text:
Disruption of the head direction cell network impairs the parahippocampal grid cell signal
Shawn S. Winter*,
Benjamin J. Clark*,†,
Jeffrey S. Taube‡
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
↵‡Corresponding author. E-mail: jeffrey.taube{at}dartmouth.edu
↵† Present address: Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
Science 20 Feb 2015:
Vol. 347, Issue 6224, pp. 870-874
Shawn S. Winter
Benjamin J. Clark
Jeffrey S. Taube
For correspondence: jeffrey.taube@dartmouth.edu
Some neurons, called grid cells, discharge at multiple locations to form a regular pattern that represents the animal's environment. These cells use information about the animal's running speed and direction of movement to constantly update its location. The so-called head direction cells provide the direction-of-movement signal. Winter et al. recorded neuronal activity in awake behaving rats. When they disabled the input from the head direction cells, the grid cells lost their normal function. These findings provide experimental confirmation of theoretical predictions that grid cells will no longer exhibit their characteristic firing pattern when the head direction signal is disturbed.
Science, this issue p. 870
Navigation depends on multiple neural systems that encode the moment-to-moment changes in an animal's direction and location in space. These include head direction (HD) cells representing the orientation of the head and grid cells that fire at multiple locations, forming a repeating hexagonal grid pattern. Computational models hypothesize that generation of the grid cell signal relies upon HD information that ascends to the hippocampal network via the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN). We inactivated or lesioned the ATN and subsequently recorded single units in the entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum. ATN manipulation significantly disrupted grid and HD cell characteristics while sparing theta rhythmicity in these regions. These results indicate that the HD signal via the ATN is necessary for the generation and function of grid cell activity.
The ability to navigate is critical for survival of all animals and relies on a broad network of hippocampal and limbic brain circuits (1, 2). The parahippocampal cortex contains grid cells, which fire at multiple locations, forming a hexagonal pattern covering the entire environment (3, 4). Computational models explain grid cell generation from combined inputs of distance and direction displacement, which can subsequently be used for path integration (5–7). Theta rhythm is thought to be necessary for the computation of distance in grid cell models, and disruption of this signal eliminates gridlike firing patterns (8, 9). HD cells fire as a function of an animal's directional orientation in the horizontal plane and are thought to convey the directional heading component to grid cells. However, some models use movement-direction cells, which have yet to be experimentally verified (10). The HD cell signal is generated subcortically and then projected rostrally via the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) to the parahippocampal cortices (2, 11, 12). Two nuclei within the ATN are known to contain HD cells—the anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei (13, 14). We tested the role of the HD signal in generating grid cell activity in the parahippocampal cortices.
Experiment 1 recorded from parahippocampal cortex, including medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and parasubiculum, while female Long-Evans rats (n = 3) received infusions of lidocaine bilaterally into the ATN (15), which served to inactivate HD cell activity within this region. Lidocaine infusion resulted in a significant reduction of grid scores (Fig. 1G, left) at low doses (n = 55 cells; baseline mean ± SE: 0.746 ± 0.025; low inactivation: 0.502 ± 0.039; t(54) = 6.807, P < 0.001) (Fig. 1B) and high doses of lidocaine (n = 17 cells; baseline: 0.803 ± 0.038; high inactivation: 0.363 ± 0.056; t(16) = 7.112, P < 0.001) (Fig. 1C). For the high-dose group, 10 of 17 cells had reduced grid scores > 60% compared with baseline (>2 SD); the remaining cells all had decreased grid scores, and most of them had no discernible grid pattern during the inactivation session (Figs. 1C and 2C and fig. S6). Recovery of grid scores occurred ~1.5 hours after the infusion [n = 35 cells; low recovery: 0.680 ± 0.041; t(34) = 2.446, not significant (n.s.); n = 17 cells; high recovery: 0.762 ± 0.057; t(16) = 0.793, n.s.]. Grid scores were spared by saline infusions (n = 10 cells; baseline: 0.709 ± 0.084; saline: 0.763 ± 0.074; t(9) = 0.488, n.s.) (Fig. 1A). Lidocaine had the same effect upon peak firing rate (Fig. 1G right), which was significantly decreased by lidocaine infusions at low doses (n = 55 cells; baseline: 9.33 ± 0.46; low inactivation: 5.79 ± 0.37; t(54) = 6.696, P < 0.001) and high doses (n = 17 cells; baseline: 8.71 ± 0.89; high inactivation: 3.01 ± 0.72; t(16) = 7.162, P < 0.001) and recovered within ~1.5 hours (low: n = 35 cells; recovery: 8.28 ± 0.51; t(34) = 2.604, n.s.; high: n = 17 cells; recovery: 9.35 ± 0.95; t(16) = 0.693, n.s.). Decreased firing rates cannot account for the loss of the grid signal observed during inactivation because subsampling firing rates during baseline spared grid scores (fig. S4).
Fig. 1 Effects of ATN manipulation on grid cell activity.
Grid cell response to (A) saline, (B) low-lidocaine, and (C) high-lidocaine infusions. Row 1: rat path and individual spikes (red dots). Row 2: smoothed firing rate map. Row 3: autocorrelation map. Column 1: baseline recording. Column 2: recording after infusion. Column 3: recording after ~1.5 hours of recovery. M, mean firing rate in spikes/s; P, peak firing rate in spikes/s, Grid, sinusoid-grid score. (D) Two grid cells from sham animals. (E) Four highest-scoring grid cells from ATN large-lesion animals. (F) Electrode track through the parahippocampal cortex (top left), guide cannulae placement (blue line) within ATN (bottom left), and representative ATN region from sham (top right) and ATN large lesion (bottom right) animals. Minimal healthy ATN tissue [specifically in anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVN)] was observed in the lesioned group (healthy, black; lesioned, red). Only the right hemisphere is illustrated; however, this example is representative of bilateral damage in animals with ≥85% damage. Scale bars, 0.5 mm. (G) Data for sinusoid-grid score (left) and peak firing rate (right) measures, with asterisks indicating significant difference from baseline. (H) Data for percentage of grid cell (left), information content (bits/spike) (middle), and sparsity (right) measures. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.
Fig. 2 Time course of lidocaine inactivation.
Grid cell response to (A) saline, (B) low-lidocaine, and (C) high-lidocaine infusions. Column 1: last 5 min of baseline recording session. Column 2: Block 1: 0 to 5 min from inactivation session. Column 3: Block 2: 5 to 10 min. Column 4: Block 3: 10 to 15 min. Column 5: Block 4: 15 to 20 min. Rows are the same as in Fig. 1. (D) Data for sinusoid-grid score (top) and peak firing rate (bottom) measures.
To understand the relationship between the concentration of lidocaine and the time course of inactivation, the inactivation session was divided into four consecutive blocks of 5 min. Saline infusion had no effect on grid scores or peak firing rates (Fig. 2, A and D). Low doses of lidocaine significantly impaired grid scores for the first three blocks, and scores recovered by the last block (n = 55 cells; baseline 5 min: 0.501 ± 0.034; F(4,216) = 7.647, P < 0.001; low-inactivation block 1: 0.314 ± 0.021, P < 0.001; block 2: 0.349 ± 0.029, P < 0.001; block 3: 0.374 ± 0.036, P < 0.010; block 4: 0.441 ± 0.033, n.s.) (Fig. 2, B and D). High doses significantly impaired grid scores that never recovered within the session (n = 17 cells; baseline 5 min: 0.634 ± 0.073; F(4,64) = 11.389, P < 0.001; high-inactivation block 1: 0.179 ± 0.041, P < 0.001; block 2: 0.200 ± 0.035, P < 0.001; block 3: 0.234 ± 0.047, P < 0.010; block 4: 0.352 ± 0.061, P < 0.010) (Fig. 2, C and D). Low doses significantly impaired peak firing rates for the first three blocks and recovered by the last block (n = 55 cells; baseline 5 min: 11.15 ± 0.50; F(3.061,165.305) = 14.035, P < 0.001; low-inactivation block 1: 6.77 ± 0.65, P < 0.001; block 2: 7.54 ± 0.56, P < 0.001; block 3: 7.54 ± 0.56, P < 0.010; block 4: 10.15 ± 0.58, n.s.). High doses significantly impaired peak firing rates for the first three blocks and recovered by the last block (n = 17 cells; baseline 5 min: 10.88 ± 1.04; F(2.475,39.596) = 30.301, P < 0.001; high inactivation block 1: 2.22 ± 0.65, P < 0.001; block 2: 2.65 ± 0.75, P < 0.001; block 3: 3.32 ± 1.01, P < 0.001; block 4: 7.62 ± 1.05, n.s.). These results are also consistent with mean firing rate (fig. S9) and overall suggest a dissociation between grid-specific firing and peak firing rate.
In experiment 2, we investigated whether permanent bilateral damage to the ATN disrupts grid cell generation. Short-term inactivation could impair network processing necessary for grid cell expression while sparing the mechanisms for generation. Recovery after permanent damage may allow for a compensatory mechanism to provide input suitable for grid cell generation. Sham and small (including <85% loss) ATN-lesioned animals had comparable numbers of grid cells exceeding the 95th percentile of a shuffled distribution (criterion = 0.439) of grid scores (sham, 48 of 239 = 20.8%; small lesion, 31 of 135 = 23.0%); however, large ATN lesions (including ≥85% loss) had significantly fewer cells pass the grid score criterion [large lesion, 3 of 52 = 5.8%; χ2(1) = 4.62, P < 0.05] (Fig. 1, E and H, left). The effect was even more pronounced when using the 99th-percentile criterion (fig. S3). Overall, grid cells recorded in lesioned animals displayed appreciably lower information content (bits per spike) measures (sham: 0.682 ± 0.058; small lesion: 0.542 ± 0.076, W = 1067, P = 0.087; large lesion: 0.302 ± 0.166, W = 36, P = 0.097) (Fig. 1H, middle) and significantly higher sparsity scores (sham: 0.452 ± 0.025; small lesion: 0.537 ± 0.033, W = 1469, P < 0.05; large lesion: 0.710 ± 0.103, W = 132, P < 0.05) (Fig. 1H, right), suggesting that these cells fired across a broader range of spatial locations relative to sham animals. In addition, we failed to detect significant differences in the peak firing rates of grid cells between groups (sham: 5.78 ± 0.583; small lesion: 5.21 ± 0.533; W = 1226, P = 0.892; large lesion: 9.89 ± 3.33; W = 115, P = 0.144).
We additionally recorded from cells that contained directional tuning (16). Most of these cells are better considered directionally modulated rather than "classic" HD cells because of their low peak firing rate and broad tuning curve. Experiment 1 lidocaine infusions produced a similar pattern of results on HD cells as they did on grid cells; however, a small sample size did not provide the power necessary to produce significant effects with an adjusted alpha, but there was a significance below P < 0.05. Mean vector length of HD cells was nonsignificantly reduced at low doses (n = 12 cells; baseline: 0.461 ± 0.041; low inactivation: 0.364 ± 0.063; t(11) = 1.730, n.s.) (Fig. 3, A and C, left) but was significantly reduced at high doses of lidocaine (n = 5 cells; baseline: 0.378 ± 0.036; high inactivation: 0.244 ± 0.063; t(4) = 4.538, P < 0.05) (Fig. 3, B and C, left). Peak firing rate of HD cells was nonsignificantly reduced at low doses (baseline: 7.80 ± 2.37; low inactivation: 4.68 ± 1.19; t(11) = 1.248, n.s.) (Fig. 3C, middle) but was significantly reduced at high doses of lidocaine (baseline: 4.89 ± 1.45; high inactivation: 0.72 ± 0.23; t(4) = 3.006, P < 0.05) (Fig. 3C, middle). When analyzed by 5-min blocks across the inactivation session, there was no effect of lidocaine at either concentration on mean vector length. However, there was a tendency for decreased mean vector length during the first block (low inactivation: baseline 5 min: 0.419 ± 0.056; block 1: 0.303 ± 0.065; F(2.308,25.384) = 2.490, n.s.; high inactivation: baseline: 0.394 ± 0.057; block 1: 0.244 ± 0.066; F(4,16) = 1.050, n.s.) (Fig. 3C, left). In contrast, peak firing rate was significantly decreased for the first block with low doses (baseline 5 min: 6.77 ± 1.52; F(2.063,22.696) = 7.091, P < 0.010.; block 1: 3.17 ± 0.72, P < 0.05; block 2: 5.50 ± 1.25, n.s.; block 3: 6.53 ± 1.38, n.s.; block 4: 8.37 ± 1.72, n.s.) and for three blocks with high doses of lidocaine (baseline: 7.53 ± 2.25; F(4,16) = 5.167, P < 0.010; block 1: 0.73 ± 0.13, P < 0.05; block 2: 0.60 ± 0.12, P < 0.05; block 3: 1.70 ± 0.70, P < 0.05; block 4: 3.36 ± 1.65, n.s.) (Fig. 3C, middle). Lidocaine's effect on peak firing rate likely influenced the measure of mean vector length, which is susceptible to reporting high values with few spikes (17). Although there were modest effects on HD cell mean vector length, simultaneously recorded cells had changes in mean vector length and grid score that were significantly correlated (rs = 0.700, P < 0.05) (Fig. 3C, far right). Additionally, the effect of inactivation on grid and HD cell peak firing rates was highly correlated across sessions (low: r = 0.933; high: r = 0.976) and blocks (low: r = 0.828; high: r = 0.970). In cases where it was possible to examine the time course of recovery of HD-specific firing for HD cells or conjunctive grid-by-HD cells, the time of recovery generally correlated well with the time of recovery for grid cell characteristics (fig. S11).
Fig. 3 Effects of ATN manipulation on HD cell activity.
HD cell response to (A) low-and (B) high-lidocaine doses for 5-min blocks within the inactivation session. Columns are the same as in Fig. 2. Each row is a different cell's polar plot of firing rate by direction. r, mean vector length; P, peak firing rate. (C) Data for mean vector length (left), peak firing rate (middle), and correlation between grid and HD signal change (right). Asterisks indicate significant difference from baseline. (D) Data for percentage of HD cells (left), mean vector length (middle), and peak firing rate (right) measures. Examples of nine HD cells from sham (E) and ATN large lesion (F) animals. HD cells from ATN lesion animals have less robust polar plots, with lower r and P. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.
Experiment 2 also observed a disruption in HD cell activity in parahippocampal cortices after ATN lesions. In lesioned rats, the number of cells that passed the 95th-percentile criterion of a shuffled distribution (criterion = 0.292) of mean vector length was not reduced for small lesions but was significantly reduced for large lesions [sham: 35 of 102 = 34.3%; small lesion: 6 of 31 = 19.4%; n.s.; large lesion: 7 of 97 = 7.2%; χ2(1) = 14.55, P < 0.001] (Fig. 3D, left, and E and F). Furthermore, cells that were classified as HD cells in lesioned animals showed significantly lower mean vector length (sham: 0.599 ± 0.030; small lesion: 0.442 ± 0.045, W = 206, P < 0.001; large lesion: 0.421 ± 0.067, W = 89, P < 0.05) (Fig. 3D, middle). HD cell peak firing rates were significantly reduced after large but not small lesions (sham: 3.13 ± 0.47; small lesion: 4.34 ± 1.41, n.s.; large lesion: 1.33 ± 0.39, W = 85, P < 0.05) (Fig. 3D, right).
Theta rhythm oscillations (6 to 10 Hz) in the MEC play a critical role in grid cell generation (8, 9). Experiment 1 assessed theta rhythmicity in the local field potential by computing a theta ratio (theta power/delta power) (8, 18). There was no significant effect of lidocaine on theta ratio at low doses across sessions (low baseline: 0.799 ± 0.123; low inactivation: 0.881 ± 0.114; t(17) = 0.860, n.s.) (Fig. 4, A and B, saline illustrated) or blocks (low baseline: 0.903 ± 0.156; F(2.424,41.201) = 0.194, n.s.; low block 1: 1.027 ± 0.144; low block 2: 0.987 ± 0.137; low block 3: 0.937 ± 0.138; low block 4: 1.010 ± 0.175). There was no significant effect of lidocaine on theta ratio at high doses across sessions (high baseline: 0.445 ± 0.105; high inactivation: 0.373 ± 0.071; t(6) = 1.453, n.s.) or blocks (high baseline: 0.408 ± 0.103; F(1.446,8.677) = 1.666, n.s.; high block 1: 0.529 ± 0.121; high block 2: 0.434 ± 0.093; high block 3: 0.382 ± 0.067; high block 4: 0.308 ± 0.069). Experiment 2 assessed theta rhythmicity in interneurons (firing rate > 10 Hz) by computing the depth of modulation within spike timing autocorrelograms. There was no significant effect of ATN lesion on interneuron rhythmicity (sham: 0.336 ± 0.044; small lesion: 0.275 ± 0.036, n.s.; large lesion: 0.339 ± 0.048, n.s.) (Fig. 4, C and D, left). There was no effect of lesion on interneuron mean firing rate (sham: 21.59 ± 3.26; small lesion: 20.51 ± 7.82, n.s.; large lesion: 32.17 ± 8.30, n.s.) (Fig. 4D, right).
Fig. 4 Effects of ATN manipulation on theta rhythmicity.
(A) Local field potential displaying theta rhythmicity from high (top) and low (bottom) doses of lidocaine. (B) Data for the measure of theta ratio. (C) Autocorrelation of spike timing from interneurons of sham (left) and large ATN lesion (right) animals. F, frequency (Hz); R, rhythmicity; M, mean firing rate. (D) Data for rhythmicity (left) and mean firing rate (right) measures. Inactivation or lesion of ATN did not disrupt theta rhythmicity in parahippocampal cortices.
The present study supports three conclusions. First, manipulation of ATN significantly reduced the spatial periodicity of grid cells. High concentrations of lidocaine abolished gridlike firing patterns, and large lesions significantly reduced the number of grid cells. Second, manipulation of ATN significantly influenced the HD signal. Inactivation reduced direction-specific firing properties, and lesions significantly reduced the number of HD cells and their characteristics. Third, ATN manipulation spared theta modulation. These effects cannot be attributed to nearby damage from the injections or lesions because the ATN is more than 10 mm away from the grid cell areas recorded. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HD cell inputs from the ATN are involved in parahippocampal grid cell generation; these data are also consistent with the hypothesis that cosine directionally tuned theta cells in the ATN are necessary for grid cell generation (19). In addition to HD and theta inputs, hippocampal projections from CA1 are necessary for grid cell expression in the MEC (17). HD cells in anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (ADN) (20) or MEC (17) remained unaffected by CA1 disruption, and many grid cells developed directional tuning even when no HD preference was identified before inactivation. This observation suggests that CA1 input likely does not contribute directional information to grid cells but instead conveys some other type of information. Behavioral studies provide support for the importance of these signals and brain regions in navigation. Lesions of the ATN produce significant deficits on spatial tasks dependent on either environmental (21) or self-movement cues (22). Similarly, lesions of the grid cell region of MEC produce significant spatial deficits (23, 24); however, self-movement cues appear to be selectively impaired in distance processing (25). In contrast, hippocampal lesions produce significant impairments in both distance and direction processing (25–27). These results suggest that the functional role of grid cell activity may be related to providing a distance metric whose computations are dependent on direction inputs rather than supporting path integration, as some models posit.
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Figs. S1 to S12
Table S1
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Acknowledgments: The authors thank J. Marcroft, S. Valerio, and J. Barry for technical support. This research was supported through the National Institutes of Health grant NS053907 (J.S.T.), a Postgraduate Scholarship–Doctoral program (PGS-D) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (B.J.C.), and an American Psychological Association Dissertation Research Award (B.J.C.). Data will be made available upon request.
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On Friday, the 8th of February, one commissioner of the United States SEC or Securities and Exchange Commission said that the delay in establishing cryptocurrency regulation may permit more freedom for the industry to move on its own.
Heister Peirce, the the commissioner that is widely known as the Crypto Mom in the community for her dissent against the decision of SEC to reject Bitcoin exchange-traded fund or ETF, which was proposed by the Winklevoss brothers, made the comments in a speech on regulation issues at the University of Missouri, School of Law.
Discussing the current delays in delivering a more transparent legal framework for crypto, the commissioner said that ambiguity is not that bad. She further explained that they may have the ability to draw clearer lines once they see more blockchain projects mature. The delay in bringing clear lines can allow more freedom for the technology to come into its own too.
The commissioner has also noted that the regulating process of a new industry might be quite lengthy, and she further stressed that the SEC has to act appropriately to enable the industry to evolve without the compromising of the laws from right now.
Pierce mentioned that if they act appropriately, they may enable innovation on the new frontier to proceed without compromising the objectives of their securities laws – facilitating capital formation, protecting investors, and even ensuring fair, as well as orderly and efficient markets.
However, on the other hand, overregulation sometimes happens. She also stated that enforcement actions are also not the preferred method for setting expectations for crypto investors.
Furthermore, she added that some cryptocurrency projects are not able to make progress within the existing framework, as securities laws make them unworkable.
Pierce strongly believes that the SEC is sometimes too hesitant when it comes to dealing with cryptocurrency projects and that investors willing to raise money might also be deluded by excessive caution.
She stated that they rightfully fault investors for jumping blindly at anything which is labeled crypto, but sometimes, they seem to be equally impulsive when it comes to running away from anything labeled crypto. They owe it to investors to be careful; however, they also owe it to them not to define their investment universe with their preferences.
Peirce concluded that the U.S. Congress might also resolve the ambiguity which is related to the crypto by requiring that at least some digital assets should be treated as a separate asset class.
As it has been reported previously, such an initiative was already introduced to the House of Representatives later in December of 2018. In the law, two U.S. legislators seek to eliminate cryptocurrencies from being seen as securities by altering the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Act of 1934.
Earlier in 2019, she admitted trying to convince her colleagues to have a bit of an open mind regarding cryptocurrency adoption, but she also warned that it might even take a long time. She has also urged the investors not to hold their breath waiting for a BTC ETF, as according to her, it might occur tomorrow or in 20 years period.


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"Паоло Сорентино" (; Напуљ, 31. мај 1970) италијански је филмски редитељ, сценариста и књижевник. Прославио се као редитељ и сценариста стилизованих и визуелно упечатљивих филмова, међу којима се издвајају остварења Последице љубави (2004), Див (2008), Велика лепота (2013), Младост (2015) и телевизијска мини-серија Млади папа (2016). Сматра се једним од најзначајнијих савремених италијанских и европских редитеља, а његови филмови су награђени угледним наградама: Оскаром, наградом Европске филмске академије, БАФТОМ и Златним Глобусом.

Сорентинова остварења се упоређују са филмовима класичних италијанских синеаста Федерика Фелинија и Микеланђела Антонионија, између осталог, зато што визуелно упечатљиво, комбинујући драму и комедију, истражује променљивост идентитета, како на личном плану главних протагониста, тако и на колективно-националном плану италијанске прошлости и будућности. Чести сарадници су му италијански глумац Тони Сервило и директор фотографије Лука Багаци. Написао је роман Сви су у праву и неколико збирки приповедака.

Филмска каријера
Интересовање филмских критичара привукао је филмом Последице љубави (2004), а затим и остварењем Див (2008), филмом о каријери контроверзног италијанског премијера Ђулија Андреотија. Након што је снимио своје прво остварење на енглеском језику Ово мора да је то место (2011), ексцентричну комедију са Шоном Пеном, Сорентино је снимио Велику лепоту (2013), његов до сада најнаграђиванији филм, у коме средовечни романописац медитира над животом и пролазношћу. Велика Лепота је награђена Оскаром, Златним глобусом и Бафтом за најбољи филм ван енгелског говорног подручја. Свој други филм на енглеском језику Младост снимио је 2015, у којем је окупио холивудске ветеране Мајкла Кејна. Џејн Фонду, и Харвија Кајтела. Сорентину је за овај филм припала награда за најбољег режисера Европске филмске академије.

Крајем 2016. почела је да се приказује мини-серија Млади папа у продукцији кабловских канала Ејч-Би-Оу, Канал + и Скај Атлантик, о животу измаштаног поглавара римокатоличке цркве, кога глуми Џуд Ло. Незванична друга сезона приказана је под именом Нови папа 2020. године.

Године 2018. приказан је његов филм Лоро у коме је приказан живот контроверзног италијаснког премијера Силвија Берлусконија.

Књижевна каријера
Објавио је роман Сви су у праву (-{Hanno tutti ragione}-) 2011. Књигу је у преводу Мирјане Огњановић, на српском језику објавио београдски издавач -{Booka}- 2016. године. Сорентинова збирка приповедака Тони Пагода и његови пријатељи објављена је у Италији 2012, а 2016. и Неважна лица.

Филмографија

Референце

Спољашње везе

Рођени 1970.
Италијански редитељи
Италијански књижевници

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Published on 25/10/2018 by Duró, G., Crosato, A., Kleinhans, M. G., & Uijttewaal, W. S. J.
An efficient method to use drones to monitor bank erosion processes in rivers. The possibility to fly over large extensions allows us to survey not only small streambanks but also the banks of wide rivers with complex geometries. Moreover, a detailed resolution of the banks is capable of surveying erosion processes between consecutive campaigns, contributing not only to more accurate quantification of erosion rates but to gain insights on possible erosion drivers. A minimum number of photographs for an effective survey is also identified.
Detailed monitoring of restored banks is possible in relative short time compared to previous topographic survey techniques, without losing the necessary precision to capture erosion processes. The photographs taken during the surveys also serve for a visual record of banks, especially relevant to track the development of vegetation. The flexibility of this methodology allows users to measure a wide range of river sizes, from streams to mid-sized rivers such as the Meuse.
Survey techniques, drivers, prediction and role of vegetation.


First things first. Preheat that oven to 220C (200 C Fan, Gas Mark 8).
Now take a baking tray. If you have a pretty one like this - you can plonk it on the table when it's cooked and people can help themselves.
Drain the lentils and then pour them into the baking tray.
Scatter the halved tomatoes onto the lentils and then add the crushed garlic and give the whole thing a really good stir.
Now, pop your chicken thighs on top of the lentil bed. Then scatter the pancetta on top of the lentils, around the chicken. You want the pancetta to be on the top so that it has a chance to go lovely and crispy.
Give the whole thing a good glug of olive oil and sprinkle with a salt (careful, the pancetta is salty) and pepper.
Pop into the hot oven and cook for a good 45 mins until the chicken skin is lovely and crispy and the chicken is cooked through. It's a good idea to give it a bit of a stir half way through to check that the lentils are not browning too much.
Sprinkle on the chopped parsley and serve with a fresh green salad and a generous dollop of mayo.


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Home Compliance StandardsPCI DSS Changes in the New PCI Software Security Framework from the PA-DSS
Changes in the New PCI Software Security Framework from the PA-DSS
by RSI Security March 7, 2022 March 10, 2022
written by RSI Security March 7, 2022 March 10, 2022
The Payment Card Industry (PCI) is updating their standards from the Payment Application Data Security Standard (PA-DSS) to the all-new Software Security Framework (SSF). Meant to bolster data security and better serve merchants and consumers alike, PCI SSF will replace PA-DSS in its entirety. But what can we expect from the new PCI Software Security Framework?
Introducing the SSF
Most industries have an established set of standards to protect employees, the general public, and individual organizations. For software developers in the retail space, the PCI, composed of the five major credit card providers, oversees these regulations. While most of the focus has remained on PA-DSS for over a decade, it will be retired in October 2022.
The new PCI Software Security Framework will become the primary compliance framework for payment application developers and software vendors in place of the PA-DSS.
To prepare for the upcoming transition, you'll need to know:
How does the SSF compare to the PA-DSS?
What new standards are introduced?
What is the timeline for SSF implementation?
Partnering with a PCI compliance expert will help streamline your navigation of the new framework's implementation.
Comparing PA-DSS and the New PCI Software Security Framework
Officially launched in 2008, most developers are already familiar with the regulations contained in the PA-DSS. As the PCI's newest standard—first introduced in 2019—the SSF promises even more significant data security and consumer protection.
PA-DSS
The PCI's PA-DSS is aimed specifically at payment application developers and software vendors. It provides an extensive list of 14 specific protections that must be met to achieve compliance.
All of these protections revolve around safeguarding cardholder data (CHD) and personally identifiable information (PII), defending network infrastructure from cyberattacks, testing software for vulnerabilities, and educating staff, customers, resellers, and end-users.
Support for PA-DSS officially ends in October 2022, and it remains active until that date—at which point the PCI Software Security Framework replaces it.
Introduced and published in January 2019, the PCI Software Security Framework is a total replacement for PA-DSS. Although it includes many elements from PA-DSS and builds on many of the components of its predecessor, the PCI considers SSF as a wholly separate and independent set of regulations.
The SSF's ultimate goal is to further standardize the payment software development process, strengthen security mechanisms, and provide a more user-friendly experience for everyone. It adds to the regulations first established in PA-DSS by:
Increasing data and software security resiliency across the board
Supporting a broader range of payment software
Making it easier for developers to implement next-gen payment application security
Providing greater customization of software without jeopardizing data security
Adding enhanced transparency and visibility during software testing phases
Promoting new development and programming methodologies
Maintaining official listings of approved software and qualified vendors
Additionally, the SSF introduces two brand new components: the Secure Software Standard and the Secure Software Lifecycle Standard. The former is focused specifically on payment software.
The Secure Software Standard and the Secure SLC Standard
Designed to ensure robust data and consumer protection, the PCI Software Security Framework incorporates two different standards into its design. Although they're primarily focused on payment application software, they also apply to supplementary applications that are included with the original payment software—even if they don't store or process confidential data.
Secure Software Standard
This standard is designed to protect consumer confidentiality and data integrity during every payment transaction. In many ways, this standard closely mirrors the contents of PA-DSS. For a software vendor to pass this assessment, they must undergo a complete examination as well as several interim, or "delta," assessments.
Secure Software Life Cycle Standard
While the Secure Software Standard pertains to individual transactions, the Secure Software Lifecycle (Secure SLC) Standard ensures that vendors manage data security from design and development to "end-of-life."
Secure SLC assessments are optional for software developers and vendors who wish to comply with the PCI Software Security Framework. Assessments are valid for a period of three years before re-assessment is required.
Following the SSF Transition Timeline
To make the process easier on everyone involved and to minimize any potential service disruptions or loss of business, the new PCI Software Security Framework includes a transition timeline for developers, vendors, and retailers.
The timeline concludes with the PA-DSS' retirement in October 2022:
January 2019 – The PCI Software Security Framework was introduced to the general public.
June 2019 – The first documents related to the SSF were published online.
October 2019 – Applications to become a qualified SSF Assessor were made available to organizations.
February 2020 – The first round of SSF Assessor training began.
July 2020 – The first Secure SLC listing was published.
January 2021 – The first Secure Software was published.
June 2021 – New PA-DSS submissions are no longer being accepted.
October 2022 – The traditional PA-DSS program officially closes.
Transitioning to PCI SSF
With a closing date of October 2022, the PCI-DSS will soon be outdated and obsolete. Payment application developers and software vendors currently subject to the PA-DSS must transition to the PCI SSF.
If you want to get a head start on the new PCI Software Security Framework, or if you have any questions regarding your transition from PCI-DSS to SSF, contact RSI Security today.
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Blood Test May Predict Premature Birth
US and Danish researchers said Thursday they have developed an inexpensive blood test that may predict with up to 80
percent accuracy whether a pregnant woman will give birth prematurely. While more research is needed before the test is ready for widespread use, experts say it has the potential to reduce fatalities and complications from the 15 million premature births per year worldwide.
The test can also be used to estimate the mother's due date "as reliably as and less expensively than ultrasound," said the report in the journal Science. The test measures the activity of maternal, placental and fetal genes, assessing levels of cell-free RNA, which are messenger molecules that carry the body's genetic instructions.
"We found that a handful of genes are very highly predictive of which women are at risk for preterm delivery," said co-senior author Mads Melbye, a visiting professor at Stanford University and CEO of the Statens Serum Institut in openhagen. "I've spent a lot of time over the years working to understand preterm delivery. This is the first real, significant scientific progress on this problem in a long time."
Another top researcher was Stephen Quake, professor of bioengineering and of applied physics at Stanford University, who led a team that created a blood test for Down syndrome in 2008 -- now used in more than three million pregnant
women per year. Defined as a baby arriving at least three weeks early, premature birth affects nine percent of US births and is the top cause of death before age five among children worldwide.
Until now, some tests for predicting premature birth were available but they tended to work only in women at high risk, and were accurate only about 20 percent of the time, according to the report. To develop the test, researchers examined blood samples from 31 Danish women to identify which genes gave reliable signals about gestational age and prematurity risk.
After more research is done and the test eventually comes to market, researchers say it will likely be simple and inexpensive enough to use in poor areas.
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text:
The Poet As Subverter - The Recusant
"They Shriek in Finely Turned Sentences":
The Poet as Subverter in the 21st Century Avant-Garde
A Paper by Prakash Kona
Rejection is the shaping force of society. – Pier Paolo Pasolini
The corporatization of the publishing world has lead to a canon formation from the traditional author-based kind to one that manufactures taste to suit a consumerist audience. Poetry as an art form that counters the violence of bureaucratic governments and MNCs has suffered a serious decline for no reason except that it has the potential for social transformation. The general decline of humanities and social sciences with the exception of economics - which has a strong institutional bias - reflects the overall control mechanisms at play in the production of certain knowledges termed as useful while excluding others. This is the context where one needs to place the avant-garde poet.
The avant-garde poet is as much a fiction writer as she could be a pamphleteer, a graffiti activist, a drug-induced mystic or simply anyone overwhelmed by a sense of nothingness. My paper recognizes in avant-garde poetry the defiant and consciously stylized nature of writing as opposed to the inspired and dreamy kind of creativity while it shows how such a stylization can lend itself to conformism of another kind.
The avant-garde poet walks the thin line that separates political conformism from creative rebellion. To challenge conventional forms of writing is not merely to reject mainstream notions of the fall of the poem as opposed to the rise of a fiction-based readership but to work proactively to dismantle institutionalized forms of discrimination and serve as a voice to the marginalized that Fanon metaphorically refers to as "the wretched of the earth."
My paper examines what it means to be an avant-garde poet in the global context.
Keywords: Gramsci, Avant-Garde, Poet, Realism, Resistance
To Destroy is to Create
At the very beginning of his 1913 article titled 'The Futurists', Gramsci says: "The Italian intellectual hen-house is all of a flutter. It is no longer enough to cry shame. People thrust their hands in their hair: there's no more religion! They shriek in finely turned sentences: the world is going to wrack and ruin! The second millennium that will mark the end of this putrid humanity is approaching!" (Gramsci, 1999, 89). This prophetic rant that Gramsci begins with sounds in fact like the futurists themselves who make a virtue out of shrieking in "finely turned sentences." It's not the apocalyptic tone that Yeats adopted in 1919 when he wrote 'The Second Coming' in a profoundly pessimistic tone that 'The best lack all conviction, while the worst / Are full of passionate intensity' (Yeats). Gramsci is both parodying the apocalyptic tone and using polemics to deride the futurists.
Gramsci relies on the poetic and the metaphorical to make his point –a writing strategy not different from the futurists. Gramsci observes in Prison Notebooks that, "The superstructures of civil society are like the trench-systems of modern warfare" (235). There is an inclination to use military-related metaphors to explain the operations of both state and civil society. The metaphor grounds the reader in the reality of these institutions rather than be lost in Hegelian abstractions that are euphemisms disguising reality rather than metaphors interpreting the truth. In the 1921 article 'Marinetti the Revolutionary', Gramsci sees in the futurists a revolutionary potential to provide an alternative in the domain of culture to the present bourgeois version. "They have destroyed, destroyed, destroyed, without worrying if the new creations produced by their activity were on the whole superior to those destroyed" (Gramsci, 1999, 96). He goes on to call the futurists "revolutionaries" and that in supporting the futurists "the workers' groups showed that they were not afraid of destruction, certain as they were of being able to create poetry, paintings and plays, like the Futurists; these workers were supporting historicity, the possibility of a proletarian culture created by the workers themselves" (Gramsci, 1999, 97). And yet only a year later a slightly wizened Gramsci writes to Trotsky a bitter letter about the futurists in the resentful tone of a son complaining to his father: "The Italian Futurist movement completely lost its character after the war. Marinetti is not particularly active in it. He has got married and prefers to devote his energies to his wife" (Gramsci, 1999, 98). The promise of "destruction" of the old cultural order that defined the futurist manifesto was never achieved. Gramsci's complaint is a familiar one: Marinetti the "revolutionary" these days devotes his energies to his wife. "Destruction" of an unjust order is the tone of both Gramsci and the futurists. While Gramsci substantiates his point-of-view through intensive analysis – for instance, what he says of Marx in 'Our Marx' is as true of Gramsci himself: "He is an example of intense and tenacious work to attain the clear honesty of ideas, the solid culture necessary in order not to talk in a void, about abstractions" (Forgacs, 2000, 39) - the revolution of the futurists is an unleashing of rhetoric without achieving a similar transformation in the life-worlds of masses.
The "futurist" tone can best be seen in Marinetti in the 1909 'The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism': "Poetry must be conceived as a violent assault launched against unknown forces to reduce them to submission under man" (Rainey, 2009, 51). A few lines later he adds: "We intend to glorify war—the only hygiene of the world—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of anarchists, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and contempt for woman" (Rainey, 2009, 51). The framework of Marinetti's tone of rejection is not something that the futurists thought of for the first time. How in fact different is what Marinetti says from the 19th century Russian nihilist Sergey Nechayev's Catechism of a Revolutionary (1869) that opens with the lines:
The revolutionary is a doomed man. He has no private interests, no affairs, sentiments, ties, property nor even a name of his own. His entire being is devoured by one purpose, one thought, one passion - the revolution. Heart and soul, not merely by word but by deed, he has severed every link with the social order and with the entire civilized world; with the laws, good manners, conventions, and morality of that world. He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose - to destroy it. (Nechayev)
In Ivan Turgenev's Fathers and Sons (1862) we catch a glimpse of a definition of what Nechayev (a distorted Bazarov figure) stands for: "A nihilist is a person who does not bow down to any authority, who does not accept any principle on faith, however much that principle may be revered" (Turgenev).
The elements that constitute the discourse of avant-garde poetry can be discovered in the sense of nothingness that consumed the 19th century revolutionary consciousness along with the attitudes of individual revolutionaries. In embracing the 'nihil,' every kind of authority is rejected and faith relegated to being a steward before reason its radical master. To imagine the avant-garde poet without a revolution is futile. To imagine a revolution in the global discourse whose defining trait is consumerism is a fallacy. Unfortunately in the attempt to reconcile futility with fallacy by being ahistorical and apolitical, the avant-garde writer of the 21st century is striving for the same objectivity that in the first place instigated the challenge to produce an alternate way of looking at the world. Christopher Innees in 'AVANT GARDE THEATRE: Themes and definitions', points out that: "Borrowed from military terminology by Bakunin, who titled the short-lived anarchist journal he published in Switzerland in 1878 L'AvantGarde, the label was first applied to art by his followers. Their aim in revolutionizing aesthetics was to prefigure social revolution; and avant-garde art is still characterized by a radical political posture" (Goodman, 2000, 70).
At the heart of the avant-garde is a "radical political posture." This is the gesture made by the small publisher and the equally small poet alike. Unless the gesture of defiance is made it won't enter the discourse of the avant-garde. The avant-garde poet is the bard of the resistance challenging genre-based writing or the so-called opposition of theory to practice, not in the sense of Marinetti – which is more of destroy for destroy's sake - but more in the sense of Gramsci – which is to destroy that you may create: "In this field, 'to destroy' does not mean the same as in the economic field. It does not mean to deprive humanity of the material products that it needs to subsist and to develop. It means to destroy spiritual hierarchies, prejudices, idols and ossified traditions" (Gramsci, 1991, 96). Through his creative re-reading of Marxism and his insights into the politics of fascism that uses culture as an instrument of politics in many ways Gramsci is much more avant-garde or literally futuristic than Marinetti:
After the failure of the experience with a futurist political party in 1920, futurist politics, as captained by Marinetti, swiftly renounced the libertarian motifs of its ideology and the utopia of futurist democracy. With the advent of fascism to power, Marinetti and the futurists returned to fascism with a de facto acceptance of its politics as the "minimal program" of the futurist revolution. (Gentile, 2003, 64)
Within the creative function of destruction one finds the seeds of avant-garde poetry that takes the form of experimental writing beginning with the second half of the 20th century and diving straight into the intellectual whirlpool of the 21st century. While they "shriek in finely turned sentences" the point of the shrieking is to recreate an alternate vision to the existing order and not merely play with words without changing the reality constituted in language.
To Reject is To Be
The turning of the sentence is not for poetic effect. Rather it is about poetic affect. While the effect is an end in itself the affect is a series of disjointed ideas that produce an impact on the reader similar to that of the Eisensteinean montage. While wholeness is what the montage aspires toward, the avant-garde poet leaves the fragments in the open giving the reader a chance to configure meaning on her own or look for none. The affect brilliantly comes out as a "political gesture" because it forces the reader to confront reality not as the truth but as a possibility of arriving at the truth. The whole point of the shrieking in "finely turned sentences" is to make sure that the reader is without respite. Says Gandhi in Attenborough's movie version: "The function of a civil resistance is to provoke response and we will continue to provoke until they respond or change the law" (Attenborough). The avant-garde poet is a civil resister and does with language what the activist does through deeds. She provokes the passive bourgeois reader to view reality from the point of view of resistance rather than power. The basis of the provocation is the rejection of an existing order to make way for an alternative one.
Unlike the celebration of destruction in Marinetti's manifesto, the politics of rejection touches the core of one's being. The 1971 volume of Pasolini's poems is titled To Transfigure and to Organize (Pasolini, 1996, 207). To transfigure is to invent a metaphor that will encompass the revolutionary aspirations of the masses. Metaphors that do not evolve from a struggle to organize the daily life activities of men and women in relation to their personal space are meaningless. The political can only be the personal. The personal is the barometer of social and political change. It cannot happen externally. It cannot not happen internally. The without and within do not complement one another. As a matter of fact they occupy one and the same being. Gramsci makes the point that, "In reality it is not possible to separate living from philosophizing" (Gramsci, 1992, 363). In embracing a politics that does not separate living from "philosophizing" or any other creative activity, rejection shapes the order of things. Rejection is not just about saying "no" to the unethical and the unjust but a way of life in itself. The avant-garde poet plays the role of an educator as much she is as a poet.
In the avant-garde discourse, poetry cannot be separated from political education. The best instance I can think of is the British poet Alan Morrison whose anthology Emergency Verse - Poetry in Defence of the Welfare State is not just a collection of poems from an extraordinarily diverse group of poets but an argument for a just society. "I just seem to instinctively itch to use my poetry for social and political subjects in the main" (Interview with Morrison) says Morrison in an interview to the webzine Sociological Imagination. When Pasolini declares, "my only hero is Reality," (Hanshe) he is speaking of the instinctive "itch" to reach out to "social and political subjects" rather than loiter in the corridors of metaphysics.
The irony of being an avant-garde poet is that you cannot be radical in language without a conception of reality attached to it. While the small press in all fairness opens the doors to big ideas and in that sense is the real harbinger of change, it is mandatory that avant-garde writers bear the reality in mind that'll reflect in the language of a history that cannot find space in text-books approved by the corporate state. Avant-garde poetry is a 20th century invention; it is political and it is revolutionary; if it is neither of them it cannot make claims to be avant-garde. A language cannot enter the narcissistic domain of celebrating itself as language; it can only celebrate that which is not itself. The self is an object of performance that can be located neither in the 'I' nor the 'You.' It is translated, transformed, transfigured and transmogrified.
The 'real' self being the performing self, the avant-garde poet is a radical performer. It cannot be otherwise. To bring the future into the present, to introduce the present to the future, to recreate the present as the future, to imagine the future as a possibility in the present, to rewrite history as point-of-view, to explore within point-of-view a history of archives or an archival history - the histories that history has concealed all along, the history of remembering what you're certain is forgotten, to comprehend "history" as a word in language, to comprehend the language of history or the history of a language – that's where performance and radical politics meet.
What is the political in politics? And, what is the politics of the avant-garde? The phrase "in the nature of things" is an empty, meaningless one. There's nothing natural about 'nature' nor is culture which gives us a definition of both nature and the natural ever apolitical. Politics is about the power to define; it's not innate but connected to what individuals and groups believe or are persuaded to believe in terms of their own rhetoric. What kind of a language describes the reality is as important as the reality; it's not the reality but, without it reality would exist in a vacuum.
Avant-garde's sworn enemy is the discourse of realism. Realism attempts to mirror reality in the language of the so-called reality. The avant-garde literary artist shatters any complacent notion of either such a reality or a language that makes claims to it. In mirroring reality, realism justifies the politics of an unequal society. Realism is a discourse of power that thrives in the big publisher's market. Marx famously said that he made Hegel stand on his feet. What the avant-garde poet does is to free reality from the clutches of realism and in the act of subverting institutionalized meaning forces reality to stand on its feet.
A manifesto must be rewritten for the "small" publishers who, in fact, are the intellectuals that create the taste of mass audiences that the "big" publishers cleverly exploit to their advantage. The above statement is a generalization that needs to be contested on a larger terrain: which it is not possible to do so because the forces are not equally placed. The financial constraints and the audience reach of small publishing houses do not stand comparison with the big ones. But the contact with the creative "masses" is more so with the small publisher given the interactivity between the publishers, the writers and the readers. The politics of the avant-garde writer is the politics of the "small." It's the "David" complex of fighting the Goliath of money and power as embodied in a corporatized state and reinforced through the "big" publisher that controls and manipulates the taste of the readership. With the small publisher the readership can only be an active one; that's where avant-garde politics manifests itself because it is constantly at war with words that make claims to reality.
Being Avant-Garde
Peter Eckersall in the article 'From Liminality to Ideology: The Politics of Embodiment in Prewar Avant-Garde Theater in Japan' notes that: "The aim of the avant-garde is nothing less than to bring about a revolution of everyday life by aesthetic means—to transform the modern world" (Harding, 2006, 225). In the global discourse the postmodern parody element meant to deconstruct attempts to arrive at absolute truth has the negative consequence of preventing a serious critique of power. Globalization has created a calculated desperation for heroes and heroism, either to become one or to find one that you uncritically dedicate yourself to; the vacuousness of overconsumption does not come without a price. Polemics is the answer to that kind of vacuousness; Pasolini's 1975 film Salo or the 120 days of Sodom responds to the ideology of consumption which is the guiding force of the bourgeoisie – you not only literally eat "shit" but you also prostitute your children and you've no problems enslaving and abusing them mentally before you do it physically. Polemics does not reject point-of-view; it problematizes it. It shows that points of view are neither innocent nor meant to be so. It shows that innocence is a false ideal of a decadent bourgeoisie invented by their organic intellectuals to make exploitation seem human and at all times unintended. What the polemicist does is "to direct one's attention violently towards the present as it is, if one wishes to transform it" (Gramsci, 1992, 175).
The avant-garde poet of the 21st century is neither the nihilist we see in the character of Nechayev or Bazarov nor the misogynist Marinetti glorifying war and militarism. Years after his essay on the futurists says Gramsci in the Prison Notebooks not without a sense of the future that, "What "ought to be" is therefore concrete; indeed it is the only realistic and historicist interpretation of reality, it alone is history in the making and philosophy in the making, it alone is politics" (Gramsci, 1992, 172). The politics of the avant-garde poet is the politics of what "ought to be;" while the politics of the big publishing houses is the politics of "what is" that rejects the notion of reality as a changing entity and reduces it to stasis.
To rephrase Gramsci's comment on the futurists in a 21st century context, the global "intellectual hen-house is all of a flutter" especially with social networking occupying much of intellectual space in the lives of the youth across the world. Digital technologies carry within them the unfortunate tendency to distance poetry from human concerns such as war, floods and famines – more so when the agents of environmental and social destruction can be clearly identified in the global corporate agenda. The avant-garde poet throws down the gauntlet to the forces of reaction restoring poetry to its original function of being a critical voice of the masses: embrace the irreverence to forms that characterizes the "ought to be" in the face of "what is," celebrate the power of labour to invent itself anew through a poetry of perpetual resistance, confront the rhetoric of nationalism whose political expression is fascism, reject that which comes in the way of social change and shape the order of things enabling the weak and the disempowered to have a chance to fight back.
Prakash Kona © 2013
Gandhi. (1982). Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. Columbia Pictures, Film.
Gentile, Emilio. (2003). 'The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism'. Connecticut and London: Praeger.
Goodman, Lizbeth and Jane de Gay. eds. (2000). The Routledge Reader in Politics and Performance. London and New York: Routledge, Print.
Gramsci, Antonio. (1999). Cultural Notebooks. William Boelhower (trans.). London:
Elecbook. Print.---. Prison Notebooks. (1992). New York: International Publishers. Print.
Hanshe, Rainer J. (April 2008) 'Interview with Roberto Chiesi on Pier Paolo Pasolini'.
Hyperion, Volume III, Issue 2. Web. 5 August. 2011. Online.
Nechayev, Sergey. Catechism of a Revolutionary (1869). Anarchism Archive. n.d.
Web. 22 August. 2011. Online.
Rainey, Lawrence, Christine Poggi and Laura Wittman. eds. (2009). Futurism: An
Anthology. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, New Haven and
London: Yale University Press. Print.
Salo, or the 120 days of Sodom. (1975). Dir. Pier Paolo Pasolini. United Artists Metro-
Goldwyn-Mayer. Film'
The Sociological Imagination. (23 August 2010). 'Interview with Alan Morrison'. Web. 22 August. 2011. Online.
Turgenev, Ivan, Fathers and Sons. n.d. Web. 22 August. 2011. Online.
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Description : The film has been shot in various parts of India like Jaipur, Jaisalmer and Mumbai. The film is set in a modern milieu with traditional Indian backdrop and values. It revolves around three friends and their families. Mansukh Patel is an NRI business tycoon residing with his British wife, Lisa and daughter Rumzum in London, UK. The Patels live in the United Kingdom but haven't forgotten their Indian tradition and values. Mansukh's younger brother, Rashmikant lives in Mumbai with his daughter, Suhani. Having lost his wife Rekha early in life, Rashmikant is a protective father and pampers Suhani with all her demands, and so does his mother, Savitri. Rashmikant's childhood friend, Vipul is also his business partner. He lives with his wife, Laxmi and son, Swagat. Suhani and Swagat have been childhood sweethearts. Suhani is a open-hearted girl while Swagat is more subdued in nature. He also plays an important role in Suhani's life. Swagat is bowled over by Rumzum's simplicity, pure innocence, beauty and her nature. Whereas, Suhani is madly in love with Swagat. Will Swagat marry Suhani and live happily ever after or will he find true love in Rumzum? Jashwant Gangani's Bezubaan Ishq unravels the beautiful story of unspoken love and sacrifice with pure characters from real life.


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Home / Campaigns / Scrutinise the Gay marriage bill
Scrutinise the Gay marriage bill
Posted by: Yusuf Patel in Campaigns, Politics, Propagation, UK 06/03/2013 0
Proposed Gay Marriage Bill & Muslim Silence
Have Muslim MP's Denounced Islam by Voting for Gay Marriage Bill?
Forming the Single-Gender Society
How the West was won: An analysis of the Gay Rights Movement Part 1
The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill was introduced into the House of Commons on 24th January 2013. This bill seeks to legalise gay marriage.
The second reading of the Bill took place on 5th February, as you may remember the majority of Muslim MPs voted in favour of the bill, which caused considerable outrage. What everyone who condemned these MPs must ask themselves is, what did they do in the run up to the second reading debate, did you voice opposition to the bill in any way? Did you sign any of the petitions? Did you raise your concerns with your MP? If the answer to these questions is no, what is the difference between those MPs who supported the bill and us, who through our own negligence stood as bystanders as the pro-gay argument controlled the public debate, with only Christian groups defending marriage? A cynical few may argue how will our actions change anything? The answer to that question is, change of any kind does not come about by surrendering our will without expending our effort, our accountability before Allah Azza wa Jal is not based on the outcome or result, but as a result of what we intended from the action and the fulfilment of the action for the sake of Allah Jalla wa 'Ala.
We do not have many opportunities left to protect marriage and stand up against its re-definition, one opportunity is to write to the Committee scrutinising the bill, they have requested submissions from interested parties.
The committee scrutinising the bill has met and has asked for written submissions from interested parties. Islamic organisations, masaajid and concerned individuals are highly encouraged to provide a submission before the deadline which is on 12th March 2013.
You should utilise this opportunity to have heard a voice that has hitherto been absent from the discussion – the Muslim voice.
Please include a brief introduction about you or your organisation. The submission should not have been previously published or circulated elsewhere.
Your submission should be emailed to [email protected] only.
Submissions should be in the form of a Word document. A summary should be provided. Paragraphs should be numbered, but there should be no page numbering.
Essential statistics or further details can be added as annexes, which should also be numbered. To make publication easier, please avoid the use of coloured graphs, complex diagrams or pictures.
As a guideline, submissions should not exceed 3,000 words.
Please include in the covering email the name, address, telephone number and email address of the person responsible for the submission. The submission should be dated.
All written evidence will be circulated to all Committee Members to inform their consideration of the Bill. Most submissions will also be published on the internet as soon as possible after the Committee has started sitting.
You can view current submissions at the following location,
http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2012-13/marriagesamesexcouplesbill/committees/houseofcommonspublicbillcommitteeonthemarriagesamesexcouplesbill201213.html
Please note your submission may be published online and therefore accessible to the general public.
If you have any questions about your submission, please direct them to The Scrutiny Unit using the details below.
Scrutiny Unit contact details
Fax: 020 7219 8381,
Address: Michelle Edney
Senior Executive Officer
Scrutiny Unit, 7 Millbank,
London SW1P 3JA.
Sources:www.islam21c.com
Islam21c requests all the readers of this article, and others, to share it on your facebook, twitter, and other platforms to further spread our efforts.
Gay LGBT PROPAGATION 2013-03-06
Yusuf Patel
Tagged with: Gay LGBT PROPAGATION
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About Yusuf Patel
Yusuf Patel is the founder of SREIslamic, which provides advice, support and training to parents concerned with how Sex and Relationship Education (SRE/RHE/RSHE) is taught in schools, particularly at the primary level. SREIslamic has conducted hundreds of seminars across the country since it was founded in 2008 in order to inform Muslim parents of their legal rights in the area of SRE (RHE/RSHE) as well as running workshops covering the responsibility of Muslim parents to impart age appropriate sex education in line with their values. Yusuf works for a mental health charity.
Is the Arab Spring Dead or Alive? | Unscripted #73


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President Muhammadu Buhari said on Friday he was shocked to learn that illegal tax collections still existed in the country.
However, he stated that the Federal Government would immediately look into the issue with a view to ending the practice despite the fact that ''old habits die hard".
The President, who spoke when the leadership of the Amalgamated Union of Foodstuff and Cattle Dealers Association of Nigeria paid him a visit, said ending illegal tax collection would encourage private businesses to grow.
The AUFCDN delegation was led by Alhaji Ali Tahir.
Buhari made the promise to end the illegal practice as he responded to a request by the association urging the government to intervene and end it.
''I am appalled to learn that these illegal tax collections still persist. Bad habits are not easily dropped," a statement by his Special Adviser on Media and Publicity, Mr Femi Adesina, quoted the President as telling the visitors.
''But let me assure you that the relevant security agencies will be reminded of their duties to prevent these bad practices and safeguard people like you who go about their legitimate business.
Buhari described the association and its line of business as very strategic to the economy of the country.
He said, ''The merchandise and products you trade in are basic to any economy.
The President cited the examples of countries like Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and Denmark that he said relied largely on agriculture and livestock for big earnings.
The General Secretary of the association, Alhaji Ahmed Alarama, assured the President of their support for his re-election on February 16.
On the issue of illegal tax, he informed the President that on major highways, there were illegal collection points.
The association commended the government's efforts to complete the Lagos-Ibadan rail project.


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Montenegro is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east and Albania to the south-east. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica, meaning the former Royal Capital City.
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PlumChoice
Branding the invisible.
PlumChoice provided remote technical support services to individuals and small companies for a wide variety of products, including PCs, Macintosh computers, smart phones, notebooks, MP3 players, network devices, printers and digital cameras. The company had transformed its business model so that the majority of its revenues were being generated as a white label provider of technical support for OEMs, telcos, cable and retail companies. The company had made the decision to commit fully to the new business model, but had yet to decide on the long-term plans for its original direct-to-consumer business. PlumChoice needed to develop its new brand, including brand messaging and design, and roll out that brand with a new website.
Develop a clear and compelling corporate brand for PlumChoice
Decide how to incorporate the B2C business into the brand
Develop the new PlumChoice website
Position the company as leaders in the newly defined "Technology Care" category
Position PlumChoice as the company that's changing how technology support is delivered
Allow the B2C business to continue independent of the new B2B brand
We conducted a thorough discovery process and spent many hours in meetings with senior management to debate the challenges and opportunities. We conducted secondary research to develop a clear understanding of the market and the competitive landscape.
Plum Choice was providing a service unlike any other in the industry—a platform of technology- enabled services for business that create loyal customers and generate revenue for its customers.
Create and claim the category Technology Care
Describe the service PlumChoice offers
"Technology" defines the business category
"Care" suggests the human element that differentiates PlumChoice
The PlumChoice brand was designed to be distinctive and powerful, built on bold application of color and simple shapes. The strength of the black and chrome is anchored by the plum color, chosen to be suggestive of the company name. The absence of ornamentation communicates simplicity, confidence and strength.
We developed the brand guidelines.
We applied the brand to marketing collateral and sales presentation templates.
PlumChoice had arrived at the same crossroad that many growing companies do. They had been successful using one business model, only to find in time that there were more lucrative opportunities within its reach. However, current positioning was excluding the company from consideration for these new opportunities. So, the question was "How do we change our brand to allow us to compete for this work without turning our back on those customers who have been our lifeblood?" And the answers are rarely easy. In the case of PlumChoice, their B2B business was their future, but they weren't willing to let go of the consumer business just yet. I love these challenges. They require tough decisions, creative ideas, and someone with the ability to guide a company through the evolution. I believe that is one of the greatest values we provide for our customers.