfront triggered outrage in the community and critical headlines.
In July, John Doyle, the recently appointed Auditor General,also condemned the deal. Using language seldom seen from a government appointee, Doyle concluded the BC government lacked "due regard for the public interest". Doyle's scathing report found that the Minister's decision was not adequately informed, consultation was lacking and communications were not transparent. Doyle also condemned the Ministry's inadequate due diligence intoWFP financial status, and highlighted suspicious trading patterns, unusual patterns of political donations and conflicts of interest.
Critics use more forceful language, "The WFP deal reeks,especially the claim that the privatization was necessary to buttress a debt-ridden company and maintain forest jobs" said Maurita Prato, ForestCampaigner for the Victoria-based Dogwood Initiative. "How is converting kilometers of coastal forest into trophy vacation homes going to preserve forest jobs?"
TFL shave triggered scandal since their creation. Back in the 1950's, when the government originally set up the system, then Forest Minister Robert Sommers went to jail for taking bribes in allocating the new tenures. And in 2004, Forest Minister Mike de Jong, privatized almost 215,000 acres of Weyerhaeuser's TFL lands, producing a windfall worth a potential $800 million for the US logging giant when it sold out to Brascan (who folded the lands into the supposedly debt-ridden WFP). The fact thatWeyerhaeuser had donated almost $500,000 to the Liberals over the previous decade raised eyebrows.
But sweetheart deals don't mean real estate development is inevitable. Following Galiano's example, communities on Vancouver Island are uniting to fight against subdivision and conversion of forestlands. The Capital Regional District rezoned the area around WFPs forestlands to require a 120 hectare minimum lot size. But while then CommunityDevelopment Minister Ida Chong delayed the approval of the new bylaw for six weeks, WFP applied to develop roughly 1400 ha into 319 subdivision lots under the old rules. The bylaws and WFP's actions are now before the courts. And the residents of neighboring communities are gearing up for municipal elections,which are expected to be a referendum on the future of the privatized WFP lands.
If a hundred years of controversial landprivatizations teaches us anything, its that while the benefits of thesesweetheart deals may go to only a select group of well-connected people, ittakes a legion of committed residents to ensure communities aren't sacrificedto enrich real estate-obsessed logging companies and their developer friends.
An abridged version of this article appeared in the Watershed Sentinel
Liberals move to outflank the NDP on green issues
08.31.21 | Climate, Commentary, Democracy, Election - Canada 2021 | Kai Nagata
John Horgan, Rachel Notley make things awkward for federal New Democrats When Justin Trudeau was asked by a reporter why he dodged Indigenous youth who traveled from Fairy Creek to one of his photo ops, the Liberal leader didn't answer the question. "We recognize there's a real issue here locally around old growth forests, and […]
What if B.C. had its own Climate Defence Force?
July 2021 is a good month for international cooperation in the face of the climate crisis Last weekend a battalion of Mexican firefighters touched down into the inferno that has become the interior of B.C. They're already on the frontlines in Osoyoos battling one of 250 fires across a province which has called fire-related states-of-emergency […]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Rest assured that giving your credit card number over the Web with sasa.com is safe and secure. We use our best efforts to protect your personal information. Sasa.com stores all customer data (name, address, credit card number, order information, etc.) on our own dedicated, secure servers to protect against unauthorized access. All your personal information inputted (including creditcard number, name, address and password) by you is encrypted during transmission using the latest 128-bit Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology to ensure all your details are kept secure.
You may also help us out in maintaining the security of our site. Remember to exit out of sasa.com before leaving your computer unattended so that others cannot see any of your personal information and in the event that your credit card is stolen or misplaced, contact your credit card provider immediately.


Want one of the best rated voice trainers in Orlando who can provide piano, singing, and drum? Jeffry A Kuznicki Jr is a voice teacher who offers singing lessons. They have reliable vocal coaches who also offer percussion, drum, and arrangement and composition.
Music N More is a professional vocal coach who helps unlock the secret of power singing. This pro is among the vocal trainers who also offer personalized sessions. They teach private voice lessons at affordable prices.
In need of singing lessons for beginners? This pro has been offering vocal classes for many years. Check out their rates for private voice classes.
Music N More teaches effective vocal techniques and provides instruction in all styles of music. They offer solo and group voice exercises. This coach can also do guitar, piano, and singing in a variety of styles.
Start your journey to become the next big singer with Metal Music Lessons's vocal coaching services. This expert provides beginning singing lessons in a positive environment. Check out this expert's Lessons.com page online.
Premier Acting Network has voice coaches who provide online services. This pro is a professional and experienced music teacher who also provides vocal classes to his clients. They also instruct on spoken word, piano, and music recording.
Electrified Living provides quality lessons in singing for beginners to professionals. Sarah Glass is among the best vocal teachers offering classical singing lessons to kids and adults. This dedicated team of vocal trainers offers life coaching, meditation, and pilates.
Are you searching for a provider in Kissimmee who does private singing lessons? This pro offers singing lessons. They have an on-site recording studio.


Today General Motors announced they are restructuring their global business. As part of that restructuring, they plan to shut down production at five facilities in North America and reduce their salaried workforce by 15%. This will include a quarter of their executives.
"GM's (GM) new motto is "Zero Crashes, Zero Emissions, Zero Congestion," signaling a shift to self-driving, electric vehicles. But the restructuring is also about making cars people want now. Customers are increasingly shunning sedans in favor of SUVs and hatchbacks.
They also plan to close three plants outside North America by the end of 2019.
This transition will cost about 8,000 salaried workers their jobs. Another 6,000 hourly workers will either lose their jobs or be reassigned to other plants. This comes after GM having offered voluntary buyouts for 18,000 salaried workers last month.
Rebecca Lindland, an executive analyst at Kelley Blue Book, is worried about losing the valuable legacy of knowledge and experience that long-term GM employees bring to the market. Take the Oshawa plant, located just outside of Toronto: it was built in 1953 and is equipped to make just about every model GM sells.
And GM's unions aren't happy, either. In fact, the United Autoworkers union said they plan to fight the decision.
It remains to be seen whether or not GM will emerge as the automaking leader of the future; Alphabet (GOOGL), Apple (AAPL), Uber and Tesla (TSLA) are leading Silicon Valley's push into the self-driving car's market, too.


text:
Protobiella zelandica is a species of New Zealand beaded lacewing in the family Berothidae that was first described by Robert John Tillyard in 1923. It is the sole known species in the genus Protobiella, and the only berothid endemic to New Zealand. No subspecies are noted in the Catalogue of Life.

Description and ecology

The species is small and brown, and can be identified by the interrupted stripe of yellow-brown markings present on the head and thorax. The species' antenna appear to differ between sexes, with male lacewings having fewer than 40 flagellomeres on their antenna, compared to females who have more than 40.

The species has been documented predating on pine adelgidae.

Distribution and habitat

Protobiella zelandica is found throughout the North Island and South Island.

References

Hemerobiiformia
Monotypic Neuroptera genera
Insects described in 1923
Insects of New Zealand
Taxa named by Robert John Tillyard


text:
Are the Gulf Airlines Competing Unfairly With U.S. Carriers?
Emirates, Qatar Airways, and Etihad Airways owe much of their success to government assistance.
Adam Levine-Weinberg
(TMFGemHunter)
Adam Levine-Weinberg is a senior Industrials/Consumer Goods specialist with The Motley Fool. He is an avid stock-market watcher and a value investor at heart. He primarily covers airline, auto, retail, and tech stocks. Follow him on Twitter for the latest news and commentary on the airline industry! Follow @AdamLLW
For years, the three big U.S. network carriers -- American Airlines (NASDAQ:AAL), Delta Air Lines (NYSE:DAL), and United Continental (NASDAQ:UAL) -- have complained about unfair competition from Middle Eastern airlines.
The U.S. airline giants have argued that Emirates, Qatar Airways, and Etihad Airways are using government subsidies to steal market share from competitors. However, up until now, American, Delta, and United haven't offered much evidence to support their claims.
That changed last week, when the "Partnership for Open and Fair Skies" published a long "white paper" detailing the allegations. The white paper shows that sweetheart deals with other Dubai government-controlled entities have bolstered Emirates' profitability over the last 10 years -- and that Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways wouldn't be solvent without government support.
Growing like weeds
The three big Gulf carriers have grown rapidly over the past decade or so. At Emirates -- the largest of the Gulf carriers -- capacity has doubled in the last five years. Since the turn of the century, Emirates, Qatar Airways, and Etihad have increased their combined capacity by about 1,500%.
Emirates has become the largest airline in the world by international passenger traffic. Source: Emirates
This growth is likely to continue far into the future, as Emirates, Qatar, and Etihad all have even more planes on order than they have in operation today.
All three Gulf carriers operate similar business models. Each one has a single hub and relies on connecting traffic from major cities across the world through that hub. Their hubs are all within close proximity to each other.
Given that it takes years to mature a new long-haul international route to profitability, that all the Gulf carriers are expanding rapidly, and that they compete vociferously against one another, it's no wonder they've needed subsidies to stay afloat. But the evidence hasn't been compiled in one place until now.
Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways aren't self-sufficient
The white paper lays out the case against all three big Gulf carriers, but the facts are much more straightforward for Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways.
A decade ago, Etihad was just getting off the ground, and Qatar Airways was a fraction of Emirates' size. In order to create enough passenger traffic to compete with Emirates' high-volume hub model, both Etihad and Qatar Airways had to grow rapidly to achieve enough scale to remain competitive.
But shiny, new airplanes are pricey, and start-up costs for new routes are significant, too. The white paper details more than $20 billion in capital injections and interest-free loans provided by the governments of Abu Dhabi and Qatar to Etihad and Qatar Airways, respectively.
Abu Dhabi's government has poured more than $10 billion into Etihad since 2004. Source: Wikimedia.
Even the interest-free loans are (for the most part) loans in name only, as the airlines aren't required to repay any money "for the foreseeable future." This capital was provided despite the fact that Etihad and Qatar Airways were posting operating losses.
The governments of Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Qatar all see aviation as a strategic industry, and they are willing to subsidize its growth. Without this obvious government support, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways wouldn't be able to stay in business.
Emirates may be a legitimate business
Emirates had a big head start on Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways, and as a result, it appears to be much more self-sufficient. Emirates CEO Tim Clark has vehemently denied that his company gets state aid. That said, the U.S. airlines still found billions of dollars of apparent subsidies.
Most notably, the Dubai government picked up the tab for billions of dollars of fuel hedges gone bad during the depths of the Great Recession. Without this bailout, Emirates probably would have been unable to meet its obligations.
Dubai has also invested billions of dollars in airport infrastructure to support Emirates' growth, but it charges very low airport fees -- effectively subsidizing airlines that operate there.
The report also detailed a variety of other potential subsidies that couldn't be quantified. Nevertheless, while Emirates has a fairly modest profit margin, it seems likely it could survive with or without government support.
The Gulf carriers don't pose nearly as big a competitive threat to U.S. airlines as to carriers in Europe in Asia. That said, they are rapidly growing to dominate travel from the U.S. to India and the Middle East.
American, Delta, and United want the government to put limits on the Gulf carriers' expansion in the U.S., even if it means canceling Open Skies treaties with Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. They argue -- quite reasonably, in my opinion -- that it's unfair for U.S. airlines to have to compete with government-subsidized foreign competition.
That said, convincing the federal government to crack down on Middle Eastern airlines will be a tough sell. U.S. consumers benefit from the below-market fares offered by the Gulf carriers, and several U.S. companies have stepped up to oppose American, Delta, and United on this issue.
Furthermore, federal regulators have already demonstrated their concern about tacit collusion between the top U.S. airlines. Reducing independent foreign competition is the last thing they want to do. Even with a strong lobbying effort, the airlines may fail to produce meaningful results.
United Airlines Holdings
NASDAQ:UAL
NYSE:DAL
Are the Gulf Airlines Competing Unfairly With U.S. Carriers? @themotleyfool #stocks $UAL $AAL $DAL Next Article


text:
Q: How to add custom DB provider to be accessible in Visual Studio? I wanted to work with custom DB provider in Visual Studio. I need it to use Entity Framework.
For example, I downloaded NpgSQL,
registered them in GAC:
gacutil  -i  c:\temp\npgsql.dll
gacutil  -i  c:\temp\mono.security.dll

and added to machine.config file:
<add name="Npgsql Data Provider"
invariant="Npgsql"  support="FF"
description=".Net Framework Data Provider for Postgresql Server"
type="Npgsql.NpgsqlFactory, Npgsql, Version=2.0.6.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=5d8b90d52f46fda7" />

But Npgsql did not appear in Datasource list in Visual Studio:

How to add custom DB provider to this list?
UPD: If I use command string edmgen.exe I got error:

error 7001: Failed to find or load the registered .Net Framework Data Provider.

A: You need to declare the DbFactoryProvider in a config file (Web.config, Machine.config, etc).  Here's a sample one I pulled from a project using MySQL:

<system.data>
  <DbProviderFactories>
    <remove invariant="MySql.Data.MySqlClient"/>
    <add name="MySQL Data Provider" invariant="MySql.Data.MySqlClient" description=".Net Framework Data Provider for MySQL" type="MySql.Data.MySqlClient.MySqlClientFactory, MySql.Data, Version=6.3.6.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=c5687fc88969c44d"/>
  </DbProviderFactories>
</system.data>

I also prefer declaring these in the application-level config files and have my apps use the local copy of the assembly. This helps with portability since we can't guarantee that the 3rd party provider is available in GAC.

A: Old(from 7 Fabruary 2013): It is impossible to add Npgsql provider to be accesible in Visual Studio, because NpgSql for now does not support DDEX.
Update on 29 of December 2013: It seems that DDEX support was added.

A: If you want to list up Npgsql in Datasource list in Visual Studio, this article may be a little helpful.
Anyway, since Visual Studio is delivered by Microsoft, obviously you need to work on the registry table.

A: From: http://fxjr.blogspot.com/2011/05/npgsql-design-time-support-preview.html

comes a very important step you have to make: Inside Npgsql.Designer2 folder, there is a file called NpgsqlProvider.gen.reg. You have to merge this file to your registry every time you start VS.Net to debug the project

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package com.longluo.java.interview;

public class Main {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println("Java Interview...");
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Law 699 is an individual research and writing offering designed to lend flexibility to the law school program. It is intended for students who have a strong research and writing interest in a topic not covered by the curriculum. A student wishing to write a research paper for Law 699 credit should identify a faculty member willing to supervise the project. The student and faculty supervisor will work out the details of the project, including the scope of the paper, the number of hours of credit, and any other requirements.
After working out these details, the student should fill out a petition for Law 699 credit (available on the College of Law intranet), and turn it in to the Dean of Students. The faculty supervisor must approve and sign the petition before it is submitted to the Dean of Students. The faculty has adopted these guidelines concerning Law 699: (1) Two hours of credit in Law 699, cumulatively, is the total allowable maximum. (2) Law 699 is not available to students on academic probation. (3) To earn one credit hour, the student usually must produce a research paper of at least 20 pages (excluding footnotes). To earn two credit hours, the student usually must produce a research paper of at least 40 pages (excluding footnotes). (4) Most students will require at least 60 hours of writing and research to complete a one-credit Independent Study project, and at least 120 hours to complete a two-credit project. But in no event will the student receive credit without devoting at least 45 hours per credit to the project. To ensure that this minimum 45-hour requirement is satisfied, the student must keep a record of time devoted to the project. (5) The supervisor must be a University of Illinois Law faculty member. Students may use Law 699 to satisfy the upper-level writing requirement. In that case, the project must also satisfy the guidelines of that writing requirement.


As promised, I am writing to tell you about my 3 week results with Tula Skincare products!
Typically when I am trying a new skincare product I use it for a straight 2 weeks to see results. If I do not see any changes I move onto something new. I don't know if that is exactly the best route but I am a very impatient person. If a product isn't helping me look ageless it's time to move on 🙂 I decided to continue my Tula Skincare regimen for 3 weeks before my review. Honestly, we had a lot of travel and work events scheduled for the month and as much as I would like to say that I am strict with my skincare regimen when I'm traveling I am really not 🙁 so to be fair I gave my skin ample time to see the results of Tula.
Let's begin with the type of skin I have so you can better relate. My skin type is fairly sensitive. It is more on the dry side and certain areas of my face are very dry. This makes it really hard to find a moisturizer that hydrates fully but does not leave my skin feeling and/or looking oily. Does this sound familiar to you? Well then I have good news for you!
One of my favorite Tula products was the Hydrating Day/Night Cream. I loved how moisturized my face felt after this and again not oily at all! While we were in DC last weekend (still need to share that trip with you!) my skin was extra dry because of the extremely cold weather so I would have to apply my moisturizer in the morning, let it sit for a few minutes and then reapply another layer. It moisturized my face perfectly but I didn't feel like I had a heavy amount of lotion on my face at all even after the 2 applications. My only complaint here is that the hydrating cream did not have any SPF. My BB Cream has SPF so I'm not worried about that too much this time of year, but come summer I will most likely switch out my day moisturizer for something with additional SPF. We gotta protect that beautiful skin ladies!
Okay, so my most favorite product from this line is the Exfoliating Treatment Mask. It gently exfoliates dead skin cells to reveal your glowing complexion. P.S. Glamour also labeled this mask as a best new trend for 2016. If we can't trust Glamour Magazine who can we trust?! 🙂 You will not be disappointed!
Samples sizes of the Purifying Face Wash, Illuminating Face Serum, Revitalizing Eye Cream and Hydrating Cream (all products I have used in the past 3 weeks) can be purchased together in the Discovery Kit. The kit is only $52 and perfect for you to try out all of these products before committing to them. The Exfoliating Treatment Mask isn't included in the discovery kit, but I would highly recommend that purchase!
To be completely honest I have other face washes I prefer and I didn't get the results I specifically wanted with the eye cream so I most likely will not continue using those 2 products in my skincare routine, but I most definitely will continue using the Hydrating Day/Night Cream and Exfoliating Treatment Mask. Overall I loved the products. Try them out and let me know your thoughts!
Sponsored Post: This post is sponsored by Tula Skincare, as always my thoughts and opinions are 100% my own.
No problem!! Thank you so much for reading!


For those who think that free copying will lead to the underproduction of new information, please explain why we don't seem to have a dearth of architectural styles, jokes, riddles, hairstyles, perfume scents, tattoo designs, fashion designs, flower arrangements, landscape designs, furniture designs, bumper stickers, web site layouts, children's names, mottoes, neologisms, definitions, playlists, dance moves, and recipes.
"Why doesn't the person who originally created that value own it and so own the ability to control it?" For the same reason that the young woman you saw yesterday at the beach shouldn't be allowed to bill you every time you remember her. If you create information that is valuable, what you own is not the information, but rather an option to disclose it (or not) through your freedom of association. You're free to try to profit from that option through some combination of contract, insurance, bonding, watermarking, accrued reputation, tipping, etc. But you're not free to impose your own price on someone who has never contracted with you about it and who isn't putting his own price tag on it.
What is completely non-rivalrous cannot be property. So while you can't own information per se, you should be able to own the reputational and commercial advantage of being the original creator of information, because those advantages are rivalrous. Therefore copyright should at most protect you from people selling the information you created, or from claiming they created it.
How to apply this logic to patents? Through a patent value tax.
Communities may for a limited fixed term grant exclusive rights in their jurisdiction to profit from an invention, in exchange for an annual tax to the community that is a fraction of the inventor's declared value for it, with that fraction increasing linearly to unity by the end of the patent's term. Anyone may buy the patent by paying the current owner more than owner's declared value, as long as the buyer also pays the incremental patent value tax. Patent applicants must publish a precise description of the problem being solved. For that problem anyone may then publicly register prior art, any subsequent use of which is not considered infringing. If other inventors file patents for the same solution before that solution's first patent is issued, then none of them may enforce their patents until they all agree on how to share ownership.
The term of a patent should ideally be the time it would take for the invention to become obvious to other practitioners. It would be nice to have a market mechanism to set the term of an patent at the time of its filing or issue. The mechanism would need to punish inventors who overestimate the non-obviousness of their invention. I haven't been able to think up such a mechanism.
Patent law can be complicated, the key is in the thoughts right to exclude. The patent does not provide the right to develop or transfer the innovation but only allows the unique characteristics of the right.


The 9TH Lake Cup Regatta unveiled on Oct. 12 at the Moon Harbor in Jinji Lake. This year the event attracted 200 plus sailors from 10 countries. Good geographic condition provides a good visual perspective to watch and experience the competition.
At 10:15 a.m., all boats set out with spinnaker rose. Colorful spinnakers decorated the whole lake, which provided a spectacular visual feast for all people.
While because of the weak wind force, the mark laying work couldn't be carried out smoothly, and many sailors became relaxing themselves as they waited for the signals. The competition didn't start until 2:40p.m.
This year there are four groups including J80A group, J80B group, DC20 group and FH750S group. The competition of J80A group is the fiercest and the Jin Tao Ai Lang group led by the captain Wu Jianan was the first group successfully breaking the final line.
The Xiao Qing Page group gave a good performance in J80B group and pocketed the champion in the end.
DC20 and FH750S are newly introduced boats. The captain Li Xiaojing leading the Lei Shing Hong Benz Group 2 won the first prize by riding the DC20. When it comes to the characteristics of the DC20 boats, he answered, "DC20 is small in body and is easy to operate. It has a high requirement for sailors' cooperation and sometimes all people are needed to work together. But with so many years' sailing experience, it's easy for us to adapt to this boat".
Krijin Van Den Brink came to China in 2012 and changed its name as He Jinping. He began sailing when he was only 5 years old and he is also expert in designing sailing boat. Even though his has been very experienced in sailing but he said that what matters is not experience, but cooperation of group members. What's more half of the members are speaking English and the other half speaking Chinese, so the language obstacle is also a big problem for them. Even though they were faced with many difficulties, they still won the first prize in the end.


text:
such property in their possession, so that the guilty parties, should any be found, might be brought to punishment. I am instructed to add that your report is entirely satisfactory.
S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Adjutant-General.
GENERAL ORDERS, WAR DEPT., ADJT. GENERAL'S OFFICE,
Washington, July 7, 1864, 1. The troops of the Department of North Carolina and Virginia serving with the Army of the Potomac in the field, under Major-General Smith, will constitute the Eighteenth Army Corps, and Maj. Gen. William F. Smith is assigned to the command of the corps. Maj. Gen., B. F. Butler will command the remainder of the troops in that department, having his headquarters at Fort Monroe.
By order of the President:
E. D. TOWNSEND, Assistant Adjutant-General.
WASHINGTON, July 7, 1864–12.40 p. m. Major-General BUTLER:
Point Lookout having been attached to Department of Washington and General Barnes assigned to command, the Secretary of War has ordered General Hinks to report for temporary duty there. Acknowledge receipt.
HEADQUARTERS,
Near Bermuda Hundred, July 7, 1864-10 p. m.
(Received 12 p. m.) Colonel TOWNSEND, Assistant Adjutant-General :
General Grant has already ordered General Hinks to Point Lookont for temporary duty, and he has gone. A rebel deserter reports that it is part of Early's plan to attack Point Lookout and release the prisoners, amusing us meanwhile at Martinsburg. This is sent for what it is worth.
B. F. BUTLER,
Major-General.
HDQRS. DEPT. OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,
July 7, 1864. Brig. Gen. G. WEITZEL, Acting Chief of Staff*:
GENERAL: The following dispatch has just been received and is respectfully forwarded:
RIVER-BANK SIGNAL STATION,
Spring Hill, July 7, 1864–7.45 a. m. Captain NORTON: A train of eleven cars loaded with troops has just passed toward Petersburg.
A. G. SIMONS,
Lieutenant and Acting Signal Officer. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
L. B. NORTON, Captain and Chief Signal Officer.
HEADQUARTERS EIGHTEENTII ARMY CORPS,
July 7, 1861. Brigadier General RAWLINS, Chief of Staff, City Point :
Will you suggest to the lieutenant-general to have all regular approaches at the salient discontinued and have them begun at other places in the line to prevent attracting attention until he has examined the ground and made up his mind for himself?
WM. F. SMITH,
HEADQUARTERS EIGHTEENTH CORPS,
July 7, 1861. Brigadier-General RAWLINS, Chief of Staff', City Point:
Is there any objection to my visiting City Point this evening? General Franklin will be there.
HEADQUARTERS EIGHTEENTH ARMY CORPS,
July 7, 1864. Major RUSSELL: General Smith wishes to know if all is quiet on his line. Respectfully,
OPERATOR.
All is quiet. Even the artillery firing has entirely ceased.
WM. RUSSELL, JR.,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
HEADQUARTERS SECOND DIVISION, TENTI ARMY CORPS,
Near Petersburg, Va., July 7, 1864. Colonel BURTON,
Fifth U. S. Arty., Chief of Artillery, 18th Army Corps : COLONEL: In view of the increase of the enemy's mortar fire on my front, I most respectfully request that an addition of from four to five 8-inch mortars may be added to the artillery of my line that I may keep a preponderance of vertical fire. Only by keeping down the enemy's fire can I escape from a most severe daily loss of life. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. W. TURNER, Brigadier General, Commanding.
Point LOOKOUT, MD., July 5, 1864.
(Received 8.50 a. m.) Hon. E. M. STANTON, Secretary of War:
All quiet at this post. General Hinks has just arrived here, with order from General Butler to take command, and subsequent approval of Lieutenant-General Grant.
JAS. BARNES,
Brigailier-General, Commanding District, (Same to General Augur.)
WAR DEPARTMENT,
July 7, 1861. Brigadier-General BARNES,
Point Lookout : The order of General Grant assigning General Hinks to Point Lookout was made in ignorance of the fact that the post was no longer in General Butler's command. The order of the Department assigning you is superior to all others. General Hinks has been directed to report to the Adjutant-General in Washington for duty. You cannot be too vigilant, as the enemy is now operating in Maryland in large force.
HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
Washington, July 7, 1864. Major-General AUGUR,
Commanding Department of Washington: GENERAL: The telegram from General Barnes of to-day's date has been submitted to Major-General Halleck, chief of staff. Colonel Townsend has been instructed to telegraph to General Hinks that General Barnes is commander of Point Lookout and District of Saint Mary's, and that he, General Hinks, will relinquish the command and report back to General Butler. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
ROBERT N. SCOTT, Captain, Fourth I: S. Infantry, Aide-de-Camp.
Commanding, Point Lookout: The Navy will furnish any additional force of gun-boats you may require for protection. Report your wishes. Has General Hinks started for Washington, or where is he? The utmost vigilance on your part is essential for the security of your command.
POINT LOOKOUT, July 7, 1861.
(Received 10.20 a. m. 8th.) Hon. EDWIN M. STANTON,
Secretary of War: Your telegram of this p. m. has been received and will be attended to. General Hinks left this afternoon at 4 o'clock for Washington. All quiet.
JAMES BARNES, Brigadier-General, Commanding.
WASHINGTON, July 8, 1864—2.30 p. m. Lieutenant-General GRANT,
City Point, Va. General Canby telegraphs from New Orleans, July 2, that over 6,000 men would embark that day, and would reach Fort Monroe from the 8th to the 10th; 6,000 more would be ready as soon as transports arrived, and that the whole number to be sent will be 20,000. Ricketts' division arrived at Baltimore and was sent forward to the Monocacy. Dismounted cavalry ordered here for remounts, but none yet arrived. General Sheridan says 2,496 of those sent are sick. If so, we shall have but 500 for the field. Hunter's army moves so slow, and the railroad is so broken up, that I fear he will be too late to give us much aid. Enemy around Maryland Heights, at Hagerstown, Boonsborough, and Middletown, and threatening Frederick. Also, guerrillas at Brookeville, threatening Washington and Baltimore road. There has been considerable alarm in Washington, Baltimore, and Pennsylvania.
H. W. HALLECK, Major-General and Chief of Staff.
CITY POINT, VA., July 8, 1864—7 p. m.
(Received 7.40 a. m. 9th) Major-General HALLECK,
Washington, D. C.: Two battalions of the Ninth New York Heavy Artillery are now with the division of troops sent to Baltimore. Order them to Washington. The third battalion will be sent direct to Washington at once.
U. S. GRANT,
Lieutenant General.
July 8, 1864--10.15 a, m. Lieutenant-General GRANT:
There was considerable artillery and musketry firing in front of the Ninth Corps last night, principally the enemy, who seemed to suspect the operations there. Major-General Burnside reports that the enemy's mortars are beginning to annoy him. The work on the redoubt to the left and rear of the Fifth Corps is progressing rapidly. The signal officers report a train of cars with materials as going out of Petersburg this morning on the Weldon railroad toward Reams Station, and there is no doubt from the report of deserters and refugees that the enemy are repairing this road, their working parties protected by their cavalry force with infantry supports.
GEO. G. MEADE,
CITY POINT, July 8, 1864--11.30 a. m. Maj. Gen. GEORGE G. MEADE:
Colonel Comstock is going out this morning and will explain to you my idea.
If the approaches are made it will be with the view of ultimately making an assault on the enemy's lines, but I have always hoped to go through in General Butler's front so as to carry the north bank of Swift Creek. This, however, cannot be done until the Nineteenth Corps arrives, without giving up too much ground that we have already fought for. This would make no difference, except in case of failure to get through to Swift Creek. The advantage of commencing our regular approaches on your front now would simply be that we would be that far advanced if we were compelled at last to advance in that way, and it would tend to divert the enemy from the proposed advance in General Butler's front. We ought by all means to cut the Weldon road so as to make it useless to enemy.
I think Wright's two divisions should take the place of Hancock's corps, and the latter should support the cavalry whilst it destroys the road 'down as far as Hicksford. Preparations for this, I think, should be made at once so as to start from your left by the night of the 10th.
July 8, 1864—12 m. Lieutenant-General GRANT:
The order sending sutlers to the rear issued by me before crossing the Rapidan, has never been rescinded. The objection to permitting them to come to the front is the necessity either of allowing them the use of Government wagons to bring their goods from City Point, or else permitting them to bring their own wagons, thus increasing the animals to be fed and the number of wagons using the roads, some three or four hundred. Another objection is the uncertainty of our position and the difficulty of getting rid of them in the event of a sudden movement. Situated as I am I neither feel that I have the full authority to act in this matter, nor the proper information to enable me to act advisedly without a reference to you. I would therefore be glad to have your idea upon this point. There are many articles only to be procured from the sutlers, which are necessary to the men's comfort and which they are now in want of, and I think it would be well to let the sutlers come up, if it is practicable.
CITY POINT, VA., July 8, 1864. Major-General MEADE,
Commanding, &c.: You are authorized to use your own judgment about allowing sutlers with the army, and the manner of getting their goods to the front.
U. S. GRANT.
CITY POINT, VA., July 8, 1864-5.10 p. m. Major-General MEADE,
Commanding, &c.: Was there any heavy artillery regiment in the division sent north under General Ricketts If not one will have to be sent to Washington without delay. There are no troops in the trenches about Washington who know anything about artillery, and I have now received two dispatches to return one of the heavy artillery regiments.
Lieutenant-General.


text:
Q: dialog does not come up after uploading asp.net mvc 2 my dialog does not popup after successfull upload? the upload works fine but   $("#dialog-confirm").dialog does not work?

    upload Data

<link href="../../Content/jquery-ui-1.8.12.custom/css/ui-lightness/jquery-ui-1.8.12.custom.css"
    rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

<form id="ajaxUploadForm" action="<%= Url.Action("AjaxUpload", "Home")%>" method="post"    enctype="multipart/form-data">
<fieldset>
    <legend>Upload a file</legend>

        File to upload:
        <input type="file" name="file" />(100MB max size)
    <input id="ajaxUploadButton" type="submit" value="Submit" />
</fieldset>
</form>

  public FileUploadJsonResult AjaxUpload(HttpPostedFileBase file)
    {
        // TODO: Add your business logic here and/or save the file
        System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(2000); // Simulate a long running upload

        // Return JSON
        return new FileUploadJsonResult { Data = new { message = string.Format("{0} uploaded successfully.", System.IO.Path.GetFileName(file.FileName)) } };
    }

A: I see that you are using the jquery.form plugin for AJAXifying the form and returning JSON from your controller action. Here's what the documentation says about this scenario:

Since it is not possible to upload
  files using the browser's
  XMLHttpRequest object, the Form Plugin
  uses a hidden iframe element to help
  with the task. This is a common
  technique, but it has inherent
  limitations. The iframe element is
  used as the target of the form's
  submit operation which means that the
  server response is written to the
  iframe. This is fine if the response
  type is HTML or XML, but doesn't work
  as well if the response type is script
  or JSON, both of which often contain
  characters that need to be repesented
  using entity references when found in
  HTML markup.
To account for the challenges of
  script and JSON responses, the Form
  Plugin allows these responses to be
  embedded in a textarea element and it
  is recommended that you do so for
  these response types when used in
  conjuction with file uploads.

So for this to work the response from the server needs to look like this:
<textarea>{ message: 'file uploaded successfully' }</textarea>

Is it what this custom FileUploadJsonResult is doing in your controller action?


text:
tg.Ground = new Class({
	toString: 'Ground',
	extend: tg.GameObject,
	construct: function(options) {
		options = jQuery.extend({
			width: 256*10,
			height: 256*10,
			segmentsW: 1,
			segmentsH: 1,
			textureRepeatX: 256/10,
			textureRepeatY: 256/10,
			textureUrl: 'tankGame/textures/ground.png'
		}, options);

		var texture = THREE.ImageUtils.loadTexture(options.textureUrl);
		texture.wrapS = THREE.RepeatWrapping;
		texture.wrapT = THREE.RepeatWrapping;
		texture.repeat.set(options.textureRepeatX, options.textureRepeatY);

		var material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({
			map: texture,
			color: 0xFFFFFF
		});

		// create the geometry
		var geometry = new THREE.PlaneGeometry(options.width, options.height, options.segmentsW, options.segmentsH);

		// create the mesh
		var mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
		mesh.receiveShadow = true;

		this.root = mesh;
	}
});


Includes the names of more than 9,000 Lithuanian Jews - extracted from Lithuanian newspapers (lists mostly from the Province of Kovno, State of Douma) from the years 1850 to 1910.
Search the index here and now to see if you see the name(s) of your relative(s) on the list. There are over 9,000 names on several pages. The following link show the first two letters of the first person on each page. Select Ab Ba Bl Do Ga Ha Jo Ka Ki Kr Le Li Me Na Pi Re Sa Sh Sn Tr Vo Return here by clicking on UP balloon.
The database shows Abram Gurvits listed twice once as Abram Gurvitz - 48 and then Abram Gurvitz - 57. That he is listed twice means there are two articles that contain his name. The numbers 48 and 57 are for my reference.
Abram son of Jossel Gurvitz was owner of the house in Kaunas in 4th quarter of the town on Moskovskaya street. He is mentioned in the list of electors in the State Douma (Russian Parliament) in 1907, published in the supplement to newspaper "Kovenskiye gubernskije vedomosti" # 50, 1907.
Meilachovitch Berka- 35 - In 1859 on the page 198 of the newspaper "Kovenskije gubernskije vedomosti" published the Kovno District Court call the heirs of a Jew Berka son of Leib Meilachovitch to take possession of their inheritance.
In addition to the translation of the article I will send you a copy of the original entry.
In addition to the translation of the article I send you a copy of the original entry.


Chen Fan's face as looked at the sincere smile, Su Hanshan sighed in his heart.
Chen Fan's thought, it would mean that everyone's thoughts.
Anyone would think, he was really in a short few years, the Dragon Sovereign, reaching the current rank seven into Spirit Realm.
In actuality, this was not the case.
Saint Child's spatial ring and the flow of time, Even though the times, However, he could not even time?
If it was coupled with the Saint Child's spatial ring, Su Hanshan came down and Star Area, he might have already spent hundreds of years.
Of course, not even a hundred years, it was already extremely terrifying, It wasn't Chen Fan and the others had thought that exaggerated.
Talent, no matter how high resources to many people, it was impossible for a short couple of years, the Dragon Sovereign had reached the seventh rank into Spirit Realm.
Each Realm, they needed to solidify.
If it weren't for this, then the Sacred Saint Galaxy in Da Could, afraid that the child is born in an instant, and he directly threw it forcefully increased until they could increase the Peak.
Increased by man, wasn't that withstand Ability, would undergo body's situation.
Therefore, Su Hanshan never believed that he was a genius, In the past, when he did, in this life, had also not.
Would go to such a degree, Moreover, the time required to a much, based on previous experiences, as well as...... some Fate.
Chen Fan immediately froze on Earth!
Su Hanshan towards Chen Fan cupped his fist and took his leave, The latter was blankly standing there, but did not listen.
When Su Hanshan's figure, completely disappeared, and at that moment, Chen Fan finally woke up.
Chen Fan's roar, Su Hanshan heard it.
What he could do, could only bitterly smile.
Even he himself had to admit that his overall strength...... really abnormal.
After the mountain, it had already entered his eyes.
Su Hanshan Divine Sense swept over, could see, hundreds of figures behind the mountain, around and sat down cross-legged.
His Divine Sense stretched out, This figure, also looking at him.
A figure from the back mountain within charged out, it was an old man.
Su Hanshan recognised this person, a peak Elder in the middle of a person, called Song continued.
"With the position of the Elder, Heavenly Mountain Pavilion, would definitely be able to eternal life." Su Hanshan said with a smile.
Song continued while his mouth fiercely twitched, but he didn't dare to say anything.
The two Heavenly Mountain Pavilion, daring to say that Ren Qing liked, was Su Hanshan.
Su Hanshan with Ren Qing liked, that didn't know, the relationship, Heavenly Mountain Pavilion who had some knowledge.
Although no one dared believe, Ren Qing liked how like Su Hanshan, But when Sun Battle, Ren Qing like everything, going to save Su Hanshan's screen, they saw it all.
At this moment, upon hearing that Su Hanshan's words, Song continued seemed to have guessed something.
Star Spirit Cave in the Central mountain behind.
The entrance, without anyone to lead, it's really hard to find where exactly was.
Su Hanshan following Song continued, arriving at this place, saw the surrounding Spiritual Qi thriving scene.
"After you key, give it to me," Song Chao continued Su Hanshan.
Su Hanshan immediately placed the pieces of Crystal took it out, handed it to Song continued.
Song continued without hesitation, his figure flickered, arrived in the Void.
The palm towards Void, tapped a couple of times, and there were even some brown Runes appeared.
These Runes appeared, immediately entered the Void, and disappeared.
The Void suddenly ripped open a crack, there was a huge statue, his Void had appeared within it.
The statue seemed to be a man, is carved with a vivid, lifelike, it left his hands behind his back, and his right hand reached out and lifted his head to look at the Void, his eyes deep.
"This is our Heavenly Mountain Pavilion first Pavilion Master." Song continued to explain, and his eyes revealed admiration and passion.
Song continued his figure flashed, arrived in front of the statue, placed the Crystal, put it into a statue stretched out his right hand.
In that instant, the entire statue in the middle, immediately released a dense light aura.
The light quickly condensed, as if it was through the Sunlight reflected, a giant pillar of light appeared.
Beam horizontally and not straight, leading to the front, his gaze was looking at that place.
Lifted his foot, directly stepped into the Tong Said within.
The cross in the moment that Tong Said suddenly disappeared, the statue returned to crack, crack closed.
Ps. Alright, let's stop here for today, 7 and given to everyone.
Logically speaking, a card Wen, I have to properly evaluate the plot.
Tomorrow still will not, Ling Chen had returned, and they would not speak.
Right, Thank you, "Li Xue Feng" Brother of the bounty!


text:
Q: How to upload a file in one webservice call with Symfony2? In my Restful API, i want to upload a file in one call.
In my tests, the form is initialized and binded at the same time, but all my data fields form are empty and the result is an empty record in my database.
If I pass by the form view and then submit it, all is fine but i want to call the Webservice in one call. The webservice is destinated to be consumed by a backbone app.
Thanks for your help.
My Test:
$client = static::createClient();
$photo = new UploadedFile(
        '/Userdirectory/test.jpg',
        'photo.jpg',
        'image/jpeg',
        14415
);
$crawler = $client->request('POST', '/ws/upload/mydirectory', array(), array('form[file]' => $photo), array('Content-Type'=>'multipart/formdata'));

There is my controller action:
public function uploadAction(Request $request, $directory, $_format)
{
    $document = new Media();
    $document->setDirectory($directory);
    $form = $this->createFormBuilder($document, array('csrf_protection' => false))
        /*->add('directory', 'hidden', array(
             'data' => $directory
        ))*/
        ->add('file')
        ->getForm()
    ;
    if ($this->getRequest()->isMethod('POST')) {

        $form->bind($request);
        if ($form->isValid()) {
            $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
            $em->persist($document);
            $em->flush();
            if($document->getId() !== '')
                return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl('media_show', array('id'=>$document->getId(), 'format'=>$_format)));
        }else{
            $response = new Response(serialize($form->getErrors()), 406);
            return $response;
        }
   }

    return array('form' => $form->createView());
}

My Media Entity:
    <?php

    namespace MyRestBundle\RestBundle\Entity;
    use Symfony\Component\Serializer\Normalizer\NormalizableInterface;
    use Symfony\Component\Serializer\Normalizer\NormalizerInterface;
    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
    use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
    /**
     * @ORM\Entity
     * @ORM\HasLifecycleCallbacks
     */
    class Media
    {
        /**
         * @ORM\Id
         * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
         * @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
         */
        protected $id;

        /**
         * @ORM\Column(type="string", length=255, nullable=true)
         */
        protected $path;

        public $directory;

        /**
         * @Assert\File(maxSize="6000000")
         */
        public $file;

        /**
         * @see \Symfony\Component\Serializer\Normalizer\NormalizableInterface
         */
        function normalize(NormalizerInterface $normalizer, $format= null)
        {
            return array(
                'path' => $this->getPath()
            );
        }

        /**
         * @see
         */
        function denormalize(NormalizerInterface $normalizer, $data, $format = null)
        {
            if (isset($data['path']))
            {
                $this->setPath($data['path']);
            }
        }

        protected function getAbsolutePath()
        {
            return null === $this->path ? null : $this->getUploadRootDir().'/'.$this->path;
        }

        protected function getWebPath()
        {
            return null === $this->path ? null : $this->getUploadDir().'/'.$this->path;
        }

        protected function getUploadRootDir()
        {
            // the absolute directory path where uploaded documents should be saved
            return __DIR__.'/../../../../web/'.$this->getUploadDir();
        }

        protected function getUploadDir()
        {
            // get rid of the __DIR__ so it doesn't screw when displaying uploaded doc/image in the view.
            return 'uploads/'.(null === $this->directory ? 'documents' : $this->directory);
        }

        /**
         * @ORM\PrePersist()
         * @ORM\PreUpdate()
         */
        public function preUpload()
        {
            if (null !== $this->file) {
                // do whatever you want to generate a unique name
                $this->path = $this->getUploadDir().'/'.sha1(uniqid(mt_rand(), true)).'.'.$this->file->guessExtension();
            }
        }

        /**
         * @ORM\PostPersist()
         * @ORM\PostUpdate()
         */
        public function upload()
        {
            if (null === $this->file) {
                return;
            }

            // if there is an error when moving the file, an exception will
            // be automatically thrown by move(). This will properly prevent
            // the entity from being persisted to the database on error
            $this->file->move($this->getUploadRootDir(), $this->path);

            unset($this->file);
        }

        /**
         * @ORM\PostRemove()
         */
        public function removeUpload()
        {
            if ($file = $this->getAbsolutePath()) {
                unlink($file);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Set Directory
         *
         * @param string $directory
         * @return Media
         */
        public function setDirectory($directory)
        {
            $this->directory = $directory;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Set Path
         *
         * @param string $path
         * @return Media
         */
        public function setPath($path)
        {
            $this->path = $path;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Get path
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getPath()
        {
            $request = Request::createFromGlobals();
            return $request->getHost().'/'.$this->path;
        }

        /**
         * Get id
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getId()
        {
            return $this->id;
        }
    }

My routing:
upload_dir_media:
  pattern:      /upload/{directory}.{_format}
  defaults:     { _controller: MyRestBundle:Media:upload, _format: html }
  requirements: { _method: POST }

A: Try breaking this problem down into a simple state. How would you post 'text' or a variable to a web service with one post? Because an image is just a long string. Check out the php function imagecreatefromstring or imgtostring . This is often what goes on behind the scenes of you image transfer protocols.. Once you so solve the simpler problem, you will have proven you can solve your original problem.