text:
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace WindowsFormsAero
{
    [ToolboxItem(false)]
    [Docking(DockingBehavior.Never)]
    [System.ComponentModel.DesignerCategory("Code")]
    public class AeroTabPage : Panel
    {
        private TabStripButton _button;
        private Boolean _backColorAssigned;

        [Browsable(false)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
        public override AnchorStyles Anchor
        {
            get { return base.Anchor; }
            set { base.Anchor = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(false)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
        public override DockStyle Dock
        {
            get { return base.Dock; }
            set { base.Dock = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(true)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Always)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Visible)]
        public override Color BackColor
        {
            get { return base.BackColor; }
            set
            {
                if (value == Color.Empty)
                {
                    ResetBackColor();
                }
                else
                {
                    this._backColorAssigned = true;
                    base.BackColor = value;
                }
            }
        }

        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        public override void ResetBackColor()
        {
            var tabControl = Parent as AeroTabControl;

            if (tabControl != null)
            {
                base.BackColor = tabControl.TabPageBackColor;
            }

            _backColorAssigned = false;
        }

        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        public bool ShouldSerializeBackColor()
        {
            return _backColorAssigned;
        }

        [Browsable(true)]
        [DefaultValue(null)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Always)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Visible)]
        public Image Image
        {
            get { return TabStripButton.Image; }
            set { TabStripButton.Image = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(true)]
        [DefaultValue(false)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Always)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Visible)]
        public Boolean IsBusy
        {
            get
            {
                if (_button != null)
                {
                    return _button.IsBusy;
                }

                return false;
            }
            set { TabStripButton.IsBusy = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(true)]
        [DefaultValue(true)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Always)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Visible)]
        public bool IsClosable
        {
            get { return _button.IsClosable; }
            set { _button.IsClosable = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(false)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
        public override Size MaximumSize
        {
            get { return base.MaximumSize; }
            set { base.MaximumSize = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(false)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
        public override Size MinimumSize
        {
            get { return base.MinimumSize; }
            set { base.MinimumSize = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(true)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Always)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Visible)]
        public override string Text
        {
            get { return base.Text; }
            set { base.Text = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(false)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Always)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
        public AeroTabControl TabControl
        {
            get { return Parent as AeroTabControl; }
        }

        [Browsable(false)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
        public new bool TabStop
        {
            get { return base.TabStop; }
            set { base.TabStop = value; }
        }

        [Browsable(true)]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Always)]
        public new event EventHandler TextChanged
        {
            add { base.TextChanged += value; }
            remove { base.TextChanged -= value; }
        }

        protected override void OnParentChanged(EventArgs e)
        {
            if(!_backColorAssigned)
            {
                ResetBackColor();
            }

            base.OnParentChanged(e);
        }

        protected override void OnTextChanged(EventArgs e)
        {
            if (_button != null)
            {
                _button.Text = Text;
            }

            base.OnTextChanged(e);
        }

        internal TabStripButton TabStripButton
        {
            get
            {
                if (_button == null)
                {
                    _button = new TabPageButton(this);
                }

                return _button;
            }
        }

        internal static AeroTabPage GetButtonPage(ToolStripItem button)
        {
            var pageButton = button as TabPageButton;

            if (pageButton != null)
            {
                return pageButton.TabPage;
            }

            return null;
        }

        private sealed class TabPageButton : TabStripButton
        {
            private readonly AeroTabPage _page;

            public TabPageButton(AeroTabPage page)
                : base(page.Text)
            {
                _page = page;
            }

            public AeroTabPage TabPage
            {
                get { return _page; }
            }

            public AeroTabControl TabControl
            {
                get { return _page.TabControl; }
            }

            protected override void OnClick(EventArgs e)
            {
                base.OnClick(e);
                TabControl.SelectedTab = TabPage;
            }

            protected override void OnCloseButtonClick(EventArgs e)
            {
                base.OnCloseButtonClick(e);
                TabControl.PerformCloseButtonClick(_page);
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Which is the best framework in node js? Hi i am making a whatsapp like app for this which framework suitable in node.i am new in node.js.So please suggest me framework which is suitable according to my requirement.
Thanks..

A: If you're new to Node.js, I would suggest Express because it's easy to get started, has tons of examples, and it's quite powerful. It's used by some heavily loaded API and Web servers. This doesn't mean it's the best or anything like that. It's just suitable for beginners and can be used in production apps with no doubt.

A: There is no way to tell straight the best framework in nodejs (or in any other technologies). You can check out these.
Express.
Restify.
Koajs
Geddy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you're still putting the final touches on your schedule for WPC11 next week in Los Angeles, here are four sessions you won't want to miss. Each of these sessions will focus on the latest Windows Azure news and opportunities for partners. All times PDT. Note: session locations are subject to change; please check onsite for any room changes.
Find out the latest news about cloud computing and Windows Azure. Learn about our profitability models, hear from partners who have grown their business in the cloud and get the latest information on new offers, product roadmap, partner programs and incentives to begin utilizing the cloud to your benefit.
Learn how you can make your cloud based practice more profitable while enhancing your value and offerings to your customers. During this session several systems integrator partners will share their first hand experiences with Windows Azure and how their customers have benefited from getting on the cloud.
This session will describe how ISVs and Data Providers can leverage Windows Azure Marketplace to grow their business and how other ISVS are participating in Windows Azure Marketplace to drive new business.
In this session, the Windows Azure team will talk about how to build a profitable cloud based business that provides highly scalable, fast, rich web experiences. Hear directly from our partners who have launched sites on Windows Azure and how they've used the cloud to transform their business and pass on the benefits to their customers.
Click here to learn more about WPC11. Can't make it to the conference? Then be sure to check out "MPN Live from WPC11" – a Roundtable Live Stream Talk Show Web Series, on Location from the MPN Booth in the Solution Innovation Center.


text:
#include "konoha3.h"
#include "konoha3/local.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#ifdef K_USE_PTHREAD

//static int verbose_gc = 0;

#define USE_CONCURRENT_GC 1
#include "../BitmapGC/bmgc.h"

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */

KONOHA_EXPORT(kbool_t) LoadBitmapConcGCModule(KonohaFactory *factory, ModuleType type)
{
	static KModuleInfo ModuleInfo = {
		"BitmapConGC", "0.1", 0, "bmgc congc",
	};
	factory->GCModule.GCInfo   = &ModuleInfo;
	factory->GCModule.Kmalloc  = Kmalloc;
	factory->GCModule.Kzmalloc = Kzmalloc;
	factory->GCModule.Kfree    = Kfree;
	factory->GCModule.InitGcContext     = KnewGcContext;
	factory->GCModule.DeleteGcContext   = KdeleteGcContext;
	factory->GCModule.ScheduleGC        = KscheduleGC;
	factory->GCModule.AllocObject       = KallocObject;
	factory->GCModule.WriteBarrier      = Kwrite_barrier;   // check this
	factory->GCModule.UpdateObjectField = KupdateObjectField;  // check this
	factory->GCModule.IsKonohaObject    = KisObject;
	return true;
}
#endif /* K_USE_PTHREAD */

#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* extern "C" */
#endif


Essay Solution: Homework help realized gain or loss first class work!
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text:
Avondale High School may refer to:

In the United Kingdom
 Avondale High School (Cheadle Heath) in Stockport, England

In the United States
 Avondale High School (DeKalb County, Georgia) in DeKalb County, Georgia
 Avondale High School (Michigan), Auburn Hills, Michigan

See also
 Avondale School (Wiltshire) in Wiltshire, England.
 Avondale School (Cooranbong) in New South Wales, Australia.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Students in Becky Simmons' Engineering Innovation class assembled devices made of springs, wooden spoons, bits of string, tubes and other various materials on a sunny day on the East Campus quad. The challenge, called "fall fling," had one objective: to launch a juggling ball from one device and catch it in a spray paint cap inside another device.
The stakes were high – the students' grades depended on the number of catches in a specified time period, as well as the distance the ball traveled – but the students still had some fun with the assignment, making their devices match a theme. One looked like a Hubble telescope, while another was a mini replica of the court in Cameron Indoor Stadium.
Anuj Thakkar, a sophomore who is pursuing the I&E Certificate, was one of the team members adjusting the mini basketball court. As a mechanical engineering major at the Pratt School of Engineering, he was required to take Engineering Innovation, or EGR121L. The class can also count toward the I&E Certificate's Technology & Design Pathway.
Thakkar said he chose to pursue the I&E Certificate because he's been interested in startups for some time and wanted to be surrounded by likeminded people.
The two-week project required students to learn how to design within constraints. A previous challenge focused on reverse engineering, and groups were tasked with taking apart household appliances and determining how to make them more cost effective.
Throughout the semester, the students also go through the following challenges: designing a Happy Meal toy using SOLIDWORKS and 3D printing; identifying, defining, and solving a true problem on campus; and designing a Rube Goldberg machine that will allow a ball to travel in a complex series of paths from group to group, initiating an electronic sensor at each group's stop.
"It's a great early opportunity for the students to do design innovation prototyping," Simmons said.


text:
Black Business Spotlight: LYF (Live Your Freedom)
Posted on November 15, 2016 by Solomon Kirven
Freedom is an important aspect that we all strive to attain in life. Whether it is buying your own house or relocating to a different city, having that self-security gives people an identity. For David Norris, freedom meant following your passion and that passion has turned into creating his own clothing line Live Your Freedom.
The Live Your Freedom brand speaks for itself: Following your passion and live a life that is uniquely you. A native of the Inland Empire in Southern California, Norris came up with the idea with his friend and co-founder Patrick while in high school as he was just zoning out in class one day. "LYF" as they also call it, was just a lifestyle but it would soon transition into something big.
"We weren't thinking about a clothing line or brand at this point. LYF was a way of thinking and lifestyle for us. During senior year we started making tees for the two of us with LYF on them to match our kicks. Our friends started asking for some and then it spiraled out from there. Other people outside of our clique started asking for shirts and wanted to pay for them. That's when we knew we had something," said Norris.
As people started to catch on to the movement, there was a great onslaught of support from people around the Inland Empire. As the Live Your Freedom brand continues to grow, Norris has used the LYF foundation to grow as a person and better himself.
"I think it's been an ongoing maturation of the meaning/impact of what Live Your Freedom is. At the end of the day, it's about going out and making a conscious decision to find your way. I think we've embodied this throughout our years & will continue to promote that moving forward," said Norris.
In the future Live Your Freedom plans to branch into other ventures in the fashion world while still promoting a positive lifestyle. LYF wants to help as many people as possible, by bringing a positive mindset to the forefront and helping people believe in themselves.
Its starts in the heart. From there, it manifests itself in all of life's endeavors. Business wise, we are already forming several partnerships behind the scenes to help give back.
To learn more about David Norris and Live Your Freedom visit their website at www.lyfclothing.com, Instagram @liveyourfreedom, Twitter @LYFClothing, or Facebook.
Dear Black America, We Gon Be Alright
Black Business Spotlight: Lachele Cosmetics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hills Feline C/D minced tins are recommended for Initial nutritional management of cats with any type of Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD), including crystalluria and/or urolithiasis from any cause, urethral plugs and idiopathic cystitis. Hills Feline C/D cat food helps the dissolution of sterile struvite stones and can provide long-term nutritional management of cats.
Chicken: Pork, pork liver, chicken(5%), rice, maize starch, oat fibre, animal fat, maize gluten meal, fish meal, digest, calcium sulphate, fish oil, dried yeast, glucose, potassium chloride, taurine, dried egg yolk, iodised salt, potassium citrate, calcium carbonate, vitamins and trace elements.


text:
A Blog by Leo Ji
scribblings by a guy on the Internet
Student journalists: do better.
Looking up at the Weber Arch at Northwestern University in Sep. 2015. Photo by Leo Ji.
If we want our readers to trust us, we need to listen to their criticisms — and not disparage them, as The Daily Northwestern's opinion editor has done
Before I applied to the Medill, I was studying physics and computer science. Despite being one of the few students who read the (physical) newspaper everyday, I couldn't tell you how journalism worked or what went into producing that newspaper.
So when Matt Murray, executive editor of The Wall Street Journal, spoke at Northwestern a few months ago, I asked him for his thoughts on whether journalists should explain how they do their work. What is our responsibility to explain how we do journalism to our readers?
I'm asking the question again, but this time of the campus newspaper, The Daily Northwestern.
On April 17, 2018, the Daily published a "Letter from the Editor" written by Alex Schwartz, a Medill sophomore and the opinion editor of The Daily. The letter's headline differs between print ("After ASG elections, recognize distinction between news, opinion") and online ("After ASG elections, don't call The Daily biased").
The opinion editor was responding to criticism of The Daily by readers on Facebook, who accused the newspaper of bias because it published a Letter to the Editor heavily critical of Sky Patterson and Emily Ash, two candidates for president and executive vice-president of Northwestern's undergraduate student government.
"The Daily itself cannot be conflated with the words of one columnist," the opinion editor wrote. "To call an entire publication biased after reading the words of one person in the Opinion section ignores their separation from our reporting. …
"Our Opinion page provides an outlet for individuals to express their own ideas, and every other page is a space for reporters to relay unbiased information about issues and events affecting NU and Evanston communities."
The Daily's opinion editor is correct, but he's missing the point.
First, the words "The Daily Northwestern" are included on both the Daily's website and within its printed pages. To ask readers not to associate The Daily opinion section with The Daily itself is similar to asking consumers of Coca-Cola Zero not to associate it with Coca-Cola — if you were serious about making that distinction, you'd call it Dasani.
As he wrote, readers can misunderstand how the opinion section works, but it's on The Daily to make it clear that the opinion pages work separately from The Daily's reporting. It's not on readers to find that out for themselves.
This is not the only controversial Letter to the Editor published by The Daily about this year's student government elections. A few hours before voting closed, The Daily published a piece now headlined "Letter to the Editor: 30 LGBTQ+ students endorse Sky + Em." The number "30" was added later.
While there's definitely room to disagree, I believe "Letter to the Editor: LGBTQ+ students endorse Sky + Em" can be reasonably interpreted to imply that the letter is meant to represent the entire LGBTQ+ student community as opposed to the views of 30 LGBTQ+ individuals, and a change of this nature to a headline should be indicated to readers.
But, as of April 19, 2018, the online version of the LGBTQ+ Letter does not include any message that the headline was changed, and I was unable to find the letter in print from the archives of The Daily Northwestern's issuu account.
And the opinion editor wrote in his letter that he takes issue with "folks insinuating (in some cases, flat-out stating) that this paper is biased without any knowledge of our editorial process or our structure." But when I sent an email about the LGBTQ+ letter asking for factual information about the piece, the opinion editor responded with "I'm sorry, but we do not publicly disclose information about our editorial process." That email chain itself is a separate story.
In addition, the headline of "After ASG elections, don't call The Daily biased," contrasts with his writing that "Yes, there is some bias involved in the act of choosing what stories we cover and publish. That's called selection bias, and it's something every single media outlet that isn't staffed by robots experiences."
While it's understandable that he may have been responding to reader allegations of partisan bias, it's still an unfortunate choice of words. Selection bias is a form of bias, and to communicate Yes, we're biased, but not in the way that you think, and also you should be grateful we're not robots in a letter responding to reader criticism is rather patronizing.
Moreover, that every other printed page of The Daily Northwestern may be dedicated to fact-based, un-opinionated and nonpartisan reporting is not enough, considering far more people get news online than through print, according to the Pew Research Center.
In the "Letter From the Editor," the opinion editor wrote "all letters to the editor, columns and editorials are clearly labeled as part of the Opinion section, and — as all of them say at the bottom — they in no way represent the views of anyone other than the person who wrote them, especially not The Daily's staff or this publication at large."
The disclaimer does exist in small letters at the bottom of The Daily Northwestern in print, but it is not true for the dailynorthwestern.com website, where Letters to the Editor do not have such a disclaimer on their individual article pages.
As I have written before, the design and layout of websites does not make it immediately obvious whether something is opinion or reporting, and that problem exists even for publications as well-established as The Wall Street Journal.
That has begun to change. Earlier this month, The New York Times announced changes to the design of its Opinion pages in digital media with a distinctive font, a more prominent Opinion label, and a short author bio below the byline to explain why the author has authority to comment on a particular issue.
The Washington Post now has hover tooltips to explain its classifications of "Analysis," "Perspective" and "Opinion" on its website, although that feature could be more obvious.
And when I brought up my Medium post to him, Matt Murray pointed out that the WSJ mobile apps already used different fonts for the headlines of news and opinion pieces, although I haven't found that experience matched on the WSJ website.
But despite their shortcomings, all of these are much-needed steps in the right direction.
These actions— not acknowledging a changed headline, referencing the Daily's printed pages without acknowledging its website, blaming readers for not knowing the editorial process — are examples of what I perceive as the elitism of journalists. This attitude says something like: "We're journalists. Journalism is what we do. We know best. We know what we're doing. You should listen to us."
There's nothing wrong with journalists knowing many things: journalism is literally the profession of information routing through society. ("You know things and tell me, now I'll go and tell other people" is the my favorite basic summary of how journalism works.)
And journalism is a lot of work: since joining Medill, I've come to appreciate how much work it takes to do fact-checking correctly and well; fact-checking is an arduous process in which every name, every noun and every claim must be double-checked against notes and independent sources.
The Medill F is legendary within Northwestern; Medill lecturer Michael Deas once told me that the standard he uses for awarding the F is whether the error, if printed, would have required a correction in the newspaper the next day. (I have two, both from him, and I'll never forget either.)
This is the standard that we are held to at Medill, and for good reason. Much of our work ends up in the domain of the public, stored within library shelves and archives or accessible on the Internet for who knows how long.
The European Union "right to be forgotten" is a just one example of how societies are struggling to balance the power of the media with individuals' expectations of personal privacy. It's not a coincidence that news articles make up many of the "right to be forgotten" requests to Google.
As journalists, our ability to impact the lives of other people means we need to hold ourselves more accountable for the accuracy of our work.
But simply because journalists work hard doesn't mean other people don't work hard as carpenters, couriers, chefs or counselors. And simply because we have satisfied ourselves that our work is accurate, ethical and complete doesn't mean that our readers and audiences can't know or understand that too.
One of the sayings I remember hearing during my earliest days at Medill is "If your mother says she loves you, get a second source." I trust my sources but am skeptical of the information they provide me and work to verify that information through other means. Often, that means asking questions about procedure: "How do you know this? Who did you get it from? Can I have a copy?"
That our readers might want to ask the same questions about the information we provide to them should not be surprising.
Transparency in journalism is not a new thing, but it's become relevant again. The independent nonprofit newsroom ProPublica sets an excellent example of how to conduct and demonstrate journalism transparency and accountability. And in December 2017, the Washington Post shared how journalists reported the story of allegations against Roy Moore days after Marty Baron, the Post's executive editor, said at the Poynter Ethics Summit: "I think there's mystery about how we go about our work. Let's just be more transparent about how we pursued the story."
Whether we like it or not, journalism is in the business of trust, and we have plenty to learn from people who have been here for decades. Financial institutions like Bank of America, industry regulators like the Food and Drug Administration and technology companies like Uber and Airbnb are all playing the same game.
Transparency, openness, and willingness to listen to public criticism — even when the public has less information than you do — are better responses than trying to use industry jargon like "involuntarily denied boarding" and "re-accomodation."
The need for transparency applies to all parts of a news publication's operation, including its opinion section. In an age when anybody can post on Facebook or write on a blog (hello!), being published in a news organization like The New York Times, The Washington Post or The Daily Northwestern is a key signifier of quality, elevating selected opinions from the cacophony of the masses. When an opinion piece is published by these news organizations, the implication is clear and unremovable: Somebody other than the writer thought this was a good argument. I'd better read it.
Reactions like this "Letter From the Editor" to criticisms of news publications do little to solve issues like a lack of trust in news media and the rise of politicians worldwide portraying the press as the enemy. Instead, they turn readers away from understanding and appreciating our work.
I recognise that editing a newspaper is hard enough, and being opinion editor would only make it even harder. But that doesn't mean we shouldn't implement better solutions, such as including a subheading on Opinion webpages: "Opinion stories are edited by our opinion editor, managing editors and the editor-in-chief. Views expressed by named individuals and groups, other than our editorial board, do not represent the views of this publication, or any of its editors or its staff."
Changes to how journalism is presented, as The New York Times, the Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal have implemented, help our readers to understand how we do our work without impending on core journalism values: accuracy, clarity, brevity.
My three years so far at Medill have taught me that there is no secret to doing journalism. You find people, ask questions, write stuff down, find some more people, ask some more questions, write some more stuff, and then repeat until you've written a story. There's nothing to hide and no mystery to maintain.
But our readers and our audience also owe us nothing, and we need to earn their trust and respect. We need to listen to the criticisms and feedback from our readers, and give them the information they need to decide if they will trust us. Amidst a crisis of trust in the media, all media organizations— including student publications — need to do better.
Published April 20, 2018 By Leo Ji
Categorized as Journalism Tagged Writing
Dear Simon: Who gets to be "Everyone?" Love, Leo.
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Q: how to put password inphp code to sqlite? I'm trying to use SQLite using an example I found here, but I can't get it to work.  I want include to require a database password to decode it.
I got error message:

Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception'

With message SQLite3::open() expects parameter 2 to be long...etc
<?php
  class MyDB extends SQLite3
   {
      function __construct()
      {
       $this->open('mySQLiteDB.sqlite','','password');
      }
   }
   $db = new MyDB();

   if(!$db){
      echo $db->lastErrorMsg();
   } else {
      echo "Opened database successfully\n";
   }
$sql =<<<EOF
      SELECT * FROM Stock WHERE Nom='CAF';
EOF;

   $ret = $db->query($sql);
   while($row = $ret->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC) ){
      echo "Nom = ". $row['Nom'] . "\n";
   }
   echo "Operation done successfully\n";
   $db->close();
?>

A: The error message is quite clear. The second parameter (flags) for the open()-method must be an integer. You're currently passing an empty string.
Change:
$this->open('mySQLiteDB.sqlite','','password');

to use the default flags:
$this->open('mySQLiteDB.sqlite', SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE, 'password');

You can read more in the documentation.


The case for patents rests crucially on three conditions: that innovation is undersupplied in the absence of patents; that patents promote increased innovation; and that the welfare benefits of any additional innovation outweigh the welfare costs associated with the temporary monopoly that patents generate. While it is probably true that innovation is undersupplied, the empirical evidence is mixed on whether patents foster innovation. This may be due to patents stifling cumulative innovation because of holdup and ex ante uncertainty over patent rights. This policy brief recommends that to reduce the potential for holdup, uncertainty around patent rights should be reduced. Patents should be easily searchable and more easily understood by non-legal experts. In addition, patents should be narrower and more clearly demarcated. To the extent that the welfare costs of patents appear to outweigh their benefits, the requirements for obtaining a patent should be tightened. Further, patents should be made less broad and, concomitant with the reduction in the length of the product cycle, the length of patents should also be reduced.