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Message To World Elites: Don't Bet On Coal And Oil Growth
A mind-boggling sum of about US$ 800 for each person on the planet is invested into fossil fuel companies through the global capital markets alone. That's roughly 10% of the total capital invested in listed companies. The amount of money invested into the 200 biggest fossil fuel companies through financial markets is estimated at US$ 5.5 trillion.
By keeping their money in coal and oil companies, investors are betting a vast amount of wealth, including the pensions and savings of millions of people, on high future demand for dirty fuels. The investment has enabled fossil fuel companies to massively raise their spending on expanding extractable reserves, with oil and gas companies alone (state-owned ones included) spending the combined GDP of Netherlands and Belgium a year, in belief that there will be ongoing demand for dirty fuel.
This assumption is being challenged by recent developments, which is good news for climate but bad news for anyone who thought investing in fossil fuel industries was a safe bet. Frantic growth in coal consumption seems to be coming to an end much sooner than predicted just a few years ago, with China's aggressive clean airpolicies, rapidly dropping coal consumption in the US and upcoming closures of many coal plants in Europe. At the same time the oil industry is also facing slowingdemand growth, and the financial and share performance of oil majors is disappointing for shareholders.
Nevertheless, even faced with weakening demand prospects, outdated investment patterns are driving fossil fuel companies to waste trillions of dollars in developing reserves and infrastructure that will be stranded as the world moves beyond 20th century energy.
A good example is coal export developments. The large recent investment in coal export capacity in all key exporter countries was based on the assumption of unlimited growth of Chinese demand. When public outrage over air pollution reached a new level in 2012-2013, the Chinese leadership moved swiftly to mandate absolute reductions in coal consumption, and banned new coal-fired power plants in key economic regions. A growing chorus of financial analysts is now projecting a peak in Chinese coal demand soon, which seemed unimaginable only a couple of years ago. This new reality has already reduced market capitalization of export-focused coal companies. Even in China itself, investment in coal-fired power plants has now outpaced demand growth, leading to drops in capacity utilization.
Another example of potentially stranded assets is found in Europe, where large utilities ignored the writing on the wall about EU moves to price carbon and boost renewable energy. Betting on old business models and the fossil-fuel generation, they built a huge 80 gigawatts of new fossil power generation capacity in the past 10 years, much of which is already generating losses and now risk becoming stranded assets.
Arctic oil drilling is possibly the ultimate example of fossil companies' unfounded confidence in high future demand. Any significant production and revenue is unlikely until 2030 and in the meantime, Arctic drilling faces high and uncertain costs, extremely demanding and risky operations, as well as the prospect of heavy regulation and liabilities when (not if) the first major blowout happens in the region. No wonder the International Energy Agency is sceptical about Arctic oil, assuming hardly any production in the next 20 years. More
Labels: air quality, alternative energy, China, climate change, CO2, coal, energy security, environment, fossil fuel, investment, oil, petroleum
Time for Cayman to go green
Could the days of fossil fuels be over in Cayman? Billionaire entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson is looking to wean ten islands off those sources of energy.
"I am having people come to me and say we cannot afford to pay our mortgage and electrical bill this month. We have to decide – do we pay our light bill or our mortgage," said Nicholas Robson of Cayman Institute.
Environment Minister Hon. Wayne Panton tells Cayman 27 he and Finance Minister Hon. Marco Archer will attend next month's summit in the BVI.
Cayman 27′s Tammi Sulliman reports.
Labels: alternative, alternative energy, Branson, carbon war room, cayman institute, cayman islands, energy, energy efficiency, energy policy, energy security, fossil fuel
Operation Smart Island Economies
Operation Smart Island Economies aims to transition islands to 100% renewable energy by accelerating commercial investment.
The Carbon War Room's Mission
Islands face increasing challenges from their dependence on imported fossil fuels, which impacts the prices they pay for everything from electricity to food. This is further complicated by the added demand that tourism places on the island's resources. Natural energy resources are abundant on islands. However, the systems required to use them have not been widely implemented and scaled.
This lack of implementation is the result of multi-market barriers that islands and technology providers encounter. These multi-market barriers include local permitting, long-term fossil fuel contracts, and other legislative barriers. What is missing is a scaled regional approach to these barriers.
The Carbon War Room seeks to bridge this gap by working with islands to identify these barriers and create a regional roadmap for making the necessary changes. This roadmap would detail solutions that can attract both private sector investment and aggregated demand for large-scale renewable energy systems. Learn more about our island selection criteria in the background section. More
Labels: alternative, alternative energy, bermuda, carbon war room, caribbean, cayman islands, climate change, climate smart, energy, energy efficiency, energy policy, energy security, islands, many strong voices, peak oil, richard branson, SIDS, solar, wind farms
The Peak Oil Crisis: Cold Fusion Moves East
Many of us believe that life on this planet is in a lot of trouble. The climate is becoming unstable; there are too many people; oceans are dying, sea levels are rising; and water, food, clean air, and minerals are coming into short supply. For many, the economy refuses to grow fast enough to maintain living standards.
Tom Whipple
Although appreciated by only a handful, the evidence continues to build that, unless we have reached some kind of a tipping point, there may be a way out of our mounting problems. A few minutes' reflection should be enough to convince most that a source of unlimited clean, cheap energy just could reverse global warming, provide unlimited water, food, and a better life for all.
While there may be sources of clean cheap energy that as yet we have no idea exist in this universe, for the present, cold fusion or the preferred term Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) looks like the only solution currently extant with the potential to save us. It may not be a stretch to say that either we develop and put into widespread use this technology or it is "game over" for life as we know it.
For the last 25 years, the U.S. government, at the urging of its scientific advisors who unfortunately had, and in some cases still have, axes to grind on the LENR issue, has been denying that the "cold fusion;" or LENR phenomenon, actually exists. According to the government, the anomalous heat that so many have been reporting on since 1989 is only experimental errors or scientific fraud or even wishful thinking. When the U.S. government says there is no such thing as "cold fusion" then naturally most other governments and the mainstream media with minor exceptions say the same.
This position may be changing however. While a few scientists at NASA have been saying that the LENR phenomenon is real for some time, the Department of Energy which reigns supreme in these matters remains pretty firm in its denial despite occasional reviews. Recently, however, we may have seen the beginnings of change when a component of DOE which funds exotic energy R&D efforts said it would entertain proposals to fund LENR experiments. Now this may simply be a case of the right hand not knowing what the left hand is doing, but it would be nice to believe that at least somewhere in DOE, a few are coming to their senses,
So where are we on this revolutionary and likely disruptive technology? There are dozens of independent laboratories around the world experimenting with low energy nuclear reactions at the lab bench scale, but only three or four saying, and in some cases demonstrating, that they have devices producing enough energy that commercially useful products should be available soon.
Readers of this column know by now that there is a small but devoted blogosphere out there in cyberspace that not only fervently believes that cold fusion is real and someday will save humanity, but follows and comments on developments daily.
For several years, interest has focused on the Italian inventor Andrea Rossi and his E-Cat nuclear device, which many still consider a scam despite numerous validations. Nearly a year ago, Rossi told his cyber space followers that he had partnered with a well-healed American firm that was helping him develop a commercial product. Until last week Rossi's American partner was a well-kept secret with speculation focusing on industrial giants such as GE or United Technologies who have much to gain if LENR ever becomes a commercial product replacing combustion of fossil fuels as the principal source of heat in the world.
Last week a hint leaked out when one of Rossi's associates noted in his biography that he was consulting for an obscure hedge fund called Cherokee Investment Partners LLC, located in Raleigh, North Carolina. The blogosphere jumped on this clue and within days enough information about Cherokee and its new subsidiary, Industrial Heat LLC, was brought to light to conclude that this organization is indeed Rossi's new American partner in the development of LENR. Cherokee, which has a capitalization of circa $2 billion and has invested $11.5 in the E-Cat project, has a record of investing in cleaning up polluted properties and funding renewable energy projects. More
Labels: andrea rossi, climate change, climate smart, CO2, energy, energy efficiency, energy policy, energy security, energy storage, lenr, low, nuclear, nuclear energy, oil, peak, peak oil
AREVA, EDF sign accords for Saudi nuclear program
RIYADH - EDF and AREVA signed two sets of agreements aimed at supporting the Saudi nuclear energy program on Monday, coinciding with the visit of French President François Hollande's to Riyadh. The two companies have signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with 5 Saudi industrial partners - Zamil Steel, Bahra Cables, Riyadh Cables, Saudi Pumps, Descon Olayan.
The agreements aim to develop the industrial and technical skills of local companies. They reflect AREVA and EDF's desire to build an extended network of Saudi suppliers for future nuclear projects in the country.
A second series of agreements signed with 4 Saudi universities - King Saud University in Riyadh, Dar Al Hekma College and Effat University in Jeddah and finally Prince Mohammed bin Fahd University in Al-Khobar - are intended to contribute to the development of nuclear expertise in the Kingdom.
These agreements follow on from the previous operations organized by EDF and AREVA, through their joint office in Riyadh. These include the "Suppliers' Days" in March and October 2013, the visit to France by Saudi industrial companies in November, the agreement signed with the local professional training institute (NIT) in July 2013, the visits to French nuclear facilities organized for Saudi university faculty members in June 2013 and internship offers made to Saudi students since the summer.
EDF CEO Henri Proglio said: "These new agreements underline EDF and AREVA's commitment alongside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to enable it to successfully implement its national energy strategy and in particular to develop its future nuclear program by contributing to the development of a local network of manufacturers and by training qualified engineers."
Luc Oursel, President and CEO of AREVA, added: "These agreements demonstrate the common will of EDF and AREVA to establish a true long-term partnership with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They will enable the country to build a strong industrial base and a robust skills management program."
The EDF group, one of the leaders in the European energy market, is an integrated energy company active in all areas of the business: generation, transmission, distribution, energy supply and trading. The Group is the leading electricity producer in Europe. In France, it has mainly nuclear and hydropower generation facilities where 95.9 percent of the electricity output is CO2-free.
AREVA supplies advanced technology solutions for power generation with less carbon. Its expertise and unwavering insistence on safety, security, transparency and ethics are setting the standard, and its responsible development is anchored in a process of continuous improvement. Ranked first in the global nuclear power industry, AREVA's unique integrated offering to utilities covers every stage of the fuel cycle, nuclear reactor design and construction, and operating services. The group is actively developing its activities in renewable energies - wind, bioenergy, solar and energy storage - to become a European leader in this sector. More
Labels: arabian, areva, edf, energy, energy security, gulf, iaea, nuclear energy, nuclear plants, nuclear policy, nuclear reactors, persian, Saudi Arabia, United States
Israel: Gas, Oil and Trouble in the Levant
Israel is set to become a major exporter of gas and some oil, if all goes to plan. The giant Leviathan natural gas field, in the eastern Mediterranean, discovered in December 2010, is widely described as "off the coast of Israel."
At the time the gas field was: " … the most prominent field ever found in the sub-explored area of the Levantine Basin, which covers about 83,000 square kilometres of the eastern Mediterranean region." (i)
Coupled with Tamar field, in the same location, discovered in 2009, the prospects are for an energy bonanza for Israel, for Houston, Texas based Noble Energy and partners Delek Drilling, Avner Oil Exploration and Ratio Oil Exploration.
Also involved is Perth, Australia-based Woodside Petroleum, which has signed a memorandum of understanding for a thirty percent stake in the project, in negotiations which have been described as "up and down." There is currently speculation that Woodside might pull out of the deal: " …since the original plans to refrigerate the gas for export were pursued when relations between Israel and Turkey were strained. That has changed, more recently, which has opened the door for gas to be piped to Turkey."
The spoils of the Leviathan field has already expanded from an estimated 16.7 trillion cubic feet (tcf ) of gas to nineteen trillion – and counting:
"We've discovered nearly 40 tcf of gas, and we have roughly 19 tcf of that gas that's available for export to both regional and extra-regional markets. We see exports reaching 2 billion cubic feet a day in capacity in the next decade. And we continue to explore.", stated Noble Vice Chairman Keith Elliot (ii) There are also estimated to be possibly six hundred million barrels of oil, according to Michael Economides of energytribune.com ("Eastern Mediterranean Energy – the next Great Game.")
However, even these estimates may prove modest. In their: "Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Levant Basin Province, Eastern Mediterranean", the US Department of the Interior's US Geological Survey, wrote in 2010: "We estimated a mean of 1.7 billion barrels of recoverable oil and a mean of 122 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas in this province using a geology based assessment methodology."
Nevertheless, Woodside Petroleum, might also be hesitant to become involved in further disputes, since they are already embroiled, with the Australian government, in a protracted one in East Timor relating to the bonanaza of energy and minerals beneath the Timor Sea, which has even led to East Timor accusing Australia "of bugging East Timorese officials during the negotiations over the agreement."(iii)
Woodside's conflict in East Timor however, may well pale against what might well erupt over the Leviathan and Tamar fields. The area is not for nothing called the Levantine Basin. Whilst Israel claims them as her very own treasure trove, only a fraction of the sea's wealth lies in Israel's bailiwick as maps (iv, v) clearly show. Much is still unexplored, but currently Palestine's Gaza and the West Bank between them show the greatest discoveries, with anything found in Lebanon and Syria's territorial waters sure to involve claims from both countries.
In a pre-emptive move, on Christmas Day, Syria announced a deal with Russia to explore 2,190 kilometres (850 Sq. miles) for oil and gas off its Mediterranean coast, to be: "… financed by Russia, and should oil and gas be discovered in commercial quantities, Moscow will recover the exploration costs."
Syrian Oil Minister, Ali Abbas said during the signing ceremony that the contract covers "25 years, over several phases."
Syria, increasingly crippled by international sanctions, has seen oil production plummet by ninety percent since the largely Western fermented unrest began in March 2011. Gas production has nearly halved, from thirty million cubic metres a day, to 16.7 cubic metres daily.
The agreement is reported to have resulted from "months of long negotiations" between the two countries. Russia, as one of the Syrian government's main backers, looks set to also become a major player in the Levant Basin's energy wealth. (vi)
Lebanon disputes Israel's map of the Israeli-Lebanese maritime border, filing their own map and claims with the UN in 2010. Israel claims Lebanon is in the process of granting oil and gas exploration licenses in what Israel claims as its "exclusive economic zone."
That the US in the guise of Vice President Joe Biden, as honest broker, acting peace negotiator in the maritime border dispute would be laughable, were it not potential for Israel to attack their neighbour again. In a visit to Israel in March 2010, Biden announced: "There is absolutely no space between the United States and Israel when it comes to Israel's security- none at all", also announcing on arrival in Israel:"It's good to be home." More
Labels: alternative energy, israel, mediterranean, oil, oil prices, peak, peak oil, petroleum
Beijing in $130bn global assets spree as it builds energy security
CHINESE state-owned oil and gas companies such as China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) have outlaid more than $130 billion since 2007 to snap up assets across the globe in their ongoing quest for energy security.
Some of their biggest buys include shale assets in western Canada and the US, oilfields in Egypt, Iraq and Africa, stakes in Australian liquefied natural gas joint ventures, and a share in some of the most challenging energy projects in the world: the Kashagan field in the Caspian Sea, the Yamal LNG project in northwest Siberia, and the "presalt" deepwater fields off the coast of Brazil.
Chinese companies accounted for 21 per cent of all oil and gas mergers and acquisitions in the first nine months of 2013, spending $US18.6bn ($20.8bn) out of a total $US90.8bn market, according to data released recently by US oil industry information and advisory firms PLS and Derrick Petroleum Services.
Cumulative figures by PLS/Derrick show that since 2007, CNPC and other state-owned entities such as China Petrochemical (Sinopec), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and Sinochem Group invested $US129bn in oil industry mergers and acquisitions.
Since those figures were released, CNPC has made further investments in Latin America and the Middle East. In November, it agreed to pay $US2.6bn for the Peruvian oil assets of Brazil's state-owned Petrobras, while in the same month its listed arm PetroChina said it would buy 25 per cent of Iraq's West Quran 1 gasfield from ExxonMobil. The deal price was not announced, but analysts estimate the stake could be worth more than $US1bn.
The previous month, PetroChina agreed to join CNOOC in a consortium led by Royal Dutch Shell and Total that won the right to join Petrobras in developing the Libra field, located in deep water off the Brazilian coast. The field, part of what is known as Brazil's "presalt" oil and gas reserves, potentially can produce up to one million barrels a day.
CNPC made the single biggest international buy of 2013, agreeing in September to spend $US5bn for ConocoPhillips' 8.4 per cent stake in the massive Kashagan project in Kazakhstan's part of the Caspian Sea.
Kashagan, regarded as one of the biggest oil and gas finds of the past 40 years, has so far proved an expensive undertaking for its international investors. After a five-year delay, it finally began producing in September, but a series of leaks from its main gas pipeline forced its shutdown. A decision on resuming production is expected this month.
Earlier last year, CNPC also committed to pay about $US4.2bn for a 20 per cent stake in Italian oil producer Eni's Mozambique offshore gas project known as Area 4, part of the wider Rovuma gasfield.
Last year, CNOOC made what remains the single biggest acquisition by a Chinese company, paying $US15.1bn for 100 per cent of Canadian company Nexen, which has extensive shale and oil sands assets in western Canada and interests in the Gulf of Mexico. The Nexen deal closed in February last year, after approvals by Canadian and US regulators.
Also in February, Sinopec agreed to pay $US1.02bn for half of Chesapeake Energy's Oklahoma shale field known as the Mississippi Lime, while a month earlier Sinochem said it would buy a 40 per cent stake in Pioneer Natural Resources' Wolfcamp shale field in Texas for $US1.7bn.
In August, Sinopec agreed to buy 33 per cent of US producer Apache's oil and gas assets in Egypt for $US3.1bn.
The $US130bn cumulative figure since 2007 does not include the value of oil purchase agreements and investments that CNPC struck during 2013 with Russian state-owned companies Gazprom and Rosneft, and with the privately owned Russian gas producer Novatek.
In June, Rosneft agreed to supply CNPC with oil worth up to $US270bn over a 25-year term from 2018. The deal includes a $US70bn prepayment to Rosneft. In October, the two companies agreed to work on a joint venture that would develop oil and gas reserves in eastern Siberia.
CNPC and Gazprom struck a deal in September covering gas supplies to China. The final terms have yet to be decided.
In June, CNPC agreed to join Novatek and France's Total in the Yamal LNG development in Siberia, committing to a 20 per cent stake. The value was not disclosed but is estimated to be $US800 million-plus. In October, CNPC followed up by signing a 15-year deal with Novatek to take 3 million tonnes a year of LNG. Yamal is expected to begin production at the end of 2016.
Novatek plans to ship the gas to China via the Northern Sea Route, which runs along the top of Russia in Arctic waters. The route, which is shorter than the conventional journey from Europe, is open for about six months a year, and requires special ice-proof tankers and icebreaker support.
China, the world's biggest energy consumer, imports about 10.5 million barrels of oil a day, or about 60 per cent of its crude oil requirement. While much of that comes from the Middle East, part of China's quest for a diversified energy supply involves bringing in more oil and gas via pipelines from Central Asia, Russia and Myanmar, and more LNG from Australia, Russia, Canada and the US. More
Labels: alternative energy, Branson, carbon war room, China, CO2, CUC, ecocide, electricity, emissions, energy, energy efficiency, energy security, energy storage, fossil fuel, oil, oil prices, peak oil, petroleum
Message To World Elites: Don't Bet On Coal And Oil...
Beijing in $130bn global assets spree as it builds...


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Climate - Diourbel (Senegal)
Climate chart - Diourbel
Diourbel's climate is tropical semi-arid, with a long, dry season from November to May, and a wet, rainy season that runs roughly from late June to early October. The total rainfall that falls in a year is not low, but the climate can be defined as semi-arid because the dry season is very long.
The city is located in the center of Senegal, about 120 km (75 mi) east of Dakar.
During the day it is hot all year round, but from November to March, nights are cool and the humidity is lower.
All year round, however, a hot, dry wind can blow from the interior, maybe just for a day or two.
Diourbel - Climate data
The average temperature of the coldest month (January) is of 25.5 °C (77.9 °F), that of the warmest month (June) is of 30.6 °C (87.2 °F). Here are the average temperatures.
Diourbel - Average temperatures (1991-2020)
20 38 28.9 68 100 84
Precipitation amounts to 610 millimeters (24 inches) per year: so, it is at an intermediate level. It ranges from 0 mm (0 in) in the driest months (January, February, March, April, May, November, December) to 250 mm (9.8 in) in the wettest one (September). Here is the average precipitation.
Diourbel - Average precipitation
Diourbel - Weather by month
In January, the coldest month of the year, the weather in Diourbel is usually warm to hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 25.5 °C (78 °F), with a minimum of 16.6 °C (61.9 °F) and a maximum of 34.4 °C (93.8 °F).
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around 12 °C (53.5 °F).
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around 39 °C (102 °F). However, it reached 43.2 °C (109.8 °F) in January 2010.
Precipitation amounts to only 0 mm (0 in), so on average it never rains in the whole month.
The average humidity is 34%. Hence, the air is normally dry.
The average wind speed is 6 kph (4 mph).
In February, the weather in Diourbel is usually warm to hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 27.0 °C (81 °F), with a minimum of 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) and a maximum of 36.1 °C (97 °F).
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around 40.5 °C (104.5 °F). However, it reached 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) in February 2010.
In March, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 28.6 °C (84 °F), with a minimum of 18.9 °C (66 °F) and a maximum of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F).
On the coldest nights, the temperature usually drops to around 14.5 °C (58.5 °F).
On the warmest days, the temperature usually reaches around 42.5 °C (108.5 °F). However, it reached 44.7 °C (112.5 °F) in March 2017.
In April, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 29.6 °C (85 °F), with a minimum of 19.5 °C (67 °F) and a maximum of 39.7 °C (103.5 °F).
On the coldest nights, the temperature usually drops to around 15.5 °C (60 °F).
On the warmest days, the temperature usually reaches around 44 °C (111.5 °F). However, it reached 47 °C (116.6 °F) in April 2016.
In May, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 30.5 °C (87 °F), with a minimum of 20.9 °C (69.7 °F) and a maximum of 40 °C (104.1 °F).
On the coldest nights, the temperature usually drops to around 17 °C (62.5 °F).
On the warmest days, the temperature usually reaches around 44.5 °C (112 °F). However, it reached 46.3 °C (115.3 °F) in May 2020.
In June, the warmest month of the year, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 30.6 °C (87 °F), with a minimum of 23 °C (73.3 °F) and a maximum of 38.3 °C (101 °F).
On the warmest days, the temperature usually reaches around 42.5 °C (108.5 °F). However, it reached 45.6 °C (114.1 °F) in June 1992.
Precipitation amounts to 20 mm (0.8 in), and all occurs in one day.
The day lasts on average 13 hours and 0 minutes. June 21, the summer solstice, is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
In July, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. The average temperature is of 29.8 °C (86 °F), with a minimum of 24 °C (75.3 °F) and a maximum of 35.5 °C (96 °F).
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around 20.5 °C (69.5 °F).
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around 39.5 °C (103.5 °F). However, it reached 44 °C (111.2 °F) in July 1995.
In August, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. The average temperature is of 29.0 °C (84 °F), with a minimum of 23.9 °C (75 °F) and a maximum of 34 °C (93.3 °F).
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around 37.5 °C (100 °F). However, it reached 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) in August 1997.
In September, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. The average temperature is of 28.9 °C (84 °F), with a minimum of 23.6 °C (74.5 °F) and a maximum of 34.2 °C (93.5 °F).
On the warmest days, the temperature usually reaches around 37.5 °C (99.5 °F). However, it reached 39.2 °C (102.6 °F) in September 2017.
In October, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 30.3 °C (86 °F), with a minimum of 23.3 °C (74 °F) and a maximum of 37.2 °C (99 °F).
On the warmest days, the temperature usually reaches around 40.5 °C (105 °F). However, it reached 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in October 2017.
In November, the weather in Diourbel is usually very hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 28.9 °C (84 °F), with a minimum of 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) and a maximum of 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).
On the warmest days, the temperature usually reaches around 40.5 °C (105 °F). However, it reached 43 °C (109.4 °F) in November 2017.
In December, the weather in Diourbel is usually warm to hot. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of 26.3 °C (79 °F), with a minimum of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) and a maximum of 35.1 °C (95.2 °F).
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around 12.5 °C (55 °F).
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around 39 °C (102.5 °F). However, it reached 42.8 °C (109 °F) in December 2016.
The day lasts on average 11 hours and 20 minutes. December 21, the winter solstice, is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
Back to Africa --> Senegal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Free Asset Allocation
Money Checklists
What's Your Theme? A Simple Technique for Career Progression
in Careers
So, tell me, what's your theme? Your focus? The arc or pattern that drives your professional life and ensures career progression?
This is a key question, and one that is not always easy to answer. I don't mean what is your job. A specific job can shift and change, but if you have a theme, you are more likely to develop deep mastery over time and make progress on a specific career track.
Your Theme Drives Your Career Path
Here's an illustration of a successful theme. My friend from childhood studied mechanical engineering in college. He decided soon after graduating, however, that he would specialize as an architect. This friend eventually became a licensed architect and established his own architectural firm that also does professional engineering work.
The firm now has over 40 employees, and my friend only creates the drawings on specific projects himself once every couple of months because he enjoys the creativity and to keep his skills sharp. Though he is now a business owner and entrepreneur (he also owns a number of office buildings), his core skill and career theme are architecture and engineering. Even the office buildings he owns are related to his knowledge of buildings, engineering, and architecture if you think about it.
These skills took my friend years to develop, both in school and over time through work. At this point, we are talking about decades of focused work in a specific theme. If my friend had jumped around from job to job in totally unrelated disciplines, he would not possibly be where he is today. That's a theme, creating a career track, that leads to elegant career progression.
Famous Themes Driving Famous Careers
What's Bill Gates' theme? In a word, Software.
Warren Buffet? Investing.
Tom Brady? Football.
That CFO at a top-shelf tech firm (who now makes many millions of dollars) didn't just land a job like that out of the blue. His theme is corporate finance, and it is the culmination of years of focused effort staying on a specific career track--first in college and in lower-level corporate jobs, then at higher and higher levels for at least 15-20 years.
Look Below The Surface To Discover The Theme Driving Career Progression
If you feel you have not pursued a specific career track, don't lose heart. It isn't too late, and there may be closer connections between the skills you have acquired than you realize. I'll use my own life as an example. Many of the career steps I took at first appear disparate, but upon closer examination have tight links that add up to a coherent career map:
--studied economics in college (4.0 in econ coursework)
--studied a bit of Latin and Ancient Greek in college as well (this hammered out grammar knowledge)
--started investing personally
--worked for Charles Schwab (developed financial and career knowledge)
--worked independently on becoming a writer and novelist while traveling for over a year (began to develop writing skills)
--became a diplomat focused on economic and political themes. (analytical, writing and organizational skills)
--founded money management firm (investing and entrepreneurial skills)
--started blogging and building websites focused on career, money management, and investing.
At first glance, the above career progression looks a bit disjointed. But if you look under the surface, though I didn't just park at a specific institution, there are key interests and skills being developed throughout. Specifically, writing, investing, analysis, and dealing with people.
The One Word Theme - A Career Map For Your Future
I encourage you to think about your theme. If you don't see a clear career track yet, that's ok. Your theme is a work in progress that stems from talents, interests, experience, and intuition. Another benefit of having a clear career theme is that it will help you know which career opportunities to pass up.
If you had to reduce your theme to one word or a brief sentence, what would it be? I can tell you mine: writer. The funny thing is that I remember in fourth grade thinking, "I want to be a writer." My sub-themes would be content creator more generally, investor, analyst, and (eventually) leader. When you narrow down your perspective to one or two words, this works like a career map for your future. You see where you are headed and where you don't want to go as well.
Your Theme Is Like Music
You know what's cool? Thinking of your career progression as having a theme makes it a bit like a piece of music. What notes are you sounding? What motifs recur again and again with greater complexity?
So, tell me, what's your theme?
What's The Business Of Investing?
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Where Do You Put Your Sweat Equity?
Vivaldi Died A Pauper – Will You?
Bored At Work? Here Are A Few Simple Suggestions To Get You Unstuck And Moving Ahead
Advice For Interns – How To Avoid Looking Like A Wallflower Or An Obnoxious Punk, And Get The Most Out Of Your Internship
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A group of men congregated outside of Boldwood's house, watching the guests arrive and whispering rumors of Troy's reappearance. They were sure Bathsheba hadn't heard of it but weren't sure whether that was a good or bad omen. They sympathized with their mistress.
Boldwood came out. Not noticing the watchers, he leaned on the gate, murmuring, "I hope to God she'll come, or this night will be nothing but misery to me!" A few minutes later, wheels were heard; Boldwood went to welcome Bathsheba.
Tall, Smallbury, and Samway went to the malthouse. They saw Troy peeping in a window. "The men, after recognizing Troy's features, withdrew across the orchard as quietly as they had come. The air was big with Bathsheba's fortunes to-night: every word everywhere concerned her." The men were unnerved by Troy's return and decided that they should warn Bathsheba. Laban was chosen to tell her but was reluctant; he entered Boldwood's house and left again. He couldn't bring himself to ruin everything. The men decided they had better all join together.
Meanwhile, having stayed an hour and thus satisfied amenities, Bathsheba wished to leave. But before she could go, Boldwood found her and insisted on an answer to his proposal. Finally, she gave her promise: If she were truly a widow, she would not marry anyone, if not Boldwood. The man's restraint broke, and he told her of how he had suffered, of how much he loved her. Sobbing, Bathsheba finally agreed to marry him in six years. Boldwood gave her the ring. Bathsheba said it would be improper for her to wear it. When he persisted, she agreed to wear it just for the evening.
Bathsheba descended from the little parlor to find the party somehow deadened. As one of her men stepped forward to talk to her, there was a knock at the door. Someone wished to speak to Mrs. Troy. Boldwood asked the man in; he was one of the few who did not recognize Troy. Bathsheba sank down at the base of the staircase, staring. Still unaware, Boldwood invited the stranger to have a drink. Troy strode in, turning down his collar and laughing. The truth suddenly dawned on Boldwood.
Troy ordered Bathsheba to leave with him. She hesitated. Boldwood, in a strange voice, told her to go. Troy then pulled her roughly, and she screamed. There was a loud noise. Smoke filled the room.
When Bathsheba had cried out, Boldwood's face had changed. He had taken a gun from the rack and had shot and killed Troy. He then attempted to shoot himself but was prevented by Samway. Boldwood said, "There is another way for me to die." He kissed Bathsheba's hand, "put on his hat, opened the door, and went into the darkness, nobody thinking of preventing him."
The action of this chapter is crowded and rapid. One event swiftly follows another, adding to the dramatic quality — as Hardy well knew, having been in his earlier years a playwright.
An atmosphere of inevitability surrounds the climax of the chapter. Once before Boldwood attempted to save Bathsheba from Troy, and when he found he was being tricked he had warned, "I'll punish you yet!" Since that time Boldwood's emotional instability has been made increasingly apparent. His determination to possess Bathsheba is that of a fanatic. Troy has changed little, and he is once again able to thwart Boldwood by trickery and deceit. Never a man of caution, he has ignored a premonition of disaster, and his dramatic gesture costs him his life. We may initially be shocked at Troy's murder, because the chapter has moved so quickly, but we are not really surprised by it once we pause to reflect.


The Bahrain's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa and H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation has redefined the brotherly ties between UAE and Bahrain. Both the countries have a cordial relation among each other since centuries.
The solid foundation for the smooth recent relationship between the two countries was laid by the fore fathers like the late Amir Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa and the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Policies of the fore fathers are continued by ate Amir Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa and the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan in the present.
Sheikh Khalid and Sheikh Abdullah opened up the new premises of the Bahraini Embassy in Abu Dhabi. The event was attended by renowned personalities of UAE. On this occasion Sheikh Abdulla praised Sheikh Khalid for its efforts to increase the ties between the two fraternal countries.
The ties between the two countries are based upon historic pillar which are very strong. The ties are being enhanced under the leadership of King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and President His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
The Ambassador of Bahrain in Abu Dhabi, Mohammed bin Hamad Al-Moawda said that the opening of the new embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain in UAE shows that how strong are t6he bonds between the two countries. Hamad Al-Moawda expressed his gratitude towards UAE by thanking all the people who were related to the works of building the new embassy. The opening ceremony witnessed the broadcasting of the documentary named "Bahrain and UAE: deep-rooted fraternal relations".


text:
Okehdokee Records
Buy OK CD's
Okehdokee Discography
Deseret String Band
VIDEO Deseret String Band
3hattrio
Hal Cannon
Hal & Teresa: Australia spring 2012
Booking and Bio
Hal Cannon CD Lyrics & Details
CD INFORMATION
That's How It Is on the Range
Hittin' the Trail
Soldier's Heart
Poets' Waltz
Señor Vega
Alone Town
Gretchen's Song
Love the Place You Live
Hal Cannon's CD
Here are notes from friends and fans....
"Hal Cannon has done a lifetime of good work in music and folklore, much of it in the background. This cultured native son of Salt Lake City has made the promotion and documentation of western culture his life's work. From playing traditional music with the Deseret String band, to founding the Western Folklife Center in Elko Nevada and directing the annual Cowboy Poetry Gathering held there each year, to producing radio programs on song writing, Native American stories, and ranch life for National Public Radio, Hal has made an incredible mark.
In recent years Hal has focused on writing his own songs, and he brings them and his voice to the front of the stage with this wonderful recording. Included are a few of the expected cowboy themes, but the overall focus is on a sense of place. His deep awareness and obvious love of nature, including its crucial human element, overlay these quiet contemplations on the range and storms, haunted soldiers and lonely old men. The sound of the recording, and the friendly front parlor orchestra he's assembled, deserve special mention. Traditional guitar and banjo are heard, but they are sifted together with piano and oboe, and the bowed instrument is sometimes a fiddle, sometimes a violin. It is both unique and perfectly fitting to Hal's place in this world. His recording sounds like home."
"Great Songs, great production... the arrangements are very tasty and complement the songs. The musicians are fantastic. This is a milestone."
Don Edwards - America's Cowboy Balladeer
"Hal Cannon's CD sounds wonderful. It's eclectic, artistic and musically sound." - Michael Martin Murphey
"The West is Hal Cannon's world. He's lived in it. He knows it. He loves it. He makes up music and songs about it. He plays and sings of the beauty, the history, the mystery, the modern reality of the West. This album is Hal Cannon's "small mark" which he leaves in the place he loves to live. Let him lead you into his world. It will grow on you. It will stay with you."
Jim Rooney, Record Producer
"Your CD is wonderful--fabulous range of styles and emotions, touching, humorous, musically gifted and strong."
Robert Newman, Dean, College of Humanities, University of Utah
"Fine work. all tracks have an elegant sort of cross 'tween folk, cowboy and classical."
Tom Russell - singer-songwriter
"I've been playing your wonderful CD every morning as I wash the dishes (my regular music-listening hour). It's just terrific...Just a great piece of work."
Steve Zeitlin - Executive Director City Lore, New York
"My greatest praise: it's going on my ipod!!"
Gary McMahan- cowboy singer
"It's a bit haunting and I'm compelled to listen again and again to try to decipher the story within the story. I love it."
Brenn Hill- cowboy singer
"This is really a folksong album with a college education... the singersongwriters of this world should take note.
Bertram Levy - banjoist and bandoneonist
"What a fine collection of songs. The production really makes me want to put it on replay"
Joyce Woodson - singer
I love the record...your CD is filled with songs and poetry of great personality and appeal with the most surprising and fun arrangements and settings.
George Holt, Director of Performing Arts & Film Programs,
"Superbly comforting but still awake and on target, like I remember the music of the late and great songwriter Kate Wolf."
Smokey Koelsch - former record store owner


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text:
BLESSED CHRISTMAS TO YOU
May I take this oppoturning to wish you all a blessed, happy and holy Christmas.
May our new-born blessed saviour bless you all during this Christmas season.
Be assured of my prayers.
In Domino
Thursday 26 December 2019 /by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/LMSChristmasBanner-1.png 679 1212 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2019-12-26 19:30:512019-12-26 19:31:07BLESSED CHRISTMAS TO YOU
REQUIEM MASS: Dom Aidan Doyle OSB
The following arrangements have been made for Father Aidan's Requiem Mass at Belmont Abbey:
7.00pm – A Traditional Low Requiem Mass (Latin Mass) will precede the reception of Father Aidan's body at Saint Joseph's Altar
7.40pm – Father Aidan will be received into the Abbey Church of St Michael and All Angels (Belmont Abbey)
2.30pm – Father Aidan's Requiem Mass (Novus Ordo – Ordinary Form) will be offered followed by interment in the community cemetery
** These details have been added to the Mass Times page and LMS calendar at the top of the page (News > Upcoming Events Calendar) **
Original post from Father Abbot and the Community at Belmont Abbey
Friday 31 May 2019 /0 Comments/by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/RIP_Fr_Aidan_and_Hugo.png 168 306 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2019-05-31 16:12:372019-06-26 09:51:58REQUIEM MASS: Dom Aidan Doyle OSB
Christmas Mass Times have now been published.
Please click the link below. Remember to check this link before Christmas to make sure that the Mass is proceeding as scheduled and no changes have been made.
If you know anyone who is not online or who may not have the internet, please let them know as they may like to attend a Mass in the traditional rite over Christmas.
Christmas Mass Times and Locations
Wednesday 7 December 2016 /by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Rohden-Franz-von-Geburt-Christi-Nativity-detail-w600.jpg 360 600 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2016-12-07 23:17:342016-12-07 23:17:34Christmas 2016
Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Candlemass) 2016
Holy Mass will be offered at the following locations:
Belmont Abbey, Ruckhall Lane, Hereford, HR2 9RZ
Tuesday 2nd February 2016
Saint Joseph's Altar
Low Mass – 7.00pm
Holy Mass will also be offered as normal on Wednesday 3rd February evening at 7pm for the feast of Saint Blaise – Blessing of throats may be given at this Mass
Wednesday 20 January 2016 /by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PurificationOfTheBVM.jpg 712 1024 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2016-01-20 23:48:302016-01-20 23:53:07Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Candlemass) 2016
Christmas Mass Times (Updated)
Dom Antony Tumelty OSB will offer Holy Mass at Saint Teilo's, Whitchurch, Cardiff on
Christmas Eve: Thursday 24th December 2015 at 9.00pm
Missa Cantata (Sung Mass) – all are welcome
Dom Joseph Parkinson OSB will offer Holy Mass at Belmont Abbey, Hereford on
Christmas Day: Friday 25th December 2015 at 7.00am
Low Mass – all are welcome
Saturday 5 December 2015 /by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ChristmasMassesHomePageSlider.jpg 556 1667 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2015-12-05 13:02:092015-12-12 13:09:27Christmas Mass Times (Updated)
Christmas Mass Times
Saint Teilo's, Whitchurch, Cardiff
Celebrant: Dom Antony Tumelty OSB
Sung Mass – all are welcome
Belmont Abbey, Hereford
Celebrant: Dom Joseph Parkinson OSB
Saturday 28 November 2015 /by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ChristmasMassesHomePageSlider.jpg 556 1667 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2015-11-28 14:45:562015-12-05 13:04:40Christmas Mass Times
Mass at SFX (March 2015)
There will be no Lain Mass at St Francis Xavier, Hereford on the Last Sunday of March 2015. This is because of Palm Sunday. The regular Friday Mass will still continue every Friday evening, with the exception of Good Friday of course.
The monthly Sunday Mass will resume in April 2105.
Sunday 15 March 2015 /by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/image.jpg 210 1000 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2015-03-15 18:23:512015-03-15 18:23:51Mass at SFX (March 2015)
New LMS Assistants
On Saturday 7th June 2014, the Committee of the Latin Mass Society of England and Wales appointed both Marion Luscombe and Shaun Bennett as Assistant Representatives for Herefordshire.
I am looking forward to working with Marion and Shaun as we continue together supporting priests, parishes and our members for the promotion of the Traditional Roman Rite (Extraordinary Form) in the Archdiocese.
I will (with the help of God) continue to look after the rest of the Archdiocese.
To contact any of the representatives, go to our 'Contact Us' page.
Please keep us all in your prayers.
Wednesday 11 June 2014 /0 Comments/by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Headlines.jpg 350 600 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2014-06-11 20:17:382014-06-12 12:02:24New LMS Assistants
Coaches for Pilgrimage to Holywell 2014
There will be a coach leaving from Belmont Abbey to Holywell. The cost is £20 per person and for those who are not too mobile it will pick up from the Shrine so there will only be the downhill Rosary to manage. There will also be a stop on the way for those needing facilities. Please contact me if you wish to go on the Belmont coaches.
At the moment there has been very little interest in the South, with only 6 names come forward to go. At the moment we have a coach booked, but more names will need to come forward to make this pilgrimage viable. If you are interested in going from Bridgend, Cardiff, Merthyr, Newport, Cwmbran, Pontypool or Abergavenny, please contact me as soon as possible either by clicking here of by using the 'Register for Holywell 2014' form on the right side of this page.
Andrew Butcher
Tuesday 10 June 2014 /0 Comments/by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/holywell.jpg 414 736 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2014-06-10 12:42:002014-06-12 16:31:25Coaches for Pilgrimage to Holywell 2014
Prayers for Dom Antony Tumelty
Please continue to keep Father Antony Tumelty, Chaplain to the Poor Clare Convent in Much Birch Hereford in your prayers at this time. Please use the following link after you have prayed for him. Don't forget to click the 'I PRAYED FOR YOU' button.
PRAY FOR FATHER ANTONY TUMELTY
Monday 2 June 2014 /0 Comments/by Andrew Butcher
https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png 0 0 Andrew Butcher https://www.lmscardiff.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/LMS_Header_2016_Plain_Alternative-300x68.png Andrew Butcher2014-06-02 15:13:102014-06-02 15:13:10Prayers for Dom Antony Tumelty


text:
Blogenspiel
Another Damned Medievalist delivers her spiel.
Something to be proud of
One of New Kid's meme questions was what I felt most proud of. I honestly couldn't think of anything. Yeah, I have a PhD -- so do most of my friends. My value system could be a bit off, I admit.
But here's something: I was in the shower thinking about something entirely different (like how to market myself as Early Modern ...) and realized that I took a course in Germany (seminar course with MA level students) in German, where I gave a paper in German. The course was on the reception of classical sources in the Early Modern era. I had to work with these German students, who were a little snotty, because everyone knows American degrees are not worth as much as German ones. And they really didn't like what I wanted to do with my part of the group presentation, but grudgingly let me do it. I was one of only three students to get top marks in the class. I am proud of that -- and admittedly a bit schadenfreudvoll.
Also, my first publication (the dread review) is finally out. Woohoo!
Posted by Another Damned Medievalist at 5:45 PM 6 comments Links to this post
Rebecca's Survey
Survey on academics who blog, anonymously, pseudonymously, or otherwise
Rebecca at (a)musings of a grad student and Cliopatria is doing a survey in response to the latest Ivan Tribble nonsense. Sorry I didn't post earlier. Beginning of term.
I deserve a break!
My head is spinning from prep and beginning of term panic, so I'm taking a short break to do New Kid's Five Questions:
What do you think are your greatest strengths and weaknesses as a teacher?
Strengths: Hmmmm. Probably my patience and accessability. They come in really useful for a person who teaches mostly lower-division classes. I think I'm also very good at adapting to a class's needs and still making sure that the students are getting the course they are supposed to be getting. I've also become very good at teaching on the fly -- the result of having new preps thrown at me at the last minute, but I don't like that.
Weaknesses: I sometimes lose sight of where I want the class to go and can forget to work from desired outcomes backward. Part of this is the focus I place on teaching how historians know what they know over what we know. Each term I resolve to work harder on finding that balance between narrative and source work. But it is a struggle, and I have to remind myself that students often need more structure -- funny for someone who really needs structure herself! I sometimes wing classes. The students never notice (in fact, they often think my off-the-cuff lectures are the ones I know best), but I know. Must. Tie. Things. Together. Better.
How/when did you get your kitties?
Boy Kitty, aka Mama's Boy, aka about a million nicknames,
I got when I walked into a pet superstore and a rescue person was there with the ginormous Snowshoe person. We'd been looking for a friend for senior cat, and I've alsways loved snowshoes because they have all the best parts of Siamese cats but are much heartier. I nagged the woman daily about taking him till she gave up on some of the restrictions (like proof I'd paid a cat deposit to my apartment complex!).
Girl Kitty,
I got when Boy Kitty went walkabout. He was gone for 16 days, and X was convinced by the Animal Control people that the coyotes had eaten him. I'd spent a frightening amount of money on color flyers (in plastic covers) and posted them on every mailbox stand (I lived in an area where mailboxes are all together, one stand every 6 or so houses) and every telephone pole at a major intersection for about a 2 mile radius, and wasn't reasy to give up, so I said I was only ready to get a replacement if it were a Siamese. X said it had to be a girl. They had two girl Siamese-y cats at the pound and were running a 2-for-the-price-of-1 special. We brought other girl home, left Girl Kitty to be spayed, and about an hour after we got home, we got a call that Boy Kitty was in a yard about 7 blocks away.
After several hours of trying to trap super-freaked-out Boy, I went to work (waitressing -- I hadn't yet returned to teaching) and through a cunning plan (not the Baldric kind that X and Finder Guy came up with, which involved lures and cages), Finder Guy's wife suggested leaving their porch door open with some food inside. An hour later, Boy Kitty was home and we had 4 cats.
What are you most proud of accomplishing so far?
Sometimes, it's just having survived without totally giving up. I think my perspective must be a bit warped, because although I came from a family where almost no-one goes to college, and people frequently drop out of school, it's never occurred to me to be all that proud of having a BA, let alone the PhD. I look at myself and just can't accept that I'm not super-average in my accomplishments, perhaps because I know so many people who have done so much more. And when I do things that I feel I can be proud of, they usually involve standing up for myself and making a defined break in my life that is so scary it's impossible to feel proud. BUT, I do feel really proud when past students tell me they owe part of their success at new institutions to me. And I feel proud and honored to be treated as an equal by friends and colleagues I admire. And OH! I feel proud at having made TEN short lists last year! (Are y'all laughing?)
How would you describe your relationship with your family?
Depends on the family member. My sisters and I are close, especially my middle sister, but it's in a pretty dysfunctional, shared-jokes-about-our-crazy-mom kind of way. My parents and I love each other, but don't communicate much. There's a lot of baggage in the way, I think, plus my mom tends to unplug her phone for weeks, so she's unavailable even when she's talking to me. My dad and his wife are generally too busy to talk -- especially to a liberal academic who has no clue about the real world. I'm very tight with my uncles and my cousins, although we don't talk as much as I'd like. Oddly, I'm the one who tends to do the calling/writing, and if I go to my hometown to visit, I'm in great demand, which is really nice. For a very communicative, touchy-feely family, we're not good at distance. If I lived near any of my family, we'd probably hang out a lot.
What's your favorite outfit - the one you feel comfortable and attractive in all at once?
At the moment, it's this great BCBG/Max Azria surplice front tank top (black) and any slimming skirt and a great pair of black high-heeled sandals. The only thing that could be better would be to find a skirt that I can wear with my new KMDAFM t-strap heels, which aren't that comfortable, but make me feel attractive in a Cyd Charisse (in my dreams) way. The top is some kind of jersey that is clingy, but doesn't look cheap. And I love heels, but seldom wear them.
To-do list redux
Syllabus for Ancient/Medieval Civ (by 16 Sept)
Syllabus for Early Modern Europe (by 16 Sept)
Syllabus for World War II, a class I have never taught and for which the text only arrived last week (by 16 Sept)
Kazoo paper abstract (which needs to be Really abstract at this point) (by 14 Sept)
more reading and writing for the kazoo paper which really needs to be written as an article and then hacked to pieces for the paper
Did I mention that I need to also put the syllabi on Blackboard? What do you want to bet I will not be posting assignments by week, but just link to the document?
find a place to live (end of Sept, but I can stay where I am longer if I fancy commuting 3 hours a day) I have a house! I am renting a colleague's "cottage" (built 1917, 3 very small bedrooms, smallest bathroom ever) for a really amazing price -- the most I can afford, but about $200 less than they wanted. It needs work -- paint, etc., but it's got charm and most importantly, is not an apartment!!
feed my katzes 2x a day
feed the Economist's cat at alternate location 2x a day Changing of the cat sitters! I only have to come by and go through the mail every cople of days to pay bills if I need to. Some people should have online bill pay ...
water the Geographer's plants at third location every other day Geographer is due back today!! No more plant watering!
prepare actual lectures in hopes that that will remind me that I know how to write (19 Sept)
Prepare document discussions (19 Sept)
Review new edition of textbooks, because They Have Been Changed
Get started on this year's job applications (First one due 1 Oct)
Just ... aargh.
Just ... aargh
Imposter syndrome hits again.
When does this stop? I have a PhD, you know. From a pretty reputable university. I worked hard to get it and I wrote a decent dissertation. My committee included my advisor (six books, talking head on a couple of history series) and a Fellow of the MAA, and a classicist who thinks I have good language skills. They signed the damned thing. I have been known to write and present, although generally the presentations have been pedagogical, rather than on my research. I don't even have to have this bloody paper done this week -- just the abstract, which I have partially written. There is much evidence to lead me to believe that I know what I'm doing, especially if I pretend I'm talking about someone else with the same qualifications. And then I read this. Note that one of the first questions is, "Do you have a paper?"
My answer is, yes, I think so. There is a lot of stuff out there that talks, mostly generally, about what I am doing, or rather, trying to do. Some people, notably Matthew Innes, Regine Le Jan, Franz Staab, et al., have gone into a lot of detail about local nobility in what some call central and others call eastern Francia. But there really isn't much *specifically* on the processes involved in the movement of Frankish nobles into the east and how we can use the sources to illustrate their physical relocation and intermarriage into the already-present local elites. My thesis did that. I can pull a paper out of the thesis and turn it into an article. But what if I'm wrong and I don't have a paper? What if I've missed something crucial and it's been done in the years I wasn't looking? What if I embarrass myself in front of my friends and they take away my medievalist license? What if I embarrass my friends?
Despite such misgivings, Phlebas, you'll have the abstract on time. But if anyone has any advice on this (the meltdown or sources) ...
And now you know what makes this a pseudonymous blog rather than an anonymous one -- it's a pretty small world. Still, I'd rather stay as pseudonymous as possible, if y'all don't mind.
On a somewhat ironic note, my first real publication (a review, but peer-reviewed) will be out in the next couple of weeks.
Posted by Another Damned Medievalist at 9:58 PM 14 comments Links to this post
Carnivalesque at Rebecca's
Well really, is at Rebecca's. And I know it's all about Early Modern this time, but she put me in twice, so I can't complain! Go there. Read good things!
The next one will be ancient/medieval, hosted by Alun on about 9 October. There will be a special theme. Email inquiries/nominations to carnivalesque AT archaeoastronomy DOT co DOT uk.
This needs to be my last entry for a while. I have far too much work to do, like:
Update:Woohoo!! Started writing last night. It's probably all crap, but it's writing. OK, it's also only about 400 words. But after so long, anything is good. Should be able to write more tonight, but also just found an article in Revue Historique I need to look at. In French. My French bites. Yet I will not let Phlebas down!
find a place to live (end of Sept, but I can stay where I am longer if I fancy commuting 3 hours a day)
feed the Economist's cat at alternate location 2x a day
water the Geographer's plants at third location every other day
Just shoot me now.
Periodization QAD
Periodization -- the Quick and Dirty Version
What exactly is Early Modern? Early Modern is the chronological period between the Middle Ages (Late) and the actual Modern. Chronologically, Early Modern starts somewhere in the really late 14th c. in Italy, but more like the early 16th c. everywhere else. It ends somewhere in the late 17th c or maybe even the early 18th c. This may seem a bit confusing. That's because Early Modern is defined as much by what it isn't as by what it includes. It isn't part of the Middle Ages or the Modern World (which starts somewhere around the Age of Revolution, except for when it starts around the Enlightenment). It includes such non-chronological periods, or better, movements, as 'the' Renaissance, the Reformation, the Catholic- or Counter-reformation, the Voyages of Exploration/Discovery and Empire, and the Price Revolution. It is the time of the Tudors and Stuarts, the Valois and Bourbons, and the Habsburgs. It is the time of Leonardo and Shakespeare, of Luther and Loyola, of di Lasso and Bach. Some people might say that the Early Modern is a period where people tried to escape their dark Medieval Past by looking toward a bright future, suddenly aware of the marvels of human potential. Those people would be idiots.
Periodization Long and Punchy
Periodization -- the Long and Punch-drunk Version
It's a new quarter, and we're all going to be answering a lot of the same old questions. Since I started teaching, I've learned that we can't really assume much about our students or what they know coming in the door. There are some things that seem hugely, forehead-slappingly obvious, that just aren't. One of them is chronology. Some things happen before others. Time works that way, and it's really helpful. Another is geography. Some things happen in different places. Sometimes at the same time, and sometimes at different times. And then there is the problem of teaching that there are causes and effects, but that we cannot assume that correlation = similar causality. There are sources to be read, and questions we want our students to ask of the sources. Those questions seem obvious to us, but we did actually learn them once upon a time, although it's a strong bet that this really was by a kind of osmosis, since our teachers often assumed we knew how to question a source and most of us historians seem bent on asking those questions by nature. All of these subjects deserve their own essays. Instead, though, I'm going to talk about something else: Periodization. What follows is a bit glib and should be taken with a few well-placed grains of salt -- Remember, I stopped being an Early Modernist in 1985 and this week has made me a bit punchy!
It shouldn't be all that difficult, but I sometimes find Periodization one of the hardest things to articulate. As far as I can tell, this is for two reasons: the word 'period' sounds chronological -- that's the easier part, and; historians don't seem to agree on what makes a period a period-- a bit tougher. Add to that the fact that we tend to teach in a way that seems chronological, but often isn't, and sometimes students get confused. It's not surprising. I've discussed before my own confusion as to where Late Antiquity ends and Early Medieval begins -- Merovingianists are now Late Antiquarians, but we Carolingianists are still apparently Early MA -- despite the fact that it's damned hard to do Carolingian without taking into account the bloody Merovingians! But that's a question for a different version of
Since Rebecca's hosting an Early Modern Carnival, I'm going to ask, "what the hell is Early Modern when it's at home?"
The answer is simply (perhaps too simply?) Early Modern is the slightly blurry chronological period that allows us to separate the Renaissance, Reformation, Reconquista, various dynastic struggles and amorphous creatures like the Voyages of Exploration/Discovery and the Price Revolution into a block of time that fits between the Medieval and the Modern. Early Modern is neither fish nor fowl. It isn't really modern until very late -- at least the 17th c. for a lot of things. But it's not very medieval, either -- at least not after about the middle of the 15th c. So how do we teach it? How about: Early Modern -- a period characterized by a whole bunch of different movements that happen all over Europe, sometimes overlapping each other and in no one order? Face it: the Early Modern period is great for showing that History has many different acceptable narratives!
The first question is, I suppose, "When did the Middle Ages end?" It's a classic question and one that the students don't like so much. Because, well, the answer is usually, "It depends." It used to be easier. The Middle Ages stopped when the Renaissance started. So ... the Renaissance is Early Modern, right? Any damned medievalist will stop you right there, bub. Because, you see, we must question the whole idea of "the" Renaissance, at least a little bit. It's not that the Renaissance didn't happen, but we'd like our students to realize that there was a Northumbrian Renaissance. And a Carolingian Renaissance. And, possibly, an Ottonian Renaissance. And a Renaissance of the 12th c. And only then, after those other Renaissances, crusades that had gone on since at least 1095 (although an Iberianist might certainly argue that point and put it earlier), amazing achievements in architecture, the rise of the first European universities -- things that happened well before Sr. Francesco Petrarch started talking about how his plague-infested world was so much more advanced than those bad ol' "Dark Ages" -- was there this amazing thing that started in Italy. Suddenly, the world and man's intellectual life were reborn in a new way that was still essentially Christian, but focused more on Man and his place in human society, so we generally call it Humanism. This was the result of some interesting rediscoveries of Greek and some Latin texts, made possible in part through the Crusades -- medieval -- and increased trade -- Renaissance? Medieval? Coupled with the fact that Italy didn't look so much like the rest of Europe in terms of political organization, since much of Italy was made up of city-states that were often run by rich people with no royal blood in their veins, Humanism in Italy was often more narowly focused on state-building and the running of states. So the Humanism of "The" Renaissance in Italy is often referred to as Civic Humanism. Please do not confuse this with that thing you may have heard of called Secular Humanism. Or just plain Humanism. God is still in his Heaven, and Darwin does not yet exist.
Now, while "The" Renaissance was going on in Italy, and everything in art, music, and other intellectual pursuits was changing dramatically, the rest of Europe was still in the Middle Ages, right? The plague, which is generally considered a Late Medieval Thing, raged on. It didn't actually bypass Italy, mind you. But it happened in the Middle Ages there, too. Because "the" Renaissance was too shiny and new for nasty things that looked just a wee bit apocalyptic. In fact, lots of things needed to be shiny and new, like the Pope and papal (PAY-pul, an adjective meaning 'having to do with popes') palaces. There had been some problems with popes in the Middle Ages. They had become so ... secular. They acted like they were equal to kings. They even told kings what to do. The fact that bishops in general had a very long tradition of being the most stable secular authorities in a given area we must ignore for the time being -- it goes back to Late Antiquity. We can also ignore the fact that lot of bishops (don't forget, the pope is the Bishop of Rome) were for a very long time (again, going back to Late Antiquity) members of the most powerful families around. They were brothers and cousins and uncles of kings ... at least, they were till some folks in one of those little medieval renaissances started saying that maybe education was also a big factor, and some not-so-well-born, but smart and reasonably pious types started horning in on the good episcopal (that's 'having to do with bishops,' not in the sense of the Anglican or Episcopal Church -- you may need to explain this, too) offices. But by the last quarter of the 14th c. (that's the Middle Ages in Europe, excluding areas of Italy where people are being smart and artistic, and avoiding the plague like the plague), the Pope had been living in Avignon, which is in France.
Now, you might ask, "what does this have to do with Periodization? I thought you were going to explain Periodization, ADM!" I'm getting there. You see, people weren't too happy about the pope situation. Oddly enough, many people thought that a French pope living in France was probably not as effective as if the pope were actually a resident Bishop of Rome. Not to mention the fact that he just might have had French interests at heart. France was at the time at war with England and occasionally other states. Mostly England. For a Hundred Years' War. It's a Medieval thing. But "The" Renaissance was happening in Italy. And that's not Medieval. Add to that the fact that there were people who are genuinely concerned that popes should be good moral leaders, and also the fact that some of this Renaissance book learning had made its way slowly northwards, and you get the basis for our next important period that isn't Medieval. It's the Northern Renaissance.
The Northern Renaissance is in many ways related to "the" Renaissance that happened in Italy beginning about a hundred years earlier. Some historians lump them together, some don't. What they have in common is very important, though, in that Humanism is arguably the most important characteristic in terms of thought. But Humanism in the Low Countries and parts of the Holy Roman Empire that are mostly now in Germany (with luck, there will be maps at this point. And you can tell the Voltaire joke, if you must) wasn't based so much on man and the state. Northern Humanists used that rediscovery of learning, combined with some very sincere worries about the way the Church was heading, to try to get back to what it really meant to be a Christian. Because of this, the Humanists of the Northern Renaissance are often called Christian Humanists. They are very, very concerned with a reform of Christian thought and the Church. About the Church -- I know we're now in the Renaissance in Italy and a very different Renaissance in the Low Countries, but, just as in the Middle Ages, if you live in Western Europe (but not Spain), you are a Christian of the Roman Catholic variety. You just call yourself a Christian. Unless, of course, you are Jewish, in which case, it's best not to draw too much attention to yourself. It's not till we get to the next period -- the Reformation -- that we can start talking about varieties of Christianity in Western Europe.
So to recap -- There's the Middle Ages, which can claim several renaissances. Then one day, after the Middle Ages in things intellectual and artistic, 'the' Renaissance happens in Italy. It spreads over about a hundred years and changes form dramatically and hits the Low Countries and Germany, with occasional side trips to England. We haven't talked about the Renaissance in England and France. That's because England is having a Reformation when everybody else is still having a Renaissance, and then England has a Renaissance AND a Reformation when other places are having a Counter- or Catholic Reformation. But we talk about these things one after another, so that students will think of them as periods. This is, if you hadn't noticed, akin to teaching Greece and then Rome, so that our students often forget that Alexander came to power well after the foundation of Rome and even a good few years after those nasty Gauls gave the Romans a walloping. Because, you know, Greece comes before Rome.
But I digress. So, people were unhappy with the Church. Christian Humanists called for Reform. Some were willing to break from the Church run by the Pope and take Christianity back to its roots. Others, like Henry VIII of England (or more likely his Humanist advisor, Sir Thomas More) defended the Church -- at least until Renaissance politics got in the way. Or were they just politics? I hope by now that the students are starting to understand that 'the' Renaissance is best seen as something other than a chronological period. But to the politics. And now, we have to go back to the late Middle Ages. While Italy was developing strong (and not so strong) city-states, and France and England were fighting each other for years, other people were also slowly amassing what power and territory they could. The Dukes of Burgundy were doing so, for example. And in Spain, the Muslims who had been pretty much in charge since the 8th c. were losing hold, and various Spanish Christian petty rulers were starting to take back land from the Muslims (and occasionally, each other). And in the late 15th c., while England was in the middle of the Wars of the Roses, a civil war due in part to the Hundred Years' War (Here is where you might want to demonstrate which rose is which by pointing to the crests of Blackburn Rovers and Leeds United -- also good for English geography -- end with a picture of the Tudor rose), Spain was in the middle of the Reconquista. Ferdinand and Isabella had joined their kingdoms together, while maintaining their own independent rules and, under the banner of Santiago Matamoros (St James the Muslim-killer, whose name was recently invoked during the discussion of the European Constitution), with the help of the Spanish Inquisition set about kicking out all Muslims and Jews who were not actually killed. Or converted. Or converted then executed, just to make sure. This is a good place to mention the Ladino-speaking Jewish population of Turkey, which was at the time of the Reconquista and the ensuing diaspora, ruled by the Ottoman Empire.
Given that Spain never underwent the crisis of conscience and rejection of Church corruption that much of the rest of Europe experienced, there is no Reformation in Spain. In fact, we might even argue that Spain is where this whole Renaissance-Reformation thing breaks down. But Spain also helps to explain the Reformation everywhere else, and so we must discuss Spain. And Portugal, actually. Because Early Modern is Portugal at its peak. Portugal (and you may in fact have to point it out on a map, unless you have a bunch of Luis Figo fans in class) is, in fact, a World Power. No, really. Stop laughing, you in the back.
You see, while 'the' Renaissance was this (arguably) huge break from the past in terms of art and intellectual endeavors, it (and the Reformation) was also going on at a time of Discovery. Or exploration by Europeans. Because the places they discovered were all pretty much inhabited. Often they were inhabited by people with fairly extensive empires, complex social systems and governments, and access to some fairly major trade networks. The trade networks aren't all that new, either, although the people controlling them have changed over the years. But to Spain and Portugal ... Portugal, then Spain, start sending out boats to see what they can see, partially to bypass existing trade routes and get more stuff. The Portuguese started to try to head east via Africa, which they found to be far bigger than they thought. They knew it was there and all. It's not really that surprising, as Africa is ginormous and, well, um ... Gibralter is in pretty close proximity to Spain, and pretty much everybody in Europe has known it was there since people in Europe started to write about such things. But mostly, people did not know that Africa was ginormous and full of stuff people wanted. Some of the stuff was slaves, but early on, slaves aren't that important. Nowhere to use them. By hugging the coast of Africa, the Portuguese thought they could end up in the Indies. They were right. You should not have to explain anything about the Spanish search for the Indies. Columbus is something people know about. It may be the only thing your students know walking in the door. What they don't know is that the Pope divided all of these new-found places between Portugal and Spain. What they also don't know is that the question of whether the already-resident peoples of the Americas had souls was debated at a church council. It's also a good idea to discuss what exactly was discovered -- those complex societies and all? Yeah. Oh -- and precious metals, which were brought back in impressive amounts. And like that, we've moved from Discovery/Exploration to ... the Price Revolution -- a period of massive inflation and the rise of mercantile economies that, as it happens, had very little to do with the influx of gold and silver from the new world! Go figure.
To re-cap again: while 'the' Renaissance was happening, Reformation had also broken out. Spain had been reconquered and everybody left was serenely Catholic. There are also wars here and there on the continent. The civil war in England was over, but the king, who was a member of a fairly new dynasty, didn't want another one. He therefore thought it a good idea to defend the pope, who had granted a dispensation for him to marry his older brother's widow, who happened to be a Spanish princess. Yes, she was a princess from that same Spain where the Reformation didn't need to happen because of the Reconquista, that same Spain that was carving out a ton of territory in the not-really-very-new world and bringing home lots of silver and gold, which tended to make everybody pretty jealous, although even then people made rude jokes about the Spanish, who were not so much ruled by Spaniards any more, ever since the Habsburgs, who were originally German by way of the Dukes of Burgundy, married into the Spanish royal house (you must now tell them about Juana la Loca; jokes about pop-eyes and huge jaws optional, as Velasquez pretty much says it all; you can try to tell them there are still Habsburgs, but the whole 'Otto von Habsburg forcibly ejects that dangerous and hateful lunatic Ian Paisley from the European Parliament' episode? Forget it. Lead balloon.). BUT THEN ...those same Habsburgs bought ... er ...bribed ...er ...were elected Holy Roman Emperors. As such, they were very interested in Reformation -- except when it was to their advantage not to be.
What does this have to do with England? Everything. It especially has to do with the English Reformation, which is a bit later than the ones in Germany and Switzerland, because if you remember, the King of England is a defender of the Church. And he's married to a Spanish princess. And not long before England's civil war, England had spent about a hundred years fighting with France. They were still not very good friends. But here is where a map becomes your best friend. Look at who has what on the map. Students can see why England would prize a Spanish alliance. Almost as much as they would a healthy male heir who would continue the dynasty and keep England from being plunged into another bloody war. It's a matter of some concern, because while the queen is a Spanish princess and all, she isn't a great breeder. (please do not show the most recent version of Henry VIII and his wives with Ray Winstone as Henry. Just don't go there. Not even for Sean Bean). The English King, Henry VIII, who is a composer of Renaissance music, by the way, broke off the English Church from Rome in order to divorce his Spanish wife and marry a nice English girl who would give him babies. Mark my words, it'll all end in tears. Some people would say that this was the start of the English Reformation. It is true, there was Reform under Henry. Kind of. The Church stopped being the biggest single landowner in England after the monasteries are dissolved, frequently in blood. And there were a few small doctrinal changes. But it would take at least four changes of ruler and as many purges before England really settled into its Anglicanism. More or less. Not counting Puritans and Dissenters and Crypto-Catholics. And the Civil War, which was very different from the Wars of the Roses, because it was about Principles, like whether rulers should be Absolute and have the right to dissolve Parliament on a whim, not dynastic change. Mostly. I say mostly because it didn't entirely work. That happens (arguably) with the Glorious Revolution in 1688, a time really close to the end of Early Modern. So, basically, the Early Modern period in England is characterised by constant struggles over religion and government which leave England with a constitution that looks surprisingly ... Modern. The rest of Europe gets there about a hundred years later.
Meanwhile, the Reformation has left people on the wrong side of Christianity all over Europe. Just because the Reformation resulted in different interpretations of Christianity did not mean people had a choice. Well, they did. It's just that the choice was often, "believe in the kind of Christianity we believe in, or die (or move, if you are lucky)." Not surprisingly, some people wanted to leave. Also, remember that Spain and Portugal had started bringing back all kinds of good stuff from their new possessions? Well, other European countries wanted stuff, too. It was easy for the Reformed countries that had navies, e.g., England and the Netherlands. If you weren't Catholic, that papal decree that divided the rest of the world between Spain and Portugal could be ignored. If you were French, you were just not going to be left out. Also, there were pesky Protestants (the people who protested the problems in the church and wanted reform) whom you could send away to new places where they would be your subjects but not cause so many problems. So while people are reforming Christianity in Europe, the voyages of exploration had become voyages of taking over new places. In some cases, like the Americas, this worked. In others, it didn't work so well. Japan and China, for example, didn't really think foreign occupation was a good idea. So the Spanish and Portuguese did their next best -- they converted as many people as they could. It had worked reasonably well in the Americas. It didn't work as well in China or Japan. But then, the tactics and audience were different. In the Americas, there were great empires with complex bureaucracies. But those empires were relatively new and the military technology was not nearly of the kind one might need to combat the Europeans. Also, European diseases wreaked havoc on non-resistant populations. In Asia, well, people were ... civilized. That is, the Europeans saw the residents of the Americas and Africa (although not much is going on in Africa at this time, except for a few outposts) as savages. Since savages don't know better, it's theoretically acceptable to enslave them and force them to become Christians. The Japanese and Chinese? Big armies and stuff people wanted. And they wrote. And they'd been around a long time. And they really didn't much care for what the Europeans had to offer, except in the case of certain daimyo who took advantage of the fact that conversion meant access to guns. This is where, if your students learned all about the 'F-word', you can boggle their minds by showing that it kinda does exist in Tokugawa Japan.
But back to converting people. Most of this conversion is being done by one religious order, the Jesuits (aka the Society of Jesus), although there are occasionally Dominicans involved. Why are people being converted? To save their souls. This happened everywhere that the Spanish and Portuguese went. But as the Reformation took hold in much of Northern Europe, Catholic efforts to make up for lost souls redoubled. Not only were there attempts to reform Catholicism within Europe, but it made sense to try to make sure that non-Christians would become the right kind of Christians. Whether one sees these efforts as a reaction to the Reformation or a genuine attempt at reform from within the Church determines the name -- Counterreformation or Catholic Reformation. There's no good reason it can't be both, depending on the circumstances.
So where does this all end? That's a tough question. Because while England was getting rid of its Absolute Monarchs and ending the Catholic threat forever, the rest of Europe saw its rulers becoming more absolute, although some were benign in their despotism. In fact, in much of central and eastern Europe, serfdom, a labour system generally considered to be "Medieval," was making a comeback. The serfs aren't freed in Russia till 1861, which really begs the question of Modernity. Is the Scientific Revolution modern? or Early Modern? The jury's out on that one. But I think we can safely say that the Early modern period ended on the morning of the first day of the Enlightenment.
Alternatively, Early Modern is a state of mind.
An afterthought: Why is it that I heard someone refer to the situation in New Orleans as medieval. I though sure that such disasters were more common in the literature of the Ancient Near East ...
Labels: rambling, teaching
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text:
Q: Trying to get property 'position' of non-object I had getting error of Trying to get property 'position' of non-object. While redirecting to another page from resume submission page.
public function jobcode($job_code)
{
    $jobpost = DB::table('jobposts')->where('job_code',$job_code)->first();

    return view('home.resumesubmission',compact('jobpost'));
}

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Package:  {{ $jobpost->package }}

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Employement Type:  {{ $jobpost->employement_type }}

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can anyone please helpme on this.

A: What is in $jobpost? Is it array or object or null. Try to dump $jobpost if it's an array access it with [] instead of ->
change
{{ $jobpost->position }}

to
{{ $jobpost['position'] ?? 'NA' }}

also wrap your code in @isset($jobpost) 'your code' @endisset

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thank you cards in our beautiful Secret Garden design. In these days of email, it is particularly special to send a handwritten card to say 'thank you' for a present or dinner party or a night out, and such a pretty one will be much appreciated!
These thank you cards come in a smart box to make a lovely gift too.