Hanshaw, Frank [unclear], head-of-household, age 26, born June 1873 in West Virginia; parents born in West Virginia; married 4 years; occupation: salesman, grocer [unclear]; rented home.
Hanshaw, Mar[..unclear..], wife, age 26, born Mar 1874 in Pennsylvania; father born in Ireland; mother born in Pennsylvania; married 4 years; 1 child, 1 living.
Hanshaw, George, son, age 3, born May 1897 in Pennsylvania; father born in West Virginia; mother born in Pennsylvania.
Haller [unclear], Charles, boarder, age 26, born Aug 1873 in West Virginia; father born in Germany; mother born in New York; married 7 years; occupation: book keeper.
", Katherine, wife, age 26, born Dec 1873 in West Virginia; father born in New York; mother born in West Virginia; married 7 years; 1 child, 1 living.
", Carl, son, age 5, born Jan 1894 in West Virginia; parents born in West Virginia.
McCoy, M[..unclear..], sister-in-law, age 11, born Jan 1889 in Pennsylvania; father born in Ireland; mother born in Pennsylvania; attended school 10 months.
Wright, [..unclear..], [..relationship unclear..], male, age 30, born Dec 1869 in Pennsylvania; father born in England; mother born in Ireland; married 5 years; occupation: book keeper.
Wright, Nettie, wife, age 28, born Nov 1871 in West Virginia; parents born in West Virginia; married 5 years; no children.
Hanshaw, Harry, boarder, age 33, born Sept 1866 in West Virginia; parents born in West Virginia; married 7 years; occupation: salesman.
Hanshaw, Bertie, boarder, age 25, born Mar 1875 in West Virginia; father born in England; mother born in Washington D.C.; married 7 years; 1 child, 1 living.
Hanshaw, Lansdale, boarder, age 4, born Jan 1896 in West Virginia; parents born in West Virginia.
Henshaw, Frank W., head-of-household, age 37, born in West Virginia; parents born in Virginia; first marriage, married 14 years; occupation: salesman, s[..unclear..]; rented home.
Henshaw, Mary G., wife, age 36, born in Pennsylvania; parents born in Ireland; first marriage, married 14 years; 2 children, 2 living.
Henshaw, George L., son, age 12, born in Pennsylvania; father born in West Virginia; mother born in Pennsylvania; attended school.
Henshaw, Annette K., daughter, age 8, born in New York; father born in West Virginia; mother born in Pennsylvania; attended school.
Henshaw, Martha J., mother, age 65, born in Virginia; parents born in Virginia; widow; 3 children, 3 living.
McCoy, Nellie K., sister-in-law, age 19, born in Pennsylvania; father born in Ireland; mother born in Pennsylvania; single; attended school.
Van Vern, M.V. [unclear], boarder, age 46, born in New York; parents born in Holland; first marriage, married 10 years; occupation: salesman, s[..unclear..].
Van Vern, Frances, boarder, age 30, born in New York; parents born in New York; first marriage, married 10 years; 2 children, 2 living.
Van Vern, Henry G., boarder, age 6, born in New York; parents born in New York.
Van Vern, Florence, boarder, age 4 months, born in New York; parents born in New York.
Hinshaw, Frank W., head-of-household, age 45, born in West Virginia; parents born in West Virginia; owned home (mortgaged); occupation: keeper, boarding house.
Hinshaw, Mary G., wife, age 44, born in Pennsylvania; father born in Ireland; mother born in Pennsylvania.
Hinshaw, George L., son, age 22, born in Pennsylvania; father born in West Virginia; mother born in Pennsylvania; occupation: clerk, brokers.
Hinshaw, Annette, daughter, age 18, born in Jersey [unclear]; father born in West Virginia; mother born in Pennsylvania.
Hinshaw, Frank, son, age 4 years 5 months, born in New York; father born in West Virginia; mother born in Pennsylvania.
Shutt, Harry, boarder, age 35, born in Indiana; parents born in Indiana; single; occupation: secretary, steamship co.
Floyd, Frank, boarder, age 40, born in Maryland; parents born in Maryland; single; occupation: auditor, tobacco co.
Grendler, Anna, cook, age 35, born in Finland; parents born in Finland; single; occupation: cook, private family.
Marnichala, Joseph, servant, age 16, born in New York; parents born in Poland; single; occupation: servant, private family.
Hanshaw, Mary J., head-of-household, age 54, born in Pennsylvania; father born in Ireland; mother born in Pennsylvania; widow; rented home ($175 rent); radio in home; occupation: boarders.
Hanshaw, Frank, son, age 14, born in New York; father born in West Virginia; mother born in Pennsylvania; attended school; occupation: none, high school.
1920 census, Mount Kisco, New Castle Township, Westchester County, New York; roll T625-1281, ED 105, page 7A-B, line #44, dwelling #116, family #140.
1900 census, Manhattan, New York City, New York; roll T623-1106, ED 548, page 1B-2A, line #93, dwelling #6, family #26.
1910 census, 30th Ward, Brooklyn, New York City, Kings County, New York; roll T624-985, ED 1410, page 70A, line #14, dwelling #131, family #182.
1930 census, Scarsdale, Westchester County, New York; roll T626-1665, ED 348, page 4A, line #12, dwelling #75, family #75.
1880 census, Grafton, Taylor County, West Virginia; roll T9-1414, ED 81, page 313D, line #40, dwelling #261, family #276.
1920 census, Mount Kisco, New Castle Township, Westchester County, New York; roll T625-1281, ED 105, page 7B, line #44, dwelling #116, family #140.


text:
< NC3Rs website
CRACK IT Challenges
Technology Partnering
3Rs Products
ImmuLiver
Launched Phase 1 awarded Phase 2 awarded Completed
The aim of this Challenge is to develop an in vitro model of the human liver that is metabolically and immunologically-competent for the routine assessment of Yellow Fever (YF) vaccine attenuation.
The vaccine is based on a live-attenuated virus derived from a pathogenic strain of YF virus and is currently assessed in non-human primates (NHPs), specifically cynomolgus macaques. Existing in vitro liver models are not fit for viral testing in a pharmaceutical context due to a lack of immune competency. A non-exhaustible or easily renewable source of cells, with a characterised origin is required. The model must be compatible with automated distribution and multiple sample analysis, as well as the constraints linked to manipulations of pathogenic agents (Biosafety Levels 2 and 3 (BSL2, BSL3)).
Phase 1 up to
£1m
Sanofi Pasteur EU
Full Challenge information
Phase 2 awarded
A team led by Professor Lyle Armstrong from Newcells Biotech Ltd has been awarded £957,793 to deliver Phase 2.
Three Phase 1 Awards were made to project teams led by:
Dr Marcus Dorner, Imperial College London, £100,000.
Dr Ruchi Sharma, Stemnovate Ltd, £99,960.
Professor Lyle Armstrong, Newcells Biotech Ltd, £99,711.
Challenge launched
Sponsored by Sanofi Pasteur EU, the ImmuLiver Challenge aims to develop an in vitro model of the human liver that is metabolically and immunologically-competent for the routine assessment of Yellow Fever (YF) vaccine attenuation. The vaccine is based on a live-attenuated virus derived from a pathogenic strain of YF virus and is currently assessed in non-human primates (NHPs), specifically cynomolgus macaques. Existing in vitro liver models are not fit for viral testing in a pharmaceutical context due to a lack of immune competency. A non-exhaustible or easily renewable source of cells, with a characterised origin is required. The model must be compatible with automated distribution and multiple sample analysis, as well as the constraints linked to manipulations of pathogenic agents (Biosafety Levels 2 and 3 (BSL2, BSL3))
Full Challenge details
Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne flavivirus disease affecting human populations in tropical areas of South America and Africa. The virus maintains an enzootic cycle in NHPs and is periodically re-introduced to humans through infected NHPs living nearby (Fernandes et al., 2017; Moreno et al., 2013). This means the global eradication of Yellow Fever virus (YFV) infection is not possible and it remains a major public health concern. YFV infection can cause severe illness characterised by the impairment of liver function, leading to acute hepatitis, severe hemorrhage and if it proceeds to infect the central nervous system, death (Monath, 2001; Monath et al., 2015). YFV-infected cynomolgus macaques fully recapitulate the pathophysiology of human YF disease, and were central in the development of the first YFV vaccine strain, YF17D (Frierson JG, 2010), obtained by the prolonged cultivation of the wild type YFV-Asibi strain.
For the development and evaluation of vaccines, current regulatory guidelines (WHO Annex 5, 2013) recommend that appropriate safety characterisation studies should be conducted using the YF17D vaccines as a comparator. Due to the lack of suitable small animal models able to mimic YF pathophysiology, much weight is currently placed on cynomolgus macaque neurovirulence studies for vaccine safety evaluation (Levenbook et al.,1987). A typical safety test is described in "Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of live attenuated yellow fever vaccines" (WHO Annex 5, 2013).
In this assay, neurovirulence, immunogenicity and viscerotropism are evaluated in the same macaques (n=10) through innoculation with a test dose in the frontal lobe followed by clinical observation, sampling and post-mortem histology. Neurotropism can also be evaluated through peripheral innoculation.
There is strong industry interest in replacing in YFV vaccine attenuation assessment.
Neurovirulence/ neurotropism: a recent pilot study conducted by Sanofi Pasteur, with wild type and attenuated YFV vaccine has shown that in vitro blood/brain barrier (BBB) mini-brains constitute a promising alternative to macaques for neurovirulence testing with the additional ability to detect neurotropism (da Costa et al., 2018).
Immunogenicity: studies can be performed in small rodent animal models and when combined with the product of this Challenge and the in vitro BBB assay developed by Sanofi, could lead to the replacement of studies in macaques.
Viscerotropism: is currently assayed by measuring by blood viraemia in the innoculated macaques. An in vitro model, as outlined in this Challenge, has the potential to replace this assay.
An in vitro model of viscerotropism
The development of an immune competent in vitro liver model for use in the viscerotropic assessment of YF vaccine products has the potential, when combined with the in vitro neurovirulence model, to replace the use of macaques in safety testing of these products. The use of small animal models for assessment of viscerotropism is limited by their poor predictivity. For example, type I Interferon (IFN)-deficient mice succumb to infection with wild type virus and survive infection with the vaccine, but are immuno-compromised, and hamsters can develop viscerotropic symptoms and high levels of virus in the liver, but only when infected with a hamster-adapted virus strain (Julanger, 2016). These have limited predictive value for viscerotropism and a human relevant in vitro model would have significant potential to replace the use of macaques.
Both the 17D vaccine and wild type (Asibi) viruses can productively infect various liver cells in vitro and elicit similar replication levels, making them indistinguishable by replication when used in the same model. However, Sanofi have recently demonstrated that human primary hepatocytes may be a valuable in vitro model to investigate innate and metabolic disorders elicited by YFV infection. The study was conducted in a commercial human liver organotypic model (InSphero™) based on primary hepatocytes. Using a transcriptomics screen, type III IFN was identified as a potential biomarker to differentiate between wild type and vaccine YFV. This observation is consistent with other reports describing the critical role of type III IFN in clearance of hepatic infections, like hepatitis C, in vitro and in vivo. Other potential biomarkers have been identified, suggesting that such an in vitro model could constitute an alternative to the macaques viscerotropic assay to predict YF liver disease (Masse-Deragon et al., 2016, thesis work and manuscript in preparation).
A functional liver model that can recapitulate as much as possible the complexity of the organ, is needed to assess viscerotropism and replace macaques in the testing of new vaccine products. Besides its major role in metabolism, the liver is also a critical component of defence against blood-borne infections (Crispe, 2009). It contains both conventional and unconventional populations of resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells, which can support T cell activation. The presence of such cells in a model of liver infection is critical. 3D cell culture has been demonstrated to recreate the in vivo microenvironment and physiological relevance of tissues (Mehta et al., 2012). A number of multicellular liver models are commercially available but have not been proven to be suitable for routine assessment of YFV vaccines. The principal limitations are:
A lack of well-defined models: there is no definition for "normal" functioning for a liver immune competent model, and a lack of biological markers to assess this status.
A limited supply of primary cells makes them incompatible with routine testing for the lifetime of the vaccine (usually >30 years) and they are usually isolated from donors with a medical history of liver pathology (diabetes, cancer, alcohol abuse). The impact of the donor status may impact the outcome of an infection study.
Culture medium formulations and extracellular matrix (ECM) components are not optimised for viral infection (e.g. interference with receptor fixation, reduced virus half-time, viral particle dissociation).
Design of the models does not always permit BSL2 safety containment of the pathogen (protection of the operator and the environment, safe elimination of liquid and solid wastes).
Insufficient assay throughput and limited number of readouts for assay validation.
3Rs benefits
All currently manufactured YF vaccines are based on two subtypes of the YF17D attenuated strain. WHO current guidelines recommend that attenuation in macaques is assessed for each new manufactured seed lot and for any new YFV attenuated strain (WHO Annex 5, 2013). A typical assay is described in Moulin et al (Moulin et al., 2013). Depending on the manufacturing capacity, this assay is repeated two to four times a year. For each new working seed lot, at least two groups of ten cynomolgus macaques (both sexes), one test group and one reference group, are anesthasised and inoculated with viral suspension intracerebrally into the frontal lobe. Macaques are observed for 30 days and records of clinical observations (ranging from not eating to limb paralysis and death) are obtained according to WHO recommended scores.
With growing evidence that both the neurovirulence assay will be replaced by an in vitro assay in the future (da Costa et al., 2018), there is an urgent need to find a substitute to the macaque viscerotropism test to enable replacement of this invasive and terminal procedure. A robust, biologically-relevant in vitro assay for vaccine attenuation assessment would provide a strong case to convince health authorities to remove the macaque assay from the YF vaccine guidelines. As an example, the US and Canadian Health Authorities (FDA and BGTD, respectively) have recently approved the replacement of the inactivated polivirus (IPV) inactivation test in Primary Monkey Kidney Cells (PMKC), by an in vitro assay in a mouse cell line genetically engineered to express human poliovirus receptor, CD155, based on a robust validated assay (da Costa et al., 2018).
There are many forms of liver infection, classified according to the category of the infecting agent as viral (e.g. cytomegalovirus, HIV and herpes simplex), bacterial (e.g. acute bacterial hepatitis, bacterial liver abscesses and granulomatous liver disease) or parasitic (e.g. plasmodium P.vivax, liver flukes (trematoda) and tapeworms (cestoda)). Implementation in industrial and academic settings, of assays developed through this Challenge could be a viable and improved alternative to the current animal models used for studying these various hepatic pathogenes as well as for the development of vaccines and antivirals.
Phase 1 winners
Project teams led by:
Challenge 29 - Brief
PDF - 213.29 KB
Challenge 29 - Presentation
PDF - 1.05 MB
Challenge 29 - Q and As
PDF - 43.47 KB
Assesment information
Review and Challenge Panel membership
Construction of a miniaturised human lymph node model as an alternative to Local Lymph Node Assay
Generation of functionally mature pancreatic organoids as a replacement strategy for animal-models o
Preneoplastic Pancreatic (PanIN) Organoids as an in vitro Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression
In vitro methods for replacement of current in vivo assays for cancer stem cell drugs
Replacement of murine transplantation assays by 3D in vitro substitutes
Replacement of animal use in measuring cardiomyocyte response to drug safety profiling using a novel
A human micro-liver system for reliable safety and efficacy testing
Novel approach to model Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease using human Pluripotent Stem Cells
215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE
Tel: 020 7611 2233 | Fax: 020 7611 2260
crackitenquiries@nc3rs.org.uk
© Copyright NC3Rs 2018

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Compassionate individuals with a knack for anatomy may find respiratory therapy a suitable career choice. These health care professionals work under other medical specialists to help prevent, diagnose, and treat conditions relating to the heart and lungs.
Respiratory therapists need at least an associate's degree, but a bachelor's degree is often preferred. Courses in anatomy, physiology, biology, and pharmacology are part of the curriculum. Licensing is also necessary, and the two types are Registered Respiratory Therapist and Certified Respiratory Therapist. Many schools offer training programs that allow you to gain practical experience.
Most respiratory therapists work in a hospital, but other environments include laboratories, clinics, nursing homes, physician offices, and even visiting the homes of patients. If you are more interested in the technological side of respiratory devices, you may opt to work for a medical device manufacturer.
If this field interests you, learn more from the real-world career profiles below. We interviewed professional respiratory therapists one-on-one to give you insight into the daily life in this field. You can learn about educational training, career paths, and more, while receiving advice.
I give breathing treatments, maintain, change and monitor any ventilators in use. I also work on any "codes" that may come into the ER.
Give breathing treatments, take blood, work with ventilators, intubate patients, and overall patient care.


kuwe non un sake i un kuwo un.
KUWE-NON UN-SAKE I UN-KUWO UN.
frightening-thing← not-knowing that not-afraid not.
"ignoring or being unaware of the danger is no bravery".
This is a good example to show the basic function of Dama. The most important distinction is between a noun (KUWO, afraid) and the corresponding active verb (KUWE, to make afraid, frighten, threaten). Nouns work as passive verbs too, in contrast to the active verbs.
The verb "to be" (copula) is normally absent, but there are various ways to substitute it: I, the 3rd person pronoun, is a common means to substitute the copula.
The 3 indeclinable logical words AN (become), IN (position; there is), UN (negation) function mostly as adverbs, so placed before the verb or other word they modify, but they can be used as verbs too, at the end of a clause, before punctuation. As in this sentence, KUWE-NON UN-SAKE I UN-KUWO UN where the UN at the end means "is not".
KUWE NO =the frightening thing. UN SAKE= does not know; UN SAKE I =the one who does not know.
Extended Dama can form derivatives: KUWO=afraid, KUAWO (KWAWO)=not afraid, brave; including abstract nouns: AKUWO=fear, AKWAWO=fearlessness, bravery. But extended Dama is only for those who have well memorized the vocabulary. Ordinary Dama forms abstracts with WANO: KUWO WANO "fear".
However, most of the time, concrete words can replace the abstract, as in this example: when we say that the ignorant is not brave (concrete), it means that ignorance is no bravery (abstract).
Well, you can rightfully say that bravery should be expressed also in a positive way and not only through the opposite. Yes, so you can make many other terms for it, as NUNE WIJO "front'ing feeling" (the feeling that makes you front =bravery), or RITE WIJO "the feeling that makes you stand up", or RUNE WIJO "the feeling to fight", all these can be used for bravery. RUNE WIJO is not the same as aggressiveness, which is JIBE WIJO "the feeling to do or give something bad".
And by the way, all the 258 roots of Dama can be used as names for God: most commonly TAME I "maker and user of the sky" and BUME I "maker of everything", but also all other active verbs can be used as names of God; for example NISE I "the one who exposes liars" or KITE I "the one who heals".
(The Dama language has an answer to every question). Well, indeed the full name is Dama Diwan kiwo jeno (see group with that name too), the Dama Diwan language, but when the context helps, it is enough to say DAMA KIWO.
Again note that the -N shows the direction of the object: -ON -E (NON SAKE) shows the object before its verb; -EN -O (SEN NIBO) shows the verb before its object.
There is profound wisdom in the etymology of all roots through the 12 phonemes, each phoneme being an original root. For example, W means a growth; K means decision, a targeted thing, steadiness, stability; S means possession, presence, availability. In KUWO "fear", we have WO a growth, accumulation, achievement, which is KO targeted, and also steady, hard to move: a growth attracts envy, and it is targeted and hard to move, that is why it has fear.
Then SAKO, knowledge, is KO the steadiness, that is establishment, SA of the present, available (reality), in other words, the confirmation of the present reality.
I believe I have posted this to the right place, because, although one post cannot present a whole language, yet this one presents all the main points of Dama, in a more mature way than a post I had put here before a year or more. Still if you think it clutters the forum, please feel free to move it to another forum - or delete the post altogether.
Can we say that again...?
Yes, it's happening, I swear this guy's a troll.
(The Dama language has an answer to every question).
But does it know why kids love the taste of Cinnamon Toast Crunch?
Don't say that you'll only encourage him.
Does it know why the answer to the great question about life, the universe and everything is 42?
The Voynich manuscript was written in Dama.
Basque is really just corrupted Dama.
Dama was the language of Adam and Eve.
Dama can be spoken faster than the speed of light.
If anything, Dama is raw and uncut mentalese instead of that Cro Magnon-blabber.


text:
Bah-Bah. Following The Flock
Many articles have been written on whether veteran heavyweight Evander Holyfield should still be fighting, I know because I've penned one or two of them. One article for thesweetscience.com concluded that although Holyfield was very obviously a life-time removed from his prime, nor ever likely to secure the fifth heavyweight title he proclaims to need to retire content he had every right to continue punching in. Of course, the small caveat to this thesis was I had no intention of watching him try.
Now a year on, and with the weekend fast approaching my mind turns to the television coverage I'll be tuning into – I can't make shows in person due to the proximity of my second child arriving – and I've been struck by my disappointment that British networks wont be affording Holyfield versus poorly qualified Maddalone any air time. Don't get me wrong, the workmanlike quality of Jon Thaxton versus Scott Lawton, and the still aspiring Esham Pickering will make for interesting viewing but for the first time in years – I'd just like to see Evander one more time.
I guess it is this morbid curiosity or longing for bygone days that ensure fighters like Holyfield still enjoy interest disproportionate to their current standing or potential. Incurable.
The original article went something like this;
Holyfield Ignores the Lesson of King Canute
By David Payne
Legend states that Viking King, Canute the Great, once sat on the medieval seashores of England, resplendently robed atop his thrown and commanded the rising tide to "go back." As the waves lapped around his ankles, Canute, a wise king and astute politician, used the exercise to illustrate that though the deeds of kings may seem great to the minds of men, they were nothing in the face of God's power.
In modern parlance, Canute knew when to quit.
A thousand years on, Evander Holyfield, a God-fearing man from a similarly combative world, is aiming, metaphorically at least, to take up King Canute's challenge. Holyfield (42), with just two victories in his last nine contests, seeks to repel the tide, to defy the lunar cycle and, in short, freeze time. Hell, perhaps even turn it back a little.
Unlike the 11th century monarch who sought only to prove to his sycophantic courtiers that his achievements and wisdom offered him no special powers, Holyfield, a product of the tough Atlanta projects, stubbornly ignores the pleas of his own boxing court. In New York last week, a three man commission revoked his boxing license on the grounds of "diminished skills and performance" in the latest attempt to supposedly protect Holyfield from himself.
A former undisputed cruiserweight and four-time heavyweight champion, who has faced and beaten some of the sport's hardest men, will need more than a faceless panel, no matter how well intended, to be deterred from what he believes to be his destiny – to lay claim to the heavyweight championship for the fifth time. With a battery of physical tests passed, he now appears more likely than ever to find a home for his crusade. It simply won't be in New York.
In the all too cruel sport of boxing, there will be a healthy line of aspiring and tiring contenders willing to trample on the remnants of Holyfield's once great legacy … turning Holyfield's own insatiable appetite and pride against him to add his name, though tarnished, to their boxing resume. Amongst this collection there will not be a single man Holyfield, being Holyfield – the most indefatigable of men – will not believe he can beat.
Holyfield is a name these contenders crave for their ledgers because of a reputation and standing hewn from more than two decades at the pugilistic coal face, in a career that already ensures the father of ten, and youngest child of nine, boxing immortality. Holyfield has grown so synonymous with grit, heart and unswerving determination that his name spawned a brand – "Warrior" – and few fighters have a more befitting moniker.
The story of an ageing, at risk, faded Holyfield isn't new. Lazarus-like career resurrections against all-time greats Riddick Bowe, Mike Tyson and most recently the less celebrated former champion Hasim Rahman, sustain Holyfield despite a catalogue of recent failure, helping him keep the faith even though those around him have lost theirs and implore him to give up on his dream.
As long ago as 1994, Holyfield was considered finished and medically unfit to compete following a heart complaint that at least temporarily forced him to retire. Fans and writers feared for his safety on his return in 1995 following a miraculous, inexplicable recovery, when he faced a supposedly rejuvenated Mike Tyson in a fight in which some felt Holyfield could, literally, die. The rest, of course, is history.
So the story has done the rounds. We've been here before, but this time the reasoning seems illogical.
Boxing is clearly trying to appear to "do the right thing," painting a shiny compassionate veneer on its beleaguered image. However, the sport's insistence on targeting one of its most distinguished exponents, particularly on the entirely subjective grounds of "diminished skills and performances," stinks of double standards. It isn't fair to toy with Holyfield's career simply for good PR.
Admittedly, only fools would claim that Holyfield hasn't deteriorated as a fighter; losses to fleshy Puerto Rican John Ruiz, blown-up middleweight James Toney and, most depressing of all, a shutout loss to veteran fringe contender Larry Donald constitute compelling evidence of his decline. And it isn't just the results; the nature of the performances have been hard to stomach for fans who remember Holyfield in his prime.
But in truth, is that really the issue? Since when did becoming a losing fighter urge boxing commissions to prevent fighters doing what they do best, which is fight? It seems Holyfield is being punished for his own success. If Holyfield is physically fit to compete, how can he be simultaneously barred from boxing simply because he's no longer the fighter he once was?
This is the same sport that welcomed back Ray Mercer recently aged 44, right? Isn't this the same sport that dreaded but embraced Thomas Hearns' return too? Didn't I read 47-year-old Tony Tubbs won a fight somewhere? Have these commissions not seen Garing Lane's recent record? They know 48-year-old Marion Wilson is still allowed to duke it out with Oliver McCall, right? They know Larry Holmes didn't retire in '86, don't they? And most telling of all, a fighter with whom Holyfield shares so much history, Riddick Bowe, was allowed to return following an eight year hiatus and proven cerebral degeneration.
So why is Evander Holyfield different? Why does Holyfield seemingly threaten the integrity of sport by carrying on?
Did nobody remind the various commissions and fans hell-bent on preventing Holyfield from fighting again that champions always fight beyond their prime? That they always stay too long? It always ends this way. The draw of the crowd is the drug, the attention, the competition, the adulation. Champions cannot leave it behind. It's those same intangibles that will pitch Roy Jones Jr., knocked out in last two fights, back into the ring with his nemesis and undisputed champion Antonio Tarver.
Is someone telling me Jones isn't suffering from "diminished skills and performance?" Five years ago he'd have beaten Tarver and Glengoffe Johnson in the same night and probably gone one-on-one with Charles Barkley between rounds.
So someone somewhere please enlighten me. Why is Evander Holyfield different? If he wants to fight, and no amount of medical testing can find a reason to prevent him doing so, let him.
Maybe one day he'll feel the tide lapping at his ankles.
Boxing, British Boxing, Fight Previews, Mike Tyson, Sports
The Weekend Long-Shot
An Apology To Crawford Grimsley
2 thoughts on "Bah-Bah. Following The Flock"
David Payne says:
I really appreciate you taking so much time to respond. So much of what you say is true. Being institutionalised is an interesting way of explaining the problem of fighters never retiring.
jmbtandy says:
I really enjoyed reading your article, I can understand why Holyfield wants to box on and I think there are a number of reasons. Most people would say it was for the money, but if they ever seen his house they would know it wasn't for that reason. They call fighters the modern day gladiators and there is not a word that is more fitting, some people are born with a certain desire and no matter what is don't to them it can never be taken away.
Evander will know that every time he steps into the ring he could be the last thing he ever does, but so did the gladiators and it didn't stop them, he tried to walk away, he had the money and the fame but there was still something missing, the challenge, the fight.
The reason why so many boxers lose the way after retiring they have lived there lives differently to normal people they have dedicated themselves to the training year after year, what happens when it all stops, normal people look at him and see the flash cars and money but they don't understand, it's like a prisoner released after years in prison, they are institutionalised.
It's not about proving any points, if there was a point to prove he has certainly proved it over the years, it's about his belief in himself, will he win a world title again?, probably not, he isn't a patch on the boxer he once was, but in his mind he is, and watching men he would have destroyed years ago win the Heavyweight World Title must eat at him, as it did to George Foreman.
Foreman was laughed at when he suggested he would get back in the ring, but his mind was already made up and he went on to make history, yes he didn't look very good doing it, but to be honest I could say the same of a few Championship bouts of late.
Holyfield is a true warrior, maybe his destiny is to die on the battlefield, personally I hope not, and as a boxing fan I would rather not see him in the ring again, he should keep his legacy intact and be remembered for the battles he fought in his prime. But no one has the right to take it away from him if anyone has earned it it's him, and as he has proved he can still compete at a decent level.
Final got off my arse and went running. 5*k-28:14 almost five minutes lost since end of June. But I've started. Fee… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… **	1 hour ago
Final got off my arse and went running. 5*k-28:14 almost five minutes lost since end of June. But I've started. Fee… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 hour ago


Think Bali and all you imagine is an exotic destination! And why not? From the freshness of lush green paddies to the charm of the old temples, Bali is a traveller's delight! Adventure, reflection, exploration – you can experience everything on one trip! When it comes to your budget – if planned correctly, you can have a pretty luxurious vacation on this gorgeous island.
You have to immerse yourself in the place – it has a vibe like no other, very distinct from the other Southeast Asian islands. I remember the first time I visited Bali, the energy of the place hit me the moment I set foot out of the airport. On the way to my resort, I caught sight of my first sunset in Bali – the first of the many that took my breath away. The stunning blend of colours changing in the sky, with a constantly strong tone of orange is unbelievable – you have to experience it know what I'm talking about, no photograph can ever do justice to this spectacle.
There's a lot more to do in Bali, of course, besides watching the sunsets (but make sure you catch one in a different place every day!), and I'll list down the three other things that you must absolutely experience when you visit Bali!
Walk through some paddy fields! And then walk through some more!
I don't know about others, but this was one of my favourite activities in Bali. The feeling of walking through a lush green rice field and breathing in the fresh air is something that should be on everyone's bucket list. There's no dearth of rice fields on the island, from step farms to beautifully planned ones – some of them are a sight to behold! Don't forget to check out the rice terraces especially at Jatiluwih, Munduk Rice Fields and Tegallalang.
Soak in a beautiful blend of history and spirituality at the numerous temples!
There are three types of temples you will find here – Candis or the Javanese Hindu Temples, Purams or Balinese ones and our Indian Mandirs. Do visit the Gunung Kawi temple in the north eastern part of Ubud. Another Puram you must experience is the Pura Ulun Danu Beratan which is a water temple dedicated to Shiva. Set on the shores of Lake Bratan, the temple is a vision with its Balinese sculpture and the magnificent shrine which seems magical from across the lakes. The first time I visited this temple, I stayed back for almost half the day because I was so mesmerized!
Settle down for a day or two by a beach!
If you come to an island and don't chill by a beach, people will think you are insane! But yes, people talk so much about paddies and the temples, many fail to really enjoy some of the most beautiful beaches in the world which are located in Bali. From the serene seclusion of Uluwatu and Bukit to the shining white Kuta Beach to the divine blue waters of Candidasa, Bali is a beach bums' delight. Go sailing, snorkeling, swimming or just lay down on the beach and soak in the salty love of Mother Nature – you need to spend at least a couple of days by a beach to truly experience the beaches of Bali!
And now I'll tell you guys about one thing you must absolutely do, not just when you are in Bali but for all your international travels, especially in the Southeast Asian countries.
Get Yourself A Travel Insurance!
I'm serious! A travel insurance covers a whole lot of problems travellers get into at foreign destinations. From covering most of your medical expenses to certain incidents of losses, here's why you should ideally get yourself a travel insurance for the Southeast Asian countries.
The Travel Insurance from Reliance General also makes sense because it has destination specific benefits and has a wide range of coverage from medical evacuations to political ones and even baggage losses from carriers. I especially like that fact that it not only covers loss of baggage but also expenses incurred if a trip is delayed for more than 12 hours due to a host of reasons. And it's available at an extremely affordable price.
So plan your itinerary, pack your bags and start looking for tickets because an incredible vacation awaits you in Bali!


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The Military Sealift Command  (), is an organization that controls the replenishment and military transport ships of the Indonesian Navy. Military Sealift Command has the responsibility for providing sealift and ocean transportation for all Indonesian military services as well as for other government agencies. It first came into existence on 1 July 1961 when the Naval Transport Department () was established as the sole service responsible for the Ministry of Defense's ocean transport requirements for both peacetime and war.

History
Military Sealift Command was formed in Jakarta on 1 July 1961 under the name of the Naval Transport Department () using for heavy amphibious transport purposes the Navy's newly acquired Teluk Langsa-class tank landing ships from the US and one Polnocny-class landing ship, manufactured in Poland for the service. The establishment of the Dalmil was based on considerations for the logistical interests of the Navy and the Indonesian National Armed Forces in general, including the interests of the government in the field of sea transportation.

Along with the launching of Operation Trikora for the liberation of West Papua effective December 1961, its baptism of fire, Dalmil was renamed into the Naval Transport Command () in April 1962.

On 27 February 1970, the name was renamed into the Naval Transport Service () in February 1970. Later that year on 4 May, it was renamend again to Military Sealift Command ().

Starting 23 July 1971, the name of the Military Sealift Command used and confirmed as the official title  based on the resolution of the office of the Minister of Defense and Security/Commander of the Armed Forces, concerning Organizational Principles and the needs of the ALRI.

In 1985, the Military Sealift Command was organized into two Sealift Forces when the National Fleet Command, upon which it supported for 24 years, was split into the Western and Eastern Fleets.

Area Commands
Military Sealift Command has the main task of fostering the capability of the Military Sea Transportation system, fostering the potential of national sea transportation for the benefit of national defense, carrying out sea transportation of the National Armed Forces and National Police which includes personnel, equipment and supplies, both administrative and strategic tactical and carrying out sea transportation assistance in order to support national development.

In accordance with the functions and duties of carrying out a shift in military strength, both troops and logistics by sea in all Indonesian waters. Sea crossing activities by Military Sealift Command elements as well as elements under the Operational Control of Military Sealift Command can be carried out individually or in formation both in times of peace and war. Shifting troops and logistics can be done from a Naval Base, Public Port, Coast to Naval Base or to a Public Port and other beaches.

Development
In the field of development, Military Sealift Command is tasked with compiling and planning programs for the development of elemental strength, terminals and supporting facilities and infrastructure within the ranks of the command through maintenance, delivery, tactical development and procedures for Military Sea Transportation in accordance with the level and environment of its authority

Program
In the operational field, Military Sealift Command coordinates and prepares plans and programs for sea transportation for all ranks of the National Armed Forces and National Police. As a Principal Command carrying out operational duties, the Military Sealift Command operates several ships of various types, including: Tank Landing Ship, General Support, Personnel Transport Assistance and Landing Platform Dock types.

Besides the Navy facilities, it includes the management of two Military Sealift Command terminals, as an element of the Executing Command or Anglanas responsible for the three Executive Commands:

 Military Sealift Force Jakarta
 Military Sealift Force Surabaya
 Military Sealift Force Makassar

Fleet
Military Sealift Command operates several types of Landing Ship Tank (LST) elements based in naval bases in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. These bases form the basis of the Military Sealift Command's Sealift Forces, which correspond to the three Naval Fleet Commands.

Military Sealift Force Jakarta

Military Sealift Force Surabaya

Military Sealift Force Makassar

Commander
Commanders of the Military Sealift Command are known as  and are appointed by and relieved by the Chief of Staff of the Navy.

See also

 Indonesian Navy

References

External links
https://lantamal3.koarmabar.tnial.mil.id/Home.aspx

Indonesian Navy
Military units and formations established in 1961

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to get javaScript 'value' property for custom text box control in ASP.NET on client side Is there a way to access specific textbox control inside custom ASP.NET control from another page by using javascript?
In other words:
I have custom control BankInformation:
    <%@ Register Src="~/Controls/Attachments/SingleAttachment.ascx" TagName="SingleAttachment" TagPrefix="ABS" %>

        <asp:Label ID="lblIBAN" runat="server" CssClass="control-label" AssociatedControlID="txtIBAN" meta:resourcekey="lblIBAN"></asp:Label>

            <asp:TextBox ID="txtIBAN" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>

        <asp:Label runat="server" ID="lblRoutingABANumber" CssClass="control-label" AssociatedControlID="txtRoutingABANumber" meta:resourcekey="lblRoutingABANumber"></asp:Label>

            <asp:TextBox ID="txtRoutingABANumber" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>
            <asp:RequiredFieldValidator runat="server" CssClass="validator" ValidationGroup="vgDirectDebitApplication" ID="rfvRoutingABANumber" ControlToValidate="txtRoutingABANumber"  SetFocusOnError="True" Display="Dynamic" Enabled="false" meta:resourcekey="rfvRoutingABANumber"></asp:RequiredFieldValidator>

I've made an instance of this custom control inside of another control:

    <%@ Register Src="~/Controls/BankInformation.ascx" TagName="BankInformation" TagPrefix="ABS" %>

        <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none">×</button>

<%=GetLocalResourceObject("BankInfoHeader") %>

        <ABS:BankInformation runat="server" ID="bankInformation" />

        <asp:Button runat="server" ID="btnUpdate" meta:resourcekey="btnUpdate" CausesValidation="False" />
        <button id="btnCancel" runat="server" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true"><%=GetLocalResourceObject("Cancel")%></button>

What I am trying to do is to access text box with an ID of 'txtAccountNumber' inside BankInformation control, from control where it is instantiated and get it's value so I can do client side validation on btnUpdate click event. I know how to do everything except most important part: Is it possible to get value of txtAccountNumber outside it's control and how to do this in javaScript if it is possible?

A: Yes, it is possible. You can use ClientIDMode property (ASP.NET 4.0):
<asp:TextBox ID="txtAccountNumber" runat="server" ClientIDMode="Static"></asp:TextBox>

then access text box:
var accountNumber = document.getElementById('txtAccountNumber').value;

Another approach is to save txtAccountNumber.ClientID to global javascript variable, or better save it as property of global application object.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Max Bandel (ur. 10 stycznia 1986 r. w Spirze) – niemiecki wioślarz.

Osiągnięcia
 Mistrzostwa Świata Juniorów – Banyoles 2004 – ósemka – 3. miejsce.
 Mistrzostwa Świata U-23 – Hazewinkel 2006 – ósemka – 2. miejsce.
 Mistrzostwa Świata U-23 – Glasgow 2007 – ósemka – 2. miejsce.
 Mistrzostwa Europy – Ateny 2008 – ósemka – 4. miejsce.

Przypisy

Urodzeni w 1986
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Europy w Wioślarstwie 2008
Niemieccy wioślarze


text:
The seniors are winning this round!
By LeAPMarch 28, 2017No Comments
Here's a misconception we need to question: workers above the age of 55 are burned-out, resistant to technologies, absent due to illness, reluctant to travel, less creative, and less productive. At least, this is what managers at hiring agencies shared about senior employees, in a 2009 report from the Sloan Center on Aging & Work.
Though, according to Prof. Peter Capelli, Wharton School of Business, "Every aspect of job performance gets better as we age." Here's why senior employees could be among your star performers:
They have better focus. Millennials are adept task-switchers, and are known to juggle the technological distractions of the modern office effectively. But neuroscientist Adam Gazzaley, University of California, says multitasking is a misnomer. The brain can't do two things at once. Instead, it switches from one task to the other, and with every switch, there's a slight delay.
Capelli's research shows that seniors can tune out distractions better, and focus on one task for long periods of time. Their brains are just better trained to stay still! They might score low on cognitive tests in laboratories, but show no decline in their job performance.
They make unique creative connections. While it's true that millennials may ideate more, entrepreneur Frans Johansson argues in his book 'The Medici Effect' that creativity comes more from making connections among diverse thoughts: the more knowledge you have, the more connections you can make. And this certainly falls in favor of older employees.
He shares an example of Kay Hall, a 56-year-old sales executive who was let go from her job during the recession. Later she was offered an assistant's job at a law firm. But she was dedicated to applying her older skills. The solution she offered: finding service opportunities for the firm's clients, using data-analysis techniques learned on her old job. "It was completely innovative for the legal field," she says.
They are sharper problem solvers. Veterans know how to prioritize problems, and even account for unexpected occurrences. This not only streamlines their effort, but also prevents costly workplace accidents or mistakes. Researchers at the University of Mannheim, Germany, arrived at this conclusion, after studying teams of workers at a BMW plant. They noticed that productivity increased consistently as workers aged, right up to mandatory retirement, then at age 65. The study also stressed the fact that such disposition of seniors could be attributed to their patience, and an attitude of 'this too shall pass'.
Though multiple surveys show that unemployed workers above the age of 55 remain jobless for more than two years at a stretch, ample research evidence is emerging to support their value at workplaces. The baseline: there is much use for their sheer wisdom. We just need to find ways to tap into it.
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Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe: Signing the Land is an archaeological book authored by the English academic Richard Bradley of the University of Reading. It was first published by Routledge in 1997.

Taking Atlantic Europe as its area of focus, Bradley's book deals with Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles and in Galicia.

Synopsis

Bradley's first chapter provides a brief introduction to the topic. Chapter two introduces the prehistory of Atlantic Europe, exploring ideas regarding societal connections between Galicia and various parts of the British Isles where rock art is found. The third chapter goes into greater depth into Atlantic rock art, discussing various scholars' views on the connection between the petroglyphs of different regions.

Reviews
Caroline Malone of Queen's University, Belfast reviewed Bradley's tome for Antiquity alongside his later publication, The Significance of Monuments.

See also
 List of Stone Age art

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

1997 non-fiction books
Academic studies of ritual and magic
Archaeology books
Routledge books


text:
A Molecular Epidemiological and Genetic Diversity Study of Tuberculosis in Ibadan, Nnewi and Abuja, Nigeria
Lovett Lawson,
Affiliation Zankli Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Jian Zhang,
Affiliation Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie UMR8621, CNRS-Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
Michel K. Gomgnimbou,
Saddiq T. Abdurrahman,
Affiliation National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
Stéphanie Le Moullec,
Fatima Mohamed,
Gertrude N. Uzoewulu,
Affiliation Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
Olumide M. Sogaolu,
Affiliation University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Khye Seng Goh,
Affiliation Tuberculosis Laboratory Consultant, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
Nnamdi Emenyonu,
Guislaine Refrégier,
Luis E. Cuevas,
Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Christophe Sola
* E-mail: christophe.sola@u-psud.fr
Nnamdi Emenyonu
Lovett Lawson Jian Zhang ... Christophe Sola
Nigeria has the tenth highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) among the 22 TB high-burden countries in the world. This study describes the biodiversity and epidemiology of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB in Ibadan, Nnewi and Abuja, using 409 DNAs extracted from culture positive TB isolates.
Methodology/Principal Findings
DNAs extracted from clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were studied by spoligotyping and 24 VNTR typing. The Cameroon clade (CAM) was predominant followed by the M. africanum (West African 1) and T (mainly T2) clades. By using a smooth definition of clusters, 32 likely epi-linked clusters related to the Cameroon genotype family and 15 likely epi-linked clusters related to other "modern" genotypes were detected. Eight clusters concerned M. africanum West African 1. The recent transmission rate of TB was 38%. This large study shows that the recent transmission of TB in Nigeria is high, without major regional differences, with MDR-TB clusters. Improvement in the TB control programme is imperative to address the TB control problem in Nigeria.
Citation: Lawson L, Zhang J, Gomgnimbou MK, Abdurrahman ST, Le Moullec S, Mohamed F, et al. (2012) A Molecular Epidemiological and Genetic Diversity Study of Tuberculosis in Ibadan, Nnewi and Abuja, Nigeria. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038409
Editor: Igor Mokrousov, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Russian Federation
Received: February 2, 2012; Accepted: May 5, 2012; Published: June 18, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Lawson et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This project did not receive external grant funding. Costs for laboratory tests and JZ salary costs were provided by internal Zankli Medical Centre resources, the centre coordinating the study. Luminex Corp., Austin, Texas, provided CS with free reagents for the partial testing of specimens for the study. Luminex Corp had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish and a preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: All authors, except CS, declare to have no competing interests. CS is an Academic Editor of PLoS ONE.CS also acknowledges receiving travel grants for speaking or participation at Luminex meetings. He does not have stocks or shares, is not paid, employed or consultant, does not belong to the Board membership, does not hold Patent applications (pending or actual) or benefitted from Research grants from Luminex Corp. Austin, TX. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a major global public health problem [1]. WHO estimates that in 2008, between 390,000 and 510,000 persons developed MDR-TB worldwide with 69,000 cases occurring in Africa and 11,000 in Nigeria [2]. Nigeria has the tenth highest burden of TB among the 22 TB high-burden countries and an estimated TB incidence rate of 320/100000 population (WHO 2011). MDR-TB is an emerging problem in Nigeria with as much as 8% of all cultured specimens being MDR-TB in Ibadan, Nnewi and Abuja [2].
Despite the ever growing importance of TB in Nigeria, available molecular epidemiological studies do not represent an extensive picture of TB epi-links in this country due to non-standard genotyping protocols and restricted sampling areas [3]–[6]. This is due to molecular diagnostic methods being until now poorly adapted to high TB prevalence due to high costs or suboptimal protocols to ensure epi-links detection. Hence, the African TB molecular epidemiology is poorly described with the exception of South Africa [7], [8].
Recent innovations in molecular diagnostics (e.g. Hain MTBDRplus®, MTBDRsl ®, GenXpert®) and genotyping procedures such as the analysis of 24 Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and high-throughput spoligotyping have made the analysis of TB transmission more efficient and the MDR-TB diagnostics easier [9], [10]. Multiplexed high-throughput technologies are also emerging as powerful tools both for molecular diagnostics and public health with whole genome sequencing (WGS) holding promise for this field [11], [12]. 24 MIRU-VNTR combined with spoligotyping is a new standard to replace the IS6110-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) fingerprinting method. Analyzing hundreds and even thousands of clinical isolates' DNA with limited resources has now become feasible [13], [14].
Combining spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR allows to analyze the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of drug susceptible and MDR-TB strains with the aim to identify the population structure of circulating clinical isolates, to estimate the recent TB transmission rate, and to eventually detect the transmission of MDR-TB cases [2].
In this manuscript, we present the characterization of the drug-susceptible and MDR-TB M. tuberculosis isolates previously reported by Lawson's et al. (2011) in Nigeria using molecular markers and we estimate the recent TB transmission rate in Nigeria [2]. We also identify the main clades of circulating genotypes.
Biological Samples, Clinical Isolates, Drug Susceptibility Testing, DNA Extraction
Sputum specimens were obtained through a cross-sectional study aiming at describing TB drug resistance in three cities of Nigeria. These are cities situated in three different geopolitical zones of Nigeria, as reported in Lawson et al., 2011 [2]. Five hundred twenty patients were recruited (520), including 433 newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) and 87 patients with PTB who had failed to respond to first-line TB treatment attending TB diagnostic centres in three different geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Patients over 18 years old with positive smear microscopy attending Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) treatment centres were enrolled prospectively from August 2009 to July 2010 at 1) Wuse, Maitama, Asokoro and Nyanya General Hospitals in Abuja, 2) the University College Hospital and five DOTS centres in Ibadan and 3) Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital and three DOTS centres in Nnewi. Clinical features of these specimens were described in Lawson et al. [2]. The protocol for the study received Ethical approval from the Federal Capital Territory Health and Research Ethics Committee and Zankli Ethical Research Review Board. Written consent was obtained from all participants including permission to store samples to conduct further tests for characterising the strains affecting them.
Drug Susceptibility Tests were Performed in Liquid (Bactec®MGIT960 System, Becton Dickinson, NJ) Media for 426 Culture-positive Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) of the 520 Participants (82%) with Smear-positive Sputum Samples.
DNA was extracted from isolates derived from sputum specimens cultured on BACTEC® MGIT960 by a thermolyzate method and sent by express carrier on ice to the Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie UMR8621 CNRS-University Paris-Sud.
Genotyping Methods, Data Analysis
High-throughput spoligotyping was performed on Luminex 200® (Luminex Corp., TX) as previously described [15]. Twenty-four VNTR loci analysis was done on agarose gels after simplex PCR, as previously reported [16], or using an updated in house duplex procedure (Refrégier et al. unpublished data). The standardized 24 VNTR loci method was used [10]. DNA was available for 423 isolates (353 from new cases and 70 from previously treated patients); complete genotyping defined as spoligotyping plus at least 20 MIRU-VNTR markers was obtained for 404 samples (97%). From these, 154 were obtained from Abuja (38%), 81 from Ibadan (20%) and 169 from Nnewi (42%). All data were entered into Excel® files and transferred to Bionumerics® (v.6.6 Applied Maths, Sint Martin Latems, Belgium). Cluster analysis was performed in Bionumerics® according to instructions manual (Figure 1, 2, 3, 4). Clade/Family assignation was done based on SpolDB4 for available Spoligo-International-Types (up to SIT1939) and based on SITVITWEB for SIT n° 2088 and 2550 [17], [18]. MIRU-VNTR international type (MIT) designation was done using SITVITWEB [18]. When no SIT n° were available in SpolDB4 or SITVITWEB, the designation "new-x" (lower cases) was given for orphan pattern and the designation "NEW-X" for new intra-study clusters. The recent transmission Index (RTI) was computed using the (n−1) method in which the number of isolates in clusters minus the number of clusters divided by the total number of isolates represents the recent tuberculosis transmission rate; in our case: (RTn-1 = 152–51/410) [19]. Statistical analyses (Odds ratio, Chi-square and Student's T test and ANOVA) were performed in R version 2.13.0 (www.r-project.org/).
Figure 1. Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of all available spoligotypes (n = 408; Nnewi n = 172 green colour, Abuja n = 154 red colour, Ibadan, n = 82 blue colour), constructed and drawn using Bionumerics (v.6.6, Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium) and the "advanced cluster analysis" method.
Some prevalent clades are designated and identified using Spoligotype-International-Types (SIT). Main Clades (Cameroon, M. africanum West African 1, modern "T" are also shown.
Figure 2. Unweighted Pair Group Method using Mathematical Averages (UPGMA) dendrogram (first column) built with Bionumerics® on a composite data set (24 VNTR-largest column)-Spoligotyping (coloured column) on the clinical isolates from Abuja patients. (identification number : last column) Main Clades are also annotated right to identification number.
Figure 3. Unweighted Pair Group Method using Mathematical Averages (UPGMA) dendrogram (first column) built with Bionumerics® on a composite data set (24 VNTR-largest column)-Spoligotyping (coloured column) on the clinical isolates from Ibadan patients. (identification number : last column) Main Clades are also annotated right to identification number.
Figure 4. Unweighted Pair Group Method using Mathematical Averages (UPGMA) dendrogram (first column) built with Bionumerics® on a composite data set (24 VNTR-largest column)-Spoligotyping (coloured column) on the clinical isolates from Nnewi patients. (identification number : last column) Main Clades are also annotated right to identification number.
Population Description
MTBC strains were isolated from 423 patients (163 men, 253 women, and 7 with unregistered gender). Twenty-three patients were <20 years old, 289 between 20 and 40 years, 87 between 40 and 60 years and 17>60 years old.
M. tuberculosis Complex Genetic Diversity in Nigeria Studied by Spoligotyping
Spoligotyping results (43 spacers format) were obtained for 412 of 423 (97%) isolates (Fig 1, 2, 3, 4 and Table S1). The global population structure is made up of 4 main clusters: one from the Cameroon clade (CAM), two from the Mycobacterium africanum West African 1, and one from other "modern" clinical isolates (Figure 1). Seventy-one different spoligotypes were identified (Figures 2, 3, 4 and Table S1). Thirty-five of these patterns were unique and 36 occurred in clusters totaling 377 isolates, containing a range of 2 to 208 isolates. The CAM family (formerly designated as Latin American and Mediterranean-10-CAM or LAM-10-CAM) predominated, with 269 isolates (65%), of which 261 clustered and 8 were orphans). M. africanum West African 1 represented 53 isolates (13%) of the isolates with 42 clustered and 11 orphans. Other genotype families were: 1) "modern" strains including T2 (n = 29; 7%), Haarlem (n = 31; 7%), and Latin-American-Mediterranean (LAM) (n = 2; 0.5%), 2) Beijing (n = 1; 0.25%), 3) Mycobacterium bovis (n = 4; 1%) and 4) other unclassified isolates (n = 12; 3%). Most CAM family isolates (n = 208, 77%) had the SIT61; 10 other CAM-related spoligotype profiles were identified (Table 1): SIT838 found in 19 isolates (7%), further 4 SIT types containing from 1 to 4 isolates and 6 undesignated types in the SpolDB4 worldwide database [17] shared by 2 to 6 isolates and 7 orphan patterns. The four spoligotype profiles characteristic of M. bovis showed the absence of spacer 30 which is a specific characteristic of the "African 1" M. bovis genotype family previously described as predominant in Western Central Africa (Nigeria, Cameroun, Mali, Chad) [20]. By comparison with the M. bovis database (www.mbovis.org, see also Table 1), three isolates matched with known profiles SB0944 (SIT1037), SB1026 (new-h), SB1099 (new-d), and one isolate (new-b) had not been previously described.
Table 1. Main spoligotyping clusters, orphan isolates and new variants within the Cameroon (CAM) (A) M. bovis (B), and M. africanum (C) genotype families found in this study.
53 M. africanum isolates were found. 52 lacked spacers 8–12 and 37–39 and thus belonged undoubtedly to M. africanum West African 1 (MAF1) [21]. The largest cluster within MAF1 was ST331, with 13 isolates. One isolate from Abuja ("new-s") exhibited a partial signature of MAF1 (absence of spacers 37–39 but presence of spacers 8 and 10–12 [21]. Spoligotyping on an additional 25 spacers set (68 spacers spoligotyping) unfortunately did not much improve the clusterization of all clinical isolates (Table S1).
24 VNTR Results; Recent Transmission Index Assessment
Exploitable VNTR results (defined as less than 4 missing values) were obtained for 404 of 423 isolates (Table S1). Some isolates did not provide results for many loci. Among the most problematic loci, Mtub39 (VNTR3690) characterisation frequently failed (n = 78). The failure to amplify Mtub39 was linked to isolates belonging to the CAM family suggesting an amplification problem specific to this family (Odds Ratio = 4.8; IC95 = [2.5; 10.1]). Recent results in Indian isolates have pointed to the large variability of copy number of VNTR3690 [22]. A similar observation was made for the 57 isolates in which there was a failure to amplify QuB11b (VNTR2163b), among which all M. africanum. None of the 53 M. africanum clinical isolates provided results on QuB11b whereas only 20 among the 370 other strains did not (χ2268). As this feature seems to rely on genetic properties of all M. africanum isolates, QuB11b marker was hypothesized to be identical ("X" or not determined "ND" in Table S1) for all isolates from this group. Finally, 45 isolates failed to amplify for MIRU16, 23 of which belong to the M. africanum and M. bovis clade (OR = 6.4; IC95 = [3.3; 12.6]).
Sub-populations were tentatively identified among CAM isolates using spoligotyping and 24 VNTR. The identified clusters exhibited 20, 16, 21, 26, 15,16 and 4 clinical isolates respectively (Table 2). A large proportion of CAM isolates could not be amplified for Mtub39 locus. The remaining isolates had a surprisingly diverse copy numbers. The values ranged from 2 to 28 copies and are noted as "N" (Table 2) (cf. also Table S1). Spoligotyping splits the CAM sub-group G-V isolates into two sub-clusters of 15 and 16 isolates. Among "Unknown" isolates according to SpolDB4, six sharing the spoligotype SIT1204 shared 24 VNTR patterns suggesting a phylogenetic link with CAM family. The SIT1204 genotype was already described in the Cross River State in the South geopolitical zone of Nigeria [4]. These strains differed only on the Mtub39 locus and harboured an intermediate copy number (n = 2.5 copies) at the exact tandem repeat D (ETR-D) locus [23]. They may represent an epi-cluster.
Table 2. Main sub-clusters according to Multi Locus VNTR and spoligotyping within the «Cameroon» (CAM) clade.
If defining clusters by using 100% identity between isolates according to both spoligotyping and VNTR typing, and considering missing values as unique so that any pattern with a missing value cannot belong to a cluster, 134 isolates were grouped in 47 clusters containing 2 to 11 isolates. If these figures are considered a true representation of the epidemiological situation and using the (n−1) method, the recent TB transmission rate would be around 22% in Nigeria [19]. However when single-variants are included, the number of clusters doubles reaching 219 isolates grouped in 65 clusters and a Recent Transmission Index (RTI) of 38% (Table 3). The analysis using VNTR genotyping data alone did not give significantly lower discriminatory power than the composite one, i.e. adding spoligotyping information (Table 3).
Table 3. Clustering Results (global or by location) and Recent Transmission Index (RTI) computed using the (n−1) method and various cluster definitions.
Amplification for QuB11b did not work for M. africanum isolates and clustering analysis was thus conducted without this marker. A high polymorphism of MLVA (multi-locus VNTR analysis) was observed within M. africanum clinical isolates DNA with identical spoligotypes, suggesting that spoligotyping-based clustering represented common ancestors with no clear epidemiological links in most cases. Indeed, among the 49 M. africanum isolates for which MLVA results were available, 4 clusters only of 2 isolates were identified using a strict cluster definition (100% identity). VNTR clusters were also found in the T and H families (Table S1) with six out of eight SIT53 (T1) isolates found in one single cluster. Amongst the 41 SIT52 or derived types, also designated as Ghana family, and using 100% identity, only 17 isolates were found in 4 clusters (4 SIT2088, 4 SIT846, 5 designated as "NEW3" and 4 designated as "NEW5"). 11 of 13 SIT316 isolates (T2-variant) were found in one cluster, whereas two other isolates differed on only one single VNTR locus, Miru26 [24]. These two isolates are likely to represent a second epidemiologically-linked cluster.
An Evolutionary Scenario of the "Cameroon" (CAM) Clade
The CAM clade, was first described in Cameroon and shows a typical SIT61 signature [25], [26]. The MLVA analysis of the CAM isolates in Nigeria, provides evolutionary and epidemiologic information and together with the 43 spacers spoligotyping, describes a global population analysis of at least 7 main clusters. The combination of values obtained on MIRU16 and MIRU40 (greyed out numbers in following text) allows the observation of three main MIRU12 international types (MIT) as described in the SITVITWEB database (see http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT_ONLINE): 223315153323, reported as MIRU-international-type 12 (MIT12), 223315153321, reported as MIT266 and 223215153323, reported as MIT264. All three major VNTR 12 types were independently reported in Nigeria in another study [4]. QuB11B provides further epidemiological information within the sub-clades (Table 2). Assuming a molecular evolution by loss of copies on MIRU40, the ancestral character of this marker would be 3 and the ancestral MIT signature would be MIT12, which would have independently evolved in MIT264 and MIT266. The larger diversity observed in Mtub39 for MIT12 and MIT266 (from 5 to 28 copies, see also Table S1) than for MIT264 (from 10 to 12 copies) reinforces this hypothesis.
Distribution of Multi-Drug Resistance Isolates
Twenty-nine (29 i.e. 7%) of 407 isolates with phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST) in BACTEC-MGIT® (Becton Dickinson, NJ, USA) were MDR-TB isolates as previously described [2]. Among these, 23 belonged to the CAM family, of which 17 were SIT61 (data not shown). The proportion of MDR-TB within the CAM family is statistically not different from the percentage of the CAM family in the whole population (Student's test T = 0.1; df = 260; p-value = 0.9). Three MDR-TB isolates belonged to T, one to LAM, one to M. africanum and one to U (Unknown). Nine MDR-TB isolates belonged to the subgroup G-III of the CAM family which contains 21 isolates (i.e. 43% MDR in this subgroup). Nine additional isolates were resistant to at least one of the drugs tested (altogether 85% of resistance). The CAM and T clades exhibited a high resistance level with respectively 53% and 54% being resistant to at least one drug. Among the 53 M. africanum isolates studied, one only was MDR and 17 (32%) were resistant to one of the drugs tested. The proportion of MDR was higher among the H family (28%, 9 out of 32).
Spatial and Phylogenetical Analysis of Diversity and Transmission
To detect if specific MTBC clusters were circulating in specific geographical areas, cluster analyses were performed independently for each collecting center (Figures 2, 3 and 4 for Abuja, Ibadan, and Nnewi, respectively). The number of clustered isolates of the 3 centers was reduced to 72 as compared to 134 in the complete study (54%) when considering 100% identity, and 144 as compared to 219 (66%) when allowing for inclusion of SLVs. The prevalence of the main clades was similar in the three cities (p = 0.59). These results confirm that Nigeria can be considered as homogeneous in the three settings investigated regarding the origin of isolates. A linear model was searched for to identify possible differences in transmission depending on the city (Abuja, Ibadan, Nnewi) or large isolate families (CAM, other modern isolates, other isolates namely M. africanum and M. bovis). The clade was found to be significantly linked to the transmission frequency as assessed by clustering, with higher transmission for T isolates (ANOVA, p = 0.012; effect sizes: "M. africanum and bovis" family = -0.25; "CAM" family = −0.01; other modern isolates [T] = +0.32). Indeed T isolates exhibited the lower proportion of orphans (59% as compared to 94% for M. africanum and M. bovis cluster and 87% for CAM). No significant statistical differences were detected regarding transmission in the different centers although a tendency for higher transmission in Abuja and Nnewi was detected (Table 3).
This is the largest and most detailed genetic characterisation on MTBC clinical isolates of patients suffering from TB in Nigeria relying on the analysis of isolates from three main cities [2]. The genetic diversity of MTBC was characterised by spoligotyping (43 and 68 spacers) and by 24 VNTR loci [10], [27].
Spoligotyping is a genotyping method that studies the genetic diversity of the Clustered Regularly Interspersed Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) within the MTBC (for a review on CRISPR see [28]). It enables reliable subspecies identification [17], [29], [30]. Its recent transfer from a membrane-based to a microbead-based format resulted in a second youth to this method, and a similar "CRISPOL" method has recently been developed to track outbreaks for another pathogen, Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium [9], [15], [31].
Increasing the number of spacers to be analysed in some settings can also improve clustering and reduce the costs of systematic Spoligo+VNTR typing as recently shown in Cambodia where the number of VNTR locus to be analysed was reduced to 8 without loss of discriminatory power [32].
We have shown in this study that the recent tuberculosis transmission rate could be between 22 and 38% using either a strict (100% identity on 24 VNTR) or smooth (including SLV) definition of clusters. We detected an active transmission of TB especially in Abuja and Nnewi, although these data need to be interpreted with caution given the short (one year) recruitment period [33]. However, looking into the social network of patients found in clusters could not be done here and is a clear limitation of this study.
The CAM genotypes were the most prevalent circulating genotypes (66%). This clade was first described in Cameroon, where it represented 34% of the M. tuberculosis isolates in 2003 [25]. This group of strains was assumed to have emerged recently and homogeneously in the West province of Cameroon. It is characterized by the SIT61 signature (spacers 23–25 and 33–36 missing) and a homogenous 6 bands-Ligation-Mediated PCR pattern [25]. The CAM clade belongs to the principal genetic group 2 (i.e. modern strains) and is lacking the TbD1 region [26]. Several CAM spoligotype variants (SIT852, SIT808, SIT403) have been reported in Cameroon and in Nigeria [26]. The 12 MIRU-VNTR signatures differ in 4 out of 12 loci (MIRU16, MIRU26, MIRU27, MIRU40) and they have similar IS6110-RFLP patterns (10 to 15 copies) with seven common bands [26]. This group was also shown not to have an IS6110 copy in the DR locus and four IS6110 copies in open reading frames coding for adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C, moeY, and ATP-binding proteins [26]. In rare cases, strains with identical IS6110-RFLP patterns had spoligotypes differing by as much as 15 spacers [26].
In a recent study, four clinical isolates belonging to the Cameroon clade were partially sequenced to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and in an attempt to find new markers for molecular evolution and epidemiology. A specific non-synonymous mutation in the dnaQ gene was found in these four isolates of the CAM clade [34]. Whether this SNP could be used to specifically identify the CAM clade remains to be studied on a large sample in West Africa. The CAM clade had formerly been designated as a subclade of the LAM clade (LAM10-CAM) based on the common absence of spacers 23–24 [17]. However Dos Vultos and colleagues demonstrated that this clade has nothing to do with bona fide LAM, since it does not carry the LAM-specific SNPs [34].
In addition to Cameroon, a high prevalence of the CAM clade had been previously observed in neighbouring countries such as Chad (33%), Burkina Faso (30%) and Ghana (45%) [14], [25], [35]–[37] and a study on the genetic diversity of TB in Jos, Plateau state (Nigeria) suggested a frequency of this clade similar to the one found here [3]. Thus our study indicates that the CAM clade has a very high prevalence in Nigeria and suggests that Nigeria is the present largest reservoir for this genetic family in Africa.
M. africanum remains an important cause of TB in humans. Its presence in every setting of this study confirms that it is still transmitting in Africa. Its capacity to spread and to cause disease seems restricted though [38]. Here, the lower frequency of recent transmission was further documented for subfamily M. africanum West African 1 as all M. africanum isolates but one in Abuja belonged to this type [21]. Its continuing presence could however be due to different transmission dynamics, namely the ability to perform efficient retarded transmission. This possibility could be investigated using long-term molecular epidemiological studies.
Four Spoligotype profiles characteristic of M. bovis isolates were found in Abuja, which is in the Central North area where the population owns large herds of cattle. As in a previous study all belonged to the M. bovis Afri1 family that was found to infect human, cattle, goat and pigs [5]. Another former study of 55 isolates from human samples in Ibadan (South-West) revealed 11% of M. bovis Afri1 and zero Afri2 [39].
Regarding transmissibility of the different families, the fact that the CAM clade is very prevalent is an indirect evidence of a high fitness. VNTR3690 (Mtub39) copy number was very variable in this clade. Mtub39 is located in the promoter of the lpdA gene, a potential virulence factor. The number of repetitions in Mtub39 was found correlated to the expression level of lpdA [22].
Patho-physiological grounds on the success of the CAM clade could also be linked to the polymorphism of the 3R genes. Until now, we have no evidence of such a link although it is likely that 3R genes are major players of molecular adaptation and evolution [40], [41]. Alternatively, the main parameter responsible for the fitness of the CAM clade may be the demographic changes of the Nigerian population with a population of around 150 million in 2012 and a projected 250 million population in 2035.
Even though we did not observe strong geographical differences in the prevalence of the clades in the three cities, further analysis of data stratified by language and ethnic/tribe group and a more thorough spatial analysis may allow to better investigate bacterial genotypes-human hosts associations. Further work to characterise the phenotypic/genotyping links within M. tuberculosis strains circulating in Nigeria is also needed, especially on the critical issue of MDR-XDR-TB control. In this sense, new studies that will use integrated molecular methods, aimed at both MDR-TB prevention, outbreak surveillance and patient care should be implemented in Nigeria in a near future.
Excel File with Full Experimental Results (Sheet 1: data), Cameroon clade results (Sheet 2: CAM) and Statistics (Sheet 3: analyses).
M. François Topin, Luminex BV, The Netherlands, is acknowledged for technical support. M.K.G is a PhD fellow of the IGEPE Team supported by the CNRS and the Fondation Mérieux, (Lyon, France).
Conceived and designed the experiments: GR CS MKG JZ. Performed the experiments: JZ MKG SLM FM KSG NE. Analyzed the data: JZ MKG GR CS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LL STA GNU OMS. Wrote the paper: CS LEC LL. performed statistical analysis: GR. provided TB consultancy services: KSG.
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Is the Subject Area "Tuberculosis" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Nigeria" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Cameroon" applicable to this article?
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Is the Subject Area "Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis" applicable to this article?
DNA isolation
Is the Subject Area "DNA isolation" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Molecular epidemiology" applicable to this article?


text:
Q: Jquery mobile data-rel="dialog" doesnot work on iphone or ipad The following code

 1

          Alejandra Garcia

This works on my computer browsers, also works on windows phone browser. But does not work on iphone or ipad browser. Looks like the link gets clicked but i see no dialog. Either it is super delayed or just not working.
The response and load time for the page is pretty quick and works seamless on a regular desktop browser. Its a very small page that loads up.
any tips that i should try to get it to work?

A: I suspect it has to do with urls you are using and JQM not understanding what to make of links like this:
/Client/Events/StubCheckIn/innasf?stubID=c807321b-5381-4338-adef-9e676374d85d

There is no file ending, no hashtag and I've been fighting with a simple [?para=meter] (https://github.com/jquery/jquery-mobile/issues/4253) link and JQM handling it for a few days.
The easiest way I solve "nothing happening on ipad" is enableing the iPad debugger and console.log-ging through the respective JQM widget. In your case start here (about line 3582):
// click routing - direct to HTTP or Ajax, accordingly
$( document ).bind( "click", function( event ) {
    // your first flag
    console.log("flag 1 - click detected")
    if( !$.mobile.linkBindingEnabled ){
        return;
        }

     var link = findClosestLink( event.target ), $link = $( link ), httpCleanup;

     if ( !link || event.which > 1 || !$link.jqmHijackable().length ) {
        // your second flag
        console.log("flag 2 - not a link?!?)
        return;
        }
      ...

Do this all the way through the click-handler and make sure you flag all returns, which end the function for various reasons.
When you are done with the click-handler (not that long) you will see it firing a changePage, so follow it to the changePage handler and continue flagging. This should start around line (#3232) here:
  // Show a specific page in the page container.
  $.mobile.changePage = function( toPage, options ) {
     console.log("flag x - made it to changepage");
     ...

Go all the way through changepage and then follow to transitionpages (that won't be it I think) and $.mobile.loadPage (about #2931, more likely).
Once you have flagged everything (stop after loadpage! :-), reload the page on browser and ipad and see where the ipad fails vs the browser. Probably will take an hour but you will have a good understanding of how JQM works afterwards :-)
Another reason could be the pushstate handler (about #3781). If a browser supports pushstate (desktop yes, iOS... not sure, iOS3 no) you can make nice URLs, so if you go from your page:
root.com/client/events/checkin/innasf

to a dialog
http://root.com/Client/Events/StubCheckIn/innasf?stubID=96e63aee-1465-4ecd-ad35-123f240d09ff

your browser still displays the page url - probably because you set changehash to false (which keeps the url). This (I believe) is done by the pushstate handler, because your URL should be:
 root.com/client/events/checkin/innasf#http://root.com/Client/Events/StubCheckIn/innasf?stubID=96e63aee-1465-4ecd-ad35-123f240d09ff&some-dialog-ending

This will be the url non-pushstate devices will try to resolve (my iPad ios3.3, for example), where it also does not work.
My guess however would be that your links fail somewhere in the click or changepage handler, when the URL is resolved by JQM.
If you flag yourself through, let me know where the difference between browser and iOS shows up. Then we can see if this is fixable.

A: Ok, I checked the site under the Debug console in iOS Safari. It appears Safari is blocking the cross-domain request to facebook that your dialog loads (referenced here: Unsafe JavaScript attempt to access frame warning in Safari) - that was the warning the debug console showed. From my research, it seems Safari is stricter about this than other browsers.


It is important to take your time choosing a storage facility that will give you the space and the security that you need to properly store your items. Look for a facility with units that are easily accessible so you can get to your sofa when you need it. You should also look for versatile storage units that are big enough to hold your furniture until you are ready to pick it up.
Spend some time cleaning the upholstery with a safe cleaner. Make sure all of the cushions are dry before you attempt to move the furniture to the storage unit. You should also spend some time polishing the wood or metal parts. If you put a clean sofa into the storage unit and store it properly, it will come out in the same condition.
If your sofa has removable legs or other parts that might get lost in transit, you should take them off before you move the sofa. Store them in a bag or a box that you can put with the furniture in the storage unit. If you think that the parts will get damaged in the bag, you can wrap them individually in bubble wrap or packing paper.
You should place some pallets down on the floor of the storage unit and cover them with a protective layer of plastic. Put the sofa onto this makeshift platform to ensure that it does not touch the walls or the floor of the unit. You can use a cotton drop cloth or another kind of sheet to cover the sofa and protect it from dust while it is in storage.
A self-storage facility provides units of all sizes to help you get the right kind of storage for your needs. Before you start the search for a unit, you should decide what you want to store. Once you know how much space you will need, you can talk to the staff at the storage facility about the units that they have available.
You might want to opt for a self-storage unit that is a little bigger than you need. This gives you extra space to store more of your belongings in the future. You should choose a unit in a facility that has good security features and an attentive staff so you can be sure your belongings will be in their original condition when you go to pick them up.
One of the most important factors of your storage unit search is accessibility. You want to find a facility that makes it easy to get to your unit. You should also look for a company that only has units on the ground level to ensure that you can move your items in and out of your unit with ease.
It is also important to find a secure facility where you can store your items. Be sure that any storage facility that you choose has a high security fence and an attentive staff who will protect your items. An automatic gate with an electronic keypad provides optimal security for a facility. Talk to the staff at the storage center to find out what kind of security features they have before you agree to store your belongings with them.
When you visit a storage facility, make sure to take a look around the property to see if everything looks clean and orderly. If the staff takes the time to clean the property, it shows you that they care about the image that they project and will do what they can to give you the best service possible. You should also ask to view your unit before you place your belongings inside to ensure that it is clean enough for your needs.
Some storage facilities have specific requirements like minimum stays and extra fees that they tack on after you agree to store your belongings with them. Take the time to talk to the staff to make sure your storage facility does not have fees and requirements like this before you sign your contract.
If you want your belongings to stay safe and secure while they are stored in a storage facility in Capitola, you will need to pack them properly. Watch this video clip if you would like to learn about the process of taping boxes for storage.
Storage boxes are a must when it comes to moving to a new home or keeping some of your belongings in a storage unit rental. It is important to fill your boxes to the top in order to keep your items safe and prevent boxes from crushing each other or caving in over time. Start by folding the smaller bottom flaps in and then the larger flaps over them, then tape the large seam that is created. After that, tape the two smaller seams closed and repeat the process on the top of the box. For heavier loads, add reinforcement tape in an "X" shape across the top and bottom.