text:
And as a report that came out just this week reminded us, there are a lot of African-Americans—not just me —who have that same kind of story of being pulled over, or frisked, or something. And the data shows that this is not an aberration. It doesn't mean each case is a problem. It means that when you aggregate all the cases and you look at it, you've got to say that there's some racial bias in the system.
President Barack Obama, "Remarks by the President at the 122nd Annual IACP Conference," The White House (Office of the Press Secretary), October 27, 2015. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/27/remarks-president-122nd-annual-iacp-conference.
That Hair
Posted in Africa, Autobiography, Books, Europe, Novels on 2020-04-10 20:13Z by Steven
Tin House
Paperback ISBN: 978-1-947793-41-5
eBook ISBN: 978-1-947793-50-7
Translated by Eric M. B. Becker
"The story of my curly hair," says Mila, the narrator of Djaimilia Pereira de Almeida's autobiographically inspired tragicomedy, "intersects with the story of at least two countries and, by extension, the indirect story of the relations among several continents: a geopolitics." Mila is the Luanda-born daughter of a black Angolan mother and a white Portuguese father. She arrives in Lisbon at the tender age of three, and feels like an outsider from the jump. Through the lens of young Mila's indomitably curly hair, her story interweaves memories of childhood and adolescence, family lore spanning four generations, and present-day reflections on the internal and external tensions of a European and African identity. In layered, intricately constructed prose, That Hair enriches and deepens a global conversation, challenging in necessary ways our understanding of racism, feminism, and the double inheritance of colonialism, not yet fifty years removed from Angola's independence. It's the story of coming of age as a black woman in a nation at the edge of Europe that is also rapidly changing, of being considered an outsider in one's own country, and the impossibility of "returning" to a homeland one doesn't in fact know.
Tags: Angola, Djaimilia Pereira de Almeida, Eric M. B. Becker, Portugal, Tin House
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Suffering Our Forefathers' Sins: A Latino's Reflection on White Supremacy
Posted in Articles, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, History, Latino Studies, Media Archive, Mexico, Philosophy, Social Justice, Texas, United States on 2019-09-04 21:08Z by Steven
Mere Orthodoxy
Nathan Luis Cartagena, Assistant Professor of Philosophy
Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois
Two Saturdays ago mi esposa and I mourned for those devastated by the El Paso shooting. For us, this hit home. We had lived in the Lone Star State for seven years, our daughter was born there, and we have strong relationships with Chicanos/as from la frontera—the Texas-Mexico borderlands.
As we mourned, I thought about white supremacy's role in this shooting. I thought about the painful irony that white supremacy originates in Portugal and Spain, the lands from which the ancestors of most Latinos/as and its subsets—including Chicanas/os and Tejanos/as—hail. This includes my ancestors. I am, after all, a Cartagena.
Yet despite our origins, Latinos/as are not deemed true whites. We are a racialized other; even the lightest of us who pass or receive the status of honorary white know this comes at a price and is liable to be lost the moment someone suspects we've broken the norms of white solidarity. How did this happen? How did the Iberian Peninsula's Latina/o children lose the status of white? Let me sketch an answer for you…
Tags: Mere Orthodoxy, Nathan Cartagena, Nathan L. Cartagena, Nathan Luis Cartagena, Portugal, Spain
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Luso-Tropicalism and Its Discontents: The Making and Unmaking of Racial Exceptionalism
Posted in Africa, Anthologies, Anthropology, Asian Diaspora, Books, Brazil, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, History, Media Archive, Social Science on 2019-05-01 22:11Z by Steven
15 illus., bibliog., index
Hardback ISBN: 978-1-78920-113-0
eBook ISBN: 978-1-78920-114-7
Warwick Anderson, Janet Dora Hine Professor of Politics, Governance and Ethics
Department of History; Charles Perkins Centre
Ricardo Roque, Research Fellow at the Institute of Social Sciences
Ricardo Ventura Santos, Senior Researcher at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Professor
National Museum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Modern perceptions of race across much of the Global South are indebted to the Brazilian social scientist Gilberto Freyre, who in works such as The Masters and the Slaves claimed that Portuguese colonialism produced exceptionally benign and tolerant race relations. This volume radically reinterprets Freyre's Luso-tropicalist arguments and critically engages with the historical complexity of racial concepts and practices in the Portuguese-speaking world. Encompassing Brazil as well as Portuguese-speaking societies in Africa, Asia, and even Portugal itself, it places an interdisciplinary group of scholars in conversation to challenge the conventional understanding of twentieth-century racialization, proffering new insights into such controversial topics as human plasticity, racial amalgamation, and the tropes and proxies of whiteness.
Introduction: Luso-tropicalism and Its Discontents / Warwick Anderson, Ricardo Roque and Ricardo Ventura Santos
PART I: PICTURING AND READING FREYRE
Chapter 1. Gilberto Freyre's view of miscegenation and its circulation in the Portuguese Empire (1930s-1960s) / Cláudia Castelo
Chapter 2. Gilberto Freyre: Racial Populism and Ethnic Nationalism / Jerry Dávila
Chapter 3. Anthropology and Pan-Africanism at the Margins of the Portuguese Empire: Trajectories of Kamba Simango / Lorenzo Macagno
PART II: IMAGINING A MIXED-RACE NATION
Chapter 4. Eugenics, Genetics and Anthropology in Brazil: The Masters and the Slaves, Racial Miscegenation and its Discontents / Robert Wegner and Vanderlei Sebastião de Souza
Chapter 5. Gilberto Freyre and the UNESCO Research Project on Race Relations in Brazil / Marcos Chor Maio
Chapter 6. An Immense Mosaic": Race-Mixing and the Creation of the Genetic Nation in 1960s Brazil / Rosanna Dent and Ricardo Ventura Santos
PART III: THE COLONIAL SCIENCES OF RACE
Chapter 7. The Racial Science of Patriotic Primitives: Mendes Correia in 'Portuguese Timor' / Ricardo Roque
Chapter 8. Re-Assessing Portuguese Exceptionalism: Racial Concepts and Colonial Policies toward the Bushmen in Southern Angola, 1880s-1970s / Samuël Coghe
Chapter 9. "Anthropo-Biology", Racial Miscegenation and Body Normality: Comparing Bio-Typological Studies in Brazil and Portugal, 1930-1940 / Ana Carolina Vimieiro Gomes
PART IV: PORTUGUESENESS IN THE TROPICS
Chapter 10. Luso-Tropicalism Debunked, Again: Race, Racism, and Racialism in Three Portuguese-Speaking Societies / Cristiana Bastos
Chapter 11. Being (Goan) Modern in Zanzibar: Mobility, Relationality and the Stitching of Race / Pamila Gupta
Afterword I / Nélia Dias
Afterword II / Peter Wade
Tags: Ana Carolina Vimieiro Gomes, Berghahn Books, Cláudia Castelo, Cristiana Bastos, Gilberto Freyre, Jerry Dávila, Lorenzo Macagno, Marcos Chor Maio, Nélia Dias, Pamila Gupta, Portugal, Ricardo Roque, Ricardo Ventura Santo, Ricardo Ventura Santos, Robert Wegner, Rosanna Dent, Samuël Coghe, Vanderlei Sebastião de Souza, Warwick Anderson
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Portugal confronts its slave trade past
Posted in Africa, Articles, Europe, History, Media Archive, Politics/Public Policy, Slavery on 2018-04-23 23:05Z by Steven
Paul Ames
Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa on Goree Island in April 2017 Moussa Sow/AFP via Getty Images
Planned monument in Lisbon sparks debate over race and history.
LISBON — Over five centuries after it launched the Atlantic slave trade, Portugal is preparing to build a memorial to the millions of Africans its ships carried into bondage.
Citizens of Lisbon voted in December for the monument to be built on a quayside where slave ships once unloaded. Yet although the memorial has broad support, a divisive debate has ignited over how Portugal faces up to its colonial past and multiracial present.
"Doing this will be really good for our city," said Beatriz Gomes Dias, president of Djass, an association of Afro-Portuguese citizens that launched the memorial plan.
"People really got behind the project, there was a recognition that something like this is needed," said Gomes Dias. "Many people told us this is important to bring justice to Portugal's history here in Lisbon, which is a cosmopolitan and diverse capital with such a strong African presence."…
…Country of tolerance
Few Portuguese miss their imperial regime. Four decades on, no political force clings to colonial nostalgia. Yet a belief lingers that Portuguese colonialism was gentler than other European empires, marked by a tolerant interaction with other peoples and widespread racial mixing.
That tolerance, the narrative goes, is reflected in today's Portugal.
Unlike just about everywhere else in Europe, there's no significant far-right party spouting xenophobic populism; during Europe's refugee crisis, a parliamentary consensus backed doubling the country's refugee quota; in 2015, Portugal quietly voted in António Costa, whose father was Indian, as prime minister…
Tags: António Costa, Beatriz Gomes Dias, Djass, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, João Pedro Marques, Lisbon, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, Paul Ames, Politico, Portugal
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Guest Post: A View from the Past: The Contingencies of Racialization in 15th- and 16th-Century Iberia
Posted in Articles, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, History on 2016-12-12 22:18Z by Steven
The Junto: A Group Blog on Early American History
Marley-Vincent Lindsey
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
When Paul Gilroy wrote his now-classic critique of cultural nationalism in 1995, he conceived a Black Atlantic that was a geo-political amalgamation of Africa, America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Gilroy was particularly interested in the construction of a modern, post-colonial cultural space in which slavery remained a part of modern black consciousness. His book is particularly noted for the introduction of race as a critical consideration in exploring the Black Atlantic.
It is fitting then, that we kick off our week-long discussion of the Black Atlantic with a post by Marley-Vincent Lindsey, which explores considerations of race in the Iberian Atlantic. Subsequent posts will consider Black responses to freedom (and unfreedom), historical narrative, race, and of course, power.
Juan Garrido was a typical conquistador: arriving in Hispaniola by 1508, Garrido accompanied Juan Ponce de León in his invasion of Puerto Rico, and was later found with Hernan Cortés in Mexico City. Yet his proofs of service, a portion of which was printed by Francisco Icaza in a collection of autobiographies by the conquistadors and settlers of New Spain, made a unique note: de color negro, or "of Black color."1
What significance was the color of his skin? From our crystal ball of future development, the answer is obvious: Spain had developed a particularly unique concern for racializing individuals, and the Iberian excursions throughout the western and southern coasts of Africa added fuel for "hardening identities" of what was significant about being Black or White. This unique historical contingency, argued James Sweet, was the genesis for American conceptions of race.2
Supporting this construction is the intuitive power of 1492, when Columbus invaded the ocean blue. Iberia's box score for the year also included the seizure of Granada and the expulsion of Jews who refused conversion. For the century prior, there existed a rich vocabulary through which differences of religion were literally racialized: by 1611, Corrubias' Spanish dictionary defined raza in reference to humans as being bad lineage, like Jewish or Muslim ancestry. Medievalists like David Nirenberg have traced these discourses through which raza gained biological potency through Castilian and Aragonese experiences with Jews and Moors.3…
Tags: Marley-Vincent Lindsey, New Spain, Paul Gilroy, Portugal, Spain, The Junto, The Junto: A Group Blog on Early American History
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Blackness, Science, and Circulation of Knowledge in the Eighteenth-Century Luso-Brazilian World and the United States
Posted in Articles, Brazil, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, History, Literary/Artistic Criticism, Media Archive, United States on 2016-11-26 21:54Z by Steven
The Eighteenth Century
Volume 57, Number 3, Fall 2016
DOI: 10.1353/ecy.2016.0020
Bruno Carvalho, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese
It has become increasingly common for scholars to locate the eighteenth century as a turning point in what Nell Irvin Painter calls the "now familiar equation that converts race to black and black to slave." Recent studies explore how scientific racism, which flourished in the nineteenth century, emerges in debates involving Enlightenment savants like Voltaire, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and several less prominent authors. European anatomists, natural historians, and philosophers devised racial classification schemata, frequently relying on erroneous travel narratives as their main source of knowledge. The voices of "non-whites" are predictably muted in debates that took place almost exclusively among Europeans, but that also included well-connected North Americans, chief among them Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). Although "race"—by no means a stable concept in the eighteenth century—included myriad categories besides "blackness," this article will discuss how intellectuals in the Americas wrote about black Africans and their descendants in the context of Enlightenment-era science.
Given how the Portuguese and British Americas received the majority of Africans taken to the New World as slaves, it is not surprising that there is a longstanding tradition of comparative approaches to racial relations in Brazil and the United States. Sparse attention, however, has been paid to how the transatlantic circulation of eighteenth-century scientific discourses, especially in natural history, might have impacted the later development of different forms of racism across the hemisphere. This study brings to the fore texts from the Luso-Brazilian world that have been largely overlooked, and aims to add to the vast literature on Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia (1781). Although the analysis here does not pretend to be comprehensive or exhaustive, by investigating connections between a group of would-be revolutionaries in the Brazilian captaincy of Minas Gerais and the United States independence movement, it attempts to be connective as much as comparative. This hemispheric approach evinces the disparate roles and station of Luso-Brazilian and United States lettered elites in transatlantic circulation of knowledge, while seeking to contribute to an understanding of how they produced divergent texts about blackness in the period preceding the French and Haitian revolutions.
The Luso-Brazilian eighteenth century has generated an outstanding body of scholarship, but it does not often appear prominently in panoramic studies of the period—despite the fact that the Portuguese empire remained one of Europe's most extensive, and that gold from its Minas Gerais possessions had a significant impact on the global economy. Perhaps it is so because Brazil does not easily fit within the Age of Revolutions paradigm: in 1822, it was the Portuguese monarch's son, rather than a republican revolutionary, who declared independence. Brazil was an empire through most of the nineteenth century, and became a republic in 1889, later than its Spanish-speaking neighbors. Eighteenth-century movements that might have become comparable to the United States and Haitian Revolutions were thwarted by the Crown. Likewise, although by some estimates mining in the Portuguese Americas alone propelled about ten percent of all slave trade in the eighteenth century, the Luso-Brazilian world remains largely absent from scholarship on the connections between slavery and the "Sciences of Man" during the Enlightenment: one aspect of what Charles Withers calls "geographies of human difference."
While the historiography on slavery and race relations in the Portuguese empire has for some time been vibrant, studies on Luso-Brazilian scientific representations of race in the eighteenth century are still lacking. This might be attributed to the perception that scientific racism was a phenomenon of the nineteenth century, or that Portugal remained mired in religious obscurantism, its writers therefore not attuned to Enlightenment-era debates. Through a transatlantic lens, Brazil's place in eighteenth-century geographies of knowledge is usually further diminished by how, unlike the British and Spanish Americas, it had neither universities nor a printing press. Nonetheless, as we well know, central books and ideas of the Enlightenment circulated among lettered elites.
In Brazil and Portugal…
Tags: Bruno Carvalho, Portugal, The Eighteenth Century
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JS-44.12: A Global Look at Mixed Marriage
Posted in Africa, Brazil, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, Live Events, Media Archive, Oceania, Social Science, South Africa on 2014-06-08 22:21Z by Steven
XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology: Facing an Unequal Word: Challenges for Global Sociology
2014-07-13 through 2014-07-19
Wednesday, 2014-07-16, 18:00 JST (Local Time)
Erica Chito Childs, Sociology
Hunter College, City University of New York
Mapping attitudes toward intermarriage—who is and who is not an acceptable mate—offers an incisive means through which imaginings of belonging—race, ethnicity, nationhood, citizenship and culture—can be critically evaluated. In particular, social constructions of race and difference involve discussions of purity, race identity and taboos against interracial sex and marriage. Drawing from qualitative interviews and ethnographic research in six countries on attitudes toward intermarriage, this paper explores these issues of intermarriage in a global context. Through a comparison of qualitative data I collected in Australia, Brazil, Ecuador, Portugal, South Africa and the United States, I offer a theoretical framework and provide an empirical basis, to understand the concept of intermarriage and what it tells us about racial boundaries in a global context. For example, in the United States, the issue of intermarriage is discussed as interracial with less attention paid to inter-religious or inter-ethnic, to the point that those concepts are rarely used. Similarly in South Africa, despite the end of apartheid decades ago, marriage across racial categories is still highly problematized and uncommon. Yet globally there is less consensus of what constitutes intermarriage—sometimes intercultural, interethnic, or any number of words with localized meanings. In South America and Australia, the debate seems to revolve more around indigenous status, citizenship and national identity such as who is Australian or who is Ecuadoran? As indigenous populations rally for rights and representation how does this change the discourse on what intermarriage mean? Looking globally, what differences matter? What boundaries are most salient in determining the attitudes of different groups toward intermarriage? How are various communities responding to intermarriage, particularly if there are a growing number of "mixed" families? This research on attitudes toward intermarriage adds to our understanding of constructions of race, racism and racialized, gendered and sexualized beliefs and practices globally.
Tags: Australia, Ecuador, Erica Chito Childs, International Sociological Association, Portugal
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'Longing for Oneself': Hybridism and Miscegenation in Colonial and Postcolonial Portugal
Posted in Africa, Anthropology, Articles, Brazil, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, History, Media Archive on 2013-10-23 01:10Z by Steven
Etnográfica
Volume VI, Number 1 (2002)
Miguel Vale de Almeida, Professor of Anthropology
Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa
This essay acknowledges that hybridism, in a troubling reminiscence of the 19th century debate on race and the hybrids is a central issue of debate in the social sciences today. The Portuguese case is one of the most complex and intriguing: if Brazil has been systematically praised as the example of the humanistic and miscegenating characteristic of Portuguese expansion, it has also been used as an argument for the legitimization of later colonialism in Africa, as well as for the construction of a self-representation of Portuguese as non-racists. The Portuguese nation, however, has seldom been described as a miscigenated nation and mestiça itself. Contemporary rhetoric on hybridity – as part of globalization, transnationality, postcolonial diasporas, and multiculturalism – clashes with the reality of the return of 'race' within a cultural fundamentalism. This paper focuses on discourses and modes of classification as the starting point for discussing specific practices and processes of Miguel Vale de Almeida identity dispute in the 'Lusophone' space.
This is an essay–not a research paper–that acknowledges that, in a troubling reminiscence of the 19th century debate on race and the hybrids, hybridism is a central issue of debate in the social sciences today. The term 'hybrid' was applied from botany to anthropology and was associated with both political and scientific speculations on 'races' as species or subspecies. The acknowledgment of the common humanity of all 'races' strengthened the separation between culture and nature as part and parcel of the project of Modernity (cf. Latour 1994); but it also diverted attention from hybridism to the field of miscegenation and mestiçagem – i.e., 'racial' and cultural mixing. Hybridism – and mixing in general – was condemned by some for its impurity and praised by others for its humanism. The result of the century-long debate is, however, much more hybrid itself than a clear opposition. Discourses on miscegenation and mestiçagem tended to be used as ideological masks for relations of power and domination. They were also used as central elements in national, colonial and imperial narratives. The Brazilian case is well known. The Portuguese case is one of the most complex and intriguing: if Brazil has been systematically praised as the example of the humanistic and miscegenating characteristic of Portuguese expansion, it has also been used as an argument for the legitimization of later colonialism in Africa, as well as for the construction of a self-representation of the Portuguese as non-racists. The Portuguese nation, however, has seldom been described as a miscigenated nation and mestiça itself. In the discourses of national identity, emphasis has been placed upon what the Portuguese have given to the others–a gift of 'blood' and culture–and not on what they have received from the others. Present rhetoric on hybridity – as part of globalization, transnationality, postcolonial diasporas, and multiculturalism – clashes with the reality of the return of 'race' in cultural fundamentalism, policies of nationality and citizenship, and in the politics of representation. This paper will focus on discourses and modes of classification as the starting point for discussing specific practices and processes of identity dispute in the 'Lusophone' space. Three periods in the Portuguese production around miscegenation and hybridism will be analysed: a period marked by racist theories; a period marked by luso-tropicalism; and the present period marked by discussions of multiculturalism. Finally, the acknowledgment of creolized social formations as both the outcome of colonialism and the possible examples for thinking of new, less racist societies, closes this exploratory essay…
Tags: Etnográfica, Miguel Vale de Almeida, Portugal
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An Earth-Colored Sea: 'Race', Culture and the Politics of Identity in the Post-Colonial Portuguese-Speaking World
Posted in Anthropology, Books, Brazil, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, History, Media Archive, Monographs on 2013-07-19 03:51Z by Steven
Paperback ISBN: 978-1-57181-608-5
Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa (ISCTE), Lisbon
Although the post-colonial situation has attracted considerable interest over recent years, one important colonial power – Portugal – has not been given any attention. This book is the first to explore notions of ethnicity, "race", culture, and nation in the context of the debate on colonialism and postcolonialism. The structure of the book reflects a trajectory of research, starting with a case study in Trinidad, followed by another one in Brazil, and ending with yet another one in Portugal. The three case studies, written in the ethnographic genre, are intertwined with essays of a more theoretical nature. The non-monographic, composite – or hybrid – nature of this work may be in itself an indication of the need for transnational and historically grounded research when dealing with issues of representations of identity that were constructed during colonial times and that are today reconfigured in the ideological struggles over cultural meanings.
Chapter 1. Potogee: Being Portuguese in Trinidad
Chapter 2. Powers, Products, and Passions: The Black Movement in a Town of Bahia, Brazil
Chapter 3. Tristes Luso-Tropiques: The Roots and Ramifications of Luso-Tropicalist Discourses
Chapter 4. "Longing for Oneself": Hybridism and Miscegenation in Colonial and Postcolonial Portugal
Chapter 5. Epilogue of Empire: East Timor and the Portuguese Postcolonial Catharsis
Chapter 6. Pitfalls and Perspectives in Anthropology, Postcolonialism, and the Portuguese-Speaking World
Epilogue: A Sailor's Tale
Tags: Berghahn Books, Brazil, Miguel Vale de Almeida, Portugal, Portuguese Studies, Trinidad
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The Colours of the Empire: Racialized Representations during Portuguese Colonialism
Posted in Africa, Anthropology, Books, Caribbean/Latin America, Europe, History, Media Archive, Monographs on 2013-07-19 02:58Z by Steven
26 ills & tables, bibliog., index
Patrícia Ferraz de Matos, Professor of Anthropology
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Translated from the Portuguese by Mark Ayton
The Portuguese Colonial Empire established its base in Africa in the fifteenth century and would not be dissolved until 1975. This book investigates how the different populations under Portuguese rule were represented within the context of the Colonial Empire by examining the relationship between these representations and the meanings attached to the notion of 'race'. Colour, for example, an apparently objective criterion of classification, became a synonym or near-synonym for 'race', a more abstract notion for which attempts were made to establish scientific credibility. Through her analysis of government documents, colonial propaganda materials and interviews, the author employs an anthropological perspective to examine how the existence of racist theories, originating in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, went on to inform the policy of the Estado Novo (Second Republic, 1933–1974) and the production of academic literature on 'race' in Portugal. This study provides insight into the relationship between the racist formulations disseminated in Portugal and the racist theories produced from the eighteenth century onward in Europe and beyond.
Tables and illustrations
Chapter 1. Origins of a prejudice: the roots of racial discrimination
The discovery of human variety: early formulations
The emergence of 'modern' racism
Racialism under attack
Chapter 2. Discourse, images, knowledge: the place of the colonies and their populations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire
The formation of Portuguese colonialism and 'colonial knowledge'
The Colonial Act and the 'creation' of the Indígena
Colonial propaganda: 'marketing the empire'
Colonial representations in primary and secondary school readers
Cinema and colonialism in action: moving pictures on colonial themes (1928-53)
Recurrent images and prejudices
The production of 'anthropological knowledge' of the colonies
Racial purity, miscegenation and the appropriation of myths
Chapter 3. Exhibiting the empire, imagining the nation: representations of the colonies and the overseas Portuguese in the great exhibitions
The age of the great exhibitions
Representations of the Portuguese colonies, 1924-31
A 'Guinean village' at the Lisbon Industrial Exhibition (1932)
The Portuguese Colonial Exhibition of 1934: concept and objectives
The Exhibition of the Portuguese World (1940): concept and objectives
Colonial representations in Portugal dos Pequenitos
The status of the colonized populations at the exhibitions: the exotic vs. the familiar
Appendix I: Film
Appendix II: Texts from the padrões of Portugal dos Pequenitos
Tags: Berghahn Books, Mark Ayton, Patrícia Ferraz de Matos, Portugal, Portuguese Studies
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The London Cat Clinic (www.thelondoncatclinic.co.uk), a new purpose-built, feline-only practice in the heart of the Bermondsey regeneration area of London, has won the nationwide 2017 Practice Design Awards. In addition to winning the category for 'best conversion' in the British Veterinary Hospitals Association 2015-2017 competition, the practice was also named as Overall Winner.
The judges gave particular praise to the clinic's 'Cat Cubbies' in the consult rooms. These cat-sized cut-outs in the wall are ideal for nervous cats to jump or walk up into using three large steps that they can step or perch on as they choose at any point along their journey. They have been created specifically to reduce anxiety during consultations and were hailed by the judges as an exceptional design feature of the clinic.
Recently designated a 'Gold Standard Cat Friendly Clinic' by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) and winner of The Best Veterinary Practice for Cats in London and South-East England in the 2017 Animal Health & Wellness Awards, the 2500 sq. ft. clinic, previously an unused commercial space, was opened in May 2017 by the Hollywood-famous-feline, Bob the Street Cat, and his companion, James Bowen.
Catering for the health and well-being of all cats from birth to retirement, The London Cat Clinic is the brainchild of leading feline veterinarian, Dr. Jeremy Campbell. The clinic is the culmination of three years of hard work, transforming Dr. Campbell's passion for feline medicine and expert healthcare into one of the largest independent cat practices in England, housed in this award-winning building.
One of only 25 vets in the UK to have qualified as Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Advanced Practitioner in Feline Medicine, Dr. Campbell explains: "Every detail of The London Cat Clinic has been carefully designed with the welfare and comfort of our patients in mind. To be recognised as the national winner for the innovative and cat-centric creativity in our design is a tremendous honour.
Fiona Scott at Gort Scott (www.gortscott.com), the award-winning architect practice that transformed Dr Campbell's vision into reality, said: "The London Cat Clinic is an exciting concept that we have designed for an independent practitioner with very different values from the large chain and franchise vet practices. We worked creatively alongside our client to refine a sequence of spaces to improve and streamline their day to day working practices. In parallel, we designed functional spaces to facilitate Jeremy's vision of new kinds of interaction between the veterinary staff and visitors.
The clinic offers a unique drop off service for London's busy lifestyles, allowing owners to leave their precious charges under the expert care of Dr. Campbell whilst they are at work.
Patients required to stay at the clinic are kept safe and warm on a climate-controlled ward in accommodations that have been specifically designed, built using the best materials to keep noise down and retain warmth, and are larger than the ISFM Gold Standard size. The clinic even offers tinted doors for those kitties who love their privacy.
A large number of advanced diagnostic and surgical procedures can be performed on-site using the clinic's cutting-edge ultrasonography, radiography, endoscopy and laparoscopy equipment, reducing the need to send cats elsewhere.
This entry was posted in Awards, Cats, Pets, vets and tagged awards, cats. Bookmark the permalink.


Ēma is a Mediterranean restaurant showcasing Chef CJ Jacobson's lighter California style of cooking. At the core of the menu are spreads, dips and mezze, and Mediterranean small plates. Ēma also features an array of Mediterranean and Californian Wines. They serve brunch, lunch, dinner, and to-die-for desserts. They, too, share a kitchen with Rotisserie Ēma, a quick casual lunch counter open week days only.


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So KoreanUpdates got our second chance to interview Park Bo Gum and this time instead of asking him through 3rd party (read: internet connection), we got to ask him questions directly face-to-face. It was really a pressure to meet the humble young man and to get the chance to have a little (not) private talk with him. As he already shared stories about his wishes to us in our last interview, we talked about choices around his career this time.
KoreanUpdates and a lot of Jjangers are big fans of Reply 1988, so we couldn't miss chance to talk about our beloved drama and Park Bo Gum's character Choi Taek. Just like previous Reply series, one of the biggest charms (or maybe guilty pleasure) of the family dramas is the leading lady's husband hunt. Along with the amount of love that the drama received from public, the debate regarding "who is the husband" grew bigger after each series which reflected in how big was the war between #TeamJunghwan and #TeamTaek last time. So we asked the young actor, who will he choose between Choi Taek and Jung Hwan, if he wasn't playing one of them?
The answer was referred to the main object of the question itself, Deok Sun. Bo Gum said, if he was Deok Sun he definitely will choose someone who can express his love and show his feelings to her. We will never know what will happen after in their life, but if he was Deok Sun, even though Jung Hwan is good too, he will choose someone who directly express his love. As a viewer, he found both characters have their own charms and thought for sure that Jung Hwan would be the husband at first. He revealed that when they were filming the drama and receiving the scripts, the real husband was kept as secret and no one knew until they received the last script.
He looked genuinely surprised that we watched the drama even though he saw on the TV (after he arrived in Indonesia) that Reply 1988 will only be aired now in Indonesia. He then asked us how we usually watch Korean dramas here which we delightfully answered with a clear "streaming!" one. We were silently screaming inside when he remembers that we said we watch I Remember You and he said that he was really surprised and thankful knowing that we, who are from Indonesia, watch that drama too. It feels amazing for him knowing there are people who watch his dramas as he never done any official activity in Indonesia before.
After that we told Bo Gum to imagine being in the same situation as Choi Taek, Deok Sun, and Jung Hwan where his best friend loves the same girl with him and asked him what he will do and who will he choose between friend and love. The actor confidently said if that will ever happened to him, he will tell his friend clearly about his feelings. Imagining girl who he loves standing beside his best friend on the wedding altar is hurtful enough to make him choose love over friendship in this situation and wrapped up the imagination by cheerfully saying that we have to fight for our love.
The Reply 1988 talk was put aside and we asked Bo Gum about of another favorite project of him, working as an MC. Bo Gum might became really popular thanks to Reply and Moonlight, but his name actually starting to become more well known to public due to his incredible performance as Music Bank MC. So we asked him what kind of program he want to host if he were offered an MC role again. Another chance to lead Music Bank is also a nice option for him, but being a Radio DJ is actually his current dream right now should he has the chance to become MC again.
Being a Radio DJ means he can interact with people through radio messages as well as working while listening and playing healing music, and those make it appealing to become one. As an actor, aside from fan meeting he doesn't get a lot of time to meet his fans, so he hopes if he became Radio DJ later he can interact more with his fans.
The last choice we talked about was regarding his "singer vs actor" career. It was revealed that Park Bo Gum originally was planned to debut as singer, but then debut as an actor instead which was why we asked him what made him choose the latter in the end. He told us his current management is who made his dream to become actor bigger. He thought that if he becomes an actor he can get a lot of experiences and try a lot of things that he could only imagine if he wasn't one.
As an actor, he said, he has to keep learning, like for example: for Moonlight he had to learn how to ride a horse, how to play Geomungo (W/N: Korean traditional stringed music instrument, a zither), how to do action scenes, and he also felt happy because he had the chance to wear a lot of beautiful Hanbok (W/N: Korean traditional costume) unlike daily. He also added how he had the chance to learn how to play Baduk (W/N: Korean chess) thanks to his role in Reply 1988. The charm of the experiences that he can get as an actor lured him to choose to become one instead debuting as singer. No worries, because he still can let us hear his beautiful voice through drama's OSTs.
We unfortunately had to finished the interview, nonetheless we had a great time talking with the humble actor. Just as he hopes he can go back to Indonesia again, we also hope we can meet him again and talk about other things with his (surely) grown number of projects. Until then, thank you so much!


Views of the San Francisco Peaks, the volcanic fields east of Flagstaff, Sunset Crater and even the Painted Desert are yours to enjoy along this high country trail. The route starts near Schultz Tank, a rare body of water here in these mountains Spanish explorers called sin agua (without water). It then climbs gradually to a high ridge where you'll find good views of Arizona's tallest mountain before continuing on to the east edge of Mount Elden's summit plateau. From this high perspective you can look down on Sunset Crater and the huge Bonito Lava Flow that borders it.
As you hike along this trail, take time out to check for black bear tracks in the dust. A few of these shy animals live in this area but usually all you see of them are their tracks. You have a much better chance of seeing elk and mule deer which are more plentiful and much less shy.
Along its highest reaches, the Sunset Trail traverses an area devastated by a fierce wildfire in 1977. At one point there was concern that the city of Flagstaff might even be consumed by this campfire gone wild. Here, among the burned out hulks of a once thriving forest you can see how nature recovers from such an all-consuming disaster. Pioneer plants such as aspen and Gambel oaks are already well established in the burned-over area.
Sunset Trail provides a connecting route to Schultz Creek, Brookbank, Little Bear Trail, Upper Oldham, and Elden Lookout Trails.
Location: 7 miles north of Flagstaff on graveled Forest Roads.
Access: Drive north out of Flagstaff on US 180 to FR 420 (Schultz Pass Road). Drive 6 miles east on FR 420 to the trailhead at a parking lot on the south side of the road.
Road Condition: FR 420 is graveled and suitable for passenger cars except during winter when it is closed because of snowpack.


I've done somewhere around 50 grams of carbohydrates a day (30 grams when subtracting out fiber) for the past year. And my blood sugar control has been great. I've wondered how low someone has to go (or stay) in order to control Type 2 Diabetes. Certainly, the weight loss I've had (120 lbs) is a part of the solution. Being at a low body fat percentage now (7.5% per BodPod) has to help as well. My weight has been stable for 6 months now as well which means I've not lost or gained any weight – I was at 164.7 lbs when I took the BodPod test and today I weighed 163.7 lbs (close enough). My coffee consumption (which helps in weight loss for sure) is higher than ever before but I'm trying to keep the caffeine down by mixing in mostly decaf coffee.
So all of this begs the question of how many grams of carbs I could tolerate. Now, I am not going to be testing this anytime soon. I find the advantages of being low carb just way too easy (see above for the results). I did find a study that might provide at least a partial answer to the question of how many grams of carbs can keep someone in remission from Diabetes.
The answer is in this 2009 study (Haimoto H, Sasakabe T, Wakai K, Umegaki H. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on glycemic control in outpatients with severe type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 May 6;6:21).
were instructed to follow a low-carbohydrate diet (1852 kcal; %CHO:fat:protein = 30:44:20) for 6 months in an outpatient clinic and were followed to assess their HbA1c levels, body mass index and doses of antidiabetic drugs.
HbA1c levels decreased sharply from a baseline of 10.9 ± 1.6% to 7.8 ± 1.5% at 3 months and to 7.4 ± 1.4% at 6 months.
These are similar to the results I got with the Low Carbohydrate diet when I got to an HbA1c level of 6.4. They are not as good as the results I got over the last couple of years with even lower levels of carbohydrates plus intermittent fasting.
In spite of being on a fairly low calorie diet (1852 kcal) they didn't lose much weight. This group also didn't seem to be all that obese since their BMI was around 24 (top end of "normal" weight).
Body mass index decreased slightly from baseline (23.8 ± 3.3) to 6months (23.5 ± 3.4).
So, if you are "normal" weight and diagnosed as diabetic then dropping from the Standard American Diet (SAD) 50% of calories from carbohydrates to 30% might give as good of control as exogenous Insulin without the long term increase in insulin resistance that comes along with Insulin therapy.
There was one telling outlier in the data.
One female patient had an increased physical activity level during the study period in spite of our instructions. However, her increase in physical activity was no more than one hour of walking per day, four days a week. She had implemented an 11%-carbohydrate diet without any anti-diabetic drug, and her HbA1c level decreased from 14.4% at baseline to 6.1% after 3 months and had been maintained at 5.5% after 6 months.
Author DougPosted on November 15, 2018 November 15, 2018 Categories Diabetes, Diabetes Medications, Insulin Resistance, Low Carb Diet, StudiesLeave a comment on How Low to Go?
I listened to an interesting Break Nutrition podcast (Episode 13 – What happens to fructose-fed monkeys?) on a study of Rhesus Monkeys who were fed fructose meals (Bremer AA, Stanhope KL, Graham JL, Cummings BP, Wang W, Saville BR, Havel PJ. Fructose-fed rhesus monkeys: a nonhuman primate model of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Aug;4(4):243-52). (Full PDF).
A Rhesus monkey used in the study is closer genetically to a human than the typical mouse study.
Numerous animal studies, mostly conducted in rodents, have shown that diets high in fructose produce metabolic perturbations associated with the metabolic syndrome and T2DM.
However, important metabolic differences exist between rodents and primates, particularly with respect to lipoprotein metabolism,the major site of lipogenesis (liver vs. adipose), and the physiology of thermogenesis.
Therefore, the results of metabolic studies performed in primates are substantively more applicable to human physiology and medicine than those from rodent studies, underscoring the importance of developing standardized nonhuman primate models of insulin resistance for the study of metabolic syndrome and T2DM.
Kimber Stanhope was one of the authors of this study. See her other study on Fructose (Not All [Sugar] Is Bad).
The charts in the study are very interesting. Gabor discusses them on the podcast.
Am I Still a Diabetic?
My last HbA1C was 5.2 so I pass this test.
My fasting plasma glucose is less than 100 typically so I pass this test.
I have not had an OGTT (more on this to follow).
I have none of the symptoms of hyperglycemia at all and I have had no blood sugar measurements of 200 or higher (or anywhere near that level) since I started Low Carb.
I don't know if I would pass an OGTT or not. I assume I would fail such at test in spite of losing 120 lbs, etc. The reason I assume I would fail is that I think part of being on a Low Carb ketogenic diet is that my body has developed peripheral insulin resistance.
After 8 wk of consuming chow or KD, caloric intake after peripheral or central insulin and insulin and glucose levels after a glucose challenge were assessed. In a separate group of rats, glucose and insulin responses to either a low- or high-carbohydrate test meal were measured. Finally, rats maintained on KD were switched back to a chow diet, and insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were evaluated to determine whether the effects of KD were reversible.
That answers the test that I would want to do to determine if I would pass an OGTT. What happened to the mice?
Maintenance on KD resulted in decreased sensitivity to peripheral insulin and impaired glucose tolerance.
So after 8 weeks of not eating carbohydrates the mice had trouble eating carbohydrates. Not much of a surprise there. It would take a deeper dive to see how much worse their PIR and IGT became.
Furthermore, consumption of a high-carbohydrate meal in rats that habitually consumed KD induced significantly greater insulin and glucose levels for an extended period of time, as compared with chow-fed controls.
So the mice over-reacted to carbohydrate meals by producing more glucose and insulin.
Responsivity to central insulin was heightened in KD rats and associated with increased expression levels of insulin receptor mRNA.
Not sure how to understand that if the mice were more insulin resistant. But was this effect a permanent change or was it temporary and a side effect of the diet itself?
Finally, returning to a chow diet rapidly reversed the effects of KD on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. These data suggest that maintenance on KD negatively affects glucose homeostasis, an effect that is rapidly reversed upon cessation of the diet.
Although 8 weeks isn't that long to a human it's a long time to a mouse. I don't know the scaling factor but it's reasonable to assume it is years rather than the two months of the study.
So, if someone is concerned about whether or not they would pass an OGTT it seems like they probably could stop the ketogenic diet for some time (weeks maybe?) and then take the test. Most of us who do LC / Keto won't be trying it anytime soon.
The fact is your doctor is not going to order an OGTT for you if you don't fail one or more of the other numbers. In fact, if you fail the fasting blood sugar test the doctor might order you an HbA1C test for confirmation. And then, depending on other factors, may just decide to keep an eye on it.
Author DougPosted on November 3, 2018 November 3, 2018 Categories Diabetes, Diabetes Medications, Insulin Resistance, Low Carb Diet, StudiesLeave a comment on Am I Still a Diabetic?


An income quintile is a measure of neighbourhood socioeconomic status that divides the population into 5 income groups (from lowest income to highest income) so that approximately 20% of the population is in each group. At MCHP, we have created income quintiles for two distinct population groups: urban (Winnipeg and Brandon) and rural (other Manitoba areas).
a variation on the Child Health Income Quintile Methodology.
the Manitoba Health Insurance Registry Data is used to generate a population file for a selected year.
the public-use Canada Census data files developed by Statistics Canada are used to identify the average household income value by Dissemination Area (DA).
the Postal Code Conversion File (PCCF) developed by Statistics Canada is used to identify and verify postal codes that fit within Dissemination Areas (DA).
the Manitoba Health Population File is used to identify the population of Manitoba at the time the income quintiles are generated.
generate the population file for a selected year.
remove the postal codes that cannot be ranked. (see the next section for more information on why postal codes cannot be ranked).
attach the average household income value from the Census files to the population file using the Postal Code Conversion File (PCCF).
rank the population by Urban/Rural geographical location and by average household income.
form the 20% population income quintile groups based on the average household income values and population count.
If the postal code cannot be ranked to an income quintile the value will be Not Found (NF).
greater than 90% of the population of the same postal code are associated with a Personal Care Home (PCH).
the postal code is associated with a mental health institution, a prison, the Public Trustee Office, or a Child and Family Services (CFS) office.
the postal code is not on the PCCF.
the postal code is on the PCCF but the average household income value in the Census data file is suppressed.
the postal code does not appear on the population file.
Data in the population file that contains postal codes that cannot be ranked are categorized as Income Unknown (Income Not Found (NF)) and are excluded from the Income Quintile analyses.
The following table provides a breakdown (percentage) of the "reasons for unranked postal codes" and the total percent of the population that is in the Income Not Found grouping for the 2006 population. This analysis uses the 2008 Postal Code Conversion File (PCCF) to match to postal codes in the population file. This information represents a specific "snapshot" in time and would be different if a different PCCF was used.
NOTE: In our analyses, the percent of the population within each of the Income Not Found categories will vary depending on the PCCF and Population files that are used, but overall, the Income Not Found group consistently represents a very small portion of the entire population.
The SIQ values are based on enumeration area (EA) and the CHIQ values are based on dissemination area (DA). The reason for this is because beginning with the 2001 census, the DA replaced the EA as the basic unit for geographical analyses used by Statistics Canada.
The SIQ method uses the Census definition of urban/rural. See the related information on Urban, Urban/Rural and Strictly Rural in the Income Quintiles Based on the 1996 Census concept for more information on how urban and rural areas are defined by Statistics Canada. The CHIQ method defines Winnipeg and Brandon as urban areas and considers everything else as rural.
Urban and Rural income quintiles are considered separately in MCHP research because of the difference in population density and income distribution in Manitoba. For current income quintile analysis, urban areas in Manitoba include Winnipeg and Brandon. All other areas are considered rural. The urban/rural distinction is made using municipal codes and where necessary, postal codes to define geographical areas.
Source: Statistics Canada Web Site: Census Profile, 2016 Census - accessed April 30, 2018.
2 - search term "Winnipeg" - select "Census metropolitan areas - Winnipeg (CMA)"
3 - search term "Winnipeg" - select "Census subdivisions (municipalities) - Winnipeg (city)"
4 - search term "Brandon" - select "Census metropolitan areas / Census agglomerations - Brandon (CA)"
5 - search term "Brandon" - select "Census subdivisions (municipalities) - Brandon (city)"
Rural postal codes and dissemination areas (DA) typically cover a much larger geographical area than urban areas. For some variables, there is a concern that the larger rural areas are more heterogeneous; the area-level measure will be less correlated with the individual measure.
Information on income quintile ranges and values is currently available from two sources.
MCHP produces a document that provides income quintile information for each year from 1979 to 2016 using the CHIQ (Child Health Income Quintile) method. For each year and for each of the five rural and urban income quintile rankings, the minimum and maximum values are presented. This document is available at: Rural and Urban Income Quintiles for Manitoba - 1979 to 2016.
NOTE: This document contains two tables for each of the years 2008-2010. The reason for this is because of a change in methodology introduced in 2012 where several new postal codes related to Child and Family Services (CFS) offices were identified and removed from the analyses. These three tables reflect this change and are presented together on one page in the document. Information for these tables was taken from the 2006 Census and is presented in the document because values have been used in MCHP research. Subsequent years reflect this change in methodology. The second 2009 and 2010 tables presented, use data from the 2011 Census.
Income quintile data for the earliest years (1979 to 1983) reported in the document are based on the 1981 Census household income values at the EA level. The 1976 Census did not collect household income information, therefore our range of years reported does not go back further than 1979. For more information on how this "early" information was developed, please read the Household Income from Census Information - Historical concept.
The second source, previously published information on Income Quintile Ranges and Values, is available in the MCHP concept: Household Income Value Ranges - 1984 to 1997. The information in this concept covers the years 1984-1997 inclusive, and is based on average household income from the 1996 Census and uses the Standard Income Quintile methodology employed at that time.
For our Data Analysts, SAS formats for Income Quintiles are now available for each year from 1979 to 2016. Formats for the years 2017 and 2018 will be updated when data from the 2017 and 2018 Manitoba Health Population Files and the relevant PCCF files are available.
Information on the format file names and details of the SAS macro code (_assign_iq) available in the MCHP SAS Macro Library are available internally through the LINKS section below: Income Quintile Formats and SAS Code - Updated for 2016 - (internal access only).
In the Health Inequities in Manitoba: Is the Socioeconomic Gap in Health Widening or Narrowing Over Time? deliverable by Martens et al. (2010), income quintiles are used as a proxy measure of socioeconomic status. The analyses in this deliverable investigated census data indicators that are not readily available in the MCHP Data Repository, such as the percent of the population who are of aboriginal origin or the percent who are immigrants. Please read Chapter 2: A Description of the Neighbourhood Income Quintiles using Census Data of the deliverable for a detailed description of the methodology used to generate income quintiles for this specific MCHP research.
Each person within an area is "attributed" the average household income of the area, so the income measure is not an individual income, but rather an area-level income measure.
Work completed in July, 2015 by Shelley D. provides the availability of Income Quintile formats back to 1979, based on the CHIQ (Child Health Income Quintile) methodology. Subsequent years follow this same methodology.
In May 2012, newly identified CFS postal codes have been moved into the income quintile not found group (NF). For more information on this group, see the Income Unknown (Income Not Found (NF)) glossary term.
Income Quintile format files are updated on a regular basis, based on the availability of new Census data (every 5 years), updated PCCF files (annually), and updated (annually) Population files.
When average household income values are available from new Census files, Income Quintile format files dating back two years from the current Census year are recreated. For example, when the 2011 Census data became available, new format files for 2009 and 2010 were created using average household income data from the 2011 census file.


Ed Sheeran isn't bothered about being snubbed for a Grammy nomination as he has so many other things to celebrate this year.
Ed Sheeran isn't bothered about being snubbed for a Grammy nomination.
The 'Castle on the Hill' hitmaker isn't worried about being missed off the list of Grammy nominations this year as he has other things to celebrate.
He told Billboard: ''There's a very clear reason why that happened and it's bigger than me, like much bigger than me, and like it's just something that, again, it was just meant to be, that is the way that this year was meant to roll out.
''You know I'm not dying, it's not like I'm never gonna be nominated for a Grammy again. And I was nominated for two Grammys. This is why everything's meant to be. The week after that, I get an MBE from the palace, I go No. 1 on Spotify, I go No. 1 on Billboard, I'm about to have my second ever Billboard No. 1, like there's so many other things in the mix that counterbalance it.
Meanwhile, the 26-year-old singer previously revealed he has nine songs out of 40 that ''he really likes'' that might end up on his next record.


Neo Lithium Corp. [NLC-TSXV; NTTHF-OTCQX] has announced a maiden resource estimate for the Tres Quebradas lithium brine project (3Q Project) in Catamarca Province, Argentina. An independent measured, indicated and inferred resource estimate has been completed under the supervision of Canadian-based Groundwater Insight, Inc., which will be included in a technical report to be released within 45 days in accordance with the requirements of NI 43-101.
The resource estimate was conducted along the entire salar and brine lakes of the 3Q Project covering an area of 8,183 hectares covering the Northern Target, as defined in the company's current technical report entitled Technical Report on the Tres Quebradas Lithium Project, Catamarca Province, Argentina, dated June 6, 2016, and the Southern Target, described in Neo Lithium's press release dated February 28, 2017 and March 20, 2017.
All the resource included in the 520 mg/L cut-off is in the area known as the Northern Target, which was originally identified by surface sampling that extends over the northern half of the salar (see the 2016 3Q Report). In the context of a sensitivity analysis, which does not constitute a mineral resource estimate, a lower cut-off of 400 mg/L would increase the measured and indicated resource to 1,224,305 tonnes of lithium carbonate with an average grade of 567 mg/L lithium and the inferred resource increases to 2,237,803 tonnes of lithium carbonate with an average grade of 567 mg/L lithium. The magnesium/lithium ratio increases to 3.41 for measured and indicated resource and is also 3.41 for inferred resources. The sulfate/lithium ratio is 0.64 for measured and indicated resource and 0.63 for Inferred resources.
The resource calculation is based on 10 diamond drill holes (total of 1,960 metres) and 13 rotary wells (total of 1,177 metres) on 11 platforms. Of the 10 holes used for the resource analysis, only three reached the basement; all others were terminated after reaching target depth or due to drill limitations. The total thickness of the basin, and the total thickness of saturated sediments, is unknown for most of the basin. A total of 152 brine samples and 23 QA/QC samples were collected in drill holes.


There is only one living and true God. He is an intelligent, spiritual, and personal Being. He is the Creator, Redeemer, Preserver, and Ruler of the universe. God is infinite in holiness and all other perfections. To Him we owe the highest love, reverence and obedience. The eternal God reveals Himself to us as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, with distinct personal attributes, but without division of nature, essence, or being.
God The Father: God as Father reigns with providential care over His universe, His creatures, and the flow of the stream of human history according to the purposes of His grace. He is all-powerful, all loving, and all wise.
God The Holy Spirit: The Holy Spirit inspired holy men of old to write the scriptures. Through illumination, He enables men to understand truth. He exalts Christ. He convicts of sin, of righteousness and of judgment. He calls men to the Savoir and effects regeneration. He seals believers to live a holy life.
God created man in His own image, without sin. Through the temptation of Satan, man transgressed the command of God and fell from his sinless state.
The salvation of man is wholly by grace through faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, who freely took upon Himself our nature, yet without sin. He honored the divine law by His personal obedience and by His death made a full atonement for our sins. Having risen from the dead, He is now enthroned and is in every way qualified to be a suitable, a compassionate, and an all sufficient Savior.
The New Testament speaks of the Church as the body of Christ which includes all of the redeemed of all ages. The Lord Jesus is the head of the Church which is composed of all His disciples. All power for its government is in and through Christ. (Eph 5:23) The Church observes two ordinances established by the Lord Jesus Christ which are Water Baptism and Communion. The believer's primary spiritual nurturing and fellowship is provided through local churches.
Come share your story at the station and see the ministry first hand.
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The Mill — Friday, Feb. 1 at 8 p.m.
Shane Mauss, comedian and host of the Here We Are podcast, will bring his intellectually stimulating, laugh-out-loud hybrid act Stand Up Science to the Mill on Friday, Feb. 1. The show brings local scientists and comedians from each city it visits together for a night of entertainment and learning, followed by a panel discussion with all guests. Tickets are $18.
Science is devoted, fundamentally, to making sense of the world we live in. Experiments are used to collect data which can be applied to what's around us. While it can create strong evidence, science is not, at its core, a stand-alone subject. Interactions with art, music, math and virtually any other discipline can contribute to the way we understand and apply science.
In recent years, NPR, podcasting and the ubiquity of the internet have changed the way science is talked about in the public sphere, breaking down barriers that might have previously surrounded it and opening up an entirely new, specialized realm of self-education and entertainment. Mauss is part of one brave new front using comedy to alter the way we think and talk about science, taking challenging information into a relaxed, active environment.
Mauss said that he has "always known [he] wanted to be a comedian."His stand up has been featured on late night talk shows and his own three comedy albums since his first late night appearance 2007.
The Here We Are podcast covers a wide swath of scientific subjects, from mating behavior episodes on Valentine's Day to regular analysis of consumer and marketing strategies. There seem to be episodes to pick apart the scientific basis of nearly any casual interest.
Approaching science from a comedian's perspective, Mauss' work is heavily rooted in the joy behind learning and stretching a person's understanding of themselves and their experience. Perhaps, in some way, the two subjects aren't that different.
While Here We Are is much more a strictly science podcast, Stand Up Science is a live blending of the two seemingly polar worlds. After sandwiching short scientific talks between each stand up set, the audience gets to participate with a Q&A session with all three guests, moderated by Mauss. The Q&A sessions give the audience a chance to interact with the material and the scientists a chance to share their work in a public and engaging format.
"So far, in my [Stand Up Science] shows, it's been the most rewarding, attentive, enthusiastic audiences that ask such great questions," Mauss said. "I now tell my guests to be as challenging as they want with their material.".
Each Stand Up Science event is unique to each of the cities it's performed in, across the United States, drawing from local comedic and scientific talent. The event's popularity — it often has sold-out houses — is a strong indicator of intellectually hungry audiences being given the chance to challenge themselves while still getting all the excitement of a night out. Between bright audiences, engaging speakers and quick thinking comedians, the Iowa City event is sure to be a fast-paced examination of the human experience.
The Iowa City event will feature University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Postdoctoral Research Scholars Kayly Lembke and Nicole Greene, who will discuss their research in neurodegenerative/cognitive disease and tissue development, respectively. Dan Umthun, host of the Underground Open Mic and the weekly comic book-culture webcast The Doomcast will be the guest comedian.


text:
The Orthodox Church of Ukraine becomes independent from the Russian Orthodox Church
The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew I, has granted the Ukrainian Orthodox Church independence from Moscow on the 5th of January 2019. The spiritual leader signed the decree of autocephaly (independence) in a ceremony in Istanbul.
Earlier the Russian Orthodox Church had broken ties with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople because of its approval of the independent Orthodox Church of Ukraine.
The Russian Orthodox Church argued the action to be illegal, as the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople renounces an agreement made in 1686 that places that Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow.
When the the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople gave his approval for the independent Church, he also reinstated priests, bishops and church members that were previously ex-communicated by Moscow.
Ukraine accused the Orthodox Church of having a damaging influence on the country and allowing the Kremlin to use it to advocate Russian expansionism.
Politico, 15.10.18: Russian Orthodox Church breaks with Constantinople https://www.politico.eu/article/russian-orthodox-church-breaks-with-constantinople/
Politico, 12.10.18: Ukrainian Orthodox Church granted divorce from Moscow https://www.politico.eu/article/ukrainian-orthodox-church-granted-divorce-from-moscow-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew/
EUobserver, 16.10.18: Orthodox church split just tip of Putin's crumbling 'soft power' in Ukraine https://euobserver.com/opinion/143113
New York Times, 15.10.18: Russia Takes Further Step Toward Major Schism in Orthodox Church https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/world/europe/russia-orthodox-church.html
BBC News, 17.10.18: Orthodox Church split: Five reasons why it matters https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-45877584
BBC News, 16.10.18: Russian Orthodox Church severs links with Constantinople https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-45870939
Deutsche Welle, 16.10.18: Opinion: Orthodox Church rift is a defeat for Vladimir Putin https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-orthodox-church-rift-is-a-defeat-for-vladimir-putin/a-45905840
The Guardian, 05.01.19: Ukraine: new Orthodox church gains independence from Moscow https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/05/ukraine-new-orthodox-church-gains-independence-from-moscow
BBC News, 05.01.19: Ukraine Orthodox Church granted independence from Russian Church https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-46768270
Euro|topics, January 2019: Ukrainian Church officially independent https://www.eurotopics.net/en/212541/ukrainian-church-officially-independent
EurActiv, 16.10.18: Russian Orthodox Church breaks with Constantinople in row over Ukraine https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/russian-orthodox-church-breaks-with-constantinople-in-row-over-ukraine/
Deutsche Welle, 16.10.18: Ukraine-Russian Orthodox church rift extends to Germany https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-russian-orthodox-church-rift-extends-to-germany/a-45914157
Deutsche Welle, 15.10.18: Russian Orthodox Church 'cuts ties' with Constantinople https://www.dw.com/en/russian-orthodox-church-cuts-ties-with-constantinople/a-45900652
Reuters, 06.01.19: Ecumenical Patriarch hands over decree, sealing Ukraine church independence https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-church/ecumenical-patriarch-hands-over-decree-sealing-ukraine-church-independence-idUKKCN1P0068
Deutsche Welle, 05.01.19: Ukraine Orthodox church gains independence from Russia https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-orthodox-church-gains-independence-from-russia/a-46967171
Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
Record URL
https://www.europeansources.info/record/?p=513233

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ross Gibson continues his speculative brilliance with this work on the astronomer and colonist William Dawes, using his notebooks as source material. It is an intellectual adventure around the tensions and pleasures of language and meaning, particularly Dawes's encounters under the southern stars, sharing ideas with a small group of Indigenous people from around Sydney Harbour. Dawes called his collaborators 'the Eora'. They told him it was their word for 'people', and it might have been the first thing they watched him write down. These were the years when Britain seized the Eora country, leading eventually to the establishment of the modern nation of Australia. Fragmentary, poetic and intriguing, Gibson describes, ponders and interprets the pages of Dawes's notebooks, which are reproduced throughout.


Our friendly English speaking staff is waiting to serve you at this beautiful location. There's clear sight on the Chay River from the Dark Cave – Restaurant area, a relaxing area and proper dining area. We serve great dishes for breakfast, lunch and diner!


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text:
<project name="Intercloud">

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  <bannerLeft>
    <!-- name>Project Name</name -->
    <src>http://citlab.github.io/Intercloud/images/intercloud-logo-small.png</src>
    <!-- href>http://maven.apache.org/</href -->
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    <src>http://www.cit.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/Aperto_design/img/logo_01.gif</src>
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	<menu name="Main">
		<item name="Overview" href="index.html" />
		<item name="Architecture" href="architecture.html" />
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Online community and social media strategist with 7 years experience in developing projects and creating communities around products. Over 4 years of leadership experience leading cross functional and multidisciplinary teams. My background is strongly grounded in community management, social media, content marketing and community building.
I believe the products and projects I work on must have a compelling value proposition and are both content rich and community driven. I am experienced in building strong relationships in any industry I work in. I'm a quick learner, highly motivated and excited about engaging with communities.
Video podcast content I've conceptualised and led with my team.


text:
Project: CHAPS study
Project lead: Dr Julie Fox, King's College London, United Kingdom
Countries involved: South Africa, Sweden, Uganda, United , Zimbabwe
Target population(s): Adolescents
EDCTP funding: €3 M
Grant agreement: RIA2016MC-1616
Project website: http://www.chaps.uct.ac.za
Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03986970
The CHAPS study is evaluating novel approaches for preventing HIV infection, tailored to the needs of African adolescents.
Reducing HIV infections in adolescents
HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death of young people aged 10–24 in Africa. Between 2000 and 2015, the number of adolescents dying from AIDS-related illness tripled – the only age group in which the number of deaths rose. Young people account for 37% of all new HIV infections, and in 2016 nearly three-quarters of all new HIV infections in adolescents occurred in Africa.
These figures suggest that prevention strategies that have proven effective in other populations are not working in this age group, and alternatives are required.
The CHAPS project is evaluating a range of strategies adapted to the characteristics of adolescents. These include a modified version of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) – pre-emptive use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent infection. Although daily PrEP has been clearly shown to reduce the risk of HIV infection, it is costly, has some side effects, and adherence is less good in adolescents.
The CHAPS project aims to overcome these challenges by evaluating the impact of an alternative, less toxic drug combination (tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine) as well as 'on-demand' PrEP – use of PrEP just around the time of sexual activity.
The project is consulting with adolescents to determine attitudes to on-demand PrEP and its likely acceptability. Laboratory-based studies are being used to optimise dose levels and dosing schedules for the novel antiretroviral drug combination. The CHAPS team is also undertaking laboratory studies to explore whether the drug combination could provide protection for longer periods after exposure to HIV, allowing more flexible use of post-exposure prophylaxis.
The CHAPS study is the first to undertake research into attitudes to on-demand PrEP among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa and the first multi-country study to investigate optimal dosing for on-demand PrEP. Its findings will play a key role in shaping the design of trials of on-demand PrEP in a group where more effective prevention is urgently required.
Projects: CAPRISA 018 study
Project lead: Professor Salim Abdool Karim, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, South Africa
Countries involved: France, The Netherlands, South Africa
Target population(s): Women
EDCTP funding: €9.8 M
Total project funding: €11.4M plus donation of study drugs
https://www.caprisa.org/Pages/EDCTP-funded%20studies
https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=3584
crucial in
widening African
children's access
to antiretrovirals


text:
Q: Why am I getting this error when using Twitter Rest API This is my first post here so I'm sorry if my question is weird/dumb.
I'm using this book -> Building Machine Learning Systems with Python to learn.
In chapter 6 we have to download this corpora of tweets by Niek Sanders ( ~ 5000ish tweets), I found the code online on the authors github --> here and used my twitter app account and entered all the keys and tokens in the twitter auth.py file. However when I run the install.py file, it downloads 5 tweets and spits out the following error at me:
We will skip 1107 tweets that are not available or visible any more on twitter
We have already downloaded 5 tweets.
Fetching 4779 tweets...
['apple', 'positive', '126394830791254016']
--> downloading tweet #126394830791254016 (1 of 4779)
Twitter sent status 404 for URL: 1.1/statuses/show.json using parameters: (id=blank&oauth_consumer_key=blank&oauth_nonce=blank&oauth_signature_method=blank&oauth_timestamp=1424721838&oauth_token=blank&oauth_version=1.0&oauth_signature=blank)
details: {"errors":[{"code":144,"message":"No status found with that ID."}]}

i replaced all the keys with the word blank here to keep them secret

A: By the look of it, it appears you are trying to pull a tweet with an invalid ID. More than likely that tweet was deleted, thereby making the id invalid.

A: You must use $tweetObject->{"id_str"} instead of "id".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Une corporation municipale est la définition juridique d'une forme de gouvernement d'administration territoriale courante, notamment au Canada, aux États-Unis et en Inde, qui constitue une personne morale.

Au Québec, l'expression recommandée est d'ailleurs désormais celle de « personne morale ». Elle est utilisée par des villes, des comtés ou des boroughs. Une corporation municipale a lieu lorsque l'administration locale devient une entité administrative autogouvernée et habilitée à recouvrer des impôts. La qualité de municipalité est souvent accompagnée de l'octroi d'une charte municipale, généralement après un référendum auprès de la population concernée.

En Inde, une corporation municipale (en hindi नगर निगम, nagar nigam) est le nom donné à l'administration des villes les plus importantes (plus d'un million d'habitants).

Voir aussi
Municipalité canadienne
Municipalité (États-Unis)
 Municipalités (Inde)

Régime politique
Administration territoriale

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We, Veronika Bühn und Jan Henn, have been working and living with and for horses for more than 15 years.
The name "ProHorse" represents our global concept concerning the respectful handling of horses as well as our schooling method.
This includes our wish to see the horse with all its needs as an individual. The success and the joy derived from a healthy, dependable and motivated horses as a partner is, amongst others, dependant on a willingness to work on oneself.
A mindful and consistent handling of the horse during daily tasks (e.g. taking the horse to the pasture, lifting its hooves, etc. … everything we do has a meaning to the horse and in the final analysis forms part of the communication between us).
Correct feeding with sufficient and high-quality roughage.
Training which is appropriate to the horse's physical and mental development. This requires patience from the side of the trainer as well as the owner.
Allowing one's horse the necessary time in order for it to develop mentally and physically.
An individually tailored trained program taking into consideration the type of horse as well as the abilities of the rider.
It is our wish to convey a correct and well-founded basis of the horse-human relationship as well as of the basic training of the horse.
One can only build on a solid foundation. Short-cuts in training limit the learning opportunities for horse and rider.
According to our view, a rapid success at the beginning leads to the rider becoming "stuck" at a certain level later on. The lack of further progress can lead to frustration of horse and rider.
With the help of a "restart" we are able to identify possible shortcomings in the basic training and can help you and your horse to learn together in a joyful manner. In most cases, misunderstandings or miscommunication between horse and rider lead to problems.
The resulting frustration can lead to defensive behaviour or "switching off" on the part of the horse.
Horses co-operate and show no further interest in learning and working together. This process however unfolds gradually and is only realised by many once it has already resulted in substantial problems. Disrespectful behaviour on both sides can be the result. A horse that has been forced to do something or which has "switched off" will never reach its full potential. The horse's achievements will always remain below what they could be and will never reach the same brilliant beauty as that of a horse that works with the rider and wants to please.
Sensitive and refined riding only has a chance if communication based on a reciprocal relationship and free thought on the part of the horse is promoted and aimed for.
The attention of our horses is elementary and is the gateway to schooling without force in a sensitive manner.
We rely on our knowledge from the areas of horsemanship, groundwork and behavioural studies, as well as the teachings of classical dressage, from work in hand to high school movements.
We can help you to learn together with your horse and to keep your horse healthy in the long run.
You can find out more about us, our own philosophy and careers in the descriptions about us.


Shopify is a popular ecommerce platform that allows you to build your own online store. Shopify powers 243,000 online stores and has helped process $14 billion in sales.
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"How to Install the AddThis Tools in Shopify" tutorial video in the AddThis Academy.


Happy New Year veggies, aspiring veggies, part-time veggies, and new veggies of 2016! I'm hoping that this year, more and more people will make the switch to vegetarian or vegan.
I was talking to some vegan friends during the Holidays about how much easier it is becoming to be a vegan in this world. There are so many great vegan options, mock meats, and substitutes for pretty much everything…. and it only gets better every year!
One of my favorite mock meat companies is Gardein. They have a ton of great tasting options – everything from beefless tips and veggie crumbles to faux chicken tenders, fishless filets and even holiday roasts.
I use the Beefless Grounds a lot for tacos. They taste delicious right out of the package. Just thaw in a skillet for a few minutes, throw in a tortilla with your favorite toppings, and eat. No need for seasonings… they're just that good! I also use them for spaghetti and stuffed shells (I'll post a recipe soon, promise!), and this Vegan Queso Dip. They're so good that people are surprised when I tell them that they're vegan!
I came up with this recipe a few years ago and tacked it on as a variation to my Vegan Macaron and Cheese recipe. However, it's been getting so much love that I thought it deserved it's own page.
So, I may be biased… but I think this is definitely the best vegan queso recipe. Other recipes out there use diaya cheese and way too much nutritional yeast – I'm really not a fan of either. There are other recipes that use carrots, potatoes, and onions to make a vegan cheese sauce. I'm not a fan of that either. Mine uses cashews and just a small amount of nutritional yeast for the cheese sauce, the same sauce I use to make my vegan macaroni & cheese.
This dip can be made and eaten the same day or the next day. It keeps really good for 3-4 days in the fridge. And, it can be put in a crockpot to take to a potluck. Just be sure to keep it on the lowest setting to avoid scorching it to the bottom or turning it into lava!
In sauce pan, make cheese sauce according to directions.
In separate sauce pan, combine water and taco seasoning. Add veggie crumbles and cook on medium-high until most of liquid is absorbed. Once cheese sauce is thickened, add taco "meat" and salsa to cheese sauce and stir to combine. Heat and eat with chips! Great on nachos too!


Washington Village is a multi-generational cohousing community built around the historic Washington Elementary School in the heart of Boulder, CO. It has 36 private residences, and 2 commercial units, with approximately 7,500 square feet of shared common space.
Legally, we are structured as an HOA, but residents enjoy the benefits of cohousing practices, which help us form meaningful social connections through community activities and strengthen our sense of community as we work together to maintain and improve both our property and our social well being.
Our residents share interests in art, music, movies, theater, cooking, gardening, hiking, playing games, and helping kids grow.
We are fortunate to live in a beautiful place that includes a large community kitchen, dining, two guest rooms, living and exercise areas, as well as community gardens, courtyards, a pocket park, a wood shop & bike repair, library, fireside lounge, large space for arts & crafts and other amenities. Our city offers a quality of life not found anywhere else, "it's a city whose culture promotes healthy living practices, attracts active families and entrepreneurs."


Despite strongly rooted belief in the digital future of businesses, cash is still the king in the vast majority of countries. Even with highly fragmented digital payments market, in 2013, around 85% of all retail payment transactions were still done with cash, equating to 60% of retail transaction value. Furthermore, the most recent estimates suggest that cash continues to be used in around 85% of global consumer transactions. Transactions in cash may be declining around the world, but cash still remains the most commonly used payment mechanism for the vast majority of individuals and businesses.
Even countries with highest rates of cashless transactions still have room to grow: cashless transactions account for 61% of consumer payment transactions in Singapore, 60% in Netherlands, 59% in France and Sweden. Meanwhile, only 1% of consumer payment transactions in such countries as Egypt, Peru, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia, are cashless. In the Eurozone, 75% of point-of-sale payments are in cash.
WEF emphasizes that even India's demonetization experiment has not broken the country's heavy cash dependence. Five months after the country demonetized 86% of its currency, cash withdrawals were actually 0.6% higher than a year earlier.
However, with the fast pace of technology development and improving digital experience, electronic payments globally are being adopted at an outstanding pace. Even with increasing concerns over data privacy and security, the trend is expected to continue. Over the course of development and adoption, electronic payments are expected to have a tremendous effect on economies. Moreover, digital systems overall are seen as an undeniably positive force in driving globalization, connectivity, and borderless innovation in addition to boosting inclusive economic growth within national borders.
A report from Moody's published last year quantified the impact of electronic payments on economic growth – electronic payments added $296 billion to GDP in the 70 countries studied between 2011 and 2015, which is equivalent to the creation of ~2.6 million jobs on average per year over the five-year period, or about 0.4% of total employment in the 70 countries.
The Digital Planet 2017 report states that digitalization is now driving globalization. As such, achieving a competitive advantage in the global digital arena has become a key priority for governments, businesses, and citizens who strive for inclusion and relevance in this global marketplace.
The role of the digital system in redefining competitive advantage, especially in smaller countries. Unique examples (e-residency in Estonia, Malaysia + Alibaba partnership) suggest that even small countries can harness the power of digital systems to punch above their weight in having an impact, often leapfrogging more established countries in finding creative solutions around constraints."
The role of user trust in the digital system. As digital platforms increasingly become a part of people's lives, and as businesses & governments embrace digitalization, there is a need to understand the nature and state of trust in the digital economy. As technology improves and more complexity is being embedded into algorithms, questions about the trustworthiness of what happens behind the scenes emerge. The increasing security layers, sometimes involving multiple stages of authentication and passwords, add to the dimensions of trust in ways that are novel and unique to the digital world.
The report by Tufts that was mentioned earlier distinguishes four key drivers of digital evolution: supply conditions, demand conditions, institutional environment, and innovation & change.
Supply Conditions: This driver measures the quality and readiness of digital and physical infrastructure such as bandwidth availability and quality of roads.
Demand Conditions: Are consumers willing and able to engage in the digital ecosystem? While high demand is always a welcome sign, low demand scores can be interpreted as an indication of untapped market potential that investors and businesses can take advantage of in an enabling institutional environment; stagnant demand over time, particularly in advanced markets, can be a sign of market saturation pointing to a need for innovation that can help restart the engines of demand.
Institutional Environment: By providing a stable environment that encourages investment and protects consumers, governments create enabling conditions or even the technologies themselves that foster digitalization. The indicators underpinning the Institutional Environment driver also help address questions, such as: Are governments taking deliberate steps towards advancing and adopting digitalization? Do they have policies and regulations in place to foster digital ecosystems?
Innovation & Change: Innovation and the resulting change push the boundaries of the digital ecosystem and what it can do; it is in equal parts the most impactful and challenging driver to jump start. The system of innovation can be broken down into inputs such as availability of talent and capital; processes, such as university and industry collaboration in R&D; and outputs, such as new digital products and services created.


text:
Gillbanks Coat of Arms / Gillbanks Family Crest
The surname of GILLBANKS was a locational name 'of Gillbanks'. There is a hamlet in County Cumberland so called. This is a familiar North English surname. Early records of the name mention Isaace Gillbanks of Kirkby Irelth and Isabella Newby who were married at St. Mary, Ulverston in the year 1788. Since the dawn of civilisation the need to communicate has been a prime drive of all higher mankind. The more organised the social structure became, the more urgent the need to name places, objects and situations essential to the survival and existence of the social unit. From this common stem arose the requirements to identify families, tribes and individual members evolving into a pattern in evidence today. In the formation of this history, common usage of customs, trades, locations, patronymic and generic terms were often adopted as surnames. The demands of bureaucracy formally introduced by feudal lords in the 11th century, to define the boundaries and families within their fiefdoms, crystallized the need for personal identification and accountability, and surnames became in general use from this time onwards.
The associated arms are recorded in Sir Bernard Burkes General Armory. Ulster King of Arms in 1884. The name is also spelt Gilbanks. The origin of badges and emblems, are traced to the earliest times, although, Heraldry, in fact, cannot be traced later than the 12th century, or at furthest the 11th century. At first armorial bearings were probably like surnames and assumed by each warrior at his free will and pleasure, his object being to distinguish himself from others. It has long been a matter of doubt when bearing Coats of Arms first became hereditary. It is known that in the reign of Henry V (1413-1422), a proclamation was issued, prohibiting the use of heraldic ensigns to all who could not show an original and valid right, except those 'who had borne arms at Agincourt'. The College of Arms (founded in 1483) is the Royal corporation of heralds who record proved pedigrees and grant armorial bearings.