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7 Open Source Libraries for Deep Learning Graphs
In this article we'll go through 7 up-and-coming open source libraries for graph deep learning, ranked in order of increasing popularity.
By Kevin Vu, Exxact Corp on July 15, 2021 in Deep Learning, Graphs, Open Source
Introducing Deep Learning on Graphs
If you're a deep learning enthusiast you're probably already familiar with some of the basic mathematical primitives that have been driving the impressive capabilities of what we call deep neural networks. Although we like to think of a basic artificial neural network as some nodes with some weighted connections, it's more efficient computationally to think of neural networks as matrix multiplication all the way down. We might draw a cartoon of an artificial neural network like the figure below, with information traveling in from left to right from inputs to outputs (ignoring recurrent networks for now).
Multilayer perceptron cartoon in the public domain, Source
This type of neural network is a feed-forward multilayer perceptron (MLP). If we want a computer to compute the forward pass for this model, it's going to use a string of matrix multiplies and some sort of non-linearity (here represented by the Greek letter sigma) in the hidden layer:
MLP matrix multiplication cartoon in the public domain, Source
MLPs are well-suited for data that can be naturally shaped as 1D vectors. While neat and all, MLPs use an awful lot of parameters when data samples are large, and this isn't a very efficient way to treat higher dimensional data like 2D images or 3D volumes. 2D data like images instead naturally lend themselves to the operation of convolution, wherein weights are applied in local neighborhoods across the entire image, instead of granting each point to point connection between layers it's own weight. This type of weight sharing has a number of advantages, including translation equivariance, regularization, and parameter efficiency.
Convolution can be visualized like so:
Convolution cartoon in the public domain, Source
Of course we're not going to sit down with pen and paper and perform these operations by hand, we want an algorithm that can quickly perform convolution across each image channel in a computer-friendly way.
In principle, computers perform convolutions something like the following:
Convolution as multiplication of matrices in the Fourier domain cartoon in the public domain, Source
That's right, convolution operations are again implemented as the multiplication of matrices, although this time it is element-wise. This is thanks to the convolution theorem of the Fourier transform, which states that multiplication in the Fourier domain relates to convolution in the spatial domain. But what happens when our data of interest isn't particularly well-suited to representation as a 1D vector or a 2D/3D image, and is instead naturally represented as a graph?
Graph cartoon in the public domain, Source
For our purposes, a graph is a collection of nodes connected by edges, as shown in the cartoon. The edges can have their own properties such as weights and/or directionality, and the nodes typically have some sort of states or features, just like the node activations in a feed-forward MLP.
In a graph neural network, each "layer" is just a snapshot of the node states of the graph, and these are connected by operational updates related to each node and its neighbors, such as neural networks operating as the edges between nodes.
If we want to use graph neural networks to achieve impressive results on graph-structured data, like what convolutional neural networks did for deep learning on images, we need an efficient way to implement these models on computers. That almost always means we need a way to convert the conceptual graph neural network framework to something that works on a modern deep learning GPU.
How can we possibly convert the complicated idea of graph neural networks to another form of matrix multiplication?
A convenient way to represent the connections in a graph is with something called an adjacency matrix. As the name suggests, an adjacency matrix describes which nodes are next to each other (i.e. connected to each other by edges) in the graph.
But a graph neural network needs to operate on graphs with arbitrary structure (much like the convolutional kernels of a conv-net can work on images of different height and width), so we can't expect the input data to have the same adjacency matrix each time or even for each adjacency matrix to have the same dimensions. We can deal with this by combining the adjacency matrices for several samples diagonally into a larger matrix describing all the connections in a batch.
This allows us to deal with multiple graphs with different structures in a single batch, and you'll notice that this formulation also results in weight sharing between nodes. There are a few more details to this: the adjacency matrix should be normalized so that feature scales don't completely change, and there are other approaches to convolution on graphs than the graph convolution network approach (GCN) we are talking about here, but it's a good starting point in understanding the GNN forward pass.
It's enough to give us an appreciation for the data preparation and mathematical operations needed to implement deep learning on graphs. Luckily, the interest in deep learning for graph-structured data has motivated the development of a number of open source libraries for graph deep learning, leaving more cognitive room for researchers and engineers to concentrate on architectures, experiments, and applications.
7 Open Source Libraries for Deep Learning on Graphs
7. GeometricFlux.jl
Reflecting the dominance of the language for graph deep learning, and for deep learning in general, most of the entries on this list use Python and are built on top of TensorFlow, PyTorch, or JAX. This first entry, however, is an open source library for graph neural networks built on the Flux deep learning framework in the Julia programming language.
One may be tempted to write off GeometricFlux.jl, and even the whole idea of using the Julia language for deep learning due to the relatively small number of practitioners, but it is a language with a growing community and offers a number of technical advantages over Python. One would have hardly predicted DeepMind would start ditching TensorFlow in favor of JAX just a few years ago (see entry number 5 on this list), and likewise in just a few short years we may see the Julia language start to supplant Python as the standard language for machine learning.
The Julia programming language was designed from the start to be both highly productive (like Python), and fast like compiled languages including C. Julia language uses just-in-time compilation to achieve fast execution speed, while it's read-execute-print loop (REPL) makes interactive and iterative programming reasonably productive. You will notice a slight delay when you run code for the first time, especially if you're used to using Python in a particularly interactive way (like in Jupyter notebooks), but over time the speed-ups for a given workflow can be significant.
Julia is designed as a scientific programming language, and there has been significant development of automatic differentiation packages over the last five years or so. The end result is functionality that can combine research-centered libraries like the DifferentialEquations.jl package with machine learning capabilities as we see in the neural differential equations package DiffEqFlux.jl. The same goes for GeometricFlux.jl, which is built to be compatible with the graph theory research JuliaGraphs ecosystem as well as other parts of Flux.
If you're using graph deep learning for work, it may be most efficient to stick with a library that's built on PyTorch or the standard working framework for deep learning used for other projects. If you're starting from scratch or doing research, however, GeometricFlux.jl makes a compelling entry point for graph deep learning and differentiable programming with Julia. The library's friendly MIT License also makes it easy to build and contribute the tools you need, or to tackle some of the open issues from the project's GitHub repository.
6. PyTorch GNN
The PyTorch Graph Neural Network library is a graph deep learning library from Microsoft, still under active development at version ~0.9.x after being made public in May of 2020. PTGNN is made to be readily familiar for users familiar with building models based on the torch.nn.Module class, and handles the workflow tasks of dataloaders and turning graphs into PyTorch-ready tensors.
PTGNN is based on an interesting architecture called the AbstractNeuralModel. This class encapsulates the entire process of training a graph neural network including tensorizing and pre-proccessing raw data, and includes the TNeuralModule that is the actual neural model sub-classed from PyTorch's nn.Module class. The neural modules can be used independently of the AbstractNeuralModel object, and in fact can be combined with other types of PyTorch modules/layers if desired.
PTGNN is slightly younger than GeometricFlux.jl and has a less active commit history, but ekes out slightly more GitHub stars and forks. It has the same permissive and open source MIT License, but if you're looking for a project to contribute to, you'll need to be fairly self-directed. The "Issues" tab on GitHub provides little to no direction of what needs to be fixed or implemented. PTGNN has a few interesting design elements in its construction that may be of interest to work with or on, but if you're a graph neural network enthusiast looking for a PyTorch-based graph deep learning library you may be better served by using PyTorch Geometric (number 1 on our list). PyTorch Geometric is more mature, having been in development for about 4 years now, and has an established and growing community of users and developers.
5. Jraph
Late last year you may have noticed a blog post from DeepMind with a little less pomp and circumstance than their usual headline-grabbing landmarks. In December 2020 Deepmind described their ongoing efforts in developing and using a capable ecosystem of deep learning research libraries based on the functional differentiable programming library JAX. JAX is the conceptual progeny of what started as an academic project for simple but nigh-universal automatic differentiation in Python (especially NumPy) called Autograd.
After Google scooped up several of the research programmers responsible for the original Autograd, they developed a new library and now we have JAX. JAX is an interesting package due in no small part to its emphasis on composable functional programming paradigms. It also pays attention to the more general concept of "differentiable programming" rather than focusing primarily on neural networks like TensorFlow or PyTorch. Although PyTorch and TensorFlow can both be used to build, say, differentiable physics models instead of neural networks, JAX is more readily amenable to flexible differentiable programming for scientific and other programming tasks from the start. The JAX offering is compelling enough, at least, to induce DeepMind to embark on a substantial adoption and development track, despite having previously spent significant time building TensorFlow-based tools like Sonnet.
As part of DeepMind's efforts to develop a JAX-based ecosystem for deep learning research they've developed a graph learning library called Jraph.
Original image in the public domain from Wikimedia contributor Scambelo
Unlike some of the other libraries on this list, Jraph is a lightweight and minimalistic graph learning library that doesn't in general prescribe a specific way for working with itself. Jraph inherited some design patterns from a spiritual predecessor, Graph Nets, built with TensorFlow and Sonnet. Namely, Jraph uses the same GraphsTuple concept as Graph Nets, which is a data structure containing infromation describing nodes, edges, and edge directions. Another feature handled by Jraph, makes special accommodations for dealing with variable-structured graphs using masks and padding. That's not a concern for most of the other Python libraries on this list, but it's necessary due to the use of just-in-time compilation in JAX. This ensures that working with graphs in JAX doesn't mean giving up the execution speedups JAX provides on both GPU and CPU hardware.
4. Spektral
Spektral logos used under the MIT License, from the Spektral documentation.
Spektral is a graph deep learning library based on Tensorflow 2 and Keras, and with a logo clearly inspired by the Pac-Man ghost villains. If you are set on using a TensorFlow-based library for your graph deep learning needs, Spektral may be your best option (although DGL, number 2 on our list, can support both PyTorch or TensorFlow back-ends). It's designed to be easy-to-use and flexible, while retaining usage that is as close as possible to the familiar Keras API. This means that you can even train a model using the convenient model.fit() method, so long as you provide a Spetkral dataloader to handle the formation of TensorFlow friendly sparse matrices defining the graph. Unfortunately there is a trade-off for the ease-of-use of Spektral, and this comes in the form of noticeably slower training speeds for most tasks compared to the other major libraries DGL and PyTorch Geometric.
Spektral has significant adoption and it may be an appealing option should you want to build graph models with TensorFlow. It's likely to be better supported than the Graph Nets library by Deepmind, which is next on our list but for all appearances is being phased out in favor of the JAX-based Jraph. Spektral is released under the Apache 2.0 open source license and has an active issues board with pull requests being integrated on a regular basis, making this an appealing library for someone wishing to not only use a good deep learning library, but contribute to one as well.
3. Graph Nets
Graph Nets is another graph deep learning from Deepmind. Built on TensorFlow and Sonnet (another DeepMind library), it may soon be largely superseded by the JAX-based Jraph described earlier. Graph Nets requires TensorFlow 1, and as a result it feels somewhat dated despite being only about 3 years old. As of this writing, It has an impressive 737 forks and nearly 5,000 stars on GitHub, and, like most other libraries from Google/DeepMind, is licensed under Apache 2.0. Graph Nets originated the GraphsTuple data structure used by Jraph.
While Graph Nets seems to be quite popular on GitHub, it is probably a less attractive option than the other libraries on this list, unless you are working on a pre-existing code base that already makes heavy use of the library. For new projects with TensforFlow, Spektral and DGL are probably a better bet, as they're built with more up-to-date technology and likely to continue to receive decent support for a few years.
2. Deep Graph Library (DGL)
Rather than being associated with a major tech company like Microsoft's PTGNN or Google/DeepMind's Jraph and Graph Nets, DGL is the product of a group of deep learning enthusiasts called the Distributed Deep Machine Learning Community. It has over 100 contributors, over 1500 commits, and over 7,000 stars on GitHub. DGL is also unique in our list for offering a flexible choice of back-end. Models can have PyTorch, TensorFlow, or MXNet running under the hood, while offering a largely similar experience to the one driving an experiment. It's one of the longer-lived libraries still under active development on our list, with a first commit going back to April 2018. DGL was used recently to build the SE(3) transformer, a powerful graph transformer with both rotational and translational equivariance that is suspected to be a building block or inspiration for AlphaFold2. This model, the successor to the already impressive AlphaFold, was the star behind DeepMind's impressive, show-winning performance at the 2020 CASP14 protein structure prediction challenge. That event prompted some major news outlets to herald AlphaFold2 as the first AI project to solve a major scientific challenge.
DGL is built around the neural message passing paradigm described by Gilmer et al. in 2017. This provides a flexible framework and it covers most types of graph layers for building graph neural networks. As you'll notice from reading through the code repository and documentation, DGL is an expansive project. This also means there are plenty (nearly 200) open issues, a ripe opportunity for someone looking to contribute to a graph deep learning project with a big impact. DGL is used for a number of specialized applications, to the extent where several additional libraries have been built on top of it. DGL-LifeSci is a library built specifically for deep learning graphs as applied to chem- and bio-informatics, while DGL-KE is built for working with knowledge graph embeddings. Both of those bonus libraries are developed by AWS Labs.
1. PyTorch Geometric
The library topping our list is none other than PyTorch Geometric. PyTorch Geometric, or PyG to friends, is a mature geometric deep learning library with over 10,000 stars and 4400 commits, most of these being the output of one very prolific PhD student rusty1s. PyG sports a very long list of implemented graph neural network layers. Not only does it run deep graph networks quite quickly, but PyG is also built for other types of geometric deep learning such as point cloud and mesh-based models.
PyG has a well written tutorial introduction by example, and having been developed since 2017, it's pretty well established and well-supported by a community of users and just over 140 contributors. Using PyG will be very familiar for anyone who has worked with PyTorch before, with the most noticeable difference being some differences in the data input. Instead of the usual forward(x) programming pattern, you'll instead get used to using forward(batch), where batch is a data structure that contains all the information describing graph features and connections.
For new projects with a free hand in choosing a library, PyTorch Geometric is pretty tough to beat.
For example, here's how the libraries compare to each other:
Name License Stars Language, Flavor Main Contributor(s)
GeometricFlux.jl MIT 180 Julia Language, Flux.jl yuehua
PyTorch GNN MIT 206 Python, PyTorch Microsoft
Jraph Apache 2.0 536 Python, JAX DeepMind
Spektral MIT 1,700 Python, TF2/keras danielegrattarola
Graph Nets Apache 2.0 4,800 Python, PyTorch DeepMind
Deep Graph Library Apache 2.0 7,000 Python, PyTorch, TF, MxNet Distributed MLC
PyTorch Geometric MIT 10,600 Python, PyTorch rusty1s
Choosing a Deep Learning Library
In many cases, your choice of a deep graph learning library will be heavily influenced by a previous choice of deep learning library made by you, your employer, or maybe your supervising professor. If you are fond of the Keras API and TensorFlow or need to retain consistent dependencies with a pre-existing code base, for example, Spektral may be the right library for you. We wouldn't recommend starting a new project with DeepMind's Graph Nets and TensorFlow 1, but the library does still get occasional updates and may be a reasonable choice to support legacy projects.
If you're lucky enough to be starting from scratch, you have a couple of enticing options. If you think the deliberate productivity + execution speed prioritization of the Julia Programming is the future of machine learning and scientific programming, GeometricFlux.jl is an exciting prospect. If you are intrigued by functional programming paradigms and want to retain some of the speed advantages from just-in-time compilation (like Julia) but would prefer to stick with Python, the JAX-based Jraph is an attractive option. Finally, if you want a fast, capable library at a relatively established and mature state of development, it's going to be hard to go wrong with PyTorch Geometric.
Original. Reposted with permission.
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How a serial swindler dressed like James Bond, drove an Aston Martin and fleeced more than $7.6 MILLION from girlfriends and even fashion designer Lisa Ho - and his victims believe he's stashed most of the money overseas
Serial con man Hamish McLaren has been sentenced to minimum of 12 years jail
McLaren, 49, swindled some $7.6m from loved ones and his business associates
More than $5.4m remains missing, with McLaren refusing to reveal its location
McLaren targeted friends, loved ones, and mum and dad investors over six years
One elderly couple lost their life savings, while fashion icon Lisa Ho lost $300k
By Australian Associated Press and Josh Hanrahan For Daily Mail Australia
A serial conman who dressed like James Bond and swindled more than $7.6 million from people including girlfriends and good friends has been jailed for at least 12 years.
Hamish Earle McLaren fleeced 16 victims, including Australian fashion designer Lisa Ho and his then-girlfriend Tracey Hall, during a relentless series of frauds from 2011 to 2017.
The conman - whose exploits have been the topic of popular podcast 'Who the Hell is Hamish?' - only ended when he was finally arrested by NSW Police in July 2017.
Acting Judge Colin Charteris told the NSW District Court that McLaren 'did not have any remorse' about deliberately fleecing loved ones, and mum and dad investors.
Hamish Earle McLaren (pictured), a serial conman who fleeced girlfriends, friends and leading business associates out of $7.6 million, has been jailed for a minimum of 12 years
Bec Rosen (centre), the ex-wife of Hamish McLaren, leaves the Downing Centre District Court with a smile on her face last week
He pointed to the fact that McLaren has refused to shed light on the location of $5.4 million which remains missing, believed to be hidden in overseas bank accounts.
'Even James Bond would have trouble spending $900,000 a year... where is it?' Acting Judge Charteris said.
'He has had absolutely no compassion to the victims.
'I do not believe he has any remorse, I believe he is consumed by himself. I accept he was motivated by greed and not need.
'To reveal the skill of this offender, he was able to persuade Ms Ho, an experienced businesswoman, and (her company's) chief financial officer about his qualifications.'
Chris Dawson pleads not guilty to murdering his wife Lynette... Swimming coach, 20, accused of sexually assaulting 10 young...
McLaren - who also called himself Hamish Watson and Max Tavita over the years - used fake but impressive stories to endear himself to victims.
These included talking up his financial expertise and lying about being in New York at a bar near the World Trade Centre when the planes hit on September 11, 2001.
He used the money he stole from his victims to live a lavish lifestyle, making regular trips to top holiday destinations and driving fast cars including an Aston Martin.
Among McLaren's victims were an elderly couple who lost their life savings and Lisa Ho, a top Australian fashion designer, from who he stole more than $300,000.
McLaren (pictured), who also called himself Hamish Watson and Max Tavita over the years, will be eligible for parole in July 2029
Another of McLaren's former lovers, Tracy Hall (pictured) was in court to see the man she once loved sent to jail
Karen Lowe (pictured) lost her life savings - almost $1 million - at the hands of McLaren
More than a dozen of those who lost money to McLaren's fake investments and ponzi schemes were in court to see him sent to jail.
But McLaren attempted to avoid his day in court by asking to appear over video link, however that application was refused.
He sat motionless in the dock wearing a grey suit and blue tie throughout Thursday's proceedings.
When he the sentence was handed down many of the victims seated nearby gasped, before applauding when he was led from the courtroom.
McLaren was sentenced to 16 years in jail, with a non-parole period of 12 years.
He will be eligible for parole in July 2029.
Hamish McLaren jailed for 12 years after serial conman stole $7.6m

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Quartz Daily Brief—Americas edition—Brexit preparations, Darjeeling goes digital, crying LeBron
Janet Yellen testifies before Congress. The head of the US Federal Reserve delivers her semi-annual remarks on monetary policy to the Senate, with comments to the House to follow tomorrow.
The European Central Bank plans for Brexit—just in case. If Britain votes to leave the EU on June 23, the euro zone's tentative economic recovery could suffer, and that's just for starters. The bank's policymakers will discuss contingency plans today (paywall) for what to do should Europe's financial capital cut itself off from its neighbors.
Darjeeling goes digital. Cultivated in the Himalayas, the famous tea has been sold in private auctions to large buyers for over 150 years. Starting today the tea will be sold via e-auction—and fetch higher prices, local traders hope.
A consumer electronics show opens in New York. The CE Week event, now in its 10th year, will include a drone obstacle course. Exhibits run through Thursday.
The US Senate blocked gun-control proposals. Senators voted down four separate measures on strengthening background checks and preventing suspected terrorists from purchasing firearms. The voting came in the aftermath of a June 12 massacre at a gay nightclub in Orlando that left nearly 50 people dead.
China said it might quit the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. It depends on whether an upcoming tribunal ruling runs counter to Beijing's position that nearly the entire South China Sea is its territory, according to the Japan Times. The US, which recently deployed two aircraft carrier groups to the sea, never ratified the convention.
Oi filed for Brazil's biggest-ever bankruptcy protection. Amid a harsh recession and mounting competition, the mobile operator failed to reach an agreement with holders of its $19 billion in debt. The filing will likely have major repercussions in Brazil, with state-owned banks among the company's top creditors.
A mine in South Africa unearthed a 121-carat diamond. Petra Diamonds said it recovered the precious stone at the Cullinan mine in Pretoria, which has already produced some of the world's largest diamonds, including those that feature among Britain's Crown Jewels. It was welcome news amid falling diamond prices.
Lily Kuo on anti-migration tactics in Somaliland. "Parents are trying to dissuade their children from dangerous and illegal migration to Europe by buying them second-hand cars that can be operated as taxis… [known as]hooyo ha tahriibin, which translates roughly as a mother pleading "my son, do not smuggle yourself." Read more here.
Meritocracies are horrible places to be less than smart. Intelligence shouldn't dictate an individual's worth.
Young Americans are giving up on capitalism. Or, more accurately, they're sick of the way it's practiced.
Elon Musk is wrong: We're not living in a simulation. It's not so easy to explain away the physical world.
Fast-food chains are ruthlessly seeking new meals to exploit. One trademarked the term "brunchfast."
Carbon emissions are decimating the world's mussels. Acidic seas are eating their shells away.
"Crying LeBron" is the internet's new favorite thing. The NBA Finals MVP displaced previous favorite "Crying Jordan."
In an age of mass shootings, companies are selling "ballistic furniture." Bullet-proof panels (paywall) can be used in desks or tables.
A refugee camp riot was halted by the wifi repairmen. Syrians held in Greece stopped protests to let them pass.
Our best wishes for a productive day. Please send any news, comments, teary power forwards, and brunchfast bookings to hi@qz.com. You can download our iPhone app or follow us on Twitter for updates throughout the day.


A NEW luxury property development is under way in Sihanoukville with the US$40 million Hilton Park Villa, set for completion in 2010.
Built on a 13.8-hectare plot, the 324-unit housing project consists of 149 townhouses, 78 twin houses, 78 villas, and 24 hillside homes catering to the high-end segment, said the firm's marketing manager Socheat Yutharo.
The Hilton Park Villa is owned by four local business partners and started construction in May 9. Prices range from $73,000 to $335,000.
As businesses flock to the seaside resort town, demand for executive housing has increased.
The city's poor infrastructure has also helped fuel demand for pre-built residential areas like Hilton Park.
But high construction costs due to soaring steel and cement prices are forcing the project to increase prices.
"We will increase from seven to 10 percent ... by October because of the high price of construction materials," said Socheat Yutharo.
"We have just constructed the internal concrete roads, the gate and some building infrastructure. But we have sold about 60 percent of the units," he said, adding that most customers are from Phnom Penh and overseas Cambodians.
"The hotels and guesthouses cannot meet the demand of tourists in the high season, so what happens when investors, business people and engineers who come to work [in Sihanoukville] and in the economic zones need places to live?"
The company is also planning two condos on three hectares of land near the Hilton Park Villa, but have not yet determined the size of the investment.
Port development is making the town an increasingly important industrial hub.


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How a Nazi SS Soldier and a Holocaust Survivor Fell in Love and Found the Church
by Megan Finley | Feb 22, 2017 | European Saints, Historical Stories, Interesting Church Members
The following article by O. Håkan Palm first appeared on LDSLiving.com on February 14, 2017. Agnes Veronika Erdös and Gustav Palm experienced World War II under vastly different conditions: she as a prisoner in a concentration camp and he as an SS soldier. Amazingly,...
My Brother's Keeper: Turning Bitterness and Hatred into Love and Generosity
by Keith L. Brown | Jun 8, 2016 | European Saints
In February 1946, nine months after the close of a devastating world war, President Cornelius Zappey and his wife arrived from America among the war-tattered Dutch Saints to reorganize and revitalize the Netherlands Mission. Jacob Schipanboord, who served as the...
Fricke Brothers Remain Faithful Latter-day Saints during WWII
by dwhite | Aug 29, 2012 | European Saints
Gerhard and Harald Fricke, brothers and Latter-day Saints ("Mormons") in Germany during World War II, each had trying experiences but remained faithful. On July 27, 1943, Operation Gomorrah annihilated Hamburg, Germany, where the Frickes lived with their family. It is...
Rebuilding the Church in Germany after WWII
by | Jun 14, 2010 | European Saints
After World War II, Germany was one of the most torn-apart countries. Despite the roll which Germany had played in World War II, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (commonly known as the Mormon Church) were concerned for all who had suffered in...
Charles Dickens and the Mormons
by Gale | May 18, 2010 | European Saints
Charles Dickens changed his opinion of the Mormons, once he met them in person. He visited a ship leaving England for America, full of Mormon emigrants leaving to gather with the Latter-day Saints.
Conditions in Europe
by | Nov 4, 2009 | European Saints
This is an excerpt from a letter to the First Presidency regarding the condition of the European Saints after WWII by Ezra Taft Benson: "The general condition of the Saints is improving daily. Spiritually it has been good throughout the war and was perhaps never...


I wish all of you a Happy New Year! Can you believe that it's already 2014? And still no hover boards! Well, they still have a year to figure it out, I guess.
The time between Christmas and New Year's Eve is for me always a time of reflection. One looks back at the past year and starts to think of resolutions and plans for the next one. Somehow looking back is often depressing and honestly, resolutions are completely forgotten by February at the latest. Last year I even decided to skip the exercise entirely and just wrote "I better won't dwell on this last year of 2012, since it didn't quite live up to my expectations". It is understandable since 2012 really wasn't my year.
In 2012 all my plans fell through entirely and I became very ill, probably due to stress. Since I had been ill already for 6 years due to my celiac disease at that point, you can imagine that "becoming very ill" meant that things got even worse than they were before. My celiac disease, which had been diagnosed 4 years earlier, just wasn't responding to the gluten free diet and gradually got worse and worse. By the end of 2012 I was desperate and started the Primal/Paleo diet, but I did not see any results until 2013.
In 2013 things did not get better immediately either. Although by February my original health problems were much improved, somehow the most annoying symptom – chronic pain – had completely gotten out of hand because I was eating way too much red meat. Although this is no fun in itself it led to the final clue due to which my GP had an idea. In April I had to have surgery to confirm the suspicion and I was diagnosed with another chronic disease, endometriosis.
The surgery made things much worse at the beginning and as far as I can tell it did not improve anything in the long run either. For months I couldn't even walk very far, because I was in too much pain. A street photographer who can't walk obviously is in a bit of a pickle. All these health issues really sabotaged my work in 2013 and there were several months when I just didn't feel like picking up a camera at all.
I researched my new condition thoroughly and in the second half of 2013 all my efforts to get better finally paid off. Although it was a hard and long journey my health is much better now thanks to the paleo diet, a few supplements and one off-label medication without side-effects. After 6 years of health problems and baffled doctors, I decided at the end of 2012 that I had to solve my health problems myself and in 2013 I finally succeeded. It took about a year, but in the end I have found some things that work well for me. I am still not entirely healthy now, but almost all my pain is gone, my celiac symptoms have almost completely disappeared, I have more energy and I can even travel again, which had not been possible for quite a while. Travelling used to make me sick for at least a week, but not anymore. This means that my health is even stable enough for short trips now, which meant that in December 2013 I could travel to Dresden for a few days to see my exhibition and explore the city a bit.
The most empowering part of this is actually that I made this happen myself! Where it comes to my health 2013 was a very difficult year, but in the end it was a successful one as well. I count recovering a substantial part of my health as my biggest achievement this year.
Even with all these health issues, which basically took all year to solve, I have been busy working on my photography as well though. You see, I am a stubborn person sometimes. And since this is still a photography blog, let's start talking about how 2013 treated me photographically, which is way more interesting anyway!
At the beginning of the year I put together a portfolio of my work, which really helped me focus my efforts. I found a thread running through my work that was invisible to me before. I already knew in 2012 that I wanted to work more on my street photography, but I didn't have a specific plan yet. Creating a portfolio showed me what I needed to do, to get where I wanted to be. Creating that portfolio really was an important step for my work. Even if you think you know which pictures are your best, it really helps to actually put them all in one place, print them and obsess about them for a while.
1. It's small and light, so you can always have it with you without it being in the way.
2. It's quiet, which is important so that you don't startle the wildlife.
3. It's unobtrusive. This has minimised the situations where people reacted negatively to my picture taking.
4. The image quality is great as long as there is enough light. Even in the subway at ISO 1600 the pictures still turn out ok. It's not quite as good in low light as my DSLR, but for most situations it's decent enough.
Switching to the MFT format was a very good choice and a lot of the pictures I took since the switch would not have been possible without it. In fact I would count this as the best decision of the year with regards to my photography. As for lenses: The Panasonic Lumix 20mm f/1.7 ASPH was a good choice as well. It has a few quirks, because it has a slow autofocus, but it produces really great image quality and the focal length is just perfect since it frames like a 40mm on a full-frame. It is the lens that I have always on my camera. For more information on the camera you can check out my article on how to use the E-PL3 for street photography.
In 2013 I also really got into analog photography. In May and June I learned how to develop my own film (a roll of Kentmere 400 in some D76) and also quite a number of darkroom techniques like making contact prints, working with an enlarger to produce prints on multi-grade paper, even dodging and burning. And yes, if you think about the timing, this was pretty much right after my surgery. I guess I needed to keep busy to not go mad. Since then I have been developing my own film in the bathroom, mostly using Rodinal semi-stand development (3.5ml per roll, 30sec quick inversions, leave to stand 60min, invert once at 30min). I also developed some film in Tetenal Ultrafin. It's a very uncommon developer – Ultrafin Plus is much more common -, but somehow it was the only non brand-specific liquid developer I could get hold of in Spain. Mixing powder developer is just too much of a hassle, because the working solution doesn't keep. Somehow it also seems impossible to get Adox products in Spain, so my usual choice of Adonal was not available. By now I've at least found a supplier of R09 one shot, which is a different brand of Rodinal developer, but for now I want to finish off the bottle of Ultrafin I started. Unlike Rodinal Ultrafin also doesn't keep forever, which I learned by ruining a roll of film after the supplier sent me an old bottle that had been open for a while.
The types of film I've shot in 2013 were Ilford HP5+, Kodak Tri-X, Kodax T-Max, Fuji Neopan and Kentmere 400. Ilford HP5+ still remains my favourite film, but I switched to K400 anyway, because it's more economical – 3€ instead of 5€ -, provides good enough results, dries flat and can be pushed easily. I've shot about 15 rolls of it already and it's quite alright. The only downside is that it seems to rip more easily in my Zorki. All in all I shot about 30 rolls of film this year with the Zorki which comes to about 1000 frames.
By now I have also ditched the light meter and can roughly guesstimate the exposure settings according to the sunny 16 rule and know when I need to push the film. I've not done too many experiments with pushing to higher ISOs, but I've tried to push some ISO 400 film to 1600 and 3200 in Rodinal. My 3200 experiments weren't very successful, because I was over-agitating. However, in the end I managed to successfully push a roll of HP5+ and three rolls of K400 to 1600 by doing proper stand-development instead of semi-stand. The recipe is: 5ml per roll, 60sec slow inversions (about 5 or 6), leave to stand for 90 min, swirl for 15sec every 30 min.
Most of my street photography happens around the 35-40mm focal length, so it's only logical that I would need a 35mm lens for my Zorki as well. Some spontaneous bidding on ebay got me the bargain of the year: A Jupiter 12 35mm f/2.8 bundled with a Zorki 4K and a case, all for the same price as the lens would have cost by itself. The film forwarding lever of my new 4K was slightly flawed, since the plastic bit is missing, but I improved the handling with a bit of heat-shrink wire insulation. By now the 4K and the 35mm lens have become my favourite analog gear and I only use the 3C for experiments. After a while of guesswork with the framing I also got myself a 35mm viewfinder, since the internal one is only a 50mm one.
In 2013 I've used a number of different cameras: My main one was the Olympus Pen E-PL3 mostly with the Panasonic Lumix 20mm f/1.7 ASPH. I have also tried the Panasonic Lumix 14mm f/2.5 ASPH, but haven't had the opportunity to take it for a proper spin yet. Before I got the E-PL3 in April I was predominantly using the Canon EOS 450D with the Canon EF 35mm f/2.0. I also used my Zorki 3C and my Zorki 4K with both the Jupiter 8 50mm f/2.0 and the Jupiter 12 35mm f/2.8. I tried the Olympus OM-D E-M5 once, as well as the Fuji x100s. The E-M5 is not my kind of gear at all, but I quite liked the x100s. It sure produces nice colours, and even though I usually shoot in black and white I'm not even being ironic. With those colours I'd even consider shooting in colour every once in a while. The colours of the Olympus and my Canon are horrific in comparison. And then of course I looked through the viewfinder of a Leica M6 a couple of weeks ago. I can't wait to get my hands on one of these!
The number of places where I took pictures this year also increased thanks to my improved health. In 2013 I took pictures in Berlin and in San Sebastian, which are the two places where I spent most of my time. I also took pictures in Bilbao at the airport, in Chemnitz, in Dresden and in Leipzig.
In 2013 I didn't only work on my street photography and my analog photography, but also on two projects that have been on my mind a lot lately. My project Down below is quite likely my longest ongoing project and documents the strange inhabitants of the Berlin subway. In November I've been prowling the subway with my Olympus Pen E-PL3 getting off at every station, switching trains and so on. I am still in the process of editing these pictures, but it seems that it was quite a successful hunt.
The other project that I was working on at the end of November is called Memory and documents all the important places of my childhood, which means that I had to travel to my hometown. The house where we lived, my kindergarten, my primary school and my secondary school have all been demolished in the last few years and so it is a project of documenting something that is actually gone. I have finished shooting this on K400 film with my Zorki 4K and I have just today finished developing the last roll of film. After scanning it the next step will be to start editing.
This year I also had some of my pictures in two exhibitions in Dresden. The first one happened in April just after my surgery, so I couldn't go to see it. However, we travelled to Dresden to see the second one in December and I was very happy with it (impressions from the exhibition here).
Sounds like a successful on busy year, doesn't it? Well, that's what it was! Half the year was utterly annoying thanks to my health, but I really enjoyed the second half when things started to get better for me. Here's to hoping that 2014 will continue in the same positive way as 2013 ended.
For 2014 I also have quite a number of goals lined up and it will be an equally busy year.
#1 Change of scene: I'm moving back to San Sebastian. This year I will definitely give up my flat in Berlin and move to San Sebastian entirely. Originally I came to Berlin to start my PhD and dance tango, but since my PhD plans fell through and I don't dance tango at the moment, I don't really have a reason to stay here. Besides, I have given Berlin 2 years and in the end it's just too cold, my neighbourhood is too ugly and like all big cities it's rather lonely as well. During my last couple of trips to San Sebastian it became pretty clear that it is also a good place for street photography. As it turns out there is even a photography school that looks actually quite interesting and teaches all sorts of styles, gear and techniques. Maybe an opportunity to learn something new as well. For this I will have to try to reactivate my Spanish a bit. I do understand a lot still, but speaking is a real problem. Nothing that a few weeks of language school couldn't cure though. Since I've lived in San Sebastian a few years ago and learned my Spanish there, I already know a good place for this.
#2 Health: I want to continue working on my health and improve it even further. There are still a few issues that need to be resolved and I will work on solving these. This will involve to start swimming again and if I make some progress with that I would like to try to take up surfing. After all San Sebastian is a good place for surfing and it would be a shame if I wouldn't at least try. We will see whether my health improves quickly enough to reach this goal this year. I'm planning to stay a while, so if not this year then this definitely has to happen 2015.
#2 Travel: My newly found ability to travel has resulted in a long list of places to visit and photograph. The list is at least as long as my arm and so far I've only ticked off one place: Dresden. So, in 2014 I would like to tick off a few more of them. Already planned are trips to Düsseldorf, Cologne and Bilbao, which are all rather close to home. I used to live in Düsseldorf and Cologne is only 20 minutes from there by train. Obviously I have taken pictures in Düsseldorf before, but not with my current gear and style of work. Also Cologne is rather familiar to me, since I used to work there once, but I doubt that I ever took pictures there. Bilbao is similarly close to home, since it is only an hour on the coach from San Sebastian, but it is far less familiar to me. Despite having lived in San Sebastian a few years ago, I have never actually visited Bilbao itself, although I usually arrive at the Bilbao airport when I travel to San Sebastian. A couple of places on the list that are further away are Paris and Buenos Aires, which have at least been considered for this year's travel plans. Buenos Aires has been on my list for many years. After all it's the tango capital of the world! A few years ago I even wanted to move there for a few months to learn Spanish. However, since the flight is 14 hours and I used to get horrifically sick from travelling this wasn't really possible. With my improved health travelling to Buenos Aires actually becomes a realistic option. I don't expect the flight to be lots of fun or my health to be perfect throughout, but it should for once be survivable. And who knows, maybe one day I will get to move to Argentina after all.
#3 Wide angle street photography: Among the new things in photography I want to try in 2014 is doing some street photography with my new Panasonic Lumix 14mm f/2.5. The lens equates to a 28mm lens on a full-frame camera. It's not quite as wide as Depardon's 21mm that he used for Manhattan Out, but it's quite a bit wider than my usual 35mm-40mm. Getting closer needs training, so a 28mm equivalent is the next logical step on the way to the super-wide 21mm that I want to reach eventually. I don't know what it is about getting closer, but it is strangely addictive!
#4 100 rolls of film: In my analog photography efforts I plan on shooting at least 100 rolls of film this year. That's 2 a week, which should be quite doable. I even already shot the first one. I would like to try some new developer and film in 2014 as well. For the developer I will try Caffenol in different versions. I've seen great results online and most ingredients are easy enough to find. It's a little more expensive than developing in Rodinal, but it apparently compares to more expensive developers while being still rather cheap. The film I'd like to try is Ilford Delta 3200, Adox Silvermax, the new APX 400, Fomapan 400, Delta 400, Lomography Lady Grey and maybe even some Rollei RPX 400.
#5 Push push push: I really want to get more experience with pushing film. Before I leave Berlin I definitely want to attempt to shoot some analog pictures Down below in the subway as well and for this I will definitely need to push since my Zorki lenses are rather soft wide open. Delta 3200 is just way too expensive for my way of shooting (at 7€), so pushed Kentmere should be the way to go.
#6 The holy grail: I will admit it now. I want to buy a Leica M6 with a Leica Summicron 35mm f/2.0 this year. I'm not sure yet whether this will happen or not, since it depends on certain unpredictable expenses, but I will try to make it happen sometime after my move to San Sebastian. I have been working hard on this goal for a while and I've set myself certain requirements so that I'm actually ready for it. The first step was to get the Zorki, a soviet Leica copy, learn how to focus with a rangefinder and get by with a light meter. The next step was to learn to develop my own film, lose the photometer and learn to guesstimate according to the sunny 16 rule. The plan was to shoot at least 30 rolls of film with my Zorki – 1000 frames – to really get the hang of it. I wanted to reach a point where I can know how to expose and develop the film so that I get predictable results in different lighting conditions. I have done all this. The only thing left on my list of requirements is making contact sheets at home, which is already planned for March.
As you can see, if my plans work out it's going to be a really exciting year!
2014 can only be wonderful!!
Phew, yeah, bit of a long post I noticed 😉 That's ok though. 2013 was a long year so it's only fitting! And I hope 2014 will be equally successful! How has paleo been treating you? Did you have a specific reason for starting?
Fabulous post, Lilly. Have a great 2014!
Thanks Richard! Have a great 2014 as well!
I'm right there with you re:stress and illness Lilly. Here's to a Healthy 2014. I love what you do and look forward to another year of marvelous images.
Thanks Elena, that's so nice to hear, especially since I love what you do as well! Oh but if your health is acting up, better slow down. I'm relaxing now as well after a stressful couple of months with lots of travel. It's great to keep busy and achieve things, but we mustn't forget that we need some downtime as well! Here's to another great and healthy year for the both of us. I'm looking forward to seeing more of your work this year!
Nice to know your health has improved so much and allows you to travel and be very active. I like the way and the energy you put in your work and in your life. It means being alive!


A native and lifelong resident of the Bay Area, Robert Bechtle focuses on the things he knows best, such as family, cars, houses, and neighborhoods. In doing so he turns what seem to be ordinary scenes of middle-class American life into paintings. During his student years and into the 1960s, when he was getting his artistic footing, Pop art was evolving across the country and Bay Area Figurative art was flourishing locally. His resistance to getting caught up in the sensuous surfaces of figurative painting prompted him to move toward a tightly controlled paint handling and to work with photographic source material as a fundamental and explicit part of his practice, simultaneously exploring California culture and basic issues of painting in very matter-of-fact ways.


text:
<?php
namespace SONAcl\Service;

use SONBase\Service\AbstractService;
use Zend\Stdlib\Hydrator;

class Navigators extends AbstractService
{
    public function __construct(\Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager $em) {
        parent::__construct($em);
        $this->entity = 'SONAcl\Entity\Navigator';
    }

    public function insert(array $data)
    {
        $entity = new $this->entity($data);
        $entity->setDropdown($this->em->getReference('SONAcl\Entity\Dropdown',$data["dropdowns"]));
        $entity->setRole($this->em->getReference('SONAcl\Entity\Role',$data["roles"]));
        $this->em->persist($entity);
        $this->em->flush();
        return $entity;
    }

    public function update(array $data)
    {
        $entity = $this->em->getReference($this->entity, $data['id']);
        (new Hydrator\ClassMethods())->hydrate($data, $entity);
        $entity->setDropdown($this->em->getReference('SONAcl\Entity\Dropdown',$data["dropdowns"]));
        $entity->setRole($this->em->getReference('SONAcl\Entity\Role',$data["roles"]));
        $this->em->persist($entity);
        $this->em->flush();
        return $entity;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


ACM/GFI's joint venture combines the tanker broking expertise of ACM Shipping and GFI's experience in developing new derivatives markets to provide brokerage services in forward freight agreements.
In 2005, ACM/GFI and McQuilling Brokerage Partners – a specialist in oil marine transport announced a joint venture, creating a wet freight derivatives broking desk at McQuilling's offices in New York. This gives US-based shipping companies and charterers a single point of access for all their financing, chartering and hedging requirements.


text:
Q: Why AngularJs load error when just referencing ng-app and ng-controller Why do I get error in console for:
  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html ng-app="MyApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
  <head>
      <meta charset="utf-8" />
      <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
      <title>Page Title</title>
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
      <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/angular.js/1.4.3/angular.min.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>

  </body>
  </html>

Uncaught Error: [$injector:modulerr]
  http://errors.angularjs.org/1.4.3/$injector/modulerr?p0=MyApp&p1=Error%3A%20%5B%24injector%3Anomod%5D%20http%3A%2F%2Ferrors.angularjs.org%2F1.4.3%2F%24injector%2Fnomod%3Fp0%3DMyApp%0A%20%20%20%20at%20https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A6%3A416%0A%20%20%20%20at%20https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A24%3A66%0A%20%20%20%20at%20a%20(https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A23%3A109)%0A%20%20%20%20at%20https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A23%3A352%0A%20%20%20%20at%20https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A37%3A381%0A%20%20%20%20at%20m%20(https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A7%3A322)%0A%20%20%20%20at%20g%20(https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A37%3A229)%0A%20%20%20%20at%20eb%20(https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A40%3A503)%0A%20%20%20%20at%20d%20(https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A19%3A339)%0A%20%20%20%20at%20Ac%20(https%3A%2F%2Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com%2Fajax%2Flibs%2Fangular.js%2F1.4.3%2Fangular.min.js%3A20%3A151)
      at angular.js:38
      at angular.js:4385
      at m (angular.js:336)
      at g (angular.js:4346)
      at eb (angular.js:4272)
      at d (angular.js:1630)
      at Ac (angular.js:1651)
      at Zd (angular.js:1545)
      at angular.js:28359
      at HTMLDocument.a (angular.js:2996)

A: You need to declare the module and controller under the script or in a separate file

<!DOCTYPE html>
  <html ng-app="MyApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
  <head>
      <meta charset="utf-8" />
      <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
      <title>Page Title</title>
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
      <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/angular.js/1.4.3/angular.min.js"></script>
 </head>
 <body>
 <h1>{{text}}</h1>
 <script>
   var app = angular.module('MyApp',[]);
   app.controller('myCtrl',function($scope){
       $scope.text = "Works";
   });
 </script>
 </body>
 </html>

A: Because you haven't defined 'MyApp' or 'MyCtrl'. They need to be defined in a js file included on your web page. I suggest you read a basic tutorial on setting up an AngularJs app.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Category: Clarion County
PA Shuts Down 2 NatGas Pipes in Clarion County Following Explosion
Last Tuesday evening a 68-year-old woman was home in her bed in Clarion County, PA when she heard an explosion and a wall collapsed on her. She freed herself from the rubble and drove to a neighbor's house for assistance. The home, a garage and greenhouse were all destroyed as a result of the explosion and fire. The cause? Natural gas "migrating" in the basement of the home. A local delivery pipeline and a nearby transmission pipeline were both taken out of service while the PA Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission's (PUC) investigation unit takes a look at the cause.
June 3, 2019 Accidents, Clarion County, Energy Services, Industrywide Issues, Pennsylvania, Pipelines, TransCanada
New NGL Pipeline in Clarion County, PA Ready to Go Online
We pride ourselves on keeping close tabs on the market. Yet somehow the construction of a smallish NGL (natural gas liquids) pipeline gathering system in western PA slipped by us. The pipeline is now built and the builder, Stonehenge Energy Resources, is putting the "finishing touches" on the Stonehenge Laurel – Clarion Pipeline System before it goes live. The pipeline will connect to Laurel Mountain Energy's wells in Clarion County and collect up the NGLs (things like ethane and propane) from those wells and flow it neighboring Butler County where the NGLs will hitch a ride via Energy Transfer's Revolution Pipeline system to Washington County, PA where they will get cleaned up and separated.
November 29, 2018 Clarion County, Energy Services, Industrywide Issues, NGLs, Pennsylvania, Pipelines, Stonehenge Energy
Top 20 Marcellus Drillers in Southwest Pennsylvania
The sharp folks over at the Pittsburgh Business Times have been looking through data from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and have compiled a list of 20 drillers who have at least a dozen shale wells in the southwest PA region. And they ranked them from lowest to highest. We've grabbed the list below. The interesting thing for MDN is that there is one name in the list not familiar to us, and we've been watching this space since 2009. Always fun to learn something new. Here's the list of southwest PA's "Top 20" Marcellus drillers…
February 16, 2017 Allegheny County, Armstrong County, Atlas Energy, Beaver County, BLX-Redmill Gas, Butler County, Chesapeake Energy, Chevron, Clarion County, CONSOL Energy, Energy Companies, Energy Corporation of America, EQT Corp, Fayette County, Greene County (PA), Hilcorp Energy, Indiana County, Lawrence County, MDS Energy, PennEnergy Resources, Pennsylvania, Range Resources Corp, Rex Energy, Rice Energy, Snyder Brothers, Southwestern Energy, Washington County, Westmoreland County, WPX Energy, XTO
Laurel Mountain Drilling First Well in Western PA – It's a Utica
One of our ace tipsters alerted us that Laurel Mountain Energy, a relatively new E&P (exploration and production) company is firing up a drilling rig to drill one, possibly two new Utica wells in Pennsylvania. You may recall MDN brought you the news one year ago that Laurel Mountain, essentially a reborn Vista Resources with big money backing from TPH Partners (Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co.), had formed and set up headquarters in Pittsburgh (see "New" Pittsburgh Company Forms to Target Marcellus/Utica in W PA). Since that time we'd not heard anything about Laurel Mountain Energy–until now. Below we've pieced together information from our tipster and from the forthcoming edition of the Marcellus and Utica Shale Databook…
January 25, 2016 Clarion County, Energy Companies, Energy Services, Laurel Mountain Energy, Patterson-UTI, Pennsylvania
Endeavour 2Q14: Completes 3rd PA Marcellus Well of the Year
Endeavour International, a driller with operations in both the North Sea (off-shore) and the U.S. (on-shore) issued their second quarter 2014 update yesterday. Does the Endeavour name sound familiar? Three years ago MDN told you about Endeavour's deal to buy 50,000 Marcellus Shale acres, a pipeline and three working Marcellus wells, all located in McKean and Potter counties in Pennsylvania (see Endeavour International Buys Lease for Additional 50K Marcellus Acres & Local Pipeline in PA from SM Energy). Five months later Endeavour backed out of the deal and 2 1/2 years of litigation ensued, finally settling in April of this year (see Endeavour & SM Energy Settle Lawsuit over PA Marcellus Properties). Endeavour still owns 27,200 gross Marcellus acres in Elk, Cameron, Clarion, Jefferson and Clearfield counties, and in 2Q14 they successfully completed their third frack job…
August 6, 2014 Cameron County, Clarion County, Clearfield County, Elk County, Endeavour International, Energy Companies, Jefferson County (PA), Pennsylvania, SM Energy
4 Electric Plants Coming to NE PA, Powered by Marcellus Gas
In August MDN told you the news that Chief Oil & Gas has struck up a deal with IMG Midstream (sort of misnamed, IMG is not a pipeline company) to provide IMG with Marcellus Shale gas to power several small regional, super efficient and low-polluting electric generation plants they plan to build in northeastern Pennsylvania (see Chief Strikes Deal to Provide Marcellus Gas for Electric Plants). We have good news: projects to build those plants are moving forward with all due speed.
We now know that there are four plants planned for Pennsylvania and one for West Virginia. We also know where those plants will be built…
November 27, 2013 Chief Oil & Gas, Clarion County, Electrical Generation, Energy Companies, Energy Services, Greene County (PA), IMG Midstream, Industrywide Issues, Pennsylvania, Statewide WV, Susquehanna County, West Virginia, Wyoming County (PA)
Altela Set to Open 2 New Frack Wastewater Plants in PA
Two new fracking wastewater treatment plants will come online in Pennsylvania on August 1st—one in Clarion County, the other in McKean County. As MDN reported back in November, Altela Inc. will use a distillation process to purify fracking wastewater, a "green" alternative instead of chemically treating the water (see this MDN story).
The new news is that Altela is almost ready to open two new plants using their green technology.
July 3, 2012 Altela, Clarion County, Energy Services, Industrywide Issues, McKean County, Pennsylvania, Wastewater
Atlas Energy/Reliance Industries Pay $192 Million for Leases on 42K Acres in PA Marcellus Shale
The recently announced joint venture between Atlas Energy and Indian energy giant Reliance Industries (a deal worth $3.5 billion over 10 years) is already bearing fruit. Together they've just forked over $192 million to secure leases for more land in Pennsylvania.
Independent oil and gas company Atlas Energy will buy 42,344 acres in the gas-rich Marcellus shale along with Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL), weeks after the two announced a joint venture.
The companies will buy the acreage in Fayette, Washington, Indiana, Westmoreland, Armstrong and Clarion Counties of Pennsylvania at an average price of $4,532 per acre.
Following Wednesday's deal, the Atlas-RIL joint venture will control about 343,000 Marcellus Shale acres, of which about 206,000 acres are net to Atlas.*
According to the Atlas Energy website:
Substantially all of the acreage to be acquired is held by production and is either contiguous with the joint venture's existing acreage or is in concentrated blocks of acreage. [Atlas] believes that it will be able to drill over 450 horizontal wells on this acquired acreage assuming 1,000 foot spacing between lateral wells.**
*Hindustan Times/Reuters (Apr 22) – Atlas, RIL to buy more shale acreage for $4,532 per acre
**Atlas Energy Press Release (Apr 21) – Atlas Energy, Inc. and Reliance Industries Jointly Acquire over 42,000 Additional Acres within Their Core Marcellus Shale Position
April 22, 2010 Armstrong County, Atlas Energy, Clarion County, Energy Companies, Fayette County, Indiana County, Lease & Royalty Payments, Pennsylvania, Reliance Industries, Washington County, Westmoreland County


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Download "Ocean Currents Unit (4 pts)"
2 Ocean Currents Unit (Topic 9A-1) page 2 waters (like estuaries). Density differences can lead to convection cells in the ocean, causing thermohaline circulation. Oddly, the major ocean currents do not go in the same direction as the wind. At first, the water does go in the same direction as the wind, but the water tends to bend off to the side owing to rotation of the Earth beneath it (i.e., the Coriolis effect). This surface water pushes the water below it, but the water below it tends to bend off to the side owing to the Coriolis effect. The subsurface water pushes the water beneath it, but the deeper water tends to bend off to the side, etc. Thus, water ends up going in different directions at different depths. Oceanographers refer to this current pattern as the Ekman Spiral, named for the oceanographer who first explained what was happening. Arctic explorers were the first to point out that ocean currents go to the side of the wind (to the right of the wind in the northern hemisphere) by observing icebergs floating in this direction. (90% of an iceberg in beneath the surface like a cube of ice floating in your drink so they are mainly pushed by the water, not the wind.) 3. What causes (pushes) most ocean currents? 4. True or false? Currents go in the same direction as the wind. Wind surface water deeper water even deeper water "Ekman Spiral" Ekman Transport (Overall Water Direction) Wind even deeper water surface water deeper water 5. Why don t currents typically go in the same direction as the wind pushing them? 6. True or false? The surface current may be going in a different direction than the current below it.
4 Ocean Currents Unit (Topic 9A-1) page 4 Overall Ocean Circulation Pattern Examine the map below showing the large-scale ocean circulation. The dominant current pattern in most oceans is a gyre. A gyre is a group of ocean currents moving in a huge, horizontal loop that goes north in some places and south in other places. The ocean has 5 subtropical gyres (red arrows by the Equator), and one subpolar gyre (blue arrows by northern Europe). The only place without a gyre is the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean. Here, the currents go all the way around the world. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (or West Wind Drift) goes east around the continent of Antarctica, and the East Wind Drift circles to the west closer to the coast of Antarctica. Recall that winds and currents are named for the direction that they come from, not the direction that they are going to. 60 o N Subpolar Subtropical (Clockwise) Equator Equator Subtropical (Counterclockwise) 60 o S You will need to memorize these currents. Identify the pattern by answering the questions below. 9. Does the currents between Greenland and northern Europe (the northernmost gyre) go clockwise (turn to their right) or counterclockwise (turn to their left)? 10. Do the currents just north of Equator go clockwise (turn to their right) or counterclockwise (turn to their left)? 11. Do the currents just south of Equator go clockwise (turn to their right) or counterclockwise (turn to their left)? 12. What is different about the currents between Antarctica and continents north of it?
5 Ocean Currents Unit (Topic 9A-1) page 5 What causes ocean water to move in gyres? Let s examine the Northern Pacific Ocean. The trade winds push water west, away from the coast of North America. The water travels across the Pacific Ocean until it hits Asia, so it cannot go forward. It flows north along the coast Asia; it cannot stop at the coast of the Asia, because the trade winds continue to push more water west, and this incoming water pushes the water out the way and along the coast of Asia. By the time the water flowing north reaches Japan, the winds have shifted. The westerlies push the water to the east, away from the coast of Japan and towards California. (Recall that the winds and currents are named for the direction that they come from, not the direction that they are going to, so the westerlies come from the west and go to the east.) When the water reaches California, it is forced to stop or turn by the land. The winds continue pushing more and more water towards the coast of California, and this water pushes the water already along the coast out of the way and down the coast to the south. This water begins to leave the coast near the bend in the coast of California (Point Concepcion not far from Santa Barbara), and is pushed west again, away from the coast by the trade winds. B C D A Green Arrows (Arrows with Tails) = Winds Blue Arrows (Dashed Arrows) = Direction Water is Pushed by the Wind Purple Arrows (Solid Arrows, No Tails) = Actual Motion of the Water 13. What pushes ocean current A? 14. What pushes ocean current B? 15. What pushes ocean current C? 16. What pushes ocean current D?
6 Ocean Currents Unit (Topic 9A-1) page 6 Further Comments about the Causes of Gyres Overall, the trade winds and westerlies push the ocean water together in the North Pacific (the blue, dashed Ekman transport arrows). The currents cannot go north and south into one another (they are in one another s way), but they can slide west and east, respectively, at these latitudes. There are other ways to explain why the water flows along the coasts. As more and more water is pushed into the coast by the winds, sea level rises along the coast (it really does!). As we all know, water flows downhill (pulled down by gravity). It cannot flow downhill back into the ocean, because the winds are pushing water towards the coast, so it flows downhill in the only direction it can: along the coast. Just as water piles up when winds push water into the coast, winds create a hole or gap in the surface of the ocean where they push water away from the coast. Water further up the coast will flow down the coast ( downhill ) to fill in the gap. Professional oceanographers have a more detailed and complicated understanding of the causes of the gyres. Notice that the winds try to push the water together in the center of the oceans, causing sea level to rise. Gravity pulls the water downhill, away from the center of the gyre, but the water turns to the side under the influence of the Coriolis effect and ends up going around the hill in a circle instead of away from the hill. A current is said to be in geostrophic balance when the pressure to move downhill (due to gravity) is balanced by the Coriolis effect. There is yet another way to understand the cause of the gyres involving the conservation of angular momentum or more precisely, the conservation of potential vorticity but these concepts bring us well beyond the bounds of this course. Notice that the currents of the subpolar gyre flow west and east across the northern Atlantic Ocean in the directions dictated by the winds. The land forces them to turn, creating a counterclockwise gyre. The Coriolis effect is not needed to explain the motion of the subpolar gyre, and in fact would make the gyre go in the other direction, so the Coriolis effect cannot be one of the most important factors that create gyres. (The Coriolis effect does affect the currents, but it does not create the gyres.) The key factors are (i) the directions of the winds and (ii) the presence of land in the way. Where in the world are their no large gyres? In the Southern Ocean, where there are no continents in the way to force currents to turn. 17. True or false? The direction of the gyres is determined by the Coriolis effect. In other words, in the northern hemisphere all currents in gyres turn to their right (go clockwise). 18. Why isn t there a gyre in the Southern Ocean (the ocean next to Antarctica)?
8 Ocean Currents Unit (Topic 9A-1) page What is a boundary current? 20. Are western boundary currents found next to the west coasts of continents or the east coasts of continents? 21. Which is faster, a western boundary current or an eastern boundary current? 22. Which is deeper, a western boundary current or an eastern boundary current? 23. Which is wider, a western boundary current or an eastern boundary current? 24. Which is warmer, a western boundary current or an eastern boundary current? 25. What is the name of the boundary current off the east coast of the United States? 26. What is the name of the boundary current off the east coast of Asia? 27. Is the California Current a western boundary current or an eastern boundary current?
9 Ocean Currents Unit (Topic 9A-1) page 9 Western Intensification and Sea Level We say that western boundary currents are intensified, because all of their characteristics (faster, narrower, deeper, warmer) are more extreme than those of eastern boundary currents. The easiest of these characteristics to explain is temperature (think about where the currents come from). The other characteristics have to do with the Earth s rotation (the Coriolis effect). Perhaps the easiest way to explain western intensification is to think about how the Coriolis effect alters currents as they travel from one side of the ocean to the other side of the ocean. As the eastward-flowing current in the figure below travels across the North Pacific ocean towards California, it naturally bends to its right (south) since the Coriolis effect is stronger near the Poles. By the time it reaches the coast, it has already pretty much turned, so it gently flows down the coast. On the other hand, the westward-flowing current near the Equator hardly turns at all, and it runs into the land all at once. An enormous amount of water builds up along the coast (raising sea surface about 3 feet!), creating a pile of warm water that we call the Pacific Warm Pool. All this water has to flow north at the same time, so it has to speed up rush north to make room for all the water coming in behind it. Northern Australia & Indonesia South America Land Warm Land Cold 28. Where is the Coriolis effect stronger, near the Equator or near the Poles? 29. Where is sea level higher at the Equator, on the west side of the Pacific Ocean (by Asia and Australia) or on the east side of the Pacific Ocean (by South America)?
10 Ocean Currents Unit (Topic 9A-1) page 10 Meanders, Eddies, and Other Mesoscale Phenomena At this point, we will end our discussion of ocean circulation patterns. I have covered the most important large-scale, surface ocean currents. In reality, ocean currents are enormously complex: they shift with time ( meander ), grow and shrink, speed up and slow down, twist in upon themselves and spin off rotating eddies, etc. We do not have the time to go into the details of meso-scale phenomena like these, but I would like you to be aware that the subject exists. You can see these complex details in the classic picture of the Gulf Stream below. Temperature of Ocean Water Red = Warm, Blue = Cold. The Gulf Stream is the wiggly red-orange feature extending up into the green water. Courtesy of SeaWiFS / NASA / NOAA 30. True or false? Ocean currents change direction and speed over time (e.g., with the seasons), just like winds. They do not move in straight lines like arrows.
The Coriolis Effect - Deflect the Arrows!
These are described using length, height, period/frequency, and speed.
Wind Energy. Definition of Wind Energy. Wind energy is energy from moving air.
What Causes Weather Patterns? INVESTlGATlON: Water on the Move If you ve ever been soaked in a rainstorm or even surprised by a thundershower in the desert, you know that water is a big part of the weather.
What causes the tides in the ocean?


As you may be aware, the Data Protection Act 1998 will be replaced by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) from 25th May 2018. The Hill Church (and its initiatives such as Matthew's House) is a not-for-profit organisation. We are a registered charity in England and Wales, number 1151797. We a company by limited guarantee, number 08415396. Our correspondence address is PO Box 696, Swansea SA1 9PQ.
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7 Great TV Deals to Intercept Before March Madness Ends
Upgrade your screen with the help of these steep discounts.
It's a great time to buy a new TV. March Madness might be nearing its end, but Formula 1 is finally back for a new season. A plethora of exciting TV shows are coming out right now (Moon Knight, anyone?). We've yet to see many 2022 TV models hit the market, which makes these 2021 releases still the top of their line.
Be sure to check out our guides to the Best TVs and Best Soundbars, and read our tips on how to upgrade your home theater audio.
Special offer for Gear readers: Get a 1-year subscription to WIRED for $5 ($25 off). This includes unlimited access to WIRED.com and our print magazine (if you'd like). Subscriptions help fund the work we do every day.
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TCL 5-Series
Photograph: TCL
TCL 5-Series (50-inch) for $400 ($100 off)
TCL's 5 Series is great value thanks to quantum dot technology, Google's Android TV OS built in, and full-array local dimming for better contrast between light and dark scenes. I also like that it comes in this 50-inch size, making it a nice option for smaller rooms like bedrooms and offices.
Hisense H8 Quantum (55-inch) for $450 ($150 off)
Hisense also makes some of our favorite affordable TVs, and this 55-inch model has everything we like about the TCL above but in a larger size. It also has full-array local dimming, quantum dots for brighter colors, and Android TV. For $50 extra for 5 more inches, it might be worthwhile.
Sony X85J (65-inch) for $898 ($100 off)
I'm a huge fan of Sony's image processing, though the company's TVs often cost more than its competitors', despite similar specs. Still, Sony's image algorithms for video often make it the better-looking option out of the box. This TV features the Google TV interface and is Alexa-compatible. It will also look excellent showing sports, thanks to a native 120-Hz refresh rate.
Samsung QN85 (55-inch) for $1,098
OK, it's barely more than $1,000, but this Neo QLED from Samsung is an excellent buy for those who like bright colors, hate TVs with legs on the side, and like to game. This model has AMD FreeSync Premium Pro built in, which makes it a good HDR screen for any gaming PC powered by an AMD graphics card.
Deals on Luxe TVs
Photograph: Walmart
LG C1 OLED (65-inch) for $1,667 ($182 off)
LG's C1 OLED (8/10, WIRED Recommends) is the best TV I've ever used for gaming. It has a 120-Hz refresh rate, excellent color accuracy, and one of the fastest response times of any screen on the market. That makes it excellent for watching everything from race cars to shooters, and perfect black levels make it gorgeous for watching movies. The 55-inch model is also at an all-time low of $1,197.
Samsung QN90 (65-inch) for $1,748 ($150 off)
If you watch TV in a bright room, or if you have a TV stand that's narrower than a 65-inch TV, I love this NEO QLED (8/10, WIRED Recommends) from Samsung. It is brighter than LG's OLED equivalent, which makes it better for watching in rooms without blackout curtains. You'll also get Samsung's flagship 2021 image processing, which offers some of the best contrast I've ever seen on an LED TV.
Samsung The Frame (65-inch) for $1,497 ($201 off)
Samsung's Frame models are popular among those with stringent aesthetic requirements. The TVs come loaded with famous artwork and are designed to hang on your wall and look like their namesake, until you want to watch a TV show, movie, or game. They're a touch spendier than other TVs with similar picture quality, but the design may be worth the extra cost to you.
It's like GPT-3 but for code—fun, fast, and full of flaws
You (and the planet) really need a heat pump
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NFTs don't work the way you might think they do
Parker Hall is an associate editor of product reviews at WIRED. He focuses on audiovisual and entertainment products. Hall is a graduate of the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, where he studied jazz percussion. After hours, he remains a professional musician in his hometown of Portland, Oregon.
Writer and Reviewer
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From LCDs to fancy OLED models, these are our favorite televisions at every price point.
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You can now use select Alexa speakers to expand the Wi-Fi coverage of your routers. Let us walk you through how.
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Tread lightly on our planet with toys and accessories made from repurposed plastic, and many other Earth-friendly picks.
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Established in 1986, AST Press has published a series of important books for the military history reader or collector interested in the vital periods of the Plains Indian Wars and the Civil War. We also provide the production and editorial services for the annual magazine, Greasy Grass, published by the Custer Battlefield Historical & Museum Association. Our titles have especially focused on events connected with the Great Sioux War of 1876, particularly the legendary Battle of Little Bighorn of 1876 and the man most identified with that engagement, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer.
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Rexroth has worked on the unification of classic electric technology with technological developments on their most recent servo motor products. The IndradDyn S are servo motors designed under a compact construction and are able to reach a high point of accuracy with an optical encoder system.
This new Rexroth servomotor line can work on regular applications and they are adaptable to different working ways or environments, such as the rotary main motor or a linear drive. The MSK line designed by Rexroth is suitable to work on packaging machine until food machines. Many times, we have the tool that is capable to make a certain work but it does not fit to our application, that is why Rexroth has developed interfaces in order to adapt the required drives for a specific application. There are two main characteristics curves designed for different scenarios, the 60K and 100K mode, where their conduct will vary under their temperature stroke.
If an insulated flange structure is required, the 60K series with an aluminum frame could work properly, if no insulated frame is required then Rexroth offers the 100k mode also work with a winding structure.
With a steady 8.1 Nm stoppage torque the MSK040C-0450-NN-M1-UG1-NNNN motor with 4 pairs of poles and a maximum speed of 7500 rpm has a 4Nm holding electric brake with an Imax of 12.4 A, at 21300 mH of inductivity. The radial force in the system will be directly proportional to its maximum axial force.
It is possible to monitor and control your motors systems with the aid of sensors and actors in order to have an open loop system. In order to have an optimal condition is important to carry out the proper installation steps so that your servo motor does not have negative affects on your automation as a whole.